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4  DEDICATION. 

unshaken  integrity,  by  wisdom  of  counsel,  by  indepen- 
dence of  character,  by  sincere  devotion  to  the  greatness 
and  glories  of  the  nation,  actuated  by  the  purest  princi- 
ples of  senatorial  impartiality,  and  respected  not  more 
for  dignified  public  consistency,  than  for  the  amiable  and 
endearing  virtues  of  private  life. 

Long  may  you  enjoy  the  distinction  to  which  your 
merits  have  elevated  you.  Long  may  you  adorn  the 
chair  of  the  Commons,  and,  as  you  are  the  first  in  rank, 
so  may  you  continue  the  first  in  the  high  pre-eminence  of 
virtue  and  of  public  services,  and  contribute  the  power- 
ful assistance  of  your  abilities,  and  of  your  example,  to 
support  the  spirit,  and  animate  the  loyalty  of  tlie  nation, 
and  prove  to  the  world  that  Britain,  though  surrounded 
with  unparalleled  dangers,  has  not  degenerated  from  the 
patriotism,  and  the  independence  of  former  ages. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  the  greatest  respect, 

Sir, 
Your  most  obliged 

and  devoted  Servant, 

J,  LEMPRIERE. 


PREFACE. 


The  advantages  which  a  biographical  work  offers  to  the  reader  are  so 
numerous  and  so  important,  that  it  is  hoped  every  endeavor  to  enlarge  the 
knowledge  of  mankind,  and  impartially  to  develope  the  character  of  those 
who  have  contributed  to  the  happiness  or  to  the  calamities  of  the  world, 
will  be  received  by  the  public  M'ith  indulgence  and  candor.  More  minute 
than  history,  biography  regards  the  person,  the  acquirements,  and  the  con-* 
duct  of  the  individual,  and  cursorily  passes  over  those  more  general  details 
of  public  transactions  which  arc  more  properly  the  object  of  the  historian's 
research.  While  in  the  history  of  nations,  and  in  the  political  changes  of 
states,  the  reader  views  the  consequences  of  successful  hitrigue,  of  diplomatic 
dexterity,  or  of  military  prowess,  it  is  in  the  details  of  private  and  of  domes- 
tic life  where  he  seeks  for  instruction,  and  for  the  minute  documents  which 
may  conduct  his  footsteps,  and  hold  out  the  lamp  of  experience  to  warn 
him  against  the  dangers  of  ill-directed  passions,  or  of  misguided  ambition. 
In  the  following  work,  every  character,  it  may  generally  be  said,  has 
been  included  which  might  have  strong  claim  on  tlie  notice  of  posterity, 
either  from  public  notoriety,  or  from  lasting  celebrity.  Those  who  have 
benefited  theii*  fellow  creatures  by  their  exertions  either  in  the  walks  of 
science  and  literature,  or  in  the  improvement  of  the  polite  arts,  in  the 
extension  of  commerce,  or  in  the  useful  labors  of  industry;  or  those  who,  in 
the  field  of  honor,  have  fought  with  superior  valor  for  the  glories  and  for  the 
independence  of  their  parent  state,  all  are  strongly  entitled  to  the  giatitude 
of  mankind.  Those  likewise,  whose  vices  and  crimes  have  rendered  them 
too  celebrated  in  the  annals  of  time,  have  a  claim  to  the  notice  of  the  biog- 
rapher; and  though  to  pass  over  the  foibles  as  well  as  the  enormities  of  his 
fellow-creatures  might  be  a  pleasing  omission,  yet  the  sacred  character  of 
truth  requires  that  the  irregular  passions  of  men  should  be  curbed,  by 
observing  the  fatal  effects  and  the  everlasting  disgrace  which  misapplied 
talents  have  produced,  and  the  many  calamities  which  the  indulgence  of 
criminal  desires  in  public  life,  as  well  as  in  domestic  society,  has  always 
entailed  on  the  world.  To  be  useful,  we  must  paint  impartially  the  conduct 
of  individuals,  whether  laudable  or  reprehensible ;  and  those  who  have  cau- 
sed the  miseries  of  their  fellow-men,  are  to  be  held  up  to  public  notice,  and 
to  public  detestation,  that,  in  their  history,  if  wc  carjnot  find  consolation, 


6  PREFACE. 

we  may  at  least  discover  tliosc  striking  lessons  of  instruction  and  of  precau- 
tion with  experience  never  fails  to  afford  to  the  sober  and  the  contemplative 
wiind. 

While,  ho\\  ever,  the  desire  of  gratifying  curiosity  has  been  fully  permitted 
to  prevail,  it  must  be  observed,  on  the  other  hand,  that  great  and  remarka- 
ble characters  only  can  be  entitled  to  more  minute  details.  In  this  particular, 
the  assistance  of  judgment,  and  the  rules  of  proportion,  are,  in  a  composition 
of  this  nature,  materially  essential.  It  is  within  the  general  observation,  that 
voluminous  works  have  been  written  todevelope  the  history,  and  to  portray 
the  characters  of  many  who,  as  public  men,  have,  by  their  intrigues,  their 
labors,  or  their  virtues,  commanded  the  general  attention  for  a  long  course 
of  years  ;  and  it  is  equally  known,  that  even  not  a  few  of  those  whose  great 
merits  have  but  shone  upon  the  world,  and,  like  the  momentary  dazzling  of 
a  meteor,  have  rapidly  disappeared,  have  formed  the  subject  of  long  and  de- 
sultory literary  investigation.  To  examine,  therefore,  and  to  select  the  most 
prominent  features,  to  compress  the  materials  copiously  scattered  around  him, 
and  to  assign  to  each,  to  the  mighty  conqueror,  to  the  vigilant  politician, 
to  the  popular  writer,  to  the  persevering  philosopher,  and  to  the  humble  but 
ingenious  mechanic,  his  due  proportion  of  attention  and  of  respect,  forms 
Dot  the  least  difficult  of  the  labors  of  the  biographer.  He  may  indeed  be 
forgiven  if  he  is  more  diffuse  in  painting  the  struggles  of  virtue  and  of  inno- 
cence against  the  inventive  powers  of  oppression  and  of  persecution ;  if  he 
expresses  w  ith  warmth  his  detestation  against  successful  vice,  and  prospe- 
rous profligacy ;  and  if  he  is  alive  to  all  the  keen  sufferings  which  learning 
has  often  to  endure  from  the  sneers  of  pride,  and  the  clamors  of  ignorance 
and  prejudice.  It  is  frequently  not  a  little  consolatory  to  the  virtuous  and 
to  the  truly  great,  to  reflect  that  their  labors  will  not  be  in  vain.  Posterity, 
though  late,  may  replace  in  their  native  dignity  and  honor,  with  perpetuated 
fame,  the  merits  and  services  which  the  jealousy  or  the  malice  of  contempo- 
raries may  have  endeavoured  to  blot  out  of  the  historic  page.  It  is  pleasing 
to  contemplate  the  differerent  destinies  which  accompany  merit,  audits  at- 
tendant envy.  The  man  whose  genius,  whose  industry,  whose  talents,  or 
whose  honorable  labors  in  the  cause  of  science,  of  literature,  and  of  humani- 
ty, have  been  often  exposed  to  ridicule  and  contempt;  who  has  pined  in  the 
shade  of  indigence  or  ill-deserved  obscurity,  rises  gradually  in  the  good 
opinion  t3f  the  public,  and  ranks  with  the  dignified  benefactors  of  mankind; 
while  those  who  treated  him  with  supercilious  indifference,  who  prided 
themselves  in  the  transitory  advantages  of  rank,  of  birth,  or  of  opulence,  no 
longer  occupy  the  attention  of  the  world,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years, 
eink  into  merited,  into  everlasting  oblivion. 


PREFACE.  r 

In  the  composition  of  liis  biof^rapliicul  work,  tlie  autlior  acknowledges 
tiniself  indebted  to  those,  at  home  and  abroad,  wliose  labors  have  been  di- 
rected to  the  same  pursuits.  He  has  freely  drawn  his  materials  from  the 
researches  of  former  historians  and  liioj^raphers,  and  the  accuracy  and  the 
impartiality  of  their  statements,  which  concurrent  testimonies  fully  prove 
and  corroborate,  arc  entitled  to  no  small  sliare  of  praise.  From  this  min- 
cried  mass,  and  from  various  sources  of  information,  he  lias  endeavored  to 
form  one  general  whole,  and  to  exhibit,  wiUi  the  judicious  brevity  which  so 
numerous  a  class  of  objects  requires,  rather  "  cliaracteristic  sketches,  in 
pleasing  miniature,  than  a  series  of  finished  and  full-sized  portraits.*' 
However  anxious  he  may  have  been  to  notice  every  one  who  has  risen  to 
temporary  or  to  lasting  eminence  in  the  long  lapse  of  so  many  ages,  he  may, 
perhaps,  in  the  opinion  of  some,  have  selected  the  subjects  of  his  biogra- 
phical labors  w ith  too  sparing  a  hand,  while  by  others  he  may  be  charged 
with  tedious  prolixity.  He  trusts,  however,  that  in  whatever  he  has  done, 
he  has  been  actuated  by  the  purest  motives  of  impartiality;  and  in  deline- 
ating the  life,  and  in  enumerating  the  productions  of  men  of  various  coun- 
tries, he  has  sacrificed  nationality  at  the  altar  of  truth.  He  trusts  that  he 
has  spoken  of  the  Christian  and  the  Pagan,  of  the  Catholic  and  the  Pro- 
testant, of  the  Churchman  and  Sectary,  with  the  bold  language  of  an  un- 
prejudiced narration,  which  would  not  condescend  to  flatter  the  great  and 
the  powerful,  when  in  the  height  of  authority,  at  the  expense  of  historical 
veracity,  and  which  disdains  to  insult  their  memory  after  they  liave  de- 
scended to  the  tomb. 

With  these  sentiments  he  commits,  to  the  judgment  of  the  public,  liis 
biographical  labors,  as  a  companion  to  the  Classical  Dictionaby,  in 
anxious  confidence,  that  they  will  not  be  deemed  unw  orlhy  of  the  same 
flattering  patronage,  and  of  the  same  extensive  circulation,  with  whit'h  thtil 
work  has  so  long  and  so  liberally  been  hoBored. 

Abingdon,  March  Sth,  1808. 


Ti  J  O  G  R  A 


S(c.  Kc.  ^. 


T7 


X 


AA 

AA,  Peter  Vamler,  a  bookseller  of  Ley- 
den,  vlio,  under  the  title  of  Caleric  du 
Monde,  published  in  GO  vols.  fol.  an  atlas  of 
iiOO  charts,  as  exijlanatory  of  the  various  voy- 
ages made  between  the  l.'jth  and  the  close  of 
the  17tb  century.  These,  though  accompa- 
niefl  with  prints  to  represent  the  customs,  ed- 
ifices, and  curiosities  of  ditierent  nations,  dis- 
play rather  the  labor  and  perseverance  of  the 
fompiler,  than  either  his  judgment  or  accu- 
racy. Aa  made  a  continuation  of  Grievius' 
Thesaurus  of  Italian  writers  in  six  other  vol- 
umes.    He  was  still  living  in  If '29. 

Aagard,  Nicholas  and  Christian,  two 
brothers,  born  at  Wiburg  in  Denmark  in  the 
beginning  of  the  ISlh  century.  The  eldest, 
"who  was  distinguished  for  the  acuteness  of 
his  philosophical  writings,  died  1057,  and  the 
other,  known  for  his  poetical  talents,  died 
1604. 

Aalam,  an  astrologer  of  the  ninth  centu- 
ry at  the  court  of  Adado  Daula. 

Aalst,  Everard,  a  Dutch  painter  born  at 
Delft  1002.  His  talents  were  displayed  with 
peculiar  success  in  the  representation  of 
shields  and  military  accoutrements,  of  dead 
birds  and  inanimate  subjects,  and  his  paint- 
ings, few  in  number  are  now  liighly  valued  for 
superiority  of  execution.  He  died  in  1658. 
His  nephew  William  became  the  rival  of  his 
uncle,  ai)d  in  his  travels  through  France  and 
Italy  he  deserved  and  obtained  the  friendship 
and  patronage  of  the  great,  and  particulai'ly 
of  tiie  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  who  liberal- 
ly rewarded  his  merit.  His  fruit  and  flower 
jjicces  Avere  most  admired.  He  died  in  Hol- 
land in  1079  aged  59/  leaving  several  children 
by  his  servant  maid,  to  whom  he  was  mar- 
ried after  his  return  fromltaly. 

Aaron,  elder  brother  of  Moses,  son  of 
Amram,  of  the  tribe  of  Levi,  was  born  A.  M. 
2134.  He  was  the  friend  and  the  assistant  of 
his  brother,  and  as  being  more  happily  gifted 
with  the  powers  of  eloquence,  he  attended 
him  in  all  his  interviews  with  Pharaoh  in 
Egypt,  and  in  his  conferences  with  the  peo- 
ple of  Israel.  Tho\igli  he  grievously  oftciul- 
ed  God  by  making  a  calf  of  gold,  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  divinity,  wliich  had  conduct- 
ed his  nation  safe  through  tlie  Red  Sea  from 
the  perils  of  Egypt,  he  was  permitted  to  be- 
come the  first  high  priest.  This  sacred  of- 
fice bestowed  upon  him  excited  discontent 
among  the  friends  of  Korah  and  his  asso- 
ciates, but  Aaron  exercised  it  with  nonoar  and 
VOL.   1.  2 


NSi^'ORK. 


fidelity,  and  iBftw  iayasting  hia-,aoR--Bfeazar 
as  his  successor,  he  died  in  his  123d  year, 
without  being  permitted  to  enter  the  prom- 
ised land. 

Aaron  Raschid,  a  caliph  of  the  Abas- 
sides,  distinguished  by  his  conquests,  and  he 
eccentricity  of  his  character.  Valiant  in 
battle,  he  showed  himself  inhuman  and  per- 
fidious towards  the  conquered,  and  ever  made 
the  sacred  duties  of  the  sovereign  subservient 
to  caprice,  intemperance,  or  resentment.  At 
once  master  of  the  finest  provinces  of  Asia 
and  Africa,  his  power  extended  from  Spain 
to  the  banks  of  the  Ganges,  and  exacted  a  tri- 
bute from  Nicephorus  the  Roman  emperor 
of  the  East.  He  deserves  our  admiration  for 
the  patronage  which  he  afforded  to  literature 
and  to  the  arts.  He  was  eight  times  victori- 
ous in  battle,  and  eight  times  paid  his  adora- 
tion at  the  tomb  of  the  prophet.  Charle- 
magne respected  Ids  character,  and  Aaron 
in  token  of  friendship  presented  to  the  Euro- 
pean prince  a  clock  the  mechanism  and  con- 
struction of  which  w  ere  I'egarded  among  the 
prodigies  of  the  age.  He  died  A.  D.  809  in 
the  23d  year  of  his  reign. 

Aaron  Schascou,  a  rabbiof  Thessalo- 
nica,  celebrated  for  his  writings. 

Aaron,  a  British  saint,  put  to  death  Avith 
his  brother  Julius,  during  Dioclesian's  perse- 
cution of  the  Christians,  and  buried  at  Caer- 
leon  in  Wales. 

Aakon,  a  presbyter  and  physician  of  Al- 
exandria in  the  eighth  century,  who  wrote  30 
books  or  pandects  on  medicine  in  the  S)-riac 
language.  He  is  the  first  author  w  ho  makes 
mention  of  the  small-pox  and  of  the  measles,- 
diseases  which  were  introduced  into  Eg}-pt 
by  the  conquests  of  the  Arabians  about  640. 
He  was  particularly  explicit  on  the  symptoms 
and  on  the  progress  of  these  disorders ;  but 
as  his  compositions  are  lost,  and  only  scatter- 
ed fragments  are  to  be  seen  in  the  collec- 
tions of  Mohammed  Rhazis,  the  moderns 
must  ever  remain  in  ignorance  of  the  origin 
and  probable  causes  of  these  dreadful  scour- 
ges of  the  human  race. 

Aaron,  Hariscon,  a  Caraite  rabbi  who 
was  known  as  a  physician  at  Constantinople 
in  1294,  and  who  wrote  a  learned  commenta- 
rv  on  the  pentateuch,  besides  annotations  on 
some  of  the  books  of  the  old  testament,  a  He- 
brew grammar,  kc. 
I  Aaron,  Hachai-on  or  Posterior,  another 
'  learned  rabbi,  whoso  writings  are  highly  es- 


A  A 


AB 


termed  by  llic  Caraite  Jews.  He  was  born 
in  Nicomctlia  1346.  He  wrote  on  the  law  of 
IVIoses,  aud  particularly  on  the  cu&toms  ot" 
his  nation,  in  a  treatise  entitled  the  Garden 
of  Eden. 

A  A  RON,  Isaac,  an  interpreter  of  languns;;cs 
at  the  court  of  Constantinople  under  tlie 
Commcni.  lie  abused  the  confideuce  repo- 
sed in  him,  and  with  unparalleled  inhuiuanity 
recommended  to  Andronicus,  the  usurper 
of  his  master's  throne,  to  put  out  tlie  eyes 
nnd  cut  off"  the  tongue  of  his  enemies,  a  pun- 
ishment which  was  afterwards  inflicted  on 
himself  by  Isaac  Angelus  1203. 

Aa-ron  Ben-Chaim,  the  chief  of  the 
H'ewish  synagogues  at  Fez  and  Morocco  in 
the  beginning  of  the  17th  centui-y.  He  wrote 
commentaries  on  Joshua,  the  law,  the  pro- 
phets, hi.c. 

Aaron  BEN-ASER,alearned  rabbi  in  the 
fifth  century,  to  vhom  the  invention  of  the 
Hebrew  points  and  accents  is  attributed. 
He  wrote  a  Hebrew  gramme:-,  printed  1315. 

A  A  RON,  a  levite  of  Barcelona,  who  wrote 
613  precepts  on  Moses,  printed  at  Venice 
15'23.     He  died    1'292. 

Aarsexs,  Francis,  a  celebrated  statesman, 
son  of  the  register  of  the  United  Provinces. 
He  was  early  initiated  in  politics,  and  at  the 
court  of  France,  where  he  was  tlie  first  hon- 
ored and  recognised  as  the  ambassador  of 
Holland,  he  enlarged  his  understanding,  and 
acijuircd  the  knowledge  and  the  arts  of  ne- 
gociation  under  Henry  IV.  and  his  ministers 
Villeroi,  Rosni,  Silleri,  Sec.  Flattered  by 
the  people,  esteemed  by  the  monarch,  and 
raised  to  the  honors  of  nobility,  he  contin- 
ued 15  years  the  representative  of  his  na- 
tion, till  either  the  popularity  or  the  jealousy 
of  the  court  procured  his  recall.  He  after- 
wards was  employed  in  tlie  same  capacity  at 
Venioe,  and  in  other  Italian  states,  and  he 
was  oue  of  those  who  ncgociated  in  England 
lor  the  marriage  of  William  of  Orange  with 
the  daughter  of  Charles  I.  A  persuasive  elo- 
quence and  the  arts  of  dissimulation  and  in- 
^  trigue  were  united  in  Aarsens  with  an  im- 
posing appearance  of  bluntness  and  rustic 
simplicity,  and  rendered  him  at  once  dan- 
gerous and  successful,  so  that  Richelieu,  who 
knew  and  employed  his  abilities,  acknowledg- 
ed that  he  shared  with  Oxenstiern  of  Swe- 
den and  Viscardi  of  Montserrat  the  honor 
of  being  the  jnnst  consummate  politician  of 
Ills  age.  He  died  in  an  advanced  age,  and 
his  son  had  tlie  singidar  reputation  of  being 
the  most  oijulent  citizen  of  Holland.  He 
left  behind  him  an  account  of  all  the  embas- 
sies in  which  he  was  engaged,  and  from  the 
accni'acy,  the  judgment,  and  the  exactness 
in  whicii  his  papers  are  drawn  up  and  ar- 
ranged, we  deiive  a  fuither  proof  of  Ids 
genius  anti  his  perseverance.  Memoirs  of 
him  were  published  by  Du  Maurier. 

Aarsens  or  Aertsen,  Peter,  surnamed 
Loiigo  from  his  tallness,  was  born  at  Amster- 
<lam  1519,  where  he  also  died  in  his  OGlh 
year.  Though  brought  up  like  his  father  to 
il»e  profession  of  a  stocking  maker,  he  was 
at  last  permitted,  by  the  eutieatieg  of  Jus 


mother,  to  follow  the  bent  of  his  genius,  and  aS 
1  8  he  began  to  study  painting,  architecture, 
atid  perspective.    At  Antwerp,  were  he  mar- 
ried, and  where  he  was  admitted  a  member 
of  the  academy  of  painters,  he   gave  proofs 
of  his  superior  talents,  and  in  his  first  pieces 
I  particularly   excelled    in    representing    the 
!  utensils   of   a    kitchen.     A  painting   of   the 
death  of  the  "Virgin  for  an  alter  piece  at  Am- 
sterdam was  highly  esteemed,  and  another 
equally   deserved  the  warmest   admiration, 
in  which  he  represented  the  crucifixion  with 
the  executioner  in  the  act  of  breaking  with 
an    iron  bar  the    legs   of   the   two  thieves. 
This  last  was  torn  to  pieces  in  a  public  in- 
surrection 1566,  and  so  unguarded  was  the 
painter  in  his  complaints  and  reproaches  on 
.  the  occasion  that  the  ferocious  populace  w  ere 
j  with  difficulty   prevented   from    murdering 
;  him.     He  left  3   sons   who  also  engaged   ia 

his  profession. 
:      Aartgex  or  AERTGE]sr,  the  son  of  a 
i  wooicomber  at  Leyden,  who,  after  following 
his  father's  occupation,  turned  his  thoughts 
to  painting,   in  ihe  prosecution  of  which  he 
acquired  reputation  and  consequence.     Re- 
gardless of  the  conveniences    of  life  lie  was 
j  visited    by  Floris  of  Antwerp,  and  rejected 
•  the  ])atronagTe  and  society  of  this  amiable  and 
j  disinterested  friend,  declaring  he  found  great- 
I  er  gratification  in  his  mean  cottage  than  ia 
i  the  enjoyment  of  opulence.     He  was  liabit- 
I  ually  intemperate,  and  as  he  never  touched 
,  his  pencil  on  Mondays,  he  devoted  those  days 
i  with  his  pupils  to  festivity  and  drunkenness. 
,  He  was  drowned  in  the  canals  of  the  cit\   in 
)  the  night  as  he  amused  himself  according  to 
I  his   usual   custom    in    playing  tlirough    the 
I  streets  on  the  jrerman  flute. 
I      Aba,  brother  in-law  to  Stephen  the  first 
■  Christian   king  of  Hungary,  defeated  Peter 
i  w  ho  had   succeeded  his  uncle  on  the  throne, 
i  and  after  he  had  banished  him  to  Bavaria  he 
usurped  the  crown    1041    or    1042.     He  dis- 
.  graced  himself  by  his  cfuelties,  and  after  be- 
,  ing  conquered   in  a  battle  by  the   emperor 
I  Henry  HI.  he  was  sacrificed  to  the  resent- 
^  ment  of  his  oftended  subjects,  1044. 
I      Abaffi,  Michael,  son  of  a  magiatrate  of 
Hernianstad,   rose   by   his   abilities   and  in- 
trigues, to  the  sovereignty  of  Transylvania, 
in  16C1.     He  bravely  assisted  the  Turks,  and 
becanie  formidable  to  the  emperor  of  Ger- 
many. 

Abaca  or  Abaka,  a  king  of  Tartary 
whose  ambassadors  were  introduced  in  1274 
to  tlie  ecclesiasticid  synod  of  Lyons.  He 
conquered  Persia,  and  proved  a  powerful 
and  formidable  neighbor  to  the  Christians 
whohad  settled  at  Jerusalem.  He  died  1282. 
A B  a N O,  Z'ill.  A P o  N o. 
Abaris,  a  Scythian  philosopher,  (he  his- 
tory of  Avhose  adventures  as  mentioned  by 
Herodotus  a»  d  others  appears  more  fabulous 
than  authentic. 

Abas,  Schah,  was  seventh  king  of  Persia 
of  the  race  of  the  Sophis.  He  \  as  brave  and 
active,  and  enlarged  the  boundaries  of  his 
dominions.  He  took  co.  jointly  with  the  En- 
glish forces  1G22  the  island  of  Ormus  whick 


AB 


Ali 


\»i\  been  iuUie  possession  of  the  Portiigucse  j 
122  years.  Me  dictl  lO'J'J  iii  lli<'4illi  }  <  :;r 
of  Ills  rc-it;ii,  ami  obtiiiiicd  from  liis  ^raUful 
jiiul  admiring;-  suhjci-ts  the  suniaiue  of  great, 
anil  of  restditr  of  I'ersia.  lie  hail  made 
Ispiihan  his  capital. 

Abas,  Srhah,  the  gi'cat-prandson  of  tlic 
prccediiij;,  succeeded  his  fallier  in  1042  in 
liis  l;}th  jear.  lie  took  Can<Iahar  from  the 
Moguls,  and  valiantly  resisted  the  attacks  of 
30(»,0()(J  IjesKgers.  lilessed  with  an  enlarge'i 
iniderstandiiig  he  patronised  the  Christians, 
and  proniist-'i  by  deeds  of  benevolence  and 
libeialitx  U>  rival  the  greatest  heroes  of  an- 
tiipiity,  when  lie  \va~  cut  olV  by  the  lues  ven- 
erea in  his  37th  ;  ear,  Sep.  25,  IGfiO. 

Abassa,  an  ()fticef  who  i-t  volted  against 
IMusiapiia  I.  emperor  of  the 'I'lirks,  and  af- 
terwards was  employed  against  the  Poles 
iGoi  at  the  head  of  C"o,00()  men.  The  cow- 
ardice of  his  troops  robbed  hi)n  of  a  \ictory 
■which  liis  coui-age,  his  abilities,  and  his  am- 
Lition  seemed  to  promise,  and  he  was  stran- 
gled by  oi'der  of  the  Sultan. 

Abassa,  a  sisterof  Aaron  llaschild, whose 
liand  was  bestowed  by  ker  brother  on  (Jiafar 
on  condition  that  she  abstained  from  the 
marriage  rights.  The  promise  was  forgot- 
ten :  the  birth  of  a  son  that  was  secretly  sent 
to  Mecca  to  be  brought  up  incensed  the  em- 
peror, and  the  husband's  life  was  sacrificed 
by  the  tyrant,  and  Abassa  reduced  to  pover- 
ty. There  are  still  extant  some  Arabic  ver- 
ses which  beautifully  celebrate  her  love  and 
her  n)isfortunes. 

Abasson,  an  impostor,  who,  under  tlie 
character  of  the  grandson  of  Abas  the  great, 
obtained  the  patronage  of  the  court  of 
France  and  of  tlie  gi-and  seignior  by  wliosc 
orders  he  was  at  iast  beheaded. 

Abats,  Andrew,  a  painter  born  at  Na- 
ples and  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  Span- 
ish king.  He  died  1732.  His  fruit  pieces 
and  landscapes  Mere  admired. 

Abac'T-it,  Firmin,  born  at  Uzes  11th 
November  1G79,  fled  fi-om  the  persecution 
which  attended  his  parents  on  account  of 
their  profession  of  protestantism,  and  retired 
to  Geneva  where  he  found  jnotection  and 
peace  As  he  had  early  lost  his  father,  his 
education  was  promoted  by  the  care  of  his 
mother,  who  had  the  happiness  to  discover 
that  the  small  remains  of  her  shattered  for- 
tune were  amply  compensated  by  the  im- 
provement of  her  son.  Geneva  was  the  seat 
of  literature  as  well  as  of  freedom,  and 
Abauzit  was  soon  distinguished  for  his  su- 
perior progress  in  every  branch  of  [)oIite 
learning,  but  particularly  mathematics  and 
natural  history.  In  Holland  he  became  the 
friend  of  IJayle,  of  Juricu,  and  liasnage  ;  in 
England  he  was  lionored  with  the  friendship 
of  St.  Evremond  and  the  corresponilencc  of 
Newton;  and  ^\'illiam  HI.  invited  him,  by 
offers  of  liberal  patronage,  to  settle  in  his 
tlorainions;  but  the  remembrance  of  (jcncva, 
the  asylum  of  his  infant  years,  made  him 
decline  the  generosity  of  the  monarcli.  The 
fruits  of  his  literary  labors  were  few,  un- 
jiin'jjtious  to  appeal*  before   the  public,  Jie 


chose  rather  to  assist  his  friends  than  solicit 
fame  in  his  own  person.  He  hou  ever  applied 
himself  to  anti'iuilics,  and  as  he  was  now 
enrolled-  among  the  citizens  of  Geneva  ;nij 
appointed  public  librarian,  he  showed  his 
gratitiide  by  republishing  Sport's  lii.ilor\  «if 
this  favorite  city,  which  he  enriched  wiih 
twf)  dissertations,  and  othci-  valuable  cxplaiia- 
lions.  As  hi;  grew  in  years,  he  continued  to 
increase  in  fame,  and  it  must  be  mentioneil 
to  his  praise  that  he  was  llatlei-ed  by  ^'«l!- 
tairir  and  complimented  by  Jtousseau.  H«; 
was  an  Arian  in  religion,  but  his  sentiments 
were  liberal  and  humane.  He  died  MarcU 
20th  1707. 

Abbauie,  James,  D.  D.  a  celebrated, 
protestant  minister  born  at  Nay  in  Ijernc 
Uki-i,  or  according  to  others  58.  .-ifter  im- 
proving himself  m  France  and  Holland,  he- 
visited  Pi-ussia  and  settled  at  Berlin,  at  the 
solicitation  of  the  elector  of  Bi-andenburgh, 
where,  as  minister  of  the  French  cliurch,  he 
enforced  the  duties  of  religion  and  molality, 
and  gained  by  persuasive  eloquence  the  favor 
of  the  prince  and  people.  After  his  patron's 
death  he  accompanied  tlie  duke  of  Scbora- 
berg  to  Holland  and  to  England,  anil  after 
the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  he  was  patronised 
by  king  William,  whose  cause  he  ably  sup- 
ported by  his  pen,  and  was  made  minister 
of  the  Savoy,  and  afterwards  advanced  to  the 
dcanry  of  Killaloe  in  Ireland.  iTe  died  in 
London  soon  after  his  return  from  a  tour  to 
Holland,  Sept.  23,  1727.  Well  informed  as 
a  writer,  eloquent  as  a  preacher,  and  as  a 
man  vh-tuous  and  charitable,  he  w  as  univer- 
sally' respected  and  beloved.  Ijiii  writings 
were  mostly  on  divinity,  and  tliey  acqnirevl 
unusual  popularity,  especially  his  treatise  ou 
the  Christian  religion.  He  also  published  ;i 
defence  of  the  revolution,  and,  at  the  reqiusi: 
of  \\'illiam,  an  account  of  the  late  con- 
spiracy in  England,  comi)iled  from  the  ma- 
terials furnished  by  tlie  carl  of  Porlland 
and  secretary  TrumbuJI. 

Abbas,  Halli,  a  physician,  and  one  of  the 
Per.sian  magi,  who  foili^wed  the  doctrir.cs 
of  Zoroaster.  He  wrote  A.  I).  9S0,  a  book  * 
called  royal  work,  at  the  request  of  the  ca- 
liph's son,  to  whom  he  has  dedicate<l  it,  iu 
the  pompous  and  bombastic  language  of  the 
East.  It  was  translated  into  Latin  by  Ste- 
phen of  Antioch  1127,  which  is  now  extant. 
Abbas,  the  uncle  of  M.ahomet,  opposed 
the  ambitious  views  of  the  impostor,  but 
when  defeated  in  the  battle  of  IJeiJr,  he  Mas 
not  only  reconciletl  to  his  uei)Iiew  but  he 
warmly  embraced  his  religion,  and  tlumked 
heaven  for  the  prosperity  and  the  grace 
which  he  enjo\  ed  as  a  nuissulman.  He  ac- 
quired fame  as  the  interpreter  of  the  verses 
of  the  koran,  and  more  powerfully  served 
the  cause  of  Mahomet  at  the  battle  of  Ho- 
nain  by  reealling  his  dismayed  Li'OCps  to  the 
charge,  and  inciting  them  boldly  to  rally 
round  their  prophet  who  was  near  expiring 
under  the  scymetars  of  the  infidel  Thake- 
sites.  His  son,  of  the  same  name,  became 
still  more  celebrateil  bj'  his  knov.ledge  of 
tlie  koraa.     Abbas   was  regarded    wiiU  sp 


AB 


AB 


much  veneration  that  the  caliphs  Omar  and 
Othman  never  appeared  before  him  without 
dismounting  from  their  horses,  and  saluting 
him  Avith  the  most  profound  humility.  He 
died  in  the  3Cd  year  of  tlic  liegira ;  and 
100  years  after,  Abulabbas  SafTa,  his  grand- 
son, investing  himself  Avith  sovereign  power, 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  dynasty  of  the 
Abbassides,  which  continued  to  be  transmit- 
ted in  his  family  from  father  to  son  524 
years,  during  an  uninterrupted  succession  of 
37  caliphs,  till  they  were  dispossessed  by 
the  Tartars.  Abbas  Abdallah,  the  grand- 
son of  Abbas,  the  uncle  of  the  prophet,  was 
also  distinguished  as  a  teacher  of  the  sacred 
book :  as,  before  he  was  10  years  of  age,  he 
was  said  to  have  received  inspiration  fi-om 
the  angel  Gabriel,  whose  communications 
with  >iaiiomet  were  frequent  and  numerous. 
He  died  in  the  OSth  year  of  the  hegira,  and 
■was  universally  lamented  as  tlie  most  learn- 
ed doctor  of  raussulmanism. 

Abbassa,  Tu/.  Abassa. 

Adbategio,  Marian  d',  an  ecclesiastic 
of  the  l4th  century,  who  rose  by  his  abilities 
to  be  governor  of  Aquila. 

Abb ATissA, Paul,  a  famous  Sicilian  poet 
born  at  Messina  1570.  He  translated  into 
Italian  verse  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  and 
Ovi«l's  ^Metamorphoses. 

Abb  I  AT  I,  Philip,  an  historical  painter  of 
Milan,  who  died  1715,  r-ged  75. 

Abbox,  a  monk  of  St.  Germain  des  Pres, 
%vho  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Paris  by  the 
Normans  at  the  close  of  the  9th  century. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  this  event  in  1200 
verses  in  execrable  Latin,  but,  however,  va- 
luable for  its  fidelity  and  impartial  minute- 
ness. It  is  in  Duchesne's  collection,  and 
it  has  since  been  edited  by  Duplessis,  1753. 

Abbon,  de  Fleury,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Or- 
leans, who  after  displaying  his  superior  ahi li- 
lies in  every  branch  of  polite  literature  at 
Paris  and  Rlieims,  became  abbot  of  Fleury, 
and  supported  m  ith  vehemence  and  energy 
the  rights  of  the  monastic  order  against  the 
intrusions  of  the  bishops.  He  was  employed 
by  king  Robert  to  appease  pope  Gregory  V. 
who  wished  to  place  the  kingdom  of  France 
under  an  interdict,  and  he  proved  successful 
at  Home.  He  was  killed  in  a  quarrel  between 
the  French  and  Gascons  1004,  whilst  he  en- 
deavored to  introduce  a  reform  in  the  abbey 
of  Reole  in  Gascony.  Besides  canons  in 
Aviiich  he  explained  the  duty  of  kings  and 
subjects,  there  is  a  volume  of  his  letters  ex- 
tant, printed  1687,  in  folio. 

Abbot,  George,  son  of  a  cloth  worker 
and  archbishr)p  f)f  Canterbury,  was  born  at 
Guildford  in  Surrey  2'Jth  Oct.  1562.  After 
rccei\ing  his  education  at  the  grammar 
school  in  his  native  town  lie  became  a  mem- 
ber and  fellow  of  Baliol  College  in  Oxford, 
wliere  he  soon  after  distinguished  himself  as 
a  preacher.  His  popularity  recommended 
him  to  favor  ;  he  was  chosen  master  of 
University  College  in  1599,  installed  dean 
of  Winchester,  and  after  serving  three  times 
with  dignity  and  moderation  the  oftice  of 
vice-chanceJIor,  he  was  consecrated  bishop 


of  Lichfield  and  Coventi'v  160y.  His  learn- 
ing was  universally  respected,  as  before  his 
elevation  to  the  episcopal  chair,  he  was  the 
second  of  the  Oxford  divines  whom  king 
James  appointed  to  translate  the  new  testa- 
ment, except  the  epistles  ;  and  as  a  negocia- 
tor  he  was  employed  to  establish  and  ce- 
ment an  union  between  the  churches  ot 
England  and  Scotland,  where  his  address, 
his  eloquence,  and  moderation  were  par- 
ticularly conspicuous.  After  a  rapid  trans- 
lation to  the  see  of  London  he  Mas,  on  the 
death  of  Bancroft,  11)10,  raised  to  the  pri- 
mac}',  and  in  this  high  situation  he  main- 
tained his  character  unspotted,  and  neither 
submitted  to  the  arbitrary  mandates  of  des- 
potic power,  nor  exercised  the  ecclesiastical 
authority  in  the  establishment  of  unmeaning 
ceremonies,  or  in  shackling  the  judgment  or 
devotion  of  the  people.  In  his  zeal  for  the 
protestant  faith  he  pi'omoted  the  union  of 
the  princess  Elizabetli  M'ith  the  elector  pala- 
tine, and  he  strenuously  withstood  the  influ- 
ence which  James  exerted  to  make  him  de- 
clare in  favor  of  the  divorce  between  the 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Suffolk,  and  the  royal 
favorite  Robert  earl  of  Essex.  He  refused 
to  sanction  the  mandate  by  which  James 
permitted  sports  and  pastimes  on  the  Lord's 
day,  and  he  forbad  it  to  be  publicly  read  at 
Croydon,  where  he  then  was.  The  evening 
of  liis  life  Avas  darkened  by  a  melancholy 
event,  which  his  enemies  wished  to  convert 
to  his  disgrace  and  degradation.  As  he 
amused  himself  wi'di  a  crossbow  in  the 
grounds  of  lord  Zouch  at  Bransill  in  Hamp- 
shire, where  he  retired  for  recreation  every 
summer,  he  accidently  killed  the  park  keep- 
er by  an  arrow  which  he  aimed  at  a  deer. 
This  homicide  was  attended  witli  a  settled 
melancholy  in  the  archbishop,  avIio,  as  an 
atonement  for  tlie  accident,  granted  an  an- 
nuity of  20^.  to  the  widow,  and  ever  after 
once  a  month  observed  the  fatal  day,  Tues- 
day, in  penitence  and  prayer.  His  conduct 
however  was  misrepresented,  and  though 
James  remarked  that  "an  angel  might  have 
miscarried  in  this  sort,"  a  commission  of  ten 
persons  was  directed  to  inquire  whether  he 
was  incapacitated  from  performing  tlie  duties 
of  his  office.  He  Mas  honorably  restored  to 
his  functions,  the  king  passing  a  {jardon  and  a 
dispensation  by  which  he  was  cleared  from 
all  scandal,  irregularity,  or  infamation.  From 
infirmity  he  was  unable  to  attend  the  coun- 
cils, though  he  was  present  at  the  last  illness 
of  the  king,  and  he  assisted  at  the  corona- 
tion of  Charles  I.  But  his  influence  now 
began  to  decrease  at  court;  the  intrigues  of 
Buckingham  poisoned  the  ears  of  the  young 
monarch  ;  and  when  the  archbishop  in  1627 
refused  to  license  a  sermon  of  Dr.  Sibthorpe, 
which  justified,  by  unconstitutional  means, 
the  raising  of  a  loan,  he  was  disgracefully 
dismissed  from  the  powers  of  primate,  and 
orilered  to  withdraw  to  Canterbury,  while 
the  episcopal  authority  was  exercised  by 
commission  by  live  prelates.  He  was  how- 
ever soon  after  restored  to  his  full  preroga- 
tive ;  but  neither  the  threats  of  his  powerful 


AB 


Ali 


enemies,  nor  the  enmity  of  Laud  ami  liuck- 
inp^ham,  coulil  i»rcvail  against  liis  <l<!irini- 
natc  ZL'ul  in  support  ol"  the-  riglits  ol'  the  suIj- 
jcct,  and  the  liherty  of  conscience.  He  did 
not  loiiij  preserve  the  royal  favor,  he  died  at 
Croydon  on  the  tifth  of  August  1G3J,  in  }iis 
71st  year,  and  was  buried  according  to  his 
direction  in  tlie  church  of  Holy  Trinity  at 
Guildford,  wiiere  a  stately  niouunieiit  was 
erected  over  his  grave  hy  his  brother  Mau- 
rice. In  his  geiicial  character  Abbot  was 
moderate  anil  inotfensive  ;  though  a  rigid 
Calvinist,  he  rcconimended  to  his  clergy  ra- 
ther to  gain  the  public  esteem  hy  in»-rality 
than  claim  it  as  a  due  to  their  oilico.  He  was 
henevolent  an<I  humane,  and  among  other 
acts  of  charily  he  endowed,  w  ith  au  income 
of  30t)/.  a  year,  a  hospital  at  iiuildford  for  tlie 
support  and  maintenance  of  the  poor..  His 
publications  were  cliielly  divinity,  besides 
some  treatises  occasioned  by  the  situation  of 
the  times. 

Abbot,  Maurice,  youngest  hrotlirr  of  the 
archbishop,  accpiired  consequence  in  com- 
mercial art'airs,  and  was  employed  in  tiie  di- 
rection of  the  East  India  company's  concerns, 
respecting  the  Molucca  Islands,  which  were 
in  the  hands  of  the  Dutch.  He  was  emplo3cd 
in  1024  in  establishing  the  settlement  of 
Virginia,  and  lie  Avas  the  first  person  on 
■whom  Charles  I.  conferred  the  honor  of 
knighthood.  Raised  by  industr)'  to  opulence 
and  distinction,  he  was  elected  representative 
for  London,  and  in  1G38  was  raised  to  the 
inayoralty  of  the  city,  a  high  office,  which  he 
adorned  by  the  amiableness  of  his  manners, 
and  the  goodness  of  his  heart.  He  died  Jan. 
10th,  1640.  His  son  George  was  of  Merton 
college,  -where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.B. 
1030,  and  he  distinguished  himself  during 
the  civil  wars  in  defending  Caldecote  Hall  in 
Warwickshire,  against  the  attacks  of  prince 
Maurice  and  Rupert.  He  died  1C48,  Feb.  4, 
aged  44.  He  published  a  paraphrase  on  Job 
1640, — Vindicice  Sabbati  1641, — brief  notes 
on  the  Psalms  1651. 

Abbot,  Robert,  D.  D.  eldest  brother  of 
the  two  preceding,  was  born  at  Guildford, 
and  educated  at  Baliol  college.  After  a  short 
residence  at  Worcester,  and  at  Bingham  in 
Nottinghamshire,  he  was  elected  master  of 
liis  college  1609,  wliere  he  supported  the 
respectability  of  his  station  by  enforcing  obe- 
dience, regularity,  and  temperance  in  the 
society.  His  eloquence  as  a  jireacher  re- 
■commended  him  to  further  patronage ;  he 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  re- 
gius  professor  of  divinity  at  O.xford,  and  in 
this  ofRce  he  neglected  no  opportunity'  to  sup- 
port the  reformation,  and  warn  his  audience 
against  tlie  insinuations  of  popery.  I^aud 
■was  one  of  those  who  felt  the  severity  of  liis 
oratory,  and  in  a  discourse  in  which  the  prea- 
cher inveighed  against  the  arts  of  i\n:  puri- 
tans and  the  friends  of  the  Romish  church, 
the  eyes  of  the  audience  were  fixed  upon  the 
future  archbishop,  and  created  confusion  and 
shame.  On  the  vacancy  of  Salisbury,  1615, 
the  king  rewarded  the  labors  of  Abbot  by 
nominating  him  to  the  sec,  and  he  w;\:s  con- 


secrated by  his  brother  at  Lanibttli.  The 
infii-inities  of  a  sedentary  life  however  check- 
ed the  intended  improvements  and  reformat 
tioiis  of  the  new  prelate.  Me  di<'d  March 
'Jd,  1617,  in  his  5Slh  year,  and  was  one  of 
the  live  bisltops  who  in  si\  successive  years 
were  installed  at  Salisbury.  He  was  buried 
in  his  cathcdrrd.  His  writings  though  few 
were  principally  conlrover.  iai,  and  some  ot' 
his  maimscripts  were  presented  to  the  Bofl- 
Ician  Library,  by  Dr.  Cfubet,  who  had  mar> 
ried  one  of  his  dangijter.'^,  and  who  v.  as  rec- 
tor of  Haseley,  O.xfordshire. 

Abbt  Thomas,  the  German  translator  of 
Sallust,  and  the  admired  author  of  a  treatise 
"  on  merit,"  and  of  another  **  of  dying  for 
fine's  coinitry,"  was  boi-n  at  Ulm  and  died  at 
Ijuckeberg  1766,  aged  28. 

Abd  A,LC.\DEn,  a  Persian,  who  was  great- 
ly I'evered  by  the  mus.sulmans  for  his  learn- 
ing, his  piety,  and  the  sunclily  of  his  manners. 
His  prayers  breathed  the  spirit  of  (Christiani- 
ty :  Almighty  Got!,  said  he,  in  his  devotions, 
I  never  forget  thy  bounty  ;  my  adoration  is 
periietually  directed  to  thee,  deign  therefore 
sometimes  to  remember  and  pity  my  infir- 
mities. 

Abdallaii,  father  of  Mahomet,  was  a 
slave  and  a  driver  of  camels,  who  however 
possessed  such  merit  according  to  the  follow- 
ers of  the  prophet,  that  his  hand  was  solicited 
in  marriage  by  the  fairest  and  the  most  vir- 
tuous of  the  women  of  his  tribe.  He  was  then 
in  his  7.Tth  or  85th  year,  but  so  universally 
admired  that  on  the  night  of  his  nuptials  100 
young  females  expired  in  despair.  His  uife, 
though  long  barren,  at  last  became  mother 
of  Mahomet. 

Abdallah,  son  of  Zfjbair,  was  proclaim- 
ed caliph  of  Mecca  and  Medina,  after  the 
expulsion  of  Ycsid.  After  enjoying  the  sove- 
reignty for  four  years  he  was  besieged  in 
Mecca  by  the  successor  of  Yesid  iuSyria, 
and  he  was  sacrificed  to  the  ambition  of  his 
rival,  733. 

Abdallah,  a  son  of  Yesid,  celebrated 
as  a  mussulman  lawyer  in  the  7th  centurj'. 

Abdallah,  son  of  Abbas,  cndeavorci 
to  raise  his  family  on  the  ruins  of  the  Ommi- 
ades.  lie  was  defeated  by  his  rivals,  and  af- 
terwards, on  pretence  of  reconciliation,  he 
was  perfidiously  murdered  754. 

Abdalmalek,  son  of  Marvan,  was  5th 
caliph  of  the  Ommiades,  and  began  to  reign 
685.  He  surpassed  his  predecessors  in  mili- 
tary exploits,  and  extended  his  power  as  far 
as  Spain  in  the  west  and  India  in  the  east. 
His  avarice  however  was  unbounded.  He  was 
called  Abulzebab,  because  his  breath  was  so 
otfensive  that  it  killed  the  very  flies  that  set- 
tled on  his  lijis.  He  reigned  21  years,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Valid  the  eldest  of  his  16 
sons. 

Abdalmalek,  the  last  of  the  caliphs  of 
the  race  of  the  Samanides,  was  dethroned 
and  murdered  by  ^Mahmoud  999,  after  a 
bliort  reign  disgraced  by  effeminacy  and 
weakness. 

Aedalrahmax  or  Abderames,  r'icf. 
Abderames. 


AB 


AS 


AcDAS,  n  IjlshoiMn  Persia,  who,  by  incon- 
siderately abolisliing:  a  Pagaji  temple  of  the 
.>un,  excited  the  public  i)idi,2;niition  against 
liimseir  and  his  religion,  lie  was  the  first 
victim  of  a  persecution  which  called  for  the 
interference  of  Tlieodosius  tlie  younger  in 
iiavor  of  ihe  Chrislians,  and  which  during  50 
years  produced  war,  carnage,  and  desolation, 
"between  the  Roman  and  Persian  empires. 

Abuemelek,  king  of  Fez  and  Morocco, 
was  dethroned  by  his  nephew  Mahomet,  but 
by  the  assistance  of  the  troops  sent  him  by 
the  Sultan  Selim,  he  defeated  Sebastian  king 
of  Portugal,  who  had  landed  in  Africa  to  sup- 
port the  usurper.  The  two  African  mon- 
archsand  Sebastian  fell  on  the  field,  15/8. 

Abderames,  a  caliph  of  the  race  of  the 
Ommiddes.  He  was  invited  into  Spain  by  the 
.Saracens  who  had  revolted  from  Joseph,  and 
after  he  had  conquered  the  whole  kingdom 
lie  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Corduba,  and 
the  surname  of  Just,  though  his  cruelties  and 
ravages  were  unequ.illeii  in  the  Spanish  his- 
tory.   He  died  79(',  after  reigning 32  years. 

Abderames,  a  Saracen  general  of  the 
caliph  Hescham,  who  after  conquering  Spain 
penetrated  into  Atpiitain  and  Poitou,  and 
■was  at  last  defeated  by  Charles  Martel  near 
Poitiers,  732. 

Abderames,  a  petty  prince  in  tlie  king- 
dom of  Morocco,  lie  murdered  Amadin  his 
predecessor  and  nejihcw,  and  was  himself 
after  a  long  reign  assassinated  by  a  chieftain 
■whose  death  he  meditated  because  he  presu- 
med to  court  his  daughter,  1505. 

Abdias,  a  native  of  Baljylon,  who  preten- 
ded to  be  one  of  the  72  disciples  of  our  Sa- 
viour. He  wrote  a  legendary  treatise  called 
Ilistoriacertaminis  Apostolici,  which  was  ed- 
ited and  translated  into  Latin  by  Wolfgang 
Lazius,  Basil  1571,  and  is  full  of  contradic- 
tion and  absurdity. 

Abdissi,  a  patriarch  of  Assyria,  wlio 
paid  homage  to  pope  Pius  IV.  15G2,  and  ex- 
tended the  power  of  the  Romish  church  in 
the  east 

Abdolonymus,  a  SIdonian  of  the  royal 
family,  taken  fi'om  the  obscure  occupation 
of  gardener  and  placed  on  the  throne  by  Al- 
exander the  Great. 

Abdo.v,  a  Pei-sian,  who  suffered  martyr- 
dom in  support  of  Christianity  under  the  per- 
secution of  Decius,  250. 

Abdulmumex,  a  man  of  obscure  origin, 
but  of  superior  talents,  who  seized  the  crown 
of  Morocco,  by  destroying  the  royal  family 
of  tlie  Alraoravide  race,  and  wlio  extended 
his  «Iominions  by  the  conquest  of  Tunis,  Fez, 
and  Tremecen.  He  meditated  the  invasion 
of  Spain,  wlien  death  stopped  his  career 
11 50.  I  lis  son  Joseph  II.  carried  liis  views  of 
ambition  into  effect. 

Abei.li.e,  Caspard,  a  native  of  Riez  in 
Pi-ovence,  1S48.  His  wit  procured  him  the 
iViendahipof  the  marechal  de  Luxembourgh, 
who  at  his  «leath  recommended  him  to  the 
prince  of  Conti,  and  the  duke  de  Vendome. 
llis  animated  conversation  proved  agreeable 
to  his  patrons,  and  his  witticisms  were  at- 
tended with  peeuliar  effect  when  delivered 


with  all  the  grimace  of  a  Avrinklcd  and  de- 
formed countenance,  artfully  distorted^  to  ex- 
])resss  the  most  ludiprous  and  comic  ejacula- 
tions. He  was  at  the  head  of  a  prioi-y,  and 
had  a  place  in  the  French  academy.  Besides 
odes  and  epistles  he  w  rote  several  tragedies, 
one  comedy,  and  two  operas,  in  a  style  lan- 
guid, puerile,  and  uninteresting.  He  died  at 
Paris,  21st  May,  1718. 

A BEILLE,  Scipio,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  surgeon  in  the  regiment  of  Picardy, 
and  he  published  an  excellent  history  of  the 
bones,  12mo.  1G85,  besides  some  poetry  and 
a  treatise  relative  to  the  employment  vihich 
he  held  in  the  army,  in  12mo.  1069.  He  died 
1C97. 

Abel,  second  son  of  Adam,  was  cruelly 
massacred  by  his  brother  Cain,  because  his 
sacrifice  was  accepted  by  the  Almighty  witU 
greater  favor  than  that  of  his  murdei-er. 
This  remarkable  portion  of  sacred  history 
has  been  beautifnly  enlarged  upon  iii  the  ele- 
gant and  interesting  performance  of  Gesner 
the   German  poet- 

Abel,  king  of  Denmark,  andsonofVal- 
dimar  II.  quarrelled  with  his  eldest  brother 
Ei'ic,  and  when  he  had  invited  him  to  a  re- 
conciliation he  ferociously  murdered  him  and 
usurped  liis  throne  1250.  He  was  killed  ia. 
battle  two  yeai's  after,  during  an  insurrection 
of  the  Prisons,  occasioned  by  his  extortions 
and  th'^  severity  of  his  taxes. 

Abel,  Frederick  Gottfried,  a  native  of 
Halberstadt,  who  abandoned  divinity  for  the 
pursuit  of  medicine,  and  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree at  Konigsberg  1744.  He  published  a  po- 
etical translation  of  JuvenalJn  German  1788, 
and  after  practising  with  great  success  in  his 
native  town  died  there  1794  aged  80. 

Abel,  Charles  Frederick,  an  eminent  mu- 
sician whose  performances  on  the  viol  di- 
gamba  were  iTiuch  admired.  He  died  20th 
June    17S7. 

Abe  la,  John  Francis,  a  commander  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  known  by  an  excellent  work 
called  Malta  illustrata  in  four  books  in  folio 
1647,  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  the 
island. 

Abelard,  Peter,  a  native  of  Palais  neav 
Nantz  in  Britany,  born  1079,  who  became 
celebrated  for  his  learning  and  his  misfor- 
tunes. Blest  with  a  retentive  memory  and 
great  acuteness  of  genius  he  made  unusual 
progress  in  logic,  and  wielded  the  w  eapons 
of  subtile  disputation  with  admirable  dexter- 
ity. After  being  the  pupil  and  fi'iend  of 
William  de  Champeaux,  a  famous  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Paris,  he  declared  himself 
his  rival,  and  opened  a  school  at  ^Iclun, 
which  he  afterwards  rcioved  to  Cabeil, 
where  the  display  of  his  abilities  drew  num- 
bei's  of  pujiils,  and  added  stability  to  his  re- 
putation. Illness,  however,  interrupted  his 
career,  and  after  two  years  spent  with  his 
family  in  Britany  he  returned  to  Paris,  and 
by  the  superiority  of  his  mental  powers  he 
had  the  interest  to  gain  the  professorial 
chair  which  the  successor  of  Champeaux  re- 
signed to  become  the  pupil  of  this  famous 
logician.    But  envy  soon  drove  faim  from  his 


AB 


AB 


flcvtUion,  auil  nftcr  violent  srt-Uf^glcs  wIlIi 
Cl>ampcau\  and  liis  partisans,  Al)uianl  aban- 
doned the-  Held  and  pclii-id  to  liaon,  wliert-  lit- 
applied  liiiiisilt  to  the  study  of  di\init}. 
Here  he  bron^^lit  on  himself  the  resentment 
of  Anselni,  who  (!eliver«(!  lectures  on  theol- 
ogv,  and  he  apain  rt.tirid  to  I'liris,  where 
his  explanations  of  Rzekiel  gsithcrcd  around 
h  ni  then-spect  and  the  attention  of  a  cro^^d- 
ed  audience.  Naturally  vain  of  his  pcison, 
■which  was  elegant,  f,'raeeful,  and  engayin},', 
nnd  not  unconscious  ol'  the  re])utati(in  wliifi\ 
his  Icaniiu;;  had  ac(juireil,  he  listened  to  the 
applauses  of  one  sex,  and  received  with  avid- 
ity the  admiration  and  the  praises  of  the 
other.  Ilis  success  had  J'enilered  him  opu- 
lent ;  hut  amongst  those  whose  favors  he  hoas- 
led  he  cotdd  i;am,  he  selccteil  Ileloise,  whom 
her  uncle  Fulhert,  a  canon  of  Paris,  was  ani- 
hitious  to  render  as  superior  to  her  sex  in 
K-arning  as  she  was  in  personal  cliarms.  With 
tliis  view  the  artful  Abclard  was  easily  per- 
suaded to  hoard  in  the  house,  and  he  was 
now  intrusted  with  the  education  of  the  ob- 
ject of  his  heart,  w  hose  improvement  he 
-was  exhorted  by  the  unthinking  Fulbert  to 
promote  by  compulsion  and  even  by  stripes. 
The  moments  intended  for  mental  instruc- 
tion were  soon  devoted  to  love,  and,  as  he 
says  himself,  our  studies  now  furnished  us 
•\vith  that  privacy  and  retirement  which  our 
passion  desired.  In  this  enjoyment  of  un- 
lawful pleasures  Abelard  forgot  the  duties  of 
his  pul)lic  life  for  the  company  of  Ilcloisc  ;  his 
lectures  were  delivered  with  unconcern  and 
remissness,  and  soon  his  pupils  ceased  tofre- 
rinent  his  school.  The  passion  of  the  lovers 
however  was  unveiled  to  the  public  eye,  but 
Pulbert  alone  remained  unconscious  of  the 
•guilt  of  the  preceptor  until  the  situation  of 
the  unfortunate  Heloise  at  last  tilled  him  with 
remorse  and  resentment.  Abelard  fled  from 
the  liouse,  and  persuaded  soon  after  Heloise 
to  retire  to  his  sister's  house  in  Britany, 
Avhere  she  gave  birth  to  a  son,  whom  she  cal- 
led Astrolabus.  The  indignation  of  the  un- 
cle was  pacified  by  offers  of  marriage  from 
Abelard,  who  wished  probably  to  recover 
the  public  esteem  rather  than  to  regain  the 
confidence  of  Fulbert ;  and  Heloise,  though 
actuated  by  th.e  singidar  wish  of  being  the 
mistress  rather  tium  the  wMfe  of  the  man  she 
loved,  M  itli  difiiculty  consented.  The  nup- 
tial blessing  w  as  pronounced  in  private  ;  hut 
Avhilst  Fulbert  wished  the  union  to  be  pub- 
licly known,  Heloise  disdained  to  acknow- 
ledge it,  and  even  solemnly  denied  it  with  an 
oath.  Her  conduct  irritated  Fulbert,  and 
Abelard  remove<l  her  from  his  pursuit  to  the 
convent  of  Argenteuil,  where  she  assumed 
the  religious  liabit  but  not  the  veil.  This 
however  incensed  the  resentment  of  her 
family,  who  seemed  to  dread  further  treach- 
ery from  the  lovers,  and  ruffians  were  hired 
by  their  intrigues,  w  ho  in  the  dead  of  night 
introduced  themselves  into  the  unsuspecting 
Imsband's  chamber  and  inhumanly  deprived 
him  of  his  manhood.  Abelard  tied  upon 
this  to  a  cloister,  w  here  he  concealed  his 
t'Onfusion  from   the  public  eye  by  assuming 


llic  habit  of  St.  Dennis.     Here  the  immoral- 
ity of  the  monks  roused  liis  indignatictu,  and 
after  he  had  wandered    oiithe  territories  of 
the  count  of  Cliauipagne, and  been  exposed  to 
the  persecution  of  an  cctlesiaslical  council  at 
Sfiissons,  he  retired  lo  a  solitary  jdace  in  iliu- 
diocese  of  Troves,  where  he  built  an  orato- 
ry ;  to  which  he  g:ive  the  name  of  the   Pa- 
raclete.    His  rei)Utation  and  his  misfortunes 
here  drew  around    hin>  a  number  of  pupils, 
and  hy  his  eloquence  the  solitude  of  his  re- 
sidence was  converted  into  a  i)0]>ular  assem- 
lilage  of  theologians  and  |ihilosophci-s.      New 
persecutions   however  again   awaited    him  ; 
St.  Bernard    attacked   him    with    such  \iru- 
lence  and  envy,  that  he  left  'J'royes  and  fled 
to  the     abbey  of  Knis  in  the  diocese  of  Van- 
nes,  where  the  monks  had  elected  him  their 
superior.     It  might  how  ever  be  some   conso- 
lation to  hinj  in  his  misfortunes  to  dedicate 
the  Paraclete  to  the  residence  of  Heloise  and 
her  sister  nuns,  who  had  been   driven  from 
Argenteuil.     He  had  scarcely  entered  upon 
his  ofllce  at  Kuis  than  the  monks,  whose  dis- 
sipated morals  he  wished  to  reform,  began  to 
persecute  him,  anrl  even  to  attempt  his  life 
by  ])oison.     His  Avritings  on  the  Trinity  like- 
wise   brought   upon    him    the    accusation  of 
heresy  from  the  archbishop  of  Sens,   and  as:^ 
lie  demanded  to  make  his  defence,  a  council 
was  assembled,  m  which  Lewis  YII.  assisted, 
and   St.  Bernard   appeared  as  the   accuser. 
Abelard  was  terrified  at  the  solcmuit)-  of  the 
scene,  and,  instead  of  defending   liimself,  he 
declared,  that  he  appealed  to  Rome,  and  iiu- 
mediutely  left  the  assembly.      His   conduct 
was  considered  r.r;  irreverent,  and   as  a  proof 
of  his  guilt;  and  pope  Innocent  II.  was   so- 
licited by  the  council   to  condemn  his    wri- 
tings to  the  flames,  and  his  person  to  perpet- 
ual   imprisonment.     The  sentence  however 
was  delayed  by  the  intercession  of  Peter  the 
venerable  abbot  of  Clugni.     Abclanl  was  re- 
ceived again  into   the  bosom  of  the  church 
and   even   reconciled   to   his  persecutor  St. 
Bernard.     In  the  peaceful  retreat  of  Clugni, 
in  the  company  and  friendship  of  Peter,  who 
had  received  the  melancholy  wanderer  with 
hospitality  and  compassion,   the   husband  of 
Heloise  forgot  his  mi-sfoi-tunes,  and  in  his  in- 
tercourse with  the  monks  he  exemplified  the 
virtues  of  humility  and  resignation,  which  he 
fretjuently   enforced  to  them   with  the    elo- 
quence of  youth.     He  died  soon  after  at  the 
abbey  at  St.  Marcelluson  the  Saon  near  Cha- 
lons, April  'ilst,  114-,  in  the  fiod  year  of  hi'= 
age-,  and  his  remains  were  claimed  by  the  un- 
fortunate   Heloise,     who  deposited   tliem  ia 
the     Paraclete,    and    who,   while  she     paid 
honor   to  his  memory-  as  the  founder  of  her 
house,  still  remembered  him  with  the  keen- 
ness of  anguish  as  the  tbrmer  object    of  her 
love.     She   survived   him  till  the  l"th  May,- 
1 1 63,  and  Avas  buried  in  the  same  tomb,  where 
her  bones  still  repose,  though  removed  to  a 
different  part  of  the  church  ;  and  an  inscrip- 
tion  and  monument,  raised    by  madame  dc 
Courcy,  the  abbess,   in    I'SO,  point  out   the- 
venerated  spot.     The  loves  of  Abel.ird  anH 
Heloise  have  been  immortalized  by  the   peii 


AB 


AB 


of  Pope  ;  but  the  genius  of  tliC  |ioct  however 
biilliant  cannot  throw  a  veil  over  the  iailJngs 
of  tlie  man.  If  we  execrate  the  conduct  of 
Abdordto  Heloise  while  in  the  house  of  Fnl- 
bert,  we  cannot  but  contemplate  with  in- 
creased indignation  the  coldness  and  indif- 
ference with  which  he  treats  in  his  letters  the 
affections  and  the  friendship  of  the  abbess  of 
the  Paraclete.  Whilst  he  languished  during 
the  decline  of  life  under  the  unmanly  ven- 
geance of  Fuibert,  he  forgot  that  il eloise 
once  virtuous  had  sacrificed  her  name,  her 
honor,  and  happiness  to  his  passion.  The 
•writings  of  Abelard  are  mostly  on  divinity  or 
logical  subjects,  but  his  letters  excite  inter- 
est from  the  sensibility,  the  animation,  and 
tlie  elegance  w  hicli  IJeloise  has  infused  into 
them.  A  voluminous  life  of  these  two  lov- 
ers has  been  published  in  Englisli  by  13^-ing- 
ton. 

A  B  EI. L,  John,  an  English  musician,  knoAvn 
for  a  fine  countertenor  voice,  and  his  skill  on 
the  lute.  Charles  II.  in  whose  service  lie  was, 
intended  to  send  him  to  Venice,  to  convince 
the  Italians  of  the  musical  powers  of  an  Eng- 
lishman, but  the  scheme  was  dropped,  and 
Abell  at  the  revolu' ion  was  dismissed  from 
the  chapel  royal  for  his  attachment  to  pope- 
ry. He  quitted  England,  and  after  various 
adventures  in  Holland  and  Germany,  in  the 
midst  of  opulence  and  of  poverty,  he  atlast 
reached  Warsaw  where  he  was  invited  to 
court.  He  evaded  the  invitation,  till  obliged 
to  attend  in  consequence  of  a  second  order, 
he  found  himself  in  the  midst  of  a  large  hall, 
seated  in  a  chair  which  was  suddetdy  drawn 
up  opposite  a  gallery  were  the  king  j-ppcared 
•witli  his  nobles.  At  the  same  instant  a  num- 
ber of  bears  were  let  loose  below,  and  the  ter- 
rified musician  Avas  ordered  by  the  king  to 
choose  either  to  sing  or  be  let  down  among 
the  ferocious  animals.  Abell  chose  to  sing, 
and  afterwards  declared  he  never  exerted 
himself  with  such  successful  powers  befoi'e. 
He  returned  to  England,  where  he  published 
a  collection  of  songs  dedicated  to  king  Wil- 
liam 1701.  He  visited  Cambridge  in  queen 
Anne's  reign,  but  did  not  meet  with  the  pat- 
i-onage  he  expected.  The  time  of  his  deatli 
is  unknown.  He  is  su]iposed  to  have  had 
some  secret  by  which  he  preserved  tiie  natu- 
ral powers  of  his  voice  to   his  last  moments. 

Abell  A,  a  female  writer  born  at  Salerne 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  of  Anjou.  A«nong 
other  books  on  medicine  she  wrote  a  trea- 
tise de  atra  bili. 

A  BELL  I,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Vcxin  Fran- 
cols,  who  was  made  hiohop  of  Rhodes.  Af- 
ter three  year.s'  residence  he  abdicated  his 
cpiscoj»al  office,  and  chose  rather  to  live  ui 
■privacy  at  St.  Lazare  in  i^aris,  in  the  bosom 
of  literary  ease.  He  died  tht  re  1091  in  his 
SSthyear.  He  published  among  other  works 
Medulla  theologica,  and  his  works  are  often 
quoted  by  the  protestants  i^gainst  the  elo- 
quence of  Los-suet  and  of  the  catholics,  in 
the  support  of  their  worship  of  the  urgin. 
The  style  of  Abelli  was  hai-sh  and  inelegant, 

Aqendana,  Jacob,  a  Spani.sh  Jew  mIio 
died  1685,  prefect  of  the  synagogue  in  Lon- 


don.   He  wrote  a  Specileglum,  or  Hebrew 
expl.^mation  of  select  passages   in  the  scrip- 
tures, much  esteemed,  and  published  at  Am- 
sterdam. 

Abenezra,  Abraham,  a  Spauish  rabbi, 
surnamed  the  wise,  great  and  admirable,  for 
the  extent  of  his  learning.  Though  skilled 
in  geometry,  astronomy,  and  poetry,  he  pre- 
ferred the  explanation  of  the  scriptures,  in 
which  his  zeal  was  often  manifested  by  the 
boldness  of  his  conjectures.  His  commenta- 
ries arc  highly  valued,  and  also  his  Jesud 
mora,  in  whicli  he  recommends  the  study  of 
the  Talmud.  He  died  1174,  aged  about'75, 
after  having  acquired  and  deserved  the  re- 
putation of  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  his 
age  ;;nd  nation. 

Abengnefil,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  ICtb  century,  who  wrote  a  treatise  de 
virtutibus  medicinarum  and  ciborum,  little 
known,  folio,  Venice  158L 

Abenmelek,  a  learned  rabbi  who  wrote 
in  Hebrew  a  commentary  on  the  bible  which 
he  called  the  perfection  of  beauty,  Amster- 
dam 1661  in  folio,  translated  into  Latin  ia  4to. 
and  8vo. 

Abercrombie,  Sir  Ralph,  an  English 
general  celebrated  for  his  braver''.  He  ear- 
ly devoted  himself  to  the  military  service, 
and  in  1760  obtained  a  lieutenancy  in  the 
third  of  dragoon  guards,  and  two  years  af- 
ter lie  became  captain  of  the  third  regiment 
of  horse,  and  in  1773  lieutenant-colonel  of 
that  corps.  As  his  ambition  was  to  distin- 
guish himself  in  the  service  of  his  country 
he  studied  tlie  duties  of  the  military  profes- 
sion, and  when  he  rose  to  the  title  of  major- 
general  in  1787,  the  i-ank  was  due  to  his  mer- 
its and  to  his  experience.  When,  in  the  re- 
volutionary war  of  France,  England  deter- 
mined to  support  the  cause  of  Austria  and 
of  humanity,  Sir  Ralph  was  one  of  the  gal- 
lant officers  employed,  and  in  the  famous 
action  on  the  heights  of  Catcau  he  conduct- 
ed himself  with  such  bravery  that  lie  was 
pai'ticularly  noticed  in  the  dispatches  of  the 
royal  commander  in  cliief.  Ever  foremost 
in  feats  of  danger  or  glory.  Sir  Ralph  was 
slightly  wounded  at  the  affair  of  Nimeguen  ; 
and  in  the  winter  of  17'J6,  when  the  treache- 
ry of  the  Dutch  rendered  the  continuance  of 
the  English  troops  no  longer  necessary  in 
Holland,  he  had  the  care  of  the  retreat  of  his 
brave  countryrneiL  So  much  valor  did  not 
pass  unrewarded  with  the  mini.strv;  after 
supporting  the  honor  of  the  British  arms  in 
the  West  Indies  as  commander  in  cldef  and 
reducing  several  of  the  enemies  colonies,  he 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  bath,  governor  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight  and  forts  (icorge  and  Au- 
gustus, and  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general.  When  Ireland  was  distracted  by 
faction,  and  a  prey  to  seditious  leadei-s,  no 
officer  seemed  better  calculated  to  restore 
order  and  confidence,  and  to  suppress  rebel- 
lion tl>.an  Sir  Ralph  :  and  during  his  resi- 
dence in  the  sister  island  his  whole  time  was 
laudably  devoted  to  the  health  and  discipline 
of  his  troojjs  and  to  the  re-cstablishmcnt  of 
concord  and  mutual  attacliment   among  the. 


AB 


AB 


native  IrisU.  In  the  attack  mndo  on  Holland 
hy  the  Kiij^lisli  Sir  Ralph  l)()i-c  a  i«)nspicu<tns 
part,  antl  tlie  laiiilinj;  at  the  llrldcr  and  the 
Buhsofiuent  actions  evinced  not  only  the  hra- 
verv  of  his  troops,  hut  the  jiidit  ions  ariancje- 
inciitand  military  Hkill  ot  their  heroic  leader, 
"ivhose  abilities  even  the  French  tlieinselves 
■were  eaj^er  to  admire  and  commend.  In  the 
E};yi>tian  expedition,  the  popularity  ol"  llie 
veteran  chiel'  marked  liim  as  destined  to 
gather  fresh  laur>.;i.s  for  his  country.  After 
ii  lontj  dilay  on  tlie  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, which  seemed  to  arf^ue  almost  timi- 
ility,  Sir  Ralph  soon  con\inced  the  enemy 
thai  ever>  nolile  e.vertion  in  the  field  of  hon- 
or and  j;lorv  can  be  e.xpected  from  a  British 
army.  He  landed  at  Aboukir,  in  sj)ite  of  the 
obstinate  oj)position  of  the  French,  eighth 
JNIarch  ISOl,  and  advanced  boldly  towards 
Alexandiia.  On  the  2lst  Mai-ch  a  bloody 
I)attle  was  fousj;ht  between  the  two  armies, 
:uid  the  Fivncb,  who  had  attemptcti  to  seize 
tlie  English  by  surprise,  found  themselves 
unable  to  withstand  the  impetuosity  of  their 
opponents,  and  retired  dismayed  and  con- 
<]\icred.  This  brilliant  victory  however  was 
clearly  bought;  Sir  Ralph,  wliilst  animating 
Jiis  troops,  received  a  musket  ball  in  the  hip, 
and  died  seven  days  after  on  board  the  fleet. 
His  remains  were  conveyed  to  Malta,  and 
there  interred  in  the  great  church,  whei-e  a 
jioble  monument  with  a  becoming  inscrip- 
tion records  his  meritorious  services.  This 
illustrious  hero,  whose  character  was  so 
•well  delineated  by  his  brave  successor  Lord 
Hutchinson,  received  in  his  decendants  the 
Hoblest  marks  of  respect  which  a  grateful 
people  can  pay.  The  applauses  of  the  na- 
tion were  seconded  •  by  the  approbation  of 
the  king  and  the  parliament ;  and  the  hon- 
ors of  the  peerage  were  granted  to  his  wi- 
dow and  to  his  children.  Sir  Ralph  was  des- 
cended from  an  ancient  and  respectable  fa- 
mily in  Scotland,  and  one  of  his  brothers, 
likewise  engaged  in  the  military  service  of 
his  country,  fell  at  the  melancholy  affair  of 
Bunker's  hill  in  the  American  war.  Anoth- 
er brother  has  also  acquired  high  distinction 
in  the  army.  Sir  Ralph  was  member  of 
parliament  for  Kinross  from  1774  to  1780. 

A  B  ERG  ROM  BY,  Thomas,  M.  U.  a  native  of 
Forfar,  who  after  studying  medicine  in  the 
uoiversities  of  Saint  Andrews  and  Leyden, 
became  physician  to  James  II.  by  renouncing 
the  protestant  religion.  The  revolution  soon 
after  dismissed  Lim  from  the  court,  and  he 
applied  himself  to  celebrate  the  martial 
achievements  of  Scotland  in  '2  vols.  fol.  in  the 
1st  of  which  he  is  fabulous  and  disgustisg,  but 
in  the  '2d  learned  aod  instructive,  and  well 
ac(juainted  with  the  history  of  the  l4th  and 
15th  centuries.  He  wrote  besides  a  treatise 
on  wit,  no  longer  known;  but  he  never  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  his  profession.  He  di- 
ed 172G  aged  70,  and  was  buried  in  ilolyrood- 
house  abbey. 

Abernethy,  John,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  at  Coleraine  in  Ireland,  October 
19th,  1680.  Hc'was  early  removed  to  Scot- 
lami  where  lie  escaped  the  miseries  wliich 


bis  (iimily  endured  at  the  siege  of  Derry  ;  aftj 
after  he  had  finished  his  studies  at  the  uni- 
versity of  (Jhtsgow,  and  «jbt;dned  the  degree 
of  M.  A.  lie  returned  to  Ireland,  and  whh  sooa 
after  appf>inte«l  mitiistc  i- of  t  be  dissenting  con- 
gregation of  Antrim.  His  altemptu  to  convert 
the  catholics  in  his  neighborhood  met  withi 
success;  but  the  concerns  of  religion  were 
fora  while  disregarded  whilst  he  pursued  witU 
more  zeal  than  prudence  the  views  of  the 
Belfast  nonconformists,  a  society  whose  mea- 
sures w«juld  have  eventually  pr(»ved  dange- 
rous to  the  peace  and  ti-an<piillity  of  the  conn- 
try.  Uni»opiilarity  was  the  consecpience  of 
these  rash  [jroceedings,  and  Aberneth}',  aban- 
doned by  i)is  congregation  and  forsaken  by 
his  friends,  retirc<l  to  Dublin,  where  lie  he- 
came  the  pastor  of  a  small  society  in  Wood- 
street,  and  for  ten  years  displayed  modera- 
tion in  oi)inions  and  exemplary  manners. 
lie  died  of  the  gout  December  1740  in  the 
60th  year  of  his  age.  lie  left  several  vol- 
umes of  sermons  much  esteemed,  which 
were  published  174S,  and  to  which  an  ac- 
count of  his  life  was  prefixed. 

Abgarus,  a  king  of  Edessa,  famous  for 
the  letter  which  he  is  said  to  have  sent  to  our 
Saviour,  and  for  the  answer  he  received. 
This  legend,  first  divulged  by  Eusebius,  who 
asserted  that  he  copied  it  from  the  public 
records  of  Edessa,  has  been  sufticienth' re- 
futed b}--  Spanheim,  Du  Pin,  and  Larilner, 
though  supported  by  Cave  and  Pearson  as 
founded  on  fact. 

Abgillus,  son  of  the  king  of  the  Frisii, 
was  surnamed  Prester  John.  He  was  in  the 
Holy  land  with  Charlemagne,  and  afterwards 
it  is  said  went  to  Abyssinia  where  he  made 
extensive  conquests.  He  is  the  reputed  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  his  journey  and  of  that  of 
Charlemagne  into  the  East. 

Abiathar,  son  of  Abimelech,  was  tUo 
high  priest  of  the  Jews,  and  the  friend  and 
fellow  sufferer  of  David.  After  that  mon- 
arch's death  he  espoused  the  cause  of  Adoni- 
jah,  in  consequence  of  which  ho  was  depo- 
sed from  his  office  by  the  successful  prince 
Solomon  and  sent  into  banishment  1U14  B.  C 

Abigail,  wife  of  Nabal,  averted  by  her 
submissive  demeanor  the  vengance  which 
her  husband's  insolence  towards  David  had 
brought  upon  him.  The  monarch,  struck 
with  her  beauty,  married  her  after  Nabal's 
death  1057  B.  C. 

Abijah,  son  of  Rchoboam,  was  king  of 
Judah  after  his  father  958  years  before 
Christ.  He  made  war  against  .le.-oboam 
king  of  Israel,  and  defeated  him,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Asa  one  of  his  '22  sons. 

Abiosi,  John,  an  Italian  physician  and  as- 
tronomer, at  the  beginning  of  the  loth  cen- 
tury. His  dialogue  on  astrology  was  in  great, 
esteem. 

AblancourTjT^V/.  Perrot. 

Able  or  Abel,  ThoiTias,  a  chaplain  at  the 
court  of  Henry  VHI.  His  attachment  to  the 
cause  of  queen  Catherine,  whose  innooe'nce 
he  ably  supported,  brought  upon  him  tKc  re- 
sentment of  the  tyrant.  He  was  accused  a3 
conccTftod  in  the  affair  of  th^  holy  jn^^id  of 


AB 


AB 


of  Pope  ;  but  the  genius  of  the  ]ioet  however 
b)il1iant  cannot  throw  a  veil  over  tlie  lailings 
of  the  man.  If  ue  execrate  tlic  conduct  of 
Abc!:n'<i  to  Heloise  -while  in  the  house  of  Ful- 
bert,  ^ve  cannot  but  contemplate  whh  in- 
creased indignation  the  coldness  and  indif- 
ference Avith  ^^•^lich  he  treats  in  his  letters  the 
nffections  and  the  fricndshiii  of  the  abbess  of 
the  Paraclete.  Whilst  lie  languished  during 
the  decline  of  life  under  the  unmanly  ven- 
geance of  Fuib«'i-t,  he  forgot  that  Heloise 
once  virtuous  liad  sacrificed  her  name,  her 
honor,  and  happiness  lo  his  passion.  Tiie 
ivritingsof  Abeianl  are  mostly  on  divinity  oi- 
logical  subjects,  but  his  letters  excite  inter- 
est from  the  sensibility,  the  animation,  and 
tlie  elegance  which  lieluise  has  infused  into 
them.  A  Yoluminous  life  of  these  two  lov- 
ers has  been  published  in  English  by  Bv..ing- 
ton. 

A  BELL,  John,  an  English  musician,  knoAvn 
for  a  fine  countertenor  voice,  and  his  skill  on 
the  lute.  Charles  II.  inwliose  service  he  was, 
intended  to  send  him  to  Venice,  to  convince 
the  Italians  of  the  musical  powers  of  an  Eng- 
lishman, but  the  scheme  was  drfti)ped,  and 
Abell  at  the  rcvolu' ion  was  dismissed  from 
the  chapel  royal  for  his  attachment  to  pope- 
ry. He  quilted  England,  and  after  various 
adventures  in  Holland  and  Germany,  in  tl)e 
midst  of  opulence  and  of  poverty,  he  at  last 
reached  Warsaw  w  iiere  he  was  invited  to 
court.  He  evaded  the  invitation,  till  obliged 
to  attend  in  consequence  of  a  second  order, 
lie  found  himself  in  the  midst  of  a  large  hall, 
seated  in  a  chair  which  was  suddenly  drawn 
up  opposite  a  gallery  were  the  king  {appeared 
with  his  nobles.  At  tlie  same  instant  a  num- 
ber of  bears  were  let  loose  below,  and  the  ter- 
rified musician  was  ordered  by  the  king  to 
choose  either  to  sing  or  he  let  down  among 
the  ferocious  animals.  Abell  chose  to  sing, 
and  afterwards  declared  he  never  exerted 
himself  with  such  successful  powers  befoi'e. 
He  returned  to  England,  where  he  published 
a  collection  of  songs  dedicated  to  king  Wil- 
liam 1701.  He  visited  Cambridge  in  queen 
Anne's  reign,  but  did  not  meet  with  the  pat- 
ronage he  expected.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown.  He  is  supposed  to  have  had 
some  secret  by  which  he  preserved  the  natu- 
r:\\  ])Owei*s  of  his  voice  to   his  last  moments. 

Abella,  a  female  writer  born  at  Salernc 
in  the  reign  of  Cliarles  <jf  Anjou.  Among 
other  bonks  on  medicine  she  wrote  a  trea- 
tise de  atra  bili. 

Abelj.i,  Lewi.s,  a  native  of  Vcxin  Fran- 
cols,  who  was  made  bishop  of  Rhodes.  Af- 
ter three  years'  residence  he  abdicated  his 
episcopal  office,  and  chose  rather  to  live  in 
"privacy  at  St.  Lazare  in  Paris,  in  the  bosom 
of  literary  ease.  He  died  tht  re  lOOI  in  his 
SSthyear.  He  published  aniongother  works 
Medulla  theologica,  and  his  works  are  often 
(pioted  by  the  protcstants  i^guinst  the  eio- 
qucnce  of  lios.>,uet  and  of  the  calhoiics,  in 
the  supi)ort  of  their  worship  of  the  "irgin. 
The  style  of  Abelli  was  hai-sh  and  inelegant, 

Adendaxa,  Jacob,  a  Spanish  Jew  who 
died  I68.'i,  prefect  of  the  synagogue  in  Lon- 


age 


dou.     He  wrote  a  Specilegium,  or  Hebrew 
explanation  of  select  passages   in  the  scrip- 
tures, much  esteemed,  and  published  at  Am- 
sterdam. 

Abenezra,  Abraham,  a  Spauisli  rabbi, 
surnamed  the  wise,  great  and  admirable,  for 
the  extent  of  his  learning.  Thougli  skilled 
in  geometry,  astronomy,  and  poeti'y,  he  pre- 
ferred the  explanation  of  the  scriptures,  in 
which  his  zeal  was  often  manifested  by  the 
boldness  of  his  conjectures.  His  commenta- 
ries are  highly  valued,  and  also  his  Jesud 
mora,  in  Avhich  he  recommends  the  study  of 
the  Talmud.  He  died  1174,  aged  about'75, 
after  having  acquired  and  deserved  the  re- 
putation of  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  his 
nd  nation. 

Abengnefil,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  V2ih  century,  who  wi'Ote  a  treatise  de 
virtutibus  medicinarum  and  ciborum,  little 
known,  foho,  Venice  1581. 

Abenmelek,  a  learned  i-abbi  who  wrote 
in  Hebrew  a  commentary  on  the  bible  which 
he  called  the  perfection  of  beauty,  Amster- 
dam 1661  in  folio,  translated  into  Latin  ia  4to. 
and  Svo. 

Abercrombie,  Sir  Ralph,  an  English 
general  celebrated  for  his  bravei":.  He  ear- 
ly devoted  himself  to  the  military  service, 
and  in  1760  obtained  a  lieutenancy  in  the 
tiiird  of  dragoon  guards,  and  two  years  af- 
ter he  became  captain  of  the  third  regiment 
of  liorse,  and  in  1773  lieutenant-colonel  of 
that  corps.  As  his  ambition  was  to  distin- 
guish himself  in  the  service  of  liis  country- 
he  studied  the  duties  of  the  military  profes- 
sion, and  when  he  rose  to  the  title  of  major- 
general  in  1787,  the  rank  was  due  to  his  mer- 
its and  to  his  experience.  When,  in  the  re- 
volutionary war  of  Fj'ance,  England  deter- 
mined to  support  the  cause  of  Austria  and 
of  humanity.  Sir  Ralph  was  one  of  the  gal- 
lant officers  employed,  and  in  the  famous 
action  on  the  heights  of  Catcau  he  conduct- 
ed himself  with  such  bravery  that  lie  was 
prirticularly  noticed  in  the  dispatches  of  the 
royal  commander  in  cliicf.  Ever  foremost 
in  feats  of  danger  or  glorj-.  Sir  Ralph  was 
slightly  wounded  at  the  affair  of  Nimeguen  ; 
and  in  the  winter  of  1706,  when  the  treache- 
ry of  the  Dutch  rendered  the  continuance  of 
tiie  English  troops  no  longer  necessary  in 
Holland,  he  had  the  care  of  the  retreat  of  his 
brave  countrymen.  So  much  valor  did  not 
pass  unrewarded  with  the  ministry;  after 
supporting  the  honor  of  the  British  arms  in 
the  West  Indies  as  commamlcr  in  chief  and 
reducing  several  of  the  enemies  colonies,  he 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  bath,  governor  of 
the  Isle  of  \\'iglit  and  forts  (icfn-ge  nn<l  Au- 
gustus, and  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general.  AVIien  Ireland  was  distracted  by 
faction,  and  a  prey  to  seditious  leaders,  no 
officer  seemed  better  calculated  to  restore 
order  and  confidence,  and  to  suppress  rebel- 
lion than  Sir  Ralph :  and  during  his  resi- 
dence in  the  sister  island  his  Avhole  time  was 
laudably  devoted  to  the  health  and  discipline 
of  his  troo])s  and  to  the  re-establishment  of 
concord  and  mutual  attachment   among  tlic. 


AB 


AB 


native  Irisli.  In  the  attack  made  on  Holland 
by  tliu  English  Sir  Ralph  Ixti-c  a  f«)iispiciu)us 
part,  and  tlie  landing  =*^  l^''^"  Htlder  and  llic 
Bubsoquent  actions  evinced  not  only  the  hi-a- 
verv  ot"  his  troops,  but  the  judicious  ananRe- 
ineiitand  military  nkill  ot  their  heroic  leader, 
•whose  abilities  even  the  French  tiiemselves 
■were  eaj^er  to  admire  and  commend.  In  the 
K}!;yi>liau  expedition,  the  popularity  of  the 
veteran  chief  tuai  ked  him  as  destined  to 
gather  li-esh  laurels  for  his  country.  After 
a  loiiijj  delay  (m  tlie  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, which  seemed  to  arj^ue  almost  timi- 
dily,  Sir  Ralph  soon  consinced  the  enemy 
that  everv  uotile  e.\ertion  in  the  field  of  iion- 
iiv  and  glory  can  be  expected  from  a  British 
army.  Me  landed  at  Aboukir,  in  spite  of  the 
obstinate  opposition  of  the  French,  eighth 
JNIarch  ISOl,  and  advanced  boldly  towards 
Alexandiia.  On  the  2lst  March  a  bloody 
I)attle  was  foughi  between  the  two  armies, 
:uu]  the  Fi-inch,  who  had  attempted  to  seize 
the  English  by  surprise,  found  themselves 
unable  to  withstand  the  impetuosity  of  their 
opponents,  and  i"etired  dismayed  and  con- 
quered. This  brilliant  victory  however  was 
dearly  bought;  Sir  Ralph,  whilst  animating 
Jiis  troops,  received  a  musket  ball  in  the  hip, 
and  died  seven  days  after  on  board  the  fleet. 
His  remains  were  conveyed  to  Malta,  and 
there  interred  in  the  great  church,  where  a 
noble  monument  with  a  becoming  inscrip- 
tion records  his  meritorious  services.  This 
illustrious  hero,  whose  character  was  so 
•well  delineated  by  his  brave  successor  Lord 
Hutchinson,  received  in  his  decendants  the 
noblest  marks  of  respect  which  a  grateful 
people  can  pay.  The  applauses  of  the  na- 
tion were  seconded  -  by  the  approbation  of 
the  king  and  the  parliament;  and  the  hon- 
ors of  the  peerage  were  granted  to  his  wi- 
dow and  to  his  children.  Sir  Ralph  was  des- 
cended from  an  ancient  and  respectable  fa- 
mily in  Scotland,  and  one  of  his  brothers, 
likewise  engaged  in  the  military  service  of 
Iiis  country,  fell  at  the  melancholy  affair  of 
Bunker's  hill  in  the  American  war.  Anoth- 
er brother  has  also  acquired  high  distinction 
in  the  army.  Sir  Ralph  was  member  of 
parliament  for  Kinross  from  1774  to  1780. 

Abercrom  BY,  Thomas,  M.  D.  a  native  of 
Forfar,  who  after  studying  medicine  in  the 
uoiversities  of  Saint  Andrews  and  Leyden, 
became  physician  to  James  II.  by  renouncing 
the  protestant  religion.  The  revolution  soon 
after  dismissed  bim  from  the  court,  and  he 
applied  himself  to  celebrate  the  martial 
achievements  of  Scotland  in  "2  vols.  fol.  in  the 
1st  of  which  he  is  fabulous  and  disgusting,  but 
in  the  '2d  learned  aud  instructive,  and  well 
acquainted  with  the  history  of  the  14th  and 
ISth  centuries.  He  wrote  besides  a  treatise 
on  wit,  no  longer  known;  hut  he  never  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  his  profession.  He  di- 
ed 172G  aged  70,  aud  was  buried  in  Holyrood- 
liouse  abbey. 

Abernethy,  John,  a  dissenting  minis- 

fer,  born  at  Coleraine  in  Ireland,  October 

I9th,   1680.     He^was  early  removed  to  Scot- 

laml  where  he  escaped  the  miseries  w]uch 

\'OT,.  t.  "-^ 


bis  liimily  endured  at  the  siege  oCDerrj  ;  afid 
after  he  had  finished  his  studies  at  the  uni- 
versity of  (jlasgow,  and  obtjined  the  degree 
of  \l.  A.  lie  returned  to  Ireland,  and  waH  booa 
after  appointed  njitiistt  i- of  t  be  dissenting  con- 
gregation of  Antrim,  ilis  attempts  to  convert 
the  catholics  in  his  neighborhood  met  withi 
success;  but  the  concerns  of  religion  were 
fora  while  disregarded  whilst  he  pursued  witli 
more  zeal  than  prudence  the  views  of  the 
Belfast  nonconformists,  a  society  whose  mea- 
sures would  have  eventually  proved  dange- 
rous to  the  peace  and  tranquillity  of  the  coun- 
try. Unpopularity  was  the  consecjuence  of 
these  rash  proceedings,  and  Abernetliy,  aban- 
doned by  his  congregation  and  forsaken  by 
his  friends,  retired  to  Dublin,  where  lie  be- 
came the  pastor  of  a  small  society  in  Wood- 
street,  and  for  ten  years  displayed  modera- 
tion in  opinions  and  exemplary  manners. 
lie  died  of  the  gout  December  1740  in  the 
60th  year  of  his  age.  He  left  several  vol- 
umes of  sermons  much  esteemed,  which 
were  published  1748,  and  to  which  an  ac- 
count of  his  life  was  prefixed. 

Abgarus,  a  king  of  Edessa,  famous  for 
the  letter  which  he  is  said  to  have  sent  to  our 
Saviour,  and  for  the  answer  he  received. 
This  legend,  first  divulged  by  Eusebius,  who 
asserted  that  he  copied  it  from  the  public 
recoi'ds  of  Edessa,  has  been  sufficiently  re- 
futed b)"^  Spanheim,  Du  Fin,  and  Lardner, 
though  supported  by  Cave  and  Pearson  as 
founded  on  fact. 

Abgillus,  son  of  the  king  of  the  Frisii, 
was  surnamed  Prester  John.  He  was  in  the 
Holy  land  with  Charlemagne,  and  afterwards 
it  is  said  went  to  Abyssinia  where  he  made 
extensive  conquests.  He  is  the  reputed  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  his  journey  and  of  that  of 
Charlemagne  into  the  East. 

Abiathar,  son  of  Abimelech,  was  tho 
high  priest  of  the  Jews,  and  the  friend  and 
fellow  sufferer  of  David.  After  that  mon- 
arch's death  he  espoused  the  cause  of  Adoni- 
jah,  in  consequence  of  Avhich  ho  was  depo- 
sed from  his  office  by  the  successful  prince 
Solomon  and  sent  into  banishment  1U14  R.  C. 

Abigail,  wiie  of  Nabal,  averted  by  hei* 
submissive  demeanor  the  vengance  which 
her  husband's  insolence  towards  David  had 
brought  upon  him.  The  monarch,  struck 
with  her  beauty,  married  her  after  Nabal'a 
death  1057  B.  0. 

Abxjah,  son  of  Rchoboam,  was  king  of 
Judah  after  his  father  958  years  before 
Christ.  He  made  war  against  Jeroboam, 
king  of  Israel,  and  defeated  him,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Asa  one  of  his  '22  sons. 

Abiosi,  John,  an  Italian  physician  and  as- 
tronomer, at  the  beginning  of  the  loth  cen- 
tury. His  dialogue  on  astrology  was  in  great 
esteem. 

ABLANCOURTjWd'.  PeRROT. 

Able  or  Abel,  Thomas,  a  chaplain  at  the 
court  of  Henry  VTII.  His  attachment  to  the 
cause  of  queen  Catherine,  whose  innoce'nce 
he  ably  supported,  brought  upon  him  tKe  re- 
sentment of  the  tyrant.  He  w  as  accused  a3 
conccj'flod  in  the  affair  of  the  holy  jn^id  of 


AB 


AB 


Kent,  ftudaftcrwarils  by  \he  king's  order  he  I 
was  sentenced  lo  die  on  pretence  of  deny- 
ing his   supremacy.      He  was  executed  July 
30th,  1540.     His  writings  are  now  lost. 

Ab.'^ek,  so;»  of  Ner,  v  as  Saul's  uncle,  and 
his  faithful  general.  After  the  monarch's 
death,  he  wished  to  place  Ibhboshetli  on  the 
thi-one,  but  afterwards  followed  the  cause  of 
David,  M'honi  he  served  with  fidelity  and 
honor.  He  was  perfidiously  slain  by  Joab, 
and  buried  with  great  nuignificence  by  his 
master,  who  honored  his  I'emains  with  an 
epitaph,  1048  B.  C. 

Aboi'bekkr,  vid.  Abubeker. 

Abougehel,  one  of  the  enemies  of  Ma- 
homet and  of  his  religion.  Though  his  son 
Acramas  became  a  convert  to  the  tenets  of 
the  impostor,  yet  the  father  was  for  ever 
shut  out  from  the  blessings  of  paradise  ;  and 
so  violent  is  the  resentment  of  the  mussul- 
mans  against  this  first  enemy  of  their  pro- 
phet, that  they  call  the  fruit  coloquiiitida,  or 
cucumis  asininus,  in  contempt,  the  melon  of 
Abougehel. 

Acou-HAxiFAH,  surnamed  Al-nooman, 
a  celebrated  doctor  among  the  mussuh^ians, 
born  in  the  SOth  year  of  the  hegira.  Though 
he  was  imprisoned  at  Bagdatby  the  violence 
of  a  caliph,  and  though  he  died  in  his  con- 
finement, yet  his  learning,  his  virtues,  and 
moderation  found  partisans  in  the  east,  and 
33ry  years  after  his  decease  the  sultan  Me- 
likshah  erected  a  noble  mausoleum  in  the  ci- 
ty where  his  remains  were  deposited  ;  and 
there  were  r.ot  wanting  enthusiasts  who  de- 
clared that  his  name  was  enrolled  in  the  old 
testament,  and  that  his  birth  had  been  fore- 
told as  well  as  that  of  the  prophet.  What- 
ever honors  however  Abou-hanifah  received 
from  this  zeal  of  posterity  and  from  his  ad- 
mirers who  assumed  the  name  of  Hanifah- 
ites,  they  were  due  to  his  tem[>€rance,  to 
his  exemplary  life  and  the  mildness  of  his 
character. 

Abo  u-joSEPH,  a  learned  mussulraan,  ap- 
pointed supreme  judge  of  Bagdat  by  the  ca- 
liphs Hadi  and  Aaron  Raschid.  He  suppor- 
ted the  tenets  of  Abou-hanifali,  and  main- 
tained the  dignity  of  his  office  by  impartiality. 
When  he  was  one  day  reproached  for  his 
ignorance  of  one  of  the  causes  brought  be- 
fore him,  for  the  decision  of  which  he  re- 
ceive«l  an  ample  allowance,  he  jocosely  re- 
plied, that  he  received  iu  proportion  as  he 
knew  ;  but,  says  he,  if  I  was  paid  for  all  I  do 
Jiot  know,  the  ricfics  of  the  calipliat  itself 
■would  not  be  sufficient  to  unsyt-er  my  de- 
mand. 

Aboulaixa,  a  mussulman  doctor,  cele- 
brated for  his  wit.  When  Moses,  sca\  of 
the  caliph  Abdalmalek,  put  lo  death  one  of 
his  friends,  and  afterwards  spread  a  report 
tliat  he  had  escaped,  Aboulaina,  on  hearir.g 
tlie  circumstance,  said  in  tbe  words  of  the 
lawgiver  of  the  Hebrews,  Moses  smote  him 
and  be  died.  The  sentence  was  reported  to 
liie  pi'ince,  and  Aboulaina  was  summoned  to 
apptar.  Instead  of  dreading  the  threats  of 
the  oppressor  of  his  friend,  he  boldly  replied 
in  flie  words  of  the  following  verse  in  E.^o- 


dus.  Wilt  thou  kill  me  to-day  as  thou  kllledst; 
the  other  man  yesterday  ?  The  ingenuity  of 
the  expression  disarmed  the  anger  of  Moses, 
who  loaded  him  with  presents. 

Abou-lola,  an  Arabian  poet,  born  at 
Alaora  in  973.  Though  he  lost  his  sight  ia 
the  3(1  year  of  his  age  by  the  small-pox,  yet 
his  poetry  was  animated,  and  his  descriptions 
beautiful  and  interesting.  He  became  a. 
brahmin,  and  devoted  liimself  faithfully  to 
the  abstinence  and  mortifications  of  that  sect, 
and  died  1057. 

Aeou-xavas,  an  Arabian  poet,  whose 
merit  was  protected  and  encouraged  at  the 
court  of  Aaron  Kaschid. 

Abou-rihan,  a  geographer  and  astrono- 
mer, who  employed  40  years  of  his  life 
in  travelling  through  the  Indies.  Though 
highly  esteemed  by  the  mussulmans,  he 
has  few  pretensions  ;o  superiority  of  merit. 
A  BR  AB  AXEL,  fsaac,  a  Jew  of  Lisbon, 
who  pretended  to  be  descended  from  David. 
king  of  Israel.  He  was  employed  in  offices- 
of  importance  by  AlphonsoA'.  king  of  Por- 
tugal ;  but  on  the  accession  of  John  II.  he 
shared  the  disgrace  of  the  ministry,  and 
either,  from  the  consciousness  of  guilt  or 
the  apprehension  of  pei'secution,  he  fled 
to  Spain,  \;  here  he  applied  himself  to  liter- 
ature. His  fame  recommended  him  to  Fer- 
dinand and  Isabel,  but  when  the  Jews  were 
banished  from  Castille,  he  yielded  to  the 
storm  which  neither  his  intrigues  nor  his 
influence  could  avert.  He  found  an  asylum, 
at  the  court  of  Ferdinand  king  of  Naples,  but 
upon  the  defeat  of  the  next  monarch  Al- 
phonso,  by  the  French  armies  under  Charles 
VIII.  he  retired  to  Corfu,  and  at  last  to 
Venice,  where  he  died  in  1508  in  his  71st 
year.  He  was  buried  with  great  pomp  at 
Padua  without  the  Avails  of  the  city.  Though 
engaged  during  the  best  part  of  his  life  in 
the  tumult  and  the  intrigues  of  courts,  Abra- 
banel  cultivated  literature  in  his  hours  of 
privacy  and  I'etirement.  Blessed  with  a 
strong  mind,  he  wrote  with  facility,  but  the 
persecutions  which  his  nation  had  suffered, 
and  which  he  himself  had  shared  in  all  their 
bitterness,  envenomed  his  pen,  and  scarce 
any  thing  was  composed  which  did  not 
breathe  tlie  most  violent  invectives  against 
Christianity,  and  the  most  vehement  desire 
of  revenge.  His  writings  arc  chiefly  com- 
mentaries or  explanations  of  scripture. 

Abraham,  the  patriarch,  was  born  at 
Ur  in  Chaldea,  A.  M.  2004.  He  lived  at 
Uaran  in  Mesopotamia  with  his  father  Te- 
rah  who  was  an  idolater,  and  there  he  was 
informed  by  God  that  he  should  become  the 
progenitor  of  a  great  nation.  He  left  llarau 
and  went  with  his  wife  Sarah  and  his  ne- 
pliew  Lot  to  settle  at  Sichem,  and  froiA 
thence  in  consequence  of  a  famine  passed  in- 
to Egypt.  On  his  return  to  Bethel  he  sep- 
arated from  Lot,  as  their  flocks  were  too 
numerous  to  continue  in  the  same  company, 
and  he  afterwards  rescued  him  when  violent- 
ly seized  and  ]»lundered  by  tlie  princes  of 
the  country.  Despairing  rf  raising  ciiildreu 
by  Sarahj  he  had  a  son,  Ishmael,  by  IJagat 


Afi 


A13 


his  Bg}'ptian  slave,  and  afterwards  was  pro- 
mised by  the  nicssa.i^e  (»!'  an  niif;;cl  llial  Ids 
wife,  tli()iip;li  DO  years  old,  should  hear  liiia 
a  son,  and  his  name  was  by  divine  coinniand 
thanjjed  from  Ahrani,  into  Abraham,  or  the 
father  of  a  great  multitude.  The  promised 
son,  Isaac,  was  born  in  due  time,  arifl  the 
rkes  of  fircumcision  established  ;  but  no 
sooner  had  Isaac  i-i  ached  his  '2;»th  year  than 
(iotl,  to  try  the  fidelity  of  the  father,  de- 
manded the  sacrifice  of  his  favoj'ite  son. 
Abraham  obe\  ed,  and  seized  the  knife  to 
tela)  his  son,  when  an  angel  from  heaven 
stopped  his  hand,  and  substituted  a  ram  for 
the  burnt  sjicrifice.  After  Sarah's  death 
Abraham  married  Keturah,  by  whom  he  had 
iix  sons.     IJe  died  in  his  175th  year. 

Aduaham,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit  in 
the  diocese  of  Toul  in  liorraine,  who  was  for 
17  years  divinity  professor  at  Pont  a  Mous- 
80n,  where  he  died  September  7th,  105.5,  in 
Jiis  GOth  year.  His  writings  were  on  theolo- 
gical subjects,  besides  some  commenlaries  on 
the  classics. 

Abraham,,  Ben-choila,  a  Spanish  rabbi 
skilled  in  astrology.  He  i)rophesied  that 
the  coming  of  the  Messiah  expected  by 
the  Jews  would  be  in  1358.  He  died  1303. 
He  was  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  figure  of 
the  earth. 

Abraham,  Usque,  a  Jew  of  Portugal, 
though  Arnaud  considers  him  as  a  Christian. 
He  undertook  with  Tobias  Athias  to  ti'ans- 
late  the  bible  into  Spanish  in  the  iGth  cen- 
tury ;  but  though  accuracy  seems  to  per- 
vade the  whole,  yet  it  is  justly  viewed  as  a 
compilation  from  preceding  (Jhaldee  para- 
phrases and  Spanish  glossaries.  Another 
edition  was  published  for  the  use  of  the  Span- 
ish Christians,  and  the  difterencc  of  the  two 
translations  is  particularly  observable  in 
those  passages  which  appeal  to  the  faith  and 
belief  of  the  readers. 

Abraham,  an  emperor  of  tlie  IVIoors  of 
Africa  in  the  l'2th  century.  He  was  dethron- 
ed by  his  subjects,  and  his  crown  usurped 
by  Ab(3ulmumen. 

Abuosi,  John,  an  Italian  physician.  He 
■wrote  a  dialogue  on  astrology,  -ito.  Venice 
1494,  which  is  to  be  found  in  the  index  e.x- 
purgatorius. 

Abrtzt-o,  Balthasar,  a  Sicilian,  known 
for  bis  abilities  as  a  philosopher  and  a  civil- 
ian.    He  died  1665,  aged  04. 

Abrlzzo,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan  archit?ct, 
in  the  17th  centurv.  His  taste  and  genius 
■wei'e  displayed  m  the  beautiful  edifices  he 
erected  in  several  cities  in  Italy. 

Absalom,  son  of  king  David,  was  dis- 
tinguished for  Ids  personal  acquirements,  his 
popularity,  and  his  vices.  He  became  the 
murderer  of  his  brother  Amnion  w  ho  had 
defiled  his  sister  Taraar,  and  he  afterwards 
headed  a  rebellion  against  his  father.  He 
•was  slain  by  Joab,  and  his  death  was  bitterly 
lamented  by  David,  about  1030  IJ.  C. 

Absalom,  archbishop  of  Lunden  in  Den- 
mark, is  celebrated  as  the  minister,  the  fa- 
vorite, and  the  f\-iend  of  "Waldcmir.  He 
displayed  his  abilities  not  oulj  in  thx'  cabinet 


but  in  the  field  as  a  general,  and  at  sea  &• 
the  commander  of  the  fleet.  To  these 
great  qualities  he  added  the  virtues  of  a  most 
humane  and  benevolent  heart.  He  died  uni' 
versally  regretted  liJ'Ji. 

Abs  rEMii  s,  Laiireiltlus,  a  native  of  Ma- 
cerata,  in  the  march  of  Ancona,  wlio  Iiv<d 
at  the  time  of  the  revival  of  learning  in  Eu- 
rope. His  abilities  recommended  him  to 
the  duke  of  Urbino  who  patronised  him. 
His  writings  were  chiefly  explanations  of 
diiiicult  passages,  besides  a  collection  of  100 
fables  after  the  manner  of  iEsop,  IMiie<lrus, 
Avienus,  &c.  in  which  he  frequently  lashes 
the  \  ices  of  his  age,  especially  the  immoral- 
ity of  the  clergy. 

Abubeker,  father-in-law  of  ^fahomct, 
was  elected  his  successor,  in  opposition  to  A  li 
the  son-in-law  of  the  prophet.  He  sui)[(or- 
ted  with  energy  the  fabric  erected  by  the 
arts  of  the  ijnpostor,  and  reduced  by  con- 
(piest  several  ol  the  Arabian  tribes  who 
wished  to  abandon  the  new  doctrines  to  ve- 
turn  to  the  religion  of  their  lathers.  After- 
wards Abubeker  turned  his  arms  agaiirt 
foreign  nations,  and  by  the  valor  of  his  ac- 
tive general  Khaled  at  the  head  of  36,00i) 
men,  he  defeated  an  army  of  '200,000  men 
whom  the  Creek  emperor  Heraclius  had  sent 
to  ravage  the  borders  of  Syria.  J  lis  victories 
however  were  of  short  duration,  a  slow  fe- 
ver wasted  his  vigor,  but  before  he  died  he 
appointed  for  his  successor  Omar  a  valiant 
chieftain,  and  after  a  reign  of  two  years  and 
six  months  he  expired  in  his  G3d  year.  He 
was  bu!-ied  in  tlie  tomb  of  Mahomet. 

Abucara,  Theodore,  the  metropolitan 
of  Caria,  who  abjured  the  tenets  of  Pholius 
to  which  he  had  some  time  adhered,  and 
obtained  a  seat  in  tlie  synod  held  at  Constan- 
tinople 8G9.  He  wrote  several  treatise.s 
against  the  Jews  and  Mahometans,  which 
have  been  jiublisljed. 

Abudhaher,  the  father  of  the  Carma- 
tians  in  Arabia,  spread  his  doctrines  by  his 
eloquence  as  well  as  by  the  sword.  He  not 
only  opposed  the  religion  of  Mahomet,  but 
plundered  and  insulted  thetcniple  of  !Mecca, 
and  carried  away  the  black  stone  which 
was  superstitiously  believed  to  have  falle:\ 
fi'om  heaven.  His  violence  v.  as  not  checked 
by  the  -Mussidmans,  and  he  died  in  peaceful 
possession  of  his  extensive  dominions  [)53. 

A  B  u  LF  aragi  us,  Cregorv,  son  of  a  Chris- 
tian physician,  Avas  Ijorn  at  Malatia  near  the 
source  of  th-e  Euphrates.  He  followed  his 
father's  profession,  but  afterwards  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  thotcastern  languages 
and  of  di\inity,  and  so  great  was  his  progress 
that  he  was  ordained  bishop  of  Cuba  in  his 
'20lh  year,  from  whence  he  was  afterwards 
translated  to  Lacabena  and  Ale|)p-..  Though 
he  gave  a\  ay  to  the  superstitions  of  his  time, 
he  is  to  be  remembered  with  jiratitude  for 
the  Arabic  histoiy  wJiich  he  w  rote,  divided 
into  dynasties.  This  excellent  book,  a\  hii:li 
is  an  epitome  of  universal  history  from  tlie 
creation  to  his  own  time,  has  been  publis-iied 
with  a  Latin  translation  IGG.J  by  Dr.  Pocoke, 
V  li«  lias  acfdcd  a.  short  coulinuatiou  oa  iiie 


AC 


AC 


Jiistoiy  of  the  cast.  Abulfarag'ms  died  I'a  liis 
60lh  year  1286,  and  his  memory  was  deser- 
vedly honored  with  the  liighest  encomium 
which  his  nation  could  bestow. 

Abulfeda,  Ismaelj  succeeded  his  bro- 
thcras  kingof  Hsmuith  in  Syria  1342.  When 
a  private  man  he  distin.^uished  himself  by  his 
researches  in  geogi'apliy,  and  published  in 
Arabic  an  account  of  the  regions  beyond  the 
Oxus,  which  vas  first  edited  by  Grsevius 
with  a  Latin  translation,  London  1050,  and 
more  recently  by  Hudson,  Oxford  1713. 
Abulfeda,  who  had  passed  some  part  of  his 
life  ill  England,  died  in  1345  in  liis  r2d  year, 

Abulgasibavatur,  khan  of  theTar- 
tars,  was  descended  from  the  great  Zingis, 
and  as  his  youth  Mas  spent  in  the  school  oft 
adversity,  misfortunes  and  experience  fitted 
him  for  the  government  of  a  state.  After  a 
reign  of  20  year.s,  during  whicli  he  was  res- 
pected at  heme  and  abroad,  he  resigned  the 
sovereignlT  to  his  son,  and  retired  to  devote 
himselfto  literature.  He  wrote  a  genealogi- 
cal history  of  ihe  Tartars,  which  thougii  oc- 
casionally disfigured  by  conceited  terms,  and 
various  iiiterpolations  from  the  Koran,  is 
trid^'  valuable,  as  the  only  Tartar  history 
known  in  Europe.  It  has  been  translated 
into  German  and  French.     He  died  1663. 

AEt  LOLA,  vid.  Abox^lola. 

Anu-MESLEM,  a  rnussulman  governor  of 
J^hoiasan,  Avho  in  746  transferred  the  dignity 
of  caliph  from  the  family  of  the  Ommiades 
to  that  of  the  Abbassides,  and  by  that  revo- 
Intiou  occasioned  the  death  of  above  600,000 
xnen.  The  caliph  Alraansor,  whom  he  had 
supported  by  his  services,  cruelly  seized  him 
and  tlirew  him  into  the  Tigris,  754. 

Abuxdtl's,  a  bishop  of  Come  in  Italy, 
who  assisted  at  the  council  of  Constantinople, 
as  the  representative  of  Leo,  and   died  469. 

AnuNOWAS,  an  Arabian  poet,  deservedly 
patronised  with  other  learned  men  by  Aaron 
liaschid.  He  died  810.  His  works  arc  still 
extant. 

Abu-obeidah,  a  friend  and  associate  of 
Mahomet.  He  extended  his  conquests  over 
Palestine  and  Syria,  and  died  639. 

Abu-said-ebx-aljaptu,  a  sultan,  the 
last  of  the  family  of  Zingis-khau.  After  his 
death  1335,  the  empire  was  torn  by  civil 
dsicord  and  ambitious  chieftains. 

Abusaid-mirza,  a  man  of  enterprise, 
who,  during  the  civd  dissensions  between 
Uleg  Keg  and  his  sons,  placed  liimself  at  the 
Lead  of  an  army,  and  declared  himself  inde- 
pendent. He  fell  at  last  in  an  ambush,  and 
was  killed  1468,  aged  42. 

Abutemax,  apoetin  high  repute  among 
the  Arabians,  and  said  to  be  inferior  oidy  to 
Almotanabbi.  The  liberality  of  the  caliphs 
who  patronised  him  was  the  constant  theme 
of  his  muse.  He  was  born  at  Yasem  be- 
tween Damascus  and  Tiberias  about  846. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Abvdene,  wrote  an  history  of  Chaldca 
and  Assyria,  of  which  valuable  composition 
only  a  few  fragments  have  been  preserved  by 
r^scbius. 

AcAciLSj  sui-named  LvscuSj  from  hav- 


\v\g  hut  on*  eye,  was  the  founder  of  the  sect 
of  the  Acaciani.  When  elevated  to  the  epiS" 
copal  dignity,  he  opposed  Athanasius,  and 
hastened  the  banishment  of  Libei'ius  from 
Home.  He  was  himself  deposed  by  the 
council  of  Sardica,  and  died  365.  He  wrote, 
among  other  works,  the  life  of  Eusebius 
w  hose  pupil  and  successor  he  was  at  Cxsarea. 

Ac  AC!  us,  patriarch  of  Constantinople  af- 
ter Gennadius  471,  established  the  superi- 
ority of  his  see  over  the  eastern  bishops,  bj 
his  adulation  and  his  intrigues  with  the  em- 
peror Zeno.  He  was  opposed  by  pope  Fe- 
lix, but  secure  in  the  imperial  protection  ho 
derided  the  thunders  and  the  excommunica- 
tions of  Rome.     He  died  489. 

AcACius,  a  bishoj)  of  Berea  in  Syria, 
who,  though  distinguished  by  learning  and 
piety,  persecuted  Chrysostom  and  Cyril  of 
Alexandria.  He  assisted  at  the  council  of 
Constantinople  381,  in  which  Avere  present 
150  bishops.  He  died  432  in  a  very  advan- 
ced age. 

AcACius,  a  bi.shop  of  Amida  on  the  Ti- 
gris, who  sold  the  sacred  vessels  of  his 
churches  to  ransom  7000  Persian  slaves, 
wh'ch  generous  action  produced  a  peace  be- 
tween the  Persian  king  and  Theodosius  the 
younger. 

AccA-i.AURENTiA,  a  woman  celebra- 
ted in  Roman  history  as  the  nurse  of  Romu- 
lus and  Remus.  She  was  the  wife  of  the 
shepherd  Faustulus,  or  according  to  others 
she  was  a  common  prostitute. 

A  CCA,  bishop  of  Hexham,  was  author  of 
treatises  on  the  sofferings  of  the  saints,  and 
other  divinity  works.  He  was  a  great  pa- 
tron of  learned  men,  and  contributed  raucli 
to  the  embellishment  of  his  cathedral.  He. 
died  at  Hexham  1740. 

AccAKisi,  James,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  Mantua.  He  pub- 
lished some  learned  works  and  died  October 
1654. 

AccETTO,  Reginald,  an  Italian,  author  of 
a  thesarus  of  the  Italian  tongue,  died  at  Na- 
ples 1560. 

AcciAiOLi,  Donatus,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
learning,  and  by  his  political  services  to  his 
country.  Besides  several  treatises  he  Avrote 
commentaries  on  the  ethics  of  Aristotle, 
and  translated  some  of  the  lives  of  Plutarch. 
He  died  1478  in  his  50th  year  at  Milan  in  his 
journey  to  France  as  ambassador  from  the 
Florentines  to  Lewis  XI.  to  implore  his  as- 
sistance against  the  ambitious  views  of  pope 
Sixtus  IV.  His  fortune  was  discovered  to 
be  so  small  that  his  daughters  were  portion- 
ed for  marriage  at  the  public  expense,  as  ^ 
mark  of  the  gratitude  of  the  country  to  the 
virtues  of  the  father. 

AcciAioLl,  Rcnatus,  a  noble  FlorerHine 
who  conquered  Athens,  Corinth,  and  Boeo- 
tia  in  the  beginning  of  the  11th  centur}'.  As 
he  had  no  male  issue  by  Eubois  his  wife,  he 
divided  his  conquests,  and  gave  Athens  to 
the  Venitians,  Corinth  to  Theodorus  Palaio- 
logus  w  ho  had  married  his  oldest  daughter, 
and  Bceotia  to  his  natural  son  Antony,  wKe 


AC 


AC 


nftcrwarHs  seized  Athens,  of  which  his  suc- 
cesors  were  dispossessed  by  Mahotnit  II. 
1455. 

AcciAioLT,  Zcnobio,  a  h.-nrnod  ccclcsi- 
tstic  ot"  I'Moreiicc,  w  ho  lor  19  years  was  h- 
brnriaii  to  Leo  X.  at  Home,  licsides  seve- 
ral treatises  and  sermons  he  puhlislii-d  a  col- 
ieclion  ot"  Polilian's  epigrams.    He  died  1537. 

AcciAioi.i  or  AcciAUOLi,  Ang;elo,  u 
learned  cardinal,  archliisbop  of  J'^l'irt-nce, 
xvlio  wrote  in  favor  of  Urban  VI.  He  re- 
tained by  his  influence  the  Floi-eiitincs  faith- 
ful to  Rome^  aj^ainst  the  opposition  of  l)e 
Pratn,  who  wisli(;d  to  seduce  them  to  the 
side  of  Clement  \U      He  died  1407. 

AcciAiOLi,  .Magdalen,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, celebrated  for  her  beauty,  but  nioi'e 
l^r  the  powers  of  her  mind.  She  was  in 
fjreat  favor  with  Ciiristina  duchess  of  Tusca- 
ny, ;\i\(\  wrote  verses  in  a  very  pleasing  and 
elegant  style.  She  began  a  heroic  ])oetn  on 
the  persecutions  of  David,  but  died  before  its 
completion  1610. 

A  c  c  I  u  3,  Lucius,  a  Roma!\  Latin  poet  about 

iroB.  c. 

AcGius  Zuchus,  an  Italian  poet  of  the 
16th  century,  who  has  paraphrased  some  of 
♦he  fables  of  iEsop.  He  is  highly  commen- 
ded by  Jul.  Scaliger,  but  perhaps  undeserv- 
edly. 

AccoLTT,  Benedict,  a  lawyer  of  Flo- 
rence, but  originall}'  of  Arezzo,  secretary  to 
the  republic.  Besides  an  account  of  the 
great  men  of  his  time,  he  has  written  an  ele- 
gant account  in  three  books  of  the  war  of 
the  Christians  against  the  Infidels,  for  the  re- 
covery of  the  Holy  Land,  from  which  Tas.so 
has  drawn  the  foundation  of  his  Jerusalem 
delivered.  His  memory  was  so  retentive 
that  he  repeated  verbatim  the  L.itin  ha- 
i-angues  of  the  Hungarian  ambassador,  on 
his'introduction  to  the  Florentine  senate.  He 
»3ied  14G6,  aged  51. 

AccoLTi,  Francis,  brother  to  Benedict, 
acquired  an  extensive  reputation  by  the  clear- 
ness of  his  jtidgment,  the  graces  of  his  elo- 
?ucnce,  and  his  knowleoge  of  jurisprudence. 
le  aspired  to  the  purple,  but  Sixtus  VI.  in 
refusing  it,  flattered  him  with  the  comjjli- 
ment  that  such  a  promotion  would  deprive 
his  pupils  and  the  world  of  the  advruitages  of 
his  instruction.  He  died  in  1470,  leaving  a 
large  property  accumulated  by  exces.sive  par- 
wmony.  He  Avrote  some  ill  digested  law 
Looks,  and  incorrect  translations  of  St.  Chry- 
sostom.  As  he  was  a  native  of  Arezzo  he  is 
sometimes  called  Aretin.     Vid.  Aretix. 

AccoLTi,  Peter,  a  son  of  Benedict,  pa- 
tronised by  the  popes,  and  raised  to  the  dig- 
nity of  cai'dinal.  He  defended  in  his  treati- 
ses the  right  of  the  pope  over  the  crown  of 
Naples,  and  died  at  Florence  1549,  in  hi.s  52d 
year.  His  brother  Benedict,  duke  of  Nepi, 
distinguished  himself  as  a  poet;  and  his  Vir- 
■ginia,  a  comedy,  and  some  small  poems  are 
mentioned  as  deserving  celebrity. 

AccoLTi,  Benedict,  a  man  of  violent  pas- 
sions, who  conspired  with  five  others  to  mur- 
der Pius  IV.  on  pretence  that  he  was  not 
lawfully  elected.      The  frequent  audiejices 


that  he  demanded  of  the  pope  rendered  him 
suspectf.'d  ;  lu-  wasstized,  and  with  hi>'  com- 
panions Hulfered  capital  puiiisbnicxit,  15t»4. 

Accords,  Sie|ihen  'I'abourot,  Stigiujur 
des,  an  advocate  in  the  p.-iiliament  of  i)ijon, 
who  disliiiguislied  himseli'  by  writing  sonift 
sonnets,  and  otbrr  light  pieces  of  poetry. 
His  "  liiganuiis,"  and  "lea  Touches,"" 
lliongh  filled  wilb  wit  and  hnnior,  yet  con- 
tain imlelicate  passagcH,  under  the  name  of 
acrostics,  rebuses,  leonine  verses,  J*lc.  His 
title  was  imaginary,  aiul  borrowed  from  the 
arms  of  bis  ancestors,  wliich  was  a  drum, 
with  tlie  motto  of  "a  tons  accords."  He  died 
July  tlie  24lh  1561,  in  his  4Gth  year. 

AcciJuSE,  Francis,  a  native  of  Florence 
who  became  a  jirofessor  of  law  at  Bologna. 
Thoiigh  snrnaincd  the  idol  of  lawyers,  his 
glossary,  printed  at  L^oiis,  in  6  vols.  fol. 
I6ii7,  is  both  inelegant  ancl  incorrect.  He 
died  about  1--9,  in  bis  7Sl!i  year.  His  son 
alsoilibtinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer  at  Tou- 
louse. 

AccuKSE,  Marius  Angelo,  a  native  of 
Aqnilia  in  tlie  10th  century,  eminent  for  his 
critical  and  literary  abilities.  His  Uiatribie 
on  ancient  and  modern  authors,  are  a  monu- 
ment of  his  extensive  eruilition,  and  of  the 
delicacy  of  his  taste.  He  also  published  Am- 
mianus  Marcellinus,  besides  notes  on  Ovid, 
Solinus,  Ausoiiius,  and  other  classics;  and  he 
made  a  valuable  collection  of  VI SS. 

AcEuBO,  Francis,  anative  of  Xocera,  who 
published  some  inferior  poems  at  Naples, 
16GG,  to  sooth  tiie   pangs  of  his  indisposition. 

AcESius,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  rigid- 
ly maintaineil  at  the  council  of  Nice,  that 
thoss  who  had  committed  any  sin  after  be- 
ing baptised,  ought  not  to  be  again  admitted 
into  the  church,  thougii  they  might  repent. 
Consiantine  felt  the  severity  of  the  remark, 
and  told  the  austere  prelate,  Aresius,  make 
a  ladder  for  yourself  and  go  to  heaven  i^Jone. 

AcH  Van  or  AcpiEN,  John,  an  eminent 
historical  painter  born  at  Cologne.  He  died 
1G21,  aged  55. 

AcHARDS,  Eleazar  Francis  des,  a  native 
of  Avignon,  flistinguished  as  much  by  his 
learning  as  by  his  piety  and  great  humanity  to 
the  poor  during  a  plague.  He  was  nominated 
bishop  of  Halicarnassus  !)y  Clement  XII.  and 
soon  after  sent  to  China  as  apostolic  vicar  to 
settle  the  disputes  of  the  missionaries.  a\.f- 
ler  four  years  of  labors  and  danger,  he  died 
at  Cochin  in  1741,  aged  6C.  A  tedious  ac- 
count of  his  mission  bad  been  published  la 
three  vols.  l^mo.  by  Fabre  his  secretary. 

AcHAi.EX,  a  British  sovereign  in  thesixtli 
century.  When  driven  from  his  dominions  he 
took  refuge  in  Wales.  He  is  mentioned  witii 
some  commendation  by  Owen  in  his  Cambri- 
an biography,  for  having  with  his  brother 
Arthanad  performed  a  difficult  journey  on 
horseback  up  tlie  Maclwg  hills  in  Cardigan- 
shire to  avenge  their  father's  deatlu 

AcHERV,  Doin  Luc  d',  a  native  of  St. 
Quintiu  in  Picardy,  who  displayed  his  learn- 
ing as  an  ecclesiastic  and  an  anli<iuarv  by  sev- 
eral valuable  publications,  particularly  edi- 
tions of  (he  Fathers.     lu  private  life  he  was 


AC 


AC 


7«fspccted  aixl  admired.     He  died  at  Pai-is 
1GS5,  aged  76. 

AcHiLLiNi,  Alexander,  a  13olognese phy- 
sician known  by  liis  useful  publications  on 
anatomy  and  medicine,  piiblislied  at  A'enice 
1568  in  folio.  He  gave  tlie  name  of  hammer 
ami  anvil  to  two  of  the  auditory  bones,  and 
ilistinguished  himself  as  the  follower  of  A\er- 
roes.     He  died  in  his  40th  year  1512. 

Aciiii.Lixi,  Philotheus,  a  relation  of  the 
preceding,  who  w  rote  "  il  viridario,"  a  res- 
pectable poem,  to  honor  the  memory  of 
Italian  genius,  and  recommend  morality.  He 
died  1538. 

AcHiLLixi,  Claude,  grand  nephew  of 
Alexander,  was  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge of  medicine,  theology,  and  jurispru- 
dence. As  a  professor  of  law  he  acquired  re- 
putation afld  honor  at  Parma,  Ferrara,  and 
13olcgna,  and  gained  the  applauses  of  the  sov- 
ereign pontif.  In  poetry  he  shone  among 
the  learned  of  his  age,  and  his  well  known 
sonnet  on  the  conquests  of  Lewis  XIH.  in 
IMedraont,  procured  from  Richelieu  the  lib- 
eral present  of  a  chain  of  gold  worth  1000 
trow  us.  He  died  at  Bologna  Ifi-iO  in  hia  66th 
year. 

AcHMET,  I.  emperoi'  of  Turkey,  son  and 
successor  of  Mahomet  HI.  made  war  against 
the  Hungarians,  and  afterwards  was  engaged 
in  quelling  the  commotions  of  insurgents  and 
of  rivals.  He  «lied  1617  in  his  30lii  year,  and 
3  4th  of  his  reign. 

AcHMET  II.  succeeded  liis  brother  Soly- 
man  HI.  16U1,  on  the  tltrone  of  Constanti- 
nople. He  was  unfortunate  in  his  wars  against 
Ihe  Venetians  and  the  Austrians,  but  his  pri- 
vate character  was  amiable.  He  died  in  1695. 

AcHMET  III.  son  of  Mahomet  IV.  was 
placed  on  the  throne  by  the  heads  of  a  fac- 
tion which  had  deposed  his  brother  Musta- 
pha  11.  After  he  had  artfully  destroyed  those 
dangerous  subjects,  he  endeavored  to  in- 
crease the  revenues  of  his  empire  by  new 
taxes  and  by  an  alteration  of  the  value  of  the 
current  coin.  He  granted  a  friendly  asylum 
to  Cliarles  XII.  of  Sweden,  after  the  battle 
of  Pultowa,  and  the  kindness  and  tlie  hospital- 
ity which  marked  the  wliole  of  his  inter- 
course with  that  unfortunate  monarch  are 
entitled  to  the  highest  encomiums.  Ach- 
raet  made  war  against  the  Russians  and  Per- 
sians, and  conquered  Morea  from  Venice, 
])Ut  his  armies  were  less  successful  against 
Hungary  ;  and  he  was  defeated  by  pnnce  Eu- 
gene at  tlie  battle  of  Peterwaradin.  He  was 
preparing  another  expedition  against  Persia, 
wlien  an  insurrection  hurled  liim  from  his 
throne,  and  exalted  his  nephew  Mahomet  V. 
from  a  prison  to  assume  the  sovereign  pow- 
er. He  died  of  an  apoplexy  23d  June  1730, 
in  his  74th  year. 

AcHMET  Ceduc,  or  AcoMET,  a  cele- 
brated general  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  who 
assisted  Cajazct  11.  in  obtaining  the  tlirone 
1482,*by  whom  he  was  afterwards  inhumanly 
assassinated. 

AcHMET  Bacha,  a  general  of  Solyman, 
who,  when  appointed  governor  of  Egypt,  re- 
voliod  from  his  sovereign  1524,  and  assumed 


the  dignity  of  independent  emperor,  whitl* 
he  deserved  by  his  popularity,  the  firmness 
of  his  government,  and  the  amiabl^ness  of  his 
character.  He  was  soon  after  defeated  by 
Ibrahim  the  favorite  of  Solyman  and  his 
head  sent  to  Constantinople. 

AcH MET,  an  Arabian,  who  wrote  on  the 
interpretation  of  dreams.  The  original  of  this 
puerile  performance  is  now  lost,  but  a  trans- 
lation of  it  w  as  made  in  the  ninth  century, 
and  it  was  published  in  Greek  and  Latin  by 
Rigault  1603  in  4to. 

Acid  ALIUS,  Valens,  a  native  of  Wistock 
in  Brandebourg,  who  distinguished  himself 
by  his  extensive  erudition,  and  published 
learned  notes  on  Q.  Curtius.  He  died  of  a 
fever  before  his  30th  year  1595. 

AcoLUTHus,  Andi-ew,  a  learned  pi-ofes- 
sor  of  languages  at  Breslaw.  He  published 
a  treatise  de  aquis  amaris,  4to.  besides  a  La- 
tin translation  of  the  Armenian  version  of 
Obadiah,  4to.  Leipsic,  and  died  1704. 

A  CO  NT  I  us,  a  native  of  Trent,  eminent  as 
a  philosopher,  divine,  and  civiUan.  He  be- 
came a  convert  to  the  protestant  religion, 
and  found  an  asylum,  in  the  court  of  Eng- 
land, whic^i  he  repaid  by  fulsome  adulation 
to  queen  Elizabeth.  His  books  met  with 
great  popularity,  especially  his  works  of  the 
Stratagems  of  Satan,  in  which  he  wished  to 
reduce  to  a  small  compass  the  fundamental 
doctrines  of  the  Christian  faith,  and  introdu- 
ced an  universal  toleration  in  religious  tenets. 
He  possessed  extensive  abilities  and  deep  pe- 
netration, but  as  he  carried  his  ideas  on  re- 
ligion too  near  scepticism,  he  drew  upon 
himself  the  odium  of  the  clergy.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  unknown.  He  was  still  living 
in  1566.  He  wrote  other  works  besides,  but 
his  best  performance  is  a  treatise  on  the  me- 
thod of  studying,  printed  Utrecht  1658. 

AcosrA,  Gabriel,  divinity  professor  at 
Coimbra,  wrote  a  Latin  commentary  on  the 
old  testament,  published  in  folio,  and  died 
1616. 

A  CO  ST  A,  Joseph,  a  provincial  of  the  Je- 
suits in  Peru,  w.as  born  at  Medina  del  Cam- 
po,  and  died  r.t  Salai:ianca  1600,  in  his  60tli 
year.  Among  his  writings,  his  history  natu- 
ral and  moral  of  the  West  Indies  in  Spanish 
and  translated  into  French,  is  particularly  ce- 
lebrated. As  a  missionary  he  laboured  as- 
siduously and  successfully  in  the  conversion 
of  the  Americans. 

AcosTA,  Uriel,  a  native  of  Oporto,  edu- 
cated in  the  liomish  religion,  which  his  fam- 
ily though  of  Jewish  extraction  had  embra- 
ced by  compulsion.  Naturally  of  a  timid  and 
superstitions  mind,  he  directed  his  inquiries 
to  comprehend  tiie  means  by  which  he  might 
escape  eternal  death,  but  finding  himself  be- 
wildered in  the  \fritings  and  the  spiritual 
creeds  of  professors,  he  sunk  under  his  ap- 
prehension, and  despaired  of  salvation.  He 
was  at  that  time  only  in  his  22d  year,  when 
the  passions  often  mislead  the  judgment; 
but  instead  of  pausing  in  silence  and  medita- 
tion, he  flew  to  Judaism,  and  expected  to 
find  in  the  law  of  Moses  what  the  religion  of 
(ihrist  seemed  to  deny.    "With  this  view  he 


AC 


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prevailed  on  his  mother  and  brothers  to 
leave  I*ortnj^ul,  wlicre  tlie  in<|iiisiti<>i»  jmPii- 
lyzud  the  [)0\versol  the  iitiiHl,  and  to  accoia- 
pany  him  to  iiolluiid.  Ileiu;  he  was  circnm- 
cised  and  admitted  into  the  syn:tt;<)i;ue,  hut 
soon  Jonnd  that  the  rablus  were  tullowers  of 
Moses  more  in  appearance  than  reality.  lie 
exclaimetl  n;jjain.st  their  profanation  oi"  tin- 
law,  and  his  compUiints  were  an.swer(;d  l)y 
excomnuinication.  Under  this  (headtnl  sen- 
tence, in  which  lie  was  not  even  piiMailted 
to  sahite  his  hrollicrs,  Acosta  maintained  an 
un}  ieUlinf^  character,  and  even  ])ubhslie(l  a 
treatise  as^ainst  the  immortality  of  the  soul, 
and  attempted  to  prove  that  tlie  hiws  of  .Mo- 
ses were  not  derived  from  God,  hut  were  a 
mere  political  institution.  His  inlidelity  was 
resentetl  by  the  Jews,  he  was  accused  before 
flie  magistrates,  and  the  p;iyment  of  a  fine  of 
300  florins  at  last  delivered  him  from  the 
horrors  of  imprisonment.  Reflection  now 
•peratedupon  his  mind,  and  after  an  e.\chision 
of  15  years,  he  was  again  reconciled  to  tiie 
Synagogue,  and  renounced  his  errors.  Fresh 
imprudences  however  tarnislied  hia  sinceri- 
ty, he  was  accused  by  his  own  nephew  of  not 
conforming  to  the  rites  of  Moses,  in  his  eat- 
ing and  other  particulars,  and  a  second  time 
excommunicated.  Seven  years  of  persecu- 
tion at  last  re-opened  the  door  of  the  syna- 
gogue ;  but  while  he  was  promised  forgive- 
ness, he  was  artfully  drawn  into  a  submissiou 
to  the  severest  discipline,  which  produced 
not  only  a  public  recantation  of  past  errors, 
but  the  infliction  of  the  39  scourges  of  the 
law.  This  disgraceful  treatment  probaldy 
roused  his  passions  to  the  commission  of  sui- 
cide. He  attempted  to  shoot  one  of  his  prin- 
cipal enemies  as  he  passed  through  the 
street,  but  missing  in  his  aim,  he  immediately 
sliot  himself  in  the  liead  with  another  pistol 
1G40,  or  according  to  others  1647.  A  few 
days  before  his  death  it  is  supposed  that  he 
wix)te  his  exemplar  huraanse  vitae,  a  bold  in- 
coherent composition. 

A c Q^u A V I V  A,  .riV/.  Aq_uaviva. 

AcRON,  a  physician  of  Sicily  who  relieved 
Athens  during  a  p'.ague  by  burning  perfumes. 
He  lived  about440B.  C  One  of  the  commen- 
tators on  Horace.  His  scholia  were  publish- 
ed in  the  edition  of  Basil  in  8vo.  1527. 

AcRONius,  John,  a  mathematician  of 
Friesland,  who  wrote  on  the  motion  of  the 
earth.     He  tlied  at  Basle,  15G3. 

AcRONius,  John,  a  Dutch  writer  of  the 
-17th  century,  who  wrote  against  the  Romish 
religion. 

AcuoPOLiTA,  George,  one  of  the  Byzan- 
tine historians  in  the  1 3th  century,  celebra- 
ted for  his  knowledge  of  poetry,  mathema- 
tics,and  rhetoric.  He  was  employed  as  am- 
bassador and  as  govejnor  at  the  court  of 
Constantinople,  and  was  the  means  of  a  re- 
conciliation and  reunion  of  religion  between 
the  two  churches  of  the  east  and  west,  to 
which  he  gave  his  solemn  sanction  in  the 
nan^e  of  the  emperor,  at  the  second  council 
of  Lyons  1274.  His  history  was  discovered 
in  the  east  by  Douza,  and  published  1G14.  It 
ia  a  fiythful  narrative  of  the  public  transac- 


tions from  1205  to  12G5,  Acropf)lita  is  f;cne- 
rally  called  I  .ftgothctc,  the  nuiiie  of  the  placir 
or  chancellorilii|»  which  lie  helii.  He  died 
about  theyear  1283,  aged  G2.  IJissonConstan- 
tine  disliiiguish<;d  himself  also  by  the  pidjlic 
oMiceb  he  fiUed  at  the  court  of  the  i'ala;ologi. 

AcTlus  or  Ai2.o,  Visconti,  sovereign  of 
Milan,  distinguished  himself  by  his  valor, 
and  the  integrity  of  his  g(iveinment.  ilr; 
died  in  his  38th  year  after  a  reign  of  IG 
years,  in  l.')55. 

Aci  u  Alt  I  us,  a  .few  physician,  who  prac- 
tised at  Constantinople  in  the  13th  centur}  . 
His  treatises  in  (ireek  are  chiefly  drawn 
from  Galen,  Faulus,  and  preceding  medical, 
writers,  fie  is  the  first  who  recommended 
the  mild  purgative  merlicines  of  manna,  sen- 
na, cassia,  kc.  used  by  the  Aridjian.^  about  30O 
years  before  his  time.  His  works  on  the- 
rapeutics, on  urini  s,  and  on  the  animal  spi- 
rits, fctc.  are  inserted  in  Stephens's  medica: 
artis  priiicipes,  fol.  1567.  It  is  said  tliat  in 
honor  of  him  the  name  of  Actuaries  is  still 
given  to  the  ])hysicians  of  the  court. 

AcuNA,  Christopher,  a  Jesuit  of  Burgos, 
employed  as  a  missionary  in  America.  He 
published  an  interest" ng  account  of  the  Ama- 
zon river  on  his  return  to  Madrid  1G41,  and 
the  work  has  been  translated  into  French,  iu 
4  vols.  12mo.  1CS2. 

Adair,  James,  an  Eoglisli  lawyer  of  em- 
inence, son  of  an  army  agent.  He  was  in 
pai'liament  for  Cockcrmouth  in  17S0,  and 
afterwards  for  Higham  Ferrers.  He  suc- 
ceeded Serjeant  Glynne  as  recorder  of  Lon- 
don, and  afterwards  resigned  that  situation, 
in  which  he  had  displayed  integrity  as  well  ao 
ability  ;  but  his  expectations  of  superior  pre- 
ferment were  disappointed.  He  was  one  of 
the  lawyers  employed  in  the  prosecution  of 
the  persons  accused  of  high  treason  in  1794, 
and  conducted  himself  with  great  canrlour 
and  liberality.  He  died  1798.  Two  extracts 
were  published  by  him  called  thoughrts  ot> 
the  dismission  of  otticers  for  their  conduct  in 
parlianjent,  and  obsei'vations  on  tlie  power 
of  alienations  of  the  crown,  before  the  first 
of  queen  Anne. 

Adalard,  or  Adelard,  son  of  count 
Bernard,  and  grandson  of  Charles  Martel, 
was  related  to  Charlemagne.  On  the  di- 
vorce of  f^rmcngarda  by  the  emperor,  Ada- 
lard  left  the  court  in  disgust,  and  assumed 
the  religious  habit  at  Corbie.  He  was  how- 
ever still  patronised  by  the  great,  and  made 
prime  minister  of  Pepin  king  of  Italy  ;  but 
hepreferred  solitude  to  tke  turbulence  of  an 
elevated  station,  and  founded  the  abbey  of 
New  Corbie,  or  Corwey,  in  Saxony.  He 
died  2d  Jan.  826,  in  his  72d  year  greatly  la- 
mented, as  his  virtues  had  procured  him  tlie 
I'espect  of  the  world,  and  his  learning  tlie  ti- 
tle of  the  Augustine  of  his  age.  Only  Irag- 
ments  of  his  writings  remain. 

Adalberox, archbishop  of  Rheiras,  and 
chancellor  of  France,  was  known  for  his 
great  services  as  an  ecclesiastic  and  as  the 
minister  of  Lothairc.     He  died  988. 

Adai.beron,  Ascelin,  bishop  of  Leon, 
meaulv  belravcd  into  the  hand  of  Hn?:h  ('n- 


AD 


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pet,  Avnonl  arch-hishop  of  Tlhoims,  and 
Charles  of  Lorraine,  the  king's  rival,  vho 
had  taken  refuge  under  his  ei)iscopul  protec- 
tion, lie  died  1030.  He  published  a  satiri- 
cal poem  in  4.30  verses  containing  some  cu- 
rious historical  facts. 

Adalbert,  archbishop  of  Prague, 
preached  the  gc-spel  among  the  Bohemians, 
and   aftervariis  ;imong  the  Poles,  by  whom 

he  was  murdered  !29th  April  99/ . Another 

of  the  same  name,  hisiiop  of  Magdeburg, 
converted  the  Sclavonians,  and  penetrated 
far  into  Pomtrimiii,  as  a  Christian  mission- 
ary. He  died  at  Presburg'JOlh  June  981. 

Another  archbishop  of  Bjemen,  v.  ho  jjccame 
•very  powerful  in  Denmark,  aud  even  obliged 
the  king  tr>  divorce  his  wife  (.utha,  because 
she  Avas  somewh;tt  allied  to  him.  Tliough 
intriguing  and  violent,  he  possessed  some 
gco.;.  quidities,  and  in  107'2,  he  formed  some 
■wise  regulatioiis  for  the  conduct  of  the  clei'- 
gy  and  for  the  government  of  the  kingdom 
in  civil  and  ecclesiastical  aifairs. 

Adalgise,  son  of  Didier  king  of  Lorn- 
hardy,  opposed  the  power  of  Charlemtigne 
after  the  defeat  of  his  father,  but  was  at  last 
conquered,  though  supported  by  the  troops 
of  Constautinople,  and  he  was  put  to  death 
788. 

Adaloald,  a  king  of  Lomhardy,  who 
■was  deposed  by  his  subjects  for  iiis  oppres- 
sion, as  well  as  his  incupacity,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  sister's  husband  Ariovald.  He 
died  Ci29  in  a  private  station. 

Adam,  the  father  of  the  human  race,  was 
formed  from  the  dust,  on  the  sixth  day  of 
the  creation,  and  placed  in  tlie  garden  of 
Eden,  from  which  he  was  banished  for  his 
disobedience.  This  sera  is  fixed  4f004  years 
B.  C.  Adam  lived  930  years  after  his  ex- 
pulsion from  paradise  ;  and  besides  Cain, 
Abel,  and  Seth,  he  had  several  other  chil- 
dren whose  names  are  not  mentioned  in 
scri[;ture.  The  name  of  Adamites  was  as- 
sumed in  the  13th  century,  by  some  enthu- 
siasts of  Antwer]),  who  appeared  naked  in 
their  meetings,  and  pretended  that  since  ihe 
death  of  Christ  men  were  restored  to  the 
original  innocence  of  .\dam.  These  tenets, 
"which  opened  the  door  to  every  lascivious- 
jies.s,  were  also  followed  in  Bohemia  in  the 
1.5th  century,  aiul  from  thence  passed  into 
Poland,  where  it  is  said  the\  still  exist. 

Adam,  Melchior,  a  protestant  of  Grot- 
kaw  in  Silesia,  remarkable  for  his  learning 
and  Ids  perseverance.  After  being  iippoint- 
cd  rector  of  a  college  at  Heidelberg,  lie 
published  in  four  volumes  the  lives  of  illus- 
tri(ms  men,  who  had  flourished  in  Ciermany 
and  Flanders,  during  the  10th  and  17th  cen- 
turv.  Though  the  lives  are  not  numerous, 
yet  the  execution  was  laborious.  He  is  how- 
ever accused  of  partiality  by  ihe  Lutherans, 
who  consider  him  as  too  insignificant  to  pass 
judgment  on  the  merit  and  <lcmerits  of  the 
literati  of  Germany.     He  died  in  1G2'2. 

Adam,  Lambert  Sigisbert,  an  ingenious 
Sculptor  born  at  Nanci.  He  improved  him- 
self at  Berlin,  hut  the  labors  of  bis  chisel 
'were  reserved  for  the  a^lmiration  of  his  coan- 


trymen,  and  to  adorn  the  palaces  of  bl. 
Cloud  and  \  ersailles.  Kis  Prometheus,  and 
.Mars  caressed  by  Love  are  most  admired. 
He  died  ir.59  aged  59. 

Adam,  Nicolas,  brother  of  Lambert,  imi- 
tated and  equalled  him.  He  executed  the 
mausoleum  of  the  queen  of  Poland  at  Bonse- 
cours,  besides  other  works  equally  admired. 
He  lost  his  bight  some  years  before  his  death, 
which  happ.  ned  1778. 

Adam,  Francis  Gaspard, younger  brother 
of  tbe  two  preceding,  excelled  also  like  them 
as  an  artist.  He  resided  for  some  years  ia 
Prussia,  and  died  at  Pai-is  1757,  aged  49- 

Adam,  Thomas,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Jjceds  in  Yorkshire,  and  educated  in  his 
native  town  and  at  Wakefield  school.  He 
was  of  Christ  college  Camnridge,  but  remo- 
ved to  Har-hall  O.xford,  where  he  took  hlS 
bachelor's  degree.  He  afterwards  obtained 
the  living  of  Wintringham,  Lincolnshire, 
where  he  resided  for  58  years,  an  active,  pi- 
OU.S,  and  benevolent  parisli  priest,  and  where 
he  died  1784  aged  83.  He  published  lectures 
on  the  church  catecliism,  sermons,  a  pa- 
raplirase  of  the  11  first  chapters  of  the  Ro- 
mans, and  after  his  death  apyjeared  a  collec- 
tion of  thoughts,  to  wliich  his  life  is  prefixed. 

Adam,  BiUaut,  a  joiner  of  Nevers,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Master  Adam.  He 
wrote  poetry  while  employed  at  his  tools, 
and  his  effusions  were  often  elegant  and  hap- 
py. He  was  flattered  by  the  great,  and  pa- 
tronised by  Kichelieu,  but  he  liad  the  gi-eat- 
ness  of  mind  to  refuse  ihe  pomp  of  Ver- 
i?ailles  for  the  trariquil  obscurity  of  Nevers 
where  he  died  1G62.  His  poems,  though 
once  very  pojiular,  are  now  seldom  perused. 

Adam,  Robert,  an  architect,  born  at  Kir- 
kaldy  in  Scotland,  and  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  possesed  of  a  strong  genius, 
and  he  improved  himself  by  study  and  ap- 
plication, and  acquired  in  Italy  a  taste  for 
whatever  is  great,  bold  and  magnificent.  He 
was  patronised  by  George  HI.  but  resigned 
his  enipioymentof  royal  arc'aitect  in  17fi8,oa 
being  elected  member  for  Kinross.  The 
breaking  of  a  blood  vessc'  put  a  period  to 
his  labors  March  3d,  1792,  and  he  was  buried, 
in  Westminster  abbey.  His  talents  had  been 
happily  called  into  action  by  the  public  voice, 
and  not  less  tlian  eight  great  public  works 
and  25  ])riv;ite  buildings  wes-e  designed  the 
year  preceding  his  death,  to  remain  as  mon- 
uments of  his  superior  powers. 

Adam,  a  canon  of  Bremen  in  the  ITth 
century,  who  published  an  ecclesiastical  his- 
torv  of  Bremen  and  Hamburg,  in  four  books, 
from  the  reign  ol'  Charlemagne  to  that  of 
the  emperwr  Henry  IV.  edited   1670,  in  4(o. 

Adam,  St.  Victor,  an  ecclesiastic  at  Par- 
is, who  published  some  tlieological  treatises. 
He  died  1177. 

Adam,  Scotus,  a  monkish  writer  born  liv 
Scotland  and  educated  at  the  raonastery  of 
Lindisferna,  now  Holy  Island  south  of  Ber- 
wick, at  tbat  time  famous  for  tlie  learning 
of  iLs  professors.  He  went  to  Paris  and 
taught  diviidty  at  the  Sorbonne,  but  after- 
wards became   a  resident  monk  at  Melross 


AD 


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aod  Durlian*,  where  lio  vrote,  busides  an 
gccount  of  iJavid  1.  of  Scotland,  the  hves  of 
Cohinibus  and  of  some  of  llie  yainl3  of  the 
sixth  cciitui-y.  lie  died  IIHU.  His  works 
were  published  at  Anlwerii,  lul.  irj;>'J. 

Adam,  John,  a  Jesuit  ot  Bourdexux,  who 
\rrotc  several  treatises  at^.'titist  tlie  new  dis- 
ciples of  St.  Austin.     lie  died  1084. 

Adam,  <r()rlcton,  a  native  of  Hereford, 
■who  became  bishop  of  ^\'incheirle^.  He  was 
intrig;uintr  and  turbulent,  and  it  is  said  that 
tJie  life  ot  Kdward  11.  was  sacrifioed  to  this 
aml)i|;^uous  e.xpression  which  he  used  :  Ed- 
"wardum  regem  occidcre  nolite  timere  bo- 
luimest,  wliich,  with  and  without  punctuation 
ajier  nolite,  will  admit  of  two  very  ddlereut 


meanuisfs. 


Adam,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Limosin,  profes- 
St)r  of  philosophy.  He  wrote  several  works 
on  theolof;ical  subjects,  little  esteemed,  and 
died  at  Bourdeaux  1684, 

Adams,  Sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Wem  in 
Shropshire,  who  after  receiving  his  educa- 
tion in  Cambridge,  became  a  draper  in  Lon- 
don, and  rose  to  the  high  lionor  of  lord 
mayor  of  London  1645.  He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  privileges  of  the  city, 
■which  he  maintained  m  itli  the  spirit  of  inde- 
pendence. His  partiality  however  to  the 
royal  cause  rendered  him  suspicions,  and  the 
republicans  searched  his  house  for  the  un- 
fortunate Charles.  His  affection  was  after- 
wards transferred  to  the  son,  to  whom  du- 
ring his  exile  he  sent  as  a  present  10,000/. 
He  accompanied  Monk  to  Breda,  to  con- 
gratulate the  monarch  on  his  restoration, 
and  for  his  loyalty  he  received  the  honor  of 
knighthood  and  a  baronetcy.  His  liberality 
in  public  and  private  Ufe  was  unbounded  ;  he 
erected  and  nobly  endowed  a  school  at  his 
native  place,  founded  the  Arabic  professor- 
ship at  Cambridge,  and  at  his  sole  expense 
printed  the  gospel  in  Persian,  which  he  dis- 
tributed in  the  east.  He  died  in  his  81st 
year,  24th  Feb.  1G07,  of  the  stone,  and  after 
death  his  body  was  opened  and  a  calculus  of 
the  extraordinary  weight  of  25  ounces  ex- 
tracted, which  is  still  preserved  in  the  labo- 
ratory of  Cambridge.  His  honors  were  en- 
joyed by  his  descendants  till  the  late  Sir 
Thomas  who  died  captain  in  the  navy. 

Adams,  Thomas,  a  fellow  of  Brazen  Nose, 
distinguished  for  his  learning.  He  was  tu- 
tor to  persons  of  rank  and  respectability  du- 
ring Cromwell's  usurpation,  and  ofliciatetl  as 
chaplain  to  Sir  Samuel  Jones  of  Shropshire, 
and  to  lady  Clare  of  Northamptonshire.  He 
published  "  Protestant  Union,  or  Principles 
of  Religion,"  a  valuable  work,  and  died  Dec. 
11th,  1670. 

Adams,  Richard,  a  member  of  Brazen 
Kose,  minister  of  St.  Mildred,  Bread-street, 
from  which  place  he  was  ejected  1662.  He 
•wrote  a  few  sermons,  and  assisted  in  the 
completion  of  Pool's  annotations,  and  in  the 
editing  of  Charnock's  works.     He  died  IG'JS. 

Adams,  William,  U.  D.  fellow  and  after- 
wards master  of  Pembroke  College,  Oxtbrd, 
was  the  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  distin- 
guished no  less  for  the  urbanity  of  his  man- 

VOL.  I.  4 


nors  than  the  extent  of  liis  learning.  He 
wrote  some  tracts  and  sermons,  and  acqui- 
red celebrity  by  tlie  manner  hi  which  he  at- 
tacked the  tenets  of  Ifume.  It  was  duiing 
this  contioveisy  that  the  historian  observed 
that  hj  was  the  only  opponent  who  main- 
tamed  the  disi)Ute  with  the  spirit  an<l  the 
manners  of  a  gentleman.  He  died  17S9,  be- 
lovod  and  respected  by  the  society  over  whicii 
he  prciiiiled  for  fourteen  years. 

Adamso.v,  Patrick,  a  native  of  Perth,  who 
after  studying  ai  St.  Andrews,  travelled  into 
Prance,  as  tutor,  antl  Nviih  diftlculty  escaped 
the  persecuting  spirit  which  at  the'massacre 
of  Paris,  doomed  to  torture  and  to  death  the 
unfortunate  protestants  of  every    age  and  of 
ever)'  station.     On  his  return  to  ScotlanU  he 
was  appointed  minister  of  Paisley,  and    af- 
!  terwards,    by  the  favor  and  interest  of   lord 
Moreton,  he  was  raised  to  the  archbishopric 
of  St.  Andrews.     In  this   devatcd    situation 
he  was  surrounded  with  dangers  anddifhoul- 
tics,  and  the   virulence  of  tiie  presbyterians 
was  successfully  directed   against  him  as  the 
firmest  pillar  of  episcopacy.     James  \T.  how- 
ever patronised   him,   and   sent   him  as  his 
ambassador  to  England,  where  his  eloquence 
and  his  address  gt^ined    him   admirers,   and 
raised  such  a  tide  of  popularity  in   favolir  of 
the  young  king  his  master,  that  the  jealousy 
of  Elizabeth  forbade  him  again  to  ascend  the 
pulpit   while   at  her  court.     In  1584  he  was 
recalled  home,  and  so  violent  was  the  irrita- 
tion of  the   presbyterians  against  him,  that, 
at  a  provincial  synod,  he  was  accused  and  ex- 
communicated ;  and  neither   appeals  to  tlie 
king  and  to  the  states,  nor  the  protestations 
of  innocence,   would   have  saved  him   from 
this  disgraceful  sentence,  if  he  had  not  yield- 
ed to  the  storm,  and  implored  for  pardon  by 
the  most  abject  submission.     His  life  contin- 
ued a  scene  of  persecution  ;  even   the  mon- 
arch grew  deaf  to  his  petitions,  and  alienated 
the  revenues  of  his  see  in  favour  of  the  duke 
of  Lenox,  so  that  Adamson  had  to  add  to  the 
indignities   offered   to  his   office,  the   more 
poignant  suflerings  of  indigence  and  wretch- 
edness, in  the  midst  of  a  forlorn,  a  deserted, 
and  starving  family.     He   died    1591,    in  his 
48th  year.     A  4to.  volume  of  his  works  was 
published  containing  translations  of  some  of 
the  books  of  the   bible  in  Latin  verse,  fre- 
quently composed  to  alleviate  his  grief,  and 
disarm  the  terrors  of  persecution. 

Addison,  Lancelot,  D.  D.  son  of  a  cler- 
gv-man  of  the  same  name,  born  at  ALaulds 
Meaburne  in  Westmoreland,  was  educated 
at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  where  his  satiri- 
cal reliections  on  the  pride,  ignorance,  and 
hypocrisy  of  his  superiors,  in  an  oration  1658, 
caused  such  irritation  that  he  obtained  for- 
giveness only  by  a  public  recantation  on  his 
knees.  He  was  afterwards  engaged  as  chap- 
lain at  Dunkirk  and  at  Tangier,  and  in  con- 
sideration of  his  services,  and  of  what  he  had 
sufiered  for  his  loyalty,  he  was  deservedly 
preferred  to  the  living  of  .Milston  and  a  Sa- 
rum  prebend,  and  in  1683  to  the  deanry  of 
Lichfield  and  the  archdeaconrv  of  Coventry. 
He  died  April  20th  17Q3,  aged  71,  aud  v.as 


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buried  at  Lichfield.  He  wrote  several  valu- 
able treatises,  among  which  w  ere  his  histori- 
cal observations,  while  resident  in  Africa,  an 
account  of  the  present  state  of  the  Jews,  &c. 
Add  ISO  X,  Joseph,  son  of  Dr.  Lancelot 
Addison,  was  born  May  1st,  1672,  at  Mil- 
ston  near  Ambrosburv,  Wiltshire,  of  which 
place  his  father  was  rector.  He  appeared  so 
weak  and  so  unlikely  to  live  that  he  was  chris- 
tened the  same  day.  After  passing  through  the 
rudiments  of  his  education  under  Air.  Naish 
of  his  native  place,  Mr.  Taylor  of  Salisbury, 
and  Mr.  Shaw  of  Lichfield,  he  was  placed  at 
the  Charterhouse  under  Dr.  EUlis,  where 
an  intimacy  began  with  Sir  Richard  Steele, 
Avhich  genius  and  reciprocal  friendship  have 
immortalized.  At  Oxford  he  entered  at 
Queen's  College,  but  the  accidental  perusal 
of  some  Latin  verses  recommended  him  to 
Dr.  Lancaster,  by  wliose  patronage  he  was 
two  years  after,  1689,  elected  demy  of  Mag- 
dalen. His  academical  h^urs  were  not  here 
devoted  to  bacchanalian  orgies,  or  disgrace- 
ful intx'igues ;  but  the  powers  of  the  mind 
•were  cultivated  and  improved,  and  the  fre- 
quent composition  of  Latin  verses  produced 
such  correctness  of  style  and  elegance  of  dic- 
tion tlwt  the  Muste  Anglicanse  alone  would 
give  celebrity  to  the  name  of  Addison.  He 
next,  in  his  '22d  year,  displayed  his  powers 
in  English  poetry,  by  some  verses  addressed 
to  Drvden,  and  by  a  translation  of  part  of 
Virgil's  fourth  georgic  on  the  bees  ;  and  as 
the  number  ofhis  friends  increased  with 
his  popularity,  the  student  was  gradually 
converted  into  the  courtier,  and  introduced 
by  Congreve  to  Montague  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  a  man  who  in  discerning  merit 
did  not  wish  it  to  be  forgotten  that  flattery  is 
a  tribute  paid  to  power.  By  the  advice  of 
Montague,  Addison  '.aid  aside  his  intention 
of  taking  orders;  and,  studying  the  temper 
of  the  times,  he  published  a  poem  addressed 
to  king  William,  and  two  years  after  cele- 
brated the  peace  of  Ryswick  in  Latin  verses, 
-which  paved  the  way  to  a  pension  of  300/. 
a  year,  and  claimed  the  still  more  honorable 
merit  of  beinii^,  in  the  opinion  of  Smith,  the 
best  Latin  poem  since  the  JEneid.  liaised 
now  to  easy  circumstances,  he  travelled  to 
Italy,  and  with  the  eyes  and  the  genius  of  a 
classical  poet  surveyed  the  monuments  and 
the  heroic  deeds  of  ancient  Rome,  which  he 
described  in  his  famous  epistle  to  lord  Hali- 
fax, the  most  elegant  if  not  the  most  sub- 
lime of  his  pi'oductions.  He  wrote  here 
also  his  dialogues  on  medals,  and  accor- 
ding to  Tickell,  some  acts  of  his  Cato  ; 
and  after  a  residence  of  two  years  returned 
to  England  1702,  widi  a  meanness  of  appear- 
ance, which  proclaimed  aloud  that  he  la- 
bored under  pecuniary  distresses.  He  now 
published  his  travels,  with  a  dedication  to 
lord  Somers,  and  so  great  was  its  popularity 
that  the  book  rose  to  fiTe  times  its  original 
price  before  it  could  be  reprmted.  When 
the  victory  of  Blenheim  was  obtained.  Go- 
dolphin  looked  out  for  a  poet  equal  to  ce- 
lebrate the  glory  of  his  country,  and  Addi- 
ion  was  recomnicndcd  by  Halifax ;  and  soon 


after,  when  he  had  read  to  his  patron  what 
he  had  written,  as  far  as  the  simile  of  the 
angel,  he  was  appointed  commissioner  of 
appeals.  On  the  following  year  he  accom- 
panied Halifax  to  Hanover,  and  was  the  next 
year  made  under-secretary  of  state.  About 
this  time  he  tried  the  opera  of  Rosamond  oa 
the  stage,  but  the  audience  were  regardless 
of  the  poet's  fame,  and  it  was  condemned 
only  because  it  was  an  English  performance. 
When  the  duke  of  Wharton  went  as  viceroy 
to  Ireland,  Addison  accepted  the  place  of  his 
secretary ,  and  with  a  salary  of  300  pounds  a 
year  as  keeper  of  the  records  of  Birming- 
ham, he  made  a  rule,  as  Swift  observes,  of 
never  returning  to  his  friends,  out  of  polite- 
ness, the  fees  <lue  to  his  office.  During  his 
residence  in  Ireland  the  first  paper  of  the 
Tatler  was  published  by  Steele,  Api-il  22d, 
1709,  unknown  to  him,  though  he  soon  dis- 
covered by  the  insertion  of  a  remark  on 
Virgil,  which  had  originated  in  himself,  who 
the  author  was.  The  Tatler  was  succeeded 
in  about  two  months  by  the  Spectator,  a 
series  of  essays  of  the  same  nature,  but  writ- 
ten with  less  levity,  and  upon  a  more  regu- 
lar plan  and  published  daily.  In  1713  the 
Cato  was  produced  on  the  stage,  and  was 
the  grand  climacteric  of  Addison's  reputa- 
tion. The  last  act  was  composed  with 
haste,  and  a  house  was  assembled  by  the 
intrigues  of  Steele  to  judge  of  the  merits  of 
his  friend's  performance.  As  the  nation  was 
at  that  time  heated  by  party  spirit,  the 
production  of  an  historical  play  was  consi- 
dered as  political  craft.  The  whigs  ap- 
plauded every  line  which  extolled  liberty,  as 
a  satire  on  the  tories  ;  and  tlie  tories  echoed 
every  clap  to  show  that  the  satire  was  unfelt. 
When  the  play  was  printed,  the  queen  ex- 
pressed a  wish  it  might  be  dedicated  to  her, 
but  as  Addison  had  promised  it  elsewhere,  as 
a  man  of  honor  he  could  not  retract,  and  Cato 
appeared  without  a  patron  ;  but  such  was  its 
popularity,  that  it  was  translated  into  several 
languages,  and  introduced  upon  some  of  the 
other  theatres  of  Europe.  During  the  re- 
presentation of  Cato,  Steele  published  ano- 
ther daily  paper  called  the  Guardian,  to 
which  Addison  contributed  much  of  his  as- 
sistance. In  this  publication  his  papers  were 
distinguished  by  a  hand  ;  in  the  Spectatoi^ 
they  are  marked  by  o  e  of  the  letters  whicl^ 
compose  the  name  of  the  muse  Clio.  Suc- 
cess in  literature  did  not  render  Addison  in- 
dolent or  conceited,  and  Steele  has  attribu- 
ted to  him  the  comedy  of  the  Drummer, 
which  he  said  he  carried  for  him  to  the  play- 
house, and  of  which  afterwards  he  sold  the 
copy  for  50  guineas.  These  circumstances 
are  denied  by  Tickell;  but  as  no  writer  has 
claimed  the  Drummer,  it  is  deservedly  con- 
sidered as  the  production  of  the  author  of 
Cato.  Political  discussions  occasionally  en- 
gaged the  attentioH  of  Addison,  and  on  tem- 
porary topics  he  wrote  the  present  state  of 
the  Avar — the  whig  examinei- — the  trial  of 
count  Tariff;  pamphlets  which  disappeared 
with  the  subjects  which  gave  them  birth. 
Some  time  after,  an  attempt  was  made  tft 


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revive  the  Spectator,  and  80  numbers  were 
pnblishid    of   wliicli    a   ffmrlh    part    was    by 
A<ltiison  ;    and    tliese  papers,   perhups  more 
Taluable    than    tlie  otiicrs,  for  tlio    rcIi!j;iou8 
anci   moral  topics    which   tlicy  discuss,   were 
collected  to  form  an   8vo.   volume.     On    the 
death   of  queen    Anne,    Addison,    mIio   had 
been    appoinlcd    secretary    to  llie    ref^ency, 
was   ofucially   required   to  announce   to   the 
elector    of    Hanover    his   accession    to    the 
Enp^lish   throne.     He  was  liowever  so  over- 
powered hy  the  greatness  of  the  event,  that 
the  Lords  grew  tired  while  waiting  for  the 
niceties   of   his  expressions,  and  Southwell, 
one  of  the  clerks  of  the  oIKce,  was  directed 
to  close  the  disipatches,    which   he  immedi- 
atelv  completed  in  the  common  style  of  busi 
ness,  not  a  iiltlr  elated  that  he  could  do  what 
seemed  so  clifhcult  for  ihe  gigantic  powers  of 
Addison.      Never  loosing  sight    however  of 
his  public  character,  he  published  the  Free- 
holder twice  a  week,  from  lieceniber  23d, 
1715,  to  the  middle  of  the  following  year,  in 
support  of  the  government,  full  of  the  most 
convincing  arguments,  and  with  humor  forci- 
ble, singular,  and  matchless.    In  August  1716 
he  married   the  countess  tlowager  of  War- 
■wick  ;  but  if  it  added  to  his  elevation,  it  di- 
jninished  his  hapj)iness,  for  it  neither  found 
them  nor  made  them  equal.     She  remem- 
bered her  rank,  and  treated  with  so  little 
ceremony  a  husband  who  had  been  tutor  to 
her  son,  that  the  example  of  Addison  can 
hold  no  great  encouragement  to  ambitious 
love.     In  1717,  he  was  i-aised  to  his  highest 
dignit)',  being   made    secretary    of  state,    a 
place  to  which  he   was   unequal,  as  he  pos- 
sessed not  either  boldness  or  eloquence  to 
defend  the  measures  of  government  in  the 
house  of  Commons,  but  rather  wasted  away 
his  time  in  his  office  in  quest  of  fine  expres- 
sions.    He  therefore  soon  solicited  and  ob- 
tained his  dismission  with  a  pension  of  1500 
pounds  a  year.     His  friends  indeed  palliated 
this  relinquishment,  but  they  as  well  as  his 
enemies  knew  well  that  it  was  not  on  account 
of  declining  health  or  from  the  necessity  of 
relaxation  and  repose.     In  his  retirement  he 
MOW  laid  plans  for  literary  labors  :  he  \vrote  a 
defence  of  the   Christian   religion,   part  of 
■which  was  published  after  his  death,  and  he 
proposed  a  tragedy  on  the  death  of  Socrates, 
..besides  an  English  dictionary,  and  a  version 
of  the  psalms.     It  is  painful  to  relate  that,  in 
the  decline  of  life,  this  illustrious  man  gave 
way  to  the  suggestions  of  malice,  and  treat- 
ed with  unkindness  Steele,  whose  friendship 
hat"  been  cemented  by  the  lapse  and  trial  of 
a  long  series  of  years.     Lord  Sunderland  at- 
tempted to  introduce  a  bill  to  limit  the  crea- 
tion of  peers,  and  this  supported  by  Addison 
was  vehemently  opposed  by  Steele,  so  that 
Tarious  pamphlets  replete  with  rancor  and 
aci'imonious  expressions  were   issued  from 
the  press,  and  a  perfect  reconciliation  could 
never  be  effected      But  now  he  felt  his  end 
approach  from   shortness  of  breath,   aggra- 
vated by  a  dropsy,  and,  like  a  Christian,  de- 
tei^mined  to  die  at  peace  with  all  the  world, 
he  sent  for  Gay,  aud  toUl  liim  Uiathe  ha^  iji- 


jurcd  him,  for  which  he  would  reconapense 
him.  Of  the  nature  of  this  otieiice  l,n\  was 
ignorant,  and  Addison  did  not  mention  it, 
though  it  was  Hupposed  that  some  prefer- 
ment had  hy  his  iciflu«-nce  been  withlnld 
from  him.  Anxious  slill  to  do  another  kind 
office,  he  sent  IVjr  Lf»rd  Warwick  whose  mor- 
als were  dissipalcd,  and  who.se  priiici,il  s 
were  most  licentious  ;  and  as  he  had  olten 
endeavored  in  \ain  to  reclaim  him  by  ad- 
vice, he  now  wished  to  raise  in  him  reflec- 
tion and  repentance.  When  he  begged  to 
k'low  his  last  injunctions,  I  have  sent  for  you, 
siiid  the  expiring  man,  that  you  may  see  how 
a  Christian  can  die.  The  effect  of  tliis  on  the 
conduct  of  the  earl  is  not  known,  as  he  «lied 
shortly  after.  When  he  ha«'  given  direC' 
ti<jns  to  Tickell  about  the  [lublication  of  hi.s 
works,  and  on  his  death-bed  dedicated  them, 
to  his  friend  .\Ir.  Craggs,  he  expired  June 
17,  1729,  at  Holland  house,  leaving  ordy  one 
daughter,  who  died  unmarried  1797.  Of 
Addison's  character  as  a  poet  and  a  moral 
writer  little  more  can  be  added,  he  was  not 
only  the  ornament  of  his  age  and  country, 
but  he  reflects  dignity  on  the  nature  of  man. 
He  has  divested  vice  of  its  meretricious  or- 
naments, and  painted  religion  and  virtue  in 
the  modest  and  graceful  attire  which  charm 
and  elevate  the  heart.  In  Dr.  Johnson's  and 
Dr.  Anderson's  lives,  from  whom  the  above 
is  extracted,  a  fuller  account  may  be  found. 

Adelaide,  daughter  of  Rodolphus  king 
of  Burgundy,  married  Lotharius  II.  king  of 
Italy,  and  after  his  death  the  emperor  Othol. 
Her  manners  were  exemplary,  and  her  judg- 
ment and  benevolence  were  exerted  for  the 
good  of  her  subjects.  She  died  aged  69,  in  999. 

Adelaide,  wife  of  Frederic  prince  of 
Saxony,  cons])ired  with  Lewis,  marquis  of 
Thuringia,  against  her  husband's  life,^lnd 
married  the  murderer,  1055. 

Adelaide,  daughter  of  Humbert  count 
of  Mauricnne,  was  queen  to  Lewis  VI.  of 
France,  and  mother  of  seven  sons  and  a 
daughter.  After  the  king's  death  she  mari-i- 
ed  Matthew  of  Montmorenci,  and  died  1154. 

Adelaide,  wife  of  Lew  is  II.  of  France, 
was  mother  of  Charles  IIJ.  surnamed  the 
simple,  who  was  king  898. 

Adelard,  an  English  monk  who,  in  the 
12th  Eentury,  visited  Egypt  and  Arabia,  and 
translated  into  Latin  Euclid's  Elements,  be- 
fore the  Greek  manuscripts  of  the  work  were 
know  n  in  Europe.  Several  other  translations 
by  him  from  mathematical  as  well  as  medical 
writers,  are  still  preserved  in  Corpus  Christi 
and  Trinity  College  libraries  at  Oxfoi-d. 

Adelbold,  bishop  of  Utrecht,  ami  author 
of  a  life  of  the  emperor  Henry  H.  dieil  1207. 

Adeler,  Curtius,  called  also  Servisen,  a 
native  of  Norway,  who  served  in  the  Dutch 
navy,  and  then  went  to  A'enice,  where  he 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  admiral,  and  made 
knight  of  St.  Mark,  with  a  pension  for  his  me- 
ritorious services  against  the  Turks.  He 
married  a  woman  of  rank  at  Am.sterdam,  and 
spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life  at  Copenhagen, 
where  he  died  1675  aged  53,  universally  res- 
pected. 


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AcELGREiFr,JohnAlbrecht, natural  son 
of  a  priest  near  Elbing,  was  known  for  the 
eccentricity  and  madness  of  his  conduct. 
He  pretended  to  be  the  vicegerent  of  God 
on  earth,  an  office  which  he  said  he  had  re- 
ceived from  seven  angels,  and  he  was  at  last 
condemned  to  death  at  Koningsberg  for  blas- 
phemy and  magic  in  lf)36.  He  ridiculed  his 
judges,  and  asserted  that  his  body  would  rise 
again  in  three  days. 

Adelma.v,  a  bishop  of  Bresci  in  the  11th 
century.  Mho  wrote  a  letter  on  the  eucharist 
to  Berenger,  in  a  style  argumcntatire  and 
dispassionate,  and  printed  at  Louvaine  1561 
in  8vo.     lie  died  10G2. 

Adelphus,  a  philosopher  of  the  thii'd 
century,  who  mingled  the  doctrines  of  Plato 
with  the  tenets  of  the  Gnostics.  He  was  op- 
posed by  Plotinus. 

Adeodatus  or  Godsgtft,  a  Roman 
priest,  elevated  to  the  papal  thi'one  072.  He 
died  four  years  after  universally  respected 
for  piety  and  many  virtues. 

Ader,  William,  a  learned  physician  of 
Tonlouse  in  the  17th  century  who  wrote  a 
book  to  prove  that  the  diseases  and  infirmi- 
ties which  our  Saviour  cured  could  not  have 
been  removed  by  human  art.  Vigneul  Mar- 
ville  savs,  this  book  was  wi-itten  to  disprove 
what  the  author  had  before  asserted,  when 
lie  maintained  a  contary  opinion. 

ADHAB-EDDOULAT,an  emperor  of  Per- 
sia, after  his  uncle  Araad-Eddoulat.  He  was 
not  only  warlike  but  humane,  and  a  great 
patron  of  letters  and  of  arts.  He  embellished 
Bagdad  and  other  places  which  he  had  con- 
quei-ed,  by  magnificent  pubhc  edifices,  and 
died  982  aged  47. 

AxiHELME,  William,  nephew  to  Ina  king 
of  the  West  Saxons,  was  the  first  bishop  of 
Sherborne,  and  so  learned  that  he  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  Englishman  who  wrote 
Latin,  and  introduced  poetry  into  England. 
His  life  was  written  by  William  of  Malmes- 
burv\  He  died  in  709.  His  works  were  edited 
1601  at  Mentz. 

Adiiemar,  William,  a  native  of  Pro- 
vence, who  dedicated  his  book  on  illustrious 
ladies  to  the  empress  Beatrix  wife  of  Frede- 
ric Barbarossa,  whose  patronage  and  esteem 
lie  experienced.     He  died  about  1190. 

Adimantus,  a  Manichxan  sectary  at 
the  close  of  the  third  century,  who  denied 
the  authenticity  of  the  old  testament,  in  a 
treatise  which  was  ably  combatted  by  St.  Au- 
gustine. 

Adimart,  Raphael,  an  Italian  historian, 
horn  at  Rimini  in  the  iGth  century,  not  so 
highly  esteemed  as  Clementini.  He  wrote 
the  history  of  his  country  in  2  vols.  4to.  1610. 

Adimari,  Alexander,  a  Florentine,  ad- 
mired for  his  poetical  genius.  He  died  in 
his  70th  year,  in  1649. 

Adlerfeldt,  Gustavus,  a  learned 
Swede,  who  was  in  the  suit  of  Charles  XII. 
of  whose  battles  he  has  given  a  faithful  and 
minute  account.  He  was  killed  by  a  cannon 
ball  at  the  battle  of  Piiltowa  1700,  and  on 
that  fatal  day  his  history  concludes.  Tiie 
work  was  translated  into  French  by  his  son, 
four  vols.  12mo,  1740. 


Adl^reitter,  John,  chancellor  of  Ba- 
varia, in  the  17th  century,  wrote  in  Latiu 
the  annals  of  his  countrv,  printed,  Leipsic, 
folio,  1710. 

Ado, vicl.  Adon. 

Adolphus,  count  of  Nassau,  was  crown- 
ed king  and  emperor  of  the  Romans  1292. 
He  showed  himself  violent  and  oppressive, 
and  was  killed  six  years  after  in  a  battle  neap 
Spires  by  his  rival  Albert  of  Austria,  who 
succeeded  him  July  2d,  1298. 

Adolphus,  a  count  of  Cleves,  whoinsti- 
tuted  an  order  of  chivalry  in  1380,  which  has 
long  since  been  abolished. 

Adolphus,  bishop  of  Mersburg,  opposed 
the  docti'ines  of  Luther,  but  afterwards  fa- 
vored their  establishment.  He  died  1526, 
aged  68. 

Adolphus  Frederic  II.  king  of  Swe- 
den, showed  himself  the  patron  of  learning 
and  science,  the  dispenser  of  justice,  and 
the  friend  of  merit.  He  founded  the  acad- 
emy of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres,  at  Tor- 
nco,  and  died  12th  of  Feb.  1771,  in  his  61st 
year,  and  in  the  20th  of  his  reign. 

Adolphus,  duke  of  Sleswick,  refused 
the  crown  of  Denmark  after  the  death  of 
Christopher  III.  and  placed  it  on  the  head  of 
his  nephew  Christiern  I.  He  died  in  1459, 
after  a  life  of  benevolence  and  wisdom. 

A  D  o  N,  archbishop  of  Vienne  in  Dauphind, 
died  16th  December  875  at  the  age  of  76,  af- 
ter a  life  devoted  to  the  care  of  his  diocese 
and  the  regulation  of  his  clergy.  He  wrote 
a  useful  chronicle,  printed  at  Paris,  folio, 
1322,  and  at  Rome  1745,  folio,  besides  amar- 
tyrology,  published  1613. 

Adorne,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  a  Genoese 
family,  wrote  on  ecclesiastical  discipline  at 
the  request  of  Charles  IX.  He  died  13th 
January  1586  aged  56. 

Adorne,  Antony,  a  Genoese,  of  a  plebe- 
ian family,  raised  to  tlie  dignity  of  doge  in 
1383.  His  reign  was  in  the  midst  of  tumults 
and  insurrections,  which  the  Genoese  at- 
tempted to  appease  by  resigning  their  inde- 
pendence into  the  hands  of  Chai-les  VI.  of 
France  in  1396.  Adorne  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor, but  Genoa  regained  her  liberty  aiter- 
wards. 

Adorne,  Gabriel,  a  Genoese,  who  dur- 
ing the  tumultuous  times  of  his  country  be- 
came doge,  1330.  He  was  driven  from  pow- 
er four  years  after  by  Fregose  a  more  suc- 
cessful rival. 

Adorne,  Prosper,  a  Genoese,  made  doge 
after  the  expulsion  of  the  French  in  140O. 
He  afterwards  betrayed  his  power  into  the 
hands  of  the  duke  of  Milan,  to  avenge  him- 
self agaitist  his  rivals  in  the  state  ;  but  the 
love  of  independence  prevailed,  the  Milan- 
ese were  banished,  and  Prosper  declared 
the  defender  of  Genoese  liberty.  His  ene- 
mies at  last  prevailed,  and  at  the  end  of  a  life 
che(|uercd  by  popularity  and  by  misfortunes 
he  lied  to  Naples,  where  he  died   1486. 

Adorne,  Jerome,  a  Genoese  of  the  same 
family,  who  opposed  the  party  of  the  Frego- 
ses,  whoasi)ired  to  the  supreme  power.  His 
abilities  were  of  great  service  to  his  country, 


AD 


AD 


and  ficnoa,  placed  by  his  means  in  152'2  un- 
der tlie  ])i'Olc'clion  and  in  the  alliance  of 
Charles  \'.  enjoyed  peace  and  jirosperity. 
lit;  \v:is  nuich  respected  as  :i  negocialt)r,  as 
an  admiral,  as  a  politician,  and  as  a  public 
magistrate. 

A  uo  UN  I,  Catherine  Fieschi,  a  Genoese 
lady  who  married  her  cf)uritryman  .Itdian  A- 
doriii,  a  dissipated  youlli,  \v  horn  by  her  mod- 
est and  virtuous  conduct  she  reclaimed. 
After  his  death  she  letired  to  Cieneva,  where 
she  (IcToled  herself  to  acts  of  piety  an<l  be- 
nevolence. She  died  there  l4tli  December 
1510  aged  0.3.  She  wrote  several  works  on 
divinity  subjects, 

A  DUE  IS,  Francis  Beaumont  des,  a  de- 
scendant of  an  ancient  family  in  l)anphin6, 
possessed  a  bold  enterprising  spirit.  He 
embraced  the  cause  of  the  Huguenots  in  re- 
Rentnient  to  the  duke  of  Guise,  and  glutted 
his  vengeance  by  inllicting  the  most  barba- 
rous punishments  and  tortures  on  those  who 
fell  into  his  hands.  It  is  said  that  he  often 
compelled  his  prisoners  to  leap  from  the  bat- 
tlements on  tlie  pikes  of  his  soldiers.  One 
of  these  wretched  victims,  being  severely  re- 
proved for  having  twice  shrunk  from  the  fa- 
tal leap,  answered.  As  bold  as  you  are,  I  de- 
fy your  leai)ing  in  the  third  attempt.  The 
reply  saved  tbc  devoted  man.  Even  liis 
friends  feared  him,  and  Coligny  palliated  his 
licentiousness  by  comparing  him  to  a  lion 
whose  fury  was  accidentally  converted  to  the 
good  of  his  party.  He  died  despised  and  ne- 
glected in  1587,  leaving  two  sons  and  a 
Slaughter  in  whom  the  family  became  ex- 
tinct. One  of  the  sons  was  engaged  in  the 
murders  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  he  showed 
himself  as  cruel  and  vindictive  as  his  father. 
The  life  of  Adrets  was  published  by  Guy  Al- 
lard,  (irenoble  1675,  in  12mo. 

Adria,  John  James,  a  physician  in  the 
service  of  Charles  V.  He  wrote  some  trea- 
tises on  his  profession,  and  died  in  his  native 
town  of  Mazara  1500. 

Adrian,  Publ.  -Sllius,  emperor  of  Rome 
after  the  death  of  Trajan,  died  in  the  03d 
vear  of  his  age,  and  the  22d  of  his  reign, 
A.  D.  1.39. 

Adrian,  a  Greek  author  in  the  5th  cen- 
tury, who  wrote  an  introduction  to  the 
scriptures  in  Greek,  printed  at  Augsburg, 
1602,  in  4to.  and  in  Latin  1050,  fol. 

Adrian,  a  learned  Carthusian,  Avho  like 
Petrarch  wrote  an  admired  treatise  called 
de  remediis  utriusque  fortuuse,  published  at 
Cologne  1471  in  4to. 

Adrian*  I.  a  Roman  patrician  raised  to 
the  pontificate  in  772.  He  highly  embel- 
lished St.  Peter's  church,  and  showed  him- 
self very  benevolent  and  humane,  during  a 
famine  occasioned  by  the  inundations  of  the 
Tiber.     He  died  20th  December  795. 

Adrian  H.  was  raised  to  the  popedom 
867.  He  was  in  this  character  artful  and  in- 
triguing, and  was  deeply  engaged  in  making 
the  patriarch  of  Constantinople  bow  before 
the  chair  of  St.  Peter,  and  in  sulyecting  un- 
der tlie  papal  power  the  kings  and  princes  of 
western  Europe,  by  the  threats  of  cxcom- 
muni^ation.    He  died  872, 


Adrian  HI.  Avas  elected  Pope  884,  and 
enjoyed  his  dignity  oidy  one  year.  He  died 
as  he  was  going  to  the  diet  to  be  held  :t 
Worms. 

Adkian  IV'.  a  native  of  Langley  in 
HertlKM-dshire,  the  only  Engli^ihman  raix^i 
to  the  pa[»al  chair.  His  name  was  Nirholai* 
Brekespere.  In  his  youth  he  was  euiployed 
in  mean  oftlces  in  the  ahbej-  tif  St.  Alban's, 
and  after  his  being  refused  admission  in  a 
superior  order,  he  travelled  tlioiigh  in  ob- 
scure circumstances  into  Prance,  where  his 
orderly  behaviour  and  his  engaging  a[)[>ear- 
ance  recomn>eiuled  him  to  the  monks  of 
Paris,  and  procured  him  an  acquaintance 
with  the  most  essei^tial  branches  ot  litera- 
ture. He  afterwards  retired  to  the  abbey  of 
St.  Rufus  in  Provence,  where  he  Mas  made 
superior,  but  the  turbulence  of  the  monks 
carried  accusations  to  Rome  against  hiiu, 
and  the  pope,  Eugenius  HI.  who  admired 
the  eloquence  of  Adrian,  removed  him  frorai 
his  persecutors,  and  created  him  cardinal 
and  hishop  of  Alba,  1146.  Under  this  pii- 
Ironage  he  was  sent  as  legate  to  Norway  and 
Denmark,  and  his  popular  preaching  and  his 
inlluence  were  successful  in  spreading  the 
light  of  the  gospel  in  these  uncivilized  coun- 
tries. On  the  death  of  Anastasius  he  was 
elected  to  the  papal  chair  November  1154, 
and  he  received  on  his  elevation  by  the  em- 
bassy of  three  bishops  and  an  abbot,  the  con- 
gratulations of  Henry  II.  of  England,  who 
thus  paid  homage  to  a  man  who  a  few  years 
before  had  left  his  kingdom  as  a  mendicant. 
Henry  was  the  favorite  of  the  pope,  and  he 
received  the  papal  permission  and  apostolic 
blessing,  w  hen  he  undertook  the  conquest  of 
Ireland.  In  his  government  of  Rome,  Adrian 
was  jealous  of  his  power,  he  repressed  the 
insurrections  of  the  consuls  who  aspired  to 
tlie  independence  of  ancient  times,  and  by 
the  terrors  of  excommunication  he  rendered 
the  king  of  Sicily  submissive  to  his  temporal 
authority.  The  emperor  of  Germany  like- 
wise acknowledged  his  power,  and  after 
holding  the  stii'rup  whilst  his  spiritual  mas- 
ter mounted  on  horseback,  he  ow  ned  his  de- 
pendence on  the  see  of  Rome,  and  humbly 
received  consecration  in  the  church  of  St. 
Peter.  Yet  in  the  midst  of  prosperity,  A- 
drian  felt  the  oppressive  weight  of  greatness, 
and  in  a  familiar  conversation  with  his  friend 
and  countryman  John  of  Salisbury,  he  bit- 
terly complained  tiiat  an  elevated  situation  is 
not  always  the  parent  of  happiness.  He 
died  September  1st,  1559,  in  tbe  fourth  year 
and  tenth  month  of  his  pontificate,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Peter's  church.  He  showed 
himself  an  able  and  prudent  pontiff,  antl  his 
sliort  reign  added  much  to  the  securit}'  and 
to  the  happiness  of  the  Roman  state. 

Adrl-vx  V.  a  native  of  Genoa,  raised  to 
the  pontificate  in  1270.  He  died  38  days  af- 
ter. He  had  been  employed  in  1254  and  in 
1205  aspai)al  legate  in  England,  to  settle  the 
disputes  between  the  king  and  his  rebellious 
barons. 

Adrian  VI.  a  native  of  Utrecht,  of  ob- 
scure   biriU.     His   abilities  gradually  raised 


AD 


MM 


him  to  consequence ;  he  was  preceptor  to 
the  emperor  Charles  V.  and  procured  in  the 
Spanish  dominions  the  highest  honors  in 
church  and  state  which  could  gratify  his  am- 
bition. He  was  elected  pope  in  1522,  and 
died  after  a  short  and  turbulent  reign  of  one 
year,  in  which  like  his  predecessor  Adrian 
IV.  he  lamented  the  misery  of  greatness. 

Adrian  de  Castello,  born  at  Cornetto  in 
Tuscany  of  obscure  parentage,  was  employed 
by  the  popes  as  legate  in  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land. His  great  abilities  recommended  him 
to  the  friendship  of  Morton  the  primate  and 
to  the  patronage  of  Henry  VH.  by  whom  he 
•was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Hereford,  and 
afterwards  of  Bath  and  Wells.  He  chiefly 
I'esi'lcd  al  Rome,  while  the  care  of  his  dio- 
cese was  intrusted  to  Wolsey,  and  in  this 
place  of  intrigue  and  treachery  he  forgot  the 
dignity  of  his  character,  by  conspiring  against 
pope  Leo  X.  from  the  ambitious  expectation 
of  being  raised  to  the  pontiiicate,  according 
to  a  prophecy  whicli  declared  the  name  of 
the  successor  to  be  Adrian.  He  was  fined 
12,500  ducats,  and  forbidden  to  leave  Kome; 
but  afterwards,  upon  the  discovery  of  the 
plot,  Adrian  fled  from  the  city,  and  in  con- 
sequence was  solemnly  stripped  of  all  his  ec- 
clesiastical honors  1518.  The  place  of  his 
retreat,  and  the  time  of  his  death,  are  un- 
known, though  some  imagine  that  he  con- 
cealed his  disgrace  among  the  Mahometans 
of  Asia.  Polydore  Virgil,  who  shared  his 
friendship  and  his  liberality,  has  bestowed 
the  highest  encomium  upon  his  character, 
as  a  man  of  taste  and  judgment,  and  as  the 
first  since  the  age  of  Cicero,  who  had  revi- 
ved the  classical  style  of  chaste  latinity  and 
pure  diction.  According  to  Polydore,  he 
died  at  Riba  in  the  bishopric  of  Trent. 

Adrian  I,  John  Baptist,  a  noble  of  Flo- 
rence, who  Avas  secretary  to  the  republic, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  a  statesman  and 
a  man  of  letters.  He  died  1579  in  his  68th 
year.  He  wrote  an  history  of  his  own  times, 
■which  is  a  continuation  of  Guicciardini's,  va- 
luable for  its  candor  and  authenticity,  and 
highly  commended  by  the  indefatigable  Thu- 
anus.  He  composed,  besides,  six  funeral 
orations  upon  the  first  characters  of  the 
times,  and  was  the  author  of  a  letter  on  an- 
cient painters  and  sculptors  prefixed  to  Va- 
sari. 

Adriani,  Marcellus,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  left  a  manuscript  translation  of 
Phitarch,  and  of  Demetrius  Phalereus.  This 
last  was  published  by  the  able  Gozi  at  Flo- 
rence 1738.     He  died  1604. 

Adrichomt A,  Cornelia,  a  nun  in  Hol- 
land of  the  Augustine  order,  who  published  a 
poetical  version  of  the  psalms  in  the  16th 
century. 

Adrichomius,  Christian,  a  native  of 
Delft,  who  died  at  Cologne  in  1585  in  his 
52d  year.  He  was  for  .some  time  director  of 
the  nuns  of  Barbara  ;  and  afterwards,  when 
civil  commotions  drove  him  from  his  coun- 
try, he  presided  in  the  same  capacity  over 
the  canonesses  of  Nazareth.  He  published 
a  description  of  Judcca,  called  Theatrum  tur- 


r»  sanctie,  "with  a  chronicle  of  the  old  and 
new  testament,  fol.  1593,  in  which  he  de- 
pends too  much  on  the  authority  of  Annius 
of  V  iter  bo. 

Adson,  an  abbot  of  Luxeuil,  in  960,  au- 
thor of  the  miracles  of  Saint  Vandalbert, 
third  abbot  of  the  place,  a  work  full  of  super- 
stitious and  legendary  tales. 

jEdesius,  succeeded  Jamblichus,  as 
teachei-  of  Platonic  philosophy  ia  Gappado- 
cia  in  the  4th  century. 

iEoEATES,  John,  a  priest  of  the  Nesto- 
rian  sect,  who  flourished  483,  and  wrote  a 
treatise  against  the  coKncil  of  Chalcedon, 
and  an  ecclesiastical  history  from  the  reiga 
of  Theodosius  to  that  of  Zeno. 

-SIgidi us,  Peter  Albiensis,  a  writer  sent 
by  Francis  I.  to  examine  and  to  give  an  ac- 
count of  the  most  celebrated  places  of  Asia, 
Greece,  and  Africa.  He  was  seized  by  pi- 
rates, but  made  his  escape,  and  died  of  a 
surfeit  in  his  65th  year,  1555.  He  published 
an  account  of  his  travels  besides  other 
works. 

iEoiDius,  Atheniensis,  a  Grecian  physi- 
cian in  the  8th  century,  who  became  a  Bene- 
dictine monk,  and  published  several  learned 
treatises,  especially  de  pulsibus^  and  de  ve- 
nenjs.  Some  imagine  there  was  another  au- 
thor of  the  same  name. 

JEgidius,  de  Coloima,  divinity  professol* 
at  Paris,  was  general  of  the  Augustines,  and 
for  his  learning  received  the  appellation  of 
Doctor  fundatissiraus.  His  works  are  now 
deservedly  forgotten.     He  died  1316. 

-Egineta,  Paulus,  a  physician  of  jEgina 
in  the  7th  eentury,  who  first  was  acquainted 
with  the  cathartic  powers  of  rhubarb.  His 
works  appeared  at  Paris  in  fol.  1532. 

-S^ciNHARD,  a  German,  educated  by 
Charlemagne  of  whom  he  became  the  faith- 
ful secretary.  He  retired  from  the  active 
scenes  of  life  after  the  loss  of  Imma  his  belo- 
ved wife,  whom  some  have  falsely  called 
daughter  of  the  emperor,  asserting  that  she 
conveyed  her  husband  on  lier  shoulders 
from  her  house  through  the  snow,  that  his 
escape  might  not  be  traced  by  the  jealousy 
of  her  father.  JEginhard  is  the  author  of  a 
valuable  life  of  Charlemagne,  besides  annals 
from  741  to  839,  and  letters.  He  died  840. 
His  works  were  first  edited  at  Paris,  2  vols, 
fol.  1576. 

JElfred,  vid.  Alfred. 

JElian,  Claudius,  an  historian  born  in 
Italy  in  the  first  century.  He  wrote  in  the 
Greek  language  an  history  of  animals,  a  va- 
rious history,  Jsc.  published  by  Gesner  1556. 

JElianvs,  Meccius,  a  physician  before 
Galen,  the  first  who  used  treacle  against  the 
plague,  and  with  success. 

jElst,  a  Dutch  painter,  vid.  Aalst. 

^MiLiANi,  Jerome,  a  noble  Venetian, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  i*egular  clerks  of 
Saint  Maicul,  in  the  16th  century. 

iEMiLi.\Nus,  C.  Julius,  a  Moor  who, 
from  the  lowest  station,  rose  to  the  imperial 
dignity,  which  he  enjoyed  only  four  montliS. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Valerian. 

.S^MiLius,  Paulus,  a  Roman  general,  ce- 


^N 


^T 


Jebrfttcd  for  his  victory  over  Perseus  king  of 
JVIacedonia.     He  died  aged  Gi,  H.  C.  IG4. 

JiMiLius,  Faulus,  a  native  of  Verona,  in- 
vited into  France  by  Lewis  XII.  by  the  ad- 
vice of  I*oncher  bishop  of  Paris,  an<l  engagi-d 
to  write  a  Latin  history  of  tiie  Fit-ncli  mo- 
narchy. The  work,  which  employed  18  or 
according  to  others  30  years  of  his  life-,  was 
left  unfjniblied  at  iiis  tleath,  is  divided  into 
ten  books,  from  the  reign  of  IMiaraniond  to 
the  fifth  year  of  Charles  A  111.  in  1488.  The 
whole  is  written  with  judgment  and  precision, 
and  though  tlie  author  was  delicate  even  to  a 
fault  in  the  choice  and  collocation  of  his 
vords,  yet  his  style  is  elegant  and  correct,  if 
we  except  a  studied  aflectation  of  anticjuity 
in  the  names  of  men  and  of  places.  This  his- 
tory was  continued  by  Arnoldus  Ferronius 
who  completed  it  by  the  addition  of  nine 
books  to  the  death  of  Francis  I.  iEmilius 
died  in  1529,  and  left  behind  him  the  anua- 
ble  character  of  a  man  of  learning,  virtue, 
and  integrity.  He  was  buried  in  the  cathe- 
dral at  Paris. 

JEneas,  Gazeus,  author  of  a  dialogue  on 
the  immortality  of  the  soul,  and  the  resur- 
rection, printed  Greek  and  Latin,  1560, 
Basil,  and  Leipsic  1655,  was  a  platonic  phi- 
losopher of  the  fifth  century  converted  to 
Christianity. 

^NEAS,  Sylvius,  a  native  of  Corsigny  in 
Sienna,   of  the    family   of   the    Piccolimini. 
After  struggling  with  poverty  in  his  younger 
|ears,  he   rose  to  consequence   by  his  abili- 
ties and   was  employed  as  secretary  to  car- 
dinal Capranica,   at  the  council  of  Basil  in 
1431.     He   came  to   Scotland  to  mediate  a 
peace   between  that  country  and  the  Eng- 
lish crown,  and  at  his  return  was  promoted 
to  the   dignity  of  secretary  to  tlie  council  of 
Basil,   an   assembly  Avhich  he  defended  a- 
guinst  the  usurpation   of  Rome   by   his   elo- 
quence as  well  as  by  his   writings.     He   was 
afterwards  engaged  in  several  embassies  to 
Trent,  Frankfort,  &c.  and  in  one   of  these, 
at  Strasburg,  he  had  an  intrigue  with  a  lady, 
by  whom   he    had    a    son ;    a   circumstance 
which  he  endeavors  to  palliate  and  ridicule  in 
a  letter  to  his  father,    with   more  aflectation 
than  vivacity.     About    1439  he  was   sent  as 
ambassador  to   the    imperial  court,   and    so 
high   was  his  reputation   that  the  emperor 
Frederic  hot  only  received  him   with   kind- 
ness, but  crowned  him  with  the  poetical  lau- 
rel, promoted  him   to  the  highest  dignities, 
and  honored  him  with  his  friendship  and  con- 
fidence.    During  the   schism   which  distrac- 
ted Rome,  he  wished  to   stand  neuter  ;  but 
he  at  last  followed  the  example  of  Frederic, 
and  espoused  the  cause  of  Eugenius,  to  whom, 
after  a  recantation  of  his  errors,  he  Avas  re- 
ooncHed.     His  elevation  to  the  rank  of  cardi- 
nal as  a  I'eward  for  his  services,  was  followed 
in  1458,  by  his  election  to  the  papal  chair,  on 
the  death  of  Callixtus,  and  by  the  publication 
of  a  bull  which  condemned    and  renounced 
all  that  he  had  said  or  written  in  the  defence 
of  the    council   of  Basil,    and   exhorted   the 
members  of  his  church  to  reject  -Slneas  Syl- 
vius and  submissjvelv  to  receive  Pius  II.  the 


name  which  he  assumed.  The  character  of 
[innncssand  <ligiiity  which  he  had  inairttaincd 
ill  private  life,  he  disjdaved  at  the  head  of  the 
church.  He  expelled  tyrants,  supported  the 
election  of  pi-inces,  and  ever)  where  tbtab- 
lished  and  conlirn>ed  the  temporal  power  of 
Itome  over  the  Christian  world.  Ilediedin 
his59lh  year,  I4th  of  August  1464,  after  a 
reign  of  nearly  seven  years,  during  which  he 
deserved  the  eulogium  which  was  passed 
upon  him  in  the  conclave  by  the  cardinal  of 
Pavia,  by  his  zeal  for  i-eligiou,  his  intcgiity 
of  manners,  his  solid  judgment  and  profound 
learning.  His  works,  which  consist  of  let- 
ters, of  memoirs  of  the  council  of  Basil— 
of  two  books  on  cosmogra])hy — of  Euryalus, 
and  Lucretia  a  romance — of  a  poem  on  the 
crucifixion — of  a  history  of  the  Bohemians, 
— of  memoirs  of  his  own  life,  kc.  were  prin- 
ted at  Basil  in  fol.  1551,  and  at  Helmstadt 
1700,  fol.  His  life  was  published  by  Gobelin 
his  secretary,  at  Rome  1584  and  1589,  and  at 
Frankfort  1614. 

/Eneas,  Tacticus,  author  of  a  Greek 
treatise  on  the  art  of  war,  flourished  356  B.  C 
Aertxen,  vid.  Arse  MS. 
.^Rius,  a  presbyter  of  Sebastia,  who  is 
supposed  by  some  to  be  the  founder  of 
the  presbyterians.  He  separated  from  the 
church,  because  Eustathius  was  raised  to  the 
bishopric  of  Sebastia  in  preference  to  him- 
self, and  in  asserting  that  presbyters  and 
bishops  were  the  same  in  rank  in  the  Chris- 
tian church,  he  established  a  sect  which  was 
branded  with  the  name  of  heresy,  and  his 
supporters  expelled  from  towns  and  villages 
to  the  fields  and  woods,  where  their  doctrines 
were  propagated.  He  flourished  about  385. 
iEscHiNES,  a  disciple  of  Socrates,  au- 
thor of  some  dialogues,  of  which  only  three 
are  extant. 

iEscHiNES,  a  celebrated  orator  known 
particularly  as  the  rival  of  Demosthenes. 
He  flourished  342  B.  C.  and  died  at  Saraos 
or  Rhodes. 

iEscHYLUS,  a  celebrated  tragic  poet  of 
Athens,  of  whose  plays  only  seven  are  ex- 
tant. He  died  in  the  69th  year  of  his  age, 
456  B.C. 

^sop,  a  Phrygian,  well  known  as  a  fabu- 
list. He  lived  in  the  age  of  Solon  and  Croi- 
sus,  about  COO  B.  C. 

-£soPus,  Clodius,  a  famous  actor  at  Rome 
in  the  age  of  Cicero. 

J^Tiox,  a  Grecian  painter  of  celebrity. 
JEthrius,  an  architect  in  the  sixth  cen- 
tury, raised  to  the  confidence  of  Anastasius 
I.  He  is  supposed  to  have  built  the  wall 
which  extended  from  Selembria  to  the  sea 
to  check  the  inroads  of  the  barbarians  of  the 
north. 

.^Tius,an  able  general  under  Valentiniaa 
III.  He  devoted  liimseif  to  military  aflitirs, 
and  at  one  time  weakened  the  Roman  power 
by  espousing  the  cause  of  the  barbarians. 
His  valor  at  last  however  was  exerted  no- 
bly in  the  defence  of  the  tottering  empire, 
and  he  obliged  the  victorious  Attila  to  retire 
beyond  the  Rliine.  He  was  stabbed  by  A  a- 
lentinian  45  4,  who  was  jealous  of  his  military 


AG 


AG 


glory,  and  suspected  that  lie  aspired  to  the 
imperial  tJiroue. 

iErius,  a  Syrian,  whofr'^m  a  menial  ser- 
vant rose  10  consequence,  and  was  made  bish- 
op by  Eiuloxus  the  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
pie.  '  lie  vas  the  founder  of  a  sect  called 
-ttians,  -which  adopted  the  tenets  of  the 
Arians,  and  besides  maintained  that  faith 
alone  without  good  works  was  sufiicient  for 
salvation,     lie  flourished  336. 

iErius,  a  physician  of  Aniida  in  the  fifth 
century.  His  work  called  Tetrabiblns,  in 
Cireek,  is  divided  into  16  books,  containing; 
the  opinions  of  preceding  physicians,  Avith 
occasional  observations  of  his  own.  He  stu- 
died at  Alexandria. 

Afer,  Domilius,  an  orator  horn  at  Nis- 
mes.  He  was  in  consequence  of  his  ilattery 
noticed  by  Tiberius  and  by  Caligula;  and 
raised  to  the  consulship.     He  died  A.  D.  39. 

Afflitto,  ^Matthew,  an  able  civilian, 
born  at  Naples  1443,  he  m  rote  various  books 
on  the  civil  and  canon  law,  and  died  1553. 
His  family  produced  other  men  of  celebrity. 

Afraxius,  a  Koman  comic  poet,  who 
fiorished  100  B.  C. 

Africaxus,  Julius,  wrote  a  chronicle  of 
which  some  fragments  remain,  besides  a  let- 
ter to  Origen,  censuring  the  history  of  Su- 
sanna as  a  romance,  and  another  to  reconcile 
the  apparent  contradictions  of  the  genealo- 
gies of  St.  ^Matthew  and  St.  Luke. 

Agapetus  I.  Mas  made  pope  535.     He 
died  at   Constantinople   the  following  year. 
The  second  of  that  name    was  elected  pojie 
946,  and  died  965, 

Agapetus,  a  deacon  of  Constantinople, 
who  wrote  a  valuable  letter  to  the  emperor 
Justinian  on  the  duties  of  a  Christian  prince. 

A  G  A P I  u s,  a  Greek  monk  of  mount  A  thos, 
in  the  17th  century.  He  wrote  a  treatise  in 
modern  Greek  in  favor  of  transubstantiation 
called  the  salvation  of  sinners,  printed  at 
Venice  1641. 

Agard,  Arthur,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  at  Toston  in  IJerbyshire.  He  held  tlie 
respectable  employment  of  deputy  cham- 
berlaia  in  the  exchequer  office,  which  afford- 
ed him  the  means  of  consulting  valuable 
books  and  records,  and  his  inquiries  on  po- 
litical and  constitutional  subjects  were  after- 
wards made  public  by  Mr.  Hearne,  among 
the  papers  of  the  antiquarian  society,  to  the 
establishment  of  which  he  himself  contribu- 
ted. He  died  August  2'2d,  1615,  in  his  75th 
year,  and  was  interred  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey. Some  of  his  papers  were  bequeathed 
for  the  use  ofhis  successors  in  the  exchequer, 
but  20  volumes  of  his  excellent  collections 
were  left  by  his  will  to  his  friend  Sir  Robert 
Cotton. 

Agatharcidas,  a  Cnidian,  180  R.  C. 
author  of  a  Greek  history  of  Alexander's 
Avars. 

Agatharcus,  aSamian,  engaged  by  .^s- 
chylus  as  a  stage  painter. 

Agathemer,  Orthonis,  wrote  a  Greek 
compendium  of  geography,  edited  by  Hud- 
son, Oxford  1703. 

AcATHiAS,  a  Greek  historian,  author  of 


an  account  of  Justinian's  reign,  published  m 
Greek  and  Latin,  Leyden  1594,  and  Paris 
1C58. 

Agathocles,  a  Sicilian,  who  rose  fromi 
the  obscurity  of  a  potter  to  the  sovereign, 
power  of  all  Sicily.  He  died  289  B.  C.  aged 
72. 

Agathon,  a  tragic  poet,  crowned  at  the 
Olympic  games,  B.  C.  419. 

Aga'i  HON,  a  native  of  Palermo,  elected 
to  the  papal  chair  679.  In  his  time  theEu- 
tychians  or  Monolhelites  were  condemned 
at  the  council  of  Constantinople.  He  died 
6S2. 

Age  LI  as,  Anthony,  bishop  of  Acerno  in 
Italy,  published  commentaries  on  the  psalms, 
and  some  of  the  prophets.     He  died  1608. 

Agelnotii,  archbishop  of  Caiitei-bury, 
refused  to  crown  Harold  king,  though  he 
liad  enjoyed  the  patronage  of  his  father  Can- 
ute. He  died  1038,  after  being  seventeen 
years  in  the  see  of  Canterbuiy. 

Agesilaus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  celebrated 
for  his  victories  against  the  Persians.  He 
died  B.  C.  362. 

A  G  G  a  s,  Robert,  called  Angus,  a  landscape 
painter,  one  of  whose  pieces  is  still  preserv- 
ed in  the  hall  of  the  paper-stainers'  compa- 
ny. He  died  1679,  in  London,  in  his  60tli 
year. 

Agila,  king  of  the  Visigot!js  in  Spain, 
was  murdered  by  his  nobles  in  the  fifth  year 
of  his  reign,  554. 

'  Agilulf,  duke  of  Turin,  Avas  appointed 
on  tlie  death  of  Antharic  king  of  Lombardy, 
his  successor,  and  married  his  widow  Theu- 
delinda.  He  abandoned  arianism  for  the 
catholic  faith,  and  displayed  great  abilities 
as  a  warrior  and  a  statesman.  He  died  61& 
after  a  reign  of  25  years,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Adalnald. 

Agis,  the  name  of  some  Spartan  kings. 
The  most  famous  are  the  second  of  that 
name  who  was  engaged  in  the  Peloponnesian 
war,  and  died  427  B.  C.  and  the  foui'th  who, 
in  consequence  of  his  attempts  to  restore 
Ijacedtemon  to  her  ancient  discipline  and  glo- 
rious independence,  was  put  to  death  241 
B.  C. 

Aglionby,  John,  D.  D.  a  native  of  Cum- 
berland, educated  at  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  known  for  his  great  learning  and 
his  knowledge  of  school  divinity.  He  was 
head  of  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  chaplain  to 
James  I.  and  one  of  those  who  translated  the 
new  testament.  He  died  at  Islip,  where  he 
was  rector,  1610,  February  6th,  in  his  43d 
year,  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  there. 
His  son  of  the  same  naTie,  was  dean  of  Can- 
terbury, an  honor  wliich  he  enjo3'ed  but  a 
few  months,  and  died  1643. 

Agnei.eus,  an  abbot  of  Ravenna,  in  the 
ninth  century,  often  confounded  with  a  bish-. 
op  of  Ravenna  of  the  same  name  in  the  sixth 
century.  Agnellus  wrote  an  history  of  the 
lives  of  the  prelates  of  Ravenna,  which  is  of- 
ten quoted  by  Jerome  Rubens,  and  is  full  of 
uninteresting  matter  but  deserved  sarcasm 
upon  the  debauchery  of  the  monks. 

Ag>'es  J,  Maria  Gaetana,  a  learnedltalian 


AG 


AG 


lady,  born  at  Milan,  and  made  in  conse- 
quence of  lier  great  merit,  and  her  many 
virtues,  matlifinalical  ])rolesH((r  in  the  uni- 
versity ol  |{oI()f;iia  l>\  l{cno<iict  XIV.  She 
died  aboul  1770,  ap:ed  r»'J,  universally  res- 
prctod.  Her  analytieal  institutions  appear- 
ed at  Milan,  'J  vols.  4lo.  174S,  and  were  irans- 
late<l  i«ito  French  by  Cousin  1775,  and  lately 
into  En}:;lish  '2  vols.  4to.  %vith  her  life  iVoni 
Montucla. 

A  con  An  I),  archbishop  of  Lyons,  support- 
ed the  revolt  ol"  Lothaire  aj^ainst  Lewis  the 
<lebonnaire.  In  consecpience  ol'  this  violent 
opposition  he  was  deposed  at  Thion\ille,  but 
ai'lerwurds  restored  lo  his  ecclesiastical  hon- 
ors, on  beinp;  reconciled  to  Lewis,  lie  died, 
840.  His  works  were  edited  by  Baluze  in 
IfiOG,  2  vols.  Svo.  They  contain  able  arj^u- 
nients  against  image  worship,  against  ^^itch- 
eralt,  and  against  duelling. 

Agos TING,  Paolo,  a  musical  composer, 
master  of  the  papal  chapel  at  Iloiae.  IIi.s 
chorusses  are  much  commended.  He  died 
10 '29,  aged  36. 

Agoult,  Cuillaume  d',  a  poet  of  Prov- 
ence in  1198.  His  ballads  were  most  esteem- 
ed in  those  times  of  chivalry  and  hospitable 
rusticity. 

Agreda,  Mary  d',  superior  of  a  convent 
at  Agreda  in  Spain,  wrote  a  fanatical  book 
on  the  life  of  the  virgin  Mary,  which  slie 
said  had  been  revealed  to  her  from  heaven. 
A  translation  of  this  nonsensical  hook,  which 
•was  censured  by  the  Sorbonne  and  prohil)- 
ited  at  Rome,  was  published  at  Brussels 
1717  in  8  vols  12mo.  She  died  16S5,  aged 
63. 

Agresti,  Licio,  an  historical  painter, 
■whose  abilities  were  employed  by  Grogoi-y 
Xni.  in  adorning  the  Vatican.  He  died  15S0. 

Agrestis,  Julius,  a  Roman  general  un- 
der Vespasian,  who  destroyed  himself. 

Aguicot.a,  Cn.  Julius,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man, known  for  his  humanity  when  gover- 
nor of  Britain,  and  immortalized  by  the  pen 
of  his  son-in-law  the  historian  Tacitus.  He 
died  A.  D.  93,  aged  50. 

Agricot.a,  Rodolphus,  a  native  of  Gro- 
ningen  who  travelled  into  France  and  Italy, 
where  he  was  honored  with  the  patronage 
of  Hercules  d'Est  duke  of  Ferrura.  He  di- 
ed at  Heidelberg  1485.  His  works  on  histo- 
rical subjects  were  published  at  Cologne  in 
4to.  15.39  ;  but  though  flattered  by  the"  com- 
pliments of  Erasmus,  and  called  in  pi-ose  and 
poetry  the  Polition  and  Virgil  of  his  time, 
they  are  not  possessed  of  superior  merit. 
He  had  the  singular  merit  of  first  introdu- 
cing the  study  of  Greek  into  Germany,  and 
he  himself  gave  lectures  at  Worms  and  Hei- 
delberg. 

AcRicoLA,  George,  a  physician  of  Glan- 
cen  in  Misnia,  known  for  his  learning  and 
his  works  on  metallic  substances  and  miner- 
als.    He  died  1555,  November  21,  aged  01. 

Agricola,  Michael,  a  minister'  of  Abo 
in  Fiidand,  the  first  who  translated  the  new 
testament  into  the  language  of  the  country, 
and  thus  greatly  favored  the  doctrines  of 
Luther. 

voi^.  I.  5 


Agricola,  a  learned  bishop  of  Chalons- 
sur-Saone.     He  died  in  his  83d  year,  5jO. 

Agu  icoi.A,  John,  a  German  divine,  liorii 
at  Isleb.  He  was  the  friend  and  the  discipU: 
of  Luther,  but  alterwai'dH  violently  opposed 
him,  and  became  the  headf)f  the  Anonieaiif:, 
a  sect  which  reganled  faith  as  the  whole  of 
the  duties  of  nian.  He  Mas  also  etigaged  in 
a  dispute  with  .Melancthon,  but  with  the 
most  laudable  motives  he  endeavored  to  ef- 
fect a  reconciliation  between  the  catliolics 
.and  protestants.  He  <lied  at  Berlin  1500 
.aged  74.  1  lis  commentaries  on  Sl  liuke  8vo. 
his  historia  passionis  J.  C.  fol.  and  his  collec- 
tion of  (JeruiHU  proverb.5,  have  been  printed, 
and  possess  merit. 

Agriita,  Menenius,  a  Roman  patrician, 
known  in  history  f(ir  ap])easii)g  a  sedition  by 
the  fable  of  the  belly  and  the  limbs,  B.  C.  492, 

Agrippa,  Marcus  Vipsanius,  a  Roman 
general  celebrated  for  his  mi!itni*v  exploits, 
Itut  more  for  liis  intimacy  with  Augustus. 
He  died  12  B.  C. 

Agrippa,  Herod,  grandson  of  Herod  the 
Great,  was  noticed  by  the  Roman  emperors, 
and  made  king  of  all  Judiea  and  some  other 
neighboring  provinces.  He  persecuted  the 
Chi-istians,  and  was  the  person  r^epresented 
in  scripture  as  struck  with  death  on  liis  thione 
by  an  angel  for  his  impious  vanity,  A.  1).  44. 

Agrippa  n.  son  of  the  above,  and  his 
successor  on  the  throne,  and  last  king  of  Ju- 
(hca,  wastlie  monarch  before  whom  Paul  ap- 
peared as  a  prisoner,  and  whom  he  persua- 
ded almost  to  be  a  Christian.  He  died  at 
Rome  A.  1).  94. 

Agrippa,  Henry  Cornelius,  a  native  of 
Cologne  descended  from  a  noble  family.  He 
was  in  the  armies  of  the  emperor  Maximil- 
ian, and  distinguished  liimself  so  much  by 
his  courage  and  military  abilities,  that  he  was 
knighted  after  seven  years'  service  in  Italy. 
Eager  to  add  to  his  laurels  the  honors  of  learn- 
ing, he  Applied  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
more  abstruse  sciences,  and  took  degrees  in 
law  and  medicine.  The  fickleness  of  his 
temper,  however,  and  his  irritable  passions, 
prevented  him  from  acquiring  that  distinc- 
tion which  is  due  to  superior  genius  and  vir- 
tue. His  writings,  often  severe,  drew  upon 
him  the  resentmentof  the  monks,  and  though 
liberally  patronised  by  the  great,  he  led  a 
fugitive  and  solitary  life.  After  reading  lec- 
tures in  several  places  in  France,  and  at  Pa- 
via,  whei'e  his  eloquence  commanded  admi- 
ration, he  retired  to  Metz  by  the  solicitatious 
of  his  friends;  but  his  engaging  in  the  pue- 
rile disputes  about  St.  Anne,  whether  she  had 
one  or  three  hu.=;bands  according  to  the  opin- 
ion of  the  ecclesiastics  of  the  times,  render- 
ed him  so  unpopul.nr  that  he  fled  to  Cologne, 
and  afterwards  to  Switzerland.  Fortune  lure 
seemed  to  favor  him,  Francis  I.  granted  hiiu 
a  pension,  anil  he  was  made  physician  to  the 
queen  mother  ;  l)ut  his  unwillingness  to  ap- 
ply his  knowleiige  of  astrology- to  foretell  suc- 
cess to  the  arms  of  France,  incensed  the  court, 
and  lie  was  dimissed  in  disgrace.  He  reti- 
red with  difl'iculty  to  Antwerp,  and  after  re- 
ceiving invitations  from  Hcni'v  kingof  Kng- 


AG 


AG 


glory,  and  suspected  that  he  aspired  to  the 
imperial  Uirone. 

^Tius,  a  Syrian,  whofr^m  a  menial  ser- 
vant rose  to  consequence,  and  was  made  bish- 
op by  Eudoxus  the  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple. He  vas  the  founder  of  a  sect  called 
Ittians,  -which  adopted  the  tenets  of  the 
Arians,  and  besides  maintained  that  faith 
alone  without  good  works  was  suflicient  for 
salvation.     He  flourished  330. 

^rius,  a  physician  of  Aniida  in  the  fifth 
century.  His  work  called  Tetrabiblos,  in 
Cireek,  is  divided  into  16  books,  containini; 
the  opinions  of  preceding  physicians,  Avith 
occasional  observations  of  his  own.  He  stu- 
died at  Alexandria. 

Afer,  Domilius,  an  orator  born  at  Nis- 
mes.  He  was  in  consequence  of  his  ilattery 
noticed  by  Tiberius  and  by  Caligula;  and 
raised  to  the  consulship.     He  died  A.  D.  59. 

Afflitto,  Mattiiew,  an  able  civilian, 
born  at  Naples  1443,  he  wrote  various  books 
on  the  civil  and  canon  law,  and  died  1553. 
His  family  produced  other  men  of  celebrity. 

Afraxius,  a  Roman  comic  poet,  who 
fiorished  100  B.  C. 

African  us,  Julius,  wi-ote  a  chronicle  of 
which  some  fragments  remain,  besides  a  let- 
ter to  Origen,  censuring  the  history  of  Su- 
sanna as  a  romance,  and  another  to  reconcile 
the  apparent  contradictions  of  the  genealo- 
gies of  St.  Matthew  and  St.  Luke. 

Agapetus  I.  was  made  pope  535.     He 
died  at   Constantinople   the  following  year. 
The  second  of  that  name   was  elected  pope 
946,  and  died  9G5. 

Agapetus,  a  deacon  of  Constantinople, 
who  wrote  a  valuable  letter  to  the  emjiei'or 
Justinian  on  the  duties  of  a  Christian  prince. 

A  G  A P I  u  3,  a  Greek  monk  of  mount  A  thos, 
in  the  I7th  century.  He  wrote  a  treatise  in 
modern  Greek  in  favor  of  transubstantiatiou 
called  the  salvation  of  sinners,  printed  at 
Venice  1641. 

Agard,  Arthur,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  at  Toston  in  Derbyshire.  He  held  the 
respectable  employment  of  deputy  cham- 
berlain in  the  exchequer  office,  which  afford- 
ed him  the  means  of  consultine;  valuable 
books  and  records,  and  his  inquiries  on  po- 
litical and  constitutional  subjects  were  after- 
wards made  public  by  Mr.  Hearne,  among 
the  papers  of  the  antiquarian  6ocii!ty,  to  the 
establishment  of  which  he  himself  contribu- 
ted. He  died  August  2'2d,  1615,  in  his  75th 
year,  and  was  interred  in  Westminster  Ab- 
bey. Some  of  his  papers  were  bequeathed 
for  the  use  ofhis  successors  in  the  exchequer, 
but  20  volumes  of  his  excellent  collections 
were  left  by  his  wdl  to  his  friend  Sir  Robert 
Cotton. 

Agatharcidas,  a  Cnidian,  180  R.  C. 
author  of  a  Greek  history  of  Alexander's 
wars. 

Agatharcus,  aSamian,  engaged  by  iEs- 
chylus  as  a  stage  painter. 

Agathemer,  Orthonis,  Avrote  a  Greek 
compendium  of  geography,  edited  by  Hud- 
son, Oxford  1703. 

Acathias,  a  Greek  historian,  author  of 


an  account  of  Justinian's  reign,  published  ia 
Greek  and  Latin,  Leyden  1594,  and  Paris 
1058. 

Agathocles,  a  Sicilian,  who  rose  fromi 
the  obscurity  of  a  potter  to  the  sovereign 
power  of  all  Sicily.  He  died  289  li.  C.  aged 
72. 

Agathon,  a  tragic  poet,  crowned  at  the 
Olympic  games,  B.  C.  419. 

Agathon,  a  native  of  Palermo,  elected 
to  tlie  papal  chair  G79.  In  his  time  the  Eu- 
tychians  or  Monothelites  were  condemned 
at  the  council  of  Constantinople.  He  died 
082. 

Age  1.1  as,  Anthony,  bishop  of  Acerno  in 
Italy,  published  commentaries  on  the  psalms, 
an«l  some  of  the  prophets.     He  died  1608. 

Agelnotii,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
refused  to  crown  Harold  king,  though  he 
had  enjoyed  the  patronage  of  his  father  Can- 
ute. He  died  1038,  after  being  seventeen 
years  in  the  see  of  Canterbury. 

Agesilaus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  celebrated 
for  his  victories  against  the  Persians.  He 
died  B.  C.  362. 

A  G  G  A s,  Robert,  called  Angus,  a  landscape 
painter,  one  of  whose  pieces  is  still  preserv- 
ed in  the  hall  of  the  paper-stainers'  compa- 
ny. He  died  1679,  in  London,  in  his  60th 
year. 

Agila,  king  of  the  Visigot'.js  in  Spain, 
was  murdered  by  his  nobles  in  the  fifth  year 
of  his  reign,  554. 

'Agilulf,  duke  of  Turin,  was  appointed 
on  the  death  of  Antharic  king  of  Lombai'dy, 
his  successor,  and  married  his  widow  Theu- 
delinda.  He  abandoned  arianism  for  the 
catholic  faith,  and  displayed  great  abilities 
as  a  warrior  and  a  statesman.  He  died  615 
after  a  reign  of  25  years,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Adalnald. 

Agis,  the  name  of  some  Spartan  kings. 
The  most  famous  are  the  second  of  that 
name  who  was  engaged  in  the  Peloponnesian 
war,  and  died  427  B.  C.  and  the  fourth  who, 
in  consequence  of  his  attempts  to  restore 
I^acediemon  to  her  ancient  discipline  and  glo- 
rious independence,  was  put  to  death  241 
B.C. 

Aglionby,  John,  D.  D.  a  native  ofCum- 
berland,  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  known  for  his  great  learning  and 
his  knowledge  of  school  divinity.  He  was 
head  of  St.  Edmund's  Hall,  chaplain  to 
James  I.  and  one  uf  those  who  translated  the 
new  testament.  He  died  at  Islip,  where  he 
was  rector,  1610,  February  6th,  in  his  43d 
year,  and  was  buried  in  the  chancel  there. 
His  son  of  the  same  nane,  was  dean  of  Can- 
terbury, an  honor  wliich  he  enjo3'ed  but  a 
few  months,  and  died  1043. 

Agnei.lus,  an  abbot  of  Ravenna,  in  the 
ninth  century,  often  confounded  with  a  bish-. 
op  of  Ravenna  of  the  same  name  in  the  sixth 
century.  Agnellus  wrote  an  history  of  the 
lives  of  the  prelates  of  Ravenna,  which  is  of- 
ten quoted  by  Jerome  Rubens,  and  is  full  of 
uninteresting  matter  but  deserved  sarcasm, 
upon  the  debauchery  of  the  monks. 

Agnes  I,  Maria  Gaetana,  a  learnedltalian 


AG 


AG 


lady,  l>orn  at  Milan,  auJ  made  in  conse- 
quence of  her  great  merit,  and  her  many 
virtues,  matlu'inalical  iM-olesRor  in  the  Mni- 
versitv  oi  IJolot^na  Ity  lUiiedict  XIV.  Siic 
died  about  1770,  ap;ed  S'J,  univerRally  res- 
pected. Her  aii:dytie:il  Institutions  appear- 
ed at  Milan,  'J  vols.  4t<).  ir4S,:tnd  wrrc  li-aiis- 
latt'd  into  Frencli  by  Cousin  1775,  and  lately 
into  Enj^Usii  '2  vols.  4to.  with  her  life  iVoni 
Monlucla. 

A  GO  BAUD,  arcidiishop  of  Lyons,  support- 
ed file  revolt  of  l-nthaire  aj^ainst  Lewis  the 
<lebonnaire.  In  eonsi<juence  of  this  violent 
opposition  he  was  deposed  at  Thion\ille,  but 
afterwards  restored  to  liis  ecclesiastical  hon- 
ors, on  beinp; reconciled  to  Lewis.  lit;  died, 
840.  His  works  vvcre  edited  by  Baluze  in 
IfiGG,  2  vols.  Svo.  Thoy  contain  able  argu- 
ments against  image  wor.ship,  against  witch- 
craft, and  against  duelling. 

Agosti  NO,  Paolo,  a  musical  composer, 
master  of  the  papal  chapel  at  Iton^e.  His 
chorusses  are  mucli  commended.  He  died 
IG'29,  aged  36. 

Agoult,  Cuillaume  d',  a  poet  of  Prov- 
ence in  1198.  His  ballads  were  most  esteem- 
ed in  those  times  of  chivalry  and  hospitable 
rusticity. 

Agreda,  Mary  d',  superior  of  a  convent 
at  Agreda  in  Spain,  wrote  a  fanatical  book 
on  the  life  of  the  vii-gin  Mary,  which  slie 
said  had  been  revealed  to  her  from  heaven. 
A  translation  of  this  nonsensical  book,  which 
■was  cens'ired  by  the  Sorbonne  and  prohib- 
ited at  Rome,  was  published  at  Brussels 
1717  in  8  vols  12mo.  She  died  1665,  aged 
63. 

Agresti,  Licio,  an  historical  painter, 
■whose  abilities  were  employed  by  Gregory 
XHl.  in  adorning  the  Vatican.  He  died  1580. 

Agrestis,  Julius,  a  Roman  general  un- 
der Vespasian,  who  destroyed  himself. 

Aghicot.a,  Cn.  Julius,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man, known  for  his  humanity  when  gover- 
nor of  Britain,  and  immortalized  by  the  pen 
of  his  son-in-law  the  historian  Tacitus.  He 
died  A.  D.  93,  aged  56. 

Agricot.a,  Rodolphus,  a  native  of  Gro- 
ningen  who  travelled  into  France  and  Italy, 
where  he  was  honored  with  the  patronage 
of  Hercides  d'Kst  duke  of  Ferrara.  He  di- 
ed at  Heidelberg  1485.  His  works  on  histo- 
rical subjects  were  piiblished  at  Cologne  in 
4to.  15.39  ;  but  though  flattered  by  the"  com- 
pliments f)f  Erasmus,  and  called  in  prose  and 
poetry  the  Politioi\  and  Virgil  of  his  time, 
they  are  not  possessed  of  su\)orior  merit. 
He  had  the  singular  merit  of  first  introdu- 
cing the  study  of  Greek  into  Germany,  and 
he  himself  gave  lectures  at  Worms  and  Hei- 
delberg. 

Acricola,  George,  a  physician  of  Glau- 
cen  in  Misnia,  known  for  his  learning  ami 
his  works  on  metallic  substances  and  miner- 
als.    He  died  1555,  November  21,  aged  61. 

Aguicola,  Michael,  a  minister  of  Abo 
in  Fiidand,  the  first  who  translated  the  new 
testament  into  the  language  of  the  country, 
and  thus  greatly  favored  the  doctrines  of 
Luther. 

VOl^.  I.  5 


Acricola,  a  learned  bishop  of  Chalons- 
sur-iSaone.     He  died  in  his  8Jd  year,  5.)0. 

Acu  ICO  LA,  Jolin,  a  German  divine,  boiii 
at  I.slcl).  He  Wits  the  frienil  and  the  dibcipU: 
of  Luther,  but  afterwards  vir)ii,ntly  opposeil 
him,  and  became  tbe  head  of  the  AnonieaiiP, 
a  sect  which  i-fgarded  faith  as  the  whole  of 
tiie  duties  of  man.  He  was  also  eiig:iged  iu 
a  dispute  with  .Melaucthon,  but  with  the 
most  laudable  motives  he  endeavored  to  ef- 
fect H  reconciliation  between  the  catholics 
antl  proteslants.  He  died  at  Berlin  1560 
.'iged  74.  1  hs  commentaries  on  St.  Luke  Svo. 
his  historia  passionis  J.  C.  fol.  and  his  collec- 
tion of  (ierinan  proverb.^,  have  been  printed, 
and  jjossess  merit. 

AfjRirPA,  -Menenius,  a  Roman  patrician, 
known  in  history  for  api)easing  a  sedition  l)y 
the  fiible  of  the  belly  and  the  limbs,  B.  C  492. 

Agrippa,  Marcus  Vipsanius,  a  Roman 
general  celebrated  for  his  militaiy  exploits, 
hut  moi'e  for  his  intimacy  with  Augustus. 
He  died  12  B.  C. 

Agrippa,  Herod,  grandson  of  Herod  the 
Great,  was  noticed  by  the  Roman  emperors, 
and  made  king  of  all  Judxa  and  some  other 
neighboring  provinces.  He  persecuted  the 
Christians,  and  was  the  person  r-epreseuted 
in  scripture  as  struck  witli  death  on  liis  tlwone 
by  an  angel  for  his  impious  vanity,  A.  I).  44. 

Agrippa  n.  son  of  the  above,  and  his 
successor  on  the  throne,  and  last  king  of  Ju- 
da?a,  was  the  monarch  before  whom  Paul  ap- 
peared as  a  prisoner,  and  whom  he  persua- 
ded almost  to  be  a  Christian.  He  died  at 
Rome  A.  D.  94. 

Agrippa,  Henry  Cornelius,  a  native  of 
Cologne  descended  from  a  noble  family.  He 
was  in  the  armies  of  the  emperor  Maximil- 
ian, and  distinguished  himself  so  much  by 
his  courage  and  military  abilities,  that  he  was 
knighted  after  seven  years'  service  in  Italy. 
Eager  to  add  to  his  laurels  the  honors  of  learn- 
ing, he  jipplied  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
more  abstruse  sciences,  and  took  degrees  in 
law  and  medicine.  The  Hckleness  of  his 
temper,  however,  and  his  irritable  passions, 
prevented  liim  from  acquiring  that  distinc- 
tion w  Inch  is  due  to  superior  genius  and  vir- 
tue. His  writings,  often  severe,  drew  upon 
him  the  resentmentof  the  monks,  and  though 
liberally  patronised  by  the  great,  he  led  a 
fugitive  and  solitary  hte.  After  reading  lec- 
tures in  several  places  in  France,  and  at  Pa- 
via,  where  his  eloquence  commanded  admi- 
I'ation,  he  retired  to  Metz  by  the  solicitations 
of  his  friends;  but  his  engtiging  in  the  pue- 
rile disputes  about  St.  Anne,  whether  she  had 
one  or  three  hu.sbands  according  to  the  opin- 
ion of  the  ecclesiastics  of  the  times,  render- 
ed him  so  unpopular  that  he  fled  to  Cologne, 
and  afterwards  to  Switzerland.  Fortune  lure 
seemed  to  favor  him,  Francis  I.  granted  liiiu 
a  pension,  and  he  was  made  physician  to  the 
queen  mother  ;  but  his  unw  illingness  to  ap- 
ply his  knowledge  ofastrologv'to  foretell  suc- 
cess totlie  arms  of  France,  incensed  the  court, 
and  he  was  dimisscd  in  disgrace.  He  reti- 
red with  difiiculty  to  Antw  erp,  and  after  re- 
ceiving invitations  from  Hcnrv  kingof  Kog- 


AG 


AG 


land  uiul  from   otiier  po^vel•ful  princes,  he 
preferred  the  protection  of  xMargaret  of  Aus- 
tria, governess  of  the  low   countries,  and  as 
liistoriographer   to  the  emperor,  he   began 
tlie  history  of  the  government  of  Charles  V. 
The   deatli    of  his  patroness    occasioned   a 
change  in  his  affairs,  and  though  lie  was  per- 
raitted    to   pronounce   lier  funeral    oratif)n, 
he  found  that  his  enemies  were  inveterate 
against  him,  and  that  from  tiicir  malevolence 
the  favors  of  the  emperor  were  for  ever  for- 
feited.    After  being  persecuted  and   impri- 
soned at  Brussels,  and  at  Lyons,  he  at  last 
retired  to  Grenoble,  where  he  died  153^  in 
his  49th  year.     By   his  first  wife,  who  died 
in  1.5'21,  he  had  one  son  ;  and  by  his  second, 
•whom  he  married  in  15-22  and  who  died  1529, 
lie  had  five  sons.     It  is  worthy  of  remark 
that  he  has  been  lavish  of  his  praises  on  the 
merits  and  virtues  of  these  two  amiable  wo- 
men, and  if  he  met  persecution,  enmity,  and 
ingratitude  in  the  world,  he  had  the  singular 
happiness  to  finf)  peace,  support,  and  conso- 
lation in  the  bosom  of  his  family.     He  lived 
and  died  in  the  Romish  church,  according  to 
Bayle,  though  others  suppose  tliat  he  favor- 
e<l  the  cause  of  Luther.     Of  this  celebrated 
reformer  he  speaks  with  harshness,   some- 
times   even    with   contempt,   and  only  once 
Mith  respect  in  the  19th  chapter  of  his  apol- 
ogj-.     He  opposed  the  divorce  of  Henry  \  HI. 
fi'om    queen   Catherine,    and   ridicided    the 
Tneanness  of  his  contemporaries,   whose  re- 
ligious opinions  yielded  to  the  gold  and  the 
lust  of  a  tyrant.     Tiie  most  celebrated  of  his 
writings  were,  his  treatise  on  the  excellence 
of  women,  which,  recommended  him  to  the 
favor  of  Maigaret ;  his  commentary  on  St 
Paul's  epistles,  written  in  England  ;  his  oc- 
cult philosophy,  and  his  key  to  it  ;  a  disser- 
tation on  original  sin,   his  letters.  Sec.     His 
great    learning    and    extensive    information 
probably  procured  him  in  these  ages  of  dark- 
ness  and  barbarism  the  fame    of  magician 
and  astrologer,  and  hence  his  enemies  have 
been   fond  of  recording  his  frequent  inter- 
course with  departed  spirits,  and  with  all  the 
demons  of  the  infernal  regions.     His  works 
"were  published  at  Lyons  1550,  in  3  vols.  8vo. 
Agrippina,   the  virtuous  wife  of  Ger- 
manicus  Csesar,  was  banished,  after  her  hus- 
band's death,  by  Tiberius,  and  died  in  e.xile, 
A.  D.  33. 

Agrippixa,  daughter  of  the  preceding, 
took  as  her  third  husband  the  emperor 
Claudius,  whom  slie  poisoned,  to  raise  her 
son  Xei'o  to  the  throne.  She  pciished  by 
the  order  of  that  ungrateful  son. 

Aguesseau,  Henry  Francis d',  the  de- 
scendant of  a  noble  family  of  Saintonge,  was 
horn  at  Limoges  1668,  and  after  completing 
his  education,  which  was  begun  under  the 
direction  of  his  father,  he  cultivated  poetry 
Avithtasto  and  elegance,  andacqviired  tlie  es- 
teem and  friendship  of  men  of  letters,  par- 
ticularly of  Boilcau  and  Racine.  In  the  of- 
fice of  advocate-genera!  of  Paris  in  1691, 
and,  nine  years  after,  of  procui-er-gencral, 
lie  displayed  all  the  energies  of  his  nature  ; 
lie  gave  vigor  and  support  to  the  laws,  ban- 
vished    corruption  from    tlie  tribunals,  and 


dhtributcd  justice  with   an   in\partial  hand. 
His  attention    was    particularly   directed   to 
the  management  of  the  hospitals ;  and  in  the 
enlarged  views  of  a  benevolent  heart,  he  often 
resisted    with   boldness   and   success  the   in- 
trigues of  favorites  and  even  the  prejudices 
of  Lewis  XIV.     After   this  monarch's  death 
he  was  appointed  by    the   duke  of  Orleans, 
the  regent,  to   succeed  Voisin  as  chancelloi*, 
and  by  his  eloquence  and  firmness  he   oppo- 
sed and  rejected  the  schemes  of  Law,  which 
vv  ere  afterwards  too  fatally  adopted,  and  hurl- 
ed the  whole  kingdom  into  ruin  and  despon- 
dency.    The  machinations  of  enemies  were 
however   too   powerful  against   integrity   of 
conduct,  and    Aguesseau   was  twice  obliged 
to  resign  the  seals,  and    retire  in  disgrace  to 
his  seat  of  Fresnes,  and  twice   again  he  was 
solicited  by  the  regent  to  resume  a  situation 
which  he  adorned  and  dignified.     The  wishes 
nearest  to  his  heart  were,  to  be  useful  to  his 
country,  to    maintain  her  liberties,  and    not 
to  accumulate  wealth   by  oppression    or  dis- 
honoi'able    measures.     On    the  tribunal,    his 
moderation  and  ids  equity  wei-e  ever   appa- 
rent, and  in  his  retirement  at  Fresnes  where, 
as   he  says,  he  passed  the  fairest  days  of  his 
life,  the  cliancellor  of  France  was  employed 
in  the  education  of  his  chihiren,  in   literary 
pursuits,  and  often  amused  himself  in  digging 
the  ground.     Temperance  and  cheerfulness 
added   to  the  pleasures  of  science,  and  con- 
triijuted  to  the  health  of  the  body  and  >igor 
of  the  mind,  and  till  his  80th  year  he  enjoyed 
a  robust  constitution.     .A.t  this  advanced  age 
infirmities  came  upon  him,  he  resigned  the 
oftice  of  chancellor,   and  died  soon  after,  on 
the   ninth    of  February  1751.     He   married 
1694  Anne   le  Fevre  d'  Ormesson,  who  died 
at  Auteuil  1735,  mother  of  si.\  children,  and 
leaving  him  disconsolate  for  the  dissolution  of 
mutual  teuflerness.  U' Aguesseau  was  humane 
and  religious  from  his  childhood,  he  never 
spent  a  day  without   reading  the  scriptures 
which  he  called  the  balm  of  his  life.     From 
the  vast    conceptions  of  his    genius,  France 
derived  new    regulations,    which    tended  to    * 
strengthen  the  liberties  of  the  subject,  check 
the    rapacity  of  the  nobles,   and    unite   the 
whole  kingdom  in  paying  reverence  to  the 
laws,  which    he   wished  to  see   adminstered 
with   impartiality  and  withoutunnccessary  de- 
lay.    His  memory  was  quick  and   retentive, 
and  besides  a  perfect  knowledge  of  tiie  dead 
languages,  he  sjjoke   with    case  the   Arabic, 
Portuguese,    English,  Italian,   and    Spanish. 
His  works  have  been  published  in  9  vols.  4to. 
M.    Thomas  has   written  his  eulogy,   which 
obtained  the   prize  of  the  French  academy 
in  1700,  and  from  it  this  article  is  extracted. 

Agui,  a  king  of  Bantam  in  Java,  at  the 
end  of  the  17th  century,  wlio,  after  succeed- 
ing to  tlie  tlirone  on  the  resignation  of  his 
fiither  Agouin,  extended  his  power  by  means 
of  the  Dutch,  and  imprisoned  the  old  mon- 
aich,  who  wished  to  check  the  career  of  his 
ambition. 

Aguillox,  Francis,  a  mathematician  of 
Brussels,  who  published  a  treatise  on  optics, 
and  another  on  .spheric  projections,  and  died 
1617  at  Seville  in  his  50th  year. 


AI 


AI 


AcuiRRE,  Joseph,  a  lenrncd  Benoflictinc, 
a  native  nf  Spain  who  was  raised  to  tlic  r:ink 
of  Cardinal  by  InnrKiont  XI.  His  writiniSfR 
•were  on  tlifoloi^ii-rd  subjects,  ixsidfs  a  collec- 
tion of  llic  councils  of  Spain  C  vols.  fol.  He 
died  at  Home  1009  in  his  HMlh  year. 

Ac  VI.  A  IS,  Hi-nry,  a  native  of  n(»isle-l)nc, 
•who  made  an  ineUsrant  translation  of  IMi>)tins' 
M'.nncanon.     He  die  I  15'jr>   in   his  ft2f\  year. 

AliAB,  son  and  successor  of  Oini-i  as  kin<^ 
of  Israel,  was  remarkable  for  his  in>pietics, 
his  oppression,  and  his  wickedness,  which 
were  increased  by  the  influence  of  his  wife 
Jezebel.  Me  was  killed  in  a  battle  whidi  he 
foujj;ht  ai?ainst  the  Syrians,  and,  accordinc; 
to  the  pro|iliecy  ol  Klijali,  the  dogs  licked  his 
hlood  on  tiie  very  spot  where  ho  had  cruelly 
shed  tbe  blood  of  the  innocent  Xaboth, 
Avhosc  vineyard  he  ha<l  unjustly  seized,  about 
S98  13.  C. 

Ahaz,  son  and  successor  of  Jotham  on 
tlie  throne  of  Judah,  13.  C.  742,  defeated 
Rezin  king- of  Syria,  but  afterwards  was  rout- 
ed bv  him,  and  becan)e  tributary  to  Tiglath- 
pilescr  king  of  Assyria,  whose  assistance  he 
had  implored.  He  afterwards  defaced  the 
holy  vessels  of  the  temple,  and  forbad  the 
people  to  assemble  there  for  the  ofiering  of 
prayers  and  oblations  ;  and  such  was  his  im- 
piety that,  at  bis  death,  his  remains  were 
deemed  unworthy  to  repose  in  the  tomb  of 
his  ancestors. 

Aha2,iah,  succeeded  his  father  Ahab  on 
the  throne  of  Israel,  and  reigned  two  years, 
in  -which  he  followed  the  impious  examples 
of  his  rebellious  house. — Another  Ahaziah, 
son  of  Jehoram,  was  king  of  Judah,  and 
reigned  but  one  year,  and  was  killed  by  Je- 
hu, who  succeeded  him  889  B.  C. 

Ahlwardt,  Peter,  a  native  of  Criei's- 
Tvalde  in  Germany,  wlio,  though  but  the  son 
of  a  shoemaker,  rose  by  his  abilities,  and  be- 
came an  eminent  professor  of  logic  and  me- 
taphysics. He  wrote  some  treatises  on  the 
human  understanding,  on  the  immortallLy 
of  the  soul,  and  thoughts  on  thunder  and 
lightning,  and  died  1791  aged  81. 

Ahmed  Khan,  son  of  Hulagu,  succeeded 
his  brother  Abaka  on  the  throne  of  the  Mo- 
guls, and  was  the  first  emperor  who  embra- 
ced the  Mahometan  religion.  This  change, 
so  displeasing  to  his  family,  excited  an  insur- 
rection against  him,  which  proved  victorious, 
an<l  in  dooming  him  to  death  placed  his 
nephew  Argoun  on  his  throne  1284. 

AjAi.,A,  Martin  Perez  d',  a  native  of  Car- 
thagena,  who,  though  of  obscure  birth,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  abilities,  and  ser- 
ved Charles  V.  at  the  council  of  Trent. 
He  was  promoted  lotvvo  bishoprics,  and  was 
at  last  made  archbishop  of  Valencia,  wliere 
he  died,  universally  respected  l.')OG,  in  his 
G2d  year.  He  wrote  a  Latin  treatise  in  10 
books  on  apostolic  traditions. — There  were 
of  the  same  name  Gabriel  a  physician  f)f 
Louvain,  who  wrote  populiiri.ic])igrammata, 
— Scde  iue  ])estilen(.i,  kc. — and  lialthazar  of 
Aniwerp.  atithor  of  a  treatise  de  jure  &:  (ifTi- 
<-iis  bellicis  ac  militari  diciplin.a.  These  two 
M'cre  broth -"i-s.  and  lived  in  iho  lOrh  ecnturv. 


AiDAV,  bishop  of  Lindi'sfarne  or  Holy 
Islatxl  in  Northumbcrlaiul,  was  n  prelate  hu- 
mane, mild,  and  benevolent,  who  by  his 
e\cmpl'irv  zeal  ((invertejl  niunvof  the  north- 
ern heathens  of  IJritaiii  to  Christianity.  He- 
died  ri">1 . 

AtKMAv,  William,  son  of  an  advocate 
of  Scotland  of  the  same  name,  was  brought 
up  to  the  profession  of  his  father.  A  tiatiu- 
al  bias  I'ur  the  arn,  however,  prevailed  upon 
the  son  to  reliiic|uibli  the  honors  of  the 
Scotch  bar  for  diblinction  in  the  cultiv:  tion 
of  painting,  and  an  absence  of  five  years  in 
visiting  Italy  and  Constantinople  and  Smyrna, 
served  to  improve  at\d  aclorn  his  mind,  and 
enlarge  and  correct  his  taste.  As  hisfortuuc 
was  independent  he  did  not  court  the  patron- 
age of  the  great  by  flattery,  and  to  his  merit 
alone  he  was  indebted  for  tlie  esteem  of  John 
duke  of  Argyle,  and  of  the  earl  of  Burling- 
ton, and  for  the  affectionate  frien<lship  of 
Allan  UaiTisay,  Thomson,  Swift,  Pope,  A r- 
buthnot,  Gay^  Somcrville,  and  tbe  other 
wits  of  the  age.  His  genius  was  exerted  in 
portrait  painting,  and  many  of  those  who 
then  shone  in  rank  and  fashion  will  receive 
more  celebrity  from  his  pencil,  than  from 
the  possession  of  beauty  destroyed  by  incon- 
tinence, and  of  riches  wasted  in  riot  and  cf- 
feminac}-.  A  Y»'t^ture  of  the  royal  family- 
of  England,  now  in  possession  of  the  duke  of 
Devonshire,  and  several  portraits  of  the  earl 
of  Buckinghamshire's  family,  were  among 
the  last  of  his  pieces,  lie  died  in  Leicester 
Field  1731,  the  7th  of  June,  in  the  49th  year 
of  his  age.  His  son,  aged  17,  had  died  the 
January  preceding.  He  left  two  daughter.?. 
His  abilities  and  the  virtues  of  his  heart  hacl 
the  singular  honor  of  beine:  celebrated  bv  his 

•  •  •  • 

poetic  friends,  I'homson,   Somerville,  Smol- 
let,  and  Ramsay. 

AiLHAUD,  John,  a  French  surgeon  of 
Cadenet  in  Provence,  who  acquired  some 
celebrity  and  fortune  by  tlie  selling  of  a  pur- 
gative powder,  which  he,  with  all  the  art  of 
an  empiric,  declared  capable  to  cure  all  dis- 
eases.    He  died  in  a  good  old  age  1756. 

Aii.i.v,  Peter  d',  born  of  an  obscure  fami- 
ly, rose  by  liis  merit  to  the  highest  honors  ia 
the  service  of  Charles  VI.  and  was  made* 
chancellor  of  tlic  university  of  Pans,  and  af- 
terwards bishop  of  Piiy  and  Cambray.  His 
eloquence  was  exerted  to  heal  the  wounds 
Avhicli  existed  in  the  Romish  church,  though 
he  presided  over  the  council  of  Constance, 
and  shared  tiieirgtiitt  when  they  condemned 
John  liuss  to  the  flames.  He  was  rewarded 
by  John  XXIIT.  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  and 
the  office  of  legate  to  the  holy  see.  He  died 
the  eighth  of  August  1419.  His  works  on 
theological  subjects  were  published  at  Stras- 
burg, 

AiLRED,  or  F.THELUED,  author  of  a  ge- 
nealogy of  F.nglish  kings — of  a  life  of  Ed- 
ward tiic  confessor,  kc.  was  abbot  of  Reves- 
ly  in  Lincolnshire,  and  florished  about  the 
middle  of  the  12lh  century. 

AiMOiN,  a  IJencdictine  of  Aquitaine,  au- 
thor of  an  inelegant  and  puerile  history  ot' 
France  in  five   books  found  in  tlic  tlnrd  vo 


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time  of   Duclirsne's  collection.       He   died 
about  the  beginning  of  the  11th  century. 

AixswoRTH,  Henry,  a  nonconformist, 
knowu  for  liis  learning  and  for  the  cor^im'en- 
tarics  which  he  wrote  on  the  holy  scriptures. 
As  he  embraced  the  tenets  of  the  Brown- 
ists,  lie  shared  their  persecutions  and  fled  to 
Amsterdam,  where,  with  Johnson,  he  erec- 
ted a  church  of  which  he  became  the  minis- 
ter. Tliis  union  however  was  soon  produc- 
tive of  a  quarrel  :  Johnson  was  violent,  and 
lie  was  banished  by  the  congregation;  and 
Aiiisworlh  afterwards  shared  his  fate,  and 
retired  to  Ireland.  He  soon  after  returned  to 
Anisterdam,  -where  lie  died,  as  it  is  supposed, 
a  violent  death.  He  had  found  a  diamond 
of  great  value,  and  he  asked  of  the  Jew  to 
•whom  it  belonged,  no  other  reward  but  a 
conference  with  the  rabbis  of  his  synagogue, 
concerning  the  prophecies  relating  to  tlie 
IMessiah.  The  Jew  had  not  interest  sufficient 
to  fulfil  his  wishes,  and  in  his  disappointment 
he  oausfd  Ainsworth  to  be  poisoned,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  17th  century.  His  treatises 
were  adniired  for  their  ingenuity  as  well  as 
their  profound  learning,  and  so  great  was  his 
name  that  Dr.  Hall  bishop  of  Exeter  MTOte 
against  him  and  refuted  his  arguments  in  fa- 
vor of  tlie  lirownists.  Dr.  Lightfoot  is  said 
to  have  derived  much  assistaiice  from  his 
writings. 

A  ixswoRTH,  Tvobcrt,  was  born  at  Wood- 
vale,  four  miles  from  Manchester,  in  Sep- 
tember 1660,  and  educated  at  the  gi'ammar 
sehool  in  Bolton,  founded  by  Robert  Lever, 
of  which  he  afterwards  became  master  for  a 
few  3'ears.  From  thence  he  retired  to  Lon- 
don, and  opened  a  school  at  Bethnal  Green, 
at  Hackney,  and  other  places,  wherchis  pupils 
were  numerous  and  respectable.  His  great 
application  procured  him  a  comfortable  com- 
petence, ajid  he  sometime  after  retired  from 
his  laborious  occupation  to  the  enjoyment  of 
literary  ease.  In  1714  a  plan  was  proposed 
to  the  booksellers  for  tlie  comj^ilation  of  an 
English  and  Latin  dictionary,  after  Faber's 
plan,  and  Ainsworth  Avas  invited  to  the  un- 
dertaking, as  his  abilities  were  known,  and 
his  judgment  mature  and  correct.  The  task, 
however,  Avas  soon  discovered  to  be  move 
difficult  than  was  expected,  his  labors  were 
suspended  for  some  years,  but  at  last  appli- 
cation succeeded,  and  tlie  book  w:is  publish- 
ed in  4to.  in  1736,  de<licate(l  to  Dr.  Mead. 
The  second  edition  was  improved 'n-  Patrick, 
and  publisfied  10  years  alter.  The  other 
publications  by  Ainsworth,  weie  a  treatise  on 
grammar,  and  other  small  classical  compo- 
sitions, besides  some  specimens  oi"  English 
and  Latin  poeti'y.  He  died  at  London  on  the 
fourth  of  Ai>ril  1743,  in  his  83d  year,  and 
was  biiriet],  uecording  to  his  de>-ire,  in  Pop- 
lar «luirch-yai'd,  under  an  inscription  written 
by  himself. 

AiRAULT,  Peter,  an  advocate  of  Paris, 
born  at  Angers,  Avhcre  he  also  died  1601,  Ju- 
ly 21st,  in  his  G5th  year.  As  a  magistrate 
he  behaved  with  firmness  and  integrity,  and 
was  deservedly  called  the  rock  of  the  accu- 
•  -■d.      He  left  ten   children,    the   eldest  of 


whom,  Kene,  Avas  intrusted  to  the  Jesuits 
for  his  education,  and  induced  to  enter  into 
the  order,  from  Avhich  he  never  could  extri- 
cate himself,  though  his  father  procured  the 
interest  of  the  king  of  France  and  of  the  pope. 
Rene  died  at  la  Fleche,  December  18,  1644, 
in  his  77th  year.  His  father  Avrote  some 
treatises,  especially  on  ^the  poAver  of  fa- 
thers, kc. 

Air  A.  Y,  Henry,  anatiA'e  of  Westmoreland, 
patronised  by  Bernard  Cilpin,  who  was  na- 
med the  northern  apostle.  He  became 
member  of  St.  Edmund  Hall,  and  afterwards 
of  Queen's,  Oxford,  of  which  he  Avas  elected 
provost  1598.  He  Avas  vice  chancellor  of  the 
university,  and  published  some  tracts  and 
sermons.  He  died  lOtli  of  October  1616, 
aged  57,  and  was  buried  in  the  college  chapel 
He  Avas  a  strict  Calvinist,  and  was  author  of 
some  theological  pieces. 

AiRAY,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Clifton, 
Westmoreland,  student  of  Queen's  College, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  vicar  of  Milford, 
Hants.  He  published  a  logical  treatise  and 
other  pieces,  and  died  at  Milford  19th  Oct. 
1670,  aged  61. 

AiS'iuLFE,  a  king  of  the  Lombards,  af- 
ter his  brother  Rachis.  He  laid  siege  to 
Rome,  from  Avhich  he  was  driven  to  Pavia 
in  disgrace,  by  Pepin  king  of  France,  at  the 
solicitation  of  the  ])ope  Stephen  HI.  He  was 
killed  in  hunting,  756. 

Ai TON,  William,  anative  of  lianarkshire, 
first  recommended  by  thefiiendship  of  Philip 
Miller,  and  known  as  a  botaniijt  and  gardener 
in  the  royal  gardens  at  Kcav,  to  Avhich  he  Avas 
appointed  1759.  The  high  patronage  which  he 
received  Avas  due  to  his  merit  and  taste,  for, 
under  his  attentive  eye  and  directing  hand, 
Kew  soon  exhibited  the  most  curiousand  valu- 
able plants,  collected  from  every  part  of  the 
Avorld  by  the  munificence  of  his  patron.  He 
published  in  1789  an  useful  catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  the  gardens,  called  Hortus  Kewen- 
.,is,  and  died  of  that  dreadfid  distemper  a 
schirrous  liver,  Feb.  1st,  1793,  after  enjoy- 
ing the  friendship  and  esteem  of  men  of 
rank,  of  virtue,  and  literary  eminence.  The 
king,  with  that  liberality  Avhich  distinguishes 
and  reAvards  merit,  appointed  his  son  suc- 
cessor in  the  care  of  the  gardens. 

AiTZEMA,  Leovan,  a  noble  of  Dorcum 
in  Friezland,  employed  as  representatiA'e  of 
the  Hanseatic  towns  at  the  Hague.  He 
wrote  in  Dutch  in  seven  A'olumcs  fol.  an 
history  of  the  Utiited  Provinces — a)id  an 
history  of  the  peace  of  Monster,  valuable  for 
the  public  acts  and  authentic  records  which 
it  contains,  but  otherwise  inelegant  and  in- 
judicious. The  Avork  Avas  continued  by  other 
hanrls  to  1692.  He  died  at  the  Hague,  1669, 
in  his  69th  year. 

Akakia,  Martin,  a  native  of  Chalons, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Paris.  He  was 
surnamed  Harmless,  which  he  altered  to  the 
Greek  word  Akakia.  He  published  transla- 
tions of  Galen's  Avritings,  and  died  1551. 
His  son  of  the  same  name  Avas  physician  to 
Henry  HI.  He  Avrote  medical  treatises  de 
morbis    muUeribus — consilia    medica,    &c. 


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aod  tlicd  1588,  in  his  8Uth  year.  There  were 
other  persons  of  the  liiiuily  u  hct  ■,';iiiied  «lis- 
tinctiuiis  bv  their  talents  in  various  i>rofes- 
biuns. 

Akbah,  a  sultan  of  tlie  .Moj^uls,  after  his 
father  lleinayun,  1350.  He  enlarged  histlo- 
luinions  by  tlic  «on(iuest  of  Ben}^al,  Cash- 
jnere,  and  Siindi,  and  showed  himself  a 
vise  and  pownrful  monarcli.  hielint  his  son 
rebelled  atijainst  him  ai\d  was  pardoned.  He 
died  by  ignorantly  taking  poison  which  he 
Jiad  ])repared  for  the  destruction  of  iiis 
enemies,  1005. 

Akensi  UK,  Afark.  MA),  son  of  abutclicr 
of  Newcastle-upon-'l'j  ne,  was  educated  in 
his  native  town,  and  at  the  age  of  18  went 
to  FAlinburj^h  t(»  study  divinity  and  en- 
ter into  Ijoly  orders.  Here,  ho\s  ever,  his  in- 
tentions changed  ;  but  he  no  sooner  applied 
himself  to  medicine,  than  lie  honorably  re- 
placed the  contribution  which  he  iiad  recei- 
ved from  the  fund  established  to  promote 
the  education  of  dissenting  ministers.  In 
1741  he  went  to  lA-yden,  and  in  taking  his 
degree  three  years  after  lie  published  a 
much  admired  dissertation  on  the  growth  of 
the  human  foetus.  I'is  genius  unfolded  itself 
in  his  early  years,  and  his  greatest  work, 
the  Pleasun^s  of  the  Iniagination,  was  pub- 
lished in  1744.  Dodsley,  to  whom  it  was  of- 
fered for  sale,  at  a  high  price,  seemed  reluc- 
tant till  he  had  consulted  Pope,  who  admired 
the  composition,  and  advised  the  bookseller 
not  to  make  a  niggardly  olfer,  as  it  was  no 
every  day  writer.  The  publication  was  at- 
tacked by  Warburton,  as  a  note  on  the 
third  book  maintained,  after  Shaftesbury, 
that  ridicule  is  the  test  of  truth,  and  though 
defended  anonymously  by  Dyson,  Akenside 
had  the  sense  or  timidity  to  omit  the  objec- 
tionable passage  in  an  other  edition.  He  pub- 
lished some  odes  afterwards,  and  virulently 
attacked  lord  Bath  under  the  title  of  Curio, 
as  the  betrayer  of  his  country  ;  but  the  i)hi- 
lipj)ic  was  afterwards  expunged.  He  first 
practised  as  physician  at  Northampton,  af- 
terwards at  Hampstead,  and  then  at  London, 
Avhere  his  friend  Hyson  supported  his  ap- 
pearance by  an  allowance  of  300/.  a  year. 
His  abilities  began  now  to  recommend  him  ; 
he  publisheil  several  medical  treatises,  espe- 
cially on  dysenteries  &ic.  read  the  GultoniaJi 
lectures,  and  was  elected  fellow  of  the  col- 
lege of  physicians,  and  physician  to  the 
queen.  Iiis  hopes  however  were  cut  short 
by  a  putrid  fever  which  terminated  his  life 
ysd  June,  1770,  in  hisSDth  year.  He  was  bu- 
ried in  St.  James's  church,  Westminster. 
Akenside  possessed  great  po\\'er3  of  mind  ; 
his  poem  was  published  before  he  was  '2.3 
years  old,  and  ulterwards  altered  and  revi- 
sed ;  but  so  excellent  was  the  original  con- 
sidered, that  it  is  printed  separately  with  the 
corrections,  to  show  that  whatever  comes 
from  the  hand  of  a  master  is  never  devoid 
of  elegatice  or  dignity.  It  is  an  embellish- 
ment of  Shaftesbury's  cliaracteristics,an(l  he 
has  done  for  him  what  Lucretius  tlid  for 
tlie  founder  of  the  Epicurean  sect. 

Akiba,  a  learned  ri^bi,  who  quitted  tlie 


ohaciirc  life  «)f  a  shepherd,  and  at  the  age  ol 
40,  (lirough  his  love  foi-  his  n»a8ler'»  daugh- 
ter who  (-steciued  learned  men,  <lcvoted  liim- 
sclf  to  lit(M'ature.  He  joined  himself  to  JJ:ir- 
chonctbas  the  false  Messiah,  and  was,  with 
bis  son  I'ajiptH  and  his  family,  llaycd  alive 
by  tlu;  liomans,  1J5.  He  \ia.s  one  of  tlnj 
Drst  wIkj  began  tlie  compilation  ui'  the  caba- 
listic traditions  of  the  Jews. 

Aladasieu,  William,  a  prutestant,  horn 
at  Hadleigh  in  Suir()|k,:tnd  educatetJ  at 'I'rin- 
ily,  Cambridge.  He  went  to  Cadiz  with  I'Ls- 
sex,  and  after  etnUi'acing  the  Catholic  <loc- 
triues,  returned  to  the  English  church,  and 
was  canon  of  St.  Paul's.  He  wrote  a  He- 
brew lexicon  Pentaglotton,  folio,  and  some 
I  the(jIogical  tracts,  besides  Itox.ina,  a  Lati« 
tragedy  peribrmed  at  Cambriilge.  He  died 
1G40. 

Aj.agom,  Claude,  a  native  of  Provence, 
who  foolishly  attempted  to  introduce  tiic 
Spaniards  into  Marseilles,  for  which  he  was 
put  to  death  in  1705. 

Ai.  A.I  :r,  de  liisle,  a  divine  of  Paris,  sur- 
named  the  universal  doctor.  His  woiks 
were  printed  folio,  1G53.     He  died   1294. 

Alaix,  John,  a  Dane,  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  the  origin  of  the  Cimbri,  and  other 
works.     He  died  ItioO  aged  01. 

Alaix,  Chartier,  secretary  to  Charles 
VII.  of  rrance,  was  born  li38G.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  writings,  particularly 
his  chronicle  of  Charles  Vll.  valuable  for 
the  elegance  of  the  composition,  and  the  im- 
portant and  interesting  details  which  it  con- 
tains. He  has  been  com\)ared  to  Seneca  for 
the  beauty  of  his  sentences. 

Alain,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  cohler  at  the 
begintiing  of  the  ISth  century,  known  as  the 
writer  of  some  comedies.  His  L'preuve  lic- 
cipj'o<|ue  is  still  admired  on  the  stage. 

Alaleona,  Joseph,  a  tiative  of  Macera- 
ta,  professor  of  civil  law  in  the  imiversity  of 
Padua.  He  wrote  some  admired  treatises, 
and  died  5th  April  174y,aged  7U. 

AlaiMANNI,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Florence, 
wiio  opposed  the  power  which  Julius  de 
Medici  and  his  partisans  exercised  at  Flo- 
rence. The  conspiracy  into  which  he  had 
entered  was  discovered  ;  one  of  the  accom- 
plices was  piuiished  with  deatli,  and  he  him- 
self saved  his  life  by  flight.  The  election  of 
Julius  to  the  popedom  by  the  name  of  Cle- 
ment VH.  seemed  to  forbid  his  restoi'ation 
to  his  country  ;  but  the  success  of  Charles  V. 
at  Rome,  and  the  confinement  of  the  pontift' 
in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  encouraged  the 
Florentines  tf)  break  their  ciiains  ;  the  Me- 
dici were  banished,  and  Alamanni  recalled. 
The  leader  of  a  party,  however,  is  always  in 
danger,  and  whilst  Alamanni  wished  t) solicit 
the  patronage  and  alliance  of  the  emperor,  he 
became  unpopular,  and  he  again  fled  before 
the  general  odium  of  the  city.  His  good 
offices,  in  the  mean  time,  were  not  wanting 
to  his  ungrateful  countrymen,  but  in  vain,  as 
after  a  few  struggles  the  jiower  of  the  Me- 
dici was  re-established.  Alamanni  found  an 
asylum  in  the  French  court,  and  was  employ- 
ed as  ambassudor  b;,  Fruneis  1    to  the  empc- 


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roi*.  Charles V. received  liim  uitii  coidness, 
and  in  answer  to  his  fulsome  but  eloquent 
address  repeated  the  ludicrous  vei'ses  whicii 
he  had  written  against  him.  Alamanni  vin- 
dicated himself,  and  by  his  firmness  and  the 
dexterity  of  his  speech  he  changed  the  em- 
peror's displeasure  into  admiration  and  es- 
teem. After  bcljig  employed  in  another  em- 
bassy to  Genoa,  lie  died  at  Amboise,  IStb 
April  1566,  in  hisCGtli  year.  His  poems  and 
other  compositions  in  Italian  are  highly  com- 
mended. His  son  Baptist  was  almoner  to  the 
qiieen,  and  also  bisliop  of  Baznr  and  Maion, 
and  died  15SI,  author  of  some  letters  and 
other  pieces. 

Alamos,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  writer  in 
the  service  of  Anthony  Perez,  the  secretary 
of  state  under  Philip  H.  He  shared  his 
master's  disgrace,  and  was  imprisoned  for  1 1 
years,  till  his  abilities  were  called  into  action 
by  Olivarez  the  favorite  of  Philip  IV.  He 
was  made  counsellor  of  the  council  of  tbe 
Indies,  and  honored  with  knightbood.  He 
died  in  his  88th  year.  He  published  an  excel- 
lent translation  of  Tacitus  1G14,  besides  apho- 
risms much  admired,  written  diiring  his  con- 
finement. Some  of  his  works  are  still  unpub- 
lished. 

ALAMrNDiR,  a  king  of  the  Saracens  509, 
Avhom  the  bishops  of  his  age  endeavored  to 
convert  to  Christianity. 

Alan',  Allex,  Allyx,  William,  a  na- 
tive of  Itossal  in  Lancasliire,  educated  at  O- 
3'iei  College,  and  made  principal  of  St.  Mary 
Hall  in  his  24th  year-  As  he  Mas  a  warm 
defender  of  the  pope,  he  left  his  preferment 
in  England  on  the  accession  of  Elizabeth,  and 
retired  to  the  English  college  of  Louvaine, 
■^vhere  lie  sup])0rted  the  tenets  of  his  reli- 
gion by  bis  writings.  The  intensenessof  his 
application,  however,  cndangei-cd  his  health, 
and  bis  physicians  advised  his  return  to  Eng- 
land. There,  with  more  zeal  than  pru- 
dence, he  publicly  avowed  his  principles,  and 
attempted  to  make  converts  ;  but  neither 
Lancashire,  nor  Oxford,  nor  London  could 
long  conceal  the  author  of  virulent  attacks 
against  the  established  religion  of  bis  country, 
and  he  fled  with  difficulty  to  Douay.  Here 
preferments  were  heaped  upon  him  b}'  the 
Guises,  as  he  Avas  considered  tbe  champion 
and  martyr  of  tlie  catholic  cause,  and  he 
■was  soon  after  raised  to  the  dignity  of  car- 
dinal, and  the  archbishopric  of  Mechlin. 
His  resentment  kept  pace  with  his  elevation; 
in  1586  he  published  a  book  to  explain  the 
pope's  bull,  for  the  excommunication  of  Eli- 
zabeth, and  to  excite  the  i)eop!e  of  England 
to  revolt  against  tbeir  lawful  sovereign,  and 
espouse  the  cause  of  Philip  of  Spain,  and  of 
the  invading  catholics  ;  and  several  thousand 
copies  of  tiiis  unnatural  composition  were 
.sent  on  board  the  Armaria,  but  were  hapi>iiy 
destroyed  with  the  projects  of  the  tyrant 
Elizabeth  indeed  complained  of  the  indigni- 
ty by  Dr.  Dale  sent  as  ambassador  to  tbe 
Low  Countries  ;  but  the  duke  of  Parma  re- 
ceived the  messenger  with  supercilious  indif- 
ference. Alan  died  at  Home,  '26th  Oct.  1  594, 
in  his^63d  year.  Hio  old  n-ge  wasnot  free  from 


disfjuietudeB;  his  person  was  surrounded  by 
the  spies  of  the  English  court  ;  he  grew  un- 
popular among  tbe  Jesuits,  who  are  even  sus-- 
pccted  ot  poisoning  him  ;  and  to  his  sufferings 
must  be  added  that  inward  torment,  which 
persecutes  and  harrows  up  the  heart  that 
has  foimed  the  homicidal  design  of  making 
his  country  bend  to  the  yoke  of  foreign  usur- 
pation. His  Y)ublications  were  mostly  on 
controversial  or  political  subjects,  one  partic- 
ularly in  answer  to  Lord  Burleigh. 

Alax,  of  Lynn  in  Norfolk,  a  divine 
known  as  the  author  of  useful  indexes  to  the 
books  he  read.  Me  wrote  a  book  called  Mo- 
ralia  Bibliorum,  hcc.  He  florished  in  the 
lith  century. 

A  L  A  X  D,  Sir  John  Fortcscue,  was  descen- 
ded from  Sir  John  Fortescue  lord  chancellor 
under  Henry  \T.  Naturally  endowed  with 
sti'ong  powers  of  mind,  he  cultivated  his  un- 
derstauiiing  with  successful  industry,  and  after 
being  honored  with  a  degree  at  Oxford,  and 
called  to  the  bar,  his  abilities  were  further 
distinguished  by  being  made  solicitor  to  the 
prince  of  Wales,  and  afterwai'ds  to  George  L 
and  tbe  next  year  1716-7,  raised  to  tbe  dig- 
nity of  a  baron  of  the  exchequer.  In  his  ju- 
dicial capacity,  he  displayed  integrity  of  heart 
and  firmness  of  conduct ;  but  his  services 
were  neglected,  and  either  from  private  re- 
sentment, or  the  spirit  of  misrepresentation 
wbich  too  often  poisons  tbe  ears  of  kings,  he 
was  the  only  judge  whose  patent  was  not  re- 
newed on  tbe  accession  of  George  IT.  This 
apparent  disgrace  however  was  momentary, 
he  was  restored  the  following  year  to  his  pro- 
fession, and  he  continued  to  dignify  the  bench 
and  to  benefit  the  public  by  his  wisdom  till 
1746,  when  he  resigned,  and  as  a  reward  for 
his  long  and  laborious  services  as  a  judge  for 
30  years,  lie  was  created  a  peer  of  Ireland. 
Sir  Jobn  had  assumed  the  surname  of  Aland 
in  com]>rnvient  to  the  virtues  of  an  amiable 
wife,  of  the  Aland  fam-ly  at  Waterford,  and 
he  maintained  tbrongh  life  the  dignity  of 
character  which  had  been  so  much  admired 
in  his  great  ancestor,  and  which  received 
fresh  lustre  from  the  merits  and  eminent 
services  of  bis  descendant.  He  was  remark- 
able for  a  small,  short,  flat  nose,  which  how- 
ever was  made  to  disappear  in  his  poi'trait, 
either  by  the  adulation  or  the  dexterity  of 
tbe  pencil  of  Sir  (.odfrey  Kneller.  This  de- 
formity exposed  him  once  to  the  sarcasm  of 
a  barrister,  whom  he  censurerl  for  treating 
his  cause  rather  obscurely  : — My  lord,  repli- 
ed the  undismayed  lawyer,  if  you  will  have 
patience  I  will  make  it  appear  as  plain  as 
the  nose  in  your  lordship's  face.  His  wri- 
tings, which  were  on  judicial  subjects,  have 
been  published,  and  are  held  in  esteem.  He 
was  born  7th  of  March  1670,  and  died  1746. 
Tbe  family  is  now  extinct. 

Alaxkava,  daughter  of  Gioubire,  mar- 
ried her  cousin  Doujoun  king  of  tbe  Mon- 
gouls  in  the  North  of  Asia,  by  whom  she 
had  two  sons.  Some  miraculous  reports 
concerning  her  conception  are  related  among 
the  nations  over  which  she  reigned,  and  tend 
to  prove  that  in  all  ages  and   countries  the 


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tlu'one  is  supported  by  the  fictlcu  of  super- 
naliiral  events,  and  hv  imposture,  if  it  n^sls 
not  oil  'lie  love  <»f  the  people,  :iii(i  tl»o  lia[i- 
piiiess  of  the  huhject. 

Ai.ARD,  a  [jiiebt  of  Ainsterdaii),  author 
of  some  h  avneii  woikr,,  espe<l.illv  selectaJ 
sintilitudiiics,  oi*  coMatioiics,  cxbilihis,  3  vols. 
8vo.    Paris  I'y-iS.     He  died  at  Lrmvaine  15.31. 

Alauic  I.  a  celebrated  king  of  ihe  \isi- 
goths  who  made  war  aj^aiiist  Arcadius,  and 
after  sproadiu;;'  his  divaslations  over  (tieece, 
entered  Italy  and  laid  bie};c  toKome.  Thoui^h 
his  retreat  was  repeatedly  purchased  with 
gold,  hi-  at  last  pluiid(;red  the  imperial  ciJ.y 
400,  A.  1).  and  extorted  tiie  Juaviest  con- 
tributions from  the  inhabitants  of  Itiily.  He 
died  soon  after  at  Cosenza. 

Alauic  11.  made  king  of  the  Visigoths 
484,  was  slain  in  a  battle  by  the  hand  of 
Cloviskingof  France  at  Vougle  in  Pictou  509. 

Alasco,  John,  a  Roman  Catholic  bishop, 
uncle  to  the  king  of  Poland.  He  became  af- 
terwards a  convert  to  the  j>rotestant  princi- 
ples, and  came  to  England  under  Edward 
Vl.  and  took  care  of  a  Dutch  congregation 
in  London.  His  piety  and  his  virtues  ren- 
dered iiim  popular,  but  the  reign  of  Mary 
<lrove  him  to  the  continent,  where  he  died 
15 GO.  He  was  much  esteemed  by  the  learn- 
ed of  the  times,  and  particularly  by  Erasmus, 
•whose  library  he  bought. 

Ala  VA,  Diego  Esquivel,  a  learned  bishop, 
born  at  Vittoria  in  Biscay.  He  was  at  the 
council  of  Trent,  and  puLilished  a  valuable 
■work  on  councils  and  the  regulations  neces- 
sary to  reform  the  Christian  religion.  He 
died  March  17t!i  156'2. 

Alavin,  a  chief  of  the  Goths  who  set- 
tled on  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  by  permis- 
sion of  Valens,  and  afterwards  rose  against 
the  imperial  troops,  and  defeated  them  near 
Adrianople  378. 

A  LB  ax,  St.  a  native  of  Verulam,  thepro- 
tomartyr  of  England.  He  travelled  in  his 
youth  to  Rome,  and  served  as  a  soldier  in 
Dioclesian's  army  for  seven  years.  On  his 
n  turn  to  England  lie  renounced  the  Pagan 
religion  by  the  advice  and  influence  of  his 
friend  Amphibalus,  a  monk  of  Caerleon,  and 
during  the  persecution  of  Dioclesian,  he  was 
martyred  for  the  Christian  faith  286  or  296, 
or  seven  years  later  according  to  Usher. 
Nearly  500  years  after  his  memory  wau  hon- 
ored by  Offa  king  of  the  Mercians,  who 
built  a  sl'ttely  monastery  over  him,  from 
■which  the  modern  town  of  St.  Albans  re- 
ceives its  name. 

A  LB  a  XI,  Francis,  son  of  a  silk  merchant 
at  Bologna,  forsook  his  father's  profession 
for  painting,  in  which  nature  had  formed  him 
to  excel.  He  was  the  scliool-fellow  and  alter- 
wards  the  pupil  of  Guido,  by  whom  he  was 
introduced  to  the  Caracchis  ;  and  after  he 
had  studied  amongst  the  monuments  of 
Rome  for  some  years  he  returned  to  Bologna, 
where  he  married  for  his  second  wife  Dora- 
lice,  a  woman  of  matchless  beauty,  and  of 
superior  understanding.  In  her  he  found  a 
niosj^  perfect  model,  and  the  ^'enus,  the 
Nymphs  anU  ihe  Graces,  w  hich  came  iVom 


his  pencil,  possessed  all  her  oharins,  and 
thon^li  reuiark.'ible  for  too  much  uniformity, 
)  et  tirey  were  univeisall)  admired.  .She  be- 
came mother  of  twelve  children,  who 
equally  iidieriled  her  personal  acconiplisli^ 
nients,  and  v^ere  made  by  the  fond  falhej* 
the  originals  oT  his  (Jupids  in  the  most  playful 
:ind  eficliantiiig  attitudes.  Alliani  pai'ticti- 
larly  excelled  in  expressing  the  graces  of  the 
fair  sex;  in  his  imitati<in  of  men  he  was  less 
fortunate  ;  but  into  every  thing  which  he  drew 
hetraiisiused  the  happiness  and  ierenitv  fifhis 
disposition,  and  all  the  mild  virtues  of  au 
amiable  character.  Ileflied  in  his  8'J«1  year, 
October  4,  ICGO,  and  the  whole  city  of  Bo- 
logna testified  their  grief  for  the  loss  of  a 
man  wlio  during  life  had  becrn  honored  with 
the  esteem  not  oidy  of  the  most  eminent  of 
his  fellow  citizens  but  even  of  monarchs. 
Charles  I.  of  England  was  one  of  those  who 
invited  him  to  his  dominions.  His  [)ieces  arc 
highly  esteemed,  and  are  dispersed  in  the 
cabinets  of  Europe.  His  bj'other,  John  Bap- 
tist, was  his  pupil,  and  e.xcelled  as  a  landscape 
painter.     He  died  1068. 

Ale  AX  I,  J(dui  Jerome,  a  learned  civilian, 
made  cardinal  after  llie  death  of  his  wife 
1570.  He  wrote  treatises  on  ecclesiastical 
affairs,  &c.  and  died  1591. 

Alb  A  XI,  Alexander,  a  Roman  cardinal, 
who  died  2d  December,  1779,  aged  87.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  merit,  well  acquainted 
with  the  records  and  monuments  of  antiqui- 
ty, and  a  liberal  patron  of  men  of  letters. 

Albany,  John  duke  of,  a  Scotch  noble- 
man in  the  service  of  Francis  I.  king  of 
France.  He  was  intrusted  by  that  monarch 
with  an  army  of  10,000  men  to  attack  Naples, 
but  the  fatal  battle  of  Pavia  obliged  him  to 
return  to  F^-at>ce,  where  he  died,  1536. 

Alb  A  TEGXi  us,  an  Ai-abian  astronomer, 
who  died  929.  He  Avrote  a  treatise  on  the 
knowledge  and  the  obliquity  of  the  zodiac  of 
the  stars,  printed  4to.  at  Nuremberg  1537, 
and  at  Bologna  1545. 

A  L B  E  M  A  R  l e.  Monk  duke  of,  vid.  Mo  n k  . 

Albemakle,  Anne  Clarges  ducliess  of, 
daugliter  of  a  blacksmith,  was  brought  up  as 
a  milliner,  and  retained  tlie  vulgarity  of  her 
manners  in  her  highest  elevation.  She  was 
first  the  mistress  of  general  Monk  when  con- 
fjiied  in  the  tower,  and  afters  ards  his  wife  ; 
but  so  clear  v.as  her  understanding,  that  she 
was  often  consulted  in  the  greatest  emergen- 
cies ;  and  there  is  little  doubt,  but  that  by  fa- 
vor and  bribery,  she  filled  up  the  list  of  pri- 
vy counsellors  which  was  presented  to  the 
second  Charles  on  his  landing.  Her  animo- 
sity  was  so  great  against  Clarendon  that  she 
prevailed  upon  her  husband  to  join  in  the 
ruin  of  his  former  friend  ;  and  as  the  viru- 
lence of  her  temper  was  unbounded,  the 
general  v^ns  often  forced  to  comply  under  her 
threats,  as  he  dreaded  her  invectives  more 
than  the  cannon's  mouth. 

Albemarle,  Keppel  Lord,  a  native  of 
Guelders,  one  of  the  favorites  of  '^^'iilia^Tl 
HI.  by  whom  he  was  raised  to  an  earldom. 
In  the  last  of  queen  Anne's  wars  he  wae> 
made  commander  of  tlio  Dutch  forces,   and 


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■tvns  defeated  by  marshal  Villars  at  Dcijlan 
1712,  and  made  prisoner.  He  died  six  years 
after. 

Albergati,  Capacelii  Afarquis,  a  native 
of  l)<jlngna,  vho  devoted  the  first  years  of 
liis  life  to  dissipation  and  liceutiousuess,  and 
at  the  aa;c  of  34  be!;an  to  make  amends  for 
ill  spent  iiours,  by  the  severest  application 
to  literary  pursuits.  Nature  had  endowed 
him  vith  gi-eat  talents,  and  the  knowledge  of 
the  world  had  enriclicd  his  inind  with  salu- 
tary reflections,  so  that  at  the  age  of  40  he 
bnrstupon  the  public  not  only  as  a^dramatisl, 
elegant,  correct,  and  sublime,  but  as  an  actor 
lively,  interesting,  and  judicious.  Honored 
with  the  appellation  of  the  Garrick  of  Italy, 
he  displayed  his  ubiliiits  with  efflct,  and  ac- 
quired deserved  reputation  by  the  wit  and 
facetiousness  of  his  compositions.  He  died 
1802.  His  works  were  published  together 
1783,  in  12  Tols.  8vo. 

Albergotti,  Francis,  an  aneient  civil- 
ian born  at  Arezzo,  where  he  practised  till 
his  removal  to  Florence.  At  Florence  he 
was  raised  to  the  lionor  of  nobility,  and  de- 
served for  his  abilities  the  name  of  "the 
teacher  of  solid  truth."  His  treatises  on  the 
Digest  and  the  Code  were  much  read  in  his 
lime,  but  are  now  little  knov.n.  He  died  at 
L""lorence  137G. 

ALEEKicor  Albert,  a  canon  of  Aix 
in  Provence,  who  not  being  able  to  accom- 
pany the  lirst  Crusader.s,  wrote  from  the 
best  authorities  an  account  of  their  adven- 
tures from  1095  to  11-20  under  the  title  of. 
Chronicon  Hierosolymitanum,  published  in 
two  vols.  8vo.  1584. 

Aleeric,  a  French  monk  of  Clunr. 
bishop  of  Ostia  and  a  cardinal,  was  legato  in 
England,  Scotland,  France,  &:c.  and  died 
1147. 

Alberic,  of  Rosata,  a  learned  lawyer  of 
Bergamo,  who' wrote  commentaiies  on  the 
six  books  of  the  Decretals,  in  the  14th  cen- 
tury. 

Alberic,  a  monk  in  the  abbej'  of  Trois- 
fontaines  near  Chalons,  wrote  a  chronicle 
tVomtlie  ci-eation  to  the  yeai'  1241,  soon  after 
which  year  he  died.  The  work  was  edited 
by  Leibnitz,  4to.  1698. 

Ai-BERixijRodiana,  a  lady  born  at  Par- 
ma 1530,  distinguislied  for  her  poetical 
■works  both  in  Latin  and  in  Italian,  as  well 
i«s  for  her  many  amiable  and  virtuous  qual- 
ities. 

Alberon'i,  Julius,  son  of  a  gardener  in 
the  su})urbs  of  Placentia,  worked  with  his 
father  till  his  14th  yeai-,  bui  afterwards  being 
afimilted  to  the  meaner  emjiloynients  of  tlie 
cathedral,  he  was  ordained  piiest,  and  pre- 
ferred to  a  benefice.  At  that  tinje  the  poet 
Campistron,  the  favorite  of  fhc  fluke  of  ^'en- 
df)me,  wns  plundererl  in  his  way  to  Rome, 
and  in  his  distress  he  found  a  hospitable  asy- 
lum in  the  house  of  the  new  ecclesiastic, 
•who  snppliirl  him  with  clotlxs  and  money 
for  his  journej.  The  kindness  wasnot  for- 
gotten ;  Campistron  mentioned  the  generous 
trefitmentto  the  duke,  and  Alberoni  soon 
alter  gained  his  protettiou  and    confidence, 


by  discovering  to  him,  in  the  wars  of  Italy, 
the  places  where  the  inhabitants  had  con- 
cealed their  corn  from  the  plunder  of  the 
soldiery.  Obliged  therefore  to  fly  from  a 
neighborhood  whose  secrets  he  had  betrayed, 
he  followed  the  army,  and  when  Vend'ome 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  military  for- 
ces in  Spain,  his  abilities  were  employed  to 
negotiate  between  the  duke  and  the  princess 
of  Ursino,  whose  wit  and  whose  intrigues 
had  gained  an  ascendency  over  the  Spanish 
monarch.  He  behaved  with  such  dexterity, 
that  he  became  the  favorite  of  the  princess; 
ami  to  appear  with  greater  dignity  he  assu- 
med the  character  of  agent  of  the  duke  of 
Parma  to  the  court  of  Madrid,  and  employed 
his  influence  to  Ax  a  daugliter  of  that  house 
on  the  throne  of  Spain.  The  task  was 
dangerous,  but  the  princess  of  L'rsino  Avas 
soothed  and  flattered  into  compliance  with 
tlic  artful  representation  that  the  intended 
queen  was  given  to  gaiety  and  pleasure,  and 
of  a  weak  insignificant  character  which  could 
easily  be  governed.  Alberoni  used  all  possi- 
ble dispatch  in  this  delicate  affair,  the  prin- 
cess of  Ursino  had  already  changed  her 
mind,  and  a  courier  was  sent  to  stop  the  ne- 
gotiation, but  the  minister  forbad  his  appear- 
ance on  pain  of  death,  the  treaty  was  signed, 
and  Philip  V.  received  his  new  queen.  The 
consequent  disgrace  of  the  princess  of  L^r- 
sitio  made  room  for  Alberoni,  the  beauty  and 
the  wit  of  the  queen  were  made,  with  the 
king,  subservient  to  the  elevation  of  the  fa- 
■vorite,  who  became  prime  minister,  and  was 
raised  to  the  purple.  His  abilities  deserved 
the  honors  he  held  ;  he  gave  vigor  to  the 
nation,  and  in  a  little  time  infused  such  a 
spirit  cf  activity  and  enterprise  into  the  in- 
dolent Spaniards,  thataftera  lethargic  repose 
of  a  centur}'  they  rose  to  the  hardihood  and 
heroic  deeds  of  their  forefathers.  IMadrid 
became  the  centre  of  negotiation,  and  of  in- 
trigue, and  the  gigantic  mind  of  the  cardi- 
nal formed  the  design  of  seizing  Sardinia  and 
Sicily,  of  replacing  the  pretender  on  tiie 
English  t1irot<e  by  the  hands  of  Charles  XII. 
and  the  czar  of  llussia,  whilst  in  llie  east  the 
Turks  were  to  arm  against  Germany,  wbose 
sceptre  in  Italy  was  to  be  broken,  whilst  the 
duke  of  Orleans  v\asto  be  deprived  of  the 
regenc3-^of  France.  These  va.st  projects  how'- 
ever  were  defeated  by  the  arts  of  Orleans, 
who  with  (leorge  T.  declared  war  against 
Spain  1719,  and  made  it  one  of  the  conditions 
f>f  peace,  that  the  cardinal  should  be  ban- 
ished from  the  court.  Albeioni  yielded  to 
the  storm,  and  retired  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  basely  accused  of  intrigues  and  corres- 
pondence with  the  infidel  Turks,  and  confi- 
ned for  one  year.  He  however  still  retained 
.some  share  of  influence  at  INIadrid  ;  but  his 
old  age  was  tai-nished  by  the  attempt  to  des- 
troy the  inde])endence  of  the  little  republic 
of  St.  Marino.  He  died  at  Placentia,  26th 
June  1752,  in  his  89tli  year,  with  the  char- 
acter of  a  great  and  aml)itious  statesman. 
Ho  left  his  estates  to  the  college  of  Lazarus. 
His  testament  politique  was  published  at 
Lausanne  1753,  thougli  some  consider  it  as  a 


AL 


AL 


IHerary  fraud  imposo<!  on  his  name.    His  life 
vas  publislied  by  J.   Uoiisset  in  I   vol.   I'iino. 

Ai.BER  1'  I.  son  of  llie  <.'m[)cror  Kodol- 
phus,  Mas  chosen  emperor  o(  tierniany,  af- 
ter tlie  defeat  of  his  conipetitor  Adolphus  of 
Nassau.  He  was  fre(iuenlly  p:uilty  of  injus- 
tice in  liis  attmiijls  to  extend  the  power  of 
his  family,  and  to  his  op[>resbion3  the  Swiss 
•w<,'rc  indebted  for  tlie  assertion  of  their  in- 
dependence, lie  Was  killed  hy  his  own  ne- 
phew John  duke  of  Swabia  1308,  leaving  five 
sons  and  six  daughters. 

At.bekt  H.  emperor  of  Germany,  was 
called  grave  or  magtumime,  and  he  possessed 
the  milder  virtues  \\liich  render  a  pi-incc  pop- 
ular and  beloved.  He  married  the  dauf^hler 
of  SigismuTuI  king  of  Hungary,  and  thus  suc- 
ceeded to  that  kingdom.  He  died 27th  October 
1439,  in  the  second  year  of  his  reign,  aged  4.S. 

Albert,  archduke  of  Austria,  sixth  son 
cf  the  emperor  Maximilian,  was  at  first  a 
cardinal  and  archhishop  of  Toledo ;  hut  in 
1583  he  was  made  governor  of  Portugal, 
and  some  time  after  governor  of  the  Low 
Countries.  He  here  distinguished  himself 
by  the  reduction  of  Calais,  Ardres,  and  oth- 
er towns  ;  and  afterwards  he  undertook  the 
siege  of  Ostend,  which  lasted  three  years, 
three  months  and  three  days,  and  which, 
•when  taken,  22d  September  1604,  was  only 
a  heap  of  ashes,  after  the  slaughter  of  more 
than  100,000  men-  The  archduke  had  re- 
signed the  purple  in  1598  to  marry  Elizabeth 
daughter  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  and  he  ob- 
tained as  her  portion  the  sovereignty  of  the 
Netherlands.  He  made  a  peace  with  the 
Dutch  in  1609,  and  the  last  years  of  his  life 
were  usefully  devoted  to  the  happiness  of 
his  people,  and  to  the  encouragement  of 
the  arts.    He  died  1621,  in  his  62d  year. 

Albert  I.  son  of  Otho  prince  of  Anhalt 
was  made  elector  of  Brandenburg  1150,  and 
he  immortalized  himself  hy  converting  vast 
forests  into  cultivated  lantls,  where  he  built 
churches  and  towns  for  the  comfort  aod  se- 
curity of  grateful  subjects.  He  died  univer- 
.sally  regretted  18th  November  1168. 

Albert  V.  duke  of  Bavaria,  deserved 
and  obtained  the  surname  of  the  Magnani- 
mous. He  was  a  wise,  humane,  and  enlight- 
ened prince,  the  liberal  patron  of  literature 
and  of  the  arts,  and  himself  a  pattern  of  ev- 
ery amiable  virtue.     He  died  1579,  aged  50. 

Albert  VI.  duke  of  Bavaria  was  known 
for  his  learning.     He  died  at  Munich  1666. 

Albert,  Charles  d',  duke  of  Luynes, 
ivas  the  descendant  of  a  noble  family  of 
Florence  wlio  settled  in  France.  He  was 
much  noticed  by  Henry  IV.  and  rose  by  de- 
grees from  inferior  offices  to  be  the  favorite 
and  the  counsellor  of  Lewis  XIII.  His  pow- 
er over  the  monarch  was  so  great  that  the 
kingdom  obeyed  him  as  their  sovereign  ;  but 
l»is  tyranny  became  so  odious  that,  when  he 
died  of  a  fever  in  the  camp  of  Longueville 
1621,  the  soldiers  plundered  his  tent,  so  that 
there  could  not  be  foilnd  a  cloth  to  cover  the 
remains  of  the  royal  favourite. 

Albebt,  Joseph  d',  of  Luynes,  was  am- 
bassador from  the  emperor  Charles  VII.  in 
VOL,  I.  h 


France,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  mati 
of  letters.  His  diHerent  pi<'ces,  aniongsl 
which  arc  Le  Songe  d'  .\lcibiade — 'liman- 
drc  instruit  [)ar  son  genie,  JStc.  hav«  been 
colltcfd  and  published  1759  in  8vo. 

Albeki,  Honored',  duke  of  Chaulnes, 
Was  indebted  for  his  greatness  to  the  favors 
and  intrigues  of  his  eltlcr  brother  tin-  duk«; 
ol"  Luynes,  as  well  as  to  the  j)artiulity  of 
Uichelieu.     He  died   1649    in    his  69th  year. 

Albert,  king  (d' Sweden,  succeeded  to 
the  throne  on  the  deposition  of  Magnus  II. 
by  his  rebellious  nt)bles  1363.  Though  for 
some  tiiiie  he  weathered  the  storms  of  op- 
position, he  was  at  last  taken  prisoner  13S7 
by  Margaret  queen  of  Norway  and  Den- 
mark, who  had  listened  to  the  intrigues  of 
his  disaffected  barons  ;  and  though  he  re- 
covered his  liberty,  it  was  to  see  hisatteinjits 
to  regain  the  sovereign  power  utterly  fail, 
and  himself  an  exile  at  Mecklenburg,  where 
he  ended  his  days  1412. 

Albert,  margrave  of  Brandenburg,  first 
duke  of  Prussia,  was  for  some  time  engagcfl 
in  a  war  with  .Sigismund  king  of  Pokmd,  but 
at  last  he  consented  to  hold  Prussia  as  a  fiet* 
of  Poland.  He  married  a  Danish  princess, 
and  declared  himself  a  protestant.  He  died 
1568,  aged  78. 

Albert,  of  Brandenburg,  surnamed  tlie 
Alcibiades  of  Germany,  was  son  of  Casimir 
margrave  of  Culembach,  and  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  opposition  to  the  views  of 
Charles  V.  against  whom  he  made  war  Mith 
other  confederated  st^ates.  A  reconciHRtion 
at  last  Avas  effected,  but  it  was  of  shc>rt,(^)n- 
tinuance,  as  he  provoked  the  resenti.  ?nf  of 
his  late  allies,  even  of  his  friend  Maurice 
elector  of  Saxony,  by  retaining  in  his  hands 
the  plunder  of  the  ecclesiastical  states.  A. 
battle  was  fought  by  the  rival  powers,  and 
Maurice  was  slain  and  Albert  severely  wound- 
ed. He  Avas  afterwards  deprived  of  his  pos^ 
sessions  by  the  decree  of  the  diet  of  tlie  em- 
pire, and  died  1558.  To  the  intrepidity  and 
manliness  of  his  character  were  united  ar- 
rogance, violence,  and  licentiousness  of  man- 
ners. 

Albert,  Erasmus,  a  native  of  FranJ^fort 
preacher  to  Joachim  II.  elector  of  Branden- 
burg. He  was  the  pupil  of  Luther,  and  he 
assisted  his  cause  by  collecting  the  greatest 
absurdities  of  the  conformities  of  Saint  Fran- 
cis M'ith  Jesus  Christ,  m  hich  he  published  in 
German  and  Latin  under  the  name  of  the 
Alcoran  of  the  Cordeliers.  This  satirical 
Avork,  to  which  Luther  Avrote  a  preface,  high- 
ly promoted  the  cause  of  the  reformation, 
Albert  was  at  Magdeburg  during  its  siege, 
jmd  died  at  New  Brandenburg,  1551.  The 
last  edition  of  his  work  is  that  of  Amster- 
dam, 2  vols.  12mo.  1734. 

Albert,  Krantz,  author  of  the  hi.story 
of  Saxony  and  of  the  Vandals,  and  of  a 
chronicle  of  Charlemagne  up  to  1504,  was 
divinity  professor  at  Hamburgh,  and  died 
1517. 

Albert,  of  Stade,  author  of  a  chronicle 
from  the  creation  to  1286,  was  a  Beucdictine 
monk  of  the  15th  eenttrrj. 


AL 


Ah. 


Albert,  of  Strasbur2:,  aiitliorof  a  chroni- 
cle from  1270  to  1378,  llorished  in  ihe  mid- 
dle of  the  14th  century. 

Albert,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  revolted 
against  his  friend  and  benefactor  the  empe- 
Vor  Henry  V.     lie  died  1137. 

Albert,  called  the   Great,  "was  born  at 
Lawiugcn  in  Swabin,  and  put  on  the  Domi- 
nican habit  after  visiting  Pavia,  Colosjne,  and 
Paris,  where  he   read  lectures   -with  credit 
and  reputation.     He   was  called  to  Rome  by 
pope  Alexander  IV.  and  appointed  master  of 
the  sacred  palace,  and  afterwards  raised   to 
the    archbishopric  of    Rr^tisbon.     A   Hfe   of 
easd  was,  however,  his  <lclight,  and  the  cro- 
sier was  soon  resigned  for  the  monastic  hab- 
it.    His  studies  v  ere  eagerly  pursued  in  his 
retirement,  anil  the   great  knowledge  m  hich 
he  possessed  m  an  age  not  famous  tor  in([ui- 
sitivcness  or  information,  soon  passed  among 
Uic  vulgar  and  illiterate  for   magic  and  en- 
chantment.     Albert    not   only    laboi-ed    in 
quest  of  the  philosophers  stone,  but  he  was 
said  to  have  formed  a  human  head  of  brass, 
which,  like  an  oracle,  guided  all  his  actions. 
His  works  were  voluminous,  without  contain- 
ing much  information.     They  were  publish- 
ed at  Lyons  1G15  in  21  vols,  folio  ;  but  some 
treatises  of  an  unchaste  or  licentious  tenden- 
cy have  been  falsely  ascribed  to  him,  such  as 
the    master  of  sentences — de  natura  rerum 
— de  secretis  naulierum,  &c.  He  died  at  Co- 
logne  November   15th,  1280,  in  his  S7th  or 
according  to  others  in  his  75  year.     JMatthte- 
us  has  improperly   attributed  the  invention 
of  lire-arms  to  him, 

AliTer T,  Jane  d",  daughter  of  Margaret 
of  Navarre,  was  married,  at  the  age  of  11, 
to  the  duke  of  Cieves,  but  this  union  was  an- 
nulled by  the  pope,  and  in  1548  she  gave  her 
hand  to  Antony  duke  of  Vendome,  and  five 
years  after  gave  birth  to  a  son  who  became 
Henry  IV.  of  France.  Tn  1555  she  was  made 
queen  of  Navarre  on  her  father's  death,  and 
she  became  zealous  to  promote  the  refor- 
mation there.  She  was  present  at  Pans  at 
the  nuptials  of  her  son  with  Margaret  of 
Yalois,  and  died  there  suddenh',  as  it  is  sup- 
posed, in  conse<|uence  of  poison,  15/2,  in 
her  44tli  year.  She  had  written  some  works 
Avhich  are  still  preserved. 

Alberte  r,  a  mathematician  and  poet 
in  the  13th  century,  uhosc  amorous  verses 
■were  perfidiously  published  after  his  death 
by  one  of  his  friends,  to  >vhom  he  had  in- 
trusted the  care  of  committing  t\iem  to  the 
flames. 

AlbertI,  Cherubino,  an  Italian  puinter 
and  engraver  of  eminence,  who  died  1015, 
aged  63. 

Alberti,  Giovanni,  bi-othcr  of  the  pre- 
ceding, Avas  equally  eminent  iu  the  per- 
spective, and  in  historical  pieces.  He  was 
born  near  Florence,  and  died  1601,  aged  43. 
Alberti,  Dominico,  a  native  of  Venice, 
whose  musical  powers  were  displayed  in 
London  iu  the  stiite  of  the  Spanish  ambassa- 
dor, and  also  at  Rome,  and  other  places  on 
the  continent.  In  1737  he  set  to  music  Me- 
tastaaio's  Endymiony  and  published   other 


thing;;.    As  a  performer  on  the  harpsichord 
he  was  particularly  admiretl. 

Albek  1 1,  Andrew,  was  author  of  an  ad- 
iniretl  treatise  on  perspective,  printed  in  fo- 
lio at  Nuremburg  1670. 

Alberti,  John,  a  German  law\  er  surna- 
med  \\  idman  Stadias.  His  knov\  ledge  of  the 
oi'iental  languages  enabled  him  to  abridge 
the  Alcoran,  autl  illustrate  it  with  learned 
notes ;  a  work  which  procured  him  the 
chancellorship  of  Austria.  He  also  publish- 
ed a  beautiful  edition  of  the  New  Testament 
in  Syriac  at  tbe  expense  of  the  emperor,  in 
which  the  Apocalypse  wasomitted  and  St.  Pe- 
ter's second  epistle,  Jude's,  and  Saint  James' 
second  and  third.  Of  this  work  1000  copies' 
were  printed,  half  of  which  were  kept  by  the 
emperor,  and  the  others  sent  iu  to  the  east. 

Alberi  I,  Leandei',  a  IJominicau  of  Bo- 
logna, who  wrote  some  interesting  works, 
especially  a  history  of  Italy  4to. — biographi- 
cal memoirs — the  history  of  Bologna — 
and  that  of  illustrious  Dominicans,  bcc.  He 
died  15.")2  in  his  74th  year. 

Alberti,  Leon  Baptista,  a  Florentine, 
author  of  a  valuable  work  on  architecture  iu 
10  books.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  paint- 
ing and  sculpture,  and  was  employed  with 
commendation  by  pope  Nicholas  V.  in  orna- 
menting the  buildings  which  he  erected. 
He  died  1485. 

Alberti-Aristotile,  called  also  lii- 
flolfe  Fioraver.te,  a  celebrated  mechanic  of 
Bologna  in  the  16th  century,  who  is  said  to 
have  removed  one  of  the  steeples  of  his  na- 
tive city,  with  all  the  bells,  to  the  distance 
of  35  paces.  He  extended  his  fame  in  Hun- 
gary, where  he  built  a  remarkable  bridge, 
and  where  he  received  the  highest  honors. 
He  was  also  employed  in  erecting  churches 
in  Russia. 

Albertini,  Francis,  a  Calabrian  Jesuit^ 
author  of  some  theological  works  in  2  vols, 
fol.  and  a  treatise,  in  which  he  asserts  that 
brute  animals  have  their  guardian  angels. 
He  died  1619. 

Alberti  NO,  Edmund,  a  Calvinist  min- 
ister, born  at  Chalons-sur-Marne,  who  w  rote 
a  treatise  against  the  eucharist,  which  excit- 
ed violent  opposition,  and  was  ably  refuted. 
He  died  5th  April  1652. 

ALBERriNO,  Francis,  a  Florentine,  au- 
thor of  a  book  on  the  wonders  of  ancient  and 
of  modern  Rome,  kc.  at  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century. 

ALBEurixus,  Nussatus,  an  Italian,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  emperor  Henry  All. 
and  of  some  poetical  pieces,  kc. 

Albertus,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  was 
known  for  a  conspiracy  which  he  formed 
i\g;ainst  the  en>pcror  Henry  V.  whose  favors 
and  liberalit;.  he  hat!  re])eatedly  experienced. 
He  was  imprisoned  for  four  years,  but  he 
was  so  popular  that  the  iidiabitants  rose  ujt 
iu  arms  against  tlie  emperor  {»n<l  restored 
him  to  liberty.     He  died  June  23d,  1137. 

Albi,  Henry,  author  of  an  uninterestinpf^ 
histor}'  of  illu.strious  cai-dinals,  besides  sev- 
eral lives,  was  a  Jesuit  of  Bolene  in  the  Ve- 
naissin,  und  died  at  Aries  1659- 


AL 


AL 


AuBicus,  ■wasmailearc!ibisl»(ri>ofPra}»nc 
Uy  Sigisumiid  king  of  l{(jli<-ini:i.  His  purtiiil- 
ity  to  Jolm  lliiss,;*n<l  (In  follow t-is  of  Wick- 
IiH',  havf  t;.\posi(l  him  to  tlic  si'\ ere- censures 
of  the  catholics,  lie  wrole  three  trcatiaes 
on  medicines,  pi'inted,  lieipsie,  liSi-. 

A  i.ui  NO  V  A  N  ts,  a  l.aliij  |»oel  in  ihc  ape 
of  Ovid.     Only  two  of  his  elej^ies  are  extant. 

Al.BiNUS,  Dec.  Clodins,  a  Koniaii,  who 
assitnied  the  imperial  jinrpU  in  oi)po.-,ilion  to 
Severus.     He  uas  slain  in  battle,  A.  IJ.  I'J". 

Ai.Bi  vus,  A  l*osninni.  a  Koinan,  antlior 
fefan  history  of  his  own  coiintry  in  (ireik, 
fiorislied  about  160  years  13.  C 

Albin'I'S,  Hernard,  a  eilebraled  ])hysi- 
cian,  born  at  iJessaii  ku  Anhalt.  ile  s>liidiiHi 
at  Leyden,  and  after  travellini?  over  the  Low 
Countries  and  France  lor  imjii'ovement,  lie 
was  raised  to  a  professoi-'s  cliair,  at  Frank- 
fort on  Oder,  and  22  years  after  enjoyed  the 
same  dignity  at  Leydeii.  He  died  7lh  Dec. 
1721,  in  his  GDlh  year-  He  was  a  great  favo- 
rite of  the  elector  of  Jirandenberg,  who  gave 
him  ecclesiastical  preienncnt  which  he  soon 
resigned.  The  lisi  of  his  niinieious  medical 
treatises,  Is  in  the  BibUotheque  de  M.Carrere. 

A  I, BIN  us,  Bernard  Sigfred,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  professorof  medicine  at  Ley- 
den,  and  surpassed  all  former  masters  in  the 
knowledge  of  anatomy.  He  published  three 
vohimes  folio  in  1744,  1749,  and  1753,  with 
elegant  and  accurate  plates  of  the  muscles, 
ligaments,  and  bones  of  the  human  body. 
He  married  in  his  73d  year  a  young  girl,  and 
died  1771  aged  88.  His  brother,  Christian 
Bernard,  who  was  ])rofessor  at  Utrecht, 
equally  distinguished  himself  by  his  history  of 
spiders  and  insects,  with  engravings. 

A  L  B  T  N  u  s,  Fileazar,  was  author  of  a  natu- 
ral history  of  birds,  with  30  copper-plates 
colored,  of  whicii  a  French  translation  ap- 
peared at  the  Hague  17.50  in  t\\  o  vols.  4to. 
The  work  is  in  less  estimation  than  that  of 
Edwards. 

Albinus,  Peter,  an  historian  and  poet  of 
the  ICth  century,  professor  at  Wittemberg, 
and  afterwards  secretary  to  the  elector  at 
Dresden.  He  was  author  of  some  esteemed 
historical  treatises,  esi)ecially  the  chronicles 
of  JVIisiiia  his  native  countrj'. 

Alb  IS,  Thomas,  or  White,  a  catholic 
priest  and  eminent  ])hllosopher  of  FiSsex. 
He  was  intimate  with  Hobbsof  Alajmesbury, 
and  in  their  dissertations  it  was. often  ac- 
knowledged that  ^Vhite  was  superior.  He 
died  1G7G,  aged  94. 

Albixi,  Bartholomew,  a  native  ofRiva- 
no  in  Tuscany,  distinguislied  by  his  preach- 
ing, and  the  worlds  of  his  pen.  He  is  author 
of  the  conformity  of  St.  Francis  with  Jesus 
Christ,  a  performance  in  which  he  equals 
the  saint  to  the  Son  of  God.  He  died  at  Pi- 
sa in  1401,  in  the  convent  of  the  Cordeliers, 
an  order  to  which  he  belonged. 

ALBOiNor  A1.B0VIXVS,  succeeded  his 
father  Audoin  as  king  of  Lombardy.  From 
Pannonia,  where  he  had  first  settled,  he  ad- 
vanced towards  Italy  and  carried  every  thing 
before  him,  and  caused  himself  to  be  pro- 
claimed king  of  the  country  in  570,  and  made 


Pavia  tlie  capital  of  his  new  dr)minionb.  fie 
was  assassuiated  by  order  of  his  wife  Itosa- 
mond,  u  hoin  he  hid  insii!l<«I  hv  senditi;,'  lur 
wine  in  the  sknil  of  her  talher  (iunitaond 
He  had  slain  in  battle  (iuniiuond,  wh<i  u  an 
king  of  a  neigbbouring  horde  ;  but  while  In; 
took  his  captive  dangbler  for  his  wile,  he 
wished  to  retain  a  monument  of  his  victory 
by  e(»nverling  the  head  of  her  fither  into  u 
drinking  cup. 

Albo.n,  Jaincsd',  a  famous  French  gen- 
ei-al,  known  as  inai'(;sehal  Saint  Andix'.  Hr 
distinguished  himself  in  the  canipaigns  of 
1552  and  1554,  at  the  retreat  of  Qucsno)-, 
and  at  the  battles  of  Kcnty  and  St.  Qiiintin 
He  was  a  Calvinist,  and  at  la.-'t  favoied  the 
party  of  the  Cui.ses.  He  was  shotatthe  hat- 
tie  oVl)reu.\,  15C2. 

Aliion,  f'amille,  a  descendant  of  ''3 
pi'ceeding,  was  born  at  Lyons,  un«l  died  at 
Paris  1788,  aged  35.  He  publi.shed  various 
treatises,  ke.  which  possess  some  merit,  bu!. 
with  many  good  qualities  he  united  some  dis- 
agreeable singularities,  and  an  aft'ectation  of 
misanthropy. 

At. BORicos,  Giles  Alvarez  Carillo,  ana- 
live  of  Suena,  archbishop  of  Toledo.  He  re- 
signed liis  preferment  when  raised  to  the 
rank  of  cardinal,  and  taking  up  arms,  he  re- 
duced Italy  to  the  obedience  of  the  church, 
and  recalled  the  po])e  from  Avignon  to 
Rome.  When  questioned  about  the  money 
w  ith  w'hich  he  had  been  supplied,  he  brought 
to  the  pope's  palace,  a  waggon  loaded  with 
locks,  keys,  and  bars,  and  declared  that  the 
nnoney  had  been  expended  in  obtaining  pos- 
session of  the  cities  to  which  those  belonged. 
This  truly  great  man  founded  the  splendid 
college  of  Barcelona,  and  retired  to  Viterbo, 
where  he  died  13G7. 

Albornos,  Diego  Philij),  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Carthagena  in  Spain,  author  of  a  Spanish 
book  called  Elements  of  Politique,  which  at- 
tracted the  notice  of  Ferdinand  son  of  Philip 
V.  though  a  youth  only  ten  years  old,  and 
drew  on  the'  author  the  patronage  of  the 
court. 

Albret,  a  noble  and  illustrious  frtmily  in 
France,  which  has  given  genei-als  and  states- 
men to  the  kingdom.  Charles  commanded 
the  F'rench  forces  at  the  battle  of  Agiucourt 
against  Henry  V.  of  England,  and  he  perish- 
ed in  the  field. 

Albricus,  a  native  of  London,  known  as 
a  learned  philosopher  and  physician.  He 
studied  at  0.\ford  about  1217,  and  travelled 
for  improvement.  Bayle  has  given  a  cata- 
logue of  his  writings,  which  however  were 
never  made  public. 

Albvcasa  or  Albucassis,  an  Arabian 
physician  of  the  11th  century,  «ho  wrote 
some  valuable  tracts  on  medicine,  ornament- 
ed with  cuts  of  chirurgical  instruments  ia 
use  of  that  time. 

Albumaxar,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  ninth  century,  known  also  as  an  astrolo- 
ger. His  works — de  magnis  conjunctioni- 
bus,  annorum  revolutioiubus,  ac  eorum  per- 
fectionibus,  appeared  at  Venice  1526,  8vo. — 
and  his  inU-oductio  ad  astronomiara,  1489. 


Ai: 


AL 


ALBr(^UEnQ.t^E,  Alfonso,  a  native  of  Lis- 
bon, whose  great  genius  laid  the  foundation 
of  the   Portuguese  power  in  India.     He  was 
sent  by  Emmanuel  king  of  Portugal,  in  1503, 
with  his   brother  Francis,  to  form  an  estab- 
lishment in  tlie  east  ;  and  by  his  spirited  bra- 
very, he  supported  his  allies,  and  maintain- 
ed tlie  superiority  of  his  nation.     He  gained 
large   possessions    on  the    coast  of  Cochin, 
V  liicli  Avas  RCLured  by  strong  and  impregna- 
ble fortifications.     His  return  to  Europe  was 
attended  by  the  death  of  his  brother,  who 
ptM-islied  in  the  voyage  ;  but  private  sorrow 
gave  way  before  public  concerns,  and  Albu- 
<[uerque  in  1508,  invested  with  new  power 
by  his  sovereign,  sailed  back  to  India.     In  his 
-way  he  plundered  the  coast  of  Arabia,  and 
•with  unparalk'led  boldness,  wifji  a   corps  of 
onh'  470  men,  he  undertcwk  the  siege  of  Or- 
muz,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian 
gulf,  subject  to  a  king  of  its  own,  and  defen- 
ded by  nuiTjci'Ous  forces;    and   after  some 
iiionths'  obstinate  resisteuce,  the  place  sub- 
mitted to  the  conqueror,   and  the   king  in 
despair  became  tributary  to  Portugal;   but 
Tvheu  the  Persian  monarch  demanded   the 
tribute   which  Orrnuz  paid  to  his  superior 
power,  Albuqucniue  threw  down  bullets  and 
arms  before  tlie  ambassadors,  and  exclaimeti, 
to  their  consternation.  Those  are   the  trib- 
•utcs  which  my  master  consents  to.pay.     His 
arms  Avcrc  now  directed  against  Goa,  which 
he  subdued;   but  the  dissentions  of  his  ofli- 
cers,  who,  in  sharing  his  victories  were  yet 
jealous  of  his  glory,  disturbed  for  a  while  the 
career  of  his  triumphs.     He  retired  from  his 
new  conquest,  btit  unbroken  by  misfortune, 
and  the  ingratitude  of  his  countrymen,  now 
he  soon  returned  to  Goa,  which  after  the  loss 
of  3000  of  its  defenders,  again  submitted  to 
his  superior  valor.     His  power  was  now  ex- 
tended over  the  whole  coast  of  Malabar,  and 
therefore  he  sailed  towards    the   east,   and 
i-nade  the   island  of  Sumatra,  Malacca,  and 
the  neighbouring  cities  tributai-y  to  the  Por- 
tuguese government.     On  his  return  to  Goa, 
he  meditated  fresh  conquests,  when  he  sud- 
denly fell  sick,  and  died  1515, in  liisOSd  year. 
In  him  were  happily  united  the  valor  of  a 
hero,  and  the  more  amiable  virtues  of  mild- 
ness and  humanity  ;    but  this  great,  this  il- 
lustrious character,  whose  genius  reared  the 
power  of  Portugal  in  the  east,  and  whose 
memory  was  cherished  even  to  adoration  by 
the  native  Indians,  felt  the  persecution  of  en- 
vy, and  on  his  death-bed  he   had  the  morti- 
fication to  learn,  that  the  monarch  whom  lie 
had  so  faithfully  served  had  the  ingratitude 
to  recall  him  by  the  appointment  of  a  suc- 
cessor. 

Albuq_uerq_ue,  Blaise, son  of  Alphonso, 
•mas  born  in  1500.  The  merit  of  his  father, 
and  the  regret  of  Emmanuel  for  the  loss  of 
the  conqueror  of  the  east,  raised  him  to  the 
first  honors  of  the  state,  and  to  the  rank  of 
nobility.  Jle  published  an  account  in  Por- 
tuguese of  his  father's  victories,  Lisbon, 
1575. 

Albuq_uer(2^ue  Coelho, Edward,  a  no- 
bleman in  the  service  of  Philip  IV.  of  Por- 
tugal, wlio  wrote  a  journal  of  the  war  of  the 


Brazils  begun  in  1630,  printed  at  Madrid 
1654.     He  died  at  Madrid,  1658. 

Albutius,  Caius  Silus,  a  Roman  orator 
in  the  age  of  Augustus,  who  starved  himself 
to  death. 

Albutius,  Titus,  a  Roman  philosopher, 
banished  by  the  senate  for  corruption. 

Ai.c^us,  an  ancient  poet  of  Lesbos,  who 
florished  600  before  Christ. 

Ai.CASAR,  Louis  d',  a  Jesuit  of  Seville, 
author  of  a  commentary  on  the  Apocalypse 
and  other  Avorks.     He  died  1613,  aged  59. 

ALCEN131,  James,  an  Arabian  physician 
about  the  year  1145,  supposed  to  be  the  same 
as  Alchindres  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  iu 
the  reign  of  Almanz,or  king  of  Morocco. 
His  works  are  mentioned  in  the  Biblioth.  de 
medicine  de  M.  Carbere. 

Ai^CHABiTius,  author  of  treatises  on  the 
judgment  of  the  stars — on  optics — on  the 
conjunction  of  the  planets,  printed  Venice 
1491,  and  Seville  1521,  was  an  Arabian  as- 
trologer of  the  12tli  century. 

Alchindus,  an  Arabian  physician  and 
astrologer,  considered  by  Jerome  Cax'dan  as 
one  of  the  12  men  who  possessed  superior 
genius  and  learning.  He  florished  before  the 
twelfth  century,  and  was  accused  of  magic. 
He  wrote  several  tracts  often  quoted. 

Alciat,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Milan, 
who  after  studying  the  law  at  Pavia  and  Bo- 
logna was  advanced  to  the  professor's  chair 
at  Avignon.  Francis  I.  knew  his  merit,  and 
prevailed  upon  him  to  remove  to  Bourges, 
where  his  lectures  on  law  were  frequented 
and  admired.  His  abilities  however  were 
too  great  te  be  lost  in  a  distant  country,  and 
therefore  the  duke  of  Milan  invited  him  back 
to  his  native  town,  and  welcomed  his  return 
by  the  grant  of  a  large  salary  and  the  dignity 
of  senator.  These  honors  were  not  bestow- 
ed in  vain,  Alciat  labored  with  indefatigable 
zeal  in  the  service  of  science,  and  at  Pavia, 
at  Bologna,  and  afterwards  at  Ferrara,  his 
lectures  were  delivered  to  crowded  and  ap- 
plauding auditors.  The  pope,  Paul  HI.  treat- 
ed him  with  kindness,  but  he  modestly  re- 
fused the  preferment  which  he  offered.  The 
emperor  also  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  count 
palatine  and  senator,  and  Philip  king  of  Spain 
gave  him  a  gold  chain  as  a  mark  of  his  favor. 
He  died  at  Pavia  12th  January  1550,  in  his 
58tli  year.  It  was  his  intention  with  his  im- 
mense w  ealth,  to  found  and  endow  a  college  ; 
but  tlie  insolence  of  some  students  to  his  per- 
son irritated  him,  and  he  adopted  for  his  heir 
his  distant  relation  Francis  Alciat.  His  pub- 
lications were  chiefly  on  law,  besides  notes 
on  Tacitus,  and  some  emblems  which  have 
been  justly  commended  for  their  elegance, 
purity,  and  the  flow  of  genius  which  they 
display.  He  was  succeeded  in  his  profession- 
al chair  at  Pavia,  by  his  heir,  whose  law  lec- 
tures were  equally  learned  and  equally  ad- 
mired. Francis  was  i-ecommended  to  the 
patronage  of  pope  Pius  IV.  by  his  pupil  car- 
dinal Rarronieo,  and  he  Avas  raised  to  a  bish- 
opric, the  chancellorship  of  Rome,  and  the 
dignity  of  cardinal.  He  died  at  Rome,  A- 
pril  1580,  in  his  50th  year. 

Ar.ciBiADES,    an  illustrious   Athenian, 


AL 


AL 


iisciplc  of  Soci-atcs.  He  for  a  while  enjoy- 
ed popularit)',  and  allerwaids  fill  tlie  op- 
pressive lialred  of  his  fickle  countrymen, 
and  was  at  last  assassinated  iu  l*«  rsia  about 
4U-i  B    (J.  in  his  4Cth  year. 

Alcidam AS,  a  Greek  rhetorician  about 
4iiO  years  li    O. 

Ai-CiMus,  called  also  Jachim,  was  made 
high-priest  of  .ludea  In  Aiiliociius  Kupator. 
He  rendered  himself  unpo])ular  by  his  op- 
pression and  avaricr,  and  died  two  or  tfiree 
years  after  his  c  Icvation,  about  l')5  B.  C 

Alcimus,  Akthius,  an  historian  and  po- 
et of  Agin,  in  the  -Uh  century,  who  wrote 
the  history  of  Julian,  and  of  Sallust,  prefect 
of  Gaul.  This  work  is  lost,  and  only  an  epi- 
gram on  Homer  auti  Virgil  preserve  his 
name  in  Maittaire's  Corpus  Poet.  1714. 

A  LCI  NO  us,  a  Platonic  philosopher  in  tlie 
secMid  century. 

Alciphrov,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Alexander  the  (ireat. 

ALCMA:oN,a  disciple  of  Pythagoras,  -who 
dwelt  at  Crolona 

Ai.CMAN,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  about 
C72  B.  (J.  There  m  as  another  of  the  same 
name  who  wrote  lyrics  about  61'2  B.  C. 

Alcock,  .lohn,  an  English  divine  born  at 
Beverley,  and  raised  in  1471  to  the  see  of  Ro- 
eliester,  and  afterwards  translated  to  Wor- 
eestor  and  Ely.  His  great  learning  recom- 
mended him  to  the  king's  favor,  by  whom 
lie  was  appointed  president  of  Wales,  and 
chancellor  of  England.  He  was  the  founder 
of  Jesus  College,  Carabiidge.  He  wrote  sev- 
eral theological  tracts,  and  died  1st  Oct.  1500. 
He  was  buried  at  Kingston  upon  Hull  in  the 
chapel,  which,  besides  the  grammar  school, 
he  had  erected  there  and  liberally  endowed 

Alcuixvs  or  Albinus,  Flaccus,  a  na- 
tive of  Yorkshire,  educated  by  venerable  Be- 
de  and  Egbert  archbishop  of  York.  He  was 
made  abbot  of  Canterbury,  and  afterwards 
pasfied  to  the  continent  on  the  invitation  of 
Charlemagne,  whose  favours  he  experien- 
ced, and  whose  confidence  and  friendship  ho 
fully  enjoyed.  He  instructed  his  royal  pat- 
ron in  rhetoric,  logic,  divinity,  and  matlie- 
matics,  and  labored  to  diffuse  through  Eu- 
rope the  learning  and  the  genius  which  he  so 
eminently  possessed.  With  difficulty  he  ob- 
tained permission  from  the  fondness  of  the 
emperor  to  retire  from  court,  to  the  abbey 
of  St.  Martin  at  Tours,  where  he  devoted 
the  rest  of  his  life  to  study,  and  the  duties 
of  reUgion.  He  died  on  Whitsunday  804, 
and  was  buried  at  Tours,  and  a  Latin  epi- 
taph of  24  verses  of  his  own  composition  was 
placed  on  his  grave.  His  writings,  most  of 
which  are  extant,  are  numerous  :  his  style  is 
tjlegant  and  sprightly,  and  his  language  suf- 
.,  Cciently  pure  for  the  age  ;  and  he  may  be  con- 
sidered' as  one  of  the  learned  few,  Avhose  ge- 
nius dissipated  the  gloom  of  the  eighUi  cen- 
tury. Andrew  du  Chesne  published  his 
•works  in  one  volume  folio,  1017. 

Alcyoxius,  Peter,  an  Italian,  for  some 
time  coiTector  of  the  press  for  Aldus  JNtanu- 
tius,  and  autlior  of  some  learned  publications. 
He  translated  some  of  Aiistotlc's  tre?itiscs. 


and  w.as  severely  censured  by  Scpulveda  (of 
inaccuracy.     In  his  work  on   banihhuicnt  he 
displayed  such  u  mixture  of  elegant  and  bar- 
barous w  ords,  that  he  w  as  suspected  of  large- 
ly borrowing  from  (Cicero's  treatise  de  (jIu- 
ria  ;   and  it  is  sai«l  thai  to  a\oid   detection  of 
this  illiberal  deed,   he  burnt  the  only  extant 
manuscript  of  ('icero,  which  had  been  giTen 
by  IJernard  to  the  library  (jf  a  nunnery,  of 
which    Alcyonius    was    physician.     At    Flo- 
rence he  was  promoted  to  a  professor's  chair, 
but  the    ambition  of  rising  to    higher    emi- 
nence drew  him   to  Rome,  where  he  lost  all 
his  property,  during  the  insurrection  of  the 
Columnas.     When  the  imperial  troops  took 
the  city  15'27,  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
jiope,  and  though  wounded  he  joined  hir.i  in. 
the  castle  of  St.    Angelo,  and   afterwards  in 
bold  and   elegant  language  he  arraigned,   in 
two  orations,  the  injustice  of  Charles  V.  and 
the  barbarity   of   his    soldiers.     When   the 
siege  was  raised,  he  abandoned  the  pojie,  and 
with   a  fickleness  that  deserves  the  name  of 
ingratitude,  he  retired  to  the  house  of  car- 
dinal Pompeius  Columna,  where  he  fell  sick 
and  died  a  few  months  after.     Alcyonius  has 
been  in  some  instances  highly  applauded  for 
his  manj-  accomplishments,  though  his  vani- 
ty, self-conceit,   and  abusive  language,  have 
tarnished  his  private  character. 

Aldana,  Bernard,  a  Spaniard,  governor 
ofLippaon  the  confines  of  Turkey,  which, 
in  a  fit  of  panic,  he  set  on  fire  1552.  He  w  as 
pai'doned  for  his  cowardice  by  the  interfer- 
ence of  Mary  queen  of  Bohemia,  and  after- 
wards behaved  w  ith  great  valor  at  Tripoli. 

Aldebert,  an  impostor  in  France,  who, 
by  bribes  and  pretended  visions,  raised  him- 
self to  a  bishopric.  He  asserted  that  he  had 
a  letter  written  by  our  Saviour  which  had 
been  brought  to  him  by  St.  Michael.  His 
opinions  were  condemned  by  two  general 
councils  in  744  and  74G,  and  he  died  in  pri- 
son. 

Aldegraff,  Albert,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver of  Zoust  in  Westplialia,  born  1502. 
His  nativity  was  highly  admired.  He  made, 
however,  engraving  his  principal  pursuit. 

Alderette,  Bernard  and  Joseph,  Je- 
suits of  Malaga  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th 
century,  in  their  features  and  Toice  very 
much  alike.  They  were  authors  of  antiqui- 
ties of  Spain,  1G14,  in  4to. — a  book  on  the 
Castilian  language,  4to.  1G06. 

Aederoti,  Thadeus,  a  Florentine, known 
for  his  great  abilities  as  a  physician,  fie  set 
so  high  a  value  upon  his  skill,  that  only  prin- 
ces and  prelates  could  be  a<lniilled  as  his  pa« 
tients.  He  died  1295,  aged  80.  His  life  has 
been  written  by  Villani. 

Aldhelm,  or  Adeem,  Saint,  an  English 
divine  during  the  heptarchy.  He  was  rela- 
ted to  the  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  by  whom 
he  was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Shireburn, 
over  the  counties  of  Devon,  Cornwall,  Dor- 
set, and  Wilts.  Ho  travelled  in  France  and 
Italy,  and  he  is  said  to  be  the  first  English- 
man who  ever  wi-ote  in  Latin,  and  introdu- 
ced poetry  into  the  Island.  He  led  a  most 
exemplary  life  ;  JinU  iu  those  times  of  bju'ba- 


AL 


AL 


rism  and  ignorance,  he  often  gained  auditors 
by  sloppiut;-  on  the  hridges  and  in  the  high- 
■ways,  and  commanding  their  attention  to  his 
religions  discourses  hy  mixing  haliads  and 
songs  to  grave  and  serious  exhortations,  lie 
died  May  the  'iSth  TOO. 

Alphi'X,  a  hishop  of  Holy  Island,  wlio 
left  his  lialjitation  because  infested  hy  the 
Danes,  and  retired  with  the  body  of  St.  Cuth- 
berl  to  Durham,  where  he  became  the  first 
bishop  of  thnt  see.  He  built  the  cathedral, 
and  died  1018. 

At.dixi,  To])Ias,  a  physician  of  Cesena, 
anliior  of  a  botanical  work,  printed  at  iiome 
15'-25y  in  folio. 

Aldobrandix,  Sylvester,  a  native  of 
Floieiice,  professor  of  law  at  Pisa.  He  was 
banished  for  his  opposition  to  the  Medicis, 
and   he   died   at  Rome  1558,  aged   58.     His 

sou    Hippolytus    became   pope. xVnother 

son,  John,  was  made  cardinal  15/0,  and  died 
at  Rome  three  years  aftv-r. 

Aldred,  abbot  O'  Tavistock,  and  after- 
wards hishop  of  Worcester,  1046.  He  was 
a  great  favorite  of  Edward  the  confessor,  and 
his  influence  produced  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween that  monarch  and  Griflith  king  of 
AVales,  and  also  w  ilii  Swaine  son  of  (iodwin, 
t\'1jo  Irad  invaded  the  kingdom.  He  was  the 
first  English  bishop  who  visited  Jerusalem, 
and  after  his  return  lie  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  York;  an  elevation  which,  when  he  ap- 
peared at  Rome,  the  pope  refused  to  ratify, 
on  account  of  his  ignorance  aud  simony.  Al- 
dred's  solicitations  however  prevailed,  and 
he  received  the  pallium  from  the  pontiff.  On 
the  death  of  Edu  ard  he  ciowned  Harold,  and 
afterwards  the  conqiieror,  whose  esteem  he 
enjoyed,  and  wliose  power  he.  made  subser- 
vient to  the  views  of  tlie  churcli.  When  he 
had  received  some  indignities  from  a  gover- 
nor of  York,  he  flew  to  London,  and  with  all 
the  indignation  and  haughtiness  of  an  offend- 
ed prelate,  demanded  vengeance,  and  pro- 
nounced a  curse  on  the  liead  of  William. 
His  wrath  was  with  difRculty  pacified  by  the 
entreaties  of  the  sovereign  and  his  nobles, 
and  the  curse  was  recalled,  and  changed  in- 
to  a  blessing.  It  is  said  that  he  died  with 
grief  in  seeing  the  north  of  England  flesola- 
ted  by  the  ravages  of  Harold  and  Canute, 
sons  of  Sway ne,  11  th  Sept.  10G8. 

Alduic,  Saint,  bishop  of  Mans,  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  leai-ning,and  collected 
-the  decrees  of  the  popes,  ^c.  He  died  85C, 
after  i-njoying  the  favors,  and  feelingthe  ])er- 
sec'ttioiis  of  the  nobles,  in  the  courts  of  Cl)ar- 
lemagne,  Louis,  Clotiiaife,  and  Charles  H. 

Ai.DRiCH,. Robert,  a  native  of  Burnham 
in  Buckinghamshire,  educated  at  Eton,  an<i 
King's  College,  Cainbridge.  He  was  elected 
master  of  Eton  and  provost,  and  afterwards 
in  1537,  raised- to  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle, 
licland,  who  enjoyed  his  friendship,  has  com- 
mended his  learning  and  piety.  He  wrote 
epigrams,  bcc  and  died  March  ;26th,  1553,  at 
Horncastle  in  Lincolnshire. 

Aldrich,  Henry,a  native  of  Westminster, 
educated  under  Busby,  and  admitted  at  Christ 
Church,  where  he  distinguished  Iilmself  asa 


tutor.  He  was  made  canon  in  1681,  and  at 
the  revolution  he  replaced  Massey  the  popish 
dean  of  Christ  Church.  In  this  dignified  sit- 
uation he  supported  discipline,  promoted  re- 
ligion, ami  encouraged  learning.  He  pub- 
lished, with  Dr.  Sprat,  Clarendon's  history, 
not  however  w  ithout  being  charged  by  Old- 
mixon  with  improper  interpolations  ;  an  ac- 
cusation which  Atterbury  proved  to  be  false 
and  invidious.  He  was  fond  of  music,  and 
collected  materialsfor  the  history  of  it,  which 
are  still  j)reserved  ;  but  as  an  architect  he 
gained  deserved  praise, and  to  his  liberality  as 
well  as  to  his  taste,  Christ  Church  is  indebted 
for  the  erection  of  three  sides  of  Peckwater 
quadrangle.  Trinity  College  for  its  elegant 
chaple,  and  the  parish  of  All  Saints  for  its 
beautitul  church.  Dr.  Aldrich  was  author 
of  a  compendium  of  logic,  and  several  other 
useful  publications;  but  he  particularly  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  editing  several  of  the 
Greek  classics,  which  generally  appeared  an- 
nually for  the  benefit  of  the  students  of  his 
society.  He  also  passes  as  the  composer  of 
those  popular  catches,  "  Hark  the  bonny 
Christ  Church  bells,"'  aud  a  smoking  catch. 
He  was  rector  of  Wem  in  Shropshire,  aud 
died  at  Christ  Church,  Dec-  l4tl:,  1710. 

Aldringer,  a  native  of  Luxembourg, 
who  from  a  common  soldier  was  raised  by 
mei-it  to  be  a  general  of  Ferdinand  II.  His 
abilities  were  exerted  in  raising  the  siege  of 
Constance,  but  avarice  and  cruelty  tarnished 
a  great  and  illustrious  military  character.  He 
j  fell  ii'  Landshut  in  Bavaria  ifi34,  and  it  has 
I  been  tioubted  whether  he  died  fjy  t'le  hand 
of  his  own  soldiers  or  of  the  Swedes. 

Aldrovandus,  Ulysses,  a  native  of  Bo- 
logna, professor  of  physic  and  pliilosophy. 
His  inquiries  into  the  history  of  nature  were 
so  ardent  that  he  visited  tlie  most  distant 
countries  in  search  of  minerals,  plants,  me- 
tals, animals,  and  birds,  and  he  spared  no  ex- 
pense that  he  might  procure  exact  figures 
taken  from  the  life.  It  is  to  be  lamented 
that  so  noble  a  spirit  of  liberality  should  have 
been  checked  ;  but  the  resources  of  Aldro- 
vandus failed,  and  he  ended  bis  days  in  an 
hospital  at  Bologna,  at  the  great  age  of  80, 
and  after  surviving  the  loss  of  his  sight  1605. 
About  six  large  volumes  folio,  containing  the 
history  of  birds  and  insects,  where  published 
during  his  life,  and  the  work  was  continued 
on  the  same  scale  after  his  death  and  under 
his  name,  as  it  certainly  derived  a  high  re- 
commendation for  the  illustrious  undertaker 
of  the  plan. 

Aldri  DE,  countess  of  Bertinoro,  is  cele- 
brated in  Italy  for  her  courage  and  her  elo- 
quence. When  Ancona  was  besieged  by  the 
arms  of  the  Venetians,  and  of  the  emperor 
Frederic  I.  in  1172,  she  pitied  the  situation  of 
the  dislrcpsed  inhabitants,  and  with  heroic  in- 
trepidity flew  to  their  relief,  at  the  head  of  her 
dejiendants  and  friends,  and  supported  by 
AVillian\  Degli  Adelardi,  of  Ferrara.  Her 
troops  were  animated  by  her  eloquence  and 
her  example,  and  the  enemy  fled  at  her  ap- 
proach;  and  though  on  her  return  home  she 
was  attacked  by  some  parties  of  the  enraged 


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besiegers,  she  I'outed  tliem  in  every  encoun- 
ter, and  adilcti  fresh  laurels  to  lier  lame,  'llie 
history  ol"  lliat  memorable  sie^e  has  been 
puljlisheil  by  IJnoii-CJampaj^uono  of  Florence. 

Ai.  uus,  \laiiuti(ts,  a  native  (jt  IJassano,  il- 
lustJ'ious  a3  a  correct  printer,  and  as  the  re- 
storer of  tlie  tireek  and  liatin  lanj^uat;es  to 
Europe,  ilc  is  the  inventor  of  the  Italic  let- 
ter, and  was  alone  permitted  Ijy  the  pope 
the  use  of  it.  He  wrote  :i  lireek  p^rammar, 
and  published  learned  notes  on  Horace,  Ho- 
mer, 8cc. ;  and  his  etlitions  of  the  classics  are 
admired  for  neatness  unci  elej^ance.  He  di- 
ed at  Venice  l;)lt'),  in  a  good  old  age.  Tor 
his  son,  8cc    rid  .Manutius. 

Ai.E.VNDEu,  Jerome,  was  horn  in  a 
small  village  of  Istria,  and  recommended 
liimself  by  his  great  abilities  and  his  learn- 
ing to  pope  Alexander  VI.  ami  Lewis  XH. 
under  whose  patronage  he  taught  belles  let- 
tres  at  Paris.  He  was  afterwards  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Leo  X.  at  Rome,  and  as  nuncio  of  the 
holy  see  he  acquired  great  reputation  by  the 
eloquent  har.iiigue  which  he  delivered  in 
the  diet  of  Worms,  agamst  the  doctrines  of 
Luther,  the  burning  of  whose  books  he  pro- 
cured, tiiough  he  could  not  silence  his  preach- 
ing. On  his  return  to  Rome  he  was  made 
archhishop  of  Brindisi  by  Clement  VIIL  and 
his  services  were  again  employed  in  Germa- 
ny against  the  protestants,  whose  opinions 
he  attacked  with  virulence,  not  however 
vithout  being  loaded  in  his  turn  with  sarcas- 
tic reflections  and  invectives,  but  all  his  in- 
trigues were  unable  to  prevent  the  truce 
which  Charles  V.  at  last  made  with  these 
persecuted  men.  Aleander  was  made  a  car- 
dinal by  Paul  HI,  and  died  1st  February 
lo42,  by  a  mistake,  as  some  say,  of  his  phy- 
sician. 

Aleander,  Jerome,  great  nephew  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Friuli.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  antiquarian,  a  poet, 
and  a  lawyer,  and  died  at  Rome  1631,  in  con- 
sequence of  an  excess  of  eating  at  the  table 
of  one  of  his  friends.  He  was  one  of  tiic 
original  members  of  the  academy  of  Humor- 
ists, and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  pope  Ur- 
ban VH.  by  whose  means  he  passed  from  the 
family  of  the  Handini  into  that  of  the  Barbe- 
vini,  who  honored  his  remains  with  a  most 
magnificent  funeral. 

A  LEG  AM  BE,  PhiUp,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
who  attended  the  duke  of  Ossuna,  wlicn 
.Spanish  viceroy  of  Sicily,  and  entered  into 
the  society  of  the  Jesuits  at  Palermo.  Af- 
ter studying  divinity  at  Rome,  he  retired  to 
Gratz,  where  his  good  conduct  and,  his  abil- 
ities, raised  him  to  the  professorial  chair. 
He  afterwards,  as  tutor  to  the  prince  of 
Eggoniberg's  son,  travelled  for  tj\e  years 
through  Germany,  France,  Spain,  Portugal, 
and  Italy,  and  obtained  offices  of  trust  and 
respectability  near  his  patron,  and  in  the  col- 
lege of  the  Jesuits.  He  died  at  Rome  of  a 
dropsy,  6th  Sept.  1652.  The  few  hooks 
which  he  wrote  were  in  high  estimation. 

Alegre,  Yves  d',  an  ofiicer  of  an  ancient 
family  in  tiie  service  of  the  kings  of  France. 
He  was  kiJlccl  at  the  battle  of  Ravenna,  1512. 


—Another  of  the  same  family,dicd  mai'csclial 
of  France  l/'.i.i,  a^^ed  80. 

Ai.EGiu  .\ts,  John,  a  native  of  Abbeville 
made  a  car«linal  and  patri.irch  of  Conslanli- 
nople,  and  <)iipIo)ed  as  legate  in  S[)ain  und 
I'oitugal.     His  works  were    once  in    piiblio 
esteem.     He  died  1240. 

Ai.EMAN,  Lewis  Augustine,  a  lawyer  of 
(irenobic,  boiii  1653,  aiilhor  of  two  volnnics 
of  an  historical  journal  of  Furojie,  and  olliei- 
works. 

Alemax,  Lewis,  archbishop  of  Aries, 
and  a  cardinal,  was  Ijojh  at  the  castle  of  Ai-- 
bent,  1.3'JO.  His  al>ililies  were  employed  as 
legate  to  Sieiuia,  to  procure  tiie  removal  of 
the  council  of  Pavia  to  Sienna  ;  but  at  the 
council  ot  liasil,  where  he  presided,  his  op- 
position  to  Eugeniiis  IV.  was  followed  by  his 
degradation  from  the  purple,  and  his  excom- 
munication. He  was  restored  to  his  honors 
by  Nicholas  V.  and  sent  as  legate  into  Ger- 
many.    He  died  1450,  and  Mas  canonized. 

A  L  EM  AN,  Maeto,  a  Spaniard,  born  near 
Seville.  He  was  nearly  twenty  years  in  the 
service  of  the  court  of  Phiiip  H.  and  then  re- 
tired to  privacy,  and  employed  himself  in 
writing  the  history  of  Guzman  d'Alfarache, 
a  romance,  which  iias  been  through  moi-e 
than  30  editions  in  Spain,  and  has  been  trans- 
lated into  most  of  tiie  languages  of  Euroj)  •. 

ALEMBEur,  John  le  Rond  d',  an  illustri- 
ous philosopher,  born  at  Paris  16th  Nov. 
1717.  He  was  exposed  as  a  foundling,  and 
from  the  church,  near  which  he  almost  per- 
ished, he  received  the  name  of  le  Rond.  His 
fiither,  howevei',  listened  to  t!<e  cries  of  na- 
ture and  humanity,  and  to  reward  the  neces- 
sary comfort  which  he  provided  for  his  son, 
he  had  the  satisfaction  soon  to, learn  that  his 
abilities  were  brilliant,  and  his  improvement 
unusually  ra;)id.  As  the  flashes  of  his  genius 
were  early  displayed,  he  was  encouraged  by 
his  friends  to  seek  reputation  and  opulence 
in  studying  the  law  ;  but  that  pursuit  as  well 
as  the  study  of  medicine  was  quickly  aban- 
dor.ed,  and  retirement  and  geometry  seem- 
ed the  only  ambition  of  the  young  philoso- 
pher. In  the  house  of  his  nurse,  whose  ig- 
norance and  poverty  did  not  diminish  the 
flow  of  his  affections,  he  passed  40 years,  and 
refused  to  quit  this  humble  and  peacv^ful 
dwelling  for  the  splendor  of  a  palace.  Fred- 
eric of  Prussia,  whose  friendship  he  enjovcd, 
through  life,  wished  to  invite  him  to  Berlin, 
with  the  most  liberal  ofii-rs  of  patronage  and 
literary  ease,  but  he  I'efused  ;  and  M'hen  the 
empress  Catharine  solicited  him  to  take  the 
care  of  the  education  of  her  son,  with  the 
pronjise  of  a  pension  of  a  hundred  thousand 
livrcs,  besides  the  most  distins>;uished  hi  nors, 
he  declined  tlie  princely  oiier  in  firm  but 
respectful  terms,  and  devoted  the  strong 
powers  of  his  mind  to  the  service  of  the 
country  wliich  gave  him  bii'th.  His  hrbnrs 
were  u.-^efully  exerted  on  philosophic^^l  sub- 
jects. He  examined  the  power  of  fluids  oa 
tiie  motion  of  bodies,  he  wrote  a  discourse  on 
the  general  theory  of  the  winds,  wliivh  ob- 
tained the  prize  medal  at  Berlin  in  1746,  he 
solvetl  the  problem  of  the  procession  of  the 


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equinoxes,  and  explained  the  rotation  of  the 
terrestrial  axis  ;  and  in  these  and  other  nu- 
merous philosophical  works,  he  enriched 
science  villi  new  facts,  produced  original 
ideas,  and  explained  the  various  phenomena 
of  nature  in  the  most  interesting  and  satis- 
factory point  of  view.  Few  but  select  were 
the  friends  to  whom  this  great  man  was 
known  ;  and  it  must  be  considered  as  not  the 
least  striking  part  of  his  cliaractei",  that  he 
■who  was  flattered  by  tlie  learned,  courted  by 
the  great,  and  admired  by  princes,  did  not 
pay  his  adoration  to  power;  but  with  a  grati- 
tude which  deserves  the  highest  encomiums, 
he  dedicated  his  work  to  the  count  d'Argen- 
son  and  his  brother,  two  men  who  had  been 
banished  from  the  court,  but  who  in  their 
prosperity  had  seen  and  respected  the  phi- 
losopher, and  rewarded  his  genius  by  the 
grant  of  a  small  pension.  D'Alembert  is  to 
he  considered  also  in  a  difl^erent  light  from 
that  of  a  mathematician.  Besides  geometri- 
cal calculations,  his  mind  Avas  stored  with  all 
the  powers  of  literature,  and  of  a  refined 
taste,  and  it  has  been  said,  with  exactness  and 
truth,  that  what  he  expressed  on  every  sub- 
ject, could  by  no  other  man  have  been  ex- 
pressed with  greater  elegance,  more  preci- 
sion, or  stricter  propriety.  To  his  gigantic 
powers,  and  those  of  Diderot  and  others,  we 
are  to  ascribe  the  plan  of  the  Encyclopedic; 
and  he  adorned  this  stupendous  work,  by 
writing  the  preliminary  discourse  prefixed 
to  it,  so  deservedly  aumired  for  the  master- 
ly record  which  it  unfolds,  concerning  the 
rise,  progress,  connections,  and  affinities  of 
all  the  branches  of  human  knowledge,  and 
the  gradual  improvement  of  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences. Every  thing  which  tends  to  melioi'ate 
the  condition  of  man,  is  entitled  to  the  bles- 
sings of  posterity  ;  but  the  best  friends  of 
d'AIembert  could  not  perceive  in  the  philos- 
opher, and  in  his  coadjutors  in  the  Encyclo- 
pedic, the  supporters  of  virtue  and  morality  ; 
and  latter  times  have  too  fatally,  too  bitterly 
proved  that  a  work  w  hich  in  explaining  the 
mysteries  of  philosophy,  disarms  providence 
of  her  powers  of  benevolence  and  govern- 
ment, and  obscures  the  views  of  salvation, 
■which  religion  holds  forth  to  her  votaries,  but 
ill  deserves  the  applauses  of  mankind.  Besides 
liis  contributions  to  the  Encyclopdie  which 
Mrere  very  large  and  numerous,  d'AIembert 
published  a  dissertation  on  the  fall  of  the  Jes- 
uits, which  in  addinp;, to  his  fame  increased 
the  number  of  adversaries  which  ever  dep- 
recate the  merits  of  literary  labors.  His 
opuscules  or  memoirs,  in  nine  volumes,  con- 
tained among  other  things  the  solution  of 
problems  in  astronomy,  mathematics,  and 
natural  philosophy.  After  enjoying  the  high- 
est honors  in  the  French  academy,  and  the 
friendship  of  the  literati  of  the  age,  and  the 
veneration  of  Europe,  this  great  man  died^ 
S9th  Oct.  1773,  still  in  the  full  p,09session  of 
ull  his  faculties,  leaving  behind  him  a  high 
character  for  learning  and  disinterestedness, 
in  which  however  it  must  be  confessed  were 
united  profound  dissimulation,  affected  can- 
dor, and    imposing  moolqratien.     His  eulo- 


gium  as  aft  academician,  and  after  the  man- 
ner that  he  had  honored  70  of  his  predeces- 
sors, has  been  drawn  up  by  Condorcet,  Hist, 
de  I'Academic  Roy  dcs  Sciences,  1783. 

Alen,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  of  Am- 
sterdam, eminent  in  representing  birds, 
landscapes,  and  still  life.  He  died  1698, 
aged  47. 

Alenio,  Julius,  a  Jesuit  of  Brescia,  who 
went  as  a  missionary  to  China,  where,  for  36 
years,  he  preached  the  Christian  religion  and 
built  several  churches.  He  died  August  1649. 
He  left  several  works  in  the  Chinese  language 
on  theological  subjects. 

Aleottt,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian,  who, 
from  the  mean  occupation  of  carrying  bricks 
and  mortar  to  workmen,  rose  to  eminence 
as  an  astrologer  and  geometrician,  by  the 
strength  of  his  genius,  and  even  wrote  books 
on  the  subject.  He  was  concerned  in  the 
hydrostatic  controversies  about  the  inunda- 
tions so  frequent  at  Bologna,  Ferrara,  and 
Romagna.     He  died  1630. 

Ales,  or  Hales,  Alexander  d%  a  native 
of  England,  who  taught  philosophy  and  di- 
vinity at  Paris,  where  he  was  much  admired, 
and  called  the  irrefragable  doctor.  His  vo- 
luminous works,  however,  are  now  little 
known.     He  died  1245. 

Ales,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
wdio  warmly  opposed  the  tenets  of  Luther, 
which  he  afterwards  as  eagerly  embraced, 
when  he  had  suffered  persecution  for  his  re- 
ligion, and  seen  the  firmness  with  which  his 
countryman  Patrick  Hamilton  was  burnt  to 
death  by  Beaton  archbishop  of  Saint  An- 
drews for  protestantism.  He  came  back  to 
London  from  Germany,  AvUen  Henry  \lll. 
abolished  the  papal  power  in  England,  and 
he  there  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Cranmer, 
CromAvell,  and  Latimer.  He  afterwards  re- 
tired to  Germany,  and  was  appointed  to  a 
professorial  chair  at  Frankfort  upon  Oder, 
and  afterwai'ds,  when  persecuted  by  the 
court  of  Brandenburg,  at  Leipsic,  where  he 
died  March  17th  1565,  in  his  65th  year.  His 
works  were  on  controversial  subjects. 

Alesio,  Matthew  Perez  d',  a  native  of 
Rome,  skilful  in  the  exercise  of  the  pencil 
as  well  as  of  the  graver.  His  most  curious 
piece  is  the  colossal  Saint  Christopher  in 
fresco,  in  the  great  church  of  Seville,  the 
calf  of  whose  leg  is  an  ell  in  thickness.  He 
<iicd  1600. 

Alessi,  Galeas,  an  architect  of  Perusia, 
mIiosc  plans  were  the  result  of  great  abilities, 
and  a  fertile  genius.  He  decorated  many  of 
the  towns  of  Spain,  France,  and  Germany 
with  palaces, churches,  and  extensive  baths  ; 
l)Ut  the  noblest  monuments  of  his  taste  and 
judgment  are  the  public  edifices  of  Genoa, 
and  the  monastery  of  the  Escurial.  He  died 
I5r'2,  in  his  72d  year. 

Aletino,  Benedetto,  a  professor  in  the 
Jesuits'  College  at  Naples,  who,  in  1688  in 
elegant  language  refuted  the  Cartesian  sa's- 
tern,  and  undertook  to  re-esta'  lish  the  phi- 
losophy of  Aristotle,  as  moi--^  congenial  to 
the  catholic  faith,  but  not  with  the  success 
he  expected     He  died  171?= 


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A.NDER,tlie  (ireat,  son  of  Plkilip  of  I 
lia,  was    born    al    I'clla    355    years 


Maccdoui 

B.  C  After  extciidiiit;  liis  power  with  nn- 
nsal  rapidity  ovci-  urcfcc,  :iiid  ilestroyiiig 
Thebes,  he  invaded  Asia.  'I'he  jlcCeat  of 
the  Persian  forces  at  the  tliree  cclebraledj 
battles  of  the  (iraiiicus,  ol  Isiis,  and  ol'  Arbe- 
la,  rendered  him  master  of  the  country  ; 
and  aftei-  he  bad  laid  the  foundation  of  Alex- 
andria in  tLjAM*'  '*•'*  ^'"'  'I'li'i""-'  eapilid  of  iiis 
extensive  dttminions,  and  after  lie  had  wan- 
t]e:ed  over  Asia  in  (piest  of  more  enemies, 
he  returned  to  Babylon,  where  lie  tlied  of 
intemperance  li.  C.  323,  in  his  33d  year. 
His  vast  enipire,  which  his  wisdom  artd  the 
great  cnerj;ies  of  his  mind,  if  not  corrupted 
by  flattery  and  succeas,  migiit  have  consoli- 
dated, was  divided  at  his  death  among  his 
generals. 

Alexander,  Balas,   an    impostor    who 


pi'etendetl  to  be  the  son  of  Antiochus  Epi- 
phanes.  He  was  slain  14G  B.  C  by  Deme- 
trius Sotcr. 

ALEXANDER,  Severus,aRoman  emperor, 
by  birth  a  Phoinician.  He  w  as  distinguished 
by  great  virtues  in  public  and  private  life. 
He  was  cruelly  murdered  by  his  mutinous 
sohlicrs  A.  D.  235,  after  a  glorious  reign  of 
13  years 

Alexander,  Janneus,  a  king  of  the 
.lews,  warlike  but  cruel  and  oppressive.  He 
died  of  intemperance  B.  C  79. 

Alexander  H.  son  of  Aristobulus,  was 
earrietl  to  Rome  prisoner  by  Pompey.  When 
afterwards  restored  to  liberty  and  made  king 
of  J ud^a,  he  proved  ungrateful  to  the  Ro- 
mans, and  was  put  to  death  B.  C.  49. 

Alexander,  bishop  of  Hierapolis  in  tlie 
fifth  century,  maintained  after  Nestorius 
that  there  were  two  natures  in  Christ.  He 
was  banished,  and  died  an  exile. 

Alexander,  a  bishop  of  Alexandria, 
who  opposed  the  tenets  of  Arius,  and  dis- 
played in  his  office  the  most  exemplai*y  pi- 
ety with  every  Christian  virtue.  He  died 
about  325. 

Alexander,  a  bishop  of  Jerusalem, 
known  for  his  virtues  and  his  sufterings. 
He  was  exposed  to  the  persecutions  of  8e- 
verus  and  also  of  Decius,  and  died  in  prison, 
inconsequence  of  ill  treatment,  about  251. 
He  wrote  some  letters,  now  lost,  and  foun- 
ded a  library  at  Jerusalem. 

Alexander,  of  Lycopolis,  strongly  op- 
posed the  Manichiean  system  in  a  work  edi- 
ted at  Paris  1672  in  folio.  Some  call  him  a 
Pagan  and  others  a  Christian. 

Alexander,  Tralliaaus,  a  philosopher 
and  physician  in  the  sixth  century,  whose 
works  were  edited  at  Paris  1543,  and  at  Lau- 
saimc  1772,  in  two  vols.  Svo. 

Alexander,  Polyhistor,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian about  SO  B.  C.  His  works  are  all  now 
lost.  He  was  burnt  to  death  at  Laurentum. 
Alexander,  Aphrodisoeiis,  a  Peripa- 
tetic philosopher,  called  also  the  commenta- 
tor, in  the  second  century.  His  work  *'  de 
fato"  appeared  at  Lond(u»  1G8S,  and  his  com- 
jncntaries  on  Aristotle  were  edited  at  Venice 
by  Aldus. 

VOL.  I.  7 


Alexander,  of  vLgca,  n  philo-iopher, 
precept(jr  to  Nero.  He  wrote  a  commcu- 
tary  on  Ariaiotle's  meteorologv. 

A  LEXA  N  DKii,  the  Paphlagonian,  an  im- 
postor who  gained  the  respect  ol  his  credu- 
lous and  ignorant  connti-ynu-n,  atid  thus  ac- 
(piired  such  ti.lebrit_»  that  Mircus  Aurelins 
hiinscif,  «leceived  by  his  artifice,  honorably 
invited  him  to  Rome  A.  I).  174.  He  died 
at  the  age  ol  70. 

Alexander,  an  abbot  of  Sicily  in  the 
12th  century,  author  of  a  historv  of  Roger, 
king  of  .Sicily,  edited    15  7S  at  Saragossa. 

Alexander,  an  English  aM)ot,  who 
boldly  supi»orted  the  rights  and  honors  of 
his  master  Henry  H.  at  the  court  ol  Rome, 
for  which  he  was  tyrannically  excommunica- 
ted by  Pandulpii  the  papal  legate  1217. 
He  wrote  victoria  a  Prote(j — de  eccksise 
potestate — de  cessatione  papali — de  potes- 
tate  vicaria,  Jkc. 

Alexander  succeeded  his  brother  Joha 
Albert  as  king  of  Poland  1501.     He  died  five 
years  after,  aged   45,    and  left  behind    him 
:  the  respectable  character  of  a  man   of  cour- 
!  age,  virtue,  piety  and  benevolence. 
;     Alexander  I.  king  of  Scotland, ascended 
the  throne  1107  after  his  brother  Edgar,  and 
merited   by   his  severity   the   appellation  of 
"  the  fierce,"  though  in  private  life  he  had 
been  distinguished   for     meekness,    benevo- 
lence, and    moderation.      He  liad  the   good 
fortune  to  suppress  all  the  insurrections  rai- 
sed against  his  tyranny,  and  died  1124. 

Alexander  H.  king  of  Scotland  1214, 
after  his  father  William  the  Lion,  was  enga- 
ged in  war  with  John  of  England,  whose  do- 
minions he  boldly  invaded.  Peace  was  res- 
tored to  the  two  kingdoms  in  1221,  by  the 
marriage  of  Alexander  with  the  sister  of 
Henry  lU.     He  died  1249,  aged  51. 

Alexander  IH.  king  of  Scotland,  soa 
of  the  preceding  by^  a  second  wife,  succeeded 
his  father  1249,  when  eight  years  old.  He 
married  Margaret  daughter  of  Heni-y  HL 
He  was  successful  in  his  defeat  of  the  Nor- 
wegians who  had  invaded  his  kingdom,  and 
he  assisted  his  fatlier-in-law  against  his  rebel- 
lious barons.  He  was  killed  in  hunting  1285, 
and  left  behind  him  a  high  cliai'acter  for 
courage,  for  benevolence,  and  magnanimity. 
Alexander  I.  bishop  of  Rome,  109, 
after  Saint  Evaristus,  died  3d  May  119.  He 
is  mentioned  as  a  saint  and  a  martyr  in  the 
catholic  calendar,  and  according  to  Platina, 
he  first  introduced  the  use  of  holy  water  ia 
the  Roman  church.  The  epistles  attributed, 
to  him  are  spurious. 


Alexander   H. 


pope, 


succeeded    1061. 


His  elevation  was  opposed  by  the  imperial 
court,  and  Cadalous,  bishop  of  Parma,  was 
appointed,  under  the  title  of  Honorius  H. 
Alexander,  however,  though  of  dissolute 
manners,  prevailed,  and  banished  his  rivtd 
fiuui  Rome,  and  then  employed  himself  ia 
securing  his  power,  and  in  extending  the  pa- 
pal autboritv'  over  the  neighboring  piinces. 
His  humanity  towards  the  Jews,  wliom  he 
protected  against  their  persecutors  an<'  mur- 
derers, is  deservedly  commended.  He  died 
21st  .\pril  1073. 


AL 


AL 


ALEXA5CDER  IIT.  popc,  wss  a  natire  of 
Sienna,   and   was   raised  to  the   ])apal  chair 
alter  Adrian  IV.  I15y.     His  election,  though 
acknowledged  by  England  and  France,    was 
disputed    by    the   emperor     Frederic,    wlio 
caused  Victor  to  be  nominated  in  his  room 
at  Pavia.     Alexander  for  a  m  hile   yielded  to 
the  storm  ;  but  after  the  deatli   of  Victor  ]jis 
imperial  persecutor  elected  auotlier  sueces 
sor,  cardinal  Guy,  under  the  name  of  Pas- 
clial   III.       .Alexander,    a\  lio  had    fled    into 
France,  ami    who  liad  hurled  the  thunders 
of  excoiomunication   against  Frederic,    and 
even    absolved  his  sul  jects  from  their  oaths 
of  allegiance,   now   determined  to  maintain 
his  cause  hy  force,  and  to  ai-m  the  Venetians 
in  his   favoi'.      These   bold    measures  might 
iiavc  succeeded,    but  Frederic  either  tired 
of  the    contest,  or  terrified  by   the  prepara- 
linns,  acknowledged  Alexander  as  the  lawful 
pontiff,  and  was  reconciled  to  him  at   an  in- 
terview at  Venice.     Alexander  died  at  Home 
30lh  Aug.   11  SI,  beloved  by  his  subjects  and 
respected  by  the  world. 

Ai,EX.\XDER  IV.  bishop  of  Ostia,  -was 
raised  to  the  |)apal  chair  at  tlie  death  of  In- 
nocent IV.  l'J54.  He  opposed  the  settle- 
ment of  the  emperor's  natural  son  as  king 
of  Sicily,  and  bestowed  tlie  crown  on  Fid- 
raund  son  of  the  king  of  England.  He 
Avislicd  to  re-unite  the  (J reek  and  Latin 
churches,  but  did  not  seriously  attempt  it. 
He  died  at  Viterbo  25th  May  12G1. 

Alexander  V.  pope,  was  born  of  mean 
parents  at  Candia  near  Milan.  Wliile  beg- 
ging his  bread  from  door  to  door,  an  Italian 
Jiionk  noticed  his  engaging  manners,  and 
l)rocured  his  admission  into  his  order.  Thus 
enabled  to  cultivate  his  mind,  he  devoted 
himself  lahorioush"  to  study,  and  after  dis- 
tinguishing himself  at  Oxford  and  Paris,  he 
obtained  preferment  by  the  patronage  of  the 
duke  of  Aiilan,  w  as  made  bishop  of  Vicenza, 
and  then  archbishop  of  the  Milanese,  and 
rai^^ed  by  Innocent  VII  to  the  pui-pic,  and 
named  legate  in  Lombarby.  He  was  elected 
pope  at  the  council  of  Pisa  1409,  but  he  died 
the  next  year,  3d  May,  not  without  suspi- 
cions of  poison  administered  by  his  favorite, 
cardinal  Cos.sa.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
firmness,  and  in  his  cliaracter  liberal  and 
j'tiunificent. 

Alexander  VI.  ])0])e,  a  nntive   of  Va- 
lencia   in   Spain,  originally     calle<l    Roderic 
Borgia.     The  ele\ation  of  his  uncle  Calixtus 
HI.  to  the  pontificate  pave<l  the   way  to  his 
greatness;  he  was  made  cardinal,  and    aftcr- 
^vai'ds     archbishop    of    ^'alencia.       On     the 
dcatli  of  Innocent  VIH.  liis    Intiigues  ensu- 
re<l  him  the  ])apal  chair,  though  he  was  then 
infamous  for  his  debauclieries,   and  offensive 
to  the  purity  of  the  holy   conclave,  as  the 
adulterous  fjither  of  four  sons  and  one  daugh- 
ter, by  a  Roman  lady   of  the  name  of  A'ano- 
zia.     These  children  followed   the    example 
of  their   dissolute  father,  and    became  mon- 
sters  of  ])ronigaoy.      The  two    eldest,    the 
duke  of  Candia  and  Ciesar,    disputed    about 
the  incestuous  favors  of  their  sister  Lucre- 
tia,  and  the  hoarv  father  himseJf  is   said  to 


have  increased  the  abomination  by  a  horrid 
commerce  with  his  own  daughter.     Though 
thus  devoted  to  the  grossest   licenliousness, 
Alexander  found  the  tinie  and  the  means  to 
raise  cabals,  and  to   create  intrigues  in   the 
courts  of  Europe,  and   to  convert  their  dis- 
sentions  to   the   advantage   of  the  holy   see, 
and  the  enriching  of  his  Tavorite  Cresar.    His 
death  which    happened  8th  Aug.  1503,    was 
such  as  might  be  expected  to  conclude  an  in- 
famous life.      The  great  opulence  of  cai-di- 
nal  Corneto  and  (jthers,   were    .strong  temp- 
tations to  the  avaricious  pope  and  his  profli- 
gate   son   Ciesar.       Ihese    innocent    victims 
were  invited  to  a  banquet,  but  by  some  mis- 
take the  poison  intended  for  them  was  taken 
by  the  guilty  pontiff  ajid  his  son.     The  pope 
immediately  expired,    but   Cicsai*     survived 
the  accident  some  years   to  perish   by    the 
hands  of  an    as3:issin.     This  account    of  the 
manner   of  his  death   is  doubted  by   some. 
His  life  has  been  written  in  English  by  Alex- 
ander Gordon  17^2'J  folio,  and   by  Burchard 
in  Latin. 

Alexander  VIT.  pope,  a  native  of  Sien- 
na, whose  name  was  Fabio  Chigi.  He  gi'ad- 
ually  rose  tlirough  the  offices  of  incpiisitor, 
legate,  bishop,  and  cardinal,  to  the  papal 
chair  1055,  on  the  death  of  Innocent  X. 
Thus  elevated  by  dissembled  humility  to  the 
head  of  the  church,  he  confirmed  by  a  bull 
his  predecessoi''s  measures  against  the  Jan- 
senists  1656.  But  while  nauch  was  expected 
from  him,  he  showed  himself,  as  has  been 
observed  by  a  biographer,  little  in  great 
things,  and  great  in  little  ones.  In  his  con- 
duct towaixls  men  of  letters  he  was  liberal 
and  munificent,  and  he  embellished  Rome 
with  some  splendid  buildings.  He  died  22d 
May  1667,  aged  08. 

Alexander  VIII.  pope,  Mark  Otto- 
boni,  was  a  native  of  Venice,  and  became 
bishop  of  Brescia  and  Frescati,  and  cardinal, 
and  in  1689  succeeded  to  the  i)apal  chair,  on 
the  death  of  Innocent  XI.  He  died  two 
years  after,  1st  Feb.  1691  aged  82. 

Alexander,  ab  Alexandro,  a  native  of 
Naples,  who  applied  himself  to  the  law,  but 
afterwards  left  it  that  he  might  more  seri- 
ously dev'ite  ids  time  to  polite  literature. 
He  possessed  genius  and  abilities,  and  his  re- 
marks on  mankind  arc  judicious  and  interes- 
ting. The  particulars  of  his  life  are  related 
in  ids  (lenialiun  Dierum,  a  work  in  the  man- 
ner of  (ieilius'  Attic  nights,  which  was  pub- 
lished with  a  learned  commentary  by  Tira- 
rjueau  1587.  Alexander  died  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  10th  century,  and  was  buried  in 
the  monastery  of  the  Olivets. 

Alexander,  Neckam,  a  native  of  St, 
Albans,  wlio,  after  studying  in  England, 
France,  and  Italj ,  gave  public  lectures  at 
Paris,  which  at  that  lin)e  was  the  most  cele- 
brated university  in  Euro|)e.  He  returned 
to  England,  where  liis  genius  and  learning 
reeommenrled  him  to  [)referment.  He  died 
1227  abbot  of  Exeter.  His  works,  which 
were   written   in   elegant    lans:uac:e   for  the 


time,  have  never  been  published,  but  remain 
in  manuscript  in  public  libraries. 


AL 


AL 


AleXAXDER,  Noel  or  XatalJs,  an  cnii- 
iient  writer  lioni  at  Houfii  in  Nonii.-iinly.  For 
12  >ear.s  lie  tiiUijjlil  i)liilos()|»liy  :il  llie  great 
tHtaveiM  at  Palis,  aiul  as  a  Domifiicaii  Iriar, 
pi-dpujiated  tlie  (luetnnes  f)!"  liis  ottltr  fi'Oin 
the  piiljjil,  hut  as  he  did  not  possesn  in  a  liigii 
degree  thi'  riueiicc  and  iltujnente  ri  <|uired 
in  a  jwipidar  preaelicr,  he  afterwards  devo- 
ted himself  to  ecclesiastical  history,  and 
vas  created  a  doctor  of  the  SKrbonne  in 
Jf)".').  Tolhert  sa\*  his  ahiiities,  atid  i)atron- 
jsed  iheni,  by  intrusting  him  uiih  part  of 
the  education  of  his  son.  ihe  lite  of  Alex- 
Jiiider  spent  in  seclusion  contains  no  pnrticu- 
lar  events;  his  studies  were  lalioritniK,  and 
}»is  works  many.  Mis  ecclesi;islical  history  is 
chiefl}  admired  for  its  accuracy,  mod<;ration 
and  fidelity.  It  was  puhiishef!  in  '24  vols. 
8vo.  or  8  vols.  fol.  'Ihougli  lor  a  little  while 
persecuted  by  the  po[»e  for  sonie  of  his  opin- 
ions, yet  he  was  beloved  and  respected.  lie 
bore  with  infinite  resignation  the  loss  of  his 
sight  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  and  died  of 
a  decay  of  nature  in  his  SGth  year  ir-2i.  A 
catalogue  of  his    works  was    printed  at  I'aris 

iriG. 

Alexander,  Vviiliam,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who,  alter  his  return  from  the  conti- 
nent, where  he  had  attended  the  duke  of 
Argsle,  as  tutor,  celeljrated  in  a  poem  called 
the  .Vurora,  the  <harms  of  a  lady  ia  w  horn 
lie  ha<l  unsucccssfuiiy  paid  his  addresses. 
When  this  unkind  mistress  was  married,  he 
extinguished  iiis  fni-mer  Hame  by  imitating 
her  e.vample,  and  in  the  retirement  and  pat- 
ronage which  .Ti'.mes  VI.  granted  him,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  more  serious  pursuits  by 
writing  plays  on  the  ancient  models  of  Greece 
and  liomc.  After  l)eing  flattered  by  the  po- 
ets of  tiie  age,  he  became  ^^  regular  atten- 
dant on  the  court,  was  kuiglited,  and  in  IGtZl 
received  a  grant  of  Nova  Scoti  •,  which  he 
proposed  to  colonize  at  his  own  expense,  and 
that  of  those  who  wished  to  embark  on  the 
enterprise.  The  death  of  James  prevented 
the  creation  of  baronets  to  the  number  of 
150,  who  were  to  contribute  to  support  the 
views  of  the  favorite  ;  though  Charles  I.  in 
some  degree  pursued  the  intentions  of  his 
father  by  granting  patents  of  knight  baronet 
to  the  chief  promoters  of  the  settlement. 
The  original  scheme  was  defeated,  and  Sir 
Willia:n  sold  liis  property  in  Nova  Scotia  to 
the  French,  Sir  William  served  Charles 
■with  fidelity  as  secretary  for  Scotland,  and 
was  created  Lord  Stii-iing.  He  died  I'ith 
February  1G4()  in  !iis  GOth  year.  His  poeti- 
cal works  appeared  in  one  vol.  fol.  three 
years  before  his  death. 

Ai.EXANDER,  <le  Medicis,  first  duke  of 
Florence  in  l.'ioO,  was  the  natural  son  of  liO- 
,renxo  de  Medicis,  and  nephew  to  pojjc  Cle- 
ment VII.  He  ow  ed  his  elevation  to  the  arts 
of  his  uncle  and  the  influence  of  Charles  V. 
hut  his  powei",  however  weak,  became  odious 
by  his  cruelty,  the  debauchery  of  his  man- 
ners, and  his  incontinence.  He  was  at  last 
murdered  by  his  relation  Lorenzo,  who  had 
gained  liis  confidence  by  promising  him  an 
interview   with  a  Avoman  of  wiiom   he    was 


I  r'-:imored.  He  died  in  hisGCih  yearl.i3r, 
;  and  the  duchy  phbsed  into  the  hands  of  Cos- 
I  mo  «Ie  .Medicis. 

I  Alexander,  Farnesc,  duke  of  Par rn a, 
(  distinguished  himself  in  the  IGth  centui-y  by 
j  his  miiilary  valor.  He  was  engaged  in  the 
I  war.s  of  J'landers  and  of  France,  and  died  of 
j  a  wound  \\  hich  he  receiTcd  at  the  siege  o( 
Ilouen,  '2<l  Dec.   IJ'J'2. 

Alexander,  Farncsc,  unc^e  to  tlie  prc- 

j  ceding,   was  a  c.irdinal,  and   the    f;norite    of 

'pope  Clement\  II.   He  was  engaged  in  difler- 

ent  embassies  in  France,  (Germany,  and  Fl;»n- 

ders,  and  afterwards  retired  to  liome,  \.  lure 

I  he  li\ed  in  great  splendor,   the  friend  of  the 

indigent,  and  the  patron  ol  the  learned.     He 

died  15S9,  aged  G9. 

A  i.F.XANDKij,  a  Norman,  nephew  fo  Ho- 
i  ger  bishop  of  Salisbury  in  the  reign  of  Hiii- 
ry  I  and  Stephen.  B>  the  interest  of  \ih 
uncle  he  was  made  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and 
he  rebuilt  his  calhtdral,  which  had  beon  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  and  added  to  its  security  by 
making  the  I'oof  of  stone.  liike  the  baron's 
in  those  turbulent  times,  he  rui.sed  the  castles 
of  Ilanbury,  Sleafor<l,  and  Newark  for  hi.s 
defence,  and  frmnded  I  wo  monasteries  whicli 
he  liberally  endowed.  After  visiting  the 
pope  three  times  on  the  continent,  he  return- 
ed to  England  wliere  he  died  1147  in  the 
24th  year  of  his  prelacy. 

Alexander,  an;  five  of  Asia  .Minor,  who 
retired  from  the  emperor's  court,  and  be- 
came the  founder  of  the  sect  cwlied  Aceme- 
tus  (non-Sleepei's)  because  one  of  the  com- 
munity was  always  awake  to  sing.  He  clied 
Jr.bout  the  430th  year  of  the  Christian  era, 
near  the  shores  of  the  Euxine. 

Alexander,  St.  Elpide,  a  liermit  of  St. 
Austin,  archbishop  of  Amalfl,  author  of  an 
incorrect  and  ])artial  treatise  of  the  papal 
power,  kc.  in  the  beginning  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury.    His  book  w  as  printed  1G24. 

Alexander,  Dom.  James,  a  Benedic- 
tine of  St.  Maur,  horn  at  Orleans,  author  of 
a  treatise  on  elementai'v  clocks,  printed  8vo. 
1734.     He  died  1734,  aged  82. 

Alexander,  of  l*aris  a  poet  of  the  12th 
century,  who  introduced  in  a  poem  on  Alex- 
ander the  Creat,  verses  of  12  syllables,  which 
from  him  have    been  called  Alexandrines 

Alexa  N"  der,  Nicliolas,  a  Benedictine  of 
St  Maur,  known  for  his  charitable  charac- 
ter, as  well  as  his  cxtensne  knowledge  of 
simjiles.  He  is  author  of  two  useful  works, 
"  Physic  and  Surgery  for  the  poor,"  publish- 
ed 1738,  *'  and  a  Botanical  and  Pharmaceuti- 
cal Dictionary,"  8vo.  He  was  born  at  Paris, 
and  died  at  St.  Denys,  1728,  in  an  advanced 
age. 

Alexander,  Neuskoi,  grand  duke  of 
Russia,  born  1218,  signalized  himself  by  a 
victory  which  he  obtained  over  the  northern 
powers  on  the  banks  of  the  Neva.  His  mili- 
tary and  political  character,  which  procured 
him  the  title  of  saint,  was,  five  centuries  after, 
more  highly  honored  by  the  i)olicy  of  Peter 
the  Great.  The  spot  where  the  victory  had 
been  won  was  consecrated  for  a  monastery, 
wh«rc  the  bones  of  tlie  saint  were  deposited 


AL 


AL 


Alexan^der  in.  pope,  ^yas  a  native  of 
Sienna,   and   was   raised  to  the   ])apal  cliair 
after  Adrian  IV.  I15y.     His  election,  tiiough 
acknowledged  by  Kngland  and  France,    was 
disputed    by   the   emperor     Frederic,    wlio 
caused  Victor  to  be  nominated  in  his  room 
at  Pavia.    Alexander  for  a  while   yielded  to 
the  storm  ;  but  after  the  death   of  Victor  his 
imperial  persecutor  elected  another  succes 
sor,  cardinal  Gu}',  under  the  name  of  Pas- 
<  hal   lir.       Alexander,    A\ho  had    fled    into 
France,  ami    who  had  hurled  the  thundei's 
of  excoiomunication   against  Fretleric,    and 
even    absolved  his  sul  jects  from  their  oaths 
of  allegiance,   now   determined  to  maintain 
his  cause  by  force,  and  to  arm  the  Venetians 
in  liis   favor.      These   bold    measures  nsight 
fiavc  succeeded,    but  Frederic  either  tired 
of  the    contest,  or  terrified  by   the  prepara- 
linns,  acknowledged  Alexander  as  the  lawful 
pontitr,  and  was  reconciled  to  him  at   an  in- 
terview at  Venice.     Alexander  died  at  Home 
30lh  Aug.   11  SI,  beloved  by  his  subjects  and 
respected  b}  the  world. 

Alexander  IV,  bishop  of  Ostia,  was 
raised  to  the  |)apal  chair  at  llie  death  of  In- 
nocent IV.  ri54.  He  opposed  the  settle- 
ment of  the  emperor's  natural  son  as  king 
of  Sicily,  and  bestnwed  the  crown  on  Ed- 
mund son  of  the  king  of  England.  He 
wislied  to  re-unite  the  Greek  and  Latin 
churches,  but  did  not  seriously  attempt  it. 
He  died  at  Viterbo  25th  May  12GI. 

Alexander  V.  pope,  was  born  of  mean 
parents  at  Candia  near  Milan.  Wliile  beg- 
ging his  bread  from  door  to  door,  an  Italian 
monk  noticed  his  engaging  manners,  and 
l)rocured  liis  admission  into  his  order.  Thus 


enabled  to  cultivate  his  mind,  he  devoted 
hiniself  laboriously  to  study,  aiid  after  dis- 
tinguishing himself  at  Oxford  and  Paris,  he 
obtained  ])referment  by  the  patronage  of  the 
duke  of  Aiilan,  Mas  made  bishop  of  Vicenza, 
and  then  archbishop  of  the  Milanese,  and 
raised  by  Innocent  VH  to  the  pui-ple,  and 
uamed  legate  in  Lombarby.  He  was  elected 
pope  at  the  council  of  Pisa  1409,  but  he  died 
the  next  year,  3d  Ma}-,  not  without  suspi- 
cions of  ])oison  administered  by  his  favorite, 
cardinal  Cossa.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
firmness,  and  in  his  cliaracter  liberal  and 
munificent. 

Alexander  VI.  ]>o])e,  a  nntive  of  Va- 
letu-ia  in  Spain,  originally  called  Roderic 
Jioi-gia.  The  elevation  of  his  uncle  Calixtus 
HI.  to  tlie  pontificate  paved  the  way  to  his 
greatness;  he  was  made  cardinal,  and  after- 
Avards  archbisliop  of  "N'alcncia.  On  the 
dcatli  of  Innocent  VIH.  his  intiigues  ensu- 
j'cd  him  the  papal  chair,  though  he  was  then 
infamous  for  his  debauclieries,  and  offensive 
to  the  purity  of  the  holy  conclave,  as  the 
adulterous  father  of  four  sons  and  one  daugh- 
ter, by  a  Roman  lady  of  the  name  of  A'ano- 
zia.  These  children  followed  tlie  example 
of  their  dissolute  father,  and  became  mon- 
sters of  profligacy.  Tlie  two  eldest,  the 
duke  of  Candia  and  Cicsar,  disputed  about 
the  incestuous  favors  of  their  sister  Lucre- 
tia,  and  the  hoary  father  himsdf  is   said  to 


have  increased  the  abomination  by  a  horrid, 
commerce  with  his  own  daughter.     Though 
thus  devoted  to  the  grossest   licenliousness, 
Alexander  found  the  time  and  the  means  to 
raise  cabals,  and  to   create  intrigues  in   the 
courts  of  Europe,  and    to  convert  their  dis- 
sentions  to   the   advantage   of  the  holy   see, 
and  tlje  enriching  of  his  favorite  Cjesar.    His 
death  which    happened  8th  Aug.  1503,    was 
such  as  might  be  expected  to  conclude  an  in- 
famous life.      The  great  opulence  of  cardi- 
nal Corneto  and  others,   were    strong  temp- 
tations to  the  avaricious  pope  and  his   profli- 
gate   son   CiEsar.       Ihese   innocent    victims 
were  invited  to  a  banquet,  but  by  some  mis- 
take the  poison  intended  for  them  was  takea 
by  the  guilty  pontiff  asid  his  son.     The  pope 
immediately  expired,   but   Cxsar     survived 
the  accident  some  years   to  perish   by    tlie 
hands  of  an    assiissin.     This  account    of  the 
manner   of  his  death   is  doubted  by   some. 
His  life  has  been  written  in  English  by  Alex- 
ander Gordon  1729  folio,  and   by  Burchard 
in  Latin. 

Alexander  VII.  pope,  a  native  of  Sien- 
na, whose  name  was  Fabio  Chigi.  He  grad- 
ually rose  through  the  offices  of  in(iuisitoj*, 
legate,  bishop,  and  cardinal,  to  the  papal 
chair  1055,  o!i  tlie  death  of  Innocent  X. 
TJius  elevated  by  dissembled  humility  to  the 
head  of  the  church,  he  confirmed  by  a  bull 
his  predecessor's  measures  against  the  Jan- 
senists  1656.  But  while  much  was  expected 
from  him,  he  showed  himself,  as  has  been 
observed  hv  a  biographer,  little  in  great 
things,  and  great  in  little  ones.  In  his  con- 
duct towards  men  of  letters  he  was  liberal 
and  munificent,  and  he  embellished  Rome 
witlx  some  splendid  buildings.  He  died  22d 
May  106",  aged  G8. 

Alexander  VIII.  ])ope,  Mark  Otto- 
boni,  was  a  native  of  Venice,  and  became 
bishop  of  Brescia  and  Frcscati,  and  cardinal, 
and  in  16S9  succeeded  to  the  papal  chair,  on 
the  death  of  Innocent  XI.  He  died  two 
years  after,  1st  Feb.  1691  aged  82. 

Alexander,  ab  Alexandro,  a  native  of 
Naples,  who  ap'plied  himself  to  the  law,  but 
afterwards  left  it  that  he  might  more  seri- 
ously devote  ids  time  to  polite  literature. 
He  possessed  genius  and  abilities,  and  his  re- 
marks on  mankind  are  judicious  and  interes- 
ting. The  particulars  of  his  life  are  related 
in  his  (lenialiun  Dierum,  a  work  in  the  man- 
ner of  (iellius'  Attic  nights,  which  was  pub- 
lished with  a  learned  commentary  by  Tira- 
queau  1587.  Alexander  died  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  IGth  centui-y,  and  -was  buried  in 
the  monastery  of  the  Olivets. 

Ai.exaxdeh,  Neckam,  a  native  of  St. 
Albans,  who,  after  sludving  in  England, 
France,  and  Itah ,  gave  public  lectures  at 
Paris,  which  at  that  tin)e  was  the  most  cele- 
brated university  in  Europe.  He  returned 
to  England,  where  his  genius  and  learning 
reeommcnded  bim  to  preferment.  He  died 
1227  abbot  of  Exeter.  His  works,  which 
were  Avritlen  in  elegant  language  for  the 
time,  have  never  been  published,  but  remain 
in  manuscript  in  public  libraries. 


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AleXANDKH,  Noel  or  XatalJs,  au  enii- 
iieiit  writer  horn  at  Koufii  in  Noi'ii»aiiiIy.  For 
12  >car.s  lit- taiiijlil  iiliilosopliy  at  llic  great 
tHtnveiil  at  I'aris,  ami  as  a  Dominican  Iriar, 
pi-ojtattatfd  tlie  doftrnifs  f)l'  liis  ottlrr  from 
the  pnlpil,  Itiit  as  lie  did  not  |)f)ssesr,  in  a  Iiigl« 
degree  the  tiiieiice  an<!  elotjnence  ii  (|uir«'d 
in  a  popidar  preaelier,  lie  allcrwanls  devo- 
ted himself  to  ecrlesiastiial  liislorv,  and 
V  as  created  a  dtictoi-  of  the  Sttrbonne  in 
Jf)".').  r'olbert  sa\»  his  ai»iiities,  and  patron- 
ised them,  hy  iiitrustin<j;  liiui  \viih  part  of 
the  ednealion  of  Ids  son.  'i'he  lile  of  Alex- 
ander sjKMilin  seclusion  contains  no  particu- 
lar events  ;  liis  studies  uert;  lai>f)ri(tus,  and 
liis  works  many.  Mis  ecclesiastical  history  is 
chiefl}  admired  for  its  accuracy,  moderation 
ami  lideiitv.  It  uas  publishef!  in  '24  v(»ls. 
8vo.  or  8  vols.  fol.  'I'liough  lor  a  little  while 
persecuteil  by  the  poi»e  for  some  of  his  opin- 
ions, yet  he  was  beloved  and  respected,  lie 
bore  with  infinite  resignation  the  loss  of  his 
sight  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  and  died  of 
a  decay  of  nature  in  his  SGth  year  I72i:  A 
catalogue  of  his  works  was  printed  at  I'aris 
I/IG. 

Alexander,  Vv'illlam,  n  native  of  Scot- 
land, who,  alter  his  return  from  the  conti- 
nent, where  lie  had  atti-nded  the  duke  of 
ArgUe,  as  tutor,  celebrated  in  a  poem  called 
tlie  Aurora,  the  «harms  of  a  lady  (o  whom 
lie  had  unsuccessfully  paid  his  addresses. 
When  this  unkind  mistress  was  married,  he 
extmguished  Ids  former  Hame  by  imitating 
her  e.vamjile,  and  in  the  retirement  and  pat- 
ronage which  .Tames  Vl.  granted  him,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  more  serious  pursuits  by 
writing  plays  on  the  ancient  models  of  Greece 
and  liome.  After  l)eirig  flattered  by  the  po- 
ets of  the  age,  he  became  a  regular  atten- 
dant on  the  court,  was  kniglited,  and  in  1G'21 
received  a  grant  of  Nova  Scotia,  which  he 
proposed  to  co!onize  at  his  ow  n  expense,  and 
that  of  those  who  wished  to  embark  on  tlie 
enterprise.  The  death  of  .Trsmes  prevented 
the  creation  of  baronets  to  the  i;umber  of 
150,  who  were  to  contribute  to  support  the 
views  of  the  f:\vorlte  ;  though  Charles  I.  in 
some  degree  pursued  the  intentions  of  his 
fatiiev  by  granting  patents  of  knight  baronet 
to  the  chief  promoters  of  the  settlement. 
The  original  scheme  was  defeated,  and  Sir 
Willia:n  sold  Iiis  property  in  Nova  Scotia  to 
the  Frencli,  Sir  \\  illiam  served  Charles 
■with  fidelity  as  secretary  for  Scotland,  and 
"was  created  Lord  Stirling,  lie  died  I'ith 
February  104()  in  !iis  OOth  year.  His  poeti- 
cal works  appeared  iu  one  vol.  fol.  three 
years  before  his  death. 

Alexander,  de  Medicis,  first  duke  of 
Florence  in  l.'ioO,  was  the  natural  son  of  iiO- 
,renxo  de  Medicis,  and  tiephew  to  pope  Cle- 
ment VII.  He  ow  ed  his  elevation  to  the  arts 
of  his  uncle  and  the  influence  of  Charles  V. 
hut  his  power,  however  weak,  became  odious 
by  his  cruelty,  the  debauchery  of  his  man- 
ners, and  his  incontinence.  He  was  at  last 
murdered  by  his  relation  Lorenzo,  who  had 
gained  his  confidence  by  promising  him  an 
interview   with   a  wornan  of  wiiom   he    was 


r'-amored.  He  died  in  his  2C(li  yvttvlUST, 
and  the  duchy  passed  into  the  hands  of  Cos- 
mo de  .Medicis. 

Alexaxder,  Farnesc,  duke  of  Parma, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  IGth  century  by 
his  military  valor.  He  was  engage<l  in  the 
wars  of  J'lan«lers  and  of  France,  and  died  of 
awdund  which  he  received  at  the  bioge  of 
Ilouen,  '2i\  Dec.   1  jyj. 

A  LEXANDER,  Farncsc,  iinc!e  to  the  pre- 
cerling,  was  a  cirdinal,  and  the  fa\orite  of 
pope  C'lementN  11.  He  was  engaged  in  differ- 
ent embassies  in  France,  (iei'many,  and  I'lau- 
<lers,  and  afterwards  retired  to  IJonie,  \.  lure 
he  li\ed  in  great  splendor,  the  friend  of  the 
indigi'iit,  and  the  patron  ol' tlie  learned.  He 
died  15S9,  agtd  Gy. 

A  i.F.XA.VDEu,  a  Norman,  nephew  to  Ho- 
ger  bishop  of  Salisbury  in  the  n  ign  of  Hen- 
ry I  and  Stephen.  B\  the  interest  of  hi& 
uncle  he  was  made  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and 
he  rebuilt  his  cathedral,  which  had  be-'U  de- 
stroyed by  Are,  and  added  to  its  security  by 
making  the  roof  of  stone.  Like  the  barons 
in  those  turbulent  times,  he  raised  the  castles 
of  llanhury,  Sleaford,  and  Newark  for  hi.'; 
defence,  and  founded  I  wo  monasteries  which 
he  liberally  endowed.  After  visiting  the 
pope  three  times  on  the  continent,  he  return- 
ed to  England  where  he  died  1147  iu  the 
'24th  year  of  Ids  prelacy. 

Alexan  DER,  an;:tiveof  Asia  Minor,  who 
retired  from  the  emperor's  court,  and  be- 
came the  founder  of  the  sect  ctilied  Aceme- 
tus  (non-Sleepers)  because  one  of  the  com- 
munity was  always  awake  to  sing.  He  died 
ir.bout  the  430th  year  of  the  Christian  era, 
near  the  shores  of  the  Euxine. 

Alexander,  St.  Elpide,  a  liermit  of  St. 
Austin,  archbishop  of  Amalfi,  author  of  an 
incorrect  and  ])artial  treatise  of  the  papal 
power,  kc.  in  the  beginning  of  the  14th  cen- 
tury.    His  book  was  printed  IG'24. 

Alexander,  Dom.  James,  a  Benedic- 
tine of  St.  Maur,  horn  at  Orleans,  author  of 
a  treatise  on  elemenlarv  clocks,  printed  Svo. 
1734.     He  died  1734,  aged  82. 

Alexander,  of  l*aris  a  poet  of  the  l'2th 
century,  who  introduced  in  a  poem  on  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  verses  of  12  syllables,  which 
from  him  have    been  called  Alexandrines 

Alexander,  Nicliolas,  a  Benedictine  of 
St.  Maur,  known  for  his  charitable  charac- 
ter, as  well  as  his  extensi\e  knowledge  of 
simjiles.  He  is  author  of  two  useful  works, 
"  Physic  and  Surgery  for  the  poor,"  publish- 
ed 1738,  "  and  a  Botanical  and  Pharmaceuti- 
cal Dictionary,"  Svo.  He  w  as  born  at  Paris, 
and  died  at  St.  Denys,  17'2S,  in  an  advanced 
age. 

Alexander,  Neuskoi,  grand  duke  of 
Russia,  born  1218,  signalized  himself  by  a 
victory  which  he  obtained  over  the  northern 
powers  on  the  banks  of  the  Neva.  His  mili- 
tary and  political  character,  which  procured 
him  the  title  of  saint,  was,  five  centuries  after, 
more  highly  honored  by  the  ])ol!cy  of  Peter 
the  Great.  The  spot  where  the  victory  had 
been  won  was  consecrated  for  a  monaslerv, 
wlmx'c  the  bones  of  the  saint  were  depo.siteri 


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uith  religious  pomp,  and  -which  is  hecome 
the  mausoleum  of  the  sovereigns  of  Russia. 
Tliere  is  an  order  of  kr.ighthood  instituted 
in  honor  of  the  saint,  which  consists  now  of 
about  135  knights. 

ALEXANDKiNi,Julius  de  Xcustain,  a  na- 
tive of  Trent,  physician  and  favorite  of 
Maximilian  II.  lie  died  1590  in  his  84th 
3-ear.  He  was  author  of  some  medical  trea- 
tises in  prose  and  verse,  which  display  his 
genius,  sense  and  erudition 

AlexiSj  William,  a  Benedictine  monk  of 
Lyra,  author  of  some  poems  of  considerable 
merit.  He  was  prior  of  Bussiau  Perche,  and 
•was  living  in  1500. 

Alexis,  a  Piedmontese,  who  ajjplied  him- 
self to  study,  but  with  the  determination 
of  not  revealing  the  discoveries  he  might 
make  in  philosophy.  After  57  years  of  trav- 
els, he  sa-  a  poor  man  die  of  a  disorder 
•which  might  have  been  removed,  if  he  had 
imparted  liis  knowledge  to  the  surgeon,  and 
■with  such  remorse  was  he  visited,  that  he 
retired  I'rom  the  world,  and  set  in  order  fot 
the  benefit  of  mankind,  the  result  of  his  re- 
searches, m  hich  were  afterwards  published 
under  the  name  of  his  secrets  at  Basil  1536, 
and  dispersed  through  Europe. 

At,  EX  I  us,  Michaelovitch,  son  of  Michael, 
Czar  of  Russia,  succeeded  to  the  throne  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
liis  wars  against  the  Turks,  the  Swedes,  and 
Poles.  Respected  abroad,  he  was  beloved  at 
home,  as  the  im])rovement  of  his  barbarian 
subjects  was  the  sole  wish  of  his  heart.  The 
laws  of  the  empire  were  printed  for  public 
information,  and  no  longer  trusted  to  the  in- 
correctness of  manuscripts  ;  commerce  was 
encouraged,  and  manufactures  of  silk  and  lin- 
en were  introduced  ;  and  the  munificence  of 
the  emperor  was  supported  by  economy,  and 
hy  the  prosperity  of  the  state.  Alexius  died 
in  his  46th  year  1677,  and  was  succeeded  by 
liis  son  the  famous  Czar  Peter. 

Alexius,  Petrovitch,  only  son  of  Peter 
the  Great  and  Eudocia  Lapukin,  was  born 
1690.  His  early  youth  was  neglected  in  the 
hands  of  women,  and  of  ignorant  priests  ;  but 
when  in  his  eleventh  year,  he  was  intrusted 
to  the  care  of  baron  Huysen,the  instructions 
of  this  able  and  meritorious  man  were  coun- 
teracted by  the  u\trigues  and  infernal  policy 
of  Mentsliikof  one  of  the  Czar's  ministers. 
The  young  jirince,  permiLtcd  to  indulge  eve- 
ry passion  by  the  Cvample  and  encourage- 
ment of  the  meanest  and  most  debauched 
of  the  vulgar,  who  were  his  constant  associ- 
ates, grew  unprincvjjled  and  vicious,  and  soon 
converted  the  contem])t  he  lelt  for  resti'aint 
upon  the  conduct  and  the  character  of  his  fa- 
ther. This  mutual  hatred  between  the  Czar 
and  his  son  was  fomented  by  the  arts  of  ene- 
mies, and  at  last  Alexius  renounced  all  his 
rights  to  the  succession,  that  he  might  spend 
in  the  retirement  of  a  convent  the  remains  of 
a  life  already  shortened  by  drunkenness  and 
intemperance.  Persecution  however  at- 
tended him  ;  though  protected  by  the  em- 
]|)cror  of  (iermany,  he  was  betrayed  by  his 
Finlandish  mistress,  v.  horn  he  is  said  to  have 


married,  and  conveyed  to  Petersburg,  wherfe 
he  was  tried  by  secret  judges,  and  condensned 
to  death  1719.  This  cruel  unfeeling  conduct 
of  the  fathei',  which  not  all  the  im])ruden- 
cies  and  provocations  of  a  licentious  son 
could  justify,  has  been  palliated  by  his  f'ane- 
gyrists,  who  attribute  the  death  of  the  prince 
to  an  apoplectic  fit,  brought  on  b)'  his  vio- 
lent irregularities. 

Alexius  or  Alexis  I.  Commenus,  born 
at  Constantinople  1048,  was  nephew  to  the 
emperor  Isaac  Commenus.  He  usurped 
the  throne  in  1081,  after  banishing  Niceph- 
orus,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  wars 
agaiustthe Turks, and  othernothern  invaders. 
lie  received  with  coldness  the  crusaders ; 
but,  intimidated  by  their  numbers  and  conse- 
quence, he  signed  a  treaty  of  peace  with  them, 
and  promised  them  support.  He  died  in 
his  70th  vear  1118.  His  daughter  Anna  Com- 
mena,  has  written  a  Greek  aecount  of  his 
reign  ;  but  her  history  is  a  panegyric  on  the 
virtues  of  her  fathei*,  and  not  the  record  of 
truth 

Alexius  II.  Commenus,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Michael  on  the  throne  of  Constantino- 
ple 1180,  in  his  12th  year.  His  tender  age 
was  the  cause  of  dissention  and  tumult,  and 
he  was  murdered  with  his  n}other  Marv  two 
3'ears  after  by  Andronicus  who  usurped  the 
throne. 

Alexius  III.  Angelus,  dethroned  his 
brother  Isaac  Angelus  1195,  and  put  out  his 
eyes.  An  eftcminate  life  rendered  him  des- 
pised at  hon\e  and  abroad  ;  he  was  defeated 
by  the  Turks  and  Bulgarians,  and  his  capital 
was  soon  besieged  and  taken  1 203,  by  an  ar- 
my of  Venetians  and  French  crusaders,  head- 
ed by  Alexius  the  son  of  the  deposed  mon- 
arch, who  had  fled  to  the  court  of  Vienna. 
Alexius  received  from  Theodore  Lascaris  the 
same  cruel  punishment  which  he  had  inflict- 
ed on  his  brother,  and  the  •-  oung  conquer- 
or placed  his  blind  father  from  the  dungeon 
on  the  throne,  and  reigned  with  him  as  Alex- 
ius IV. ;  but  his  elevation  was  succeeded  by 
a  rebellion,  because  he  wished  to  raise  great 
contributions  upon  his  subjects,  and  his  life 
was  sacrificed  to  the  fury  of  the  people  1204. 

Alexius  IV   rzV/ A  lexius  III, 

Alexius  V.  Ducas  Murtzuphle  orMour- 
zoufle,  from  his  black  eyebrows,  an  officer 
at  the  court  of  Isaac  Angelus  and  Alexius  IV. 
who  dethroned  and  murdered  his  master, 
and  usurped  the  throne  of  Constantinople. 
He  was  attacked  by  the  crusaders,  who  took 
his  ca])ital,  and  after  putting  out  his  eyes 
threw  him  down  from  the  top  of  Theodosius* 
pillar,  147  feet  high,  and  killed  him,  1264,  af- 
ter a  reign  of  oid}'  three  months,  of  extor- 
tion, arrogance,  and  cruelly.  The  conquer- 
ors elected  two  emperors  ;  Baldwin  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Latins,  and  Theodore  Lascaris 
by  the  Greeks. 

Alexius,  an  impostor,  Avho  for  some 
time  assumed  the  name  and  character  of 
Alexius  son  of  Michael  Commenus  emperor 
of  Constantinople,  and  raised  an  army  in  A- 
sia,  w  ith  which  he  ravaged  the  conntry  and 
spread  terror  to  the  gates  of  the  capital.    He 


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was  murdered  by  a  priest  as  he  ungiiardcdl} 
retired  from  a  ban<|uet,  at  a  time  when  he 
might  have  overltirnud  the  emiiire  and  seated 
liiiiiseit'  on  tlic  llirone. 

Ai-E  YN,  Charh's,  an  Hni^iisli  poet  who  pul)- 
lislied  in  lO.Jl,  in  stan/asot"  six  lines,  two  po- 
ems on  liie  battles  ul  Cress}-  and  Poi<Micrs, 
and  seven  years  after  another  poem  on  Hos- 
•Nvoi-th  fifld,  besides  the  hisl(n'V  l''.iir}  alus  and 
l^ucrctia,  translated  from  -^ICneas  Sylvius. 
lie  was  e(Uii-atoi!  at  Sidney  Collc'(.;v,  (Jam- 
bi'idge,  and  was  assistant  to 'riionias  l»arnul)y 
in  St.  (jiles,  (;i'ii)[)le;^ate,  London,  a  d  alter- 
wards  tutor  to  tiie  son  ol"  t^dward  Sherburne 
<^scjuiro,  who  was  clerk  of  the  ordnanc-e  lo 
i;liarics  I.  lie  died  in  ItViO,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Andrew's  iliurch  IIoll)orn. 

Ai.-FAKAiUA,  a  mussidman  philosopher 
in  the  10th  century,  remark.ai)le  for  the  j^en- 
eralitv  and  greatness  of  his  talents.  He  was 
Jvilled  by  robbers  in  Syria  in  9.54.  His  woi-ks 
on  vj'ricnis  sulyectsare  said  to  be  in  the  Ley- 
den  libi-ary. 

Ai.FARGAN,  Ahmed  Fjhn  Cothair,  or 
Alfraganius,  an  Arabian  astronomer  of  tiie 
ninth  century,  author  of  an  introiluction  to 
astronomy,  i)i"iuled  by  Coliusiu  1GG9  at  Am- 
sterdam, with  curious  notes. 

Alfeni^s  Varus  Piblius,  a  native  of 
Cremona,  who  rose  from  the  mean  occupa- 
tion of  a  cobler  to  the  dignity  of  consul. 

Ai.FES,  an  eminent  rabbi,  who  epitomized 
tlie  Tahnud.     He  died  lll)3. 

Alfovso,  rid.  Alphoxsus. 

Alford,  Michael,  author  of"  Britan- 
nia illustrata" — '*  Annales  Ecclesiastici  Bri- 
tannorura",  and  ot'ier  works,  was  an  En- 
glish Jesuit,  born  r^  London,  and  educated  at 
Home  and  in  Spain.  He  resided  in  England 
as  Jesuits'  missionary  for  above  30  years,  and 
died  at  St.  Omer's  lG5'i,  aged  G5. 

Alfred,  the  (ireat,  fifth  and  youngest 
son  of  Vjthelwolf,  king  of  the  west  Sa.xons, 
•was  born  at  Wantage  in  lierkshire  849.  His 
father  sent  him  early  to  Rome,  where  he  was 
confirmed,  and  according  to  some  privately 
anointed  king  by  ])ope  Leo  I\'.  who  saw  and 
admired  his  manly  character.  After  the 
death  of  his  brother,  Alfred  mounted  the 
throne  of  England  in  his  '2'2d  year  in  871, 
at  a  time  when  the  kingdom  was  a  ])rey  to 
domestic  dissensions,  and  to  the  invasion  of 
the  Danes.  His  valor  was  soon  called  into 
the  field,  battles  were  followed  by  battles  : 
hut  tlie  sh'.ugiiter  of  thousands  seemed  not  to 
Ileal  the  wounds  of  the  countrv  or  to  remove 
the  rapacious  loc  h'om  the  coasts.  After  a 
dreadful  overthrow  Alfred  concealed  his 
misfortunes  for  a  year,  under  the  dress  of  a 
peasant,  till  the  success  of  one  of  his  chiefs, 
Odun  earl  of  Devon,  in  defeating  a  hotly  of 
the  Danes,  di-ew  him  irom  Ids  retirement. 
With  unusual  boldness  he  examined  the  false 
security  of  the  enemy's  camp,  he  was  adtnit- 
ted  into  tlie  presence  of  the  chief  under  the 
disguise  of  a  harper,  and  returned  to  his 
iVieiids  to  inspire  them  with  courage  and 
lead  them  to  victory.  The  Danes  were  to- 
tally routed  at-Eddington  :  and  Cuthrum  their 
chief  despairing  of  further  opposition,  con- 


sented to  rc.iounce  Paganism,  and  r.as  pre- 
sented at  the  font  by  his  coiHiucror.  Prom 
I  bat  period  tbe  kingdom  became  moix'  set- 
tled, and  though  tbe  Danes  occasioiiulh  rc- 
peate«l  their  pre<lalory  attacks,  the  mind  of 
Alfia-d  w;is  iKil  sliukei)  Irom  its  nob!«  pur[)osc 
of  eiilighlcnmg  bis  subjects,  and  giving  stabil- 
ity to  tlieir  independence;,  and  protection  to 
tbcii-  property.  He  publi.-^lied  laws  to  the 
number  of  .)!,  whicii  were  partly  collected, 
as  he  liimself  said  in  tbe  preface,  fioni  tliose 
of  bis  predecessor  king  [iia,  and  from  the 
Trojan  and  (irecian  co.les.  He  not  ftiily  di- 
\ided  bi.T  dominions  into  counties,  and  other 
smaller  sii!)i|i  visions,  but  be  made  e;,ch  boiisc- 
liolder  responsible  for  the  behaviour  ol  his 
family,  and  as  the  tylhings  consisted  of  ten 
families,  each  iM'came  a  jdedge  for  the  i)eacc- 
ful  comluct  of  the  rest,  so  lliat  the  whole 
kingdom  was  hut  a  large  family  eager  to  pre- 
serve tlie  public  security,  w  bile  they  ensured 
drjraestic  concord.  As  a  man  of  letters,  Al- 
fred gained  reputation,  he  not  only  transla- 
ted and  wrote  several  books,  particularlv  Ijo- 
ethius' Consolations  of  Philosophy  :  but  tliat 
learning  might  find  an  asylum  in  Eiigiand, 
he  endowed  several  schools  in  tlie  kiiif>dom, 
and  founded,  or  according  to  others  re.>?lored, 
the  university  of  Oxford,  and  filleil  the  pro- 
fessorial chairs  with  men  of  taste,  genius, 
and  erudition.  In  his  own  conduct  he  was  a 
]>attern  of  regularity,  so  that  he  divided  the 
L'4  hours  of  tlie  day  into  three  equal  portions, 
one  of  which  was  set  apart  for  religif>us  du- 
ties, the  other  for  repose,  reci-eation,  a;ul 
literature,  and  the  third  for  the  allairs  of  t!ie 
state.  To  his  wisdom  and  foresight,  England 
may  look  back  with  gratitude  for  the  first  be- 
ginning of  her  naval  greatness.  Alfred  not 
only  built  ships,  and  enured  his  suitjects  to 
the  toils  and  dangers  of  tbe  sea,  but  he  bad 
the  boldness  to  attempt  to  discover  the  north- 
east passage.  Tii(jugh  by  profession  and  the 
circumstances  of  the  times  a  soldier,  tlie  hu- 
mane monarch,  who  had  been  personally  en- 
gaged in  5C)  battles  for  the  defence  and  inde- 
pendence of  his  country,  viewed  with  detes- 
tation the  scenes  of  carnage  which  ambition 
or  the  Inve  of  plunder  might  exhibit,  and 
considered  his  glory  as  better  cemented  bv 
the  i)eaccful  occupations  of  his  subjects  than 
by  war,  and  by  tbe  promotion  of  industry  and 
mutual  confidence  than  by  the  use  of  arms. 
After  a  reign  of  above  28  years,  in  which 
every  moment  had  been  devoted  to  the  hap- 
piness of  his  people,  this  magnanimous  prince 
flied  on  the  'iSth  of  October  900,  and  wa.s 
buried  in  Winchester  cathedral.  History 
does  not  |)resent  a  man  more  amiable  in  h:s 
public  and  ])rivate  character,  or  whose  vir- 
tues entitled  him  lo  a  throne  moix?  than  this 
great  and  benevolent  her*).  He  left  bv  his 
tpieen  Eiswitha  two  sons  and  three  daughters, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  second  son,  Edward, 
surnamed  tbe  elder. 

Alfred  or  A  lured,  son  of  Ethelrcd  by 
Emma  (laughter  <>f  Richard  duke  of  Xornun- 
dy  was  s^nt  by  his  fatber  with  his  biotker 
I''Alvvard  to  the  Norraan  court,  during  ihe 
invasions  of  the  Danes.    After  Canute's  death 


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he  landed  in  England  witli  a  force,  and  I 
might  have  succeeded  in  the  expulsion  of 
Harold,  if  not  thwarted  b)  the  arts  of  God- 
vin.  He  fell  into  the  hands  of  liia  enemies, 
-u  ho  cruelly  put  out  his  eyes  and  confined  hini 
in  Ely  nionastei-y,  where  he  was  murdered, 
as  it  is  supposed,  10.37  in  his  34'h  year. 

Alfred,  a  learned  l>.nedictit»e  monk  of 
Malmesbury,  made  bishop  of  Exeter  in  the 
10th  century.  He  v.  as  intimate  with  St 
Uanstan,  and  wrote  several  learned  Imoks, 
particulary  the  life  of  Adclmus — the  history 
of  Malmesbury   abbey — de    natuiis  reruui. 

Alfred,  of  Berverlcy,  an  historian.  Vid. 
Alredus. 

Alfred,  an  Englishman,  surnamed  the 
Pliilosopher,  much  rcsi)ected  at  Rome.  He 
died  ICrO,  a'.ul  left  four  books  on  the  meteors 
of  Aristotle — one  on  vegetables  -and  five  on 
the  Consolations  of  Boctluus. 

Alfridf.,  or  Elf  RID,  tlie  natural  son 
ofOswy  king  of  Northumberland,  fled  to  Ire- 
land, or  as  some  suppo>;e  to  Scotland,  to 
avoid  the  persecution  of  his  brother  Egfrid, 
■whom  he  had  succeeded,  on  the  throne.  In 
liis  exile  he  still  felt  the  virulence  of  his  ene- 
mies and  at  last  the  two  brothers  met  to  de- 
cide their  fate  by  arras.  Egfrid  was  slain, 
and  Alfride  ascended  the  vacant  tiirone  C8G, 
and  deserved  the  love  and  the  a{)platiscs  of 
his  subjects  by  his  benevolence  and  mildness, 
and  the  liberal  patronage  which  he  afforded 
to  literature.     He  died  705. 

Algardi,  Alexander,  an  architect  and 
sculptor  of  Bologna,  pupil  to  Lewis  (Jarrachi, 
and  intimate  with  Uorninichino.  lie  died  at 
Rome  iri54.  There  is  at  Boiogna,  a  group  of 
the  beheading  of  St.Paul  by  him  much  admi- 
red, besides  a  bas-relief  in  tlie  Valican  repe- 
scnting  St.  Leo  in  the  presence  of  Atilla. 

Algarotti,  Francis,  son  of  a  Yenetinn 
merchant,  who,  after  improving  himself  at 
"Rome  and  Bologna,  came  to  Parr&  vvhere  he 
published  his  Newtonianism  for  the  ladies, 
in  Italian,  a  work  which  was  translated  into 
French  bv  Du  Perron,  but  was  of  inferior 
merit  to  Eontenelic's  plurality  of  worlds. 
From  thence  Algarotli  visited  Eng'and  and 
Germany,  and  received  repeated  marks  of 
esteem  and  honor  from  the  kings  of  Polantl 
and  Prussia.  After  some  residence  in  the 
Polish  court  as  pi-ivy  counsellor  for  the  af- 
fairs of  war,  he  returned  to  Italy,  and  died 
unexpectedly  at  Pisa  2;3d  of  May  17C+,  in 
his  5'2d  ycai*.  Asa  connoisseur  in  painting, 
sculpture,  and  architecture,  he  possessed 
taste  and  judgment,  and  his  genius  as  a  poet 
is  fully  proved  in  the  elegant  trifles  which  he 
Avrote  in  Italian.  His  works  wej-e  ])ublished 
\n  4  volumes  8vo.  in  17G;i,  and  translated  into 
French  at  Berlin  1772,  8  volumes  Svo.  Tlify 
consist  fhiefly  of  historical  and  philosophical 
dissertations,  essays  and  poetry. 

ALGA7.AI-I,  an  Arabian,  horn  at  Thoas 
in  Khorassan, author  of  atreatisc  on  the  dif- 
ferent classes  of  science  which  concern  reli- 
gion. He  made  the  pilgrimage  of  Mecca, 
and  died  in  the  504th  year  of  the  hegira. 

Algeu,  a  monk  of  Liege,  author  of  a 
Ijook  on  tlie  sacraments,  lie  flicd  at  Clu- 
iiy,1131. 


Alghisi,  Thomas,  an  eminent  surgeon 
and  lilhotoHjistof  P'lorence.  lie  died  m  con- 
sequence of  being  severely  wounded  by  the 
bursting  of  his  gun  1713.  He  pubhshed 
Liiliotomia  in  4to.  1708,  Jscc. 

Algiert,  Peter,  a  A  enetian,  whose  ta- 
lents ill  ])aii;ting  were  usefully  employed  in 
the  decorations  of  the  opera  at  Paris.  He 
died  170O. 

ALHA2.EN,  an  Arabian  who  wrote  on  op- 
tics, about  the  year  IlOU 

A  LI.  cousin  and  sou-in-law  of  Mahomet, 
was  opi)osed  in  his  view  to  succeed  the  pro- 
phet, h}  Othman  and  Omar,  and  retired  in- 
to Arabia  where  his  mild  and  enlarged  inter- 
pretation of  the  Koran  increased  the  num- 
ber of  his  proselytes.  After  the  death  of 
Othman  he  was  acknowledged  caliph  b)'  the 
Egyptians  and  Arabians,  but  in  less  than  five 
)  ears  after  he  was  assassinated  in  a  moscjue 
fiGO  Ali,  after  the  decease  of  his  beloved 
Fatima,  claimed  the  privilege  of  j)olvgamy, 
and  left  15  sons  and  IS  daughters.  Hisniemo- 
ry  is  still  held  in  the  highest  veneration  by  the 
Persians,  who  pronounce  with  contempt  the 
names  of  Othman  and  Omar,  whilst  the  Turks 
despise  him  and  pay  adoration  to  his  oppo- 
nents. 

Ali-eassa,  a  distinguished  general  of 
the  Ottoman  empire,  to  whom  Achmet  IV. 
gave  his  sister  in  marriage.  He  died  1665 
in  his  70th  year. 

Ali  Beg,  a  Pole,  born  of  Christian  par- 
ents, when  young  he  was  made  prisoner  by 
the  Tartars  and  sold  to  the  Turks,  who  edu- 
cated him  in  the  Mahometan  faith.  He  rose 
to  consequence  in  the  Turkish  court  and  was 
appointed  interpreter  tci  the  grand  signior. 
lie  employed  himself  in  tranlating  the  13ible 
and  the  English  catechism  into  the  Turkish 
language  ;  but  his  great  work  is  on  the  litui'gy 
of  the  Turks,  their  pilgrimages  to  !Mecca, 
and  other  religious  ceremonies.  This  work 
was  translated  into  Latin  bv  Dr.  Smith.  Ali 
died  1675,  at  a  time  when  he  intended  to  ab- 
jure the  Mahometan  tenets  for  Christianit}'. 

Ali  Bey,  a  native  of  Natolia,  son  of  a 
Greek  priest.  In  his  13th  year  he  was  car- 
ried away  by  some  robbers  as  he  was  hun- 
ting, and  sold  to  Ibrahim,  a  lieutenant  of  the 
Janissaries,  at  Grand  Cairo,  who  treated  liim 
with  kindness,  and  froni  a  slave  raised  him 
to  i)Ower  and  consequence.  Ali  distinguish- 
ed himself  against  the  .^rabs,  and  his  military 
valor  rendered  him  feared  and  respected  ; 
but  when  his  friend  and  patron  was  basely 
assassinated  1758,  by  Ibi-ahim  the  Circas- 
sian, he  avenged  his  death,  and  slew  the 
murderer  with  his  own  hand.  This  violent 
measure  raised  him  enemies,  and  his  flight 
to  Jerusalem  and  to  St.  John  of  Acre  with 
diflicnlty  saved  him  from  the  resentment  of 
the  Ottoman  porte,  that  had  demanded  his 
head.  Time,  hswever,  paved  the  way  to 
his  elevation  to  the  supreme  power  of  Egypt. 
'I'hosc  who  had  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Circassian  were  sacrificed  to  the  public  safe- 
ty ;  an<l  Ali,  recalled  by  the  public  voice, 
governed  the  country  with  benevolence  and 
equity.  The  chiefs  of  each  village  were  de- 
clared responsible  for  the  ill  conduct  of  their 


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ueighbors,  an<l  whilst  the  gcncrril  link  vris 
evU-iitlcd  tln«)Uj;li  cvt-ry  pi-ovincc,  security 
vas  restored,  and  coiilitleiice  revi\e<l.  Hut 
the  power  of  an  eastern  prince  is  always 
precarious;  ingratitude  was  found  among 
those  on  whom  Ali  had  heaped  favors,  and 
when  he  assisteil  the  Turkish  govei-nment 
vith  12,(X)U  auxiliar)  troops  in  the  Iius>>ian 
ttar  of  1/"GS,  his  conduct  uas  viewetl  with  a 
jealous  eye,  and  his  death  determined  at 
C/OnstantinopU*.  He  however  evad  -(f  the 
blow,  and  in  declaring  war  against  the  Porte 
to  avenge  his  wrongs,  he  intrusted  the  com- 
mand of  his  armies  to  Ahou  Dahab,  a  per- 
Iklious  Mameluke,  wlio,  in  extending  the  con- 
quests of  Ali  over  Arabia  and  Syria,  hnjjod 
to  establish  his  reputation  over  the  ruins  of 
Ilia  patron.  'I'he  ti'aitor  revolted  and  was 
followed  by  the  beys,  whose  fidelity  was 
shaken  either  by  jealousy  or  by  bribes  ;  but 
Ali  was  not  tleserted  thougli  he  fled  from 
Cairo  to  Gaza,  and  he  marched  into  the  fiehl 
at  the  head  of  a  numerous  arrny.  Hut  trea- 
son iicrvadeil  his  ranks,  and  \\  hen  the  deci- 
sive battle  was  fought  13ll»  of  April  1773, 
Ali  saw  some  of  his  troops  desert,  and,  un- 
wiilins;  to  survive  a  defeat,  he  defended  him- 
self  with  the  fury  of  a  hon,  tdl  he  was  cut 
down  by  a  sabre  and  carried  to  the  conquer- 
or's tent,  where  eight  days  after  he  expired 
of  his  wounds.  Ali  died  in  his  45th  year,  and 
left  behind  him  a  character  unrivalled  for 
excellence,  for  courage,  and  magnanimity. 
As  governor  of  Egypt  he  behaved  with  the 
tenderness  of  a  parent ;  and  to  the  love  of 
his  country  were  united  humanity,  a  gener- 
ous heart,  and  an  elevated  genius. 

Ali  Berg,  a  learned  Turk  in  tlie  17tli 
century,  accpiainted  wiLJi  17  languages.  He 
translated  the  Bible   into  the  Turkish   lan- 


guage. 


Alice,  daughter  of  Theobald  IV.  count 
of  Champagne,  married  Lewis  VTL  king  of 
France,  by  whom  she  had,  1105,  a  son  called 
Philip  Augustus.  During  her  son's  absence 
in  the  holy  land,  she  was  appointed  queen 
regent  of  the  kingdom,  and  her  govei-nment 
•was  marked  by  prudence,  moderation,  and 
justice.  She  died  at  Paris  universally  res- 
pected 4th  June  liiOG. 

Aligre,  Etienne,  a  native  of  Cliartres, 
■who  rose  by  his  merit  to  be  chancellor  of 
France.  He  did  not  however  possess  the 
firmness  required  for  an  elevated  station. 
He  died  1635  in  his  70111  year.  His  son  of 
the  same  naroe,  was  raised  to  the  same  dig- 
nity as  his  father,  and  enjoyed  the  character 
of  a  ^reat  and  upright  magistrate.  Ue  died 
1C77  in  his  85th  year. 

Alimextl'S,  Cneius,  a  Roman  historian 
B.  C.   150. 

Alipius,  a  bishop  of  Tagaste  in  Africa, 
r>94.  He  was  the  friend  of  Augustine,  and 
was  baptised  together  with  him  i.t  .Milan  by 
the  hands  of  i^t.  Ambrose.  He  was  an  :»'v;- 
tive  and  zealous  prelate,  and  assisted  at  sev- 
eral councils,  especially  those  of  Carthage, 
■where  he  opposed  the  Donatists.  He  died 
430. 

An  PUS,  a  geographer  of  Aitioch,  com- 


missioned by  Julian  to  rebuild  the  temple  of 
.lerusahMU.  It  is  unknown  whether  he  if) 
author  of  tlu-  synltni  of  geography  t>ublish- 
cd  under  his  name  in  (ireek  and  Latin,  Cie- 
neva  lO'JS,  in  4to.  by  Jac.  (iodefroi. 

Alkmaak,  llcnrv  1)',  an  eminent  Ger- 
man of  the  15th  century,  author  of  the  fa- 
ble of  lieynard,  an  ingenious  poem  wliich 
ladies  the  vcies  and  loibles  of  niMikiiid  in 
the  character  of  beasts  csjiecially  the  fox. 
(iottsched  has  given  a  magnificent  edition  f»f 
this  valuable  b(n;k.  Some  bU[)po!-e  thai  Alk- 
maar  is  the  fictitious  name  assumed  by  Nich- 
olas Baumaun   of  Friesland,  who  died   1503. 

Allainval,  Leonor. lean-Christine  Sou- 
lasd',  a  native  of  Chartres,  author  of  several 
comedies  of  considerable  mci'it.  His  best 
piece  was  rembarras  des  rithesses.  D'AI- 
lainval  w  as,  like  most  men  of  genius,  indigent. 
He  died  of  t!ie  palsy  in  the  liotel-dieu,  wliere 
he  had  been  admitted  a  patient,  "-Zd  May  1753. 

Allais,  Henys  Vr.irasse  d',  a  native  of 
Allais  in  Languedoc,  who  served  in  10G5  iu 
the  duke  ol  York's  fleet,  and  at'lersvards 
taught  the  Finglish  language  in  I'aris.  His 
wi'itings  were  not  mucb  esteemed,  except 
his  history  of  Sevarambia,  apolitical  romance 
first  printed  lt577  in  2  vols.  12mo. 

Allam,  Andrew,  horn  at  (iursington  in 
Oxfordshire,  was  of  St.  Edmund-hall  of  w  hich 
he  became  the  vice  principal.  He  translated 
the  life  of  Iphicrates,  and  assisted  ^\'ood  in 
his  Athentc  Oxonienscs.  He  died  of  the 
small-pox  17th  June  1085,  in  his  30th  year,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Peter's  in  the  east. 

Allard,  Guy,  was  author  oi  several 
scarce  treatises  on  the  history  of  Dauphine 
valuable  for  provincial  and  genealogical  an- 
ecdotes ;  and  also  of  the  history  of  prince 
Zizim,  an  amorous  romance.  He  died  1715, 
aged  70. 

Allattl'S,  Leo,  a  native  of  the  Island  of 
Scio,  who  studied  belles  lettrcs  and  the  lan- 
guages at  Home.  After  visiting  Naples  and 
his  native  country  he  returned  to  Uoiiie, 
wliere  he  applied  himself  to  phv  sic,  in  which 
he  took  a  degi'ee,  but  hterature  was  his  fa- 
vorite pursuit,  and  as  his  erudition  was 
great,  he  distinguished  himself  as  a  teacher 
in  the  Greek  college  at  Rome.  He  was  af- 
terwards employed  by  pope  Gregory  XV.  to 
remove  the  elector  Palatine's  library  from 
Germany  to  the  Vatican,  in  reward  for 
which  services,  though  for  a  while  neglected, 
he  was  appointed  librarian.  Though  bred 
and  employe!  among  ecclesiastics,  he  never 
entered  into  orders  because,  as  he  told  tlie 
pope,  he  wished  to  retain  the  privilege  of 
marrying  if  he  pleased.  His  pubruations 
were  numerous  but  chiefly  on  divinity,  and, 
though  iWl  of  learning  ar.d  good  sense,  re- 
markal)le  for  unnecessary  digressions,  lu 
the  co'itroversy  of  the  gentlemen  of  the 
Port  -voy,"!  with  C'li^ude  concerning  the  eu- 
charist,  he  greatly  assisted  the  former,  for 
which  he  was  severely  abused  by  their  bold 
antagonist.  It  is  said  by  Joannes  Pati-icius 
that  ise  wrote  Greek  for  40  years  with  the 
same  pen,  and  that  when  lie  lost  it,  he  ex- 
pressed his  concern  even  to  the  shedding  of 


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tears.     AUatius  died  at  Rome  in  his  ^d  year, 

l66y. 

Allectus,  prefect  of  Britain  miu'dcred 
Cara;isius  294,  and  made  himself  cmpero!-, 
He  was  defeated  hy  Asclepiodotus  thrt-e 
years  ai'ter. 

Ai.i^EGRAix,  Cliristopher  GahricI,  a 
French  sculptor^  admilled  into  the  academy 
for  the  masterly  exeeulion  of  the  fii>;ure  of  a 
yoiinjif  man.  A nioni^'otlicr  pieces  his  Venus 
and  ins  Diana  A\ei-c  much  aihnired.  He  was 
in  his  private  cluiracter  very  modest  and 
amiahie.  He  died  1795.  His  father  and 
grandfather  hefoi-e  him  liad  been  members 
of  the  academy  of  painting. 

Allegki,  Antonio,  an  illustrious  paint- 
er, better  known  hy  the  name  of  Corregio, 
from  the  place  wliere  he  was  horn.  As  he 
was  born  to  povert}',  his  education  was  ncg- 
lecttd,  and  he  was  not  aljle  to  see  and  to  stu- 
dy tiic  beautiful  models  of  ancient  times,  or 
the  productions  of  the  Roman  or  A'enetian 
schools.  Xature  however  had  formed  him 
for  a  ])ainter,  and  his  genius  burst  through 
the  shackles  of  ignorance  and  poverty.  It 
is  to  be  lamented  that  he  never  visited  Rome, 
as  his  residence  at  Parma  procured  him 
neither  patronage  nor  fame.  His  most  cele- 
brated paintings  were  the  Airgin  and  child, 
-with  Alary  Magdalen,  St.  Jerome,  and  the 
Notte  or  Xiglit,  wldch  is  so  well  described 
by  lady  JVIiUar  in  her  letters  from  Italy  ;  but 
in  every  thing  that  he  did  there  was  superior 
execution,  great  judgment,  and  infinite  taste. 
The  encomiumsof  Annii)al  Caracci  \\  ho,  fifty 
3'ears  aftei-  his  death,  admired  and  imitated 
him,  are  strong  but  just.  *'  Every  thing," 
says  he,  *'  that  I  see  astonislses  me,  particu- 
larly the  coloring  and  the  beauty  of  the 
children.  They  live — they  breathe — they 
smile  with  so  much  grace  and  so  much  reali- 
ty, that  the  heliolder  smiles  and  partakes  of 
their  enjoyments."  Corregio  was  employed 
by  the  canons  of  Pai'mato  paint  the  assaa^p- 
tion  of  the  Vii'gin  on  the  cupola  of  the  cath- 
edral ;  but  when  the  work,  \s hich  will  ever 
immortalize  his  name,  was  completed,  the 
artist  wa.s  indignantly  treated  by  tlie  proud 
and  ignoratit  ecclesiastics,  who  abused  hi.s  ex- 
ecution, and  refused  to  I'ulfil  their  agreement. 
The  i)ainter  was  meanly  forced  to  except 
the  small  pittance  of  200  livres;  and,  to  load 
liim  with  gi'eater  iixlignity,  it  was  paid  in 
copper.  Corregio  ha.stened  with  tlie  money 
to  his  starving  family,  but  as  he  liad  six  or 
eight  miles  to  travel  from  Parma,  the  weight 
of  his  burden  and  the  heat  of  the  climate, 
adde<l  to  the  oppression  of  his  bre;iking  heart, 
and  he  was  attacked  with  apleuri.sy  which  in 
thi'ce  days  terminated  his  existence  and  his 
sorrows  l.'j.'i*,  in  his  40th  year.  Titian  was 
the  cause  that  this  great  work  was  not  des- 
troyed. As  lie  ])aiised  tlirough  Parma,  he 
visited  and  admired  the  cathedral,  and  told 
the  ignorant  i)riests  Mho  threatened  speedi- 
ly to  efface  the  painting,  that  they  ought  to 
value  it  as  most  int!stimab!e,  for,  added  he 
emphatically,  "  were  1  not  Titian,  I  would 
•wish  to  he  Corregio."  Corregio  was  the 
first  who  hnppily  introduced  in  liis  pictures 


fore  shortenings,  an  attitude  which  expres- 
ses boldness  of  conception,  and  is  attended 
with  striking  eflfect. 

ALi.ECini,  (iregorio,  an  eminent  compo- 
ser, whose  works  are  still  used  in  the  pope's 
olia])el  at  Rome.  His  *'  miserere"  is  always 
used  on  (ioofi  Friday,  and  is  much  admired. 
Clement  XI \'.  sent  a  copy  of  this  beautiful 
composition  to  Georgelll.  in  1773.  Allegri 
died  1G72. 

Allein,  Ricliard,  was  born  at  Ditchet  ift 
Somersetshire,  whei-e  his  father  was  rector 
for  50  years.  He  stuiiied  at  St.  Alban  and 
New  Inn  Halls,  in  O.vford,  and  afterwards 
obtained  the  living  of  Batcomb  in  Dorset- 
shire. As  he  favored  the  puritanical  doc- 
trines of  the  times,  he  was  employed  as 
commissioner  by  i)arliament  for  the  ejecting 
of  scandalous  ministers,  and  on  the  restora- 
tion he  was  expelled  from  his  living,  as  he 
refused  to  subscribe  to  the  act  of  conformi- 
ty. His  peaceful  behaviour,  however,  enti- 
tled him  to  res])ect  and  popularity;  he 
preached  frequently  in  private  houses,  and 
though  sometimes  reprim.anded  as  the  hold- 
er of  a  conventicle,  yet  his  learning  and  ex- 
emplary life  shielded  him  against  persecution 
a  .d  imprisonment.  His  writings  were  most- 
ly on  theological  subjects.  He  died  Decem- 
ber 22d,  IGSl,  in  his  65th  year. 

Allein,  William,  son  of  the  above,  was 
of  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  Avhere  he  took 
his  degrees.  He  afterwards  settled  at  Bland- 
ford,  Dorset,  from  which  he  w  as  ejected  as 
a  non  conformist.  His  millennium,  among 
other  curious  theological  tracts,  was  much 
admired.     He  died  1677. 

Allein,  Joseph,  son  of  Tobias  Allein 
was  born  at  Devizes  1623.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Lincoln  and  Corpus  Christi  colleges, 
in  Oxford,  and  took  orders,  and  afterwards 
w  ent  to  Taunton  in  Somersetshire,  where 
he  married,  and  where  as  minister  he  appli- 
ed himself  with  indefatigable  zeal  to  his  of- 
fice. His  income  was  small,  but  it  was  in- 
creased by  tlie  industry  of  his  wife,  who 
kept  a  boarding  school.  At  the  restoration 
he  was  ejected  as  a  non-conformist,  but  as  he 
continued  his  ministry  in  private,  he  was 
committed  to  llchester  gaol,  and  sentenced 
at  the  assizes  by  judge  Foster  to  pay  a  fine 
of  1(X)  marks,  and  to  remain  in  prison  till 
the  payment.  His  confinement  which  was 
extended  to  one  year,  ruined  his  constitu- 
tion, and  though  the  liberality  of  his  friends 
enal)led  him  to  visit,  dilferent  jtlaces  for  the 
re-establishment  of  hi.'?  healtii,  all  his  care 
was  inefVectual.  Hi;  died  in  November  16GS 
in  his  3Gth  year,  and  Avas  buried  in  St.  Mag- 
<lalen's  church,  Taunton.  Anthony  Wood 
has  severely  lashed  him  as  a  non-conformist; 
but  his  learning,  his  ])iely,  his  inoffensive 
inanners,  cast  an  amiable  light  on  his  charac- 
ter. His  alarm  to  unconverted  sinners  Jias 
cUen  been  republishcil. 

A  L LEX,  John,  arcliljishop  of  Dublin,  took 
his  dtgree  of  iAj.  B.  at  Cambi-idge  though 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  nine  years  at 
Rome  as  commissioner  from  Wareham  the 
primate,  and  at  his  return  he  entered  into 


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the  service  of  Wolsey,  wlio  made  liiiii  liis 
chn|)lain,  and  tlic  judge  of  his  eoiiit  as  legate 
:i  latere.  In  15128  lie  was  i-aised  to  the  see 
of  Dublin,  and  made  ciianceilor  of  Ireland. 
He  was  murdered  six  years  after  hy  'I'honias 
Fitzgerald,  snn  of  lord  Kil^lar(^ 

Ai.i.EN,  Sir  Thonias,  illustrious  as  an 
English  adniii'al,  made  the  first  hostile  attack 
on  the  Dutch  in  I()6:».  Though  with  only 
eight  shi[)s  he  attacked  their  Smyrna  licet, 
killed  theii-  commander  Brackel,  took  four 
prizes,  and  dispersed  t!ie  rest  into  Cadiz. 
The  next  year  he  was  at  the  memorable 
battle  of  the  '25th  July,  when  Dc  liuyter  the 
Dutch  commander,  seeing  his  van  defeated 
and  three  of  his  adniirals  killed,  exclaimed, 
what  a  wretch  I  am,  that,  among  so  many 
thousand  bullets,  none  can  come  and  put  an 
end  to  my  misery. 

Ai.t, EN,  Thomas,  a  divine  educated  at 
Worcester  school  a?id  at  Brazen  Nose  and 
ISIerton,  Oxfortl,  and  inlimate  uitii  Sir  Hen- 
ry Saville,  by  whose  influence  he  was  pro- 
moted to  a  fellowship  at  Mton.  He  wrote 
learned  observations  on  Chrysostom's  book 
on  Isaiah,  and  died  October  lUth,  16.38,  aged 
65,  and  was  buried  in  Eton  college  chapel. 

A  I.  LEX,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Uttoxeter 
in  Staffordshire,  illustrious  for  his  know- 
ledge of  mat  hematics  and  philosophy.  He 
was  fellow  of  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  which 
he  quitted  L5yOfor(iloucester  hall,  where  he 
applied  himself  with  greater  assiduity  to  his 
favorite  studies.  His  abilities  not  only  pro- 
cured him  the  fi^iendship  of  tlie  greatest  ma- 
thematicians of  the  age,  but  gained  him  the 
esteem  of  the  earl  of  Noi'thumberland.  Ro- 
bert earl  of  Leicester  was  also  particularly 
attached  to  him  ;  he  gave  him  his  confidence, 
consulted  him  on  affairs  of  state,  but  at- 
tempted in  vain  to  withdraw  him  from  his 
retirement  by  the  offer  of  a  bishopric.  Al- 
len, who  was  employed  in  collecting  the 
most  curious  manuscripts  on  history  and  as- 
tronomy, did  not  escape  the  suspicions  of 
the  ignorant,  who  accused  him  of  using  ma- 
gic and  conjuration  to  produce  a  marriage 
between  the  queen  and  Leicester.  He  pub- 
lisl>ed  in  Latin  the  second  and  third  books  of 
Ptolemy  concerning  the  judgment  of  the 
stars,  besides  notes  on  Lilly's  books,  and  on 
Bale's  work  de  Scriptoribus  Britan.  He  di- 
ed in  an  advanced  age  at  Gloucester  hall  in 
1032,  universally  respected  for  his  great 
learning,  his  piety,  and  the  affability  of  his 
manners. 

Ai.LESTRYor  Allestree,  Richard,  a 
natnve  of  Uppington  in  Shroplisire,  born  in 
March  1619.  He  entered  at  Christ  Church 
in  Oxford,  under  the  care  of  the  famous 
Busby,  and  for  his  industry  was  presented 
with  a  studentship  by  dean  Fell.  During 
the  civil  war  he  joined  the  king's  party  un- 
der Sir  John  Biron,  and  was  at  the  battle  of 
Keinton-field  in  Warwickshire.  At  the  con- 
clusion of  the  war  he  took  orders,  and  was 
afterwards  one  of  those  expelled  wlieii  the 
parliament  in  1648  sent  visitors  to  Oxford  to 
demand  the  submission  of  the  university, 
lie  found  an  asylum  in  the  family  of  lord 

VOL.  I.  8 


Newport,  in  Shropshire,  and  after  the  battle 
of  ^Vorcester,  he  was  fixed  upon  by  the  roy- 
alists as  a  proper  person  to  convey  dispatch- 
es, and  have  a  couference  with  the  king  at 
Rouen.  On  his  return  from  a  second  jour- 
ney in  1659  he  was  seized  at  Dover  by  the 
parliament  party,  but  lie  had  the  address  to 
save  his  pajiers,  and  after  six  or  eight  weeks* 
confinement  he  was  restored  to  liberty. 
Soon  after  th(;  return  of  Charles,  he  was 
made  canon  of  Christ  Church,  king's  chap- 
lain, Regius  ])rofeR3or  of  di\inity,  and  in 
1065  promoted  to  the  provostshii>  of  ?>ton. 
which  he  resigned  1078.  He  died  ofa  drop- 
sy in  January  1680,  and  was  buried  in  Eton, 
chapel.  He  published  4U  sermons,  besides 
a  small  tract  on  the  privileges  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford. 

Allestry,  Jacob,  an  English  poet,  ne- 
phew of  the  preceding,  and  son  of  James 
Allestry  a  London  book-seller,  who  was  ru- 
ined by  the  fire  of  1666.  From  Westmin- 
ster school  he  passed  to  Christ  Church  , Ox- 
ford, where  he  distinguished  himself  as  the 
author  of  some  verses  and  pastorals,  which 
were  repeated  before  the  duke  of  York 
when  he  visited  the  univei'sity.  He  died 
October  15th,  1686,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Thomas's  church-yard. 

Alletz,  Pons  Augustin,  a  native  of 
jMontpellier,  who  at  first  studied  the  law, 
but  afterwards  devoted  himself  to  literary- 
pursuits.  He  published  various  works  of 
8ome  celebrity  in  France,  in  the  composition 
of  which  ha  showed  indefatigable  perseve- 
rance, and  great  judgment.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris seventh  March  1785,  aged  82. 

Alley,  William,  a  native  of  Wycomb, 
Rucks,  who,  after  an  Eton  education,  went 
to  King's  college  Cambridge.  Heafterwards 
studied  at  Oxford,  but  as  he  Avas  a  zealous 
advocate?  for  tho  reformation,  he  retired  da- 
ring .Mary's  reign  into  the  nerth,  where  lie 
kept  a  school,  and  practised  physic.  Under 
Elizabeth  he  was  made  lecturer  of  St  Paul's, 
and  in  1560  bishop  of  Exeter.  He  wrote  the 
poor  man's  library,  containing  sermons,  8cc. 
besides  a  commentary  on  St.  Peter's  first 
epistle,  and  a  translation  of  the  Pentateuch, 
in  the  bishop's  Bible.  He  died  April  15th, 
1570,  and  was  buried  at  Exeter. 

Alleyn,  Edward,  founder  of  Dulwich 
college,  was  born  at  St.  Botolph,  London, 
Sept.  1st,  1566.  As  he  possessed  an  elegant 
person,  cheerful  manners,  and  a  retentive 
memory,  he  applied  himself  to  the  stage, 
and  with  so  much  success  that  he  was  flat- 
tered by  Ben  Jonson's  muse  and  applaud- 
{••1  by  crowded  audiences.  He  was  one  of 
the  original  actors  in  Shakspcare's  plays,  and 
his  popularity  procured  him  not  only  friends 
butopulence.  He  built  at  his  own  expense 
the  Fortune  playhouse  near  Whitecross- 
street,  Moorfields,  and  still  added  to  his  in- 
come by  being  keeper  of  the  king's  wild 
beasts,  with  a  salary  o  50o/.  per  annum. 
His  erection  of  Dulwich  college  is  attribu- 
ted to  a  superstious  cause.  Whilst  with  six 
others  he  was  acting  the  part  of  a  demon 
iu  one  of  Shakspcare's   plays   ho   fs   srrid  to 


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hare  been  terrified  by  the  real  appearance 
of  the  devil,  and  the  power  of  imagination 
was  so  great,  that  a  solemn  vow  was  made, 
and  the  college  in  1614  was  begun  under  the 
direction  of  Inigo  Jones,  and  in  three  years 
finished  at  the  expense  of  10,000^.  Tliis  no- 
ble edifice,  Avhich  was  to  afford  an  asylum 
to  indigence  and  infirmity,  was  nearly  ruin- 
ed by  the  opposition  of  chancellor  Bacon, 
■who  refused  to  grant  the  patent;  but  Alleyn's 
solicitations  prevailctl,  and  the  hospital,  by 
the  name  of  *'  the  college  of  God's  gift"  was 
solemly  appropriated  on  the  13th  Sept.  1619, 
in  the  presence  of  a  numerous  audience,  to 
the  humane  purposes  of  the  founder,  who 
appointed  himself  its  first  master.  The 
original  endowment  was  800/.  per  annum, 
for  the  maintenance  of  one  master, one  war- 
den, always  to  be  unmarried  and  of  the  name 
of  Alleyn,  four  fellows,  three  of  whom  are 
in  orders,  and  the  fourth  an  oi'ganist,  besides 
six  poor  men,  and  six  women,  and  twelve 
boys  to  be  educated  till  the  age  of  14  or  10, 
and  then  to  be  apprenticed.  Alleyn  married 
three  wives,  the  last  of  whom  survived  him. 
He  died  Nov.  25th,  1626,  in  his  61st  year, 
and  was  buried  in   the  chapel  of  his  college. 

Alliosi,  N.  a  civil  officer  in  the  service 
of  Stanislaus  king  of  Poland.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  the  expenses  of  his  master  in  tlie 
buildings  at  Nancy — and  a  relation  of  the 
funeral  poinp  of  Leopold  H.  1730.  He  died 
1779. 

Allix,  Peter,  a  native  of  Alencon,  who 
became  minister  of  the  protestant  congrega- 
tion of  Rouen,  and  afterwards  of  Charenton 
near  Paris.  On  the  cancelling  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  he  left  his  country  and  came  to 
England,  vhere  he  soon  acquired  the  know- 
ledge of  the  language,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  zeal  and  learning,  in  defence  of 
the  reformed  church.  His  reflections  on 
tlie  holy  scriptures  were  dedicated  to  king 
James  II.  and  his  remarks  on  the  ecclesias- 
tical history  of  the  churches  of  Piedmont  to 
William.  He  was  honored  with  the  degree 
of  D.  D.  and  promoted  to  the  place  of  trea- 
surer of  Salisbury.  He  died  in  London  Feb. 
21st,  1717,  in  his  76th  year.  His  works, 
which  are  numerous,  and  expressive  of  his 
piety  and  great  erudition,  are  all  on  theolo- 
gical subjects,  and  consist  of  reflections  on 
all  the  books  of  scripture,  1688,  republished 
by  bishop  Watson  in  his  theological  tracts, — 
the  ancient  Jewish  church  vindicated  against 
the  Unitarians  16'jl,  8vo.  mentioned  with 
high  commendation  by  Horsley  in  his  letters 
to  Priestley, — Remarks  on  the  ecclesiastical 
history  of  the  Piedmontese  churches,  4to.  isi<  ^ 

Alloisi,  Balthazar,  and  able  historical 
and  portrait  painter,  wlio  studied  under  tlie 
Caraccis.  He  was  born  at  Bologna,  and  di- 
ed 1638,  aged  60. 

A L LORY,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, famous  for  his  skill  in  the  represen- 
tation of  naked  figur.'3.  As  he  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  anatomy,  his  portraits  are  cor- 
rect and  graceful.  He  was  nephew  and  dis- 
ciple of  Bronzin,  and  his  pieces  are  preser- 
ved at  Rome  and  Florence.  He  died  1607, 
in  his  72d  year. 


Almacro,  Diego,  one  of  the  conquerors 
of  Peru,  was  of  so  obscure  an  origin  that  he 
knew  not  his  parents.  He  accompanied  Pi- 
zarro  in  1525,  and  every  where  showed  the 
greatest  valor  mingled  with  the  basest  cruel- 
ty. He  penetrated  in  1525  to  Chili,  took 
Cuzco,  and  at  last  assassinated  liis  friend 
Pizarro.  His  violent  conduct  armed  the 
partisans  of  Pizarro  against  him,  and  he  was, 
after  experiencing  some  success,  defeated, 
and  condemned  to  be  strangled  1538  in  his 
75th  year.  His  sou  rose  up  to  vindicate  his 
character,  an<l  to  avenge  his  death,  but  he 
was  defeated  by  Vacca  de  Castro,  the  viceroy 
of  Peru,  and  with  40  of  his  adherents  was  be- 
headed 1542.  Almagro's  cruelty  to  the  un- 
fortunate Atahualpa,  is  deservedly  censured 
as  infamous. 

A1.MAIN,  James,  a  professor  of  the  col- 
lege of  Navarre  at  Paris,  famous  as  a  logi- 
cian and  a  divine.  He  defended  Lewis  XII. 
against  pope  Julius  II.  and  wrote  also  against 
Cajctan,  in  support  of  general  councils.  He 
died  1515. 

Almamon  or  Abdallah  III.  son  of 
Aaron  al  Raschid,  caliph  of  the  liouse  of  the 
Abbassides,  after  his  brother  Alamin,  813, 
was  famous  for  his  protection  of  leax'ning  and  of 
learned  men.  He  conquered  part  of  Crete. 
He  had  the  last  Greek  writers  translated  in- 
to Arabic,  and  made  a  collection  of  the  best 
authors.  He  also  calculated  a  set  of  astro- 
nomical tables  and  founded  an  academy  at 
Bagdad.     He  died  S3S. 

Almansor  or  Almanz.or,  succeeded 
Alhaca  on  the  throne  of  Cordova  in  Spain, 
976.  He  took  Barcelona,  and  rendered  him- 
self very  formidable  to  the  Christians,  whom 
he  conquered  in  several  battles.  He  died 
10U2. 

ALMA^'7,oR,  the  Victorious,  second  ca- 
liph of  the  race  of  the  Abbassides,  i*ose  to 
the  sovereignty  753.  He  was  opposed  by  his 
uncle  Abdallah-ebn-Ali,  whom  he  conquer- 
ed by  means  of  his  brave  general  Abu  Mos- 
lem, a  man  whose  services  he  repaid  by 
mean  assassination.  He  died  as  he  was  zo- 
ing  to  Mecca  on  a  pilgrimage,  aged  63. 

ALMAN2.0R,  Joseph,  a  king  of  Morocco, 
defeated  by  the  Spaniards  1158. 

Almanzou,  Jacob,  son  of  Joseph,  gained 
by  his  valor  possession  of  Morocco,  Fez,  Tu- 
nis, and  Tremezen,  and  obtained  the  cele- 
brated victory  of  Alacros  in  Castille.  The 
Christian  slaves  in  his  army  were  ransomed 
1199,  by  the  interference  of  pope  Innocent 
III.  who  addressed  a  bull  to  him. 

Almarus,  Elmerus,  or  Klmarus,  was  ab- 
bot of  St.  Augustin's  monastery  in  Canter- 
bury, when  archbishop  Alphage  was  mur- 
dered by  the  Danes  1011.  He  escaped,  and 
11  years  after  was  made  bishop  of  Sher- 
borne, before  the  see  was  transferred  to  Sa- 
rum.  After  an  active  life  he  became  blind, 
and  resigned  his  episcopal  dignity  to  resume 
the  habit  of  a  monk.  His  memory  was  held 
in  the  highest  veneration. 

Almeida,  Francis,  a  Portuguese,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Grena- 
da, ^nd  was  sent  out  by  Emanuel  in  1 505,  as 


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lirst  Ticcroy  of  India.  After  a  perilous  voy- 
age he  crossed  tlie  Cape  of  (iood  Hope,  uiul 
proceeded  along  tlie  coast  of  Africa,  w  licre 
he  spread  coiKjuest,  terror,  and  desolation. 
He  to(»k  Qniloa  and  Monibassa,  and  made 
their  inhabiiants  as  well  as  those  of  Onor, 
Cananor,  and  Narsing;i,  suhniit  t(t  the  } oke 
of  Portugal.  AVith  oidy  7(H»  men  he  storm- 
ed the  fort  of  Paii:inia,  which  was  deiended 
})y  a  strong  i-ampart  and  a  garrison  <jf  itMM) 
men  of  tried  and  desperate  valor,  and  instead 
of  sharing  a  hooty  which  might  have  rcntlered 
his  soldiers  inactive  and  checked  the  torrent 
of  his  ambition,  he  destroyed  it  by  fire. 
When  his  son  Mas  killed  in  an  engagement 
■with  the  Arabians,  the  father  refused  to 
mourn  with  his  friends,  but  declared  that  lie 
Lad  obtained  a  short  but  glorious  life.  The 
fame  of  Albuquerque,  and  the  malice  of  en- 
emies at  home,  however,  soon  stopped  his 
career  ;  but  he  refused  to  accept  the  orders 
of  his  recall,  and  on  pretence  of  avenging  his 
son's  death  he  sailed  to  Dabul  in  quest  of 
fresh  laurels,  and  in  an  engagement  with  the 
enemy's  Heet,  he  killed  4U00  men.  The  ani- 
mosities between  the  rival  governors  were 
appeased  by  the  friendship  and  interference 
of  Contigna  ;  and  Almeida,  after  resigning 
his  power  to  Albuquerque,  set  sail  for  Eu- 
rope. In  his  way  he  landed  near  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  and  in  an  unfortunate  quarrel 
•with  the  natives  he  was  wounded  in  the 
throat  with  a  javelin,  and  immediately  expi- 
red. Some  of  the  Portuguese  who  were  his 
companions,  and  had  shared  his  toils  and 
his  glory,  attempted  to  recover  his  body, 
but  they  shared  his  fate. 

Almeida,  Lawrence,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, accompanied  his  father  to  India,  and 
vas  employed  by  him  in  many  bold  and  haz- 
ardous enterprises.  He  destroyed  the  ships 
of  Caulan,  and  in  visiting  Ceylon  he  made  it 
tributary  to  Portugal,  and  brought  away 
250,0001bs.  of  cinnamon  as  the  first  annual 
payment.  He  was  sent  with  eight  ships  to 
attack  the  Arabians,  who  were  supported  b}- 
the  sultan  of  Egypt ;  but  the  superiority  of 
the  enemy's  vessels  and  the  dangers  of  the 
coast  proved  fatal  to  liis  views.  His  ship  ran 
aground,  and  whilst  the  other  vessels  at- 
tempted in  vain  to  relieve  him  from  the 
pressure  of  a  more  powerful  adversary,  he 
fought  with  undaunted  courage,  regardless  of 
the  wounds  he  ha<l  received.  A  ball  at  last 
struck  him  on  the  breast,  and  put  a  period  to 
his  brilliant  career.  His  sailors,  now  redu- 
ced to  20  in  number,  unwilling  to  submit, 
■were  boarded  and  overpowered,  and  met 
from  their  conquerors  that  humanity  and  at- 
tention which  their  valor  and  fidelity  de- 
served. 

Almeida,  Apollinarius  do,  a  Portuguese 
bishop  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  who  went 
as  missionary  to  ^-Ethiopia,  but  w  as  treated 
with  great  indignities  there.  Though  ban- 
ished by  the  inhabitants,  he  had  the  boUl- 
ness  to  return  with  two  other  ecclesiastics, 
Avho  together  with  him  were  cruelly  mur- 
dered by  the  barbarous  natives,  15G8. 

Almeida,  Manuel  d',  a  Portuguese  Je- 


suit who,  after  a  "residence  of  40  years  aa 
missionary  in  the  Indies,  died  at  Goa  lOtK 
May  lOiO.  Ne  published  historical  obser- 
vations on  ^Ethiopia. 

Almeloveen,  Thomas  Jansscn  <!',  a 
Dutch  physician,  author  of  the  Ilortus  Mal- 
abaricus,  atnl  Flora  .Malaliarica,  descri[itivc 
of  the  .Malal)ar  plants,  piiblishe<l  in  13  vols, 
fol.  lOrS,  fcc  scq. 

Almeloveev,  Theodore  Janssen  d',  a 
professor  of  (ircek,  of  history,  and  phvsic 
at  Har<lerwick  in  Holland.  He  wrote  learn- 
ed notes  on  ancient  authors,  an<l  published 
the  Fasti  Consulares — Amicniiatcs — Oiio- 
masticon — Vit;c  Stephano/-mn,  &c.  He  dietl 
at  Amsterdam  1742. 

Almici,  Peter  Camillus,  an  ecclesiastic 
born  at  I'rescia  in  Italy.  He  was  well  ver- 
sed in  classical  literature,  and  published 
some  critical  reflections  on  Febz-onius,  hue. 
He  died  30th  Dec.  1779  aged  G.5. 

Alomu YADAD,  Ismael,  an  Arabian  his- 
torian who  gave  a  chronological  account  of 
the  Saracen  aflairs  in  Sicily  from  842  to 
904.  This  is  preserved  in  the  Escurial  with 
Marc.  Dobelius  Citero's  Latin  translation  of 
it,  and  a  further  account  of  tite  Saracens  to 
1040.  It  is  also  inserted  in  Muratori's  Serip-r 
tores  Ital. 

Aloadin,  a  Mahometan,  prince  of  the 
Arsasides  or  Assassins,  was  called  the  old 
man  of  the  mountain.  He  lived  in  a  castle 
between  Damascus  and  Antioch,  and  was 
surrounded  by  a  number  of  intrepid  youths, 
whom  he  intoxicated  with  pleasures,  anil 
rendered  subservient  to  his  views,  by  pro- 
mising still  greater  voluptuousness  in  the  ue.\t 
world.  As  tliese  were  too  successfully  em- 
ployed to  stab  his  enemies,  he  was  dreaded 
by  the  neighboi-ing  princes.  From  the 
name  and  character  of  his  followers  the 
word  assassin  is  derived. 

Alonzo,  John,  an  eminent  architect  of 
Spain.  The  church  of  the  Hieronymites  at 
Guadaloupe,  m  Estramadura,  is  a  beautiful 
monument  of  his  genius  and  abilities. 

Alpago,  Andi'ew,  an  Italian  physician, 
who  visited  the  East,  and  some  time  resided 
at  Damascus.  On  his  return  he  was  made 
professor  of  medicine  at  Venice,  and  died 
there  1555.  He  translated  Avicenna,  Aver- 
roes,  and  Serapion,  and  enriched  the  work 
with  notes,  some  of  which  now  remain  in 
manuscript. 

A  LP  A  IDE  was  the  beautiful  wife  of  Pepin 
Heristel,  after  his  divorce  from  Plectrude 
his  first  consort.  This  union  -was  censured 
by  Lambert  bishop  of  Liege,  and  Alpaide 
liad  the  meanness  to  excite  hei"  brother  Do- 
don  to  murder  the  bold  ecclesiastic.  /Vlpaide 
became  mother  of  Charles  M^rtcl,  and 
after  her  husband's  death  slie  retired  to  a  con- 
vent near  Xamur,  where  she  died. 

Alp  Ars LAN,  second  sultan  of  the  race 
of  Seljuk,  after  his  uncle  Togrul  Beg  1053. 
He  was  successful  against  the  Greek  empe- 
ror Romanus  Diogenes,  and  at  last  perished 
by  the  dagger  of  a  Carizmian  whom  he  had 
condemned  to  death  1072. 

Alphakus,  Benedict,  archbishop  of  Pa- 


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lermo,  belter  known  as  a  physician  iiiul  a 
poet.  He  died  1086,  authoi-  of  the  lives  of 
some  saints  in  verse,  &c. 

Alpherv,  Mekepper  or  Xicepliorus,  a 
native  of  Russia,  descended  from  the  impe- 
rial faniilv.     During  the    civil   dissensions  of 
his  country  he  came  to  England  with  his  two 
hrothers,  and  by    the    care  of  Mr.  Bidell,  a 
Russian    merchant,   he    studied    at   Oxford, 
■where  his  brothers  fell  victims   to  the  small- 
pox.    In  1C18  he  succeeded  to    the  living  of 
Wooley  in  Huntingdonshire,  and  though  he  j 
was  twice  invited  to   return    to  Russia    with  j 
the  certainty  of  being  placed  on  the  throne,  I 
he  preferred  the  character  of  a  parisli  priest  ! 
in  England  to   the   sfflendor  of  the   purple.  ^ 
He  was  ejected  from   his   living  during  the 
civil  wars,  and  ill  treated  by  the  republican 
aoldiers,  tliough  his    presbyterian   successor 
behaved  towards  him    with  humanity.     He 
saw  the  restoration,  and  was  replaced  in  his 
Jiving,  but  retired   to   Hammersmith  where 
his  son   had    settled,   and   there   died   aged 
above  80.     The  last  descendant  of  this  fallen 
family  married  a  Johnson  a  cutler  at  Hun- 
tingdon, by    whom   she   had   eight  children. 
She  was  living  in  1704. 

Alphesius,  a  rabbi  who  abridged  the 
Talmud,  and  died  1103. 

Al  PHIL'S,  A  Vitus,  a  Roman  poet  in  the 
third  century. 

Alphoxso  or  Alphonsus,  surnamed 
the  Catholic,  king  of  Asturias,  was  of  a  war- 
like character,  which  he  displayed  against 
the  ]Moors,  from  whom  he  took  upwards  of 
30  towns.  He  died  in  the  18th  year  of  his 
reign,  757,  aged  04. 

Alphonso  H.  surnamed  the  Chaste, 
king  of  Asturias,  Avas  tlie  friend  of  Charle- 
magne, and  signalized  himself  against  the 
Moors.  He  took  Lisbon,  and  died  842,  after 
reigning  50  years. 

Alphonso  in.  or  the  Great,  king  of  As- 
turias, succeeded  his  father  Ordogno,  806. 
He  waged  successful  wars  against  the  Moors, 
but  the  insurrections  of  his  subjects,  headed 
by  Froila  count  of  Gallicia,  drove  him  from 
his  throne.  The  usurpei"'s  tyranny  became 
soon  so  odious,  that  he  w  as  murdered  by  the 
people  of  Oviedo,  and  Alphonsowas  recalled. 
Alphonso  afterwards  abdicated  the  crowu  in 
favor  of  his  eldest  son  Garcias,  who  had 
son^  time  before  ungi'atefully  raised  an  in- 
sarrection  against  him,  and  then  been  par- 
doned;  but  when  the  Moors  threatened  the 
kingdom,  he  quitted  his  retirement,  and,  at 
the  head  of  his  brave  countrymen,  he  obtain- 
ed a  most  signal  victory  over  the  enemy.  He 
died  soon  after  at  Zamora,  20th  Dec.  912, 
universally  respected  for  valor  and  benevo- 
lence. He  wrote  a  ehronicle  of  the  Spanish 
Uionarchs. 

Alphonso  VI.  king  of  Leon  and  Castille, 
made  wai- against  the  Moors,  and  took  To- 
ledo.    He  died  llO'J. 

Ai.PiioNso  YIII.  or  IX.  king  of  Leon  and 
Castille,  surnamed  the  good  or  noble,  came 
to  the  throne  when  only  fouryeai's  old,  1158. 
When  of  age  he  waged  war  agamst  the 
Moors,  and  retook  the  places  lost  during  his 


iTiinority.  He  "defeated  his  enemies  at  the 
great  battle  of  Muradat  where  the  Moors 
lost  near  200,000  men.  He  died  1212  aged 
00,  universally  mourned  by  his  affectionate 
subjects. 

Alphonso  X.  king  of  Leon  and  Castille, 
surnamed   the  Wise,   succeeded  his   father 
Ferdinand  HI.  in  1252.     He  married  lolante 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Arragon,  Avhom  he 
was  going  to  divorce  for  a  l^anish  princess, 
because  she  was  barren ;    but  the  queen  at 
last   brought  hin*  nine   children.      He    was 
elected  emperor  of  Germany  in  1258,  but  as 
he  delayed  visiting  the  empire,   Rodolphus 
was  chosen  in   his  room,   and  all  opposition 
proved  fruitless.     Though  respected   for  his 
eloquence  and  political  knowledge,  he  Avas 
not  free  from  domestic  dissensions.     His  son 
cnns])ired  against  him  and   dethroned  him ; 
and  though  he  fled  among  the    Saracens  for 
protection,  and  gained  a  victory  over  this  un- 
natural   child,    yet    he  was   not  reinstated. 
He  died  of  a  broken  heart  1284.     As  an  as- 
tronomer and  a  rnan  of  letters,   Alphonsus 
obtained   greater  fame  than  as  a   monarch. 
He  perceived  the  errors  of  Ptolemy's   tables 
and  under  his  direction  at  Toledo,  those  ta- 
bles,  called   the    Alphonsine    tables,    were 
drawn  up  by  the  skill   of  Hazan  a  Jew,   and 
their  epoch  fixed   on  the    30th    May  1332, 
the  day   on  which   he  began    his   reign.     It 
has  been  said  of  Alphonsus  that,  in  viewing 
the   Ptolemaic   system,  lie  declared   that  if 
God  had  consulted  him  in    the  formation  of 
the  universe,  he   could  have  given    liim    di- 
rections for  a  more  pefect  whole  ;  a  bold  ex- 
pression  Avhich,  if  it  does  not  breathe    the 
spirit  of  profane  scepticism,  at-least  conveys 
severe  censure  upon   the   ignorance  of  pre- 
ceding astronomers. — Alphonsus     Avas    the 
first  Castilian  king  A\ho  had   the  public  laws 
drawn  in  the  vulgar  tongue,  and  tlie  scrip- 
tures translated  into  the  same  language. 

Alphonso  II.  king  of  Leon  and  Castille, 
succeeded  Ferdinand  IV.  in  1312.  He  de- 
feated the  Moors  1340,  and  killed  not  less 
than  200,000  of  them .  He  died  of  the  plague 
at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar  27th  March  1350, 
aged  38. 

Alphonso  V.  king  of  Arragon,  surnamed 
the  magnanimous,  succeeded  his  father  Fer- 
dinand the  Just  1410.  He  extended  the 
Spanish  influence  over  Italy,  and  made  him- 
self master  of  Naples  and  of  Sicily,  where 
he  was  acknowledged  king  1442.  He  died 
1458  aged  74,  leaving  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples to  his  natural  son  Ferdinand,  and  those 
of  Spain,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily  to  Juan  his 
brother,  king  of  Navarre.  He  was  not  only 
a  brave  prince,  but  a  man  of  learning,  the 
patron  of  literature,  and  the  father  of  his 
people.  He  gave  a  Avelcome  asylum  to  the 
muses  Avhicli  persecution  banished  from 
Constantinople,  and  every  where  encouraged 
the  cultivation  of  science.  He  Avalked  Avith 
the  greatest  familiarity  among  his  subjects, 
obser\"ing  to  his  courtiers,  Avho  fancied  dan- 
gers and  conspiracies,  that  a  father  has  no- 
thing to  fear  among  his  children.  Seeing 
once  one  of  his  vessels  ready  to  perish,  he 


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Ijastened  in  a  small  boat  to  the  assistance  of 
the  crew,  exclaiming,  I  liad  rather  clii-  with 
vou  llian  see  ) ou  jtcrisli.  Nis  most  rcmaf- 
kaljle  sa)iiij>;s  liave  been  piil>tishe(l  under  the 
name  ot"  "  tienic,"  liy  Mcri  de  la  Oanorgiie, 
1705. 

Alphonso  I.  king  of  I'ortugal,  son  of 
Ilenrv  oi"  nuigiindy  ol  France,  by  'I'hcresa 
daughter  ol'  Aiplxinsct  king  of  Leon,  was  on- 
ly three  years  old  at  his  lather's  death.  He 
(iefealed  li^e  Moorish  kings  at  the  iiatllc  of 
Ouri(ine,  C'JtIi  July  ll.i'J,  i hough  with  a  very 
interior  foi'ce  ;  and  thus  he  raised  liis  coun- 
try from  a  dependent  state  to  a  powfiful 
monarchy,  of  siliich  he  was  proclainie*!  tlie 
first  sovereign  by  his  victorious  soldiers  in 
the  field  of  battle.  lie  was  afterwards  de- 
feated and  taken  prisoner  by  Ferdinand  H. 
of  Castille,  who  nobly  set  him  at  liberty,  lie 
died  Olh  l)ecember  1185,  aged  70. 

Ai.i'HONSo  II.  king  of  Poi-tugal,  succeed- 
ed his  father  Sancho  I'ill.  He  was  engaged 
in  war  with  the  Moors,  and  his  reign  was 
unfortunately  disturbed  by  a  quarrel  with 
liis  brothers.  He  died  25th  March,  1223, 
aged  58. 

Alphonso  III.  king  of  Portugal,  bi-other 
of  Sancho  H.  succeeded  1248.  His  reign 
■was  disturbed  by  dissentions  with  his  clergy 
and  with  the  pope.  He  died  10th  February 
1279,  aged  69. 

Alphonso  TV. king  of  Portugal,  siiccecd- 
ded  his  father  Dcnys,  1325.  He  was  enga- 
ged in  war  with  the  king  of  Castille,  but  af- 
terwards assisted  him  against  the  Moors. 
He  was  an  able  jjrince,  popular  and  benevo- 
lent, and  underhini  justice  was  administered 
Avith  great  impartiaUty.  He  died  28th  May 
1357,  aged  00. 

Alphonso  V.  king  of  Portugal,  surna- 
med  the  African,  succeeded  his  father  Ed- 
ward, though  only  six  years  old,  1438.  He 
made  war  in  Africa,  and  took  Arzilla  and 
Tangier  from  the  Moch's,  and  he  was  also 
engaged  in  a  quarrel  with  Fei-dinand  and  Isa- 
bella of  Castille.  He  died  of  the  plague  at 
Sintra  24th  August,  1481,  aged  49.  During 
his  reign  the  Portuguese  discovered  Guinea, 
and  began  to  spread  Christianity  in  that  part  of 
Africfl.  Alphonso  was  a  givat  patron  of  learn- 
ing and  in  his  character  was  very  amiable. 

Alphonso  VI.  king  of  Portugal,  succeed- 
ed his  father  John  IV.  His  intellects  pro- 
ved to  be  weak,  and  in  his  conduct  he  exhib- 
ited the  tyrant  and  the  madman.  He  abdi- 
cated the  crown  in  favor  of  his  brother  Don 
Pedro,  who  presided  over  the  state  with  the 
title  of  regent.  He  also  married  the  queen, 
who  asserted  that  her  union  with  a  madman 
was  not  legal.  Alphonso  died  at  Cintra  12lh 
September  1083,  aged  41. 

Alphonso,  duke  of  Ferrara  and  Mode- 
na,  died  1534. 

Alphonsus,  Peter,  a  Jewish  writer  of 
Spain.  He  Avas  converted  to  Christianity, 
and  had  Alphonso  king  of  Arragon  for  his 
sponsor  1100.  He  wrote  a  vindication  of  the 
Christian  religion,  which  was  edited  Cologne 
1530. 

Alpini,  Prospero,  a  native  of  Marostica 


in  the  Venetian  territory,  born  1553  Novem- 
ber 23d.  lie  left  the  p't-ofcsbion  of  arms  and 
l)y  the  persuasion  of  his  father  applied  him- 
self to  the  stmly  of  botany  and  physic,  ami 
f)l)tained  preferment  in  ihe  uiiiversitv  of 
Fadiia.  In  1580  he  emh.tiked  lor  I'g)pt 
with  his  friend  Cieorgc  Kmo  or  Hemi,  ibc 
consul  <if  the  repidilic,  and  for  thi-ee  3  ears 
he  w.is  emidow-d  along  the  Ijanks  of  ihe 
Nile  in  learned  researches,  and  in  examining 
the  nature  of  ]»laiits.  On  bis  return  In;  was 
a|)p(iiiit'jd  [)hysician  to  AndrewDtjria  prince 
of  MeUi,  but  his  residence  at  Genoa  was  dis- 
pleasing t<i  his  countrymen,  who  were  unwil- 
lir.g  to  tie  deprived  of  his  great  services  and 
abilities,  and  he  wu«  recalled  in  1503,  and 
hounralily  placed  in  the  ])iofe.ssorial  chair 
of  Fadua,  which  he  iilled  with  dignity  and 
credit.  As  his  health  had  been  injured  by 
his  travels  he  died  at  Fadua,  5th  of  Fel»ru- 
ary  16)7,  in  his  04th  year,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Anthony's  church  witliout  pomp.  Hre 
works,  which  are  in  Latin,  are  chiefly  on  bo- 
tanical and  medicinal  .subjects,  valuable  ffiv 
the  curious  itiformation  which  they  contain. 
They  are,  dcmedicimi  il^gyptiorum,  libri4, — 
de  plantis  jT^2gypti, — de  balsamo, — de  prcesa- 
gienda  vita  and  morte  tegrotorum, — de  me- 
dicina  n\ethodica, — de  raphantico  <lisputatio 
in  gymnasio  Patiivino  habita, — de  plantis  ex- 
oticis,  &c. 

Aluedus,  Alfredus,  or  Aluredus, 
a  native  of  Beverley  in  Yoi'kshire,  who  after 
studying  at  Cambridge  became  a  secular 
priest  and  treasurer  of  St.  John's  church  in 
his  own  town,  lie  is  styled  tlie  J'.nglish  Flo- 
rus,  from  the  I^atin  history  which  he  wrote 
of  the  Britons  from  king  Brutus,  and  Avhich 
he  afterwards  brought  down  to  Jiis  own  times. 
This  Avork  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  elegance 
and  perspicuity,  and  for  the  accuracy  ofdatcs 
and  authorities.  It  was  published  by  Hearne 
at  Oxford  1710  with  a  preface.  Alredns 
wrote  besides  an  hist(n-y  of  Beverly,  not 
printed,  but  j>rescrved  in  tlie  Cotton  librarv. 
He  died  1120,  or  according  to  other j  two  or 
three  y.?ars  latei-. 

AlSxVHaravius,  an  Arabian  physician, 
author  of  Altasrif,  a  treatise  in  32  books  on 
medical  practice.  He  is  supposed  to  be  the 
same  person  as  AbulcaseuL  He  lived  about 
1085,  or  according   to  Dr.    Friend,  in  1404, 

Alsop,  Anthony,  received  his  education 
at  AVestminster  school  and  at  Christ  Church, 
where  dean  Aldrich  noticed  his  superior 
abilities.  After  holding  the  offices  of  the 
college  with  credit,  he  was  recommended 
to  Trcb.wney  bishop  of  Winchester,  who 
Avith  a  prebend  promoted  him  to  a  tranquil 
retire  inent  in  the  rectory  of  Bright  well  in 
Berks.  In  1717  he  Avas  sued  by  Airs.  Eliza- 
beth Astrcyof  Oxford,  for  a  breach  of  mar- 
riage, and  damages  for  2000/.  were  given 
against  him;  so  that  he  retired  abroad  to 
avoid  the  sneers  of  the  censorious,  as  Avellas 
to  elude  contributing  with  his  purse  to  the 
triumph  of  his  fair  one.  The  time  of  his 
absence  is  not  known.  His  death  Avas  occa- 
sioned by  a  fall  into  a  ditch  from  near  his 
garden  dooi-  June  lOih,    1720.     He  possea- 


AL 


AL 


sed  a  poetical  genius,  which,  however,  was 
not  frequently  exerted.  He  published  early 
jEsop's  Greek  fables,  in  the  preface  to 
which  he  attacked  Bentley.  Some  of  his  po- 
ems are  preserved  in  Dodsley's  and  Peach's 
collections,  and  in  the  Gent,  magazine. 

Alsop,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, who,  after  taking  his  first  degree  at 
St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  entering  into  or- 
ders, became  assistant  in  Oakham  gi-ammar 
school.  lie  married  Mr.  King's  daughter, 
by  whose  persuasion  he  left  tlie  church  for 
the  prcsbytorian  tenets.  In  his  writings  he 
attacked  Dr.  Sherlock  w  ith  humor  and  spi- 
rit, and  after  residing  at  Wilby  and  Welling- 
borough, and  suffering  imprisonment  for  six 
iiiontlis  during  the  prevailing  persecution  of 
the  times,  he  settled  in  London,  where  his 
neighborhood  to  the  court  exposed  liim  to 
misrepresentation  and  unkindness.  After 
the  death  of  Charles  II.  he  was  reconciled  to 
kingly  power,  when  James  pardoned  his  only 
son,  whose  life  might  have  been  forfeited 
for  treasonable  practices.  His  life  was  spent 
in  the  exercise  of  piety,  and  in  the  discharge 
of  his  ministry ;  but  in  his  writings,  which 
were  all  on  theological  subjects,  he  displayed, 
with  a  mixture  of  seriousness,  powerful  flash- 
es of  the  wit  with  which  nature  had  so  strong- 
ly gifted  him.  He  died  in  an  advanced  age, 
May  8th  1703. 

Alstedius,  John  Henry,  a  protestant, 
public  professor  of  divinity  at  Nassau,  and 
afterwards  at  Alba  Julia  in  Transylvania, 
■where  he  died  1638  in  his  50th  year.  He  is 
best  known  for  his  Encyclopedia,  which, 
though  in  many  places  not  sufficiently  accu- 
rate, yet  obtained  unusual  popularity,  and  is 
"beconie  the  foundation  of  all  modern  works 
of  the  same  kind.  His  Thesaurus  Theolo- 
gicus  and  his  treatise  on  arithmetic  are 
equally  esteemed,  and  show  him  to  have 
possessed  a  mind  well  stored  with  all  the 
treasures  of  literature.  He  defended  the 
doctrine  of  the  millennium,  and  fixed  the  be- 
ginning of  Christ's  reign  on  earth  in  1694. 

Alston,  Charles,  u  Scotch  piiysician, 
who  studied  at  GlasgoM',  and  after  taking  his 
degrees  at  Leyden,  settled  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  lectured  on  the  Materia  Medicaand 
Botany.  He  is  author  of  Tyrocinium  Bo- 
tanicum  Edinburgcn^e,  in  which  he  censured 
Linne's  sexual  system,  1753, — Lectures  on 
the  Materia  Medica,  2  vols.  4to.  1770,  besides 
some  essays  in  the  Edinburgh  Medical  Es- 
says.   He  died  1760,  aged  77. 

Althamner,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  min- 
ister of  Nuremburg,  author  of  notes  on  Ta- 
cita.s'  treatise  de  German.  Moribus,  4to. 
1529,  and  8vo.  1609,  besides  contro  ersial 
works.  He  died  the  latter  part  of  the  16th 
century. 

Althusics,  John,  a  German  lawyer  in 
the  17th  century,  who  inveighed  against  king- 
ly power,  and  proved  the  sovereignty  of  the 
people.     His  great  opponent  was  Boeder. 

Alt  I  LI  us,  Gabriel,  a  Neapolitan  poet, 
preceptor  to  Ferdinand  son  of  the  king  of 
Naples.  He  was  a  favorite  of  the  court,  and 
his  learningrccommended  him  to  the  bishop- 
ric of  Policastro,    in   1471.     Though   some 


imagine  that  he  forsook  the  muses  when  rais- 
ed to  the  episcopal  throne,  it  is  certain  that 
he  wrote  after  that  the  first  of  his  poems,  his 
epithalamium  on  the  marriage  of  Isabella  Of 
Arragon,  found  in  the  Deliciae  lialor.  Poet. 
Altiiius  (lied  in  1484,  or  according  to  Bayle 
not  before  1501. 

Alting,  Menson,  a  burgomaster  of  Gro- 
ningen,  author  of  the  best  description  of 
the  Low  Countries  now  extant,  in  folio  1697. 
He  died  Aug.  2d,  1713,  aged  76. 

Altixg,  Henry,  was  born  atEmbden  in 
1583.  He  was  the  preceptor,  the  friend,  and 
the  minister  of  the  elector  palatine,  and  sat 
as  one  of  the  deputies  of  the  palatinate  at 
the  synod  of  Dort.  He  nearly^  escaped  be- 
ing killed  by  a  soldier  at  the  takiiig  of  Hei- 
delberg, in  1622.  He  filled  the  theological 
chair  of  Groningen  from  1627  till  his  death 
in  1644.  His  works,  which  are  on  religious 
subjects,  are  numerous  but  little  read. 

Altixg,  James  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Heidelberg  27th  Sept.  1618. 
He  studied  at  Groningen  and  Embden,  and 
afterwards  passed  into  England,  where  he 
w  as  ordained  by  Prideaux  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester. His  determination  to  reside  in  Eng- 
land was  altered  by  the  otter  of  the  Hebrew 
professorship  at  Groningen,  which  he  accept- 
led.  In  this  new  office  it  was  his  misfortune 
to  quarrel  with  Samuel  des  Marets,  divinity 
professor,  who  with  obstinate  zeal  maintain- 
ed the  doctrines  of  the  schoolmen,  against 
the  simpler  method  of  teaching  which  his 
ant;igonist  wished  to  introduce.  Alting  who 
followed  the  scriptures,  acquired  popularity 
by  his  lectures  ;  but  he  Avas  soon  impeached 
by  des  Marets  as  an  innovator,  and  the  21  ar- 
ticles of  his  accusation,  were  carried  before 
the  divines  of  Leyden,  who  acquitted  the  ac- 
cused of  heresy,  though  not  of  imprudence, 
and  passed  a  censure  upon  his  accuser  for 
want  of  moderation.  These  differences  which 
had  embittered  his  life,  were  at  last,  after 
some  htlle  difficulties  and  objections  settled 
by  the  kind  interference  of  their  friends,  on 
the  death-bed  of  des  Marets,  and  though  Al- 
ting saw  some  illiberal  passages  still  preserv- 
ed in  the  new  editions  of  the  works  of  his  an- 
tagonist he  might  reflect  with  pleasure  that 
he  had  obtained  his  reconciliation  before  he 
died.  The  three  last  years  of  his  life  were 
subject  to  constiint  pain  and  disease,  and  he 
died  at  last  of  a  fever  in  August  1679.  His 
works  were  printed  in  five  vols,  folio,  Am- 
sterdam 1687  containing  practical  philosoph- 
ical, and  problematical  tracts. 

Alton,  Richard  count  d',  an  Austrian 
general,  who  had  the  command  of  the  Low 
Countries  in  1787.  Though  a  strict  disci- 
plinarian and  a  man  of  bravery-,  he  betrayed 
weakness  during  the  insurrections  in  Bra- 
bant 1789,  for  which  he  was  .sent  for  to  Vi- 
enna, to  clear  his  character.  He  died  on  the 
journey  Pith  Dec.  1789.  His  brother  dis- 
tinguished himself  against  the  Turks,  and  also 
against  the  French  at  the  siege  of  Valencien- 
nes. He  was  killed  near  Dunkirk  24th  Aug. 
1793,  much  regretted  as  a  good  soldier  and 
an  amiable  man. 

Altoviti,  Marseille  d',   a  Florentine 


'al 


AM 


lady,  wlio  sottlod  at  Mnrseillfis,  ami  devoted 
fcerseUto  the  writinf,' of  Italian  poetry.  Hor 
nieces  have  been  ptihlislied.     Slie  tlied  1G09. 

A L u u E D,  of  Beverly,  vid.  A  i. u E u i '3. 

Ai.VA,  Peter  d',  a  Spaniard  who  travel- 
led through  I'eru,  and  in  «lit1Vrent  <M)nntri(  s 
of  Kiiiope.  Ih-  died  in  tiie  Low  (!ountri<'S 
in  l(iG7,  leaviii}^  a  curious  life  of  Saint  J'r:u>- 
cis,  the  saint  v.  iiose  ordn-  he  had  assumed. 

Alva,  Ferdinand  Alvarez,  duke  of,  a  fa- 
mous j^cncrsl  descended  from  a  noI»Ie  and 
ancient  lauiily  in  Spain,  lie  early  followed 
the  profession  of  arms,  and  was  noticed  l)y 
Chai-les  V.  for  his  intrepidity  at  the  battle  of 
Pavia  and  at  the  sicffc  of  Meutz.  He  was 
intrusted  with  the  expedition  aj2;ainst  the 
lioly  see,  and  after  he  had  obliged  the  pope 
to  sue  for  peace,  he  repaired  to  Home,  and 
■with  superstitious  mockery  llirew  himself  at 
the  feet  of  the  humbled  pontift',  and  implo- 
red his  forgiveness.  When  the  flame  of  lib- 
erty was  kindled  in  the  Low  Countries,  no 
general  was  considere<l  as  better  calcidated 
to  repress  the  insurrection  than  Alva,  and  he 
was  accordingly  sent  with  full  powers  by 
Philip  n.  1567.  His  measures  were  at  first 
crowned  with  success,  the  undisciplined  for- 
ces of  his  opponents  sutik  before  his  veterans, 
but  the  minds  of  the  people,  w  hich  mildness 
and  humanity  might  have  soothed  and  recon- 
ciled to  a  foreign  yoke,  were  alienated  by  the 
carnage  and  devastation  that  spread  over 
their  fields,  under  the  direction  of  the  gover- 
nor and  of  his  council,  deservedly  denomina- 
ted the  bloody  tribunal.  Alva  hated  for  his 
cruelties  soon  felt  the  tide  of  fortune,  and  of 
unpopularity,  set  against  him,  and  after  ren- 
dering his  memory  execrable  in  the  Low 
Countries  for  his  inhumanity  he  solicited  and 
obtained  his  recall  1573.  His  abilities  were 
afterwards  employed  against  Portugal,  and  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  drive  Don  Antonio 
from  the  throne  15S1,  and  thus  to  add  fresh 
laurels  to  his  military  fame.  He  died  15S2 
aged  74,  respected  for  his  valor  and  presence 
of  mind  as  a  general,  but  despised  and  de- 
tested for  his  atrocities  as  a  civil  governor. 

Alvares,  Francis,  a  Portuguese  priest 
at  the  court  of  Emanuel.  He  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  David  king  of  Abyssinia,  and, 
after  a  residence  of  six  years  in  that  distant 
country,  he  returned  to  Europe,  and  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  adventures,  and  of 
the  country  which  he  had  visited.  This  his- 
tory was  translated  into  French,  and  abridged 
also  by  Ramusius.     Alvares  died  in  1540. 

Alvares  de  Luxa,  or  Alvaro,  natural 
son  of  Don  Alvaro  de  Luna  by  a  common 
prostitute,  was  born  in  1388  He  was  in  his 
SUthyear  introduced  at  the  court  of  John  H. 
king  of  Castille,  and  so  great  was  the  power 
which  he  gained  over  the  mind  of  the  mo- 
narch, that  the  whole  empire  was  at  his  dis- 
posal. The  nol)les  ro<;e  indignant  against  the 
fovorite,  and  he  was  banished  one  year  and 
a  half,  but  such  was  tlie  king's  partiality  that 
he  was  recalled  and  loaded  with  greater  hon- 
ors. For  30  years  out  of  the  4.1  which  he 
spent  at  court,  he  possessed  such  an  ascen- 
dancy that  the  king  could  not  change  a  min- 


ister, or  even  alter  lii.s  «lict  or  his  clothes, 
w  ithout  the  ap|trobation  of  the  favorite.  Acts 
of  tyranny  and  e.\tortioti,  however,  hastened 
his  ruin,  he  was  artfully  seized  by  his  ene- 
mies, and  though  lie  tried  by  letter  to  soltea 
the  king  to  mercy,  he  was  tri«d  and  'senten- 
ced to  lose  his  head.  His  puui^hnient  was 
attended  with  every  possible  ignominy.  On 
the  seaflbhl  observing  a  hook  on  a  pole  he 
asked  the  executioner  what  it  nieant,  and  be- 
ijig  iidbrmed  it  was  to  suspend  his  head  up- 
on it,  y(»u  may,  says  he,  do  v  hat  you  please 
with  my  body  alter  I  am  dead,  <Ieath  can 
bring  no  disgrace  to  a  man  of  courage,  nor 
is  it  untimely  to  a  man  who  has  enj(»yed  so 
many  honors.  He  bent  his  neck  to  the  axe 
with  the  coolest  intrepidity  4th  of  June  or  5th 
of  July  1453,  exhibiting  in  his  life  and  death 
the  danger  and  the  uncertainty  of  royal  fa- 
vor improperly  bestowed,  and  unworthily 
enjoyed. 

Alvarez,  Emanuel,  aPortuguese  Jesuit, 
born  at  Madeira  4th  of  June  I5'2G.  He  dis- 
lingui.shcd  himself  as  a  grammarian  and  phi- 
lologist at  the  head  of  the  colleges  of  Coira- 
bra,  Evora,  and  Lisbon.  He  died  at  Evora 
30th  Dec.  158'2.  His  grammar  is  highly  es- 
teemed. 

Alvarez  de  Paz,  James,  a  Jesuit  born 
at  Toledo,  author  of  some  divinity  tracts. 
He  died  Jan    17th  IG'20. 

Alvarez,  Diego,  a  Spanish  Dominican, 
who  engaged  in  the  controvery  of  the  Thom- 
ists  against  the  Molniists.  He  was  arch- 
bishop of  Trani  in  Italy  and  died  1G35.  His 
writings  are  all  on  polemical  divinity. 

Alvarotto,  James,  a  learned  law  pro- 
fessor at  Padua,  whose  authority  is  frequent- 
ly quoted  by  Italian  lawyers.  He  died  1452 
aged  G8.  His  commentaria  in  libros  feudo- 
rum,  appeared,  Frankfort  1587,  folio. 

Alviano,  Bartholomew,  an  illustrious 
general  in  the  service  of  Venice,  who  obtain- 
ed some  signal  advantages  over  the  arms  of 
the  emperor  Maximilian.  He  died  1515  in 
his  COth  year  at  Brescia,  and  so  poor  that  his 
son  w  as  maintained  and  his  daughters  mar- 
ried, at  the  public  expense. 

Alyattes,  a  king  of  Lydia,  who  died  ia 
the  57th  year  of  his  reign  B.  C.  562. 

Alvpius,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  the 
fifth  century,  small  in  stature  but  gigantic  in 
mind. 

Al  YP I  us,  a  geographer,  employed  in  Bri- 
tain and  at  Jerusalem,  by  the  emperor  Julian. 
His  description  of  the  world  was  published 
1628  at  Geneva  4to. 

Amadeddulat,  the  son  of  a  fisherman, 
rose  by  his  abilities  to  the  command  of  the 
armies  of  Makan,  Sultan  of  Decan,  and  at 
last  obtained  possession  of  Persia,  Irack  and 
Caramania,  which  he  divided  with  his  two 
brothers.  He  fixed  his  residence  at  Shiraz 
933  ;  and  was  the  first  of  the  dynasty  of  the 
Buides.  He  died  949  much  regretted  by  his 
soldiers  and  his  subjects. 

Amadeus  V.  count  of  Savoy,  surnamed 
the  great,  bravely  defended  Rhodes  against 
the  Turks,  and  for  this  celebrated  exploit 
added  to  his  arras  the  cross  of  Malta  with 


AM 


Aivf 


theae  letters  F.  E.  II.  T.  fortltuilo  ejus  Rho- 
dum  tenuit.  It  is  saiti  that  he  hesieged  32 
towns  and  took  them  all.  He  died  at  Avi_i;- 
non  iry'23. 

Amadeus  Vr.  count  of  Savoy  1343,  assis- 
ted the  Frencdi  kiug  John  against  the  arms 
of  Edward  III.  of  England,  and  afterwards 
distinguished  himself  in  (Irecce,  by  support- 
ing John  Paltcologus,  against  the  king  of  Bul- 
garia. He  presented  the  Patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, to  the  pope  Urban  \'.  at  \'iterbo, 
and  for  his  services  was  properly  regarded 
as  the  arbiter  of  the  affairs  of  Italy.  He  died 
of  the  plague  1383. 

Amadeus  VIII.  count ofSavoy,  surnamcd 
the  pacificator,  succeeded  Amadeus  VII.  in 
1391.  After  he  had  erected  Savoy  into  a 
dutchy  1416,  he  retrred  from  his  family  to  a 
hermitage  called  Kipaille,  where  he  institu- 
ted 1434,  the  order  of  the  secular  knights  of 
the  annunciation.  In  this  retreat,  in  the 
midst  of  every  luxury,  uith  no  appearance 
of  seclusion  from  the  world,  except  in  name, 
he  passed  his  time  till  1439,  when  the  coun- 
cil of  Basil  elected  him  po])e,  in  opposition  to 
Eugenius  IV.  He  quitted  his  hermifage  for 
this  elevation,  and  cut  off  the  venerable  beard, 
Avhich  he  had  afl'ectedly  permitted  to  grow 
to  a  great  length,  and  assumed  the  name  of 
Felix  V.  but  as  he  found  his  enemies  deter- 
mined to  support  his  rival,  he  abdicated  the 
tiara  in  favor  of  Nicholas  V.  the  successor  of 
Eugenius,  and  remained  satisfied  with  a  car- 
dinal's hat,  and  the  office  of  dean  of  the  sa- 
cred college.  He  died  1451  aged  69,  at 
Geneva. 

Amadeus  IX.  duke  of  Savoy  succeeded 
Lewis  1465,  and  was  a  bi-ave  as  well  as  a  pop- 
ular and  charitable  prince.  His  subjects, 
\vho  knew  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  gave 
him  the  surname  of  the  blessed.  He  had 
married  Volande  of  France,  and  he  died  1472, 
finiversally  lamented. 

Am.\deu3,  a  Franciscan  monk,  in  Portu- 
gal- He  drew  the  public  attention  upf)n  him 
by  his  publication  of  some  mystical  revela- 
tions at  Rome,  and  died  14S'2. 

Amadeus,  bishop  of  Lausanne,  died  1158. 
He  is  author  of  a  panegyric  on  tlie  blessed 
virgin,  edited  1537  Basil. 

Am  a  J  A,  Francis,  a  Spanish  professor  of 
civil  law  at  Ossuna  and  Salamanca.  He  died 
at  Vaila<lolid  about  104O.  His  commentary 
on  the  eight  last  books  of  the  Code,  i>rinted 
Lyons  1039  folio,  and  his  other  treatises,  were 
highly  valued. 

Am  ak,  a  Persian  poet  of  the  fifth  centiiry, 
at  the  conrtofthe  sultan  Khedar  Khan,  who 
made  him  president  of  the  academy  of  poets, 
Avhich  he  had  established.  His  poem  on  the 
loves  of  .loseph  and  Zoleiskah  was  much  ad- 
mired.    He  lived  to  a  great  age. 

A  M  A  L  A  R I  c  or  A  MAURY,  ki  ng  of  t  he  Vi- 
signths,  son  of  AlaricII.  succeeded  his  grand- 
father Tlieodoric  i[i  526.  He  married  Clo- 
tilda the  daughter  of  Clovis  king  of  France, 
whom  he  attempted  to  convert  to  Arianism, 
at  firt  by  caresses,  afterwards  by  threats  and 
violence,  but  in  vain.  The  injurccl  queen 
at  Tast  conveycil,  as  a  token  of  her  misery,  a 


handkerchief  covered  with  her  blood  to  her 
bi'others,  in  consequence  of  which  Childebert 
king  of  Paris  marched  against  her  oppressor, 
and  defeated  him  near  Narbonne.  Amala- 
ric  was  put  to  death  either  as  he  fled  from 
the  battle,  or  afterwards,  by  the  hand  of  one 
of  his  soldiers,  531. 

Amalarius,  Fortunatus,  archbishop  of 
Treves,  was  ambassador  of  Charlemagne  to 
Constantinople.  He  died  814,  and  left  a  trea- 
tise on  baptism. 

Amalarius,  Symphosius,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Mentz,  author  of  a  valuable  book  on  the 
ollkes  and  antiquities  of  the  church.  He  di- 
ed about  837. 

AMAr.ASOXTHA,  daughter  of  Theodoric 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths,  v\as  mother  of  Atha- 
laric,  by  Eutharic.  She  inherited  her  fath' 
ei-'s  possessions  as  the  guardian  of  her  son, 
but  vhile,  with  the  most  enlightened  views, 
she  wished  to  educate  him  in  the  manners 
and  leai'ning  of  her  polished  neighbors  of 
Rome,  she  offended  her  nobles,  wlio  conspi- 
red against  her,  and  obtained  the  government 
of  the  young  prince.  Athalaric  w  as  now  no 
longer  instructed  in  the  arts  and  habits  of 
polished  life,  but  inured  to  debauchery,  and 
he  sunk  under  the  fatal  power  of  licentious- 
nesin  his  I7th  year  534.  The  afflicted  mo- 
ther knew  not  how  to  support  herself  against 
her  rebellious  subjects,  but  by  taking  as  her 
husband  and  her  partner  on  the  throne,  her 
relation  Theodatus,  but  such  is  the  force  of 
ingratitude,  that  this  favored  villain  dispatch- 
ed his  unsuspecting  queen,  by  causing  her  to 
be  strangled  in  a  bath  534.  She  was  univer- 
sally regretted,  as  for  learning  and  humanity 
she  had    few  equals. 

Amalek,  son  of  Eliphaz,  the  son  of  Esau, 
was  the  founder  of  a  nation  which  settler!  iu 
Iflumea,  and  made  war  against  the  Israelites, 
under  Saul  and  IJavid. 

Amalric,  Ajigcri,  autlior  of  a  history  of 
the  popes,  dedicated  to  Urban  V.  florished 
in  the  l4th  century. 

Amalric,  Ai-nold,  archbishop  of  Nar- 
bonne,  animated  the  princes  of  Spain  against 
the  Moors,  and  obtained  a  victory  over  them, 
1212,  of  Avhich,  as  an  ocular  witness,  he  has 
given  an  history.     He  died  1225. 

AMAi-TiiiTiA,  the  name  of  the  Sibyl  of 
Cumic,  who  sold  her  books  to  'l'ar«|uin. 

Amaltiieus,   Jerome,     John    Bajjtisto, 
and  Cornelius,  three  brothers  born  at  Oder- 
zo,  in  Italy,  equally  celebrated  for  their  poe- 
try.    The  first  studied  philosophy  and  medi- 
cine, the  second  was  secretary  at  the  coun- 
I  cil  of  Trent,  and  the  last  ap])Iieil  himself  to 
j  literature,   and   trajislated  the  catechism    of 
,  the  council  into  Latin.     Among  their  poems 
'  i)rinted  at  Amsterdam  1685,  and  in  1728,  in 
I  8vo.  is  the  fnllowing  delicate  epigram  on  two 
'  beautiful  children  wlio  had  lost  each  an  eve. 

jAimine  .Icon  dextro,  capta  est  Leonilla 
sinistra  ; 
Et  poieret  forma  vincere  uterguc  Deo.t. 

Parve  piier,   lumen  quod  /tubes,   concede 
sorori, 

Sic  til  Ctvcus  Amor,  sic  erit  ilia  Venn.t. 
They  arc  said  by  L'advocat  to  have  died  al? 


AM 

three  in  157-i.  Tlicre  was  an  arclibishop  of 
Athens  of  the  same  name,  Altilius,  who  died 
about  ICUO,  ilUistiious  lor  his  learning  and 
disintei-este<i  spirit,  lie  went  as  nuncio  from 
Paul  \  .  to  Cologne. 

Am  A  MA,  Sivtinus,  a  Hebrew  professor  at 
Franeker,  wiio  refu^>ed  the  liljeral  offers  olthe 
university  of  Leydcn,  wliich  wished  him  to 
succeed  to  the  vacant  chair  of  lirpenius. 
He  was  hjiig  employed  in  the  great  design  of 
refuting  and  ceiisuiing  the  vulgatc  translation 
which  had  received  the  sanction  of  the  council 
of  Trent.  This  learned  work  called  "  Anti- 
barbarus  Bil)licns'"  was  to  consist  of  two 
parts,  but  only  orie  Mas  published  before 
Amaiua  died,  and  so  po\>erful  were  his  ar- 
gitments,  that  some  synods  refused  to  admit 
candidates  to  holy  orders  except  they  per- 
fectly understood  Hebrew  and  Greek  origi- 
nals. His  precepts  and  exasDple  were  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  cliecking  the  dissolute 
and  intemperate  manners  which  prevailed 
in  tlie  university  of  Franeker,  and  after 
Iiis  death  in  1029,  the  gratitude  of  the  people 
of  Frieshtnd  for  his  memory  was  shown  in 
their  generous  coniiuct  towards  his  children, 
as  his  son  Nicholas  acknowledges  in  a  dedi- 
cation to  his  Disseriat.  marinarum  dctas. 
He  was  in  1 013  at  Oxford,  and  taught  for  some 
time  Hebrew  in  E.M.Ler  College. 

Amand,  Mark  Anthony  Gerard,  Sieur  de 
St.  born  at  Ilouea  in  Normandy  1594,  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  poet  on  comic,  burlesque 
and  amorous  subjects.  His  father  had  the 
command  of  a  squadron  of  ships  under  Eli- 
zabeth of  England  for  22  years,  and  he  him- 
self employed  the  greatest  part  of  his  life  in 
ti'avelling.  He  was  one  of  the  first  members 
of  the  Fi-ench  academy,  and  instead  of  spea- 
king a  public  oration,  he  undertook  to  make 
a  collection  of  burlesque  terms  and  expres- 
sions for  the  dictionary  which  that  learned 
hody  intended  to  publish.  His  "  Moise 
Sauve"  and  his  "  Solitude"  were  mucli  ad- 
mired, but  have  since  been  neglected  or  for- 
gotten. In  a  poem  on  the  moon  it  is  said 
that  he  praised  the  skill  of  Lewis  XIY.  in 
swimming,  a  compliment  which  the  mon- 
arch disdained,  and  which  so  affected  the 
poet  that  he  did  not  long  survive  the  indiffer- 
ence with  which  his  muse  was  treated.  He 
died  1661  in  his  67th  year. 

Amand,  St.  a  bishop  of  Bourdeaux  404. — 
Another,  bishop  of  Maestrichtwho  converted 
the  Low  Countries  to  Christianity.  He  died 
679. 

Am  ARAL,  Andrew  d',  a  Portuguese  of  the 
order  of  Malta  who  betrayed  Rhodes  to  So- 
lyman.     He  was  put  death  1522. 

Amaseus,  Romulus,  a  learned  professor 
of  Bologna,  author  of  some  orations,  and  of 
a  translation  of  Pausanias.  He  died  1558. 
His  son  Pompilius  published  a  translation  of 
part  of  Polybius,  and  was  professor  of  Greek, 
at  Bologna. 

Amasis,  a  king  of  Egypt  who  died  about 
525  B.  C. 

Amatvs  de  Portugal,  a  physician   about 
1550,  whose   real  name   was   John   Rod  de 
Castelbranco.    TTo  travelled  through  FiUrope, 
VOL.  1.  f) 


AM 

an«l   wrntc    commentaries   on   Dioscorides, 
Avicenua,  8cc. 

Amauui,  d<;  (Jhartres,  aprofes.sor  of  phi- 
losophy born  at  Honiie  near  Chartres  in  the 
l;3th  century.  He  formed  a  new  system  of 
religion  on  the  metaphysics  of  Aristotle,  and 
acknowledged  three  persons  in  the  Godhead, 
which  he  con.sidcred  as  the  primary  cause  of 
matter  from  which  all  beings  are  created. 
He  supposed  that  there  would  he  three 
epochs  is  the  government  of  the  world  as 
there  were  three  persons  in  tho  trinity. 
Fhe  reign  of  (iod  he  limited  to  the  extinction 
of  the  law  of  Moses,  that  of  the  Son  was  to 
last  as  long  as  the  Christian  religion,  after 
which  woidd  succeed  the  empire  of  the  Holy 
Ghost  when  men  would  offer  only  a  spiritual 
vvorship  to  the  Supreme  Being.  These  opin- 
ions were  violently  resisted,  and  Amauri 
having  appealed  to  the  Pojjc  was  condemned 
by  him,  and  for  fear  of  punishment  retracted 
his  pernicious  doctrines,  and  soon  after  died 
at  St.  Mai'tin  des  Champs  of  disappointment. 
His  most  zealous  disciple  was  Dizant. 

Amauri,  king  of  Jerusalem  after  Bald- 
win in  1162,  was  unsuccessful  in  an  expedi- 
tion against  Egypt,  and  died  11th  July,  1173, 
in  his  38th  year.  In  his  character  he  was  brave 
and  warlike,  but  avaricious  and  cruel. 

Amauri  II.  was  king  of  Cyprus  and  of  Je- 
rusalem, after  his  brother  Guy  de  Lusignau 
1164,  and  lie  married  Isabella  the  second 
daughter  of  the  preceding,  who  had  laid 
claims  to  his  crown.  He  was  unsuccessful 
in  his  wars  against  the  Saracens,  and  died 
1205,  before  succours  arrived  from  the  Chris- 
tian princes  of  Europe  to  support  him  against 
the  infidels. 

Amaziah,  succeeded  his  father  Joash, 
r.s  kingof  Judah,  in  his  25th  year.  He  made 
war  against  the  Edomites,  and  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Israel,  conquered  them  in  the  \  al- 
ley of  Salt,  but  grown  proud  of  his  victory, 
he  threatened  his  allies  and  attacked  them. 
The  invasion  proved  fatal  to  himself.  He 
was  taken  prisoner,  and  at  last  put  to  death 
by  his  subjects,  810  B.  C. 

A  mboise,  Francois  d',  son  of  a  surgeon, 
of  Charles  IX.  of  France,  rose  to  the  rank  of 
counsellor  of  state  by  his  learning  and  indus- 
try. He  published  the  works  of  Abelard, 
and  wrote  several  pieces  for  the  theatre, 
which  he  refused  to  print.  One  of  these, 
however,  the  Neapolitans,  was  published  by 
the  interference  of  his  friends,  and  was  most 
universally  applauded.  He  died  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  17th  century. — His  brother 
Adrian,  author  of  the  tragedy  of  Holofernes, 
Mas  bishop  of  Tregulier,  and  died  1G16. — 
James,  another  brother,  studied  medicine, 
and  was  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris. 
Some  of  his  orations  are  preserved.  He  di- 
ed of  the  plague  1606. 

Amboise,  George  d',  of  the  house  of 
Amboise  in  France,  was  born  in  1460  and 
educated  for  the  church,  and  at  the  age  of 
14  elected  bishop  of  Montauban.  After  the^ 
death  of  Lewis  XI.  lie  favored  the  party  of 
tl'.e  «luke  of  Orleans,  and  for  a  while  shared 
his  disgrace,  but  his  abilities  were,  however. 


AM 


AM 


re-warded  bj  the  archbishopric  of  Narbonnc, 
wlich  he  exchanged  for  Rouen.     As  deputy 
of  Orleans  he  restored  tranquillity  and  confi- 
dence in  the  i)rovince  of  Kouen,  and  for  his 
great  services    v\as  promottd  to   the   dange- 
rous office  of  prime   minister,  when  his  pat- 
ron, after  the  death  of  Charles  the  "\'III.  as- 
cended the  tlw'one,  under  the  name  of  Lewis 
XII.     In  th'S  high  situation  he   deservedly 
ac(juired  popularity.     Instead  of  rasing  the 
taxes,   he    diminished    the    hurdcns   of  tlie 
people,  and,  by  mixing  economy  with  pru- 
dence, he    maintained  the   honor  and    glory 
of  the   French    name.     The   Milanese  was 
conquered,  and  added  to  the  kingdom.  Abu- 
ses were   corrected  ,  and  the  administration 
of  justice  was  rendered  more  quick  and  im- 
partial, so  that  no  longer  power  or  opultiice, 
but  equity,  guided  the  decision  of  the  judge. 
Amboise,  who  had  obtained  a  cardinal's  hat, 
aspired  to  the  papal  chair,  but  the  intrigues 
of  the  Italian  bishops  were  too  powerful  for 
his  integrity,   and  he  was  disappointed.     He 
died  of  the  gout  in    his  stomach  at  Lyons,  in 
his  50th    year,   1510,     He  left  behind  him  a 
popular   character,    and  though   his  genius 
was  not   gigantic,  nor  his  counsels  guided  by 
ambition,  yet  he  possessed  firmness  and  ener- 
gy, and  he  exhibited  disinterestedness  which 
awed   cibal    and   intrigue    into  admiration. 
His  nephew   George  succeeded  him  in  his 
archbishopric,  and  was  raised  also  to  the  dig- 
nity of  cardinal.     He  died  1550. 

Amboise.  Michael  d',  of  Chevillan,  au- 
thor of  several  epistles,  complaints,  ballads, 
epitaphs,  &c.  florished  in  the  16th  century. 
Amboise,  Aimery  d',  brother  to  the  car- 
dinal, was  famous  for  the  naval  \ictoiy  which 
he  obtained  over  the  Sultan  of  Egjpt  1510. 
He  died  in  his  78th  year,  8th  November, 
1512. 

Amboise,  Frances  d',  a  lady  celebrated 
for  the  improvement  whicli  she  introduced 
in  the  manners  and  the  sentiments  of  the 
Brttons.  She  was  wife  of  Peter  II.  duke  of 
Britanny,  whose  great  inhumanity  towards 
her  she  bore  with  Christian  resignation. 
After  his  death,  1437,  she  refused  to  marry 
the  duke  of  Sa\oy,  and  retired  to  the  tran- 
quillity of  a  convent,  where  she  died  1485. 

Ambkogi,  Antony  Marie,  professor  of 
eloquence  at  Rome,  was  eminent  for  his 
learning,  his  taste,  and  his  eloquence.  He 
published  various  works,  and  died  at  Rome 
1788,  aged  75. 

Ambrose,  Saint,  arclibishop  of  Milan, 
died  4th  April  397,  aged  57.  He  is  famous 
for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  Christianity,  for 
his  learning,  and  for  the  noble  severity  with 
•vfhich  he  censured  and  corrected  the  empe- 
ror Theodosius,  who  had  barbaroa.sly  order- 
ed several  innocent  persons  to  be  put  to 
death  at  Thcssalonica.  He  is  said  to  have 
composed  that  pious  hymn  *'  Te  deum." 

Ambrose,  deacon  of  Alexandria,  was  of 
an  opulent  family.  He  was  the  patron  of 
Origen  by  whose  eloquence  he  had  been 
converted  to  Christianity.  He  died  250  at 
Alexandria.  His  letters  mentioaed  bj  Saint 
Jerome,  are  lost. 


Ambrose,  of  the  order  of  Camaldoii,  was 
born  at  Poitico  in  Romania,  and  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  fluency  in  the  Greek 
tongue  at  the  councils  of  Basil,  Ferrara,  and 
Florence.  He  translated  several  Greek  au- 
thors, and  died  2lst  October,  1439. 

Ambrose,  de  Lombez,  Pere,  a  capuchin, 
author  of  a  tract  on  inward  Peace,  and  ot" 
letters  spirituelles  esteemed  for  their  good 
sense,  moderation  and  piety.  He  is  extolled 
as  a  man  of  uncommon  meekness  and  hu- 
manity. He  died  25th  October  1778,  at  St. 
Saviour  near  Bareges,  aged  70. 

Ambrose,  Isaac,  descended  of  the  Am- 
broses of  Ambrose-liall  in  Lancashire,  was 
of  Brazen  Nose  college,  Oxford,  1621,  and 
took  orders,  which  however  he  renounced, 
to  adopt  the  principles  of  the  presbyterians 
in  the  civil  wars.  As  he  was  in  indigent  cir- 
cumstances he  was  often,  says  "Ward,  re- 
lieved by  William  eaxl  of  Bedford,  and  he 
became  a  preacher  atGarstang  and  Preston, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  vehement 
zeal  in  ejecting  the  ministers  of  the  estab- 
lished church.  He  pubHshed  a  few  tracts, 
one  of  which  "  looking  unto  Jesus"  was  in 
high  repute  among  Calvinists,  and  died  of  an 
apoplexy. 

Ambrosini,  Bartholomew,  was  profes- 
sor of  medicine  and  botany  in  his  native  city 
of  Bologna,  and  published  several  learned 
books  on  tlie  studies  which  he  so  much  loved 
and  adorned.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
are  Panaciea  ex  herbis  quae  a  Sanctis  deno- 
minantur,  8vo.  1630 — Historia  capsicorum 
cum  iconibus,  12mo. — The  odorica  medicina 
1632,  4to— He  died  1657. 

Ambrosini,  Hyacinth,  brother  and  suc- 
cessor of  the  preceding,  in  the  care  of  the 
botanical  garden  of  Bologna,  wi'ote  some 
treatises  on  the  names  and  synonimes  of 
plants  discovered  in  the  17th  century. 

Ambrosius,  Aurelianus,  a  prince  of  Ar- 
morica  who  came,  457,  to  assist  the  Britons 
in  the  expulsion  of  the  Saxons,  w  hom  Vor- 
tigern  had  invited  into  the  kingdom.  After 
the  death  of  Vortigern,  he  was  placed  on  the 
throne  of  Britain,  as  the  I'eward  of  his  me- 
ritorious services,  and  he  reigned  with  great 
popularity.  He  died  at  Winchester  508. 
Arthur  is  said  to  have  been  his  eleve 

Ambrosivs,  Catharinus  Politus,  a  learn- 
ed Dominican,  fifterwards  arclibishop  of 
Compsa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  In  his 
works,  which  are  scriptural,  some  of  his 
tenets  are  erroneous,  and  he  is,  therefore, 
according  to  Bellarmine,  to  be  read  with 
caution.  He  died  at  Naples  1552. 
A  .M  E  D E  r  s,  vid.  A  m  a  d e  u s. 
A  melius,  Gentilianus,  a.  Platonic  philo- 
sopher in  the  third  century,  disciple  to  Plo- 
tinus. 

Amelot  de  la  Houssaye,  Abraham 
Nicolas,  a  native  of  Orleans  1634,  sent  as 
secretary  to  the  French  ambassador  at  Ve- 
nice. His  writings  were  numerous,  but  some 
of  ihem  gave  such  offence  that  he  was  con- 
fined in  the  Bastile.  His  most  popular 
works  were  his  translation  of  father  Paul's 
history  of  the   council  of   Trent,  and    his 


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>^'  Com*tiev,"  Iransluttil  from  Baltasar's 
Ciratiaii's  oraculo  manual.  He  also  transla- 
ted Machiavcrs  Prince,  and  the  six  lirs>  books 
ofTacitus's  annals,  and  wrote  a  picliminary 
discern rse  for  the  treaties  of  pcac-  between 
the  i'rciuli  kiii.u;s  and  the  princes  of  F.ui'opc, 
&c.     He  died  at  I'aris  1700,  aged  nearly  7;i. 

Amelot,  Ucnis,  a  French  writer  born 
at  Saintongo  IGOO.  In  his  life  of  (Miai-les  de 
Ciondren,  one  of  the  superiors  of  the  Oratory 
founded  by  Philip  of  Neri,  he  spoke  willt 
severity  of  the  abbe  St  Cyran,  and  drew 
upon  himself  the  hatred  of  the  gentlemen  of 
Port  Royal.  He  however  disregarded  the 
sni-casniscl  their  attack,  and  had  inlluence 
enough  in  the  Sorbonne,  and  with  chancellor 
Seguier  to  prevent  their  obtaining  the  royal 
license  to  print  the  translation  of  (he  New- 
Testament,  which  they  had  just  completed. 
Further,  to  thwart  their  views,  he  published 
a  translation  himself  in  4  v(»ls.  8vo.  which 
though  not  free  from  error  had  yet  its  ad- 
mirers. In  his  old  age,  Amelot  solicited  his 
friends  in  power  for  a  bishoi)ric,  bnt  though 
he  had  supported  their  cause  against  the  so- 
ciety of  Port  Royal  he  w  as  refused  in  his  ap- 
plication. He  became  meiiiber  ot  the  Orato- 
ry 1650,  and  died  there  1678.  He  published 
besides,  a  harmony  of  the  gospels,  12mo. — 
an  abridgment  of  theology,  4to. 

Amerbach,  John,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
distinguished  for  his  learning,  and  more  as 
being  one  of  the  first  printers,  who,  instead 
of  the  Gothic  and  Italian,  recommended 
the  round  an<l  perfect  Roman  letter.  He 
settled  with  success  at  Uasil  with  Froben, 
anddied  in  1515.  His  son  John  was  professor 
of  law  at  Basil,  and  Syndic,  and  the  friend  of 
Erasmus.     He  died  1562,  aged  67. 

Amerbach,  Vitus,  a  native  of  Bavaria, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Ingoldstadt,  w  here 
he  died  1550,  aged  70.  He  translated  into 
Latin,  the  orations  of  Demosthenes,  and  Iso- 
crates,  and  wrote  besides  Commentaries  on 
Cicero,  the  Tristia  of  Ovid,  Horace's  Art  of 
Poetry,  &c. 

Americus,  Vesputius,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, whose  mind  was  early  bent  to  mathe- 
matics and  na^'agation.  The  fame  of  Colum- 
bus attracted  his  notice,  and  determined  to 
rival  his  glory,  he  obtained  from  Ferdinand 
king  of  Spain  a  squadron  of  4  ships,  with 
Avhith  he  sailed  from  Cadjz  1497.  During 
this  voyage,  which  lasted  18  months,  he  visited 
the  coast  of  Paria  and  Terra  Firma  along  the 
Mexican  gulf,  and  in  a  subsequent  enter- 
prise the  following  year  with  six  ships,  he  ex- 
tended his  discoveries  to  the  Antilles  and  the 
shores  of  Guiana  and  Vennezueia.  On  his 
return  in  1500,  he  was  received  by  the  Span- 
ish court  with  a  coolness  which  his  services 
ill  deserved  ;  but  his  discontent  was  forgotten 
Hnder  the  patronage  of  Emanuel  of  Portu- 
gal, who  furnished  him  with  three  ships  in 
May,  1501.  In  this  third  voyage,  Americus 
discovered  the  Brazils  from  La  Plata  to  the 
coast  of  Patagonia,  and  he  returned  to  Lis- 
bon September  1502.  A  fourth  voyage  was 
Undertaken  with  six  ships,  with  the  in- 
tention of  proceeding  to  the  Molucca  islands 


in  a  soutliern  direction  along  the  American 
coast,  bnl  he  was  detained  by  contrary  uiiids 
for  live  months  near  the  rivei-  (^irabadcj,  and 
the  want  of  pro\isioris  obliged  him  to  return 
to  Europe.  Americus  died  in  the  island  of 
Tercei-a  in  151i,age«l  6.5.  He  published  an 
entertaining  account  of  his  >oyages,  but  he 
is  become  illustriou-s  ab  he  obtained  the  sin- 
gulai- honor  of  gi\ing  his  nami-  to  the  m.'w 
w(»rlil,  and  thus  monopolized  the  glory  which 
was  due  to  the  genius,  and  the  enterprises  of 
the  great  Columbus.  He  has  been  accused 
by  the  Si)anish  w  riters«f  giving  false  ilatvs  to 
his  writings,  that  he  n)iglit  (  stablish  a  prior- 
ily  of  discovei-y  before  his  rival,  'i'he  remains 
of  his  ship,  the  A  ictory,  were  preserved  by 
the  kiiig  of  Portugal  in  the  cathedral  of  Lis- 
bon. 

Ames,  William,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  who, 
after  being  educated  at  Christ's  college  Cam- 
bridge, left  his  country,  V. here  hisCalvinisti- 
cal  tenets  were  becoming  unpopular,  and 
settled  as  professor  in  the  university  of  Fran- 
eker  in  Holland.  Here  he  enjoyed  fame  and 
independence,  but  as  the  air  of  the  place  was 
too  sharp  for  his  asthmatic  constitution,  he 
removed  to  Rotterdam  with  the  intention  of 
passing  into  New  England.  He,  however,  di- 
ed at  Rotterdam  Nov.  1633,  aged  57.  He 
was  a  learned  divine,  and  his  writings  were 
voluminous,  and  all  on  controversial  subjeets, 
the  principal  of  which  is  Medulla  Theologica. 
His  son  ^\  illiam  was  ejected  for  nonconfor- 
mity, from  the  living  of  Wrentham  in  Suflblk 
in  1662,  and  died  1689,  aged  06.  He  publish- 
ed a  sermon,  "  the  saint's  security  against 
the  seducing  spirits,"  &ic. 

Ames,  Joseph,  a  shii)-cliandler  of  \Vap- 
ping,  who,  in  an  advanced  period  of  life,  studi- 
ed antiquities,  and  rose  by  his  genius  and  ap- 
plication to  consequence,  and  to  tlic  secreta- 
ryship of  the  society  of  Antiquaries.  He 
pubished  an  account  of  the  earliest  pi'inters, 
with  a  register  of  the  books  wl-.ich  tliey  prin- 
ted, in  4to.  1749,  besides  the  list  of  Lnglish 
heads  engraved  and  mezzotinto,  See.  in  Svo. 
He  also  compiled  the  '*  parentalia",  fioni 
Wren's  jiapers.  He  died  Oct.  7,1759,  and 
the  following  year  his  curious  collection  of 
fossils,  shells,  medals,  &c.  was  sold  by  pub- 
lic auction.  His  daughter  manied  Captain 
Dampier  in  the  East  India  sea  service. 

Amherst,  Jeftery  lord,  an  English  gene- 
ral of  considerable  celebritv,  descended 
from  an  ancient  family  seated  at  Sevenoaks 
in  Kent.  He  was  born  1727,  and  at  the  age 
of  14  embraced  the  military  profession.  In 
1741  he  was  aid -de-camp  to  geueral  Ligonicr 
at  the  battles  of  Dettingen,  Fontcnoy,  and 
Rocoux,  and  in  1756  he  obtained  the  colo- 
nelcy of  the  15th  regiment  of  foot.  His 
abilities  and  experience  w  ere  now  called  into 
action  ;  he  was  employed  1758  at  the  siege  of 
Louisbourg,  and  was  made  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  commander  in  chief  of  the  forces 
in  America,  and,  in  this  part  of  the  world, 
the  fall  of  Niagara,  Ticonderago,  Queliec, 
and  Montreal,  w  ith  the  submission  of  all 
Canada,  marked  tho  progress  of  his  judicious 
and  successful  measures.     His  great  services 


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were  honorably  rewarded  by  the  court ;  he 
was  made  a  knight  of  tlie  bath,  in  1771  ap- 
ponited  governorof  Guernsey,  the  next  )-ear 
lieutenant  general  of  tlie  ordnance,  and  in  1776 
created  baron  Amherst  of  Holmsdale.  In 
1778  he  was  made  commander  in  chief,  and 
in  1782appointed  goldstick,  and,  though  upon 
the  change  of  ministry,  these  offices  were 
withdrawn,  he  was  again  reinstated  in  1793, 
when  two  years  after,  lie  resigned  the  com- 
mand of  the  forces  to  the  duke  of  York,  and 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  field  marshal. 
He  died  1798,  and  was  buried  at  Sevenoaks. 
Though  twice  married,  he  had  no  issue,  and 
liis  titles  therefore  have  devolved  to  his  ne- 
phew. 

Amhurst,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Mardcn 
in   Kent,    educated    at    Merchant  Taylors' 
school,   and  St.  John's  Oxford,  from  which 
last  he  was  expelled  on  a   charge  of  irregu- 
larity.    This  disgrace,  which  he  attributed  to 
the    liberality   and  freedom  of  his  opinions, 
and  to  his  attachment  to  the  Hanover  succes- 
sion, he  severely  resented,  and  all  his  powers 
of  satire  and  abuse  were  exerted  against  the 
university  and  its  members,  in  his   "  Oculus 
Britannia,"  and  "  Terrse  filius,"  published  in 
two  vols.  12mo.  1726.    After  his  expulsif)n  he 
settled   in   London   as  a  professional  writer, 
but  his  most  successful  undertaking  was  the 
conducting  of  the  "  Craftsman,"  a  paper  of 
which  10  or  12  thousand  copies  Avere  daily 
dispersed,  and    which  for  a  series  of  years 
guided  the  public  taste  in  politics,  and  awed 
the  adminstration  into  measures  of  populari- 
ty.    In   this  he  was  occasionally  assisted  by 
lord    Bolingbroke,    and  Mr.  Pulteney,   and 
others  ;  but  his  own  productions   were  little 
inferior   to  the   papers  of  these    celebrated 
leaders  of  opposition.     When  the  act  for  li- 
censing plays   was  passed,   a    letter   in  the 
name  of  Oolley  Gibber  appeared  in  the  Crafts- 
man, July  2d,  1737,    to  ridicule  the    check 
which  the  law  had  placed  upon  the  effusions 
of  poetry,  and  this  so  offended  the    ministry 
that  the  printer  was  siezed,  but  Amhurst  sur- 
rendered himself,  and  after  being  imprisoned, 
and  refusing  to  give  bail  for  his  good  beha- 
viour, he  obtained  his  release  by  bringing  his 
habeas  corpus, and  the  prosecution  was  drop 
ped.     On  the  reconciliation  of  the  opposition 
to  the  court,  his  services,  which  for  20  years 
]iad  been  exerted  in  the   cause  of  his  parlia- 
mentary friends,  were  forgotten,  and  the  ne- 
glect with  which  he  was  treated  depressed 
his  spirits,  and  probably  hastened  his  dissolu- 
tion.    He  died  of  a  fever  at  Twickenham  A- 
pril  2rth  1742,  and  was  buried  at  the  expense 
of  Richard  Franklin,    his  printer.     Though 
his  morals  were  impeachable,  and  his  integ- 
rity of   a  doubtful    appearance,  yet  the  in- 
gratitude which  marked  the  evening  of  his 
days,  reflects  dishonor  on  the  name  of  Bo- 
lingbroke and  Pulteney,   and  prove  that  vir- 
tue and  honesty  are  seldom  found  with  the 
great,  unmixed  with  interested  and  ambiti^)us 
views. 

Ami  coNijGiacomo,  a  Venetian  who  came 
to  England  in  1729,  and  was  employed  with 
sutcegs  as  a  portrait    and  history    painter. 


He  adorned  the  staircase  of  Powis  house, 
Ormond  street,  with  the  story  of  Judith  and 
Ilolofernes,  and  the  hall  of  More-park  house 
in  Herts  with  the  fable  of  Jupiter  and  lo.  In 
1736  Amiconi  went  to  Paris,  and  marr}'ing 
an  Italian  singer,  he  returned  three  years 
after  to  his  own  country.  He  afterwards  visi- 
ted Spain,  and  was  made  painter  to  the  king, 
and  died  at  Madrid,  Sep.  1752. 

Amicus,  Antony,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paler- 
mo, historiographer  royal  to  Philip  IV.  of 
Spain,  and  author  of  a  chronological  history 
of  the  bishops  of  Syracuse,  of  SiciliK  regum 
annates  ab  anno  1060,  usque  ad  prreseussecu- 
lum.     He  died  at  Palermo  1641. 

Ami^j-Ben-Haroux,  the  sixth  calif  of 
the  house  of  the  Abbassides,  was  son  of 
Aaron  Raschid,  to  whom  he  succeeded.  He 
was  wantonly  cruel,  and  imprudent  in  his 
generrJ  conduct,  and  was  at  last  conquered 
and  put  to  death  by  Thalier,  his  brother  Al- 
mamoun's  general  822,  after  a  shoi't  reigu 
of  five  years. 

Amiral,  Henry,  a  native  of  Auzolet  in 
Auvergne,  known  during  the  French  revolu- 
tion for  his  attempt  to  assassinate  Collot  d' 
Herbois  and  Robespierre,  and  thus  to  rid 
France  of  her  tyrants.  He  was  seized  in  tlie 
fact  and  condemned  to  die.  He  suffered 
with  great  intrepidity  1792. 

Amman,  Paul,  of  Breslau,  was  professor 
of  medicine  at  Leipsic.  He  wi"ote  some  bo- 
tanical tracts,  and  died  1600. 

Amman,  John  Conrad,  a  Swiss  physician 
successfully  employed  in  teaching  the  deaf 
to  speak  in  France  and  Holland.  He  pub- 
lished a  curious  account  of  the  method  he 
pursued  in  two  tracts  called  Surdus  loquens, 
and  died  at  Amsterdam  about  1730. 

Ammanati,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of 
Florence,  eminent  as  a  sculptor  and  archi- 
tect. Many  of  the  Italian  cities,  especially 
Rome,  contained  specimens  of  his  labors  and 
genius.  He  wrote  a  work  called  Cita,  with 
designs  for  all  the  public  and  ornamental 
buildings  necessary  in  a  capital.  He  died 
1586  in  his  75th  year,  or  according  to  some 
in  1592. 

Ammanati,  Laura  Battiferri,  wife  to  the 
preceding,  was  daughter  of  John  Antony 
Battiferri,  and  born  at  Urbino.  She  became 
celebrated  for  her  genius  and  learning.  Her 
poems  which  abound  with  excellent  morality, 
are  esteemed  high  among  the  productions  of 
the  Italian  muse.  She  was  one  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Intronati  academy  at  Sienna,  and 
died  at  Florence,  November  1589,  aged  70. 

Ammianus,  Marcellinus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian. He  wrote  in  31  books  the  Roman  histo- 
rv  from  Nerva  to  the  death  of  Valens,  and 
died  about  390. 

Ammtrato,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Lucca  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He  was  intended 
for  the  law,  but  he  took  orders,  and,  after  a 
wandering  and  unsettled  life  through  Italy, 
he  fixed  his  residence  at  Florence  under  the 
patronage  of  the  grand  duke  who  gave  him 
a  canonry  in  the  cathedral.  He  wrote  the 
history  of  Florence  in  2  vols,  folio,  besides  nu- 
merous other  tracts  of  Italian  both  in  prose 


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and  verso,  and  died  tlierc,  the  30lh  January 
ICOO,  in  liis  OlHli  year. 

Ammo  M,<.lte  proj^cnilnroftlic  Animoniu.s, 
the  tui-biilciit  ciicniics  of  Isratl,  Mas  sou  «) 
Lot  and  lived  about  IU(K)  IJ.  C. 

Am  MOM  us,  a  I'rriiiattlic  pliilosoidur, 
preci-ptor  to  IMularili. — Anotlicr  jiliiioso- 
pher  in  tlie  6lh  ccnluiy,  son  of  llennias  ol 
Alexandria,  (iiscii»lf  ol  Pi-oilus,  ami  aiilhor 
of  commentaries  on  ArisUille  and  I'oipiiyry, 
and  also  of  a  Lexicon  of  Greek  synonymcs, 
printed  N'enicc  1497. 

Ammo  Nil's,  Saccus,  a  philosopher  in  the 
3d  century,  founder  of  tiie  Kclectic  sect.  He 
is  said  to  liavo  rejected  the  Cliristian  religion 
in  uliich  he  Mas  educated,  and  to  have  estab- 
lished a  school  at  Alexandria,  in  whicli  he  at- 
tempted to  reconcile  the  tenets  of  Aristotle 
and  Plato.  Longimis  was  in  the  number  of 
his  pupds.     He  died  A.  U.  243. 

Ammonius,  Livinus,  a  Carthusian  monk 
of  Flanders  esteemed  by  Erasmus  for  his 
learning;,  piety,  and  other  excellent  qualities. 
lie  died  at  (ihent  155(). 

Ammo  Ni us,  a  surgeon  of  Alexandria  sui-- 
named  Lithotomist  because  he  first  adopted 
the  present  mode  of  extracting  the  stone 
from  the  bladder. 

Am  MO  Ni  us,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Lucca 
■«'ho  settled  in  England  and  lived  for  a  while 
under  the  patronage  and  in  the  house  of  Sir 
Thomas  More.  He  was  intimate  with  Eras- 
mus and  corresponded  with  him.  He  was 
made  secretary  to  Henry  VHI.  ai»d  employ- 
ed in  a  public  character  by  pope  Leo  X.  He 
died  of  that  dreadful  disease  the  sweatir.g 
sickness,  in  1517  in  his  40th  year,  and  was 
greatly  lamented  by  Erasmus.  He  wrote 
sonie  poetical  trifles  in  Latin  of  considerable 
merit. 

Amontons,  William,   an    eminent  me- 
chanic, born  in  Normandy  31st  August  IGftr). 
When  at  school  at  Paris  he  was  siezed  with 
such  deafness   that  he  gave   up  all  pursuits 
of  a  public   nature,  and   devoted  himself  to 
the  study  of  gcometi-y,  and  of  the  invariable 
laws,  which  regulate  the  motion  of  the  plan- 
ets.    He  suggested   some  improvements  in 
the  structure  of  barom.eters  and  thermome- 
ters, on  which  he   published  a  treatise,   and 
he  invented  a  method  for  the  rapiil  commu- 
nication of  intelligence  from  one  place  to  the 
other,  which  has  lately  been  ado[)ted  under 
the   appellation  of  telegraph.     Much  of  his 
time   was    employed  in  consti'ucting  a  new 
hour-glass   for  the    use  of  the  navy,    which 
might  not  be  stibject  to  the  irregularities  of 
sudden  and   violent   motion,  and  in  his  new- 
theory  of  friction  which  he  read  to  the  royal 
academy  in  1699,  he  evinced  the  penetration 
of  his  genius,  the  delicacy  of  his  judgment, 
and  the   exactness  of  his   experiments.     He 
died  of  an  inflammation  in  his  bowels,  11th 
October  1705,  aged  42. 

Amort,  Eusebius,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
of  Bavaria.  His  works  are  in  Latin,  and 
chiefly  on  theological  subjects.  He  died  25th 
November  1775,  aged  82. 

Amory,  Thomas,  D.  D.  in  the  university 
«>f  Edinburgh,  was  son  of  a  grocer  at  Taun- 


ton in  Somersetshire,  and  distinguisheil  hiiu- 
sclf    as   a    preacber   among   the   ilissenters. 
After    passing  tbe    greatest  part  of  his   life 
near  tlie  place  of  his  nativity,  as  i)ublic  tcuclt- 
cr,  and  aa  instructor  of  youth,  he  removed  to 
London    Mliere    he  formed   an    intimate  ac- 
<|uainlanc«:  with  the  ino'^t   respectable  mem- 
bers  of  his   persuasion.     He    was  a  hold  as- 
sert<jr  of  tf)leration,  and   therefore,  warmly 
espoused    tlie    cause   ui  those    who   solicited 
ibe  repeal   of  the   test  act.     In  his  general 
conduct  Dr.  .Nmoi-y  was  exemplary,   liis  dis- 
courses from  the  pulpit   were   excellent,  but 
perhaps  too  serious  ami  philosophical  ior  the 
vulgar    apprehenri'Jii.     His   writings,   which 
were    mostly    on    theological    subjects,  have 
been  enumerated  by  Or.  Kippis,  liiogr.  Brit. 
I.  p.  178.     He  «licd  on  the  24lli  of  .lune  1774 
in  his  74th  year,  and  was    buried   in  Bunhill 
fields  burial  grounds. 

Amory,  Thomas,   Esq.  an   eccentric  cha- 
racter, sou    of  counsellor    Amory  who  went 
w  ith  king  William  to  Ireland,  and  acquired 
considerable     property     in      tlie    county   of 
(Jlare.     Young  Amory  was  not  born  in  Ire- 
land though  he  resided  there,  and  frequently 
accompanied  dean  Swift  in  his  walks  and  ex- 
cursions round  Dublin,  Avithout  being  known. 
He     afterwards    lived    in      Orchard-street, 
Westminster,  about  1757,  Avith  his  wife  and 
a  son  who  acquired  reputation  as  a  jihysician 
during  a  residence  of  27  years  at  Wakefield. 
The  most  remarkable  of  his  ])ublications  arc 
his  "  memoirs  on  the  lives  of  several  ladies,'* 
Svo.  1755,  and  in  12mo.  2  vols,  and  his  life  of 
John  Buncle,  Esq.  4  vols.  12mo.     Intliislast 
ho  is  supposed  to  give  a  description   of  him- 
self.    He  is  said  by  a  person  who  knew  him 
to  have  had  a  peculiar  look,  though  not  with- 
out the  deportment   of  the  genileman.     His 
application  to  his  studies  was  intense,  and  his 
walks   through   the   most   crowded     streets 
exhibited  him  w  ra])ped  in  the  deepest  me- 
ditation  and  inattentive  to  what  surrounded 
him.     He  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  97,  in 
May  1789. 

Amos,  the  third  of  the  12  minor  prophct.s, 
was  a  shepherd  at  Tekoa.  He  prophesied 
in  ti>e  reigns  of  Jehoram  king  of  Israel  and 
Uzziah,  king  of  Judab,  and  his  prophecies 
contained  in  9  chapters  are  Avritten  in  a  very 
]dain  unadorned  style.  He  died  about  785  B. 
C.  The  father  of  tlie  prophet  Isaiah  is  also 
called  Amos. 

Amour,  William  de  St.  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  canon  of  Bouvais,  v\  as  born  at 
St.  Amour  in  Franche  Comte.  His  book  on 
the  perils  of  h.tter  times  m  as  condemned  by 
pope  Alexander  IV'.  and  he  himself  was 
banished  to  his  native  town.  He  was  author 
of  several  other  works,  and  died  September 
13,  1272. 

Amour,  Louis  Gorin  de  St.  a  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  author  of  a  journal  of  what 
passed  at  Home  during  his  attenuance  there 
before  the  pope  in  favor  of  some  French 
bishops  of  the  persuasion  of  tlie  Janscnists. 
He  w  as  expelled  from  the  .Sorbonne  for  not 
signing  Arnand's  condemnation,  and  died 
16S7. 


AM 


AM 


AmurAth  in.  succeeded  his  father  Se>» 
lim  II.  1575,  and  to  secure  himself  in  the 
possession  of  the  throne,  he  caused  his  five 
brothers  to  be  assassinated.  This  act  of 
cruelty  so  affected  his  motlier  that  she  des- 
troyed herself  Amurath  like  the  race  of 
Mahomet  was  valiant,  and  he  added  several 
of  the  Persian  provinces  to  his  dominions. 
He  died  18th  Jan.  1595,  aged  50. 

Amurath  I.  succeeded  his  uncle  Musta- 

pha  in  1622,   and  was  like  his   predecessors 

given  to  cruelty,  and    engaged  in   war.     He 

I  took  Bagdad,  30,0U0  of  whose  inhabitants  he 

put  to  the  sword,  though   he  had  promised 

,  them  protection.     He  died  in  1640,  aged  31, 

j  of  excessive  intoxication. 

I      Amy,  N.  advocate  of  the  parliament  o^ 

•  Aix,  was  author  of  some  very   useful  works 

'  in  natural  science,  particularly  observations 

:  on  the  waters  of  the  Seine,  8cc.  12mo. — new 

filtrating  fountains,    l2mo. — reflections     on 

lead,  copper,  and  tin  utensils,  12rao.  &c.   He 

j  died  1760. 

i      Amyot,  James,  was  born  at  Milan  ISl.'J, 
j  of  an  obscure   family,   but  though  of  a  dull 
'  understanding,  he  improved    himself  by  in- 
defatigable application,  and  after  studyiiig  at 
Paris,  he  acquired  independence  and  repu- 
tation, as   tutor  to  the   children  of  persons 
Ampsingius,  John   Assuer,  a  professor  ;  of  respectability.     His  merit  recommended 
of  physic  at  Rostock,  in  the  beginning  of  the    him  to  Margaret  of  Berry,  sister  to  Francis 


Amoureux,  X.  r,  an  eminent  sculptor  | 
whose  works  are  preserved  in  his  native  ci-  ; 
ty  of  Lvons.  He  was  unfortunately  drown-  i 
ed  in  the  Soane  in  the  beginning  of  the  lyth  ■ 
century.  j 

Amphibilus,  a  native  of  Briton,  said  to 
have  been  born  at  Exeter,  and  to  have  been 
bishop  of  Anglesea.  He  studied  at  Rome, 
and  is  said  to  have  exerted  his  eloquence  in 
the  cause  of  Christianity,  and  in  making  con- 
vert- in  England  and  in  Scotland.  Accor- 
ding to  some,  he  suffered  raartvrdom  about 
291. 

Amphilochus,  bishop  of  Iconium,  was 
the  friend  of  Gregory  Nazianzen  and  Basil, 
and  the  opposer  of  the  Arians  He  offend- 
ed Theodosius  by  pretending  not  to  pay  suf- 
ficient respect  to  his  son  Arcadius,  upon 
•which  he  observed  that  if  he  thus  vindicated 
his  son's  character,  surely  God  would  vindi- 
cate that  of  his  son  and  punish  his  blasphe- 
jnei*s.  Tliis  reproof  was  felt  by  Theodosius 
who  favored  the  Arians,  and  laws  were 
soon  enacted  to  prevent  their  assemblies. 
Amphilochus  died  394. 

A  M  P  H 1  N  o  M  u  s  and  A  N  A  p  I  u s,  two  broth- 
ers of  Catana,  whose  names  are  immortali- 
zed for  saving  on  their  shoulders  their  aged 
parents,  during  an  eruption  of  JEina 


17th  century,  autlior  of  several  medical  trea- 
tises, printed  1619. 

Amru  Ebx-al-as,  a  celebrated  mussul- 
man,  at  first  the  enemy  and  afterwards  the 
friend  of  Maliomet.  He  extended  his  con- 
quests in  Egypt,  and  Svria,  and  Africa,  and 
died  governor  of  Egypt  663. 

Amsdorf,  Nicholas,  a  spirited  follower 
of  Luther  and  bishop  of  Nuremburg.  He 
died  at  Magdeburg  1541,  and  the  sect  who 
adhered  to  his  tenets,  and  supported  in  op- 
position to  Mala.ictlion,  that  good  works  are 
not  necessary  to  salvation,  were  called  Ams-  ! 
dorfians.  I 

Amurath  I.  an  Ottoman  emperor,  who  ; 
succeeded  his  father  Orchan,  and  was  known 


1.  and  he  w  as  promoted  to  a  public  professor- 
ship in  the  university  of  Bourges.  His  time 
was  here  usefully  devoted  to  literature,  and 
he  published  translations  of  the  loves  of  The- 
agenes  and  Chariclea,  besides  Plutarch's  lives 
and  morals.  He  visited  Venice  and  Rome, 
and  in  his  return  to  France,  he  was  at  the  re- 
commendation of  cardinal  de  Tournon  in- 
trusted with  the  care  of  the  king's  two 
younger  sons,  and  for  his  meritorious  servi- 
ces he  was  i-aised  by  Charles  to  the  bishop- 
ric of  Auxerre,  the  abbey  of  Cornelius  de 
Compiegne,  the  high  office  of  great  almo- 
ner and  curator  of  the  university  of  Paris, 
pnd  commander  of  the  order  of  the  Holy 
Ghost.    He  died  sixth  February  1593,  in  his 


lor  his  cruelties  towards  his  son,  and  those  •  7yth  year.  He  also  translated  the  seven 
vho  espoused  his  cause.  He  was  a  great  first  books  of  Diodorus  Siculus,  some  trage- 
v.arrior,  and  obtained  o7  victories,  in  the  last  dies  from  the  Greek,  the  pastorals  of  Dapli- 
of  which  he  perished,  1389,  aged  71,  by  the  .  nis,  8cc. 
hand  of  a  soldier.     He 


was  the  first  who  es- 
tablished the  formidable  force  of  the  Janissa- 
ries. 

Amurath  IT.  was  son  and  succes'sor  of 
!Mahomet,  as  Ottoman  emperor,  and  his  ar- 
mies were  directed  against  the  falling  em- 
pire of  the  east.  He  was  the  first  Turk 
■«iio  used  cannon  in  the  field  of  battle.  He 
resigned  the  crown  in  favor  of  his  son  Ma- 
homet 1443,  and  retired  to  (he  st  elusion  of 
the  dervises;  but  the  invasion  of  the  Hunga- 
rians, roused  him  from  his  solitude  to  con- 
quer at  the  dreiidfid  battle  of  Varna.  He 
afterwards  reduced  the  rebellious  .'annissa- 
rJes  to  obedience,  aufl  defeated  the  famous 
Scanderbeg,  and  finding  his  son  inca,)abie  to 
lioM  the  reigns  of  a  turbulent  empire,  lie 
abandoned  his  retirement  again  for  the  throne 
and  again  routed  the  Hungarians,  He  died 
1451,  aged  75. 


Amyrault,  Moses,  a  French  protestant 
divine  born  at  Bourgueil  in  Tourraine  1596. 
He  studied  the  law,  but  afterwards  entered 
the  church,  and  was  divinity  professor  at 
Saunmr,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
zeal  and  activity  so  mucji,  that  he  was  depu- 
ted by  the  national  council  of  Charenton,  to 
present  an  address  to  the  French  king,  con- 
cerning the  inspection  of  edicts  in  favor  of 
the  protestants,  wilhout  however  paying 
homage  ui)on  his  knees.  Richelieu,  who 
was  present  at  this  interview,  saw  and  admi- 
red the  bold  character  of  Amyrault,  and  he 
wished  to  use  his  abilities  to  procure  a  re- 
conciliation between  the  Romisli  church  and 
the  protestants,  but  in  vain.  His  life  was 
passed  in  the  midst  of  theological  disputes, 
in  which  he  displayed  much  firmness  and 
composure,  and  as  he  enforced  by  his  wri- 


AN 


A^ 


nugS  as  M'cll  as  his  tliscourscs  the  obe<liohce 
due  to  a  lawful  sovereign,  and  llie  impi-opn- 
iity  of  resisting  the  constituted  authorities  in 
matters  not  of  conscience,  lie  was  ealeenied 
by  persons  ot"  dillerent  persuasions,  and  1)} 
the  ministers  of  the  king  themselves.  This 
Immaiic,  virtuous,  and  iliaritable  man  died 
the  8th  Feb.  IGG4,  leaving  one  son,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  au  advocate  at  I'aris, 
but  retired  to  the  Hague,  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  His  works,  wliich 
are  very  numerous,  arc  chiefly  theological. 
The  following  (juaint  lines  were  writteu  by 
fd-  <lu  Bosc  under  his  portrait : 
Jl  *Mose  ad  JMoscm  par  JMosi  noil  fid  t  vlliia. 
JMore,  ore,  ct  calamo,  mirns  ulevque  fait. 

Amyrut2.es,  a  philosopher  of  Trebizond, 
Avho  was  carried  to  Constantinople  w  ilh  Da- 
vid emperor  of  Trebizond,  when  tliat  city 
was  reduced  14G1.  He  renounced  the  Chris- 
tian faith  for  Alahometanisra,  and  assumed 
the  name  of  iMahomet  Beg.  He  translated 
several  bofiks  into  Arabic  at  the  desire  of 
Mahomet  H.  whose  favor  he  enjoyed. 

Anacharsis,  a  Scythian  philosopher, 
who  Visited  Athens  in  the  age  of  Solon.  Ou 
his  return  to  Scythia  he  wished  to  intro- 
duce the  laws  and  customs  of  the  more  pol- 
ished Greeks  into  his  country,  but  M'as 
thwarted  in  his  views  by  the  king,  and  at  last 
perished  by  the  hand  of  this  cruel  sovei'eign. 

Anacletus,  a  bishop  ofRome  after  Linus 
79.     He  suftered  martyrdom  13  years  after. 

An  ACLETUS,  an  antipope,  supported  in 
liis  election  by  Roger  king  of  Sicily,  against 
Innocent  H.  the  favorite  of  the  emperor 
Lotharius  n.  The  influence  of  Innocent  at 
last  prevailed,  and  his  rival  died  in  obscurity 
1138. 

Anacoana,  queen  of  Xiragua,  in  the 
island  of  St.  Uomingo,  was  cruelly  put  to 
death  by  Ovando,  who  owed  her,  agreeable 
to  the  promises  of  Bartholomew  Columbus, 
both  friendship  and  protection. 

Anacreox,  a  lyric  poet  of  Teos,  who 
florished  about  532  years  B.  C.  His  morals 
were  licentious,  and  his  odes,  therefore,  ex- 
hibit the  character  of  a  man  basely  devoted 
to  every  intemperate  indulgence,  and  who 
considers  life  as  best  spent  in  riot  and  de- 
bauchery. 

Anagnosta,  John,  one  of  the  Bizantine 
historians,  whose  work,  de  rebus  Constanti- 
nopolitanoruin  Macedonicis,  was  edited  in 
Greek  and  Latin  at  Cologne  1653. 

Anastasius  I.  the  Silentiary,  emperor 
of  the  east,  was  born  of  obscure  parents  at 
Duras  iu  lllyricum,  but  his  engagements 
about  the  imperial  family  rendered  him 
known,  and  by  marrying  Ariadne,  the  widow 
of  the  emperor  Zeno,  he  was  enabled  to  as- 
cend the  throne  491.  He  possessed  merit 
and  valor,  and  his  reign  might  have  been 
prosperous  if  he  had  not  embraced  the  te- 
^uets  of  the  Eutychians,  and  thus  ofiended 
liis  subjects.  He  at  last  perceived  his  error, 
and  withdrew  his  protection  from  these 
heretics.     He  died  518,  aged  88. 

Anastasii'sH.  was  raised  to  the  throne 
i^em  a  private  station  by  the  acclamations  of 


the  people  713.  Three  years  aflev,  l»ow- 
t\er,  he  wishecl  to  abdicate  the  sovereiga 
[lower  for  a  religious  habit,  but  with  equal 
levity  he  siglied  ag  ,iii  for  the  imperial  pur- 
ple ;  and,  a»si.sted  by  the  Bulgarians,  he  be- 
sieged Constantinople,  where  hi.s  rival  Leo 
the  l.sauriaii  was  heated  on  the  tlirone.  His 
hopes  ot  success  soon  vanished,  he  was  l>e- 
trayed  by  the  Bulgarians  iuio  tlie  hands  of 
Leo,  and  cruelly  put  to  death  71'j. 

An  AS  rASXLS  1.  pope,  succeeded  Siricius 
in  tlie  pap:d  chair  398.  He  excommunica- 
ted the  Origenists,  and  brougbt  on  a  recon- 
ciliation between  tlie  eastern  and  westera 
churclies.  He  died  WZ,  much  respected  for 
his  sanctity  and  virtues. 

Anastasils  II.  pope,  after  Celasius  49G, 
died  after  a  short  reign  of  two  }ear3. 

A.NASTASiLS  HI.  pope,  after  Sergius  HF. 
911,  was  eminent  for  wisdom  and  modei-atiou. 
He  sat  in  tiie  papal  chair  only  two  years. 

Anas T ASICS  IV.  pope, 'after  Eugenius 
HL  1153,  died  the  following  year  Dec.  2. 
He  show  ed  himself  very  charitable  and  hu- 
mane during  a  famine. 

Anas  lASius,  an  antipope,  against  Bene- 
dict IH.  855.  Though  for  a  while  supported 
by  the  Imperialists,  he  at  last  gave  way  to  his 
more    fortunate  rival,  and  died  in  obscurity. 

Anastasius,  Bibliothecarius,  a  learned 
Greek  of  the  9tli  century,  librarian  of  tlie 
church  of  Rome,  and  abbot  of  St.  Mary  be- 
yond the  Tiber.  He  wrote.  Liber  Pontifi- 
calis,  four  vols.  fol.  718,  containing  the  lives  of 
some  of  the  popes  ;  and  assisted  at  the  eigiitli 
general  council  of  Constantinople,  whose  ca- 
nons he  translated  from  Greek  into  Latin. 
Bishop  Pearson  places  him  in  the  sixth  cen- 
tury. 

Anastasius,  Sinaite,  a  monk  of  mount 
Sinai,  in  the  seventh  century,  author  of  some 
theological  tracts,  published  at  Ingoldstadt, 
4to.  1606. 

Anastasius,  Theopoiitanus,  bishop  of 
Antioch,  was  banished  from  his  see  570,  for 
supporting,  against  the  sentiments  of  Justin- 
ian the  opinion  of  the  incorruptibles,  which 
asserted  that  the  body  of  our  Saviour  was 
incapable  of  coiTuption,  even  before  his  re- 
surrection. He  was  restored  593,  and  died 
six  years  after.  His  successor  was  of  the 
same  name,  and  was  author  of  some  religious 
discourses. 

A  N  A  T  o  L I  u  s,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
yielded,  after  some  dispute,  with  respect  to 
the  equality  of  the  two  metropolitan  churches, 
superiority  in  ecclesiastical  uflairs,  to  Leo 
pope  of  Rome,  and  died  458. 

Anatoli  us  a  bishop  of  Laodicea  about 
269,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  arithme- 
tic, geometry,  and  literature.  His  tract  ou 
the  time  of  celebrating  Piaster,  is  in  the  Doe- 
trina  Temporum,  printed,  Antwerp,  16.34. 

Anaxagoras,  a  celebrated  philosopher 
of  Clazomcnx,  who  had  Euripides  and  Peri- 
cles among  his  pupils.  He  was  accused  of 
impiety  at  Athens  and  banished.  He  died 
at  Lampsacus  4ti8  B.  C.  aged  7-2. 

Anaxandrides,  a  king  of  Sparta  about 
550j  B.  (.'.  father  ofCk-omenes  and  Leonidas. 


AN 


AN 


A  K  AX  AN"  DR  IDES,  a  comic  poet  of  Illiodeii 
about  350,  B.  C  starved  to  death  for  censur- 
ing the  Athenian  government. 

Anaxarchus,  a  philosopher  of  Abdera 
said  to  have  been  pounded  to  death  by  Nico- 
creon  king  of  Cyprus. 

Anaxii-aus,  a  Pythagorean  philosoplicr, 
banished  from  Italy  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 

AxAXiMANDER,  a  philosopher of  Mile- 
tus, successor  to  Thales.  He  was  tolerably 
■well  acquainted  with  geography  and  astrono- 
my for  tlie  times.  He  died  547  B.  C.  aged 
64.  There  was  also  an  historian  of  tiie  same 
name. 

Anaximenes,  the  pupil  and  successor 
of  Anaximander,  florished  550  B.  C 

Anaximenes,  an  historian  of  Lampsa-. 
«us  who  accompanied  Alexander  the  great 
in  his  expedition.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
Greece,  besides  the  lives  of  PhiUp  and  of  his 
son  Alexander. 

Ancharano,  Peter,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
chosen  in  1409  by  the  council  of  Pisa,  to  de- 
fend the  rights  of  that  assembly  during  the 
schisms  of  the  popes.  He  wrote  several 
"books  on  civil  and  canon  law,  and  on  the 
4ecretals,  and  died  1417. 

Ancharano,  James,  or  Paladino,  author 
of  two  carious  books,  on  the  temptations  of 
the  virgin  Mary,  and  of  Christ,  by  the  devil. 

Ancillox,  Uavid,  a  protestant  divine 
bom  at  Metz,  who  in  his  youth  refused  to  sa- 
crifice his  religion  to  the  solicitations  of  the 
Jesuits.  He  studied  divinity  and  pliilosophy 
at  Geneva  under  Du  Pin,  Spanheim,  the 
Deodati,  Sec.  and  deserved  to  be  recommend- 
ed by  the  synod  of  Charcnton  to  the  church 
of  Meaux.  After  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  he  retired  to  Frankfort,  and  set- 
tled at  Hanau,  where  his  dlscoui'ses  were 
heard  and  admired  by  the  most  crowded  audi- 
ences. His  colleagues  in  the  ministry,  how- 
ever, were  jealous  of  his  popularity,  and  their 
little  intrigues  forced  him  to  abandon  the  place 
He  came  to  settle  at  Berlin,  where  he  was 
received  with  kindness  by  the  court,  and  had 
the  satisfaction  to  see  his  family  promoted  to 
places  of  honor  and  trust,  lie  died  in  his 
75th  year,  3d  Sept.  lOO'i.  As  his  learning 
was  very  extensive,  he  published  several  use- 
ful works,  and  from  the  affluence  of  his  cir- 
cumstances, he  made  so  judicious  a  collec- 
tion of  books,  that  it  was  frequently  visited 
as  a  curiosity  by  foreigners  who  travelled 
through  Metz.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
are  a  relation  of  the  controversy  concerning 
traditions,  4to.  1657, — an  apology  for  Luther, 
Zuinglius,  and  Beza,  IfiGO, — the  life  of  Wil- 
liam Farel, — Conversations,  two  vols.  12mo. 
published  by  his  son. 

AxciLi.ox,  Charles,  eldest  son  of  the 
foregoing,  was  born  at  Metz,  July  2'jtb,  1 G59, 
and  was  made  inspector  of  the  French  courts 
of  justice  in  Berlin,  and  historiographer  to 
the  king.  He  wrote  on  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
and  the  persecution  of  the  protestants,  kc. 
and  died  at  Berlin  July  5th,  1751. 

Anckwitz,  a  Pole  of  considerable  abil- 
ities. After  being  employed  by  his  country 
as  ambassador  at  the  court  of  Denmark,  and 


iifegotiating  a  treaty  with  the  ilusians,  he  was, 
at  the  insurrection  of  Warsaw  in  1794,  seiz- 
ed and  imprisoned.  His  enemies  accused 
him  of  attempts  to  betray  bis  country  to  the 
Russians,  and  they  endeavored  to  prove 
the  assertion  by  the  papers  which  they  found 
in  his  possession.  He  was  in  consequence 
condemned  and  hanged  at  Warsaw  with  the 
greatest  ignomy. 

Ancol'rt,  Florent  carton  d,'  a  French 
actor  and  dramatic  writer,  born  at  Fontain- 
bleau,  October  1661.  The  Jesuits  tried  in 
vain  to  gain  hiiu  into  their  society,  but  he 
preferred  the  study  of  philosophy  and  law  to 
divinity,  and  at  last  turned  bis  thoughts  to 
the  stage  by  marrying  in  bis  lyth  year  an  ac- 
tress. Not  satisfied  with  the  unbounded  ap- 
plause given  to  his  popular  exertions,  he 
commenced  writer  for  the  stage,  and  obtain- 
ed by  his  pieces  credit  to  himself  and  wealth 
to  the  actor.  His  conversation  was  so  agree- 
able that  he  was  universally  courted,  and 
Lewis  XIV.  bestowed  many  marks  of  his 
favor  upon  him,  as  also  the  duke  of  Bavaria, 
whose  arrival  at  Paris  was  celebrated  bv  the 
poet,  by^  a  particular  entertainment  written 
on  the  occasion.  Ancourt,  after  being  the 
hero  of  the  stage,  retired  in  1713  to  his  es- 
tate at  Courcelles  le  Roy,  in  Berry,  that  he 
might  devote  himself  to  religion.  He  tliere 
translated  the  psalms  into  verse,  and  wrote 
a  sacred  tragedy  never  pi-inted.  He  died  6th 
December  1726,  in  his  65th  year.  His  plays 
were  52  in  number.  His  works  appeared  m 
9  vols.  12mo.  1729. 

Angus  Marti  us,  fourth  king  of  Rome, 
gained  victories  over  the  r.eigbboring  states, 
and  extended  the  confines  of  his  kingdom  to 
the  sea  shore,  and  built  Ostia.  He  died  after 
a  reign  of  24  years,  B.  C.  646. 

ANDERSO^^,  Alexander,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Paris,  and  author  in  the  16th 
ceqtury  of  a  book  called  Supplementum 
Apolloniilledivivi,  dedicated  to  cardinal  Per- 
ron, 1592. 

Anderson,  Andrew,  a  Glasgow  printer, 
who  obtained  by  clandestine  means  a  patent 
from  Charles  II.  to  print  every  thing  in  Scot- 
land for  41  years.  After  his  death,  his  pa- 
tent was  disputed,  and  though  restricted  to 
the  printing  of  bibles  and  acts  of  Parliament, 
it  sunk  into  contempt. 

Anderson,  Adam,  a  Scotchman,  for  40 
years  employed  as  clerk  to  the  South-sea 
house,  and  also  trustee  for  the  colonization 
in  America,  kc.  He  is  known  as  the  author 
of  an  historical  and  clironological  deduction 
of  trade  and  commerce,  a  most  valuable  book 
published  in  1762,  and  since  re-published, 
four  vols.  4to.  He  was  married  three  times, 
and  died  at  his  house,  Red  Lion-street, 
Clerkenwell,  Jan.  10th,  1775. 

Anderson,  James  D.  D.  brother  to 
Adam,  was  ministci"  of  the  Scots  presbyte- 
rian  church  in  Swallow -street,  London,  and 
editor  of  the  Diplomata  Scotite,  and  Royal 
genealogies.  He  was  a  thoughtless  impru- 
dent man. 

Anderson,  James,  esq.  an  advocate  at 
the  Scotch  bar,  and  clerk  of  the  Scotch  par- 


AN 


AN 


liament  1700.  He  was  author  of  a  masterly 
vindication  of  tlie  in<Ifi)cn(Icncc-  ol  tlicScotili 
jiarlianicnl,  ftn-  wliicli  lie  waspublicJy  thank- 
ed by  that  hotly,  anil  rewarded  with  a  pen- 
sion of  i(K)  i)<)unils  per  .'innuni  He  made  a 
collection  of  records  iVoni  kintj  Duncan  to 
Rohcrt  Bruce,  which  were  beautifully  en- 
graved and  )»nblislivd  in  one  vol.  fol.  by  liinl- 
diman.    He  died  at  Kdinl)uri;h  ITl'J,  a.^ed  ki. 

Anderson,  John,  A.  M.  was  born  near 
filasgow,  and  was  educated  at  St.  Andrews. 
He  Mas  a  popular  preacher,  and  a  nervous 
and  spirited  w  ritt-r  in  favor  of  the  prcsby- 
terians,  against  the  episcopalians.  He  was 
much  abused  by  his  antagonists  especially 
Calder.  He  was  miinster  of  Dumbarton 
1704,  and  in  1710  removed  to  Glasgow.  He 
died  aged  42,  17'2(). 

Anderson,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Lin- 
rnlnshire,  descended  from  a  Scotch  family. 
He  studied  at  Lincoln  college,  O.Ktbrd,  and 
afterwards  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  was 
promoted  to  the  dignity  of  judge  under  Eli- 
zabeth, 1578.  He  Mas  r.dvanced  to  the  office 
of  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas  in  1582, 
and  knighted,  and  four  years  after  he  sat  in 
judgment  upon  the  unfortunate  Mai'y  of  Scot- 
land, w  hose  life  was  saci-ificed  to  the  jealousy 
and  ambition  of  her  rival.  He  afterwards 
presided  at  the  trial  of  Davison,  who  had  is- 
sued the  warrant  for  the  execution  of  that 
■wretched  queen.  During  the  time  that  he 
served  hl.s  country  in  the  capacity  of  judge, 
lie  was  esteemed  for  his  firmness  and  im- 
partiality. He  maintained  the  dignity  of  the 
throne,  and  the  riglits  of  the  people;  hut  he 
never  sacrificed  his  private  feelings  to  influ- 
ence and  cahal,and  he  resisted  Elizabeth  her- 
self, M  hen  .she  was  advised  to  act  contrary  to 
the  laws  of  the  land.  He  was  continued  in  his 
office  under  James,  and  died  first  of  August 
1605.  His  M  orks,  which  are  all  on  laM',  and 
which  fully  evince  the  integrity  of  his  heart, 
and  the  depth  of  his  judgment,  were  publish- 
ed by  I.  Cioldesborough,  esq.  1653,  in  4to. 

An  DEuso  .V,  John,  author  of  the  natural 
history  of  Iceland,  Greenland,  Dafis's  straits, 
&c.  was  syndic  of  his  native  city,  Hamburgh, 
and  acted  as  its  commercial  agent  and  nego- 
tiator in  various  courts  of  Europe.  He  died 
1743. 

Anderson,  George,  a  native  of  Weston, 
Buckinghamshire,  who,  though  for  some 
time  eiigagetl  in  the  humble  occupations  of 
a  day  laborer,  distinguished  himself  by  the 
powers  of  his  genius,  and  his  self-tauglit 
knowledge  of  mathematics.  A  neighboring 
clergyman  saw  and  noticed  the  poM'ers  of  his 
mind,  :•  id  M-ith  friendly  humanity  enabled 
him  to  receive  instructions  at  a  grammar- 
school,  and  to  enter  at  New  College,  Oxford, 
where  he  look  his  master's  degree  and  took 
dej'.con's  orders.  From  Oxford  he  came  to 
London,  nnd  obtained  the  appointment  of 
clerk  in  t-he  board  of  control,  under  the 
present  Lord  Melville  ;  but  so  indefatigable 
was  his  application,  that  he  brought  on  a 
disorder  Mhich  proved  fatal,  SOth  April  1790, 
in  his  36th  year.  His  widow  received  a  pen- 
sion, as  the  reward  due  to  the-  merits  of  lier 
VOL,  I.  10 


husband.  He  M'as  author  of  a  general  view 
ol'  tlie  v;u'i:ilif)ns  in  the  afiaii'S  of  the  East 
India  Company,  since  the  conclusion  of  the 
war  of  1784,  and  he  also  translated  Archime- 
des' treatise  on  measuring  (he  sand. 

A  N  DEiiso  N,  L.irz,  a  minister  of  Ciustavus 
Vasa,  whose  abilities  and  intrigues  raised  him 
from  obscur-ity  to  tht;  dignity  of  chancellor 
of  Sweden.  He  was  the  means  of  the  intro- 
duction of  Luthcranism  into  Sweden. 

Anderson-,  James,  L.  L.  D.  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  formerly  of  Monk's  Hill, 
Aberdeenshire.  Distinguished  by  superior 
talents  for  exj)erimeiital  husbandry,  he 
Mas  employed  by  government  to  examine 
into  the  state  of  the  western  coasts  and  isl- 
ands of  Scotland,  and  confirmed  by  his  rela- 
tions the  accounts  m  hich  had  been  given  of 
the  melancholy  poverty  and  depression  of 
the  inhabitants.  Dr.  A.  Mas  the  author  of 
numerous  works  on  agriculture  and  political 
economy;  and  was  conductor  of  the  Bee,  a 
j)eriodical  jjublication,  consisting  of  essays, 
philosophical,  philological,  and  miscellane- 
ous, published  some  years  ago  at  Ediidjurgh, 
and  discontinued  upon  the  completion  of 
eighteen  small  octavo  volumes.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  several  articles  for  the  Ency- 
clop.  Brit.  1st.  vol.  Edin.  which  are,  under 
the  heads  dictionary,  winds  and  monsoon.s, 
language,  .sound.  He  contributed  numerous 
essays,  under  a  variety  of  signatures,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  Edinburgh  Weekly  Maga- 
zine, the  principal  of  which  Mere,  Agricola, 
Timoleon,  Germanicus,  Clmon,  Scoto  Bri- 
tannus,  E.  Aberdeen,  Henry  Plain,  Impar- 
tial, a  Scot.  He  revieMcd  the  sulject  of 
agriculture  for  the  Monthly  Review  for  sev- 
eral years  He  Mas  born  about  the  year  1739, 
at  Hermiton,  a  village  about  six  miles  from 
Ediaburgh,  and  died  at  West  Ham  near 
London  in  1808. 

Andier  des  Rochers,  John,  a  French 
engraver  born  at  Lyons,  known  for  his  en- 
gravings after  Corregio,  and  particularly  for 
liis  j)ortraits  in  busts  of  persons  distinguished 
by  birth  or  talents,  amounting  to  upM  ards  of 
700,  with  descriptive  verses  at  the  bottom  by 
Ga^on.  He  was  rcM'arded  with  a  fine  gold 
medal  by  the  emperor  Charles  VI.  for  a  por- 
trait of  his  majesty.  He  died  1741,  very 
advanced  in  years. 

Andocides,  an  Atlienian  orator,  four  of 
M'hose  orations  are  extant.  He  florished 
B.  C.  4G0. 

Andrada,  Diego  de  Payva  d',  a  Portu- 
guese, born  at  Conimbria.  He  was  sent  by 
king  Sebastian  to  the  council  of  Trent,  1562, 
and  there  in  defending  the  canons  against 
Chemnitius,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
eloquence  as  a  ])reacher,  nn<\  his  vivacity  in 
reasoning  as  an  author.  Though  a  warm 
catholic  he  is  universally  quoted  by  the  pro- 
testants,  and  deservedly  admired  lor  his 
great  erudition,  deep  penetration,  and  un- 
corrupted  judgment. 

Andrada,  Francis  d',  brother  to  the 
above,  and  historiographer  to  Philip  III.  of 
Spain,  MI'S  author  of  an  history  of  Joho  HI. 
of  Poi-tugal,  printed  1533  in  4to. 


AN 


AN 


Andrara,  Tliomas  d',  reformer  of  the  J 
barefoot  Augustines,  was  called 'I'homas  of  | 
Jesus.  He  was  with  Sebastian  in  Africa,  and 
beirig  taken  by  the  infidels,  was  confined  in 
a  cave,  where  he  wrote  his  "  Sufieriiigs  of 
Jesus,"  translated  into  English  by  Weilon. 
He  refused  to  purchase  his  liberty  accoiding 
to  the  offers  of  his  sister,  but  preferred  con- 
soling tlie  captivity  of  his  fellow  slaves.  He 
died  1682. 

Andrada,  Anthony  d',  a  Jesuit  of  Por- 
tugal, who  when  missionary  discovered  Thi- 
bet and  Cathay,  of  which  he  lias  written  an 
account.     He  died  1634. 

Andre,  Nathaniel  St.  a  surgeon  intimate 
Tiilh  Pope.  He  was  poisoned  by  drinking  a 
glass  with  an  unknown  patient,  1725,  but  un- 
expectedly recovered,  lie  died  advanceil  in 
life  I7r6  at  Soutlianii^on.  He  was  imposed 
upon  in  the  atiair  ot  Mary  Tofts,  but  be  af- 
tei-wanls  discovered  it,  and  publicly  ac- 
knowledged his  error. 

Andre,  John,  aBritish  officer,  who  from 
the  compting  iiouse,  entei'ed  the  army,  and 
embarked  for  the  new  continent  under  gen- 
eral Clinton,  during  the  American  troubles. 
He  rose  by  his  merits  to  the  rank  of  major, 
and  when  general  Arnold  made  an  offer  of 
surrendering  a  strong  position  to  the  iiritish 
forces,  Andre  was  intrusted  with  the  deli- 
cate negotiation.  When  challenged  by  the 
American  out-pcsts,  he  had  the  imprudence 
to  betray  his  commission  by  offering  the  sen- 
tinal  his  watch  and  money  if  permitted  to 
return.  The  offer  was  indignantly  rejected, 
and  Andre  examined  before  the  American 
officers,  and  discovered  by  the  papers  which 
he  had  in  his  pocket,  was  regarded  as  a  spy, 
and  tried  by  a  court-martial,  by  order  of 
general  Wasliington.  He  was  found  guilty, 
and  sentenced  to  be  hanged.  Though  he 
lequested  to  die  like  a  soldier,  the  ignomi- 
nious sentence  was  executed  upon  him  2d 
October  1780,  and  he  fell  with  great  intrepi- 
dity at  the  age  of  29  The  American  gene- 
ral was  censured  for  the  severity  of  his  con- 
duct, and  not  only  Englislunen,  but  the 
Americans  themselves,  murmured  at  the 
cruel  conduct  of  the  new  government,  and 
pitied  the  late  of  a  deserving  officer.  A 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  by 
the  king,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  with  every 
mark  of  respect  which  could  honor  his 
virtues  and  commiserate  his  misfortunes. 

Andreas,  James,  an  eminent  Lutheran, 
born  1528,  at  Warbli'ig  in  the  dutchy  of  Wir- 
temberg.  His  parents,  who  were  poor,  had 
bound  him  to  a  carpenter,  but  he  was  re- 
lieved from  this  humble  situation  by  some 
persons  of  distinction,  who  had  observed  his 
promising  genius,  and  in  two  years  of  close 
application  he  made  himself  master  of  Latin, 
Greek,  and  logic.  He  took  his  degrees  at 
Tubingen,  and  was  in  1540  made  minister 
of  Stutgard,  which  soon  after  he  resigned. 
In  those  turbulent  times  of  theological  con- 
tention he  took  a  bold  and  active  part,  and 
■was  employed  either  as  a  writer  or  as  a  de- 
puted divine,  at  the  public  conferences  held 
at  Worms,  Katisbun,    Augsburg,   kc.      In 


1561  he  was  made  chancellor  and  rector  of 
the  university  of  Tubingen,  and  from  his 
learning  and  eloquence  he  acquired  the 
friendship  of  the  dukes  of  Wirtemberg  and 
j  Brunswick,  and  of  the  emperor  Maximiliau 
I  H.  His  M  orks  are  numerous,  and  all  on 
polemical  divinity,  the  most  famous  of  which 
is  that  on  Concord.  He  died  7th  January, 
159U,  61  years  and  9  months  old.  On  his 
death-bed  he  made  a  solemn  profession  of 
his  faith  in  protestantism,  though  the  catho- 
lics have  asserted  falsely,  that  he  expressed 
wishes  of  being  reconciled  to  the  Roman 
church. 

Andreas,  John,  a  native  of  Mugello 
near  Florence,  who  studied  the  canon  law 
at  Bologna,  and  by  his  application  obtained 
there  a  professor's  chair.  He  gained  great 
popularity  by  his  learning,  as  well  as  by  the 
austerity  of  his  life,  as  much  of  his  time  was 
devoted  to  prayer  and  fasting,  and  he  lay 
upon  the  ground  for  20  years,  covered  only 
with  a  bear  skin.  Poggius,  however  de- 
tracts from  his  merits,  by  mentioning  a  story 
highly  subversive  of  his  great  continence. 
His  daughter,  called  Novella,  was  carefully 
instructed  in  the  learning  of  the  times,  and 
when  her  father  was  employed,  she  was  in- 
troduced in  his  room  to  read  lectures  to  his 
scholars;  but  that  her  great  beauty^  might 
not  draw  off  the  attention  of  her  audience, 
a  curtain  was  placed  before  her.  Novella 
married  John  Caidcrinus,  a  learned  canon- 
ist. The  works  of  Andreas  were  numerous 
and  all  on  law  He  died  of  the  plague  at 
Bologna  in  1348,  after  enjoying  his  profes- 
sorship 45  years.  In  his  epitaph  he  was 
styled  "  Rabbi  doctorum,  lux,  censor,  nor- 
maque  morum ;"  and  pope  Boniface  called 
him  "  lumen  mundi." 

Andreas,  John  Valentine,  a  German 
protestant  divine,  anther  of  some  mystical 
books  in  Latin.  Some  call  him  falsely  the 
founder  of  the  sect  ot  the  Rosicrusians.  He 
died  1654. 

Andreas,  John,  a  Mahometan  of  Xativa 
in  Valencia,  converted  to  Christianity  on 
hearing  a  sermon  in  the  great  church  of 
Valencia.  He  was  instantly  baptized  and 
called  John  Andreas,  from  the  calling  of  St. 
John  and  St.  Andrew.  He  was  afterwards 
admitted  into  holy  orders,  and  exerted  his 
abilities  and  his  zeal  in  the  conversion  of  the 
jNIoors,  with  wonderful  success.  He  translated 
from  the  Arabic  into  Spanish  the  laws  of  the 
Moors,  but  his  njost  valuable  work  was  the 
"  Coid'usion  of  the  sect  of  Mahommed"  in  12 
chapters,  in  which  he  throws  into  view  all 
the  stories,  fables,  absurdities,  and  contra- 
dictions which  theimpf)stor  has  used  as  wea- 
pons to  propagate  his  religion  among  the 
credulous  Arabians.  This  work  has  been 
translated  into  several  languages,  and  is  fre- 
(piently  quoted  by  Christian  writers. 

ANDREiE,  John  Gerhard  Reinhard,  a 
native  of  Hanover,  son  of  an  apothecaiy. 
He  was  brought  up  to  his  father's  ])rofession 
and  followe<l  the  bent  of  his  inclination  in 
travelling  over  different  countries  to  ascei'- 
tain   their   n?Vual  history    and   their  pro- 


AN 


AN 


Unctions,  thus  to  ciiIhi'sc  his  kno\vlciIj;;e  of 
vhemisl!-y  and  botany.  I U-  <lit<l  ir'.l.J,  uj^i-d 
69.  He  w  rote  various  works  on  liis  favorite 
studies,  the  best  known  of  \vbi«li  are  his 
Tour  in  Switzerland,  4t«).  177G — a  treatise 
on  the  several  kinds  of  eartii  found  in  Han- 
over, 1709,  Sec. 

AN'URiiiN'i,  Isabtdla,  a  famous  actress 
born  at  Pa<lua  156'2.  Slie  distinguished  her- 
self not  only  on  the  sta;^e  but  also  as  a  poet- 
ess, and  the  euloginms  passed  upon  her  as 
veil  as  lier  writings  shew  that  she  possessed, 
vith  great  personal  beauty,  wit  ami  genius 
in  a  superior  degree.  She  visited  France, 
■where  she  was  received  by  the  court  with 
particular  attention.  She  died  of  a  miscar- 
riage at  Lyons,  IDlbof  June  1G04,  in  her4'2d 
year,  and  her  husband  Fran,  is  Andreini 
praised  her  virtues  in  the  following  ei)itai)h  : 
•*  Isab.  Andr.  Patavina  mulier  magna  virtute 
pra'ditn,  honestatis  ornanientum,  maritalis- 
cjue  pudifitiie  decus,  ore  facunda,  mente 
fiecunda,  religiosa,  pia,  niusis  arnica,  et  artis 
sceniccC  caput,  hie  resurrectionem  expectat." 
Her  compositions  were,  sonnets,  songs,  mad- 
rigals, eclogues,  hue.  printed  at  -Milan  1G05. 
Her  husband,  who  quitted  the  stage  on  her 
death,  m  rote  some  dialogues  which  possessed 
merit. 

And  RE  LINUS,  Publ.  Faustus,  a  native 
of  Forli  in  Italy,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
]*aris,  and  poet  laureat  to  Lewis  Xll.  and  to 
his  (jueen.  He  was  dissolute  in  his  manners, 
but  neither  his  life  nor  his  satires  against 
the  clergy,  as  Erasmus  observes,  brought 
him  into  trouble.  His  epistles  were  learned, 
witty,  and  useful,  and  his  verses  elegant, 
especially  those  on  Livia  his  mistress,  wliich 
procured  him  the  prize  of  Latin  poetry 
from  the  Roman  academy.  He  died  1518. 
His  works  consist  of  four  books  of  love-let- 
ters, miscellaneous  elegies,  about  200  dis- 
lichs,  and  the  12  eclogues  published  by  Opo- 
rinus  in  his  collection  of  38  Bucolic  poets. 

Andrew,  St.  a  fisherman  of  Bethsaida 
in  (iaiilee.  After  being  for  some  time  a  dis- 
ciple of  John  the  Baptist,  he  was  called  with 
his  brother  Peter  to  witness  the  holy  life  and 
to  learn  the  doctrines  of  our  blessed  Saviour. 
It  is  supposed  that  he  preached  the  gospel  in 
Scythia,  and  that  there  he  was  put  to 
death  on  a  cross  of  the  figure  of  the  let- 
ter X. 

Andrew,  a  native  of  Damascus,  bishop 
of  Aleria  in  Crete,  and  thence  called  of 
Crete,  and  of  Jerusalem,  because  he  re- 
tired there  and  died  720,  or  723.  He  wrote 
commentaries  on  some  hooks  of  scri[)tures, 
besides  sermons,  published  at  Paris  1044, 
folio. 

Andrew,  a  native  of  Pisa,  known  as  a 
sculptor,  architect,  painter,  and  musician. 
He  was  highly  honored  by  the  Florentines, 
many  of  whose  edifices  were  built  on  l»is 
plans,  as  also  the  arsenal  of  Venice.  He 
died  at  Florence  1330,  aged  GO. 

Andrew,  bishop  of  Samosata,  ably  de- 
fended Theodoret  against  Cyril,  in  the  5th 
century.    Some  of  his  letters  are  still  extant. 

Andrew,  Jonn,  secretary  of  the  Vatican 


and  bishop  of  Aleria  in  Corsica,  puLlishcd 
editions  (,\  Livy,  Auliis  (itllius,  Hcior.ius, 
Strabo,  &tc.  and  died  1493. 

A  \  UKEW,  of  Itatisbon,  was  author  of  a 
chronicle  of  the  dukis  ol  Bavaria,  and  of  an 
histoi-y  of  Jiohemia,  in  the  15th  cejitury. 

A.NiJKKW,  Toliias,  awth<»r  of  Mrlbodi 
Cartesiana;  assertio  |irinted  1Gj3,  was  a  liuld 
defender  of  the  (Jartesian  philosoph}'.  He  was 
jirofessor  of  (ireek  and  of  histor}  at  (ironin- 
gen,  and  died  1G7G. 

Andrew  del  Sarto,  a  paint<'r  horn 
at  Florence  1183,  son  of  a  tavior.  He  wnn 
a  great  favorite  of  Francis  I.  ol  France,  m  ho 
wished  to  retain  him,  but  in  ^ain,  as  his  wife 
insisted  upon  his  residence  in  Italy  He  is 
jiarticularly  commended  for  the  coloring  of 
his  pictures,  and  the  correctness  and  elc» 
gance  of  his  figui-es.  though  there  is  a  cold- 
ness and  uniformity  in  all.  He  possesserl  the 
happy  talent  of  copying  pictures  to  such 
perfection,  that  Julio  liomano,  who  had 
finished  tlie  draperies  of  Raphael's  Leo  Xth. 
took  a  copy  of  that  celebrated  piece  by  Del 
Sarto  for  tho  original.     He  died  15.30. 

Andrew,  Valei-ius,  a  native  of  Brabant, 
born  1588,  jjrofessor  of  civil  law  at  Louvain, 
and  author  of  Bibliolheca  Belgica,  or  account 
of  Belgic  worthies,  valuable  for  the  informa- 
tion it  contains,  though  occasionally  inaccu- 
rate, published  1C43.  He  was  still  living  in 
1G52. 

Andrew,  Ives  Mary,  a  native  of  Cha- 
teaulin  in  Cornouailles,  professor  of  maihe- 
matics  at  Caen  for  33  years.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning  and  genuine  vivacity.  His 
poetry  is  admired,  but  his  chief  work  is 
his  essay  sur  le  beau,  as  also  his  traite  sur 
rhomme.  He  retired  from  his  laborious 
office  1759,  and  died  1764,  February  2Glh,  in 
his  89th  year.  His  works  Avere  published  to- 
gether 17G6,  five  vols.  12mo. 

Andrew  I.  king  of  Hungary,  eldest  son 
of  Ladislaus  the  bald,  left  his  native  country 
with  B(.la  his  brother  in  1044,  when  Peter 
was  raised  to  the  throne.  He  Avas  afterwards 
invited  back  by  the  people,  who  m  ished  to 
restore  the  Pagan  religion,  but  w  hen  invest- 
ed with  the  royal  power  he  violated  his  j)ro- 
mise,  and  obliged  his  barbarous  subjects  to 
embrace  Christianity.  He  was  attacked  by 
his  brother  and  slaiii  in  battle,  1059. 

.Andrew  IT.  king  of  Hungary,  succeeded 
his  nephew  La<lislans  1204.  Me  Avas  in  the 
crusades,  and  behaAed  with  such  valor  that 
he  obtained  the  surname  of  lerosolymilan. 
He  was  successful  in  the  wars  m  which  he 
Avas  engaged,  and  he  endeavored  to  melio- 
rate the  situation  of  the  middle  ranks  of  his 
kingdom.     He  died  1235. 

Andrew  III.  king  of  Hungary,  grandson 
of  the  preceding,  succeeded  on  the  death  of 
Ladislaus,  1209.  His  elevation  Avas  opposed 
by  Charles  of  Sicily,  son  of  Ladislaus'  sister, 
and  a  civil  war  and  all  its  terrors  Avere  the 
consequence.  The  troubles  continued  till 
the  death  of  both  the  rivals,  av  ho  died  the 
same  year  1305 

Andrew,  son  of  king  Charobcrt  of  Hun- 
gary, king  of  Naples,  Avas  called  by  the  Xca- 


AN 


AN 


politans  Andreasso.  He  married  Joan  II. 
queen  of  Xai)les  his  cousin,  but  such  was 
the  dishke  which  was  kiudled  between  these 
youthful  sovereigns,  that  the  queen  was  at 
last  persuaded  by  her  favorites  to  consent  to 
the  assassination  of  her  husband  in  his  19th 
year,  1345. 

Andrews  or  An  due  we,  Eusebius,  a 
barrister  of  good  family  in  Middlesex,  se- 
cretary to  lord  Capel,  and  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  wars,  a  colonel  in  Charles' 
service.  After  the  loss  of  Worcester,  he 
attempted  the  recovery  of  the  island  of  Ely, 
and  being  taken  prisoner  by  tlie  republican 
army  he  was  prosecuted  before  Bradshaw 
and  the  high  court  of  justice.  He  was  con- 
demned to  be  hanged  and  quartered,  but  on 
bis  petition  the  sentence  was  changed  to  be- 
heading, which  he  suffered  with  great  forti- 
tude on  Tower  Hill,  22d  August  1650. 

Andrews,  Lancelot,  an  English  divine, 
born  in  London  1565.  After  being  educated 
at  Merchant  Taylors',  he  entered  on  one  of 
Dr.  Watts'  scholarships  at  Pembroke-hall, 
Cambridge,  wliere  he  distinguished  himself 
as  a  public  lecturer  in  divinity.  His  abilities 
■were  made  known  to  Walsingham,  secretar}" 
to  Elizabeth,  who  procured  for  him,  on  the 
death  of  Fulke,  St.  Giles  Cripplegate  in  Lon- 
don, and  a  prebend  and  residentiaryship  of 
St.  Paul's.  He  was  afterwards  chosen  mas- 
ter of  his  college,  and  on  the  decease  of 
Elizabeth  he  gained  the  favor  of  James  so 
much  by  his  pulpit  eloquence,  that  the  mon- 
arch emj)ioyed  liim  to  defend  his  knightly 
right  against  the  attack  of  cardinal  Bellar- 
mine,  under  the  name  of  Matthew  Tortus. 
Andrews  supported  his  cause  with  firjnness 
and  spirit  in  his  Tortura  torti,  and  the  king 
rewarded  his  zeal  with  the  rank  of  privy 
counsellor,  and  the  place  of  almoner,  the 
deanery  of  the  royal  chapel,  and  the  bishop- 
ric of  Chichester  1605,  He  was  afterwards 
advanced  to  Ely,  and  then  to  Wmchester ; 
but  though  he  enjoyed  in  the  highest  degree 
the  favors  of  the  monarch,  he  did  not  forget 
the  dignity  of  his  character,  or  his  indepen- 
dence as  an  Englishman ;  and  uhen  James 
wished  to  know  the  sentiments  of  his  cour- 
tiers with  respect  to  raising  money  without 
parliamentar}'  authority,  he  found  Andrews 
decidedly  severe  against  the  unconstitutional 
measure.  He  died  at  Winchester-house  in 
Southwark,  Sci)tember  27,  1626,  and  was 
huried  in  St.  Saviour's  church,  where  a 
neat  monument  is  erected.  Milton  has  writ- 
ten an  elegant  elegy  on  him.  Besides  the 
Tortura  torti,  he  Avrote  a  manual  of  devo- 
tions in  Greek,  translate*!  by  Stanhope  into 
English,  a  volume  of  sermons  printed  after 
his  decease  by  Laud  and  Buckeridge,  and 
lie  had  a  share  in  translalins:  the  Pentateuch 
and  the  books  from  Joshua  to  1st  Clironicles. 

Andriscus,  an  impostor  who  pretended 
1o  be  the  son  of  Perses  the  last  king  of  Ma- 
i-e<lonia.  After  i-eigning  some  time  over  the 
country,  he  was  defeated  by  the  Romans, 
and  put  to  death  by  order  of  the  senate, 
B.  C.  147. 

Andromachus,  a  Cretan,  pliysician  to 
the  emperor  Nero. 


Andronicus  I.  son  of  Isaac  Commenus, 
was  impriso'.ied  for  his  rebellious  conduct 
against  the  emperor  Manuel,  but  after  12 
years  confinement,  he  escaped  into  Russia, 
and  on  the  elevation  of  voune  Alexis  11.  he 
had  the  art  to  cause  himself  to  be  received 
as  a  protector,  and  as  partner  of  the  throne. 
Thus  armed  with  power  he  strangled  the 
unsuspecting  youth,  and  seated  himself  sole 
emperor  on  tlie  throne  of  Constantinople 
11S;3,  in  his  71  st  year.  His  cruelties  however 
rendered  him  odious,  and  he  was  two  years 
aflei"  seized  in  an  insurrection,  and  put  to 
death  in  the  most  ignominious  manner,  and 
Isaac  Angelus  placed  in  his  room. 

Androxicus  PaljEologus  II.  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Michael  A  HI.  1282  His 
feeble  rule  was  unable  to  witiistand  the  at- 
tacks of  barliarians  from  without,  and  the 
dissentions  of  contending  cliiefsfrom  within  ; 
and  he  was  banished  from  the  throne  by  his 
grandson  of  the  same  name,  and  finished  his 
days  in  a  monastery  1332,  aged  74. 

Andronicls  Pal.£Ol,ogus  III.  grand- 
son of  the  preceding,  was  warlike,  bold,  and 
enterprising.  He  died  of  a  fever  occasioned 
by  intem])ei'ance,  universally  regretted  by 
his  subjects,  June  1341,  in  his  45th  year. 

Andkonicus  IV.  was  associated  to  his 
father  John  V.  on  the  Constantinopolitan 
throne,  1355.  His  perfidy  irritated  his  father, 
who  put  out  one  of  his  eyes,  and  raised  his 
brotherManuel  in  his  place.  He  died  in  exile. 

Androtsticus,  founder  of  a  sect  of  the 
same  name,  adopted  the  errors  of  the  Seve- 
rian.s,  and  supported  that  the  upper  part  of 
a  woman  was  the  work  of  God,  but  the  lower 
the  work  of  the  devil. 

Andronicus,  a  learned  man  of  Thessa- 
lonica,  who  took  refuge  in  Italy,  after  the 
fall  of  Constantinople,  and  taught  Greek  at 
Rome,  Florence,  and  Paris.  He  died  at 
Paris  1478. 

Andronicus,  Livius,  the  oldest  of  the 
Roman  dramatists.  His  first  piece  was  pre- 
sented before  the  Roman  people  about  240 
B.C. 

Andronicus,  Cyrestes,  an  Athenian, 
said  to  be  the  inventor  of  weather-cocks,  and 
the  architect  of  the  famous  octagon  temple 
built  at  Athens  in  honor  of  the  winds. 

Andronicus,  a  Rbodian  philosopher, 
M'ho  published  the  collected  works  of  Ai'is- 
totle.  He  florished  in  the  age  of  Sylla, 
about  63  B,  C. 

Androuet  du  Cerceau,  James,  an 
architect  at  the  end  of  the  16th  century,  who 
furnished  the  designs  for  the  grand  gallery 
of  the  Louvre,  the  Pontneuf,  kc.  He  pub- 
lished some  Morks  on  his  profession,  and 
died  abroad,  whither  he  had  retired  as  a 
zealous  disciple  of  Calvin. 

An  DRY,  Nicholas,  a  professor  of  philoso- 
phy, and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  medicine  at 
Paris,  was  a  native  of  Lyons,  and  author  of 
several  treatises  now  little  known,  except 
those  on  medicine,  which  preserve  his  fame, 
especially  a  treatise  on  the  generation  of 
worms  in  the  human  body — on  phlebotomy 
— on  orthoptcdia,  or  the  method  of  correcting 


AN 


AN 


deformities    in     cliildrcn.      lie   died     1742, 
aged  S+. 

Aneau,  Bai-tholoinew,  a  native  of  liour- 
ges,  priiieipal  of  tlie  college  of  Lyons.  In 
1565,  during  a  piocussicjii,  a  slonc  uns 
thrown  from  the  college  upon  the  priest 
•who  carried  the  consecrated  breiid,  and  im- 
mediately the  i)lace  was  stormed,  and 
Aneau,  whose  (Jalvinistical  opinions  were 
un[>opidar,  being  found  alone  and  suspected, 
was  (Iragged,  and  inhumanly  niui-dered  by 
the  poi)ulace.  He  was  atillior  of  some  satires 
and  other  pieces  in  I'rencli  and  in  l>atii\. 

Anello,  Thomas,  called  commoidy 
Massanieilo,  a  fisherman  of  Naples,  born 
16'>).  He  felt  lor  the  wrongs  of  his  counti-y, 
M'hen  the  Austrian  government,  to  which 
Naples  was  subject,  laid  a  f»-esh  tax  upon 
fruits  which  the  already  oppi-csscd  people 
■were  unable  to  bear.  A  number  of  hoys,  to 
the  amount  of  iiCKX),  between  the  age  of  16 
and  17,  were  armed  with  canes  by  the  de- 
magogue, the  \  iceroy  was  attacked,  and  the 
government  was  susitended.  Anello  posses- 
sed firmness  and  popularity,  and  he  was  in- 
vested with  the  supreme  power,  and  saw 
himself  suddenly  at  the  liead  of  150,(>'J0 
people,  who  with  the  most  imj)licit  obedi- 
ence bowed  to  his  v^ry  nod.  In  his  cl<  vation 
he  did  not  forgt;t  the  right  of  the  nation,  he 
signed  a  solemn  convention  with  the  terrified 
government,  and  after  he  had  secured  the 
freedom  of  the  subject,  he  nobly  determined 
to  lay^  aside  his  power,  and  to  retire  to  a 
private  station.  The  thought  was  heroic, 
but  the  solicitations  of  his  wde  and  kindred, 
or  the  more  powerful  calls  of  ambition,  for- 
bad it ;  and  he  still  continued  his  authority, 
lost  in  debauchery  and  intemperance,  tiil 
tlie  dagger  of  four  assassins  rid  the  world  of 
a  man  whom  the  into.xication  of  splendor 
began  to  render  cruel  and  vindictive,  1047. 

AxEURiN,  a  British  poet,  celebrated  as 
the  king  of  bards,  and  also  as  the  heroic 
leader  of  the  Olidinian  Britons  at  the  battle 
of  Cattraeth.  The  valor  displayed  on  this 
bloody  day^  was  celebrated  by  the  warlike 
bard  in  a  poem  which  is  still  preserved 
among  the  recortls  of  Welch  literature,  as 
also  his  odes  of  the  months.  He  died  aljont 
570.  Some  suppose  that  this  fanied  poet 
•was  the  same  as  the  veuerable  historian 
Gild  as. 

AxGE  DE  St.  Joseph,  le  Pere,  a  Car- 
melite of  Toulouse,  whose  real  name  was  la 
Rrosse.  He  travelled  into  Persia  as  mis- 
sionary, and  translated  the  Persian  pharma- 
copeia into  Latin,  pi'inied  1631,  8vo.  Paris, 
besides  a  treatise  on  the  language  of  the 
counti-y,  a  useful  and  very  valuable  jier- 
formance,  edited  Amsterdam,  1684,  folio. 
He  died  at  Perpignan,  1697. 

AxGE  DE  Sie.  Rosalie,  a  learned 
Augustine  born  at  Blois.  He  died  at  Paris 
1726,  aged  71,  before  he  had  completed  the 
new  edition  of  the  history  of  the  royal  familv 
of  France,  &c.  by  Anselm.  This  valuable 
work  was  afterwards  edited  by  Sfmplicien 
his  associate,  in  U  vols,  folio.  Ange  had 
■written  before  I'Etat  de  la  France,  5  vols. 
12mo. 


Anceli,  Bonaventurc,  a  native  of  }"cr- 
rara,  and  professor  of  the  law,  author  of  the 
history  of  l^irma,  printed  1591.  He  died 
1576,  at  Pa!'ma,  where  he  had  settled. 

Angeli,  Jialdus,  an  Italian  physician  of 
reputation,  author  of  a  Latin  ti-eatise  ou 
vipers  I.) SO,  ito.  He  lived  at  the  latter  end 
of  the  16th  century. 

Ange  1,1,  Peter,  a  Latin  i)Oet  of  Barga 
in  Tuscany.  After  teaching  the  learned 
languages  at  Ileggio  in  Lombardy,  he  came 
to  I'isa,  whei-e  Cosmo  I.  patronised  him,  and 
seated  him  on  a  prolesxorial  chair.  \N  hen 
the  town  was  suddeidy  besieged  by  Strozzi 
in  1554,  Angeli  animated  the  students  by  liis 
examjile,  and  withstood  tiie  enemy  till  suc- 
cours came  from  Floi-ence.  He  \»  role  two 
])oems,  Cynegeticon  or  of  the  Chase,  in  six 
books,  pi-inted  in  Svo  1568,  \\liich  cost  hini 
'JU  years  labor,  and  Syrius  or  the  cxpeflitioti 
of  (jodfrey  de  Bouillon,  in  1'2  books,  1591, 
4to.     He  died  1596,  aged  79. 

A  ngeltc,  John,  a  Dominican  of  P'iezo- 
la,  known  as  the  painter  of  p«>pe  Nicholas 
V's  chapel,  for  which  he  refused  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Floi-ence.  He  is  said  to  have 
left  designedly  some  inaccuracies  in  his  great 
works,  that  he  might  not  draw  too  much  the 
admiration  of  mankind.  He  died  1455, 
aged  63. 

Axgei.is,  Dominicode,  a  native  of  Leccc 
in  Otrar.to,  wliose  learning  {)rocured  him  ad- 
mission int  >  the  most  celebrated  academies, 
when  he  travelled  through  France  and  Spain. 
When  IMiilip  V.  of  Spain  was  master  of 
Naples,  he  was  ajj^iointed  Jjistoriograplier, 
.  and  afterwards  Mas  made  secretary  to  the 
duke  of  Gravina.  He  deserved  every  dis- 
tinction, as  his  services  in  literature  show. 
His  compositions  are  14  in  number,  mosllv 
upon  historical,  biographical,  or  critical  sub- 
jects, in  Italian.  He  died  at  Lecce,  0th  Au- 
gust 1719,  in  his  44th  y^ear. 

A  ngelo  Bug  XAROTi,  Michael,  a  great 
painter,  sculptor,  and  architect.  He  was 
born  1474,  at  the  castle  ofChiusi  in  Tuscanv, 
and  was  nursed  by  a  woman  of  Settinianno, 
whose  husband  was  endnent  as  a  sculptoi-, 
so  that  he  was  said  to  have  sucked  sculptor 
with  his  very  milk.  His  genius  was  carlv 
displayed,  and  it  raised  such  jealousy  among 
his  youthful  rivals,  that  one  of  them,  Tcr- 
rigianno,  struck  him  with  such  violence  ou 
the  nose,  that  he  carried  the  mark  to  his 
grave.  The  protection  of  Lorenzo  de  Me- 
dicis  raised  him  to  consequence.  An  acade- 
my was  erected,  but  tlie  jjaintei- fled  m  ith  liis 
patron  during  the  troubles  of  Florence,  and 
retired  to  Bologna.  It  is  said  that,  about 
this  time,  lie  made  and  buried  an  image  of 
Cupid  at  Rome,  which  was  soon  after  dug 
up,  and  considered  by  ciii'dinal  (iregorv  as  a 
most  valuable  antique,  till  -Michael  Angelo 
proved  it  to  be  his  own,  by  fitting  to  it  the 
1)i'oken  arm  which  it  had  lost,  and  which  he 
had  kept  on  pui-pose.  Tlie  most  celebrated 
of  '.lis  pieces  is  his  last  judgnient,  painted 
for  Paul  HI.  tliough  it  is  perhaps  to  be  lamen- 
ted, that  the  artist's  revenge  had  been  cruel- 
ly immortalized,  by   liis  representiition  of  a 


x\N 


AN 


cflr4linal,  who  was  his  enemy,  in  the  number 
of  tlie  damned.  His  architectural  abilities 
are  best  displayed  in  the  public  buildings  of 
Florence,  and  particularly  of  Rome,  where 
he  completed  the  building  of  Si.  Peter's 
church,  in  the  execution  of  which  he  spent 
17  laborious  years  without  salary.  He  was 
also  an  elegant  poet,  as  his  sonnets,  canzonets, 
bcc.  published  by  his  grand-nephew  at  Flor- 
ence 1627,  fully  show.    He  died  1564,aged  00. 

AxGELO,  Thomas  de,  an  ecclesiastic, 
author  of  an  history  of  Sicily  for  the  first  five 
centuries,  and  of  other  works.  He  died  in 
anadvanceil  age  at  Messina,  1720. 

A>fGEL0\T,  Francis,  born  at  Terni  in 
Spolatto,  was  author  of  an  history  of  his  na- 
tive town,  and  of  a  valuable  Augustan  histo- 
ry t)y  medals,  from  J.  Csesar  to  Constantine 
the  great,  the  best  edition  of  which  is  Rome 
1685,  fol.  He  wrote  also  the  history  of  Ter- 
ni, and  died  1652. 

Angel  us,  Christopher,  a  learned  Greek, 
driven  from  Peloponnesus  by  the  Turks. 
He  came  to  England,  and  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge under  the  patronage  of  the  bishop  of 
Norwich.  He  afterwards  went  to  Baliol  col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  proved  very  useful 
in  instructing  the  students  in  Greek.  He  died 
1638.  He  was  author  of  several  works,  the 
most  valuable  of  which  is  his  account  of  his 
sufferings,  printed  1617,  in  Greek  and  English. 

AxGiER,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Dedham, 
in  Essex,  educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  ejected  for  nonconformity 
from  hisliving  at  Denton,  Lancashire,  in  1662, 
and  died  1677,  aged  72.  He  was  author  of 
a  theological  treatise  called  a  lielp  to  better 
hearts  for  better  times. 

Angii.bert,  St.  descended  from  a  no- 
ble family  of  Neustria,  studied  under  Alcui- 
nus  wilh  Charlemagne,  and  not  only  became 
his  minister  and  favorite,  but  married  his 
daughter  Bertha.  He  was  made  governor 
of  the  coast  from  the  Scheld  to  the  Seine, 
but  he  resigned  his  honors  and  the  company 
of  his  wife  for  the  monastery  of  Centula  or 
St.  Requier  of  which  he  became  the  abbot. 
He  was  often  drawn  from  his  I'eligious  re- 
tirement to  affairs  of  state ;  he  went  three 
times  to  Rome,  and  saw  Charlemagne  crown- 
ed emperor  of  the  West.  Of  his  works  few 
remain.  He  was  so  elegant  a  poet  that  Char- 
lemagne called  hin»  his  Ifomer.  He  died  the 
18th  of  February  814. 

AxGioLELuo,  boiMi  at  Vicenza,  wrote 
in  the  Italian  and  Turkish  tongue  an  history 
of  Mahomet  I.  which  he  inscribed  to  him. 
He  had  been  slave  to  Miistapha  in  an  expe- 
dition to  Persia  1473,  antl  therefore  his  his- 
tory isthatof  an  eye  witness.  He  wrote  also 
Iho  history  of  Usson  Casson. 

Axci.icus,  Gdbertus,  physician  to  Her- 
bert, archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  author 
of  a  compendinm  of  physic,  the  earliest  ex- 
tant, of  which  Dr.  Freind  has  spoken  at 
length.  He  lived  acconling  to  some  at  the 
latter  end  of  the  l;)lli  century. 

Anglic  us,  Ricardus,  an  English  medical 
Avriter,  who  studied  at  Oxford,  and  after- 
wards at  Paris.    He  was  a  very  early  author 


on  medicine,  and  eminent  in  his  profession., 
A  list  of  his  works  is  preserved  in  Aikin's 
Biog.  Mem.  of  medicine.  He  lived  about  1230. 

Anglus,  Thomas,  an  English  priest,  the 
friend  of  Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  known  by  the 
several  names  of  Albius  Candidus,  Bianchi, 
Richworth,  White,  and  Vitus,  which  he  as- 
sumed in  the  different  countries  of  Europe, 
where  he  spent  the  greatest  part  of  his  life. 
He  distinguished  himself  by  Iiis  learning  and 
genius,  but  his  fondness  for  the  Peripatetic 
philosophy,  and  his  attempts  to  apply  the 
principlesofAristole  to  explain  the  mysteries 
of  religion,  created  him  many  enemies,  who 
procured  the  condemnation  of  his  writings, 
both  at  Doua,.v  and  at  Rome.  He  died  after 
the  restoration  of  Charles  H.  but  the  year  is 
unknown. 

Anguier,  Francis  and  Michael,  two  bro- 
thers, natives  of  Eu,  in  Normandy,  who  a- 
dorned  Paris  by  their  beautiful  sculptures. 
The  former  died  1699,  aged  95,  and  the  other 
1686,  aged  74.  The  tomb  of  James  Souvre 
at  St.  John  de  Lateran,  the  ornaments  of  St. 
Denis,  &c.  are  among  the  most  admired  pie- 
ces of  Michael  ;  and  of  those  of  F'rancis,  the 
large  crucifix  over  the  high  altar  of  the  churclt 
of  the  Sorbonne,  the  mausoleum  of  the  duke 
of  Montmorency,  at  Moulines,  of  De  Thou. 

Anguillari,  John  Andre  del',  an  es- 
teemed Italian  poet,  who  wrote  a  tragedy  on 
CEdipus,  notes  on  the  Orlando  of  Ariosto, 
and  a  valuable  translation  of  Ovid's  Meta- 
morphoses, printed  \  enice  1554  in  4to.  He 
lived  in  the  16th  century. 

Angusciola,  Sophonisba,  a  native  of 
Almona  in  Italy,  eminent  for  her  historical 
and  portrait  paintings.  She  bestowed  sucli 
attention  to  her  profession  that  she  became 
blind.  She  died  1626,  aged  93.  Her  sister 
Lucia  and  Europa,  also  excelled  in  the  exe- 
cution of  the  pencil. 

A  NT  GET  us,  pope  of  Romc,  after  Pius,  157, 
suffered  martyrdom  under  M.  Aurelius,  168, 

Anich,  Peter,  son  of  a  turner,  was  born  at 
Oberpersuf  near  Inspruck  1723,  and  after 
being  employed  as  a  laborer  and  a  shepherd, 
his  genius  for  mechanics  burst  forth,  and  was 
improved  and  corrected  by  the  friendly  as- 
sistance of  father  Hill  a  Jesuit.  He  was  ad- 
mired for  his  knowledge  of  astronomy,  for 
the  elegance  and  accuracy  of  the  maps  and 
charts  which  he  drew  ;  and  the  pair  of  globes 
Avhich  he  made  for  the  university  of  Inspruck 
were  justly  considered  as  of  superior  beauty 
and  value.  He  died  earl)'  in  life  1766,  seri- 
ously lamented,  and  the  empress  queen  hon- 
ored his  memory  by  bestowing  a  pension  of 
50  florins  on  his  sister. 

A  Ni  CH I  Ni,  Lewis,  a  Venetian  engraver, 
much  celebrated  for  the  delicacy  and  preci- 
sion with  which  he  engraved  even  the  min- 
utest objects.  It  was  at  the  sight  of  his  pie- 
ces that  Michael  Angelo  exclaimed,  that  the 
art  of  engraving  under  his  haiul  had  reached 
the  summit  of  pei'fection.  His  best  pieces 
was  a  medal  of  Alexander  the  great,  pros- 
trating himself  before  the  high-priest  at  Je- 
rusalem, the  bead  of  pope  Paul  III.  and  Hen- 
ry HI.  of  France  on  the  reverse. 


AN 

AxiELLo,  Thomas,  vid.  Anrllo. 

A  N  KEus  r  AOOM,  John  .lanns,f»  Sw  tdisli 
otHce  r  who,  in  llic  wartarritd  on  In  Swtdcn 
agauist  Uussia,  surtercd  liiiiisclf  to  be  gained 
over  against  the  intrrcsls  c»t'  his  country. 
lie  was  (liseovered  and  sentenced  to  dcalli, 
but  tlie  pardon  othis  king,  instead  «trproducing 
gratitude  and  h))aliiy,  rendered  his  iialred 
more  inveterate.  He  cunspired  against  Cius- 
tavus,  and  as  the  unsuspecting  njonarch  cn- 
teied  a  room  wliere  a  masked  hall  was  assem- 
bled, the  assassin  disciiarged  at  him  a  pistol 
containing  two  halls  and  some  nails.  'I'he 
wound  was  mortal  and  the  king  expired,  2yih 
ISIarch  IT'J'J.  The  2rth  ol  April  following 
the  bloody  murderer  was  led  to  execution,  hut 
instead  of  contrition  he  gloried  in  his  deed. 
His  right  hand  and  his  head  were  cut  ofi". 

Anna  Commena,  daughter  of  Alexis 
Commenus  emperor  of  Constantinople,  anrl 
celebrated  for  the  Greek  history  which  she 
has  written,  in  which,  uith  great  elegance  and 
spirit,  though  often  willi  partiality,  she 
records  the  events  which  dislinguisiied  her 
lather's  reign. 

AxNA  IvAXOVNA,  daughter  of  Ivan  A - 
lexiovitch,  emperor  of  Russia,'married  in  1710 
Frederic  William  duke  of  Courland,  and  suc- 
ceeded Peter  H.  on  the  throne  1730.  At 
the  death  of  her  husband,  1719,  she  took  for 
her  favorite  Biren,  a  person  of  low  birth,  but 
great  duplicity ;  and  when  raised  to  the  throne 
her  subjects  were  ruled  by  this  capricious 
and  cruel  minion,  who  it  is  said  banished  no 
less  than  20,000  persons  to  Siberia  through 
pique,  malice  and  revenge.  Anna  died  1740, 
aged  47.  She  was  succeeded  by  her  grand- 
nephew  Ivan,  whose  minority  was  intrusted 
to  the  care  of  the  guilty  Biren,  now  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  duke  of  Courland. 

Annand,  "William,  A.  M.  a  native  of 
Edinburgh,  m  ho  was  cliosen  one  of  the  min- 
isters and  became  a  popular  preacher  there. 
He  behaved  with  great  kindness  towards  the 
persecuted  presbyterians,  and  opposed  James 
when  he  wished  to  dispense  with  the  penal 
laws.  At  the  revolution  he  was  made  dean 
of  Kaphoe  in  Ireland,  where  he  died  1710, 
aged  64.  He  wrote  a  volume  of  valuable  ser- 
mons, little  known. 

Annat,  P'rancis,  a  native  of  Rouergue, 
of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  teacher  of  phil- 
osophy at  Toulouse,  and  afterwards  employed 
at  Rome  and  in  France,  iu  the  service  of  the 
pope.  He  was  made  confessor  to  the  French 
king  1054,  which  oflice  he  held  IG  years,  and 
then  solicited  his  dismission  from  increasing 
infirmities.  He  is  known  for  his  great  zeal 
in  opposing  the  Jansenists,  and  for  his  un- 
common modesty  and  disinterestedness  w  hich 
never  employed  the  influence  he  possessed 
at  court  to  promote  his  family.  His  wri- 
tings, which  are  controversial,  are  admired 
for  great  judgment,  learning,  and  modera- 
tion.    He  died  at  Paris  1G70,  aged  80. 

Anne,  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip  II. 
of  Spain  man-ied  Lewis  XIII.  1C15,  and  was 
mother  of  Lewis  XIV.  of  France.  The  in- 
trigues of  Richelieu  rendered  her  marriage 
state  imliappy,  but  during  the  minoriiy  of  iicr 


AN 

j  son,  she  was  permitted  to  govern  the  kingdom 
In  means  ol. Mazarine  ;  hut  though  she  (ilfend- 
ed  the  nation  by  means  of  this  lavorile,  her 
power  was  rendered  popular  by  the  victories 
of  the  great  Cond<;.  W  hen  Lewis  \1V.  suc- 
ceeded to  the  government  in  lOtio,  •,|ie  retired 
to  a  con>ent,  and  died  1C06,  aged  G4. 

A  N  N  E,  of  Beauicu,  daughter  of  L«Mvis  XII. 
of  France,  married  the  dukiMif  Bourbon,  and 
w  as  legent  during  the  minority  of  her  brother 
(Charles  \  111.  Ilei*  government  was  marked 
by  prudence,  iirmness,  and  wisdom,  thoiigU 
in  her  private  character  she  was  vindictive 
and  violent.  Jibe  died  at  Chantelle  Id'J'J, 
aged  GO. 

Anne,  of  Britany,wa.s daughter  and  lieir- 
ess  of  the  I.ist  duke  of  thaldutrhy.  She  was 
wife  of  Maximilian  of  Austria,  and  next 
married  Charles  \  III.  of  Prance,  and  after 
his  death  Lewis  XII.  She  was  celebrated 
for  her  beauty,  her  modesty,  and  her  [latron- 
age  of  the  learned  and  the  indigent.  She 
died  1514  in  her  S8th  year. 

Anne,  of  Cleves,  a  daughter  of  John  IIJ. 
duke  of  Cleves.  Her  picture  by  Holbein 
was  shewn  by  lord  Cromwell  to  the  licentious 
Henry  VUl.  and  he  demanded  her  for  his 
queen.  The  painter  had  flattered  the  prin- 
cess, and  Henry,  soon  disgusted  with  the 
Flander's  mare,  as  he  called  this  ill  treated 
woman,  obtained  a  divorce  from  his  obsequi- 
ous parliament.  Anne,  without  struggle,  and 
indeed  with  unconcern,  left  England,  and 
retired  to  Cleves,  where  she  died   1557. 

Anne,  daughter  of  James  II.  succee<led 
William  III.  as  queen  of  England.  Her  reign 
forms  a  brilliant  epoch  in  the  English  history 
from  the  victoi-ies  of  Marlborough  ;  but  she 
possessed  not  tlie  firmness  required  to  dis- 
tinguish the  merits  and  virtues  of  her  sub- 
jects; and  while  slie  suftererl  herself  to  be 
ruled  by  a  cabal,  she  lost  the  power  of  de- 
stroying the  dissensions  which  agitated  hei' 
courtiers.  Under  her  administration,  Scot- 
land was  united  to  England.  The  queen 
possessed  the  peculiar  felicity  of  having  for 
her  ministers  the  ablest  statesman  that  ever 
lived,  and  among  lier  subjects  the  most  learn- 
ed, sublime,  and  eloquent  writers  in  the  walks 
of  poetry,  science,  and  general  literature; 
and  therefore  with  truth  her  reign  has  been 
denominated  the  Augustim  age  of  England. 
In  1GS;3  she  married  prince  George  of  Den- 
mark, by  whom  she  had  several  children  who 
all  died  young.  She  died  August  1714  aged  5(». 

Anne,  dutchess  of  the  \iennois, after  the 
death  of  her  brother  John  I.  defended  her 
rights  with  great  courage  and  equal  success 
against  the  claims  of  Robert  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy.    She  died  12yG. 

Anne,  ofFerrara,daughterof  Hercules  IL 
duke  of  Ferrara,  married  1549  Francis  duke 
of  Guise,  and  behaved  with  great  spirit  and 
courage  during  the  unfortunate  quarrels  of 
the  league.  She  was  afterwards  for  some 
time  imprisoned  at  Blois. 

Anne,  of  Russia,  daughter  of  Jaraslaus, 
married  Henry  I.  king  of  France  loi4,  after 
his  death  she  marrieil  Raoul,  who  was  allied 
to  her  first  husband  :  in  con'^equrncc  of  which 


AN 


AN 


she  was  excommunicated,  and  at  last  repudi- 
ated, and  obliged  to  return  to  Russia. 

AxxE,  of  Cyprus,  married  in  1431  Lewis 
duke  of  Savoy,  and  showed  herself  able, 
active,  and  discriminating  at  the  head  of  pub- 
lic afiairs.     She  died  11th  Isov.  1462. 

AxxE,  of  Hungary,  daughter  of  Ladislaus 
VI.  married  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and 
placed  him  upon  the  throne  of  Bohemia.  She 
died  27th  Jan.  1547. 

A  :c  N"  E  D  E  G  o  N X  A  G  u  E ,  Av  i fe  of  Ed  w  ai-d 
count  Palatine,  died  at  Paris  Gth  July  1GS4 
aged  G8,  and  was  honored  with  an  eulogium 
by  the  celebrated  Bossuet. 

Annebaut,  Claude  d%  of  an  ancient 
family  in  Normandy,  was  taken  prisoner 
with  Francis  I.  at  the  battle  of  Pavia.  He 
•was  afterv»ards  marshall  and  admiral  of 
France,  and  distinguished  hini.self  by  his 
bravery  and  wisdom.     He  died  2d  Nov.  1.t53. 

Anxeix  de  So  uvenei,,  Alexis  Francis, 
a  learned  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Bri- 
tany,  known  by  an  elegant  epistle  in  verse 
to  the  shades  of  Boileau.  He  died  at  Ren- 
nes  1758  aged  69. 

Axxesley,  Samuel,  LL.  D.  a  native  of 
Cumberland,  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  chaplain  of  a  man  of 
■war,  and  then  minister  of  Blisse  in  Kent, 
^vhere  his  services  as  a  pastor  were  of  the 
most  benevolent  nature.  He  afterwards,  in 
consequence  of  his  violent  sermons  against 
the  monarchy,  obtained  St.  GilesCripplegate, 
London,  from  wliich  he  was  ejected  by  the 
act  of  uniformnity  1662.  He  died  10U6,  Dec. 
51,  aged  77,  author  of  sevei-al  sermons.  It 
is  said  John  Wesley  was  his  grandson  by  the 
mother's  side. 

AxxESi.EY,  Arthur,  earl  of  Anglesey, 
a  native  of  Dublin  I6l4,  educated  at  Magda- 
len college,  Oxford,  which  he  left  to  study 
the  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  In  the  i)cginning  of 
the  civil  warshe  favored  the  royal,  cause  and 
satin  the  parliament  held  at  Oxford  in  1048; 
but  he  afterwards  espoused  the  i-epublican 
side, and  was  employed  with  success  asa  com- 
missioner in  quelling  the  disturbances  of  Ul- 
ster, and  in  with(lra\\ing  the  command  of 
Dublin  from  the  hands  of  the  duke  of  Or- 
iBond.  The  violence  of  his  party,  however, 
disjdeased  him,  and,  after  the  death  of  Crom- 
•wcil,  he  began  to  favor  the  re-establishment 
of  regal  authority,  and  on  Charles's  return 
he  was  made  a  ])cer  for  his  signal  services, 
as  his  patent  mentions,  in  effecting  the  resto- 
ration. He  was  made  treasurer  of  the  navy 
1667,  and  1672  commissioiser  to  examine  the 
affairs  of  Ireland,  and  the  next  year  privy 
seal ;  but  his  political  quarrel  with  Lord  Cas- 
llehavon  and  the  duke  of  Ormond,  with  res- 
l)ect  to  the  insurrections  in  Ireland,  rendered 
him  unpopular  with  the  king,  to  whom,  in 
1682,  he  ventured  to  present  a  petition  a- 
gainst  the  succession  of  the  duke  of  York, 
and  he  resigne«l,  and  retired  to  his  seat  at 
Bleaching.lou,  Oxfordshire.  He  was  maiked 
out  by  James  II.  for  the  office  of  chancellor, 
bt»t  his  death  jirevented  his  elevation  to  this 
dignity,  April  Gth,  1686,  in  his  73d  year.  He 
wus   a    JTian  of  abilities,   and  great  sagacity 


and  learning.  lie  wrote,  besides  political 
pamphlets,  a  valuable  histoi-y  of  the  troubles 
of  Ireland,  from  1641  to  IGGO,  said  to  have 
been  destroyed.  He  was  the  first  of  those 
spirited  nobles,  who  considered  a  choice  li- 
brary as  an  ornament  to  their  splendid 
equipage,  and  he  made  a  valuable  but  expen- 
sive collection.  On  tite  sale  of  his  books,  a 
memorandum  was  found  on  a  leaf,  to  men- 
tion that  the  E«<ov  Burtxtxvi  was  not  the  work  of 
the  unfortunate  Charles,  but  of  Dr.  Gauden, 
which  circumstance  produced  a  war  of  con- 
troversy. His  interesting  memoirs  were 
published  IGO.1,  8vo. 

Annius,  de  Vlterbo,  a  Dominican,  M-hosc 
real  name  was  John  Nanni,  master  of  the 
sacred  palace  of  Alexander  VI.  He  wrote 
commentaries,  he.  besides  17  books  of  anti- 
quities, a  foolish  and  injudicious  collection  of 
the  spurious  works  attributed  to  Xenophon, 
Archilochus,  Phih),  Fabius  I'ictor,  Berosus, 
Sec.  a  mean  artifice,  which  for  some  time  suc- 
ceeded upon  the  unsus])ecting  judgment  of 
the  learned.  He  died  1502  at  Rome,  aged  70. 

Anscharius,  a  Frenchman,  bishop  of 
Hamburgh  and  Bremen,  celebrated  for  the 
success  of  his  preacliing  in  the  conversion 
of  the  Danes  to  Christianity.  He  died  865, 
aged  64. 

AxsEGisus,  abbot  of  Lobbes  in  the  dio- 
cese of  Cambra.y,  made  a  collection  of  the 
capitularies  of  the  emperor  Charlemagne, 
and  Lewis  his  son,  in  2  vols,  folio.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  learning  and  application,  and 
died  83.S. 

AxsEGist'S,  a  learned  priest  of  Rheims, 
often  confounded  with  the  preceding.  He 
was  made  archbishop  of  Sens,  and  died  883. 

AxsELM,a  native  of  Aost  in  Savoy,  who, 
after  travelhng  through  France,  where  he 
was  prior  of  Bee,  and  abbot  of  Caen  in  Nor- 
mandy, came  over  to  England  in  1092,  and 
\\  as  with  difficulty  prevailed  upon  by  king 
Rufus  to  fill  tlie  vacant  see  of  Canterbury. 
Though  gratitude  might  have  influenced  the 
conduct  of  a  subject,  Anselm  looked  with 
mdifterence  upon  the  monarch,  and  refused 
to  receive  the  metropolitan  pall  from  his 
hands.  A  quarrel  thus  begun,  was  more 
strongly  fomented,  while  the  one  wished  to 
abridge,  and  the  other  wished  to  enlarge, 
the  powers  of  the  church,  and  therefore, 
Anselm  had  no  sooner  left  the  kingdom  to 
repair  to  Rome,  than  the  king  seized  the  re- 
venues and  privileges  of  the  archbishop. 
The  prelate  complained  to  Urban  II.  who, 
uhile  he  wished  to  defend  the  nghts  of  his 
office,  did  not  fail  to  listen  to  the  more  pow- 
erful arguments  of  his  rival,  accompanied 
by  presents  and  promises,  and  the  dispute 
remained  undecided  till  the  death  of  the 
monarch,  and  the  pope.  On  the  accession 
of  Henry  I.  Anselm,  who  had  resided  at  Ly- 
ons, received  an  invitation  to  return,  and  his 
arrival  was  marked  with  the  most  extraor- 
dinary respect,  both  from  the  king  and  the 
people  ;  but  when  rc-investiture  was  demand- 
ed, and  the  homage  generally  paid  to  a  new 
monarch,  the  haughty  prolate  refused,  and 
found  his  conduct  applauded  at  Rome.     The 


AN 


AN 


k'inR  was  f5rm  in  his  tlctermiiinlion,  and  An- 
selin  was  bound  toijbey  titc  coinniands  of  tlic 
pone,  who  rcj^arded  the  claims  of  liie  kiupj 
as  inU'usivc.  The  bishops,  who  had  bt-lore 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  king,  now  ciiangcd 
tlieir  sentiments,  and  Anselm,  who  had  re- 
tired into  Xonnandy,at  last  had  the  i^ratifica- 
tion  to  see  the  kinj;  con^e  to  sohcit  a  recon- 
cihation,  whiih  was  cH'ecled  in  the  abbey  of 
lice.  Ansehii  returned  to  Enphmd  before 
the  final  settlement  of  this  dispute,  and  died 
2lst  of  April  UO'J  in  his  7Cth  year.  He  was 
autlior  of  several  theologic:»l  treatises.  Me 
vas  the  first  prelate  who  insisted  upon  tlie 
celibacy  of  his  clerg)-,  in  the  synod  of  West- 
minster 1102.  In  his  timt',  it  is  remarkable, 
that  the  archbi.shop  of  York  alteiupted  to 
throw  off  the  de|)endency  on  the  see  of 
Canterbury,  in  which,  however,  lie  failed. 
Anselm  was  canonizetl  under  Henry  Yll.  at 
the  instance  of  his  successor  cardinal  Morton. 
His  works  were  published  at  Cologne  1612, 
and  at  Lyons  1630. 

Amselm,  an  Augustine  monk,  author  of 
a  chronological  history  of  France,  Sec.  1694, 
continued  afterwards  and  swelled,  by  Ange 
an»l  Simplicien,  to  nine  vols,  folio  1726.  He 
died  at  Paris  1604,  aged  69. 

An'Selm,  Anthony,  son  of  a  surgeon  of 
Armvignac,  distinguished  himself  as  a  prea- 
cher and  poet.  His  panegyrics  and  funeral 
orations  were  much  admired.  He  died  1737, 
aged  86 

AxsER,  a  Latin  poet,  the  friend  of  Anto- 
ny, in  the  age  of  Horace  and  Virgil. 

Axsox,  George  lord,  was  son  of  William 
Anson,  esquire,  of  Huckborough,  the  descen- 
dant of  an  ancient  family  in  Staffordshire. 
His  fondness  for  naval  history  and  bold  ad- 
ventures was  perceived  and  encouraged  by 
his  father,  and  after  receivnig  a  becoming 
education  he  distinguished  himself  in  the  na- 
vy so  much  that  he  was  sent  with  a  squadron 
of  five  ships  to  annoy  the  Spaniards  in  the 
southern  ocean,  and  he  sailed  from  Ports- 
mouth 18th  Sept.  1740.  He  was  40  days  in 
crossing  Cape  Horn,  March  1741,  in  the  most 
tempestuous  season,  but  undismayed  he  pro- 
ceeded and  reached  Juan  Fernandez  with  on- 
ly two  ships  and  two  smaller  attendant  vessels 
and  335  men^  From  thence  he  Sf  t  sail  to 
attack  Paita,  and  after  he  had  destroyed  his 
ships  as  unserviceable,  except  the  Centurion 
of  64  guns,  he  crossed  the  Pacific  ocean,  and 
after  refreshing  for  some  time  in  China,  he 
returned  towards  the  east,  and  took  the  fa- 
mous Acapulco  galleon,  oif  the  Philippine 
islands.  He  touched  at  Canton,  where  he 
supi)orte(l  the  dignity  of  the  British  flag,  and 
returning  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  he 
passed  during  a  fog  through  a  French  fleet, 
and  arrived  at  Spithead  the  15th  June  1744, , 
after  a  voyage  of  three  years  and  nine  months. 
His  riches  were  conveyed  to  London  in  32 
waggons,  with  music  playing,  and  amidst 
the  shouts  of  the  rejoicing  populace,  and 
the  booty  was  divided  among  those  brave 
men  who  had  shared  his  glory  and  his  toils. 
Some  years  after,  his  good  fortune  next  led 
him  among  a  French  fleet  of  six  men  of  var 
VOL.  I.  11 


and  four  East  India  ships  vvhicdi  lie  took. 
It  was  on  this  occasion  tliat  the  French  ad- 
miral said  to  him,  in  presenting  his  sword, 
and  pointing  to  two  of  his  ships  "  monsieur, 
V0U8  avez  \aincu  I'iii vincible,  et  la  gloire  vous 
suit."  His  great  services  were  rewarded  by 
(ieorge  II.  with  a  peerage,  and  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  oi  the  admiralty,  nomi- 
nate«l  vice  admiral  of  Fngland  on  the  death 
of  sir  John  Norris,  and  became  the  na>al 
oracle  of  his  country.  He  afterwards  pro- 
tected with  a  squadron  tlie  descent  made  in 
1758  at  Cherbourg  and  St.  .Maloes,  but  his  ex- 
ertions were  too  great  for  the  languid  sUite  of 
his  health,  and  the  last  oflicc  he  performed 
was  the  conveying  ot  (Charlotte,  the  consort 
of  George  IIL  to  England.  He  died  June 
6th,  1762,  at  his  seat  Moor  park  Herts,  la- 
mented by  the  whole  nation.  He  had  no  issue 
by  his  lady,  who  was  daughter  of  Earl  Hard- 
wicke,  antl  who  died  before  him.  Lord  Anson 
was  a  great  and  popular  character,  he  posses- 
sed such  inoffensive  artless  manners,  that  it 
M'as  jocosely  said  of  him  by  a  person  who  ob- 
served liow  he  was  imposed  upon  by  charac- 
ters of  whose  company  he  was  too  fond,  that 
he  had  been  round  the  v.orld  but  never  in  it. 
His  voyage  round  the  world  was  a  well  exe- 
cuted performance,  compiled  by  Benjamin 
Robins  ;  and  so  ])opular  that  four  large  im- 
pressions were  sold  in  12  montlis,  and  it  was 
translated  into  several  languages. 

Anstis,  John,  a  native  of  St.  Neots  in 
Cornwall,  born  2Sth  Sept.  1669,  and  educated 
at  Exeter  college  Oxford,  and  at  the  Middle 
Temple.  He  was  in  1702  member  for  St. 
Germain's,  and  opposed  the  bill  for  occasion- 
al conformity,  for  which  he  was  ridiculed 
among  the  Tackers.  He  was  commissioner 
of  prizes  under  queen  Anne,  and  was  garter 
king  at  arms  from  1714  to  his  death,  which 
happened  March  4th,  1744.  He  was  buried 
at  Dulo  in  Cornwall.  He  was  distinguished 
by  his  great  knowledge  of  heraldry,  a  science 
which  he  enriched  by  many  learned  publi- 
cations, as  well  as  other  genealogical  trea- 
tises, kc.  some  of  wliich  were  left  in  ma- 
nuscript and  purchased  by  All  Souls  college. 
The  best  known  of  his  publications  were  a 
letter  on  the  honor  of  tJie  earl  marshal,  8vo. 
1706 — the  form  of  the  garter  installation,  8vo. 
1720 — the  register  of  the  noble  order  of  the 
garter,  2  vols,  folio,  1724  observation  intro- 
ductory and  an  historical  essay  on  the  knight- 
hood of  the  bath,  4to.  1725.  His  eldest  son 
John  was  also  acquainted  with  heraldry.  He 
was  of  Corpus  Christi,  O.xford,  where  he  took 
his  degi'ec  of  L.  L.  D.  He  was  associated  with 
his  father  as  gai'ter  king  1725,  and  made  ge- 
nealogist and  register  of  the  bath.  He  died  a 
bachelor  Dec.  5th,  1754. 

Antagoras,  a  Rodianpoet,  in  the  service 
of  Antigonus   of  Macedon. 

Antelmi,  Joseph,  a  canon  of  Frejus  in 
Provence,  author  of  .some  theological  tracts, 
among  which  is  a  dissertation  on  the  church 
of  Frejus,  and  an  inquiry  concerning  the 
author  of  St.  Athanasius's  creed .  He  died 
1697  aged  49. 

Antesignan,  Peter,  a  native  ofRaba's- 


AN 


AN 


tcinsiii  the  16tli  Centuiy,  author  of  a  Ci-eek 
and  an  universal  ^ammar,  aud  editor  of 
Terence. 

Anthem  I  US,  Procopius,  of  the  family  of 
the  tyrant  Procopius,  married  Plavia  Euphe- 
mia,  daughter  of  Marcian.  His  alliance  as 
Avell  as  his  valor  procured  liini  the  title  of 
Augustus  46".  He  gave  his  daughter  in  mar- 
riage to  Ricimer,  a  general,  who  soon  after 
attacked  Rome  and  imhrued  his  hands  in  the 
blood  of  his  father-in-law  472. 

Anthemius,  an  architect  of  Ijydia,  in  the 
fith  century,  who  was  also  an  able  mathema- 
tician, ami  good  experimental  philosopher, 
and  invented  several  machines  to  imitate 
thunder,  earthquakes,  kc.  He  Avas  employ- 
ed by  Justinian  in  the  erection  of  St.  Sophia's 
church,  Constantinople,  and  other  edifices. 

Anthony,  Saint,  the  founder  of  monastic 
life,  w  as  born  at  Coma  in  Egjpt,  251 .  He  sold 
liis  possessions,  wliich  he  distributed  to  the 
poor,  and  retired  into  the  desert,  where,  for 
20  years,  say  the  catholics,  his  virtue  was 
exposed  to  the  greatest  temptations  from  the 
■wiles  of  Satan,  till  he  prevailed,  and  saw  him- 
self at  last  surrounded  by  a  crowd  of  follow- 
ers, zealous  to  merit  his  blessings  and  to  imi- 
tate his  piety.  He  twice  visited  Alexandria 
to  give  assistance  to  the  suft'ering  Christians 
under  the  persecution  of  Arius.  He  died  350, 
in  the  105th  year  of  his  age.  St.  Athanasius, 
to  whom  he  gave  his  tunic,  has  written  his 
life.  Two  orders  of  chivalry  have  been  insti- 
tuted under  his  name. 

Anthony,  Francis,  was  born  in  London 
April  16th  1550,  and  studied  at  Cambridge, 
Averehe  laid  the  foundation  of  that  chemical 
knowledge  which  enabled  him  to  impose  upon 
ihc  credulous  and  the  unwar}',  by  selling  his 
panacea  of  potable  gold,  on  which  a  treatise 
vas  printed  at  Hamburgh  1598.  His  success 
as  an  em|)iric  was  great,  but  he  was  violently 
opposed  i)y  Drs.  Gwinne  and  Cotta,  and  it 
V  as  confidently  asserted  that  his  nostrum  was 
\)oisonous,  and  many  on  their  deathbed  attri- 
buted their  death  to  it.  The  inofl'ensiveness 
of  his  manners,  his  learning  and  his  private 
virtueSj'however,  stemmed  the  torrent  of  un- 
])0\)ularit3 ,  and  though  he  was  fined  and  im- 
prisoned for  practising  without  a  license,  his 
reputation  and  his  fortune  increased.  He 
died  in  llartlujlomeM' Close,  May  2Cth,  1623, 
figed  74,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  there, 
leaving  two  sons  both  physicians,  one  of 
vhom,  tToluijSucceededJiis  father  as  the  pro- 
prietor of  his  medicine,  and  the  otlier  prac- 
tised at  Bedford  m  ith  deserved  applause. 

An  iHONY,  John,  son  of  the  above  and  ven- 
der ofhisAurumPotabile,  was  author  of"  Lu- 
cas redivivus,"  or  gospel  physician,  &cc.  prin- 
ted 4to.  1650.  He  died  Apri'l  2Sth  1655,  aged 
70.  A  monument  is  placed  over  him  and  hisfu- 
thcr  in  St.  Bartholomew  the  great  in  London. 
A:cTHONY,  king  of  Navarre,  was  sou  of 
(yharles  of  Bourbon,  duke  of  \  endome,  and 
married  .loan  d'  Albret  1548,  who  brought 
liim  the  i)rincipality  of  Bearne  and  the  king- 
dom of  Navarre.  He  was  a  weak  and  irre- 
solute ]trince.  He  abandoned  the  protectant 
tenets  lor  the  ct^thojic  faith;  and  the;i  ionucd; 


with  the  duke  of  Guise  aud  the  constable 
Montmorency,  the  fanious  league  called  the 
triumvirate.  During  theci\il  wars,  in  1562, 
he  took  the  command  of  the  army,  and  Blois, 
Tours  and  Rouen  surrendered  to  his  arms. 
He  was  wounded  on  the  shoulder  at  the  siege 
of  this  last  place,  and  died  35  days  after  at 
Andeli,  17th  Nov.  1562.  His  son  was  after- 
wards the  celebrated  Henry  IV.  of  France. 

Anthony,  titular  king  of  Portugal,  was 
son  of  Lewis  the  second  sonof  king  Emanuel. 
His  pretensions  to  the  throne  were  opposed 
by  Philip  II  of  Spain,  w  ho  sent  the  (luke  of 
Aha  against  him  1580,  and  obliged  liim  tolly 
from  his  dominions.  Anthony  was  a  wretch- 
ed fugitive  in  Holland,  France  and  England, 
and  died  at  Paris,  2d  ^lay  1595,  aged  64. 

Anthony,  illegitimate  son  of  Philip  duke 
of  Burgundy,  deserved  by  his  valor  the  name 
of  the  Great.  He  was  engaged  in  Africa 
against  the  Moors,  and  in  Switzerland,  and 
was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Nanci. 
Lewis  XI.  of  France  and  Charles  \IU.  hon- 
orably I'e warded  his  services.  He  died  1504» 
aged  83. 

Anthony,  a  native  of  Andalusia.  Vicl. 
Antonius  called  Nebrissensis. 

Anthony,  Paul  Gabriel,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Luneville.  He  was  professor  of  phi- 
losoph)-  and  theology,  and  died  at  Pont-a- 
Mousson  1743.  He  wrote theologiauniversa 
dogmatica,  7  vols.  12nio.  and  theologia  mora- 
lis,  four  vols.  12mo. 

Anthony,  a  Sicilian,  who  when  taken 
prisoner  by  Mahomet  II.  at  the  Negropont 
1473,  set  fire  to  the  arsenal  of  Gallipoli,  for 
which  he  was  ordered  to  be  sawed  in  two  by 
the  vindictive  Turk. 

Anthony,  N.  an  architect  who  settled  at 
Paris,  from  Switzerland,  during  the  revolu- 
tion, and  adorned  the  capital  with  several 
beautiful  edfices.  He  died  ofau  apoplexylSOl. 

Anthony,  of  Padua,  a  Franciscan  monk, 
born  at  Lisbon.  He  taught  in  the  Italian 
universities  and  died  at  Padna  1231  aged  36. 
His  works  appeared  at  the  Hague  1641. 

Anthony,  of  Pratovecchio,  a  lawyer  of 
Tuscany,  professor  at  Bologna.  He  publish- 
ed his  course  of  feudal  law  1428,  besides 
other  admired  woi'ks  on  the  same  subjects'. 
He  died  about  1464. 

Anthony,  St.  a  native  of  Lisbon  1195, 
professor  of  divinity  at  Toulouse,  Montpel- 
lier,  and  Padua,  where  he  died  1231,  aged  36. 
His  memory  is  still  so  much  venerated  in 
Poi'tugal,  that  he  is  looked  upon  as  the  gen- 
eral of  the  armies  of  the  kingdom.  Some  of 
his  works,  especially  his  sermons,  are  extant. 

An  I  ho  NY,  a  native  of  Palermo,  sent  by 
Alphonso  \.  king  of  Naples  to  purchase  the 
bone  of  the  arm  of  the  historian  Livy,  which 
the  people  of  Venice  pretended  they  posses- 
sed. He  was  known  as  a  poet  and  writer. 
He  died  6th  Jan.    1471  at  Naples,  aged  78. 

Anthony,  of  Messina,  called  also  Anto- 
nello,  was  the  first  Italian  who])ainted  in  oil, 
about  1430.  He  had  received  the  secret 
iVom  Van-'cyck,  and  he  was  basely  murde- 
red by  Andrew  del  Castagno,  who  wished 
to  possess  alouc  the  valuable  iufonnatiou. 


AN 


AN 


AxTlGEXiDES,  a  Tlichnu  musician  mIio 
inslructed  Alciljiudcs  ami  otlicis  in  pla}  inj; 
on  tlie  flute. 

Anticom'S  I.  a  Maccdnniaii  i^rncral, 
"wlio  at(fi"  Alexander's  deatli  olifaiiu'd  lor  iiis 
share  Pamphylia,  Lydia,  I'iirygia  major,  Sec. 
He  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Ipv.iis  ;)(H  li.  (J. 

Antigonus,  (ionatas,  giandson  of  the 
above,  uas  remarkable  for  his  allectiou  to 
bis  father  Demetrius  I'olifjrcetts.  He  foiitjjht 
ajijainst  the  ( iauls  and  i'v  rrhns,  and  died  J5.  C. 

AxTiGOVUS,  [)oson,  kin::::  of  Macedonia 
after  Demetrius  Tl.  took  Sparta  and  defeated 
the  Illyrians.     lit  died  H.  C.  2'21. 

An  iiGONUB,  Carysliiis,  a  (i  reck  philoso- 
pher about  30()  li.  C.  author  of  a  e(jllection 
of  wonderful  stories   ' 

Antigonus,  Sochicns,  founder  of  tlie 
sect  of  the  Sadducees  about  300  B.  C,  in  op- 
position to  the  Pharisees. 

Antigonvs,  son  of  Aristobulus  II.  king 
of  Judica,  was  led  in  t!ie  procession  when 
Pompey  triumphed  over  Jerusalem.  He  at- 
tempted in  vain  to  recover  the  kingdom  by 
soliciting  the  favors  of  Ciesar,  and  then  had 
recourse  to  Pacorus  king  of  Parthia,  who 
placed  him  ou  the  throne  of  Jerusalem.  He 
vas  afterwards  driven  from  his  power  by  the 
generals  of  M.  Antony,  and  ignominiousJy 
put  to  death  37  B.  C.  ' 

Antimacho,  Mark  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Mantua,  author  of  some  Latin  poems,  and 
of  some  Italian  translations  from  the  Greek. 
He  died  1552  at  Ferrara,  where  he  was 
much  respected  as  a  Greek  professor. 

AXTIMACHUS,  a  Greek  poet,  author  of 
the  Thebaid,  or  theWar  of  Thebes,  B.  C.  408. 

Antine,  Maur  Francois  d',  a  Benedic- 
tine who  was  born  at  Gouvieux  in  Liege,  and 
died  1746,  aged  58.  He  was  liighly  admired 
for  his  piety,  and  the  mildness  of  his  man- 
ners. He  published  the  first  5  vols,  of  Du 
Cange  besides  other  valuable  liistorical  works, 
especially  the  art  of  verifying  dates,  1750  in 
4to.  re-printed  folio  1770. 

AxTiocHus  I.  succeeded  his  father  Se- 
Icucus  on  the  throne  of  Antioch,  and  died 
B.C.  261. 

AntiochusII.  surnamed  Theos,  lost  a 
great  part  of  his  dominions  by  the  revolt  of 
the  Parthians  and  other  nations,  and  was  poi- 
soned by  his  wife  Laodice,  B.  C.  246. 
Antiochus  III.  or  Great,  son  of  Seleucus, 
.succeeded  his  brother  Seleucus  Ceraunus. 
He  recovered  some  of  the  provinces  which 
had  been  taken  from  him  by  the  king  of 
Kgypt,  but  his  war  with  the  Romans  proved 
di.sastrous,  and  lie  Avas  conquered  by  the 
Scipios,  and  died  soon  after,  about  B.  (J.  187. 

Antioch  us  IV.  son  of  the  Great,  succeed- 
ed B.  C.  176,  after  his  brother  Philopater. 
Me  was  successful  against  Eg}pt,  and  after- 
•wards  invaded  Judcea,  where  he  behaved 
M-ith  unparalleled  crueltv  to  the  inhabitants. 
Ife  died  B.C.  165. 

AxTiocHus  Y.  was  slain  l)y  Demetrius  in 
the  2d  year  of  his  reign  aged  1 1. 

Antiochus,  Sidctes^ obtained  the  crown 
!^r  Syria  by  putting  to  death  Tryphon.    He 


was  slain   in   a  ballK;   against  the   Parihiuns 
B.C   l.iO. 

Antioch  is,  firypus,  son  of  Sitletes,  cau- 
sed his  nM)lher  (Meopatra  to  drink  a  cup  (.f 
poison  uhich  siic  had  pr«  |)ared  fr)i- him.  lie 
fell  by  the  hand  of  one  ol  his  subjects  M.  ('.  '.'7 

Aniiochus,  a  Stoic  pliilo>>oidier  ofAi- 
calon  M.  C.  100. 

Antioch  us,  author  of  homilies  on  the 
RcriptiM'eH  printed  in  the  Bibl.  J'alrnm,  was 
a  monk  of  Seba  in  Palestine  in  ll.e  7th  ei  n- 
tury. 

An'tipatkr,  one  of  Alevunder's  gene- 
rals, who  obtained  for  his  share,  at  the  di\i- 
sion  of  the  empire,  the  European  provinces. 
He  died  B.C.  J 18,  aged  SO. 

Antipa  TEK,  Lielius  Ctel.  a  Latin  liistu- 
rian,  who  wrote  an  account  of  the  Punic 
wars,  now  lost. 

\n  riPATER,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of  Si- 
don. 

Axtipater,  a  Jew,  minister  to  ILrca- 
nus,  the  brother  of  Aristobulus  the  nigh- 
priest.  By  the  friendship  of  the  Romans  he 
obtained  the  sovereign  power  over  his  coun- 
try, but  his  conduct  rendered  him  unpopular, 
and  he  died  by  poison  B.  C. 

Axtipater,  a  bishop  of  Bostra  in  Ara- 
bia, who  wrote  against  Eusebius'  defence  of 
Origen  in  the  5th  century. 

Antiphilus,  a  painter  of  sucli  emi- 
nence that  he  was  the  rival  of  the  great 
Apelles. 

Axtiphon,  tlie  Rhamnusian,  an  oratoi' 
of  Athens,  put  to  deatli  B.  C.  411,  for  his  as- 
sisting in  the  establishment  of  the  400  tyrants 

An  tisthenes,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Cynics. 

Antoinette,  queen  of  France,  vi<l, 
Marie. 

Antoni  de  Sceaux,  a  famous  rope 
dancer  on  the  French  stage,  who  died  1732. 

Antonia,  daughter  of  Mark  Antony 
and  Octavia,  married  Drusus,  by  wliom  she 
had  three  children,  and  proved  a  virtuous 
wife  in  the  midst  of  a  dissipated  city.  She 
died  in  the  reign  of  her  grandson  Caligula. 

Antoniano,  Silvio,  a  man  of  extensive 
learning,  born  of  obscure  parents  at  Rome 
1540.  When  he  was  but  ten  yeai's  old,  he 
could  compose  verses  with  uncommon  fa- 
cility, and  as  a  proof  of  this,  lie  was  produ- 
ced at  the  table  of  the  cardinal  of  Pisa, 
where  Alexander  Farnese  gave  him  a  nosc- 
gav,  and  desired  him  to  give  it  with  an  ap- 
propriate address  to  the  man  whon\  he  con- 
sidered as  likely  to  be  pope,  which  he  im- 
mediately did  to  the  cardinal  of  Medicis, 
afterwards  Pius  IV.  with  a  delicate  poetical 
eulogium.  These  uncommon  talents  were 
improved  by  the  patixmage  of  the  duke  of 
Ferrara  ;  and  when  Pius  IV.  was  seated  in  St. 
Peter's  chair,  Jie  remembered  the  youthful 
poet,  and  gave  him  an  honorable  situation  in 
his  palace.  Antoniano  was  professor  of  belles 
lettresat  Rome,  and  saw  not  less  than  25  car- 
dinals among  his  auditors;  and  afterw.u'ds  as 
rector,  and  under  Pius  V.  secretarv  (•>  the 
sacred  college  for  25  years,  he  preserved  the 
same    dignitr    of  character  and  tlic   oame 


AN 


AN 


popularity.  He  -was  as  last  made  cardinal 
by  Clement  YIIl.  but  he  refused  the  hon- 
ors of  a  bishopric,  satisfied  with  literary 
ease  and  I'etirement.  He  died  through  ex- 
cessive application  1G03,  in  his  G3d  yeax", 
leaving  several  admired  pieces  both  in  prose 
and  vei'se. 

Antoxides,  Vatjder  Goes,  John,  a 
poet  born  at  Goes  in  Zealand,  April  3d,  1547. 
The  early  part  of  his  life  was  past  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  he  uas  bred  up  as  an  apothe- 
cary ;  but  the  fondness  which  he  had  for  the 
classics  proved  more  powerful  than  the  pes- 
tle nnd  mortar,  and  though  he  pursued  his 
medical  studies,  and  took  a  degree  at  Ley- 
den,  under  the  patronage  of  Buofero,  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  cultivate  poetry.  His  first 
attempt  was  a  tragedy  called  'I'razil  or  the 
invasion  of  China.  His  modesty  would  not 
permit  him  to  make  it  public ;  but  Vondel, 
"who  was  engaged  on  a  similar  play,  read  it 
■with  raptures,  and  as  it  was  to  be  de  oted  to 
the  flames,  obtained  the  permission  to  adopt 
as  his  Ortn  some  of  the  most  striking  and 
beautiful  passages.  On  the  conclusion  of 
tlie  war  with  England,  in  1697,  the  poet 
•wrote  his  Bello.ia  chained,  and  afterwards 
his  beautiful  poem  called  the  river  Y,  in 
four  books.  In  this  he  has  displaced  his  ge- 
nius as  a  poet.  The  river  on  which  Amster- 
dam is  built,  is  a  fertile  subject  for  superior 
talents,  and  as  such  it  has  been  treated. 
The  1st  books  give  a  description  of  ever}' 
thing  worthy  of  admiration  on  the  banks  of 
the  Y,  on  which  the  city  stands.  In  the  2d, 
lie  contemplates  the  navies  which  repose  on 
its  bosom,  and  spread  commerce  and  know- 
ledge through  the  world.  In  the  3rd,  in  a 
masterly  episode,  he  transports  himself  to 
the  bottom  of  the  river,  and  sees  the  divini- 
ties of  the  ocean  going  to  celebrate  the  an- 
niversai-y  of  Thetis's  marriage  with  Peleus; 
and  in  the  last,  he  paints  the  wonders  of  the 
other  side  of  the  river ;  and  concludes  with 
a  delicate  complinient  to  the  magistrates  of 
the  city.  After  Vondel,  Antonides  hob's 
the  palm  of  poetical  excellence,  and  for  his 
sweetness  of  expression  and  elegance  of  style 
he  is  desei'vedly  admired,  though  correct- 
ness and  majesty  are  often  sought  for  in 
vain.  He  married,  1G78,  Susanna  Bci'mans, 
who  was  also  fond  of  poetry,  and  died  of  a 
consumption  18th  Sept.  1GS4.  His  works 
were  edited  at  Amsterdam  1714  in  4to. 

Antoninus  Pius,  a  celebrated  Roman 
emperor,  who  succeeded  Adrian  138,  and 
died  universally  lamented  IGl. 

Antoninus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  surna- 
Tcied  the  Philosopher,  succeeded  the  prece- 
ding, and  married  Jiis  daughter  Faustina, 
His  conduct  on  the  throne  was  so  universal- 
ly popular  that  the  gratitude  of  Rome  pla- 
ced him  at  his  death  among  the  number  of 
•the  gods,  180.  He  was  succeeded  by  his 
Avorthless  .son  Commodus. 

Antoninus,  a  geograplier,  Avhose  age  is 
nnknoMn.  His  Itinerariura  was  edited  by 
Gale,  London,  4to.  1709. 

Antonio,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Seville, 
who,  after  studying  at  Salamanca,  retired  to 
his  native  town,  where  he  composed  his  use 


ful  Bibliotheca  Hispanica,  in  four  vols.  foli« 
l67-2j  containing  an  account  of  all  the  Spa- 
nish writers.  As  he  was  an  ecclesiastic, 
he  was  happily  patronised  both  in  Spain  and 
at  Rome,  and  the  whole  of  his  income  was 
spent  either  in  acts  of  charity,  or  in  the  pui"- 
chase  of  books,  Mhich  at  last  swelled  his 
collection  to  30,000  volumes.  Besides  his 
Bibliotheque  he  projected  other  works,  and 
wrote  a  treatise  on  exile,  &c.  He  died  1684 
aged  G7,  leaving  nothing  behind  him  besides 
his  valuable  collection  of  books. 

An  TO  Ni  us,  Marcus,  a  Roman  orator  of 
great  celebrity,  and  much  commended  by 
Cicero.  He  was  killed  in  the  civil  wars  of 
Marius  and  Cinna,  B.  C.  G7. 

Antonius,  Marcus,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man, grandson  of  the  orator.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  war,  and,  as  the  friend  of 
Julius  Caesar,  he  obtained  consequence  at 
Rome  and  in  the  armies.  On  the  death  of 
Cajsar  he  conducted  himself  with  great  art, 
and  by  his  dissimulation  obtained  a  share  of 
the  Roman  empire,  in  the  triumvirate  which 
he  formed  with  Augustus  and  Lepidus.  He 
had  married  Octavia  the  sister  of  Augustus, 
but  his  partiality  for  Cleopatra,  the  beautiful 
queen  of  Egypt,  occasioned  a  civil  war,  and 
Antony,  crushed  at  the  battle  of  Actium, 
fled  to  Egypt,  there  to  perish  by  his  own 
hands  B.  C.  30. 

Antonius,  Marcus  Junius,  son  of  the 
triumvir,  debauched  Julia  the  daughter  of 
Augustus,  and  desti'oyed  himself  when  his 
disgrace  was  made  public. 

Antonius,  Liberalis,  a  Greek  author, 
of  whom  nothing  is  known.  He  wrote  ia 
Greek,  metamorphoses,  inserted  in  the  My- 
thologi  Grseei,  and  printed,  London  1676, 
and  Amsterdam  1688. 

Antonius,  Honoratus,  bishop  ofCon- 
stantine  in  Africa,  author  of  a  letter  to  Ar- 
cadius  435. 

Antonius,  called  Nebrissensis,  or  Laxi- 
bra,  his  native  village  in  Andalusia.  He  stu- 
died at  Bologna,  and  was  afterwards  for  five 
years  pi'ofessor  at  Salamanca,  which  he  left 
to  teach  in  cardinal  Ximenes'  university  of 
Alcala.  He  was  concerned  in  tlie  cardinal's 
polyglot  and  in  some  commentaries,  &c.  and 
historical   works.     He  died  July  11th,  1522. 

Antony,  rid.  Anthony. 

Anvari,  called  king  of  Khorassan,  from 
the  superiority  of  his  poetical  talonts,  was  the 
favorite  of  the  sultan  Sangiai^,  and  the  rival 
of  the  poet  Raschidi,  who  had  espoused  the 
cause  of  Alsitz.  \Vhilst  the  two  princes 
were  engaged  in  war,  the  two  poets  assailed 
one  anotlier  by  rhymes  sent  on  the  point  of 
arrows;  but  this  amusement  was  of  short  du- 
ration. Anvari  was  accused  for  his  predic- 
tions as  an  astrologer  and  fled  to  Balke, 
where  he  died  1200.  He  possessed  genius, 
and  to  his  correct  judgment  the  Persians 
owed  the  repression  of  licentiousness  among 
their  poets. 

A  N  V I L  L  E,  John  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d'j 
a  celebrated  geographer,  whose  early  genius 
tended  to  that  superiority  which  he  has  so 
justly  acquired.  While  at  school  he  drew 
cJiarts  aid  globes  for  his  amnscmoiit;  hrfra- 


AP 


AP 


ced  with  indefatigable  zeal  the  mafcli  of  p;cn- 
erals,  and  in  iiis  ri[icr  age  lii"  applied  himself 
daily  for  15  liours  during  50  years  logive  cor- 
rectness, accuracy,  and  perfection  to  liis  la- 
bors. Jlis  maps  are  l»ighl>  and  deseiveflly 
esteemed,  as  modern  discoveries  are  careful- 
ly niarked  out.  lie  is  author  ofseveral  very 
valuable  works  on  geography  and  history, 
besides  learned  papers  in  the  acaiiemy  of 
inscriptions.  Tlic  l)esl  known  of  his  works 
are — a  dissertation  on  the  c.\tent  of  anciint 
Jerusalem — some  pai-ticulars  of  ancient  liaul 
from  the  remains  of  tlie  Romans — an  abridg- 
ment of  ancient  geography,  3  vols. — on  an- 
cient and  modern  Kgypt,  with  a  description 
of  tlie  Arabian  gulf-^tbe  govei-nments  es- 
tablished in  Eiiroi)e  after  the  fall  of  the  Ro- 
man empire  in  the  west — a  treatise  on  itine- 
varv  measures  ancient  and  modern — geogra- 
pliical  analysis  of  Italy,  fccc. — He  died  at  Paris 
tJSth  Jan.  i7S2,  aged  80. 

Anyta,  a  Greek  poetess. 

Anytvs,  a  rlietoriciau  of  Athens,  vho 
caused  the  condemnation  and  death  of  So- 
crates. He  was  afterwards  stoned  to  death 
at  Heraclea. 

Ape  LLES,  the  prince  ofpainters,  was  born 
at  Cos.  He  was  patronised  by  Alexander 
the  Great,  and  the  genius  of  the  painter  was 
equal  to  the  greatness  of  the  hero. 

Apelles,  a  heretic  of  Syria  in  the '2d 
century,  who,  upon  beingdisgraced  for  incon- 
tinence, became  the  tool  of  Philumena,  a 
woman  who  pretended  to  be  inspired.  He 
wrote  the  revelations  which  she  dictated  as 
oracles  and  by  which  she  presumed  to  deny 
the  resurrection  of  the  body,  to  reject  the  law 
of  Moses,  and  to  disbelieve  the  authority  of 
the  prophets.  He  lived  to  a  great  age,  and 
cxercioed  much  authority  over  his  followers, 
Avho  were  called  Apellites,  or  Apellcians. 

Apellicon,  a  peripatetic  i)hilosopher, 
ivho,  by  purchasing  the  works  of  Aristotle, 
Avas  the  means  of  their  preservation,  about 
90  B.  C. 

Aper,  Marcus,  a  Roman  orator,  said  to 
be  author  of  the  dialwgues  of  orators,  printed 
generally  with  Tacitus  and  Quintilian.  He 
died  A.  D.  85. 

Aphthonius,  a  rhetorician  of  Antioch 
in  the  third  century,  author  of  some  treati- 
ses, a  system  of  rhetoric  Upsal  1670,  Svo. — 
fables  printed  with  those  of  Esop,  Frankfort 
1610,  8 vo. 

Apicius,  the  name  of  three  Romans,  in- 
famous for  their  gluttony,  the  first  of  whom 
lived  in  Sylla's  age,  the  second  under  Augus- 
tus, and  the  last  under  Trajan,  of  these  the 
2d  is  best  known. 

A  PI  EN,  Peter,  a  matliematicpn  of  Ingol- 
stadt,  born  at  Misnia.  He  was  author  of  a 
cosmography.,  published  1539,  and  other 
■works,  for  which  he  was  ennobled  by  Charles 
V.     He  died  1552. 

Apien,  Pliilip,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  atlngolstadt,  and  died  atTubingen  1589, 
aged  58.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  sun-dial?., 
and  otlier  woi-ks,  and  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  medicine,  which  he  practised  with 
success.  He  was  a  great  favoiile  of  Cii.lrles 
V. 


Apton,  an  ancient  grammarian  of  Oasis 
in  Hgypt,  who  proved  a  greut  enemy  to  Jo- 
sephus,  and  also  to  the  Jewibh  tuition. 

A  POCAUCM  LS,  a  Creek  of  mean  origin, 
who  became  the  favorite  and  tlje  master  of 
the  emperor  Andronicus.  He  built  prisons 
to  coniine  his  enemies,  anu  he  was  at  last  cut 
off  by  .some  of  tlio^e  whom  his  truelty  had 
incensed,  1345.  His  son,  who  was  governor 
of  Thessalonica,  perished  in  a  bedition. 
There  was  a  man  of  the  same  name  of  some 
consecjuence  in  h'tters  in  the  13tli  century, 
to  whom  Actuaj-ius  dedicated  his  works  on 
medicine. 

Apollixaris,  C.  Sulpit,  a  native  ofCar- 
thage,  professor  of  grammar  at  Rome  in  the 
second  centu:'y. 

Apollinarius,  a  presbyter  of  Alexan- 
dria in  the  4th  century.  His  son,  bishop  of 
Laodicea,  m  rote  a  book  against  paganism, 
which  he  sent  to  Julian.  Julian  sent  it  back 
with  "  I  have  read,  understood,  and  condem- 
ned; "  to  which  the  bishop  answered  '*  You 
have  read  but  not  understood,  or  you  would 
not  have  condemned."  Jlis  assertion  that 
Christ  did  not  assume  human  flesh,  but  pas- 
sed through  the  body  of  the  virgin  as  through 
a  canal  or  pipe,  was  condemnetl  by  two  coun- 
cils. He  wrote  some  learned  works  in  poet- 
ry as  well  as  prose,  and  died  about  380. 

Apoi.lodorls,  a  grammarian  of  Athens 
B.  C.  104. 

Apoklodorus,  an  architect  of  Damas- 
cus under  Trajan.     He  built  the  I)ridge  over 
the  Danube,  and  was  put  to  death  by  Adrian. 
APOi-LonoKus,  a  painter  of  Athens,  the 
rival  of  Zeuxis,  B.  C.  408. 

Apollonia,  St.  a  martyr  of  Alexandria, 
who  in  her  old  age  was  threatened  with  death 
if  she  did  not  renounce  the  Christian  religion. 
She  threw  herself  upon  the  funeral  pile, 
which  was  prepared  to  destroy  her  248. 

Apollonius,  a  Greek  poet  of  Rhodes, 
author  of  the  poem  on  the  argonautic  expe- 
dition under  the  Ptolemies. 

Apoi.loxius,  a  geometrician  of  Perga 
in  Pamphylia,  B.  C.240. 

Apollo Nius,  a  grammarian  cff  Alexan- 
dria, in  the  2d  century,  author  of  a  work  on 
Syntax. 

Apollonius,  a  Roman  senator  who  suf- 
fered martyrdom  for  the  Cliristian  religion 
in  the  2d  century. 

Apollonius,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of 
Chalcis,  who  was  preceptor  to  the  emperor 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

Apollonius,  a  grammarian,  author  of 
a  lexicon  on  Homer  in  the  age  of  Augustus. 
Apollonius,    a    Pythagorean    philoso- 
pher of  Tyana,  in  the  first  century,  whose 
life  was  written  by  Philostratus. 

Apollonius  Coll.vtius,  Peter,  a 
priest  of  Navarre  in  the  15th  century,  who 
wrote  an  indifferent  poem  in  four  books  on 
Vespasian's  siege  of  Jerusalem,  bebides  Da- 
vid's battle  with  Goliath,  hcc. 

Apolj.os,  a  Jew  of  Alexandria,  who  be- 
came a  convert  to  Christianity,  and  employ- 
ed his  eloquence  with  such  effect,  especially 
at  Corinth,    that  his   powers  of  preaching; 


AQ 


AQ 


vrere  more  regarded  nnd  admired  tlian  tliose 
of  Paul.  Though  a  scliism  was  almost  form- 
ed by  the  adherents  of  these  two  holy  men, 
they' were  themselves  united  l>y  the  lirmcst 
Louds  of  tliarity  and  frieudslji(). 

Apono,  I'etcr  d',  was  horn  near  Padua, 
and  studied  at  Paris,  v.liere  he  took  his  de- 
crees in  nunliciiie  and  pliilosophy.  As  his 
:il)ilitics  were  great,  liis  advice  was  eagerly 
solicited;  hut  he  was  high  in  liis  demands  for 
r.tlcndance,  and  he  refused  to  go  to  pope 
>lonorious  J V.  without  leceiviug  AOO  ducats 
lor  each  day's  vi>it.  His  learning  and  suc- 
cess in  his  profession  procured  him  enemies, 
he  was  suspected  of  magic,  and  was  said  to 
]»o?Pess  the  power  of  cal'ingi)ack  to  Ids  pock- 
et the  money  which  ho  had  si)eiit,  and  to 
have  enclosed  in  a  crystal  bottle  the  sjiirits  of 
seven  familiar  demons,  who  were  devoted 
to  his  wishes.  I'hese  were  sei-ious  ciimesin 
a  barbarous  age,  and  before  a  sanguinary  in- 
quisition ;  but  he  died  before  the  ])rosecu- 
tion  Vy-as  completed,  in  his  SOth  year,  1316. 
His  body  was,  however,  ordered  to  be  burnt, 
in  Padua,  but  as  it  was  removed  by  his  friends, 
ojiiy  his  eiTigy  was  thrown  into  the  fire  His 
remains  were  at  last  suftered  to  repose  in 
tiie  church  of  St.  Austin  without  a  memento. 
He  published  some  works  on  medicine  and 
necromancy,  &cc.  particularly  Hcptameron, 
printed  with  tlie  first  volume  of  Agrippa's 
works — Elucidarium  necronianticuni, — li- 
ber experimentoruro  mirabilium  de  annuUs 
secundum  28  mansiones  lunaj — de  medicina 
omnimoihi,  kc.  His  statue  was  afterwards 
honorably  placed  by  the  duke  of  Urbino  be- 
tween those  of  Livy,  Albert,  and  Julius 
Paulus. 

Apostolius,  ?.]ichael,  a  learned  Greek, 
author  of  a  colleclion  of  apoplithegms  of 
wise  men,  and  of  proverbs,  in  the  15th  cen- 
turv.  Onlv  extracts  from  these  have  been 
published  ;  the  first  1619,  and  the  last  153S. 

AP'Pi  AX,  a  native  of  Alexandria,  author 
of  a  history  of  Rome,  in  (ireek. 

Appian,  Peter,  a  mathematician,  vid. 
Apien. 

A  PRIES,  a  king  of  Egypt,  after  Psammis 
591  ]).  C  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  be 
the  Pharaoh  Hophr^i  of  the  scriptures. 

Aprosio,  Angclico,  an  Augustine,  born 
at  ^  entimigila  in  the  Genoese,  1G07,  a  place 
■which  he  greatly  adorned  by  a  beautiful  and 
valuable  collection  of  books,  of  which  he 
published  an  account.  He  had  disguised 
himself  under  various  a])pcllations  in  that 
book,  from  an  excessive  delicacy  forliis  cha- 
racter as  an  ecclesiastic.  After  travelling 
through  Italy,  he  settled  at  Venice,  and  was 
honoiH(l  with  a  place  in  several  academies, 
in  reward  for  his  learning  and  his  services  to 
literature.  Jlehas  been  greatly  praised  by 
authors,  and  his  life  is  written  in  the  liibli- 
oiheca  Aprosiana,  which  lie  printed  1673. 
He  died  about  lG8'2, 

Apuleius,  Lucius,  a  Platonic  philoso- 
plier  of  the  2d  century, -who  settled  atliomr, 
and  was  author,  among  other  things,  of  the 
'«  Golden  Ass.'' 

Aq^i'av7  V  ". ,    Oetavio,    cardinal,    legate, 


and  archbishop  of  Naples,  was  descended 
from  an  illustrious  family.  He  is  eminent  as 
the  friend  and  patron  of  science  and  karned 
men,  and  he  was  particularly  attached  to  tlie 
famous  Peiresc.  He  obtained  from  Clement 
VHI.  the  legation  of  Avignon,  where  his 
government  was  guided  by  justice,  wisdom 
and  moderation.  He  died  5th  December, 
1612,  aged  52. 

Aq^uaviva,  Andrew  Matth.  d',  duke  of 
Atri,  and  prince  of  Teramo,  a  Neapolitan 
nobleman,  who  patronised  literature.  He 
M'as  also  fond  of  military  glory,  and  served 
under  Ferdinanil  of  Arragon  with  great  cre- 
dit. He  \vrote  an  imperfect  encyclopedia, 
besides  commentaries  on  Plutarch's  Morals, 
and  died  1528,  inhis72d  year. 

A(i^UAviVA,  Claude,  son  of  Andrew,  was 
governor  of  the  Jesuits,  and  was  eminent 
for  his  moderation  and  meekness.  He  Avrote 
several  letters  and  lectures  on  his  religion, 
and  also  a  tract  on  the  cure  of  mental  diseas- 
es.    He  died  1615,  aged  72  years. 

Aq^uit>a,  a  mathematician  of  Pontus,  em- 
ployed by  Adrian  to  rebuild  Jerusalem.  He 
embraced  Christianity,  and  afterwards  be- 
came a  Jew,  and  was  circumcised.  He  was 
engaged  in  translating  the  bible  from  He- 
brew into  Greek;  and  though  he  was  in 
some  instances  very  incorrect  and  partial, 
the  v/ork  was  generally  approved  by  the 
Jews.     Only  a  few  fragments  of  it  r'cmain. 

Aq_uilano,  Serasino,  a  native  of  Aqui- 
la,  known  by  his  sonnets,  eclogues,  and 
other  poetical  trilTes,  published  at  Rome 
1503.  He  was  the  rival  of  Tebaldeo  de 
Ferrara.  He  died  at  Rome,  1500,  in  his 
35th  year. 

Ac^uiLANUs,  Sebastian,  an  ItaHan  physi- 
cian, whose  real  name  is  unknown.  He  was 
born  at  Aquila  of  Abruzzo,  and  was  profes- 
sor at  Padua.  He  was  a  follower  of  Galen, 
and  obtained  reputation  and  success  in  his 
ju'ofession.  Among  his  treatises  is  one  de 
Galico  morbo.     He  died  1543  at  Padua. 

Aq_uinas,  St.  Thomas,  called  the  angelic- 
al doctor,  was  of  the  noble  family  of  Aquine, 
descended  from  the  kings  of  Arragon  ami 
Sicily.  He  was  educated  by  the  monks  of 
>lount  Cassino,  and  removed  to  Naples  ;  but 
the  inclination  which  he  had  to  embrace  an 
ecclesiastical  life  was  opposed  by  his  mother, 
who,  after  great  difficulties,  obtained  him 
from  the  power  of  the  monks,  and  confined 
him  in  her  castle  for  two  years.  He  howev- 
er escaped,  and  fled  to  Naples,  and  after- 
wards to  Rome  ;  and  when  improved  by  stu- 
dy, and  the  famous  lectures  of  Albertus 
Magnus  at  Cologne,  he  appeared  at  Paris, 
and  read  pidjlic  lectures  to  an  applauding  au- 
dience. On  his  return  to  Italy,  he  became 
divinity  professor  to  several  universities,  and 
at  last  settled  at  Naples,  where  he  led  an  ex- 
emplary life  of  chastity  and  <levotioii,  and 
refused  the  archbishopric  of  the  city,  in  the 
most  disinterested  manner,  when  offered  by 
Clement  T\\  Gregory  X.  invited  him  to  the 
council  of  Lyons,  to  read  the  book  which  he 
had  written  against  the  Greeks;  and  he  died 
on  hi"?  way  to  join  theponlifi'al  the  inonaste- 


All 


A« 


ryot"  Foss.inova,  near  Tc'iTaciiiM,  7lli  Mnrdi 
l'27'i,  ill  liiH  5()lli  year.  He  mjis  caiioni/cd 
13'2i).  His  wriliiij^s,  which  htc  huuiltoms, 
and  mostly  iH)f)i)  theological  suhjects,  ]>it)\e 
liini  to  liavc  hecii  a  maii  ol"  p;reat  iLaruiii};, 
and  extensive  kuowledgc.  They  have  often 
been  i»ul)lishe«l,  in  l"  vols,  folio.  His  aiilhor- 
ily  in  religion  became  (lecisi\e  in  the  catlio- 
lic  schools,  and  he  aiH)roached  so  neai-  to 
the  erudition  of  St.  A  nimustine,  that  he  was 
said,  in  the  true  spirit  of  the  nietciupsycho- 
sis,  to  possess  the  transmigrated  soul  of  tiiat 
celebrated  saint.  It  Mas  in  defence  of  Tho- 
mas Acjuinas  that  Henry  NIll.  composinl  tlie 
hook  wliich  procured  Itiin  from  the  pope  the 
Utie  ol   l)ef..ii(Ur  of  tile  Faith. 

Ac>^ui\o,  riiilii*,  a  .lew  of  Carpentras, 
converted  to  Clii'istianity,  and  ])rofessor  of 
Hebrew  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a  Ilebrew  tal- 
mudical,  ^<.c.  dictionary,  and  corrected  Le 
Jay's  polyglot  iJible.  He  died  1G50.  His  son, 
licwis  d' A(|uiiio,  was  author  of  several  val- 
uable books  in  Oi-iental  literature.  Antoine, 
son  of  Lewis,  -was  physician  to  Lewis  XIV. 
Hud  died  1090. 

AuABSCH  AH,  author  of  a  history  of  Ta- 
merlane, and  of  a  treatise  on  the  unity  of 
God,  was  a  Mahometan  historian  of  Damas- 
cus, Avhodied  there  1450. 

Aragon,  Janed',  wifeof  Ascanius  (^olon- 
na,  was  illustrious  for  her  virtues  and  her 
lortiludc  during  the  c-uarrels  which  her  luis- 
band's  family  had  with  Paul  IV".  Siie  died 
1577,  in  an  advanced  age.  Her  memory  vviis 
lionored  by  the  poets  of  the  times,  and  tlie 
verses  were  published  in  one  volume. 

Aram,  Eugene,  a  native  of  Ramsgill, 
Yorkshire,  son  of  a  gardener.  His  genius  dis- 
played itself  whilst  he  followed  the  iiumble 
occupation  of  his  father;  matliematical  calcu- 
lutions  and  geometricjilki^owledge  were  quic- 
ly  acquired,  and,  v.ith  the  most  indefatigable 
zeal, Lilly's  grammar,  though  in  uniiitellgible 
language,  was  learnt  by  heart,  and  afterwards 
Camden's  Cireek,  till  this  self-taught  classic 
imfolded  the  meaning  of  a  few  Latin  lines, 
and  then  with  rapid  steps  advanced  to  the 
comprehension  of  more  difiicult  authors,  till 
tUe  whole  stores  of  Latin  and  Greek  litera- 
ture were  familiarized  to  his  understanding. 
He  also  studied  and  made  himself  perfect  in 
Hebrew,  and  with  these  great  acquirements 
he  gained  his  livelihood,  by  engaging  in  seve- 
ral schools  in  the  south  of  England.  lu  1757 
he  came  to  tlie  free  school  at  Lynn,  a  per- 
fect master  of  the  niost  abstruse  studies,  and 
acquainted  with  heraldry  and  botany.  He 
had  begun  to  make  collections  for  radical 
comparisons  between  the  modern  languages 
and  ancient  tongues,  and  already  more  than 
3000  words  were  selected  to  establish  this 
surprising  affinity  in  a  comparative  lexicon, 
■when  his  labors  were  arrested  by,  the  hands 
of  justice.  He  was  taken  up  at  livnn,  1758, 
for  the  murder  of  Daniel  Clarke,  a  shoe- 
maker of  Knaresborough,  who  had  been 
murdered  thirteen  years  before  ;  and,  after 
atrial,  in  which  he  defended  himself  with 
coolness  and  ability,  he  was  found  guilty  of 
the  cryiie,  and  aflcv  aUcmpting  to  com.mit 


suicide,  he  suQercd  dt.-atl»  at  York,  Augtisf, 
17;)'J.  He  acknowledged  the  justice  of  Win 
sentence,  am!  attributed  the  crime  to  a  sns- 
l»icif)n  of  ailultei-v  between  lii.s  wile  and 
Clarke. 

AiiANTiirs,  Julius,  an  Italian  jdiyfeician 
and  anatomist  (jreminence,  the  pupil  of  \  e- 
salius  anil  ikirl.  Magus,  known  l>y  a  leat  iicd 
treatise  on  the  human  fu.-ttiu,  printed  \  cnicu 
Ij'j.i.  He  was  horn  at  Bologna,  an<i  died 
there  l.")Sl,  aged  01. 

AiiArus,  a  Greek  poet,  author  of  phe- 
nomena, still  e.\taiit,  aljuiit  .'jOO  IJ.  C. 

A  K  AT  us,  a  native  of  Sicyon,  illui^trious 
as  the  deliverer  of  his  country,  and  as  the 
heroic  promoter  of  the  Achican  league.  He 
died  about  210  U.  C.  and  it  is  said  that  he 
was  poisoned. 

AREOGAsrES,  a  Roman  general,  who 
murdered  Valentinian,  and  placed  Eugenii.s 
on  the  throne.  He  was  attacked  and  defeat- 
ed bv  Theodosius,  and  destroyed  himself 
A.  J).  39-i. 

Arrhtssei.,  Robert  d',  a  native  of  l>ri- 
tany,  wiio  founded  tiie  uiona.-jtery  of  Fon- 
tevraullj  and  separated  his  male  ami  female 
disciples.  He  has  been  acCiised  of  inconli- 
ncncv,  but  ably  defended  l>v  his  Ibl'oweri. 
ilc  died  1117. 

AuBucKLE,  James,  M,  A.  a  native  <if 
Glasgow,  master  of  a  scltool  in  I  he  north 
of  Ireland.  He  possessed  genius,  anil  hi-i 
merit  was  acknOivle<lgetl  in  liis  .poems- 
He  proposed  a  translation  of  ^'irgil,  buL  did 
not  finish  it.  He  died  17oi,  aged  34.  His 
poems  were  published  in  1  vol.  12ino. 

Art, UTHxoT,  Ale.xaiuier,  son  of  lorl 
Arbuthnot,  was  eminent  for  his  learning  aa 
a  scholar,  and  his  piety  as  a  divine.  He  was 
a  zealous  defender  of  the  reformation,  and 
published  Buchanan's  histoi'y  of  Scotland, 
besides  some  poetical  trifles,  and  orations  on 
the  origin  of  law,  printed  1572.  He  died  at 
Aberdeen,  1538. 

Arbuthnot,  John,  M.  D.  son  of  an  epis- 
copal clergyman,  was  descended  from  tlie 
noble  family  of  the  same  name,  and  born  at 
Arbuthnot,  near  Montrose.  After  finishing 
his  education  at  Aberdeen,  he  came  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  acquired  reputation  by  at- 
tacking "  Woodward's  essay  towards  a  na- 
tural history  of  the  earth  ;"  and  he  soon  rose 
in  the  medical  prefession,  when  lie  had  suc- 
cessfully attended  prince  George  of  Denmark, 
who  was  taken  suddenly  ill  at  Epsom.  He 
was  made  physician  to  queen  Anne,  1709; 
and,  soon  after,  his  acquaintance  was  formed 
with  the  most  celebrated  v  its  of  tlie  age, 
with  two  of  whom.  Swift  and  Pojie,  he  eii- 
gage<l,  in  1714,  to  compose,  in  the  true  Cer- 
vantic  style,  a  satire  on  degenerated  taste  and 
the  abuse  of  learning.  Of  this  plan  only  the 
first  book  Mas  published,  under  the  name  of 
"  memoirs  of  Martinus  Scriblerus."  The 
queen's  death  in  some  degree  overturned  the 
hopes  and  fortunes  of  Arbuthnot.  He  felt 
the  blow,  and  passed  some  time  with  his 
brother,  the  banker,  at  Paris.  In  1727,  he 
published  in  4to.  his  tables  of  ancient  coins, 
&c,  and  afterwards  employed  his  pen  iu  med- 


AQ 


AQ 


■^ere  more  rej^arded  and  admii'cd  than  tliose 
of  Paul.  Tliougli  a  scliism  M-as  almost  form- 
ed by  the  adherents  of  theso  two  holy  men, 
they -were  themselves  united  hy  the  lirmcst 
"bonds  of  charity  and  friendshi[). 

Apo.\'o,  I'eter  d',  was  horn  near  Padua, 
and  studied  at  Paris,  v,l:ere  lie  took  his  de- 
j^vec3  in  medifinc  and  pliilosophy.  As  liis 
sibilitics  vere  great,  his  advice  was  eagerly 
solicited  ;  but  he  was  hii;h  in  his  demands  for 
f.tlcndance,  and  he  refused  to  gf)  to  pope 
Jlonorious  JV.  v.ithout  leceiving  AW  ducats 
ior  each  day's  vi.^ii.  His  learning  and  suc- 
cess in  liis  profession  procured  him  enemies, 
he  was  suspected  of  magic,  and  was  said  to 
]'0?sess  the  power  of  calling  hack  to  liis  pock- 
et the  money  wliich  he  JKid  spent,  and  to 
Jiave  enclosed  in  a  crystal  bottle  the  sjiirits  of 
seven  familiar  demons,  Avho  were  devoted 
to  his  wishes.  These  were  serious  ciimesin 
a  barbarous  age,  and  before  a  sanguinary  in- 
cjuisition ;  but  be  died  before  the  prosecu- 
tion v/as  completed,  in  his  80th  year,  1316. 
His  boily  was,  however,  ordered  to  be  burnt, 
in  Padua,  but  as  it  was  removed  b}-  his  friends, 
only  his  eiTigy  was  thrown  into  the  fire  His 
remains  were  at  last  suftered  to  repose  in 
the  church  of  St.  Au-stin  witliout  a  memento. 
He  published  some  works  on  medicine  and 
necromancy,  Sec.  particularly  Hcptameron, 
printed  with  tlie  lirst  volume  of  Agrippa's 
works — Elucidarium  necronianticura, — li- 
ber experimentorum  mirabilium  de  annulis 
secundum  '28  mansiones  lunaj — de  medicina 
omnimoihi,  &c.  His  statue  was  afterwards 
honorably  placed  by  the  duke  of  Urbino  be- 
tween those  of  Livy,  Albert,  and  Julius 
Paul  us. 

Apostolius,  ?.Jichael,  a  learned  Greek, 
author  of  a  collection  of  apophtb.egms  uf 
wise  men,  and  of  proverbs,  in  the  l.Tth  cen- 
turv.  Oniv  extracts  from  these  have  been 
published  ;  the  first  1619,  and  the  last  1538. 

Ap-pi  AX,  a  native  of  Alexandria,  author 
of  a  history  of  Rome,  in  (ireek. 

A  p  PI  AN,  Peter,  a  raalhematician,  vid. 
Apien. 

Apries,  a  king  of  Egypt,  after  Psammis 
594  J).  C  He  is  supposed  by  some  to  be 
the  Pharaoh  Hophra  of  the  scriptures. 

Aprosio,  Angclico,  an  Augustine,  born 
at  ^  entimigila  in  the  Genoese,  1007,  a  place 
■which  he  greatly  adorned  by  a  beautiful  and 
valuable  collection  of  books,  of  which  he 
published  an  account.  He  had  disguised 
himself  under  Aarious  a]»pf  llations  in  that 
]x)ok,  from  an  excessive  (lelicacy  for  his  cha- 
racter as  an  ecclesiastic.  After  travelling 
through  Italy,  he  S(  ttlcd  at  Venice,  and  was 
honored  with  a  place  in  several  academies, 
in  reward  for  his  learning  and  Ids  services  to 
literature,  ilehas  been  greatly  praised  hy 
autiiors,  :md  liis  life  is  written  in  the  Bibli- 
filbeca  Aprosiana,  Avhieh  lie  printed  1673. 
He  died  about  lC8'2. 

ApuLiiiui;,  Lucius,  a  Platojiic  philoso- 
ydicr  of  the  2d  century,  who  settled  at  Komr, 
and  was  author,  among  other  things,  of  the 
'«  Golden  Ass.'' 

Aqj-wnvA,    Ootavio,    cardinal,    legate, 


and  archbishop  of  Naples,  was  descended 
from  an  illustrious  family.  He  is  eminent  as 
the  friend  and  patron  of  science  and  karned 
men,  and  he  was  particulai'ly  attached  to  tlie 
famous  Peiresc.  He  obtained  from  Clement 
VHI.  the  legation  of  Avignon,  where  his 
government  was  guided  by  justice,  wisdom 
and  moderation.  He  died  5th  December, 
lOrJ,  aged  52. 

Aq^uaviva,  Andrew  Mattli.  d',  duke  of 
Atri,  and  prince  of  Tcramo,  a  Xeapolitau 
nobleman,  who  patronised  literature.  He 
M'as  also  fond  of  military  glory,  and  served 
under  Ferdinand  of  Arragon  with  great  cre- 
dit. He  wrote  an  imperfect  encyclopedia, 
besides  commentaries  on  Plutarch's  Morals, 
and  died  1528,  inhis72d  j'ear. 

Aq^uavi  va,  Claude,  son  of  Andrew,  Avas 
governor  of  the  .Fesuits,  and  was  eminent 
for  his  moderation  and  meekness.  He  wrote 
several  letters  and  lectures  on  his  religion, 
and  also  a  tract  on  the  cure  of  mental  diseas- 
es.    He  died  1615,  aged  72  years. 

Aq^uila,  a  mathematician  of  Pontus,  cm- 
ployed  by  Adrian  to  rebuild  Jerusalem.  He 
embraced  Christianity,  and  afterwards  be- 
came a  Jew,  and  was  circumcised.  He  Avas 
engaged  in  translating  the  bible  from  He- 
brew into  Greek;  and  though  he  was  ia 
some  instances  very  incorrect  and  partial, 
the  v.'ork  was  generally  approved  by  the 
Jews.     Only  a  few  fragments  of  it  I'cmain. 

Aq_uilano,  Serasino,  a  native  of  Aqui- 
la,  known  by  liis  sonnets,  eclogues,  and 
other  poetical  trifles,  published  at  Rome 
1503.  He  was  the  rival  of  Tebaldeo  de 
Ferrara.  He  died  at  Rome,  1500,  in  liis 
35th  year. 

Aq^uilanus,  Sebastian,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, whose  real  name  is  unknown.  He  Avas 
born  at  Anuila  of  Abruzzo,  and  was  profes- 
sor at  Padua.  He  was  a  follower  of  Galen, 
and  obtained  reputation  and  success  in  his 
profession.  Among  his  treatises  is  one  de 
Galico  morbo.     He  died  1543  at  Padua. 

Aq^uinas,  St.  Thomas,  called  the  angelic- 
al doctor,  was  of  the  noble  family  of  Aquine, 
descended  from  the  kings  of  Arragon  an<l 
Sicily.  He  was  educated  by  the  monks  of 
Mount  Cassino,  and  removed  to  Naples  ;  but 
the  inclination  which  he  had  to  embrace  an 
ecclesiastical  life  was  opposed  by  his  niocher, 
who,  after  great  difficulties,  obtained  him 
from  the  power  of  the  monks,  and  confined 
him  in  her  castle  for  two  years.  He  howev- 
ei-  escaped,  and  fled  to  Na|)les,  and  after- 
wards to  Rome  ;  and  when  improved  by  stu- 
dy, and  the  famous  lectures  of  Albertus 
Magnus  at  Cologne,  he  appeared  at  Paris, 
and  read  public  lectures  to  an  applauding  au- 
dience. On  his  return  to  Italy,  he  became 
divinity  pi'ofessor  to  several  universities,  and 
at  last  settled  at  Naples,  wliere  he  led  an  ex- 
omplaiy  life  of  chastity  and  devotion,  and 
refused  the  arclibishopric  of  the  city,  in  the 
most  disinterested  manner,  Avhen  offered  by 
Clrnient  IV.  Gregory  X.  inviteil  him  to  the 
council  of  Ijvons,  to  read  the  book  which  he 
hud  written  against  the  Greeks;  and  he  died 
oa  his  Avay  to  join  thepontifi'at  the  monaste- 


All 


AH 


ryot"  Fossanovn,  near  Tcrraclim,  7lh  Maicli 
l-27-i,  ill  liis  5()lU  year.  He  «iis  caiioni/.cd 
13'23.  His  wriliiif^s,  uliicli  nvc  imiiici-ons, 
and  mostly  ihjoii  theological  siiUjects,  jhonc 
him  to  have  hccn  a  iiiaii  u(  preat  iearniu};, 
and  extensive  knowledge.  I'hey  have  often 
heen  published,  in  IT  vols,  folio.  His  nnliior- 
itv  in  religion  became  decisive  in  the  callio- 
lic  schools,  and  lie  ajuiroached  so  near  to 
the  erudition  of  St.  Augustine,  that  he  was 
said,  in  the  true  spirit  of  the  nictcmpsycho- 
sis,  to  possess  the  iraiismigrate<l  soul  of  that 
celebi-ated  sniiit.  It  v  as  in  defence  of  Tlio- 
mas  Aquinas  that  Henry  \  HI.  composed  the 
hook  which  procuie«l  liiin  from  the  pope  the 
title  ol  DelVndi  r  of  the  Faitli. 

A(>_uixo,  I'hilip,  a  Jew  of  Carpentras, 
converted  to  Christianity,  and  ]u-ofessor  of 
Hebrew  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a  llebrew  tal- 
mudical,  tvc.  dictionary,  and  corrected  Lc 
.fay's  polyglot  Bible.  He  died  1G50.  His  son, 
I^ewis  d' Aiiuino,  was  author  of  several  val- 
uable books  in  Oriental  literature.  Antuine, 
son  of  Lewis,  was  physician  to  Lewis  XIV. 
and  died  1090. 

AuABSCHAH,  author  of  a  history  of  Ta- 
merlane, and  of  a  treatise  on  the  unity  of 
God,  was  a  Mahometan  historian  of  Damas- 
cus, whotlied  there  1450. 

Aragon,  Janed',  wifeof  Ascanius  ('olon- 
na,  was  illustrious  for  litr  virtues  and  her 
fortitude  during  the  quarrels  which  her  hus- 
band's family  had  with  Paul  IV.  Siie  died 
1577,  in  an  advanced  age.  Her  memory  vviis 
honored  by  the  poets  of  the  times,  and  tlte 
verses  were  published  in  one  volume. 

AnAM,  Eugene,  a  native  of  Ramsgill, 
Yorkshire,  son  of  a  gardener.  His  genius  dis- 
played itself  whilst  he  followed  the  humble 
occupation  of  his  fiitlier ;  matliematical  calcu- 
lations and  geomctric.ilki^owledge  were  quic- 
Ij  acquired,  and,  v.ilh  the  most  indefatigable 
•/eal, Lilly's  grammar,  though  in  unintellgible 
language,  was  learnt  by  heart,  and  afterwards 
Camden's  Creek,  till  this  self-taught  classic 
imfoUled  the  meaning  of  a  few  Latin  lines, 
and  then  with  rapid  steps  advanced  to  the 
comprehension  of  more  difficult  authors,  till 
the  whole  stores  of  Latin  and  Greek  litera- 
ture were  familiarized  to  his  understanding. 
He  also  studied  and  made  himself  perfect  in 
Hebrew,  and  with  these  great  acquirements 
he  gained  liis  livelihood,  by  engaging  in  seve- 
ral schools  in  the  south  of  England.  la  1757 
he  came  to  the  free  school  at  Lynn,  a  per- 
fect master  of  the  most  abstruse  studies,  and 
acquainted  with  heraldry  and  botany.  He 
had  begun  to  make  collections  for  I'adical 
comparisons  between  the  modern  languages 
and  ancient  tongues,  and  already  more  than 
3000  words  were  selected  to  establish  this 
surprising  affinity  in  a  comparative  lexicon, 
when  his  labors  were  arrested  by,  the  hands 
of  justice,  lie  was  taken  up  at  I^nn,  1758, 
for  the  murder  of  Daniel  Clarke,  a  shoe- 
maker of  Knaresborough,  who  had  been 
murdered  thirteen  years  before  ;  and,  after 
atrial,  in  which  he  defendetl  himself  with 
coolness  and  ability,  he  was  found  guilty  of 
the  crime,  and  afiev  attempting  to  com.mit 


suicide,  he  suQcrtd  di-ath  at  York,  Augrisf, 
17.)y.  He  acknowledged  the  ju'^tice  <»f  his 
sentence,  and  attributed  the  crime  to  a  sus- 
l»icion  of  adultei-y  between  his  wile  and 
Clarke. 

AuANTius,  Julius,  an  Italian  physicia* 
and  Hiialomist  (jf  eminence,  the  |)upil  of  \  e- 
salius  and  iJarl.  -Magus,  known  l>y  a  learned 
treatise  on  the  human  furtiis,  printed  \  enlcu 
l:t'J5.  He  was  born  at  Bologna,  and  died 
there  15SI,  aged  01. 

AiiATUs,  a  (ireek  poet,  author  of  phe- 
nomena, still  extant,  about  TjOO  B.  C. 

AuATUS,  a  native  of  Sicyou,  illustrious 
as  the  deliverer  of  his  country,  and  as  the 
heroic  pronioter  of  the  Aclucan  league.  He 
died  about  'JIO  B.  C.  and  it  is  said  that  lie 
was  poisoned. 

ARnoGASTES,  a  Roman  general,  who 
murdered  Valentinian,  and  placed  Eugenius 
on  the  throne.  He  was  attacked  and  defeat- 
ed by  'Iheodosius,  and  destroyed  himself 
A.  J).  39-i. 

Arrhtssei.,  Ilol>ert  d',  a  native  of  Bri- 
tany,  who  founded  the  monasterv  of  lon- 
tevraull,  and  separated  his  inaie  ant'  leuiak; 
disciples.  He  has  been  acCiised  of  inconli- 
ncncy,  but  ably  defended  l»v  his  followers, 
lie  died  1117. 

Arbuckle,  James,  M.  A.  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  master  of  a  school  in  (he  north 
of  Ireland.  He  possessed  genius,  and  his 
merit  was  acknowledged  in  liis  .poems- 
He  propose " 
not  iiuish  it. 


1  a  translation  of  A'irgil,  buL  did 
He  died   176i,  aged  Si.     Hii 


poems  were  published  in  I  voL  12ino. 

Art, UTHXOT,  Ale.\aiiuer,  son  of  loi-l 
Arbuthnot,  was  eminent  for  Ids  learning  as 
a  scholar,  and  his  piety  as  a  divine.  He  was 
a  zealous  defender  of  the  reformation,  and 
published  Buchanan's  history  of  Scotland, 
besides  some  poetical  trifles,  and  orations  on 
the  origin  of  law,  printed  1572.  He  died  at 
Aberdeen,  1538. 

Arbuthnot,  John,  ]M.  D.  son  of  an  epis- 
copal clergyman,  was  descended  fi-om  the 
noble  family  of  the  same  name,  and  born  at 
Arbuthnot,  near  Montrose.  After  finishing 
his  etiucation  atx\berdecn,  he  came  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  acquired  reputation  by  at- 
tacking "  Woodward's  essay  towards  a  na- 
tural history  of  the  earth  ;"  and  he  soon  rose 
in  the  medical  prefession,  when  he  had  suc- 
cessfully attended  prince  George  of  Denmark, 
who  was  taken  suddenly  ill  at  Epsom.  He 
was  made  physician  to  queen  Anne,  1700 ; 
and,  soon  after,  his  acquaintance  was  formed 
with  the  most  celebrated  v  its  of  the  age, 
with  two  of  whom,  Swiit  and  Pope,  he  en- 
gagetl,  in  1714,  to  compose,  in  the  true  Cer- 
vantlc  style,  a  satire  on  degenerated  taste  and 
the  abuse  of  learning.  Of  this  plan  only  the 
first  book  was  published,  under  the  name  of 
"  memoirs  of  Alartinus  Scriblerus."  The 
queen's  death  msonie  degree  overturned  the 
hopes  and  fortunes  of  Arbuthnot.  He  felt 
the  blow,  and  passed  some  time  with  his 
brother,  the  banker,  at  PaiMs.  In  17^27,  he 
])ubli.ihed  in  4to.  his  tables  of  ancient  coins, 
&c.  and  afterwards  employed  his  pen  iu  med- 


AR 


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ical  tracts,  one  of  wliicli,  "  effects  of  air  on 
human  bodies,"  was  unhappily  suggested  by 
the  asthmatic  complaint  under  which  he  la- 
bored. He  died  under  thisdrcadful  disorder, 
at  bis  house,  Cork-street,  February  1735. 
JHis  son  George  enjoA'cd  a  place  in  the  Ex- 
chequer, and  was  one  of  Pope's  executors; 
and  his  daughter  Anne  was  a  legatee  in  the 
poet's  will.  In  praise  of  Arbuthnot,  too 
much  cannot  be  said.  His  benevolence  Avas 
equal  to  his  wit,  and  it  is  admitted  that  he 
■was  inferior  to  none  in  learning,  vivacity, 
and  genuine  humor.  The  letter  which  he 
-wrote  to  Pope  on  his  death  bed  is  a  strong 
instance  of  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  the  pu- 
rity of  his  principles,  and  the  constancy  of 
his  religious  faith.  His  miscellaneous  works 
have  been  frequently  edited,  but  not  in  a  cor- 
rect form. 
ARC,Joanof.  Vid.  Joan. 
Arcadius,  succeeded  his  father,  the 
g:reat  Theodosius,  as  emperor  of  the  east, 
.'395,  whilst  his  brother  Honorlus  became  em- 
peror of  the  West.     He  died  408. 

Arcadius,  an  African  bishop,  put  to  death 
by  order  of  Genseric,  the  Vandal  king,  437, 
because  he  opposed  with  great  violence  the 
Arians. 

Arcere,  Antliony,  a  native  of  jNIarseilles, 
who  was  a  priest  of  the  oratory.  As  he  was 
skilled  in  the  Oriental  languages,  he  travelled 
into  the  east,  where  he  made  a  valuable  col- 
lection of  manuscripts.  He  began  a  French 
and  Turkish  dictionary,  the  compilation  of 
Avhich  was  unfortunately  prevented  by  a  fever, 
Avhich  proved  fatal,  lOyy,  in  his  35th  year. 
Arcere,  Lewis  Elienne,  a  priest  of  the 
ora'.ory  of  Marseilles,  known  as  a  poet,  but 
more  as  the  historian  of  Kochelle  and  of  A- 
miens,  in  a  work  published,  2  vols.  4to.  in 
175G.     He  died  1781,  in  extreme  old  age. 

Arcesilaus,  a  Greek  piiilosopher,  who 
succeeded  Crates  in  his  school.  He  was  born 
about  316  B.  C. 

Archei.aus,  son  of  Herod  the  great, 
kingof  Judcea,  disputed  with  his  brother  An- 
tlpas  for  the  sovereignty,  on  hisfother's  death. 
Augustus,  as  umpire,  divided  the  dominions 
between  the  two  bi'Others ;  but  Archelaus 
showed  himself  so  oppressive,  that  the  em- 
peror banished  liim  to  Gaul,  A.  D.  C,  where 
he  died. 

Archelaus,  king  of  IVIacedonia  after 
Perdiccas  II.  was  an  able  i)rincc,  and  a  great 
encourager  of  learning.  He  died  about  398 
B.C. 

Archelaus,  a  philosopher,  successor  to 
Anaxagoras  at  Lampsacus.  He  afterwards 
settled  at  Athens. 

Archelaus,  a  bishop  of  Alcsopotamia, 
278,  known  for  opposition  against  the  Mani- 
chieans.  A  Latin  translation  of  his  work  is  ex- 
tant. 

Archelaus,  a  geographer  in  the  age  of 
Alexancler. 

Archtas,  a  native  of  Antioch,  known  for 
the  oration  which  his  friend  Cicero  spoke  in 
liis  defence. 

Arch  ID  amus,  kingof  Sparta  after  Age- 
silaus,  his  father,  B.  C.  561. 


ArchigekeS,  a  Greek  physician  in  the 
age  of  Trajan. 

Archilochus,  a  Greek  satirist  of  Faros, 
the  inventor  of  iambics,  B.  C.  640. 

Archimedes,  a  celebrated  mathemati- 
cian of  Syracuse.  He  defended  his  country 
against  the  besieging  Romans,  and  at  last  per- 
ished by  the  hand  of  a  soldier,  who  would  not 
respect  his  literary  retirement  and  peaceful 
occupation,  B.  C.  208. 

Archinto,  Octavius,  descended  of  a  no- 
ble family  in  the  Milanese,  is  known  for  his 
**  antiquities,"  in  1  vol.  folio.  He  lived  in  the 
16th  centur}'. 

A  RCH  o  N,  Lewis,  a  chaplain  of  Lewis  XIV. 
born  at  Kiom  in  Auvergne.  He  was  patron- 
ised by  the  cardinal  of  Bouillon,  and  made 
himself  known  by  his  entertaining  history  of 
the  French  king's  chapel,  in  2  vols.  4to.  1711. 
He  died  at  the  abbey  of  St.  Gilbert-neuf-fon- 
taines,  of  whicli  he  was  the  head,  1717,  in 
his  72d  year. 

Archytas,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher, 
and  mathematician  of  Tarentum,  known 
also  as  the  general  of  his  country,  about  400 
B.C. 

Arcons,  Cxsar  de'  a  Gascon,  advocate 
in  the  parliament  of  Bourdeaux.  He  died 
1681,  author  of  some  treatises  on  the  flux  and 
reflux  of  the  sea,  and  longitude,  dissertations 
on  the  scri])tures,  &c. 

Ar  CQ_,  Philip  Auguste  de  St.  Foi  d',  an  inge- 
nious Parisian,  said  to  have  been  the  natural 
son  of  count  Toulouse.  He  is  known  for  his 
history  of  commerce  and  navigation — histem- 
ple  of  silence — letters  of  Osman,  3  vols.  12mo. 
— his  general  history  of  war,  2  toIs.  4to — his 
Loisirs,  See.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  at  Gentilly  in  great  devotion.  He  di- 
ed 1774. 

Arcudi,  Alexander  Thomas,  a  Dominican 
of  Venice,  author  of  Galatino  literata  ;  — the 
history  of  Athanasius — and  other  historical 
and  biogi'aphical  works.    He  died  about  1720. 

Arcudius,  Peter,  a  (ireek  ecclesiastic  of 
Corfu,  employed  in  Russia  by  Clement  VIII. 
He  was  patronised  by  the  pope's  nepliew, 
cardinal  Borghese;  and  he  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  writer  on  controversial  works  against 
the  Greek  and  Protestant  churches.  He  di- 
ed of  an  accident  at  Rome,  1635. 

Arculphus,  a  French  divine,  who  in  the 
7th  century,  travelled  to  the  hoi}-  land,  of 
Avhich  he  a\  x-ote  an  interesting  account,  pub- 
lished in  4to.  at  Ingoldstadt,  1619. 

Arcy,  Patrick  d',  an  Englishman.  Vid- 
Darcy. 

Arden,  Edward,  a  native  of  Warwick- 
sliire,  of  a  respectable  family,  who  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  George  Throgmorton, 
and  lived  a  retired  life  on  his  estate,  both 
from  inclination  and  from  his  attachment  to 
the  catholic  religion.  He  had  frequent  quar- 
rels with  his  neighbor,  the  great  earl  of 
Leicester,  whose  pride  looked  down  with 
contempt  on  the  independence  of  a  country 
gentleman,  and  his  ruin  was  determined. 
Somerville,  a  rash,  thoughtless  young  man, 
who  had  married  one  of  his  daughtei's,  was 
drawn    into  u  supposed  conspiracy  against 


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the  queen's  life  ;  and  though  no  evidence  n\t- 
pearcd  agaiiisl  liini,  cxcc'iit  the  report  ot  a 
letter  which  Jiad  been  thrown  into  the  tire 
by  his  father-in-law,  not  onl}  he,  but  Artlcn, 
his  Mile,  his  ilaughter,  wile  ol  boinerville, 
and  Somcrville's  sister,  were  conveyed  to  tlie 
Tower,  and  alter  torture  had  been  barba- 
rously used  to  draw  eonlessions  from  Aiden 
and  from  Hale  a  priest,  who  was  supposed 
to  have  been  coneerned,  tins  unhappy  family 
"were  condemned  to  sutler  death.  Somerv  ilie 
•was  found  strangled  the  night  before  his  ex- 
ecution, as  was  supposed,  that  lie  might  not 
accuse  his  per:Hcut(jrs,  and  Aiden  expired  by 
the  hand  of  the  executioner  in  Smitldiehl, 
December 'JO,  1383,  in  his  ;')-'d  year,  amidst 
tlie  tears  of  pitying  thousands.  I'he  rt;st 
were  pardoned,  but  tiie  mangled  heads  of  the 
father  and  of  the  son  in-law  were  exposed  on 
Lontlon  bridge.  The  dignity  of  this  lespect- 
able  family  was  restored  by  the  prudence 
and  good  fortune  of  the  two  next  heirs,  and 
became  nearly  allied  to  the  Fieldings,  eurls 
of  Denbigh. 

Ardekn,  Jolm,  an  early  medical  writer, 
settled  at  Newark  from  1J48  to  1370,  after 
which  he  came  to  London.  He  was  eminent 
in  his  profession,  and  thence  his  cures  were 
attributed  to  magic  and  superstition.  He 
vrote  a  treatise  on  the  fistula  in  ano,  pub- 
lished by  Read,  1588,  and  lefl  a  MS.  in  the 
Sloane  Library,  de  re  herbai'ia,  physica  et 
chirurgica. 

AuEAGATHUs,  a  Greek  physician,  at 
Kome,  13.  C.  269. 

Arena,  Anthony  de,  a  native  of  Soliers 
near  Toulon,  author  of  some  inferior  trea- 
tises on  jurisprudence.  He  alsowrote  maca- 
ronic verses,  p  farago  of  barbarous  language, 
partly  French,  and  partly  Latin,  and  partly 
provincial,  first  brought  into  fashion  by  Mer- 
lin Coccaio.  His  chief  work  is  his  war  of 
Charles  V.  in  Provence,  reprinted  in  1747. 
He  was  judge  of  St.  llemi,  near  Aries,  and 
died  1544.  His  other  peices  appeared  1670, 
12mo. 

AuESi,  Paul,  a  native  of  Cremona,  bishop 
of  Tortona,  and  author  of  some  theological 
Avorks,  in  Latin  and  in  Italian.  He  encou- 
raged learning,  and  distinguislied  himself  in 
the  order  of  Tiieatins.  He  died  at  Tortona, 
1645,  aged  71. 

AreijT.us,  a  Greek  physician,  in  the 
age  of  Vespasian,  whose  works  were  edited 
by  Wigan,  Oxford,  1723. 

Aretaphii.a,  a  woman  of  Cyrene,  who 
avenged  the  death  of  her  husband,  Phadi- 
rnus,  on  his  murderer,  Nicoorates. 
Are  .  e,  daughter  of  Aristippi/s,  of  Cyrene, 
acquired  reputation  as  a  teacher  of  philoso- 
phy. 

Arethas,  a  bishop  of  Cappadocia,  in 
the  lOth  century,  anthor  of  a  commentarj' 
on  the  Revelations,  still  extant. 

Aretin,  Guy,  a  Benedictine  monk,  known 
for  his  discovery  of  a  new  method  to  learn 
music,  which  he  published  under  the  name 
of  **  Micrologus."  He  is  the  inventor  of  six 
notes  in  music,  "ut,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la," 
borrowed,  it  is  said,  from  the  Jivmn  to  St. 
vol,.  I.  113 


John,   by  f:»king  the  first  and  sixth  syllables: 
UT  queaiil  laxis  utsonure  fibril 

Mira  gesloruni  FAinuli  luuruui 

soL\e  polutis  i.Abiis  reatum. 

Some  allrihiite  the  word  ganin:Ut  to  him, 
which  he  Ijorrowed  from  the  3d  letter  of 
the  Greek,  i.i  the  inaikingof  his  notrs,  and 
with  the  idea  that  music  originated  in  («reeee. 
One  of  his  letters  was  i>rinled  by  Baronius 
in  tlie  annals  uniler1022. 

AitEiiN,  Leonard,  a  native  of  Arezzo, 
from  wh','nce  his  name,  belter  known  than 
his  family  appellation  ot  Bruiii.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  learned  men  <jf  the  15th  century, 
and  he  may  be  considered  as  the  restorer  of 
the  (ireek  language  to  Italy.  He  was  cm- 
ployed  as  secretary  of  the  briefs  under  five 
popes,  after  which  he  became  secretary  to 
the  republic  of  Florence.  He  translated 
some  of  Plutarch's  Lives,  and  wrote  some 
historical  pieces,  admired  for  their  elegance 
and  accuracy.  His  history  of  the  Goths  ac- 
quired him  also  fame  and  patronage  ;  but 
his  reputation  suffered,  when  Christopher 
Perrona  discovered  it  to  be  nothing  but  a 
compilation  or  translation  of  Procopius.  He 
died  at  Florence,  1443,  in  his  74th  year.  Pog- 
gius,  who  had  cultivated  his  friendship  for 
40  years,  spoke  his  funeral  oration. 

Are  r  I  n,  Francis,  a  man  eminent  for  his 
learning,  and  his  knowledge  in  Greek.  He 
studied  at  Vienna,  and  afterwards  taught 
there  with  such  success  that  he  was  called 
prii.ce  of  subtleties,  and  liis  wit  became  pro- 
verbial. In  law,  his  opinion  was  considered 
of  such  weight,  that  whatever  cause  he  pre- 
viously condemned  was  generally  lost.  He 
read  lectures  also  at  Pisa  and  Ferrara  ;  but 
he  was  disappointed  in  his  expectations  at 
Rome,  though  Sextus  IV.  declared  he  would 
have  honored  him  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  which 
was  due  to  his  merits,  where  he  not  afraid 
that  by  so  doing  he  should  rob  the  public  of  a 
most  incomparable  professor.  Aretin,  whose 
temper  was  choleric,  never  kept  his  servants 
more  than  one  or  two  months,  as  he  expected 
better  attendance  from  new  ones.  He  was  par- 
simonious, and  as  he  lived  in  celibacy,  his  for- 
tune became  immense  and  was  divided  among 
his  relations.      He  died  about  1470. 

Areti-'c,  Peter,  natural  son  of  Lewis  Boe- 
ci  of  Arezzo,  became  so  celebrated  for  his 
satire,  that  he  was  called  the  scourge  of  prin- 
ces. His  friendship  was  courted  by  Charles 
V.  and  Francis  I.  who  no  doubt  dreaded  the 
venom  of  his  pen  more  than  they  esteemed 
his  merits;  and  he  grew  so  arrogant,  that  he 
represented  himself  on  a  medal  as  a  god,  and 
on  the  reverse  received  the  presents  of  ob- 
sequious monarchs.  His  lampoons,  as  it  was 
observed,  subdued  more  jjriiices  than  the 
most  powerful  conqueror  ever  had  done.  It 
is  to  be  lamented,  that  a  genius,  which  so 
strongly  possessed  the  powers  of  satire  and 
genuine  humor,  was  not  fully  employed  in 
lashing  the  vices  of  men.  The  name  of  Are- 
tin will  be  execrated  by  the  modest  and  the 
virtuous,  for  the  obscenities,  the  profane,  and 
immoral  writings  with  which  he  has  insulted 
the  world.     His  comedies  were  highly  ap- 


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plauiled,  Ills  letters  arc  valuable,  and  his 
Avorks  of  devotion  may  be  read  with  satistac- 
lion  and  surprise.  Some  have  said,  but  faiselj, 
that  he  abandoned  his  lascivious  principles. 
He  ridiculed  Peter  Strozzi,  who  threatened 
revenge,  not  that  of  the  pen,  but  that  of  supe- 
rior manual  strength,  which  so  terrified  the 
poet,  that  he  confined  hiniself  whilst  his  an- 
tagonist remained  at  Venice.  Aretin  is  said 
to  have  died,  by  falling  tVoni  a  chair,  and  in- 
juring his  head,  upon  laugliing  immoderately 
at  some  indelicate  conversation  at  which  he 
was  present.     He  died  1556,  aged  65. 

Aretin,  John,  an  able  writer  of  Berne, 
in  the  1 5th  century.  He  is  author  of  examen 
theologicum— a  catalogue   of   comets — sei'- 


nions,  fecc. 


Aretin,  Angelo,  a  learned  professor  of 
Jaw  at  Bologna  and  Ferrara.  He  w  rote  four 
treatises  on  his  profession,  and  died  1480. 

Argall,  John,  au  eminent  scholar,  edu- 
cated at  Christ-church,  and  rector  of  Hales- 
w  orth,  Suffolk.  He  died  suddenly  at  a  feast 
at  Cheston,  one  mile  from  his  parsonage,  Oc- 
tober 16()6.   He  published  two  tracts  in  Latin. 

Argellata,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Bo- 
logna, who  died  1423.  His  treatises  on  sur- 
gery was  printed,  folio,  1480,  at  Venice. 

Argellati,  Philip,  an  indefatigable  wri- 
ter, born  at  Bologna,  and  died  at  Milan,  25th 
January  1755,  aged  70.  He  wrote  a  cata- 
logue of  iSIilanese  writers,  2  vols.  fol.  and  of 
Italian  translators,  5  vols.  4to.  besides  edi- 
tions of  various  Italian  authors,  kc. 

Argems,  Jean  Baptiste  de  Boyer,  Mar- 
quis d',  a  native  of  Aix  in  Provence.  He 
followed  for  some  time  the  military  profes- 
sion, andafterwardsdistinguished  himself  as  a 
writer,  and  as  the  friend  of  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia, with  whom  he  lived  25  years  as  chamber- 
lain. He  returned  to  his  native  countrj-,  and 
died  there,  at  the  end  of  1770,  iiged  CO.  He 
■was  a  man  of  strong  sense,  and  great  learn- 
ing, as  hislettres  Juives,  Chinoiscs,  Cabalis- 
tiques,  and  his  philosophy  ot  good  sense,  8cc. 
sufficiently  prove,  though  it  is  to  be  lamented 
that  he  occasionally  di.sgraced  his  pages  by 
expressions  of  licentiousness  and  infidelity. 

A R g E  N  s o  L  A,  Leonard  and  Bartholome  w, 
two  Spanish  poets  of  merit.  The  conquest 
of  the  ^loluccas  was  the  admirir.!  Avork  of 
Bartholomew. 

Argenson,  Mark  Rene  Ic  ^'oyel•,  Mar- 
«juisd',  celebrated  as  thciiist  who  introduced 
lettres  de  cachet,  during  his  admin'^lr.ition  of 
the  police  at  Paris,  1697,  wji.s  born  at  Venice, 
where  his  father  was  ambassador  from  the 
French  court.  He  was  highly  res])ected  for 
his  abilities,  and  the  lirmness  of  his  charac- 
ter. He  succeeded  d'  Aguesscau  in  the  office 
of  chancellor,  1719,  but  Mas  disgraced  the 
following  vear,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart  in 
1721,  aged  69. 

Argent  A  L,  Cliarles  Augustus  count  d', 
a  foreign  minister  at  the  French  court,  known 
as  the  friend  of  L.ekain,  Voltaire,  and  other 
learned  men,  and  as  the  author  of  .some  ele- 
gant verses.  He  died  6111  Januarv  1788, 
aged  88. 

ARoeNTiEP,  John,  born  atCasllenovoin 


his  valuable  and  interesting  col- 

tle  novis  erroribus,  &c.  3 

sembling  Bossuei 

He  died  in    1740, 


,  a  work  much  resembling  Bossuet's 


Piedmont,  died  at  Turin,  1 37'2,  aged  58.  He 
studied  medicine,  and  acquired  high  reputa- 
tion in  the  theory,  but  not  in  the  practice, 
of  his  profession.  He  was  called  Censor  Medi- 
corum,  because  he  censured  Galen.  His 
works  appeared  in  12  vols,  folio,  Venice,  1592. 

Argentina,  Thomas  d',  a  learned  head 
of  the  Augustincs  in  1345,  author  of  commen- 
taries on  the  master  of  the  sentences,  prin- 
ted, folio,  Strasburg,  1490. 

Argentre,  Bertrand  d',  a  native  of  Vi- 
tre,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  jurispru- 
dence and  history.  He  died  1590,  in  his  71st 
year,  of  a  broken  heart,  on  account  of  the 
disasters  brought  upon  his  country  by  the 
plague.     He  wrote  an  account  of  Britany,  &c. 

Argentre,  Charles  Duplessis  d',  a  na- 
tive of  Britany,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  alo- 
mnncr  to  the  king,  and  bishop  of  Tulles,  and 
known  for" 
lectio  judiciorum 
vols,  folio 

histoire    des   variations 
aged  67. 

Argenville,  Anthon.  Joseph  Dezel- 
lier  d',  a  French  writer,  son  of  a  bookseller 
at  Paris.  He  wrote  several  useful  works, 
especially  his  lives  of  painters,  in  3  vols.  4to. 
1755,  of  which  Horace  Walpole  does  not 
speak  with  sufficient  encomium — a  valuable 
treatise  on  gardening,  4to.  1747 — a  catalogue 
of  French  fossils — and  other  curious  and  val- 
uable works.  He  Avas  also  one  of  the  com- 
pilers of  the  encyclopedia.  He  died  Novem- 
ber 30,  1765. 

Argoli,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Tagliacoz- 
zo  in  Italy,  patronised  by  the  senate  of  Ve- 
nice, and  made  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Padua,  with  the  title  of  chevalier  He  died 
1657,  author  of  a  book,  dediebus  criticis,  4to. 
1652 — ephemerides  from  1640,  after  his 
death  continued  to  1700,  4  vols.4to. — proble- 
mata  astronomica. 

Argo  LI,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  pub- 
lished an  idyllium  on  the  silk  worm,  at  the  age 
of  15.  With  the  desire  of  attaining  further 
applause,  he  shut  himself  up,  and  at  the  ex- 
piration of  seven  months,  at  the  age  of  17, 
he  produced  his  Endymion,  in  12  cantoes,  a 
poem  so  elegant  that  it  was  attributed  to  the 
abilities  of  the  father,  and  not  of  the  son.  He 
wrote  other  pieces,  equally  admired  and  fol- 
lowed the  profession  of  jurisprudence  at  Bo- 
logna for  five  years,  with  great  credit.  He 
died  about  1660. 

Akgonne,  Don  Bonaventure  d',  a  na- 
tive of  Paris,  author  of  some  useful  works, 
especially  miscellanies  of  history  and  litera- 
ture, replete  with  entertaining  anc^ilotcs, 
and  valuable  reflections,  published  under 
the  name  of  Vigneul  de  Marvillo,  re- 
printed, 3  vols.  12mo.  1725.  He  died  a 
Carthusian  monk  at  Gaillon,  near  Rouen, 
1704,  aged  64  He  wrote  also  a  method  of 
reading  the  church  fathers,  12mo.  1607. 

Argou,  Gabriel,  an  advocate  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  born  at  Vivarez.  ^'e  died 
at  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century,  author 
of  an  excellent  work,  linstilation  au  droit 
li'ancois,  3  vols,  12mo. 


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Argues,  (Gerard  dci5,  a  gcomoti-icinn,  in- 
timHtc  with  Descartes.  He  was  Ixjni  at  Ly- 
ons, 1597,  and  died  there  IGCl.  He  ■wrote 
treatises  on  conic  sections,  on  perspective, 
On  stone-ciUlingv^on  the  practice  of  draw- 
ing, kc.  *^ 

AuGYRE,  Isaac,  an  eminent  mathema- 
tician of  the  14th  ccntiirv,  author  of  some 
■works  on  geography  and  chronology. 

Argvkop VI. us,  Joannes,  a  learned  man 
W'lio  iled  from  Constantinople  when  taken 
by  Maliomet  If.  and  contrilmted  to  tlie  re- 
vival of  (ircek  literature  in  Kurope.  He 
vas  received  with  kindness  hy  Cosmo  de 
Medicis,  <luke  of  Tuscany,  placed  in  the 
professor's  chair  at  Florence,  and  made  tutor 
in  the  prince's  family.  He  retired  from 
thence,  iluring  the  plague,  to  Rome,  where 
lie  lectured  on  Aristotle.  He  died  of  a  fever 
occasioned  In'  eating  melons,  in  his  70th 
year,  about  1478.  He  translated  several  of 
Aristotle's  works,  in  a  manner  which  pro- 
ved him  to  be  an  ahle  Crecian,  and  a  scliolar 
of  the  most  comprehensive  erudition.  He 
•was  said  to  he  an  intemperate  epicure,  so 
that  the  whole  of  his  fortune  was  squandered 
in  supplying  the  delicacies  of  Ids  table.  He 
treated  the  character  of  Cicero  with  con- 
tempt, because  he  had  said  of  his  favorite 
Creek,  that  it  is  a  language  verborum  inoj)S. 
He  left  some  sons,  ef|ually  learned.  His 
commentary  on  Aristotle's  ethics  was  print- 
ed 1541,  folio. 

Ariadne,  daughter  of  Leo  I.  married 
to  Zeno,  who  succeeded  as  emperor,  474. 
She  was  so  disgusted  with  the  intemperance 
of  her  husband,  and  so  eager  to  enjoy  the 
cojTipany  of  her  favorite  Anastasius,  that  she 
forgot  her  dignity  and  character  in  barba- 
rity. Zeno,  when  intoxicated,  was  shut  up 
in  a  sepulchre,  -where  he  was  suffered  to 
die;  and  Anastasius,  tho'igh  of  obscure 
origin,  was  placed  on  the  throne.  She 
died  515. 

Ariarathes  L  a  king  of  Cappadocia, 
engaged  on  an  expedition  against  Egypt  with 
])arius  Ochus. 

Ariarathes  H.  nephew  of  tlie  prece- 
ding, >vas  defeated  by  the  Macedonians,  and 
put  to  death  321  B.  C. 

Ariarathes  HI.  son  of  the  lid.  reco- 
vered his  kingtlom  by  the  conquest  of  the 
Macedonians. 

Ariarathes IV.  son  of  Ariamnes,  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  Antiochus,  and  died  B. 
C.  220. 

Ariarathes  V.  king  of  Cappadocia, 
died  B.  C.  IGG,  after  a  reiga  of  62  years. 
He  was  learned  and  humane. 

Ariarathes  VI.  son  of  the  preceding, 
perislied  in  battle,  B.  C.  1.'30. 

Ariarathes  VII.  son  of  the  Vtth.  was 
murdered  by  his  brnther-in-law,  Mithridates. 

Ariaka  rHES  Vin.  son  of  the  Vllth.  was 
also  murdered  by  Mithridates,  who  placed 
on  the  vacant  tiirone  his  own  son,  whom  lie 
called  the  IXHi  Ariarathes. 

Arias  Montanus,  Benedict,  a  native 
ef  Seville,  eminent  for  his  knowle<lge  of  mo- 
eern  and   ancient  literatacc.      He  was  en- 


gaged by  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  to  publish  an 
edition  of  the  polyglot  iiible,  which  he  com- 
pleted, and  published  at  Antwerp,  1509-72, 
in  8  Aols.  folio.  The  monarch  liberally  of- 
fered the  author  a  bishopric,  but  it  was  mo- 
destly refusetl,  and  only  a  pension  of  2(X)f» 
ducats  accepted,  and  the  honor  of  being 
chaplain  to  the  king.  Arias  wrote  some 
biblical  and  historical  treatises,  besides 
translating  the  Psalter  into  Latin  verse.  He 
died  1;)'.»S,  in  bi.s  7 1st  year. 

Arias,  Francis,  a  learned  Jesuit,  author 
severalof  theological  treatises.  He  died  1C05, 
aged  72. 

Aribert,  son  of  Clotairc  H.  king  of 
France,  obtained  part  of  Aquitaine  as  his 
patrimony  from  his  elder  brother,  Dago- 
bert  I.  lie  caused  himself  to  be  crowned 
king  at  Toulouse,  and  died  two  years  after, 
GjO. 

Arieh,  Jacob  Juda,  a  learned  raldii  of 
Amsterdam,  in  the  17th  century,  author  of 
a  description  of  the  tabernacle,  which  has 
been  translated  from  the  Hebrew  into 
Flemish,  Spanish,  and  I^atin. 

Ariobarxan'ES  I.  king  of  Cappadocia, 
B.  C.  91,  was  replaced  on  his  throne  by  the 
Romans,  after  liis  expulsion  by  Tigranes. 

Arioearzanes  II.  king  of  Cappadocia, 
■was  put  to  death  by  Cassius,  as  being  the 
friend  of  the  murdered  Cte^r. 

Ariobarzaxes  hi.  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  put  to  death  by  Antony,  and  hi.s 
dominions  seized  by  the  Romans. 

Ariosti,  Attilio,  a  musician,  born  at 
Bologna.  •  He  was  at  first  of  the  order  of  the 
Dominicans,  but  quitted  the  society  w  ith  the 
permission  of  the  ]>ope,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  composer  at  Bologna,  and  Ve-^ 
nice,  and  in  Germany.  He  afterv.ards  came 
to  England,  where  his  abilities,  especially 
his  masterly  execution  on  the  viol  d'amore, 
a  new  instrument,  gained  him  api>lause  and. 
opulence.  He  published  by  .subscription,  a 
book  of  cantatas,  1725  ;  but  how  soon  after 
he  died  is  not  ascertained. 

Arios  f  o,  Lodovico,  or  Lewis,   an  illus- 
trious poet,  born  at  Reggio,  1474,  of  a  family 
allied    to  tiie  dukes  of  Ferrara.     His  early 
genius  displayed  itself  in   the  composition  of 
the  play  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe,  which  he 
acted  with  his  brothers  and  sisters ;  but  his 
father,  like  the  father  of  Ovid,  viewed  his 
studies  with  a  jealous  eye,  and  bade  him  for- 
sake the  muses  for  the  bar.      After  his  fa- 
ther's decease,  he  returned  to  his  favorite 
pursuits,  and,  under  the   friendly  patronage 
of  HippolitG,  cardinal  d'Estc,  he  began  the 
plan  of  a  poem,  which  was  to  immortalize 
the  Italian   muse.     He  was  invited  to  write 
in    Latin  by  caitlinal   Bembo;  but  with  the 
ardor  of  a   poet  he  replied,  that  lie  aspired 
to  the  first  rank  of  Italian  composition,  and 
knew  he  must  be  placed  only  second  as  the 
votary  of  the  Latin  muse.     He  read  with  at- 
tention the  works  of  Homer  and  Virgil,  and, 
with  a  mind  stored  with   ail  the  learning  of 
ancient  times,  he  borrowed  a  subject  from 
Bojardo's  Orlando  Inamorato,  and  produced 
bis  ineomparubie  poem  of  Orlando  Furiosa. 


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Though  peculiarly  devoted  to  poetry,  Ariosto 
however,  was  employed  in  negotiations;  and 
•when,  on  the  death  of  Hippolito,  Alphonso, 
duke  of  Ferrara  succeeded  as  patron  of  tlie 
poet,  he  showed  his  regard  for  him  by  ap- 
pointing him  governor  of  Graftignana,  a  post 
which  he  discharged  with  lionor  antl  hdehty. 
For  his  I'etirement,  he  built  a  house  at  Fer- 
rara; and  when  questioned  why  he,  who 
shone  in  the  description  of  magnificent  halls, 
and  splendid  palaces,  had  made  it  so  small, 
he  replied,  that  words  were  cheaper  placed 
together  than  stones.  He  read  his  poems 
Mith  so  sweet  a  voice,  that  his  friends  were 
enraptured  to  hear  him;  and  he  possessed 
<!0  delicate  an  ear,  with  so  choleric  a  temper, 
that  he  once  entered  into  a  potter's  shop, 
who  had  been  repeating  some  of  his  verses, 
vith  an  improper  accent,  and  broke  a  great 
nuraber  of  the  pots  exposed  to  sale  The 
inan  expostulateil  in  vain  at  the  violence  of 
the  stranger.  I  have  not  sufficiently  i-eveng- 
ed  myself  on  thee,  exclainud  Ariosto;  I  have 
broke  only  a  few  pots,  and  you  have  spoiled 
the  most  beautiful  of  compositions  to  ray 
face.  Ariosto  was  of  a  sickly  constitution, and 
■was  frequently  attended  by  physicians.  He 
flied  at  Ferrara,  8th  July,  1533,  in  his  59th 
year.  A  bust  v.as  erected  to  his  memory, 
■with  an  epitaph  written  by  himself.  He  had 
two  sons  by  a  favorite,  called  Alexandra, 
■whom  he  would  have  mai-ried,  had  he  not 
been  apprehensive  of  losing  his  benefices. 
The  Orlando  Furioso  has  been  deservedly 
extolled,  and  it  ranks  high  after  Homer. 
Ariosto  possesses  all  the  fire  of  poetry  ;  he 
passes  with  incredible  rapidity  and  ease 
from  the  terrible  to  the  tender,  from  the 
soft  to  the  sublime  ;  every  character  is  in- 
teresting ;  his  heroes  are  valiant  without 
rashness;  and  his  heroines  are  feminine 
■without  vulgarity  ;  and  nature  appears  in  ."^ll 
ber  native  majesty,  adorned  by  all  the  graces 
of  art,  and  recommended  by  the  most  en- 
chanting language  of  poetry.  Besides  the 
Orlando,  Ariosto  wrote  seven  satires,  five 
comedies,  sonnets,  ballads,  &c.  His  life  has 
been  written  by  Sir  John  Harrington,  pre- 
fixed to  a  translation  of  the  Orlando  Furioso, 
in  1G34  ;  and  in  1783,  Hoole  gave  a  spirited 
and  elcrant  version  of  this  admired  poem. 

Ariosio,  Gabriel,  brother  to  the  poet, 
■was  himself  eminent  as  a  Latin  poet,  in  the 
style  of  Statins.  His  poems  were  published 
at  Ferrara,  l.'>82.  He  died  1552.  His  son 
Horace  ■was  born  at  Ferrara,  and  died  there 
1593,  aged  38.  He  was  author  of  a  sprited 
defence  of  his  uncle's  poem  against  Pekgri- 
no;  and  he  himself  composed  I)esi(les  come- 
dies, a  poem  called  Alpheus. 

Ariovistus,  king  of  Germany,  assisted 
the  Gauls  against  the  Romans,  and  was  de- 
feated by  J.  Csesar. 

Aripf-r'i,  kingof  Lomhardy,  succeeded 
his  father,  Ragimbert,  702.  He  was  cruel 
and  vindictive  in  hisconduct,  and  w:3sdro\vn- 
cd  as  he  attempted  to  swim  across  a  river,  to 
escape  from  the  pursuit  of  his  enemies,  73G. 

Art  SI,  Francis,  an  able  writer  of  Cremo- 
itp,  who  died  25th  January   1743,  aged  86. 


Among  his  valuable  works  is  Cremona  litera- 

ta,  3  vols.  fol. 

ARiST.£NiETEs,  author  of  elegant  love 
epistles  in  (jieek,  died  at  Nicomedia,  358. 

Aristander,  a  sootlx^ayer  in  the  army 
of  Alexander  the  Great.     ''" 

Aristarchus,  a  philosopher  of  Samos, 
said  first  to  have  supported  the  diurnal  re- 
volution of  the  earth. 

Aristarchus,  a  grammarian  of  Sa- 
mothrace,  patronised  by  Ptolemy,  B.C.  160. 

Aristarchus,  a  Jew  of  Thessalonica, 
the  companion  of  St.  Paul. 

Arisi  EAS,  a  Greek  historian,  550  B.  C. 

Aristeas,  one  of  the  70  translators  of 
the  Septuagint  at  the  court  of  Philadelphus. 

Aristels,  a  Greek  mathematician,  350 
B.  C. 

Ar  I  ST  IDES,  a  celebrated  Athenian,  the 
friend  of  Tlicmistocles.  His  virtues  and 
services  where  such,  that  he  received  the 
honorable  appellation  of  just.  He  died  in 
great  poverty,  about  407  B.  C 

Aristides,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
who  was  converted  to  Christianity,  and  wrote 
an  apology  for  the  Christians,  A.  U.  125. 

Aristides,  a  sophist  of  Mysia,  who  ob- 
tained from  the  emperor  the  rebuilding  of 
Smyrna,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  an 
earthquvike,  178. 

Aristides,  a  painter  of  Thebes,  B.  C 
340,  one  of  whose  best  pieces  represented 
the  taking  of  a  town  by  storm. 

Aristides,  an  historian  of  Miletus,  who 
wrote  an  account  of  Italy,  &c. 

Aristippus,  a  philosopher  of  Cyrene, 
disciple  to  Socrates,  died  about  400  B.  C. 
he  placed  pleasure  as  the  cliief  good  of  man. 

Arjsto,  a  Stoic  philosopher  of  Cos,  B.  C. 
200.  He  maintained  that  virtue  is  the  su- 
preme good. 

Aristo,  a  Peripatetic  philosoplier,  B.  C. 
230. 

Aristo,  Titus,  a  Roman  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, in  the  age  of  Trajan. 

Aristobulus  I.  high-priest  and  king 
of  the  Jews,  after  his  father  Hvrcanus. 
He  died  B.  C.  104. 

Aris  I  OBULus  H.  son  of  Alexander  Jan- 
nseus,  was  deposed  by  Pompcy,  and  carried 
prisoner  to  Rome,  where  he  was  poisoued, 
B.C.  i5. 

Aristorulus,  an  Ale'caiulrian  Jew,  who 
united  the  Peripatetic  philosopiiy  with  the 
laws  of  Moses. 

Ar  J  s  1  OBui.us,  grandson  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  made,  liigh-j)riest,  but  was  after- 
wards put  to  death  by  Herod,  who  was  jea- 
lous of  his  popularity,  B.  C  30. 

Aristogi  ro\,  an  Athenian,  celebrated 
for  his  union  w  illi  Harmodius,  by  w  hich  the 
tyranny  of  the  Pisistratidaj,  was  abolished  at 
Athens,  B.  C.  510. 

Aristomenes,  a  Messenian,  whose 
courage  caused  his  countrymen  to  oppose 
and  avenge  the  oi)pression  of  the  Spartans, 
B.  C.  685.  He  was  successful  in  various  bat- 
tles. 

Aristophanes,  a  celebrated  comic  wri- 
ter of  Athens,  in  the   age  of  vSoc rates.     He 


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united  the  greatest  wit  with  the  most  biting 
satire,  and,  in  those  days  when  living chnriic- 
tera  could  be  attacked  on  the  stage  with  im- 
punity, his  influence  was  very  gi-eat.  So- 
crates, among  others,  felt  the  bitterness  of 
his  sarcasms.  Only  eleven  of  his  pieces  are 
preserved. 

Aristotle,  a  celebrated  philosopher  of 
Stagira.  lie  was  employed  as  the  tutor  of 
Alexander  the  (ireat;  but  his  fame  is  built 
on  the  werks  which  he  composed  on  ethics, 
poetry,  i)olitics,  physic,  logic,  fcic.  He  died 
about  3'23  B.  C.  arid  it  is  said  that  he  threw 
himself  into  the  Kuripus,  because  he  could 
not  explain  satistactorily  the  causes  of  the 
flu.\  and  reflu.v. 

A  III  s  TOKEN  us,  a  Grecian  philosopher 
of  Tarentum,  the  disciple  of  Aristotle, 
about  324  B.  C 

Aui  us,  founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Arians, 
was  an  African  by  birth.  Disappointment 
made  him  a  sectary.  He  propagated  the 
opinion,  that  the  word  was  not  a  divine  per- 
son; and  the  heresy,  though  condemned  by 
various  councils,  gained  followers,  and  exci- 
ted schisms  in  the  Roman  empire.  The  Ni- 
cene  creed  was  drawn  up  to  combat  his  er- 
rors. He  was  the  vielent  enemy  of  Athana- 
sius.     He  died  at  Alexandria  38G. 

Arkel,  Cornel.  Van,  a  Dutcli  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  educated  under  Limborch  and 
Le  Clerc.  He  was  eminent  among  the  Ar- 
menian preachers,  and  died  1724,  aged  54. 
He  is  author  of  Hadriani  Junii,  Romani  me- 
dici,  animadvcrsis,  and  de  coma  commenta- 
rius,  8cc. 

Arkeniioi.7-,  John,  a  native  of  Helsing- 
fors  in  Sweden.  He  studied  at  Upsal,  and 
obtained  the  place  of  registrar,  which  he  lost 
for  writing  against  cardinal  Fleury,  in  his 
considerations  sur  la  France  par  raport  a  la 
Suede,  written  at  Paris.  In  1743,  he  obtain- 
ed the  office  of  secretary  of  public  accounts, 
and  was  appointed,  in  174G,  keeper  of  tlie 
cabinet  curiosities  of  Cassel.  He  died  1777, 
author  of  some  treatises  on  political  subjects, 
memoirs  of  queen  Christina,  &c.  He  also 
published  Grotius'  letters  to  that  queen,  and 
began  ai-  history  of  Frederic,  never  com- 
pleted. 

Arkwright,  Sir  Richard,  a  man  who 
rose  to  opulence  and  reputation  from  the 
humble  station  ef  penny  barber,  in  Bolton, 
Lancashire.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the 
spinning  jenny,  a  system  of  machinery  which, 
by  his  genius  and  perseverance,  and  by  the 
assistance  of  Cay,  a  watcli  maker  of  War- 
rington, and  Atherton  of  Liverpool,  was 
made  to  shorten  and  facilitate  the  labor  of 
spiiuii*ig  cotton,  and  whicli  has  introduced 
plenty  and  independence  among  the  lower 
orders  of  the  community,  by  giving  employ- 
ment to  the  industry  of  many  thousand  fanu- 
lies.  This  enterprising  man,  after  trying 
his  fortune  at  Preston  with  Smalley,  and 
at  Nottingham,  raised  extensive  Morks  at 
Cromford-bridge,  Derbyshire,  where  he 
built  a  beautiful  mansion,  and  a  church,  in 
■^vhich  his  remains  were  deposited  When 
sheriff"  for  the  county,  he  was  knighted,  and 


at  his  death,  3d  August  1702,  he  left  proper- 
ty to  the  amount  of  nearly  half  a  njillion. 

AuLALD,  James  Antony,  a  native  of  Ge- 
neva, eminent  as  a  painter.  He  came  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  [jatronised  by  the  duke 
of  Orleatis,  regent  of  ibe  kingdom,  and  af- 
terwards passed  to  London.  His  mobl  cele- 
brated piece  was  a  tojiy  of  Leda,  \\  bich  at 
last,  in  a  moment  of  superstitious  devotion, 
he  him  himself  destroyed,  by  cutting  it  in  an 
anatomical  stvie,  and  di\i(Iirig  the  limbs 
among  bis  friends.  A  copy  of  this  celebra- 
ted picture  was  sold  in  London  lor  fiOO/.  He 
died  at  (ieneva,  May  25,  174.5,  aged   75. 

Arloi  TA,  a  beautiiul  woman  of  Falaisc, 
daughter  of  a  tanner.  She  was  seen  gazing 
at  her  door  by  Robert  duke  of  Xormatifly, 
as  he  passed  tb rough  the  street;  and  he  made 
her  his  mistiess.  She  bad  by  him  the  con- 
queror, William  ;  and  after  Robert's  death, 
she  married  f  Jerluin,  a  Norman  gentleman, 
by  whom  she  had  three  children,  for  wJioiu 
William  honorably  provided. 

Arlotto,  a  native  of  Magellr*,  in  Tus- 
cany, 1385,  whose  right  name  was  Mainardi, 
though  he  is  better  knoM  n  as  Arlotto.  He 
was  early  brought  up  in  the  trade  of  the 
woollen  manufacture,  which  formed  the  em- 
ployment and  the  consequence  of  the  Flo- 
rentines; but  he  left  it  for  the  church  ;  and 
he  had  the  good  fortune  to  obtain  the  rural 
deanery  of  St.  Cresci  in  the  diocese  of  Fie- 
sole.  The  income  of  this  was  sufficiently 
large  to  maintain  him  in  ease  and  indepen- 
dence ;  and  as  residence  was  not  required, 
he  indulged  his  partiality  for  foreign  ceun- 
Iries  by  travelling.  He  visited  Loudon  where 
he  was  noticed  by  Edward  IV.  and  after  a 
serious  of  strange  adventures,  he  returned 
to  his  native  country.  As  he  posesssed  an 
inexhaustible  fund  of  genuine  humour,  he 
was  the  companien  of  tlie  gay  and  the  dissi- 
pated, and  hr  frequently  forgot  the  dignity 
of  his  ecclesiastical  character,  by  descending 
during  the  most  solemn  services,  to  the  low 
bufibonery  of  a  mimic,  or  the  broad  jest  of  a. 
debauchee.  On  his  return  to  his  deanery,  he 
swore  that  he  would  clear  his  church  of 
mice  ;  and  accordingly  the  animals  Avcre 
caught  and  confined  in  great  numbers  in  a 
glass  cage  for  a  month.  Only  one  survived 
this  droitdful  punishment,  it  was  restored  to 
liberty,  with  a  little  bellaboutits  neck,  which 
served  to  scare  away  the  whole  race,  and  it 
was  alive  tliree  years  afterwards.  Among 
the  patrons  and  friends  of  Arlotto  were  Lo- 
renzo Medici,  and  his  brother  Guliano,  who 
loved  him  for  his  levity  and  the  witticisms  of 
his  conversation.  He  died  at  Florence,  1483, 
in  his  98th  year,  and  was  buried  in  a  tomb, 
which  ten  years  before  he  had  perparedin  St. 
James's  church  there. 

Armagnac,  John  d',  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly in  France,  was  raised  to  the  highest  digni- 
ties in  the  national  church.  He  died  about 
1408. 

Arm  AG  N'AC,  Bernard  cnuNt  d',  brother  of 
the  preceding,  v  as  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
party  of  Orleans  by  the  queen  of  Charles 
VI.  of  France.    He  quarrelled  with  his  be- 


Ml 


AR 


Though  peculiarly  devoted  topoetiy,  Ariosto 
however,  was  employed  in  negotiations;  and 
Trhen,  on  the  death  of  Hippolito,  Alphonso, 
duke  of  Ftrrara  succeeded  as  patron  of  the 
poet,  he  showed  his  regard  for  him  by  ap- 
pointing him  governor  of  Graftignana,  a  post 
■which  he  discharged  with  lionor  and  tideiity. 
For  his  retirement,  he  built  a  house  at  Fer- 
rara ;  and  when  questioned  why  he,  who 
shone  in  the  description  of  magnificent  halls, 
and  splendid  palaces,  had  made  it  so  small, 
he  replied,  that  words  were  cheaper  placed 
together  than  stones.  He  read  his  poems 
with  so  sweet  a  voice,  that  his  friends  were 
enraptured  to  hear  him;  and  he  possessed 
so  delicate  tm  ear,  with  so  choleric  a  temper, 
that  he  once  entered  into  a  potter's  shop, 
who  had  been  repeating  some  of  his  verses, 
"with  an  improper  accent,  and  broke  a  great 
nunaber  of  the  pots  exposed  to  sale  The 
rnan  expostulated  in  vain  at  the  violence  of 
the  stranger.  I  have  not  sufficiently  reveng- 
ed myself  on  thee,  exclainu  d  Ariosto;  I  have 
broke  only  a  few  pots,  and  you  have  spoiled 
the  most  beautiful  of  compositions  to  my 
face.  Ariosto  was  of  a  sickly  constitution,  and 
was  frequently  attended  by  physicians.  He 
died  at  Ferrara,  8th  July,  1533,  in  his  59th 
year.  A  bust  Avas  erected  to  his  memory, 
•with  an  epitaph  written  by  himself.  He  had 
two  sons  by  a  favorite,  called  Alexandra, 
whom  he  would  have  married,  had  he  not 
been  appreheisive  of  losing  his  benefices. 
The  Orlando  Furioso  has  been  deservedly 
extolled,  and  it  ranks  high  after  Homer. 
Ariosto  possesses  all  the  fire  of  poetry  ;  he 
passes  with  incredible  rapidity  and  ease 
from  the  terrible  to  the  tender,  from  the 
soft  to  the  sublime  ;  every  character  is  in- 
teresting ;  his  heroes  are  valiant  without 
rashness;  and  his  heroines  are  feminine 
without  vulgarity  ;  and  nature  appears  in  .'^11 
her  native  majesty,  adorned  by  all  the  graces 
of  art,  and  recommended  by  the  most  en- 
chanting language  of  poetry.  Besides  the 
Orlando,  Ariosto  wi-ote  seven  satires,  five 
comedies,  sonnets,  ballads,  8cc.  His  life  has 
been  written  by  vSir  ,Tohn  Harrington,  pre- 
fixed to  a  translation  of  the  Orlando  Furioso, 
in  lG3i  ;  and  in  1783,  Hoole  gave  a  spirited 
and  elcrant  version  of  this  admired  r»oem. 

Ariosio,  Gabriel,  brother  to  the  poet, 
was  himself  eminent  as  a  Latin  poet,  in  the 
style  of  Statins.  His  poems  were  published 
at  Ferrara,  1582.  He  died  1552.  His  son 
Horace  was  born  at  Ferrara,  and  died  theie 
1593,  aged  38.  He  was  author  of  a  sprited 
defence  of  his  uncle's  poem  against  Pekgri- 
no;  and  he  himself  composed  besides  come- 
dies, a  poem  called  Alpheus. 

Ariovistus,  king  of  Germany,  assisted 
the  Gauls  against  the  Romans,  and  was  de- 
feated by  ,J.  Csesar. 

ARiPKRTjkingof  Lombardy,  succeeded 
his  father,  Rngimbert,  702.  He  was  cruel 
and  vindictive  in  hisconduct,  and  w;jsdro\vn- 
cd  as  he  attempted  to  swim  across  a  river,  to 
escape  from  the  pursuit  of  his  enemies,  73G. 

Arisi,  Francis,  an  able  writerof  Cremo- 
zt&j  who  died  25th  January   1743,  aged  86. 


Among  his  valuable  works  is  Cremona  litera- 
ta,  3  vols.  fol. 

Aris  rjEN.ffi;iEs,  author  of  elegant  love 
epistles  in  Greek,  died  at  Nicomedia,  358. 

Aristander,  a  sootlxjayer  in  the  army 
of  Alexander  the  Great.     '•'' 

Aristarchus,  a  philosopher  of  Samos, 
said  first  to  have  supported  the  diurnal  re- 
volution of  the  earth. 

Aristarchus,  a  grammarian  of  Sa- 
mothrace,  patronised  by  Ptolemy,  B.C.  160. 

Aristarchus,  a  Jew  of  Thessalonica, 
the  companion  of  St.  Paul. 

AiiiSTEAS,  a  Greek  historian,  550  B.  C. 

Aristeas,  one  of  the  70  translators  of 
the  Septuagint  at  the  court  of  Philadelphus. 

Aristeus,  a  Greek  mathematician,  350 
B.  C. 

Ar  1ST  IDES,  a  celebrated  Athenian,  the 
friend  of  Tliemistocles.  His  virtues  and 
services  where  such,  that  he  received  the 
honorable  appellation  of  just.  He  died  in 
great  poverty,  about  407  B.  C. 

Aristides,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
who  was  converted  to  Christianity,  and  wrote 
an  apology  for  the  Christians,  A.  D.  125. 

Aristides,  a  sophist  of  Mysia,  who  ob- 
tained from  the  emperor  the  rebuilding  of 
Smyrna,  which  had  been  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake,  178. 

Aristides,  a  painter  of  Thebes,  B.  C. 
340,  one  of  whose  best  pieces  represented 
the  taking  of  a  town  by  storm. 

Aristides,  an  historian  of  Miletus,  who 
wrote  an  account  of  Italy,  &c. 

Aristippus,  a  philosopher  of  Cyrene, 
disciple  to  Socrates,  died  about  400  B.  C. 
he  placed  pleasure  as  the  chief  good  of  nian- 

ARjSTO,a  Stoic  j)hilosopher  of  Cos,  B.  C. 
260.  He  maintained  that  virtue  is  the  su- 
l)reme  good. 

Aristo,  a  Peripatetic  philosopher,  B.  C. 
230. 

Aristo,  Titus,  a  Roman  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, in  the  age  of  Trajan. 

Aristobulus  I.  high-priest  and  Jcing 
of  the  Jews,  after  his  father  llvrcauus. 
He  died  B.  C.  104. 

Aris  r  OBULus  n.  son  of  Alexander  Jan- 
nseus,  was  deposed  by  Pompey,  and  carried 
prisoner  to  Rome,  where  he  was  poisoned, 
B.C.  i5. 

Aristobulus,  an  Alevandrian  Jew,  m ho 
united  the  Peripatetic  philosopliy  with  the 
laws  of  Moses. 

A  w  IS  1  OBui.us,  grandson  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  made,  liigh-jjriest,  hut  was  after- 
wards put  to  death  by  Herod,  who  was  jea- 
lous of  his  popularity,  B.  C  36. 

Aristogitox,  an  Athenian,  celebrated 
for  his  union  with  Harmodius,  by  which  the 
tyranny  of  the  Pisistratidaj,  was  abolished  at 
Athens,  B.  C.  510. 

Aristomenes,  a  ]Messenian,  whose 
courage  caused  his  countrymen  to  oppose 
and  avenge  the  oi)pression  of  the  Spartans, 
B.  C.  685.  He  was  successful  in  various  bat- 
tles. 

Aristophanes,  a  celebrated  comic  wri- 
ter of  Athens,  in  the   age  of  vSocrates.     He 


AR 


AR 


united  the  greatest  wit  with  the  most  biting 
satire,  an<l,  in  tliosc  days  wlion  living  cliarac- 
ters  could  be  attacked  on  the  stage  with  im- 
punity, his  influence  was  very  gi-eat.  So- 
crates, among  others,  felt  the  hittci-ness  of 
his  sarcasms.  Only  eleven  of  his  pieces  are 
preserved. 

Aristotle,  a  celebrated  philosopher  of 
Stagira.  lie  was  employed  as  the  tutor  of 
Alexan«Icr  the  (ireat;  but  his  fame  is  buill 
on  the  werks  which  he  composed  on  ethics, 
poetry,  politics,  physic,  logic,  fccc.  lie  died 
about  3'i3  B.  C.  and  it  is  said  that  lie  threw 
himself  into  tlie  Kuiijius,  because  he  could 
not  explain  satisfactorily  the  causes  of  the 
flux  and  reflnx. 

Aris TOXENUS,  a  Grecian  philosopher 
of  Tarentuin,  the  disciple  of  Aristotle, 
about  324  B.  C. 

Arius,  founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Arians, 
was  an  African  by  birth.  Disappointment 
made  him  a  sectary.  He  propapted  the 
opinion,  that  the  word  was  not  a  divine  per- 
son; and  the  heresy,  though  condemned  by 
various  councils,  gained  followers,  and  exci- 
ted schisms  in  the  Roman  empire.  The  Ni- 
cene  creed  was  drawn  up  to  combat  his  er- 
rors. He  was  the  vielent  enemy  of  Athana- 
sius.     He  died  at  Alexandria  386. 

Ark  EL,  Cornel.  Van,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  educated  under  Limborch  and 
Le  Clerc.  He  was  eminent  among  the  Ar- 
menian preaeliers,  and  died  1724,  aged  54. 
He  is  author  of  Hadriani  Junii,  Romani  me- 
dici,  animadvcrsis,  and  de  coma  commenta- 
rius,  kc. 

Ark E Nil o 1. 7.,  John,  a  native  of  Helsing- 
fors  in  Sweden.  He  studied  at  Ujisal,  and 
obtained  the  place  of  registrar,  which  he  lost 
for  writing  against  cardinal  Fleury,  in  his 
considerations  sur  la  France  par  raport  a  la 
Suede,  written  at  Paris.  In  1743,  he  obtain- 
ed the  office  of  secretary  of  public  accounts, 
and  was  appointed,  hi  1740,  keeper  of  the 
cabinet  curiosities  of  Cassel.  He  died  1777, 
autlior  of  some  treatises  on  political  subjects, 
memoirs  of  queen  Christina,  &c.  He  also 
published  Grotius'  letters  to  that  queen,  and 
began  ai-  history  of  Frederic,  never  com- 
pleted. 

Arkwright,  Sir  Richai'd,  a  man  who 
rose  to  opulence  and  reputation  from  the 
humble  station  of  peiuiy  barber,  in  Bolton, 
Lancashire.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the 
spinning  jenny,  a  system  of  machinery  which, 
hy  his  genius  and  perseverance,  and  by  the 
assistance  of  Cay,  a  watch  maker  of  Wai'- 
iMnglon,  and  Atherton  of  Liverpool,  was 
made  to  shorten  and  facilitate  the  labor  of 
spinning  cotton,  and  which  has  introduced 
plenty  and  independence  among  the  lower 
orders  of  the  community,  by  giving  employ- 
ment to  the  industry  of  many  thousand  fanu- 
lies.  This  enterprising  man,  after  trying 
his  fortune  at  Preston  with  Smalley,  and 
at  Nottingham,  i-aised  extensive  works  at 
Cromford-bridge,  Derbyshire,  where  he 
built  a  beautiful  mansion,  and  a  church,  in 
which  his  remains  M-ere  deposited  When 
sheriff'  for  the  county,  he  was  knighted,  and 


at  his  death,  3d  August  17'JC,  he  left  proper- 
ty to  the  amount  of  nearly  half  a  million. 

A  R  LA  I  1),  James  Antony,  a  native  of  Ge- 
neva, eminent  as  a  jiainter.  I'e  came  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  [jalroniscd  by  the  duke 
of  Orleans,  regent  of  tbe  kingdom,  and  af- 
terwards passed  to  London.  His  most  cele- 
brated piece  was  a  copy  of  Leda,  ^^  bich  at 
last,  in  a  moment  of  superstitious  devotioii, 
he  him  himself  destroyed,  by  culling  it  in  an 
anatomical  style,  and  dividing  the  limbs 
among  bis  friends.  A  copy  of  iliis  celebra- 
ted picture  was  sold  in  London  for  fiOO/.  He 
died  at  (itneva,  May  25,  1743,  aged   75. 

Arloi  TA,  a  beautilul  woman  of  Falaisc, 
daughter  of  a  tanner.  She  was  seen  gazing 
at  her  door  by  Robert  duke  of  Normandv, 
as  he  passed  tli rough  the  street;  and  he  made 
her  his  mistiess.  She  bad  by  him  the  con- 
queror, William  ;  and  after  Robert's  death, 
she  married  1  Jerluin,  a  Norman  gentleman, 
by  whom  she  had  three  children,  for  wJioni 
William  honorably  provided. 

A  R  LOT  TO,  a  native  of  Magello,  in  Tus- 
cany, 1385,  whose  right  name  was  Mainardi, 
though  he  is  better  known  as  Arlotto.  He 
was  early  brought  up  in  the  trade  of  the 
woollen  manufacture,  which  formed  the  em- 
ployment and  the  consequence  of  the  Flo- 
rentines; but  he  left  it  for  the  church  ;  and 
he  had  the  good  fortune  to  obtain  the  rural 
deanery  of  St.  Cresci  in  the  diocese  of  Fie- 
sole.  The  income  of  this  was  sufficiently 
large  to  maiistain  him  in  ease  and  indepen- 
dence ;  and  as  residence  was  not  required, 
he  indulged  his  partiality  for  foreign  ceun- 
tries  by  travelling.  He  visited  London  where 
he  was  noticed  by  Edward  IV.  and  after  a 
serious  of  strange  adventures,  he  returned 
to  his  native  country.  As  he  posesssed  an 
inexhaustible  fund  of  getiuine  humour,  he 
was  the  companitm  of  the  gay  and  the  (iissi- 
pated,  and  hi  frequently  tbrgot  the  dignity 
of  his  ecclesiastical  character,  by  descending 
(luring  the  most  solemn  services,  to  the  low 
buflbunery  of  a  mimic,  or  the  broad  jest  of  a 
debauchee.  On  his  return  to  his  deanery,  he 
swore  that  he  would  clear  his  church  of 
mice  ;  and  accordingly  the  aniuials  Avere 
caught  and  confined  in  great  numbers  in  a 
glass  cage  for  a  month.  Only  one  survived 
this  drcitdful  punishment,  it  was  restored  to 
liberty,  with  a  little  bell  about  its  neck,  which 
served  to  scare  away  the  whole  race,  and  it 
was  alive  three  years  afterwards.  Among 
the  patrons  and  friends  of  Arlotto  were  Lo- 
renzo Medici,  and  his  brother  Guliano,  who 
loved  him  for  his  levity  and  the  Avitticisms  of 
his  conversation.  He  died  at  Florence,  1483, 
in  his  98th  year,  and  was  buried  in  a  tomb, 
wliich  ten  years  before  he  had  perparedin  St. 
James's  church  there. 

Armagnac,  John  d',  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly in  France,  was  raised  to  tlie  highest  digni- 
ties in  the  national  church.  He  died  about 
1408. 

Arm  AG  N  AC,  Bernard  couNt  d',  brother  of 
the  pi'ecedmg,  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
party  of  Orleans  by  the  queen  of  Charles 
VI.  of  France.    He  quarrelled  with  his  bcv 


AR 


AR 


Refactress,  and  was  some  lime  aftcrwarils  as- 
sassinated, (Uu-ing  nn  insurrection,  1418. 

Armellivo,  Francis,  a  banker,  made 
cardinal  by  Leo  X.  who  found  him  an  able 
minister  in  the  art  of  raising  money.  He  be- 
came nnpop'Uar  on  account  of  the  taxes 
which  lie  recommended.  He  died  1527. 
^  Aii.ME  NO  N' vii.LE,  Joscph  John   IJiiptist 

Fleurinn  d',  a  Frencii  statesman,  keeper  of 
the  seals  from  1 722  to  1727,  when  he  was 
dismissed.     He  died  the  following  year. 

Armimius,  a  brave  chief  of  the  Cafti, 
called  the  deliverer  of  Germany.  Though 
noticed  and  lionored  by  Augustus,  he  de- 
termined to  avenge  the  wrongs  of  his  en- 
slaverl  country.  The  Romans  were  defeat- 
ed untler  Varus,  and  Arminius  at  last,  after 
various  encounters  with  the  enemy,  was  as- 
sassinated, A.  D.  21. 

Arminius,  James,  a  native  of  Oudc-wa- 
ter,  in  Holland,  1560,  founder  of  the  sect  of 
the  Arminians.     As  he  lost  his  father  early, 
he  was  supported  at  the  university  of  Utrecht, 
and   of   iMarpui-g,    by   the  liberality   of   his 
friends;  but  when  he  returned  home,  in  the 
iTciidst  of  the  ravages  caused   by  the  Spanish 
arms,  instead  of  being  received   by  his  mo- 
ther, he  found  tliat  she,  as  \vell  as  her  daugh- 
ters, and   all  her  family,   had  been  sacrificed 
to  the  wantonness   of  the  ferocious   enemy. 
His  distress  was  for  a  wliile  inconsolable,  but 
the  thirst  after  distinction   called  him  to  the 
wewly  founded  university  of  Leyden,  where 
his  industry  acqt^ired  him  the  protection  of 
the  magistrates  of  Amsterdam,  at  whose  ex- 
pense he    travelled  to   Geneva  and  Italy,  to 
hear   the   lectures   of  Theodore  Beza    and 
James  Zabarella.     On  his  return  to  Holland, 
he   was   ordained   minister   of  Amsterdam, 
15S8;  and  so  great  was  his  po])ularity,  and 
so  powerful  his  eloquence,  that  he  was  every 
■where  followed  by   admiring   auditors,    and 
the  enemies  of  his  doctrines  and  of  his  suc- 
cess were  silenced  by  the  solidit)'  of  his  ar- 
guments, by  the  perseverance  of  his   mind, 
and  the  i'.tegrity  of  his  heart.     In'  theologi- 
cal riisputes  upon  grace,  and  other  contested 
points,  he  preserved    his   high    reputation  ; 
an<l  though  not  only  Ids  friends  but  the  ma- 
gistrates frequently  interfered  in  the  dispute, 
the  force   of  his  reasoning   was  never  weak- 
ened, or  his   leHniing  misapplied  in  iedecent 
invectives      As  proi'essor  of  divinity  at  Ley- 
den, to  wiiich  oiiiL-f  he    was  called   leo.S,  he 
distinguished  himse'f  by  thi*ee  valuable  ora- 
tions on  the  object  of  theology — on  the  au- 
thor and  end  of  it — and  on  the    certainty  of 
it  and  he  afterwards   explained  the  prophet 
Jonah.     In  his  public  and  private  life,  Armi- 
nius has  been   admired  for  his  moderation  ; 
and  though   many    gross  insinuations   have 
been   thrown  against  him,   yet  his  memory- 
has  been  fully  vindicated  by  the  ablest  pens, 
and  he  seemed  entitled   to  the  motto  which 
he  assumed, — a  good  conscience  isaparadise. 
A  life  of  perpetual  labor  and  vexation  of  mind 
at  last  brought  on  a  sickness  of  which  he  di- 
ed, October  19,  1G19.     His  writings  were  all 
on  controversial  aiul  theological  subjects,  and 
were    published  in    1   vol.    4to.    Frankfort, 


'  1631,  The  Arminians,  in  the  number  of 
whom  appear  Grotius,  Episcopius,  Courcel- 
le,  Le  Clerk,  &cc.  are  still  numerous  and  pow- 
erful iu  Holland.  They  maintain,  that  man 
is  made  by  God  a  free  agent,  and  that  provi- 
<lence  before-hand  decrees  his  salvation  or 
damnation,  which  however,  totally  depend 
upon  his  own  uninfluenced  action ;  a  doc- 
trine directly  opposed  by  the  Calvinistical 
tenets  of  predestination.  Of  these  impor- 
tant opinions  Hurnet  has  given  an  account  in 
his  exposition  of  the  17th  article. 

Armstrong,  Thomas,   an   active    sup- 
porter of  the   royal    cause  during  the  civil 
wars,  for  which  he  was  honored  with  knight- 
hood.    Cromv  ell  knew  and  dreaded  his  abi- 
lities, therefore  he  seized    his  person,  and 
threatened  to  put  him  to  deatli.     After  the 
restoration,  Armst./ug  showed  the  most  vio- 
lent opposition   to  popery  ;  and  when  Mon- 
mouth   was   determined    on    rebellion,     he 
espoused  his  cause,  and  visited  with  him  the 
guards,  with  the  intention  either  of  attack- 
ing them  by  force,  or  gaining  them  by  arti- 
fice.    These   bold   measures   rendered    him 
suspected   to   the  government  ;  and  he   fled 
from  the  country,   and  was  in   consequence 
outlawed.     His  persecutors,  however,  seized 
him  abroad  and  he  was  brought  to  London, 
and  executed  without  a  trial,  2()th  June  1684. 
Armstrong,     Dr.  John,   a    celebrated 
pnet,    born     at   Castleton,   Edinburghshire, 
where   his  father  and  brother  were  minis- 
ters.    He  took  his  degrees  of  M.  D.  in  the 
university  of  Edinburgh,   1732,  but   he   did 
not  meet  with  the  success  in   his  profession 
which  his  mei'its  deserved.      His  first  exer- 
tions for  the  amusenxent  of  the  public,  were 
some  small   medical  tracts,  which  were  fol- 
lowed by  the  economy  of  love,  a  poem  after 
the  manner  of  Ovid,  objectionable  for  its  li- 
centiousness, though  admired  for  the  spirit 
of  its  lines,  coi-rected  and  pur\ged  in  the  edi- 
tion of  1768.     In  1744,  the  art  of  preserving 
health  was  published,  and  on  this  great  and 
highly    finished    performance,    the    fame   of 
Armstrong   totally    dejjends.     By   means  of 
his  friends,    the  poet  was  recommended   to 
tiie  notice  of  the   great.     He  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  lame  and  sick  soldiers,  be- 
hind   Buckingham-house,  and    in    1760,    he 
was  n)ade   pliysician   to  the  army  in  Germa- 
ny.    It  was  at  tliis  time  that  he  wrote  his 
poem   called    '•  Day,"     inscribed     to    John 
Wilkes;  and  the  freedom  of  remark  which 
he  used  in   one   passage  upon  Churchill  not 
only  drew  the  vengeance  of  the  satirist  upon 
him,  but  dissolved  the  frientlsliip  w  hich  had 
before   cordially   existed    with  Wilkes.     He 
collected  his  scattered  pieces  which  he  pub- 
lished in   1770,   and    the   following  year  he 
w  rote  a  short  ramble  through   Fravice   and 
Italy  by  Lancelot  Tem])le.     He  died  in  Sep- 
tember,   1779,    leaving   behind     him    about 
3000/.  a  sum  which  surprised  his  friends,  as 
they  knew   that  his  income  was  small,  and 
that  Jiis  heart  was  generous.     Mr.  Nicholl's 
anecdotes  of  Bowyer  contain  some  further 
particulars  of  this  great  and  ingenious  man. 
His  medical  esssays  appeared  collected  in  1 


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volume  4to.  1773.  Of  these  the  essny  lor 
abriilging  tlic  stmly  of  i»hysic.  was  first  priitl- 
cd  17 J5,  ami  the  synojisis  of  the  liisiory  and 
cure  of  tlic  venereal  disease  in  17.^7,  Svo. 
His  sketches  or  essays  on  various  suhjects  by 
Lancelot  Temple  were  printed  17 oH. 

AuMsruoNG,  John,  a  native  of  I.eith, 
educated  at  Edinburu;h,  where  he  took  his 
dcgjree  of  .M.  A.  ami  n\  here  he  publi.^lied  his 
juvenile  poems,  and  an  essay  on  the  means 
of  punishing  and  preventing  crimes.  lie 
came  to  London  about  !7'J;>,  and  earned  a 
scanty  subsistence  by  writing  for  the  news- 
papers, and  pi-eaching  among  the  dissenters. 
lie  died,  after  a  short  illness,  in  his  2Clii 
year,  1707. 

Ahmyne,  Lady  Mary,  danghtcf  of  Henry 
Talbot,  the  fourth  son  of  (.eorgc,  earl  of 
Shrewsbury,  married  Sir  \\  illiam  Armyne, 
and  rendered  herself  distinguished  by  her 
piety  and  benevolence,  as  well  as  her  know- 
ledge of  history,  of  divinity,  and  of  the  lan- 
guages. She  was  very  liberal  to  the  poor, 
and  contributed  largely  towarils  the  encour- 
agement and  support  of  the  missionaries  sent 
to  North  America.  She  also  endowed  three 
hospitals;  and  died  IG75. 

Arnald,  Richanl,  B.  D.  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  lienet's  and  Emanuel  col- 
lege, and  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Tliur- 
caston  in  Leicestershire.  He  published  se- 
veral sermons,  and  besides  a  commentary  on 
Avisdom,  on  ecclesiasticus,  kc.  but  his  best 
known  performance  is  his  commentary  on 
the  apocrypha.  He  died  1756  ;  and  his  wi- 
dow, (laughter  of  Mr.  Wood,  rector  of  Wil- 
ford,  Nottingham,  11th  April  1782.  His 
son.  Dr.  Arnald,  was  patronised  by  Dr. 
Hurd,  bishop  of  Worcester. 

Arxall,  William,  an  attorney's  clerk, 
i\ho  became  a  political  w riter  in  the  pay  of 
sir  Robert  Walpole.  It  appears  from  the 
report  of  a  secret  coiumitte,  that,  in  four 
years,  he  received  10,997^.  ds.  8(/.  for  his 
pamphlets;  and  thougli  so  liberally  rewonl- 
ed,  he  died  of  a  broken  heart  and  in  debt, 
1741,  aged  20. 

Arxaud  de  Meyrvii.le,  or  Meue- 
viL,  a  poet  of  Provence,  in  the  service  of 
viscount  Beziers,  of  whose  wife  he  became 
deeply  enamoured.  He  praistd  the  lady  in 
anonymous  lines;  and  when  at  last  discover- 
ed, he  was  not  discarded,  but  received  valu- 
able presents  from  the  hands  of  a  woman 
IN  ho  had  the  virtue  to  pity  and  not  to  en- 
flame  his  passion.     He  die(l  1220. 

Arxaud  de  Villa  No  v  a,  a  physician, 
who  improved  himself  by  travelling  thiough 
Europe,  and  created  liimself  enemies  by  ha- 
ving recourse  to  astrology.  He  enjoyed  some 
reputation  at  Paris,  and  afterwards  retir?(l 
to  Sicily,  to  Frederic  king  of  Arra'^on.    He 

,»    '  t_l  o 

Avas  shii)wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Genoa  as  he 
was  returning  to  attend  pope  Clement,  wlio 
labored  under  a  severe  illness,  1510  or  \313. 
His  works  appeared  at  Lvons,  2  vols,  folio, 
1520,  and  liasil,  1585. 

Arnaid,  Anthony,  an  advocate,  of  Paris, 
horn  1550.  He  \vas  altorney  general  to  Ca- 
tharine de  Mecfici,   Rnd  acqui)'ed   opulence 


and  reputation  by  the  exertion  of  hiM  ahili- 
lits,  and  parlicnlarly  distinguished  liimself 
in  detcnding,  with  sticcess,  tlie  univer'itv  of 
Paris,  where  he  had  been  educate<l  aguinst 
the  Jesuits,  15U4.  He  niarrieil  Catharine, 
(laughter  of  the  adNoeale-general,  Marion, 
Ba}le  denies  his  biing  of  the  iX-fornie(l  reli- 
gion. He  died  in  his  Oodi,  or,  according  to 
some,  in  his  7(Mh  or  lO.id  year. 

Arnauu  1>'  A.N'niLLi,  Robert,  eldest 
son  of  the  j)rcceding,  was  early  introduced 
at  court,  where  he  disti:  gnishcd  himself  as 
the  friend  of  the  great,  an<l  the  i>atron  of 
genius  and  learning.  He  retired  in  his  55tli 
year,  to  the  convent  of  Po;  •  Roval  des 
Champs,  and  employed  himself  not  only  to 
study,  but  to  the  cultivation  of  trees,  the 
fruit  of  which  he  yearly  presented  to  tjneen 
Anne  of  Austria,  lie  died  1074,  in  his  Stjili 
year.  He  was  author  of  memoirs  of  his  own 
life — menutirs  of  the  house  of  Portugal — be- 
sides a  translation  of  Josephus,  and  other 
works. 

Arxaud,  Anthony,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Paris,  February  0,  1612. 
He  was  originally  intended  for  the  law  ;  but 
the  representations  of  his  friends  ai.'l  of  St. 
Cyren  i)i'evailed  upon  him  to  study  divinity, 
in  which  he  took  his  degrees  at  the  Sor- 
bonne.  He  was  engaged  in  the  controversy 
of  the  times  upon  grace,  and  sided,  like  his 
family,  with  the  Jansenists  against  the  Je- 
suits, and  supported  the  cause  with  great 
ability  and  vehement  zeal.  In  one  of  his 
public  letters,  however,  he  proceeded  far- 
ther tl)an  propriety  or  prudence  permitted  ; 
for  which  he  was  expelled  from  the  faculty 
of  divinity ;  and  it  was  during  this  suspen- 
sion of  popular  favor  that  he  retired,  and 
for  twenty-five  years  devoted  himself  to  the 
composition  of  those  works  in  logic,  geome- 
try, grammar,  theology,  and  metaphysics, 
which  have  immortalized  his  name.  On  his 
return  to  public  life,  he  was  presented  to  the 
king,  and  recovered  his  popularity  ;  but  the 
violence  and  animosity  of  his  enemies  rlrovc 
him  a  second  time,  1679,  into  obsc.irity  in 
the  Netherlands,  where  he  continued  his 
controversial  labors  against  the  Caivanists 
and  Jesuits.  He  died,  in  his  82d  year,  9th 
August  1694,  desiring  that  his  heart  might 
be  deposited  in  the  Port  Royal.  He  was  a 
man  of  a  mild  and  inoffensive  chaisicter,  of 
no  very  promising  appearance,  but  endowed 
with  uncommon  powers  of  mind,  ^'he  Je- 
suits carried  their  hatred  against  him  so  lar 
as  to  destroy  the  sheet  which  Perrault,  in 
his  panegyric  of  great  men,  had  wi-itten  in 
his  favor.  His  works  are  very  numerous. 
His  letters,  after  his  death,  were  published 
in  9  vols.  by!father  Quesnel. 

Arnaud,  Henry,  br«)ther  of  Robert  and 
Anthony,  was  made  bishop  of  TonI ;  but  as 
his  election  was  disputed,  he  w  as  not  put  in- 
to posses'iion.  He  was  employed  as  a  nego- 
tiator at  the  court  of  Rome;  and,  on  his  re- 
turn, in  1G49,  he  was  matle  bishop  of  An- 
gers, where,  like  a  father,  he  protected  the 
poor,  and  by  the  most  exemplary  virtues 
discharged     the   high    dtities  of  his   office. 


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Wlien  the  queen  mother  marched  -vvitli  an 
army  to  punish  the  rebellion  of  Angers,  the 
good  bislioj)  disarmed  her  resentment,  in  his 
administration  of  the  sacrament.  Take, 
says  he,  to  the  incensed  princess,  the  body 
of  him  who  forgave  his  enemies  as  he  was 
dving  on  the  cross.  An  interesting  account 
of  his  negotiations  was  published  at  Paris, 
in  5  vols,  l-^mo.  1748.  He  died  at  Angers, 
June  8,  169^2,  in  his  93 ih  year. 

Arxaud,  Angelique,  sister  of  Henry, 
was  abbess  of  the  Port  Royal  convent,  and 
distinguished  herself  by  the  reformation  and 
the  sanctity  wliich  she  inti'otluced  tliere,  and 
afterwards  also  at  the  convent  of  Maubuis- 
son,  where  she  presided  five  years.  She 
removed  afterwards  to  Paris,  with  the  king's 
permission,  and  died  166i,  aged  65.  Six 
sisters  of  her  family,  with  their  mother, 
passed  the  evening  of  tiieir  life  in  her 
convent. 

Arn'aud,  de  Brescie,  a  boUl  and  inde- 
pendent ecclesiastic,  the  disciple  of  Peter 
Abelard,  in  the  l'2th  century,  who  main- 
tained, that  it  was  unlawful  for  the  clergy  to 
hold  a  temporal  estate.  On  the  death  of  In- 
nocent »I.  by  whom  he  had  been  condemned, 
and  obliged  to  fly  to  Switzerland,  he  attack- 
ed the  papal  power,  drove  the  pontiff  from 
Kome,  and  reformed  the  government  of  the 
city.  He  was  afterwards  seized,  and  by  or- 
der of  Adrian  IV.  he  was  burnt  alive,  in  1115, 
and  his  ashes  thrown  into  the  Tiber.  Some 
of  his  foUowers  came  to  England,  1160;  but 
were  all  put  to  death,  as  persons  dangerous 
and  hostile  to  the  happiness  of  the  state. 

Arnaud,  Anthony,  son  of  Robert,  Avas 
abbot  of  Chaumes.  He  lived  with  his  uncle, 
the  bishop  of  Angers,  and  died  1698,  author 
of  some  meraoii'S,  in  three  vols.  l!2mo. 

Arnaud,  Francis,  a  native  of  Carpen- 
tras,  abbot  of  Grand  Champs,  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  literary  labors,  in 
connection  with  Sicard,  especially  the  Ga- 
zette litcraire  de  TEurope — in  the  journal 
etranger — and  in  pieces  on  philosophy,  lite- 
rature, and  the  arts, -4  vols.  l!2mo.  177U;  and 
he  died  at  Paris,  tid  Dec.  1784. 

Arnaud,  Simon,  marquis  of  Pompone, 
was  brother  to  the  preceding,  and  known  at 
the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  as  an  able  negotia- 
tor, and  as  an  ambassatlor  to  the  Hague  and 
Stockholm.  He  was  afterwards  made  se- 
cretary of  state,  an  office  from  which  he  was 
soon  removed.     He  died  1C99,  aged  8  . 

Arnaud,  Henry  Charles,  son  of  Simon, 
was  born  at  the  Hague.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  an  ecclesiastic,  and  more  as  a 
statesman  in  the  character  of  an  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  Vienna,  and  as  chancellor. 
He  died  1750,  in  his  87th  year. 

Ar.vdt,  John,  a  native  of  Bellenstadt  in 
Anhalt,  known  as  minister  of  Quedlinburg, 
and  afterwai'ds  of  Brunswick,  where  his 
abihties  as  pi'eacher  were  obstinately  oppo- 
sed by  the  envv  of  his  ecclesiastical  brethren. 
As  he  lived  in  times  when  controversial 
points  were  disjjuted  upon  with  acrimony, 
he  felt  the  rancor  of  opposite  opinions.  He 
ivas  for  eleven  years  niinister  of  Kell,  on  the 


presentation  of  the  duke  of  Lunenberg^ 
where  he  died  1621.  His  chief  work  is  his 
treatise  of  true  Christianity,  in  4  books,  iu 
German,  which,  on  account  of  its  excel- 
lence, has  been  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages, and,  among  others,  into  English,  by 
Boehui,  and  dedicated  to  queen  Anne,  171'J, 
in  8vo.  in  3  vols. 

Arndt,  Joshua,  professor  of  logic  at 
Rostock,  died  at  Gustrof,  the  place  of  his 
birth,  5th  April  1687,  in  his  61st  year.  He 
wrote  miscellanea  sacra,  Svo.  1648 — tracta- 
tus  de  superstitione,  Leipsic,  1707,  4to.— 
Clavis  antiquit.  Jud.  See.  His  son  Charles 
was  professor  of  poetry  and  Hebrew  at  Mech- 
lin, and  died  1721,  author  of  some  learned 
dissertations  in  the  Lepsic  miscellany. 

Arne,  Thomas  Augustine,  son  of  an  up- 
holsterer in  Covent  Garden,  whom  Addison 
characterized  in  the  Tatler,  No.  135  &  160. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  bound  to  an  at- 
torney :  but  he  possessed  a  strong  inclination 
for  music,  and  soon  rose  to  be  leader  of  the 
band  at  Urury  Lane.  He  composed  in  1733, 
the  music  for  Addison's  opera  of  Rosamond, 
in  1738,  that  for  Milton's  Corans,  and  in  1740 
that  of  Mallet's  masque  of  Alfred,  in  which 
Rule  Britannia  was  first  introduced:  and,  in 
consequence  of  his  high  reputation,  ha  was 
created  Mus.  D.  at  O.xford,  in  1759.  He  died 
of  a  spasm  in  the  lungs,  March  5,  1778,  au- 
thor of  the  favorite  opera  of  Artaxerxcs,  the 
Guardian  outwitted,  and  the  Rose.  Mrs. 
Cibber,  the  famous  actress,  was  his  sister. 
Though  apparently  little  attached  to  religion, 
he  was  a  catholic,  and  died  a  penitent  son  of 
Rome. 

Arngrim,  Jonas,  a  learned  ecclesiastic 
of  Ireland,  who  wrote  a  peice  on  the  Runic 
letters,  found  in  Olaus  Wormius'  collection, 
besides  other  tracts  illustrative  of  the  history 
of  ills  country.     He  died  about  1649. 

Arnis.«:us,  Kenningus,  a  German  profes- 
sor of  physic  at  Helmstadt.  He  is  known 
for  his  able  political  treatises  in  defence  of  the 
authority  of  princes.  He  travelled  through 
France  and  England,  and  was  honored  with 
the  place  of  counsellor  and  ])liysician  to  the 
king  of  Denmark.     He  died  November  1635. 

Arnobius,  rhetorical  professor  at  Sicca 
in  Numidia,  at  the  end  of  the  3d  century, 
was  a  violent  enemy  to  Christianity,  and  af- 
terwards its  .stedfast  friend. 

Arnobius,  a  native  of  Gaul,  author  of  a 
commentary  on  the  Psalms,  and  of  a  defence 
of  the  Pelagians  in  the  5lh  century. 

Arnold,  Samuel,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  educated  under  Gates  and  Nnres, 
at  St.  James's  chapel.  His  cure  of  Saul, 
and  his  prodigal  son,  obtained  him  great  ap- 
plause  and  celebrity,  so  that,  in  1778,  he 
was  honored  with  the  degree  of  Mup.  D.  by 
the  university  of  Oxford.  After  leaving  Co- 
ventGarden,  where  he  first  appeared,  1760, 
he  became  proprietor  of  the  fashionable  Ma- 
ry bone  Gardens  ;  and,  in  1  783,  succeeded  Dr. 
Nares  as  organist  of  the  royal  chapel.  He 
was  also  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey,  in 
which  his  remains  are  deposited.  He  died 
13th  Oct.  1802.    Besides  musical  composi- 


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tions,  he  began  a  splendid  edition  of  Handel's 
works,  in  ir8G. 

Arnoi.d,  of  Brescia.     Vid.  Akxaud. 

Akxold,  Nicula.s,  a  i)roit*slant  ol'  Lcsna, 
who  improved  himself  In  travellin;;,  anil  af- 
terwards sucf(.-eded  l(»  llie  professDi-'s  chair  uf 
theology  at  Franeker  in  I'rie.sIaiKl,  \shi:rc  he 
ac(]iiired  reputation  by  his  sermons  and  po- 
leniit-ai  woiks,  printed,  Leipsic,  IS'JS.  lie 
died  1080,  aged  0-2. 

Arnold,  Jetfery,  author  of  a  history  of 
mvstiral  thcoIo''v,  and  of  a  history  of  the 
ehurih  and  of  heretics,  printed,  Leijisic, 
17(KJ,  besides  oilier  tracts,  was  a  zealous  ndn- 
iste!'  of  I'erleherj^,  and  a  strong  advocate  of 
the  pietists.      Me  ilicd   ITl-i. 

Arnold,  of  Hildesheim,  an  hisloriati  of 
the  13th  century,  who  continued  llelmeMns' 
chronicle  of  the  Sclavonians,  published  at  Lu- 
bec,  1659. 

AuNOLD, Christopher,  a  native  ofXurcm- 
berg,  who  studied  at  Altorf,  and  afterwards 
travelled  on  the  continent  and  in  England. 
He  died  professor  at  Altorf,  10S5,  aged  5H. 
He  is  author  of  testimojiiiuu  Flavianuin,  sen 
cpistoliC  30,  de  Josephi  testimoniode  Chrijto 
—  Rtiperti  historia  universalis — editions  of 
Latin  classics,  Sec. 

Ar.\old,  Benedict,  an  American,  born  in 
New  England,  and  brought  up  as  a  surgeon. 
He  quitted  this  profession  for  the  sea  ;  and 
after  being  for  some  years  employed  as  mas- 
ter and  supercargo  of  a  trading  vessel,  he 
embraced,  with  enthusiasm,  tlie  republican 
cause  against  the  mother-country,  and  took 
the  command  of  a  company  of  volunteers  at 
New-Haven.  His  goocl  conduct  raised  him 
to  higher  offices,  and  he  was  for  the  boldness 
of  his  ciiaracter,  pointed  out  to  make  an  at- 
tack, thi'Ough  pathless  wilds,  upon  Canada. 
In  his  attempt  to  take  Quebec  by  surprise, 
lie  received  a  wound  in  the  leg;  and  upon  the 
failure  of  his  plans,  and  tlie  deatli  of  his  gal- 
lant associate,  .Montgomery,  he  withdrew  the 
remains  of  his  forces  to  Crown  Point.  He 
Mas  afterwards  em\)ioyed  in  the  floti'la  on 
Lake  Champlain;  but  though  he  seemed  at- 
tached to  the  American  cause,  either  dissa- 
tisfaction, or  the  fear  of  finding  himself  on 
the  vanquished  side,  induced  him  to  open  a 
negotiation  with  sir  Henry  Clinton,  and,  as 
a  proof  of  his  sinceiity,  to  deliver  up  into 
the  hands  of  the  English  West  Point,  of 
which  he  had  the  coinmand.  In  the  at- 
tempt, i>oor  Andre  was  sacrificed,  and  Ar- 
nold, with  dilncuUy,  escaped  on  board  a 
British  ship  of  war.  Here  he  was  treated 
v.ith  respect,  and  honorably  employed;  and 
on  the  unfortunate  conclusion  of  the  war,  he 
was  rewarded  with  a  pension.  He  was  af- 
terwards in  Nova  Scotia,  and  in  the  West  In- 
dies, last  war,  where  he  was  taken  by  the 
French,  from  whom  he  escaped.  He  rettir- 
ned  to  England,  and  died  in  London,  1801. 

Arnoul,  a  bishop  of  Lisieux,  who  resign- 
ed his  office  to  retire,  in  his  old  age,  to  the 
abbey  of  St.  \'ictor  at  Paris,  where  he  died 
3lst  August  1184.  His  letters  are  curious, 
in  containing  an  account  of  the  discipline  and 

VOL.  I.        ]r> 


manners  of  his  time,  printed,  Paris,  1583, 
Svo. 

.VrntxcmL'S,  John  Henry,  a  learned 
Duuliinan,  law  profc9.sor  at  Utrecht,  where 
he  died,  1799.  He  wrote  academical  discour- 
ses and  dissei'tations — miscellanies — 'nstilu- 
tiones  juiio  Beigici,  '2  vols.  Svo — Sedulius 
and  Arator — panegyi-ici  veteres,  &ic. 

Arnt,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican,  horn  at 
Merancouit  near  Verilun.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  metaphysics  at  Padua,  where  he  died, 
1092,  aged  0;i.  His  workj,  in  10  vols,  were 
chiefly  on  the  theology  and  piiilosoijliy  of 
A<piinas,  and  curious  tor  the  cxtravaga-ice 
of  his  ideas,  and  the  denunciations  which  he 
pronounced  against  the  Tui-kish  empire. 

Arxulph  or  Er.n  ULPH,  a  monk  of  St. 
Lucian  de  Beauvais,  patronised  by  his  friend 
Lanfranc  of  Canterbury,  and  made  bishop  of 
Rochester  under  Henry  I.  He  wrote  an  his- 
tory of  the  church  of  his  diocese,  which  is 
still  preserved  at  Rochester,  and  which  has 
been  published  by  Dr.  Thorpe.  He  was  also 
author  of  sf me  theological  treatises,  and  died 
in  March  1124,  aged  84,  after  being  nine  years 
bishop  of  the  see  of  Rochester. 

Ar.vulph,  natural  son  of  Carloman,  king 
of  Bavaria,  was  elected  emperor  of  (Germany 
8.S8,  and  crowned  at  Rome  890,  by  pope 
Formosus.  He  died,  as  is  supposed,  by  i  oi- 
son,  899,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Lewis  IV. 

Arxulph  us,  an  Egyptian,  famous  at 
Rome,  in  the  reign  of  M.  Antoninus,  for  his 
skill  in  magic. 

Arxway,  Jolin,  a  native  of  Shropshire, 
who  studied  at  St.  Edmund  hall,  O.vford,  and 
became  rector  of  Hod  ret  and  Ightfield,  in  his 
native  country.  In  the  civil  wars  he  lost  his 
estates,  and  I'etired  to  Oxford,  1640,  where 
he  served  the  king,  and  was  made  a»'chdea- 
con  of  Coventry  ;  but  on  the  success  of  Crom- 
well, he  left  the  kingdom,  and  went  to  the 
Hague,  where  he  published  two  pamphlets 
on  the  moderation  of  Charles  I. — and  au 
alarm  to  the  English.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Virginia,  where  he  died,  of  a  broken 
heart,  1053. 

Aron,  Peter,  a  musical  writer,  horn  at 
Florence.  He  was  patronised  by  Leo  X. 
and  was  made  canon  of  Rimini.  The  best 
known  of  his  compositions  is  de  institutione 
harmonica,  translated  into  Latin,  1516. 

Arpixo,  Josejih  d',  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, born  at  Arpino,  1560.  hi  his  I3tli 
year  he  was  in  the  hnmble  situation  of  wai- 
ter on  the  painters  who  were  adorning  the 
Vatican  ;  and  it  was  from  this  time  that  his 
genius  burst  forth.  The  pope  was  made  ac- 
quaiuted  with  his  merit,  and  favors  were  heap- 
ed upon  him,  and  he  was  created  knight  of  St. 
Michael.  He  possessed  spirit ;  but  when  Ids 
I'ival  Caravagio  attacked  him,  he  refused  to 
fight  him  before  he  was  a  knight  like  him- 
self. Against  Annibal  Carachi  he  likewise 
meditated  revenge  ;  but  the  painter  showing 
him  his  pencil,  added,  with  this  weapon  1 
defy  you.  The  best  pieces  of  Arpino,  who 
is  known  amon'.,-  painters  by  the  name  of  Jo- 
sepin,  arc  from    the  hi«:torr   of  Rome,  the 


AR 


AR 


most  capitul  of  which  is  the  battle  of  Romu- 
lus with  the  Sabiiies.  He  died  at  Rouie,  1640 
aged  80. 

Arragox,  Jeanne  d',  a  celebrated  Italian 
lady,  mother  of  Marc  Anthony  Colonna,  who 
distiiigiiibhed  himself  against  the  Turks  at 
Lepanto.  She  is  known  for  the  very  singular 
honor  paid  her,  by  the  wits  of  the  age,  who 
embalmed  her  virtues  and  her  praises  in  ele- 
gies in  all  languages,  published  at  Venice 
15.S8,  under  the  title  of  Tempio  alia  divina 
signora  Arragona.  She  died  1577,  in  a  great 
old  age. 

Arran,  James  Hamilton  earl  of,  a  Scotch 
nobleman,  who  was  hiiiidy  favored  by  Hen- 
ry n.  of  France,  in  1555,  and  made  ca])tain 
of  his  Scotch  life  guards.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  his  virtues  and  abilities,  and  at 
one  time  aspired  to  the  hand  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth of  England,  which,  however,  he  did  not 
disclose,  to  pay  his  adoration  to  her  more 
beautiful  rival,  the  now  widowed  queen  of 
Scots.  Mary  received  his  proposals  with 
indifference  and  contempt,  and  Arrau  sunk 
into  despair  and  insanity.     He  died  1609. 

Arria,  the  wife  of  Paetus,  under  Clau- 
dius, is  celebrated  for  her  heroism,  and  con- 
jugal fidelity. 

Arriaga,  Roderic  d',  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
professor  of  theology  at  Salamanca  and 
Prague.  His  works  were  on  metaphysics, 
printed,  Antwerp  1632,  and  on  divinity  8  vols. 
fol.  1643.    He  died  1667,  aged  75,  at  Prague. 

Arrian,  a  Greek  historian,  of  the  second 
century,  born  at  Nicomedia,  and  highly  hon- 
ored at  Rome.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
Alexander  the  great,  dissertations  on  Ei)io- 
tetUR,  kc. 

Arrowsmitii,  John,  a  theological  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge,  1660,  author  of  several 
valuable  works  stronglyCalvinistic,  especially 
Tactica  sacra — Codman,  or  exposition  of  St. 
John's  first  chapter — a  chain  of  principles, 
or  a  course  of  theology,  all  in  4to. 

Arsaces  I.  a  Parthian,  who  emancipated 
his  countiy  from  the  Macedonian  yoke,  B. 
C.  250,  into  an  independent  kingdom.  He 
was  killed  in  battle,  after  reigning  38  years. 

Arsaces  H.  son  of  the  first,  made  war 
against  Antiochus  the  great. 

Arsaces  Tiranus,  king  of  Armenia, 
taken  prisoner  by  Sapor  king  of  Persia,  who 
bound  him  in  silver  chains.  He  died  in  his 
prison  of  Echatana,  B   C.  362. 

Arsenius,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  ex- 
communicated Micliael  Paltcologus,  for  dis- 
possessing John  Lascaris  of  the  ciown.  Tlie 
emperor  demanded  ab.solution,  but  the  i)re- 
late  refused  without  resignation,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  his  firmness,  he  was  banished 
to  an  island,  where  he  died  in  the  thirteenth 
century. 

Arse  N I  us,  a  Roman  deacon  appointed 
by  pope  Damascus,  preceptor  to  Atcadius, 
fion  of  Theodosins.  The  virtues  of  the  mas- 
ter were  unable  to  correct  the  haughtiness 
of  the  pupil.  One  day  Theodosins  found  his 
son  .sitting  and  the  preceptor  standing  I)efnre 
him,  upon  which  he  ordered  him  to  sit  down 
and  his  pupil  to  rise,  but  this  did  not  avail. 
It  is  even  said  that  the  licentious  prince  or- 


dered his  master  to  be  dispatched,  and  that 
Arsenius,  discovering  the  perfi''y,  fled  from 
the  court  to  Eg}  pt,  ami  passed  tin;  rest  of  his 
life  among  the  anchorili-s  of  Scctis,  wb.ere 
he  died,  :ge(l  95.  His  tract  for  the  rule  of 
tiie  monks  is  pi-eserved. 

AusEMi  s,  archbishop  of  Malvasia  in  the 
.Morea,  was  excommunicated  by  the  patri- 
arch for  submitting  to  the  jiope.  He  was 
author  of  a  collection  of  apophthegms,  and 
some  scholia  on  Euripides,  and  died  at  Ve- 
nice, 1435. 

.-\rse'z.an,  Paderd',  a  ns-tive  of  Toulouse, 
author  of  two  tragedies,  Agamemnon  and 
Ani-igone      lie  died  I696. 

Art  ABA  XL'S,   a    king    of   Parthia,    who 
conducted  himself  with  great  severity,  but  at 
last  obtained  the  good  wishes  of  his  subjects,       * 
and  died  A.  D.  48! 

Artabaniis,  a  king  of  Parthia,  insulted 
by  Caracalla.  He  was  defeated  in  battle,  and 
in  him  the  empire  of  Parthia  became  ex* 
tinct,  A.  D.  226. 

Artam,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Mazara  in 
Sicily,  who  in  iiis  youth  fought  a  duel  and 
killed  his  adversary,  and  fled  to  Candia  when 
it  was  besieged  i>y  the  Turks.  In  this  place 
he  highly  dislinguishtd  himself,  and  was 
knigiiled,  and  on  his  return  to  Europe,  he 
Avas  patrfmised  by  several  princes,  especially 
the  fluke  of  Brunswic,  and  the  empi-ror 
Leopold.  He  was  so  skilful  as  a  duellist,  that 
he  was  cailed  the  chevalier  du  Sang.  He 
cultivated  ])oetry  with  success,  and  wrote 
several  pieces,  and  died  1679,  at  Naples,  iu 
his  51  St  year. 

Artavd,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of  Bo- 
nieux,  in  the  comtat  Vanaissin,  bishop  of 
Cavaillon,  esteemed  '"or  his  learning,  his  ex- 
emplary piety  and  goodness  of  heart.  His 
works  are  pastoral  discourses,  &c.  He  died 
1760,  aged  54. 

Art  Am,  archbishop  of  Rheims,  was  be- 
sieged in  his  palace  by  Hubert  and  Hugues, 
counts  of  Paris,  assisted  by  William  of  Nor- 
mandy. His  enemies  prevailed,  aiul  Hugues 
was  named  his  successor  Afterwards  he 
was  restored  to  his  diocese,  where  he  died 
948. 

Artavasdes  I  king  of  Armenia,  after 
Tigranes  his  father,  behaved  with  perfidy  te 
Crassus  and  M.  Antony,  After  the  battle 
of  Actium,  his  head  was  cut  oft' and  sent  to 
Media. 

Art  AVAS  des  II.  grandson  of  the  above, 
was  king  of  Armenia,  under  the  protection 
of  Augustus. 

AktaxerXes  I.  king  of  T*ersia  son  of 
Xerxes,  is  supposed  to  be  the  Ahasureus  of 
scripture.  He  ditd  424,  B.  C.  and  was  suc- 
ceded  by  Xerxes. 

.\rtaxerxes  II.  surnamed  Mncmon, 
defeated  his  br('tl)er  Tyrvis  at  t^e  battle  of 
Cunjixa,  401  B.  C.  He  died  aged  94,  after 
a  reign  of  62  years. 

Artaxerxes  hi.  succeeded  the  second, 
and  slew  all  his  brothers,  and  the  whole  of 
his  family.  He  ma«le  war  agjiinst  Egypt,  and 
was  niurdored  by  Bj-goas  (he  eutiuch,  who 
madu  handles  for  knives  with  his  bones,  B.- 
C.  538. 


AR 


AR 


AUTAXERXES  HlCBEC  ANT,  SOU  of  H  slicp- 
lienl,  fi-sL  kii.i;  ut  i'cisia,  tA'  iIil-  race  <>i  lUc 
Sassaiiitk -s.  \ic  dcHalcil  Ai'Havau  und  luar- 
ricd  his  (laiit^liter,  \slion*  he  onkM-t-d  to  l)C 
pul  to  death,  hieaiiJii-  she  ntteniplt d  to  poi- 
boii  him.  Her  lile  was  preNei'ved  as  she  was 
pregnant,  ai<d  the  cliild  she  hi-onjjht  fortlj 
vas  received  uith  gratilude  by  tlie  latlier, 
uiul  became  iiis  suciei^sor  hy  the  name  ol 
Sapor,  A.  IJ.  iJU) 

Ai<  I  AX  IAS  1.  ji^overiior  of  Upper  Arme- 
nia uniici'  Aiitiochus,  made  him^ell  Iving  of 
the  couiitr\,  and  maintained  his  power 
against  Antioclius 

An  \  AXiAS  li.  king  ot"  Armenia  after  Ar-  , 
ta>asdes   1.  was  expelled    by   Anthony,  and 
restoretl  hy   tiic  assistance  of  the  Parthians. 
'I'igraues  succei-ded  him. 

Aktaxi.vs  III.  son  oi'  Polemo,  was  made 
king  by  riertnanicus,  in  the  room  of  Orodes 
son  of  \ Onones,  and  reigned  IT  years. 

AnrEAGA,    JJou    Stephano,    a    Spanish 
Jesuit,  who    died  at    I'aris,    1800,  aged  55. 
He  is  aiUlior  of  a  treatise  on  ideal  beauty  in  I 
Spanish,  an   edition   of  which   appeared  in  I 
llidian — the  revuUitions  of  the  Italian  theatre  ' 
to  the    present  time,  in    Italian,  3  vols.  Svo. 
1785.     He  left  in  MS.  another  learned  work 
in  Italian  called    Ivitmo  Sonoro,    edelritmo 
iiiulo  dcgli  Aiitichi.  j 

Ar'iedi,  Peter,  a  physician  of  Sweden, 
so  intin.ate  with  Linjiteus,  that  they  made 
each  other  heirs  of  their  manusci-ipts,  and 
literary  property.  He  is  known  for  his  dili- 
gence in  the  history  of  fossils  and  qnadru- 
peds.  He  was  accidentally  drowned  in  u 
canal  atLeyden,  1735,  in  his  30th  year,  and 
the  works  wliich  he  intended  to  publish  were 
completed  for  him  by  his  friends,  under  the 
title  of  liibliotheca  ichthyologica,  and  Pliilo- 
sophia  ichthyologica.  I 

AiiiEMAS  or  Artemox,  founder  of  a  | 
sect  in  the  third  century,  which  maintained  ; 
that  Christ  was  but  a  man,  without  the  I 
powers  or  substance  of  a  Cod. 

Artemiuorus,  a  philoso])her  of  Ephe- 
sus,  author  of  a  book  on  dreams,  in  tlie  age 
of  the  Antonines. 

Artemidorus,  an  Ephcsian,  author  of 
a  description  oftlie  earth  100  B.  (;. 

Artemisia  I.  cpieen  of  Caria,  assisted 
Xerxes  against  the  Clrceks,  and  behaved 
with  astonishing  valor 

Artemisia  II.  ((ueen  of  Caria,  is  cele- 
brated for  the  erection  of  a  mausoleum,  to 
honor  the  memory  of  her  husband  Alauso- 
lus.     She  took  Rhodes,  B.  C.  '251. 

Artiiingtox,  Henry,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, who  joined  with  Edmund  Copp'nger 
and  ilacket,  jjnd,  under  the  pretence  o.''  be- 
ing inspired,  attempted  to  introduce  a  re- 
formation in  the  kingdom,  by  the  most  vio- 
lent and  the  wildest  schemes.  Ilacket  was 
Jianged  for  his  conduct,  and  Arthington  ob- 
tained his  pardon  by  recantation. 

Arihur,  a  British  prince,  wliosc  exi.st- 
cnce  some  historian.s  regard  as  fabulous.  He 
is  said  to  have  succeeded  liis  father  as  king 
of  Britain  510.  He  attacked  the  Saxons, 
■whom  he  deteated,  and   afterwiirds  carried 


Ills  victorious  army  against  the  Picts,  anil 
ag.tinsl  lr<  l.md  and  the  western  Isles  of  Scut- 
land.  Ueturniiig  from  the  lield  he  «levoled 
himself  to  cultivate  the  arts  of  peace,  hikI 
iHrcame  u  most  i)Opular  govej-nor.  He  esiab- 
lishetl  the  order  ot  the  knights  of  the  round 
table  at  Winchester,  and  ilied  about  542. 

AuiJiun,  duke  of  Britany,  was  the  post- 
humous son  ol'  CieonVey  Plantagenel  son  ol 
Henry  11.  by  Conslantine  dangliler  of  the 
duke  of  Brilany.  Though  established  in  Uh 
domini(Mis  by  Kichard  1.  his  uncle,  he  was 
ti'eated  harshly  by  the  ne.xt  king  John,  also 
his  uncle,  who  took  iiim  prisoner,  and  con- 
fine»l  him  in  the  castle  ol  Itoueii,  where  il 
is  supi>osed  he  was  murdered. 

AiiriG.N'i,  .\nthony  («achet  d',  an  eccle- 
siastic, born  at  A  ienna,  know  n  by  his  me- 
moires  d'histoire,  de  criticjue,  bic.  7  vols. 
12mo.  Paris,  174'J;  a  work  partly  compiled 
from  the  writings  of  the  abbe  Brun.  He 
was  a  man  deservedly  esteemed  in  his  pri- 
vate character.  He  died  at  Vienna  in  lus 
G5th  year,  Gth  May,  1768. 

Artlsi,  tjiamara,  a  musical  writer,  au- 
thor of  the  art  of  counterpoint  reduced  to 
tables,  published  1580,  at  A'enice,  and  com- 
pleted 158'J — the  imperfections  of  modern 
music,  lOOO  and  IGO.),  &c. 

Arvieux,  Laurent  d',  a  native  of  Mar- 
scillus,  who,  during  12  years  residence  in 
Palestine,  acquired  the  ©riental  languages, 
and  was  employed  as  a  useful  negociator  for 
the  French  court.  His  name  deserves  to  be 
mentioned  with  every  mark  of  respect,  for 
his  deliverance  of  380  captives  from  the 
dungeon  of  Tunis,  who,  in  mark  of  their 
gratitude,  presented  him  with  a  purse  of  600 
pistoles,  which  he  generously  refused.  He 
also  redeemed  240  slaves  at  Algiers,  and  af- 
ter serving  his  country  at  Constantinople, 
Aleppo,  and  other  places,  died  1702,  aged 
67.  His  travels  to  Constantinople,  Aleppo, 
Arabia,  &c.  were  published  by  le  P.  Rabat 
at  Paris,  1735,  6  vols.  12mo. 

AiiviRAGus,  a  king  of  Britain,  in  the 
age  of  Domitian.  He  \vas  buried  at  Glouces- 
ter, in  a  temple  built  by  liim  in  honor  ol' 
Claudius. 

Arundel,  Mary,  daughter  of  Sir  Tho- 
mas Arundel,  and  wife  first  to  Robert  Uat- 
clitr,  and  secondly  to  Henry  Howard,  earl  of 
Arundel,  is  known  by  her  translation  of  the 
wise  sayings,  kc.  of  Alexander  Severus,  and 
of  other  things  from  Seneca,  Plato,  &c.  She 
lived  in  the  middle  of  the  I6th  century. 

Arundel,  Thomas,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Arundel,  was  made  bishop  of  Ely,  though 
only  21  years  old,  under  Edward  HI.  and 
afterwards  translated  to  York,  and  from 
thence  to  Canterbury.  He  also  held  with 
the  prinuicy  the  office  of  lord  chancellor. 
His  quarrel  with  Richard  II.  obliged  him  to 
leave  the  kingdos.i,  and  to  fly  to  Rome,  and 
to  his  resentment  may  in  some  degree  be  at- 
tribiired  the  success  w  ith  which  Henry  I\'. 
invaded  England,  and  seized  the  crown.  He 
was  a  zealous  defender  of  the  temporal  pow- 
er of  the  church,  and  he  persecuted  the  fol- 
lowers of  V.'icklifi'v,  it!i  great  seveiity,  anil 


AS 


AS 


fdvbade  the  ti'anslation  of  tlie  Bible  into  tlic 
Tulgav  tongue.     He  died  1414. 

Arundel,  Tlioinas  Howard  earl  of,  is 
famous  for  the  discovery  of  the  Parian  mar- 
bles wliich  bear  his  name,  and  which  he  gave 
to  tlie  university  of  Oxford.  Prideau.K, 
Chandler,  and  Maittaire,  are  in  the  number 
of  those  who  published  an  account  of  these 
valuable  relics  oi  antiquity. 

Arundel,  Blanche,  daughter  of  lord 
Worcester,  and  wife  of  lord  Arundel,  is 
eelebrat«  d  for  her  brave  defence  of  War- 
dour  Castle,  against  the  parliamentary  forces. 
Though  assisted  only  by  '25  men,  she  resist- 
ed the  attack  of  1300  men,  and  at  last  capi- 
tulated on  honorable  terms,  which  the  con- 
querors basely  violated.  She  died  1649, 
aged  GO,  and  was  buried  in  W^trdour  Castle 
chapel. 

Arzachel,  a  Spanish  astronomei*,  au- 
thor of  a  book  of  observations  on  the  obliqui- 
ty of  the  ecliptic  in  the  11th  century. 

Asa,  son  of  Abijab,  made  king  of  Judah, 
B.  C.  955.  He  solicited  the  aid  of  Benhadad, 
king  of  Syria,  against  the  Israelites  for 
•which  he  was  reproved  by  the  prophet 
Hanani.  He  was  a  great  enemy  to  idolatry, 
and  reigned  41  years. 

Asaph,  St.  a  native  of  North  Wales,  who 
■was  a  monk  of  Llanelvy  under  Kentigern, 
the  bishop  of  that  see.  He  succeeded  to  the 
bishopric,  and  so  great  was  his  sanctity,  that 
Llanelvy  exchanged  its  name  for  St.  Asaph, 
'ihe  bishop  wrote  the  ordinances  of  his 
cliurch,  the  life  of  his  predecessor,  &c.  and 
died  about  600.  The  see  was  vacant  nearly 
500  years  after  his  death. 

Asaph,  a  musician  of  the  tribe  of  Levi, 
in  the  age  of  king  David.  He  is  said  to  have 
composed  several  of  the  psalms. 

Asar-Haddon,  king  of  Assyria  after  his 
father  Sennacherib,  obtained  afterwards  the 
kingdom  of  Babylon,  and  died  B.  C.  667, 
after  a  reign  of  45  years 

AscELiN,  an  ecclesiastic  who  in  the  11th 
century  defended  transubstantiation  against 
Berenger. 

AscHAM,  Roger,  a  native  of  Kirkby- 
Wiske,  near  Northallerton,  Yorkshire, 
known  for  his  learning,  and  more  for  the  re- 
spectable share  he  bore  in  the  education  of 
the  family  of  Henry  VHI.  Under  the  liberal 
and  early  patronage  of  Sir  Anthony  Wing- 
field,  he  was  brought  up  at  St.  Jolin's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  application,  and  a  superior 
knowledge  of  the  (ireek  language.  He  was 
introduced  to  Henry  ^'HI.  to  whom  he  in- 
scribed his  treatise  on  archery,  and  he  not 
only  received  a  pension,  but  as  he  wrote  a 
beautifid  hand,  he  was  appointed  to  instruct 
in  writing  prince  Edwanl,  the  lady  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  two  brothers,  Henry  and 
Charles,  dukes  of  Suffolh.  Filizabeth  was 
indebted  to  him  also  for  her  knowledge  of 
Greek  and  Latin,  as  he  read  with  her  the 
best  part  of  Livy,  (Cicero,  I.socrates,  Sopho- 
cles, kc.  He  alterwai'ds  returned  to  Cam- 
bridge .'iS  ptiblic  orator  of  the  university,  and 
was  invited    1550,   to  attend    Sir  Richard 


Moryslne  in  an  embassy  to  Charles  V.  and 
it  was  on  his  way  to  London  he  visited  lady 
Jane  Grey  at  Bradgate-hall,  in  Leicester- 
shire, in  whose  hands  he  found  a  Greek  edi- 
tion of  Plato's  Pliicdo,  a  book  fi"om  which 
this  amiable  woman  said  she  received  more 
real  pleasure  than  from  sharing  the  diver- 
sion of  her  attendants  and  family  who  were 
hunting  in  the  park.  His  time  was  not  un- 
pleasantly spent  in  Germany  ,  as  he  assisted 
the  ambassador,  and  applied  himself  to  poli- 
tics so  successfully  that  he  wrote  a  book  on 
the  affairs  of  the  empire.  He  was  appoint- 
ed, when  returned  to  England,  Latin  secre- 
tary to  king  Edward,  an  oHice  which  was 
.^till  continued  to  him  under  Mary  and  Eli- 
zabeth ;  but  though  a  favorite  at  court  and 
universally  respected,  he  did  not  use  his  in- 
fluence to  ra-se  hinjself  to  priferment,  as  a 
prebend  in  the  church  of  York  was  the  only 
favor  he  received,  and  unasked,  from  the 
crown.  He  died  in  London,  -ith  January, 
1568,  aged  53,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Se- 
pulchre. Buchanan  wrote  the  following 
just  tribute  to  the  memory  of  his  departed 
friend  : 
^Ischamum  extinctum  Patrice  Graidcgjie  CU' 

Et  Laticc  vera  cum  pietate  dolent. 
Principibiis  vixit  earns,  jucTindus  amicis. 

Re  modicd  :  in  mores  dicere  fama  neqvit. 
Ascham's  most  valuable  work  is  ins  school- 
master, which  he  wrote  at  the  request  of 
Sir  Richard  Sackvil'.e,  in  consequence  of  a 
dispute  with  respect  to  the  various  modes 
of  education.  His  Latinity  and  the  elegance 
of  his  diction  in  his  letters  have  been  greatly 
and  deservedly  admired.  His  works  were 
printed  in  one  vol.4to.  1760,  and  the  School- 
master was  edited  by  Upton  in  1711. 

AscHAM,  Anthony,  author  of  tracts  on 
astrology,  and  on  the  properties  of  herbs, 
gathered  1550,  was  a  physician,  and  also  an 
ecclesiastic.  He  was  preferred  by  Edward 
VI.  to  the  living  of  Barnishton,  Yorkshire. 

AscHAM,  Anthony,  a  friend  of  Cromwell, 
and  a  member  of  the  long  jiarliament.  He 
was  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge.  He  was  assassinated  with  his 
interpreter  by  six  exiled  royalists  in  Spain, 
where  he  had  been  sent  as  envoy  from  Eng- 
land, 6tli  June,  1650.  He  wrote  a  discourse 
on  the  revolutions  and  confusions  of  govern- 
ments, 8vo.  1648. 

AscHARi,  a  mussulman  doctor,  founder 
of  a  sect  which  bears  his  name.  He  suppos- 
ed that  the  Supreme  Being  follows  only  gen- 
eral established  laws;  but  the  Hanbalites,  at 
the  head  of  which  was  his  father-in-law  Han- 
bali^e,  supported  that  providence  acted  dif- 
ferently in  particular  circumstances.  As- 
chari  (!icd  at  Bagdad,  940. 

AscLEPiADES,  a  Greek  philosopher,  B. 
C.  350.  He  worked  at  the  mill  in  the  night 
that  he  might  on  the  day  be  enabled  to  at- 
tend Plat?>'s  lectures. 

A  SCO  LI,  Cecco  di,  or  Francisco  de  Sta- 
bili,  professor  of  mathematics  at  Bologna, 
w  rote  an  Italian  ])oem  on  the  system  of  Kra- 
pedoclcs,  for  which  he  was  burnt  as  a  here- 


AS 


AS 


tic  at  Florence,  1.328,  aged  70.  lie  M-ns  also 
author  ol  a  coniineiitary  on  tlic  spliLTc  of 
,]ohii  ll<tly  Wood,  or  Sacrobftsco. 

AscoNius  He  Di  AN  lis,  a  g;ramn»arian  of 
Padua  in  the  ;i.i(c  of  Augustus. 

AscouCH,  William,  niade  })ishop  of  S:i- 
runi  14.J8,  was  niuidcred  at  tin-  altar  hy  Jack 
Cade  and  his  fuiiowcrs  1450.  ile  was  de- 
scended froui  a  very  ancient  Linculni>!iire 
family. 

AsDKrB.\i.,  founder  of  Ni'w  (Jartliaj^c  in 
Spain,  was  lu"olher-in-la\\  of  the  gr.;at  Anni- 
bal.     He  wa,^  assassinated  l»y  a  (.aul. 

AsuiiuBAi.  Bauca,  brother  of  Annibal, 
was  killed  at  the  balllc  of  the  iMetaurus  as 
lie  was  advunciti^  into  Italy  with  reinforce- 
ments. 

AsELLi,  Caspar,  a  pliysician  of  Cremona, 
known  as  the  discoverer  of  the  lacteal  veins 
in  the  mesentery.  He  was  professor  of  ana- 
tomy at  Paris,  where  he  died  lO'iO,  and  he 
published  a  valuable  account  of  his  discov- 
eries, printed  Milan,  4to.  162". 
■  AsFELU,  Claude  Francois  Bidal  marquis 
d',  an  illustrious  wai-rior  at  the  battle  of  Al- 
manza  in  1707,  i-ew.nrdcd  by  tlie  kings  of 
Spain  and  of  Fratice  fur  his  impurtant  ser- 
vices. He  took  Fhilipsburg  iu  173i,  and 
died  at  Paris  1743. 

AsFELD,  Jacques  Vincent  Bidal  d',  an  ec- 
clesiastic, bi'other  to  the  preceding,  im]>ri- 
soned  for  his  attaclimeut  to  the  Janscnists. 
He  wrote  several  iminteresting  treatises  on 
theology,  and  died  at  Paris  1745,  aged  SI. 

AsGILE,  John,  a  lawyer  of  eminence, 
known  for  his  wit  and  his  misfortunes.  He 
■was  brought  up  at  I./incoln's  inn  under  the 
patronage  of  judge  Eyre  in  king  William's 
leign,  and  his  abilities  were  such  that  he 
i-ose  to  consequence  and  employment.  Two 
treatises  replete  with  humor  and  sarcasm 
had  alreaily  given  him  popularity,  when  he 
published  another  on  the  possibility  of  avoid- 
ing death,  which  drew  down  upon  him  the 
odium  of  the  friends  of  the  church,  and  par- 
ticularly of  Dr.  Sacheverell;  so  that,  whea 
he  afterwards  went  to  Ireland,  and  by  suc- 
cess in  the  law  purchased  an  estate  and  pro- 
cured a  seat  i--  the  house  of  commons,  he 
was  ignominiously  expelled  for  the  contents 
of  his  pamphlet.  On  his  return  to  Kngland, 
lie  was  returned  for  Bramber  in  Susse.v  ;  but 
here  the  morality  of  his,  writings  was  also 
called  in  question,  and  though  he  made  an 
eloquent  defence  in  favor  of  his  opinions, 
which  he  refused  to  retract,  he  was  expelkMl 
as  a  disgraced  and  unworthy  member.  'I'lws 
blow  hastened  the  ruin  of  his  fortunes,  he  be- 
came a  prisoner  of  the  King's  Bench  and  af- 
terwards of  the  Fleet,  w  here  he  continued  to 
subsist  by  writing  political  pamphlets,  and  by 
transacting  some  professional  business.  Af- 
ter 30  years  thus  spent  in  confinement  and 
poverty  he  expired  in  November  1738,  aged 
upwards  of  80. 

Ashe,  Simeon,  a  nonconformist,  chaplain 
to  lord  Warwick  during  the  civil  wars.  He 
was  a  man  of  jiroperty,  and  of  great  influ- 
ence among  his  persuasion.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Emanuel  college,   and  settled  iu  Staf- 


fordshire, ■whore  he  became  acquainted  with 
i)od,  Ball,  llildersham,  Langit),  and  f)lliers- 
llis  principles  were  obnoxious  to  Cron» well's 
|>:irty,  and  it  is  said,  that  he  was  greatl}  in- 
strumental in  the  restor;(li*)n  of  Charles  If. 
lie  died  10(32.  He  publiahed  bermons,  and 
edited  Ball's  works. 

Ashley,  Uobei-t,  a  nritivc  of  Nashhill  in 
Wilts,  e<Iucaled  at  llarlhall  O.vford  and  the 
.Middle  Temple  Lftndon.  He  was  culled  to 
the  bar,  and  distinguished  himself  as  an  eini< 
neiit  \witer,  as  a  collector  ol  books,  in  Hol- 
land, France;,  bcc.  and  as  a  benefactor  to  th^: 
society  to  whidi  he  belonged.  He  published 
a  relation  of  the  kingdum  of  Cochin  (jhiiia, and 
the  life  of  Almanzor,  kc.  and  died  Octfiber 
IGil,  in  an  advanced  old  age,  an<l  was  buned 
in  the  Temple  church. 

AsHMOLE,  orAsMOi.E,  Elias,  was  bora 
at  Liihfield,  23d  May  iGl7,  and  is  know  n  as 
an  anticjuarian  and  as  the  founder  of  the 
Ashmolean  museum  at  Oxford.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar-school  in  his  native 
town,  became  a  chorister  of  the  cathedral, 
and  at  the  age  of  16  was  admitted  into  the 
family  and  under  the  patronage  of  James 
Paget,  baron  of  the  exchefiuer,  by  whose 
means  he  rose  to  be  solicitor  and  attorney  ia 
the  common  pleas.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
disputes  which  preceded  the  civil  war,  he 
retired  to  Oxford,  where,  having  entered  a 
member  of  Brazen-nose  college,  he  labored 
w  ith  great  assiduity  in  mathematics,  phiioso- 
p!iy,  and  aslronotny.  He  afterwards  engaged 
in  the  service  of  the  king  as  commissiotier 
and  register  of  excise,  and  was  captain  iu 
lord  Ashley's  regiment;  hut  the  fatal  battle 
of  Worcester  oi)liged  him  to  retire  to  Che- 
shire for  a  while,  tdl  again  he  returned  to 
London,  and  1647,  to  iinglefield  in  Berkshire, 
where  he  married  lady  Mainwaring.  Ever 
employed  in  advancing  science,  his  labors 
were  ind.jfatigablc  in  procuring  a  collection 
of  the  manuscript  works  of  English  che.uists, 
and  in  tracing  the  lioman  roads  mentioned  iu 
the  itinerj^ry  of  Antoninus.  His  greatest 
work  was  the  history  of  the  order  of  the  gar- 
ter, which  procured  him  not  only  fame  and 
additional  respectability,  but  the  patronage 
of  Charles  II.  by  whom  he  was  graciously  re- 
ceived at  the  restoration,  and  honored  with 
the  place  of  Windsor  herald,  besides  a  pen- 
sion of  40U/.  out  of  the  customs  of  paper. 
The  valuable  collection  of  coins  to  the  imm- 
ber  of  9000,  besides  books  and  other  curiosi- 
ties which  he  had  made,  was  unfortunately 
destroyed  at  the  Middle  Temple  by  fire  iu 
1679 ;  but  his  most  precious  gold  medals, 
and  manuscripts  v\  ere  then  at  Lambeth,  and 
thus  escaped  the  dreadful  conflagration  So 
much  public  merit  did  not  pass  unrewarded 
bv  the  learned  bodv  to  which  he  belonged; 
the  university  of  Oxford  granted  him  the 
degree  of  doctor  in  physic  by  diploma,  and 
in  16S3  they  completed  a  handsome  building 
for  the  reception  of  the  valuable  colleciion  of 
manuscripts,  books,  medals,  and  curiosities, 
which  he  intended  to  deposit  within  its  pre- 
cincts as  a  token  of  his  gratitude,  and  as  the 
memorial  of  his  zeal  iu  the  cause  of  science 


AS 


As 


Ashmole  died  at  Lambelli,  May  iSlh,  1  oUJ, 
aged  75.  Hii)  works,  souie  of  \vliii:li  arc  stili 
in  munuscipt,  are  al!  on  historical  and  anti- 
qiiai'iai)  subjects,  but  liifjhly  esteemed  loi"  the 
de|)lli  of  rcstarcli  and  various  iuioniiation 
•uhicli  they  contain.  His  history  ot"  JJork- 
shire — his  miscelhinics  on  several  curious 
subjects — and  inenif)irs  of  his  life  in  the  torni 
of  a  diary — were  published  alter  his  death. 

AsHTON,  Charles,  a  learned  critic,  elec- 
ted masterof  Jesus  colleije,  Cambridge,  1701. 
He  lived  to  a  great  age,  disting;iislied  for  his 
cVudition  and  for  the  delicac\  and  correct- 
ness of  his  criticisms,  flis  works  were  ail 
critical.  It  was  said  of  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge that,  among  those  whom  the  fellows 
appointed  to  the  iieadship  of  a  college,  there 
were  not  three  equal  to  those  only  three 
ivhom  the  privileu^e  of  vi=iitors  selected  to 
preside  over  societies  to  which  before  tliey 
did  not  probably  belong;  tliat  is,  Bentiey  of 
Trinity  by  the  king;  Ashton  of  tTcsus  by  the 
bishop  of  Ely;  anil  Waterland  of  .Magtlaien, 
by  the  carl  of  Suffolk;  a  circumstance  highly 
honorable  to  tlie  elector  as  well  as  to  the 
elected.  Among  his  publications  were — lo- 
cus .lustini  martyris  emeudatus,  &c. —  fully 
Hiid  Hirtius  reconciled  as  to  the  time  of  Cae- 
sai-'s  going  to  the  African  war,  kc. — Origin 
de  oratiune,  4to. — Hierocles  in  aurea  carmi- 
ria  Pythagf)rea  comment.  1742,  8vo.  kc. 

Ash  TO  X,  Thomas,  D.  IJ.  a  learned  divine, 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  college,  Cam- 
bri<Ige,  and  afterwards  prouioted  to  the  rec-" 
lory  of  Aldinghani  in  Lancashire,  and  St.  Bo- 
tolph  in  London.  He  was  aiso  fellow  of  Eton, 
and,  as  preacher  at  Lincoln's  inn,  he  acqui- 
red great  popularity  by  the  elegance  of  his 
langiiage  and  the  persuasive  eloquence  of  his 
delivery.  He  j)ublished  some  sermons  on 
various  occasions,  besides  controversial  pam- 
phlets against  Jones  a  melhodist,  and  upon 
filling  the  Eton  fello\vshii)S  with  persons  who 
are  or  have  been  fellows  of  King's  college. 
He  died  ^March  1st,  1775,  in  his  59ti»  year, 
aftci-  surviving  some  years  a  dreadful  attack 
of  the  palsy. 

AsHWELL,  George,  was  born  in  Ludgate- 
strect,  and  educated  at  Harrow,  and  AVad- 
ham  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  Dui-ing  the  civil  war  he  preached 
frequently  before  tlie  king,  but  he  submitted 
to  theautliorily  of  the  parliamentary  visitors, 
and  was  afterwards  rector  of  Han  well  near 
IJanbury,  where  he  died  lGl).3,  aged  66.  His 
writings  were  on  divinity,  but  not  in  high 
esteem.  The  best  known  was  a  treatise  on 
the  Apostolic,  Athanasian,  aral  Nicene  creeds, 
Svo.  161.3. 

Ash  WOOD,  Bartholomew,  a  minister  of 
Axminster  in  IJevo,;,  from  which  he  was 
ejected  in  1062.  He  was  afterwards  minis- 
ter of  a  congregation  at  Peckliam  in  Surrey, 
and  died  there  a  i'ew  years  before  the  revo- 
lution. He  wrote  some  small  tracts,  especi- 
ally the  heavenly  trade, — and  the  best  trea- 
sure- 

AsHM-ORTii, Caleb,  a  native  of  Xorthamp- 
tonshire,  who,  from  the  humble  emi)loy- 
ment  of  carpenter,  rose,  by  the  instruction 


and  patronage  of  Dr.  Doddridge,  to  the  re- 
spectability of  minister  of  a  dissenting  con- 
gregation, and  at  last  successor  in  the  school 
of  his  able  master.  He  wrote  the  paradigms 
of  Hebrew  verbs,  and  other  works,  and  (Tied 
at  Daventry  1774,  aged  05,  respected  as  a 
man  and  as  a  scholar.  He  was  created  D. 
D.  by  a  Scotch  univer'sity. 

Askew,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Kendall  in 
AYestmorland,  eminent  as  a  physician  and  as 
a  man  of  letLers.  He  was  educated  at  Sed- 
l)urgh  school,  and  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  first  degree  1745. 
He  aftei'vvards  .studied  ojje  year  at  Leyden, 
and  then  acconopanied  the  English  ambassa- 
dor to  Constantinople.  On  his  return  to 
England  he  look  his  degree  of  M.  I),  at 
Cambridge,  and  began  to  practise.  He  was 
also  made  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  and  of 
tl)e  college  of  physicians ;  but  iiis  celebrity 
ari.ies  more  from  his  fondness  for  literature 
than  his  success  in  the  medical  profession. 
He  collected  a  most  valuable  library,  which 
was  disposed  of  by  public  auction  for  above 
5,000/.     He  died  at  Hampstead  1784. 

Askew,  Anne,  daughter  of  sir  William 
Askew  of  Kelsay,  Lincolnshire,  was  eminent 
for  her  virtues  and  misfortunes.  She  mar- 
ried when  young  Mr.  Kyme,  against  her  in- 
clination, and  the  treatment  which  she  i-e- 
ceived  from  lier  husband  was  .so  inhuman, 
that  sue  came  to  the  court  of  Henry  VI H.  in 
person  to  solicit  a  divorce.  Her  story  inter- 
ested the  ladies  of  the  court;  but  as  it  was 
suspected  that  she  w  as  attached  to  the  refor- 
mation her  person  was  seized  and  confined 
in  jSewgate,  arid  afterwards  cruelly  tortured 
in  the  I'ower;  and  in  1546  she  was  burnt  iti 
Smithfield  with  her  tutor  and  two  other  per- 
sons, like  herself,  more  attached  to  her  faith 
than  to  life.  Some  of  her  letters,  ])reserved 
by  Fox  and  Stry[)e,  prove  her  to  have  been 
amiable,  accoinplishe*!,  and  virtuous.  Slie 
was  about  20  w  hen  she  sutl'ei'ed. 

Asp  ASIA,  a  native  of  iNliletu.",,  who  settled 
at  Atliens.  'i'hough  her  character  and  corn- 
pan,  were  niosc  licentious,  yet  her  wit  and 
learning  wei'e  so  dazzling  that  Socrates  him- 
self visited  her.  Pericles  m; .  ried  her,  after 
divorcing  his  wife. 

AsPASiA,  the  mistress  of  young  Cyrus, 
and  after  his  death  of  his  brother  Artaxerxes, 
was  originally  called  Milto. 

AsPEi.T,  Peter  d',  a  native  of  Treves, 
who  studied  medicine  at  Paris,  and  was  in 
consequence  of  his  curing  the  po])e  in  a  dan- 
gerous disorder,  raised  to  an  archbishopric 
by  the  grateful  pontiff.     He  died  l3'-20, 

AssEi.ix,  Giles  Thomas,  a  native  of  Vire, 
and  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  respectable  for 
his  piety  as  well  as  his  poetical  abilities, 
which  frequently  were  rewarded  Avith  the 
prize.  He  died  at  Paris  11th  Oct.  1567, 
a'^ed  75.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Thomas  Cor- 
neille,  and  the  friend  of  la  MotI.e  Houdar. 
His  poems  are  blamed  by  some  for  want  of 
ornament;  the  best 'are,  an  ode  on  the  im- 
mortality of  the  soul — and  the  other  on  the 
existence  of  God. 

AssELYN,  John,  a  piipil  of  Yandenvelde, 


AS 


AS 


•who  nfrer  visitinp^  Italy  srttlrd  at  Am^itrr- 
«l;iin,  wlicro  lu-  ac(|iiirc(l  cokbrit}"  as  an  lils- 
torical  ami  laiuhcape  jTtinU'r.  lie  died  IfoO, 
aged  4(t. 

AsSEK,  a  .Icwisli  i'ali!)i  mCiIic  .lllli  ftnliirv, 
author  of  llic  Tahiiiid  of  llahyinn,  priiin<l 
■with  notts  Ainslctdam,  io  1'2  vols.  Inl.  174k 

AssRK,  of  St.  l)a\i(I'.s,  a  loaniL-d  atillmi-  in 
the  ieii;ti  of  Allied,  raised  totlic  sue  of  Slier 
borne  l»y  that  pj-ince,  of  wliose  life  he  \vi-<it<- 
an  ai-enniit.  'I'liore  is  a  chronii-le  or  annals 
ascribed  also  to  him,  printed  nt  Oxford  Ifiyi, 
fol.  It  is  said  that  he  persnaded  Alfred  to 
found  Oxfoni,  and  to  maintain  pruftssors 
there.     Me  died  (><»'i. 

AsSHF.TOX,  Dr.  Willit.m,  born  in  ir,4l, 
was  tlip  son  of  the  rector  of  Atiddleton  in 
Ijaneashire,  and  was  of  Hrazen-nose  colleg;e, 
of  which  lie  became  a  fillow.  Hr  obtained 
l»referincntby  means  of  the  (hike  of  Orniond, 
to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  and  distiii{;nished 
liimself  as  the  projei '.n-of  that  most  clmrila- 
ble  scheme  of  pioviding  a  maintenance  for 
t!ie  widows  of  clergymen  and  others,  liy  a 
'ointure  payable  by  the  mercers'  company. 
This  scheme  was  lue  labor  of  many  years, 
and  before  it  was  completed,  he  had  addres- 
sed himself  to  tiie  corporation  of  the  clergy 
aud  to  the  bank  of  Enivkind,  who  showed  an 
unwillingness  to  adopt  bis  plan,  lie  refused, 
a  few  years  before  liis  death,  the  headship 
of  Brazen-nose.  He  died  ii^  his  Gyth  }ear  in 
September  1711,  at  Reckenham,  to  the  rec- 
tory of  uliicli  he  had  been  presented  by  the 
St.  Johns.  He  wrote,  besides  devotional 
tracts,  some  pieces  ai^aiast  the  dissenters 
and  papists. 

Assoucr,  Cliarle.s  Coypeau,  Sleui*  d',  a 
poet  called  the  ape  of  Scarron,  was  the  son 
of  an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
where  he  was  bora  1604.  The  wildness  of 
his  character  disi)layed  itself  at  the  acre  of 
eight,  when  he  ran  av.ay  from  his  fatiier, 
and  after  .strange  adventures  at  Calais,  Ij0:i- 
don,  Turin,  and  Montpellier,  he  came  to 
Home,  where,  for  his  ridicule  of  the  popish 
covirt,  he  was  imprisoned.  On  his  liberation 
he  came  to  Paris,  where  some  improper  a- 
tnours  exposed  him  to  persecution  and  to  con- 
finement in  the  Bastille  and  in  the  Cliatelet. 
He  died  1679.  His  poetry  consists  of  scat- 
tered pieces,  puhlislicd  in  tliree  vols.  ICmo, 
lei's,  in  which  the  reader  finds  little  wit,  but 
much  immorality  and  bufiooncry.  He  also 
translated  part  of  Ovid's  metamorphoses, 
and  Claiulian'srape  of  Proserpine. 

As  r El. I,,  Mary,  a  learned  woman, 
daughter  of  a  merchant  of  Newcastle  up'on 
Tyne.  She  was  educated  b}'  her  uncle,  a 
clergyman,  act  only  in  logic  and  pliilosophy, 
but  in  the  learned  languages,  so  that  the 
most  difficult  aut'iors,  iMato,  Epictctus,  (Ci- 
cero, and  Antoninus,  were  as  familiar  to  lier 
as  the  writings  of  herown  countrymen.  She 
lived  at  Cliclsea,  where  she  employed  lier- 
self  in  acts  of  devotion  and  c)iaritv  ;  ami  she 
became  acquainted  with  tlie  most  learned 
men  of  the  age,  Atterbnry,  Dodwell,  Nor- 
ris,  Hickes,  ScC.  and  like  li»em  advance»l  the 
cause  of  Scien»o  and  piety,  by  useful  publi- 


cations on  religion  and  morality.  SJje  di(J 
nr.t  long  survive  iho  amputation  of  one  of 
her  breasts  for  a  c:uicer;  l»iit  after  she  had 
dirrded  her  sln-oud  aii<I  cfif!ln  for  some 
lime  to  be  j)tMcct|  \t\  lur  bedside,  she  e.vpi- 
red,  1731,  in  her  G.ld  vear,  ami  was  buried 
at  (.'helsea.  Il»r  pidilicit  ions  ucre,  hlt«T» 
concerning  the  l<i»e  of<i«Ml,  Svo.  Ifil'.* — an 
essay  in  defence  of  the  female  sex  in  a  letter 
to  a  lady,  Svo.  iri'lfl — a  serifius  jiroposal  to  the 
ladies  for  tJK-  atlvaiicoment  of  rbcir  true  and 
greatest  iiitvrests,  2  jiarfH,  ICmo.  101)7 — a. 
fair  way  with  the  dissf titers  and  their  pat- 
ions,  iroi,  4to. — relU'iMioMR  on  marriage,  Svo. 
!<"(*;) — the  Christian  religion,  as  prolessed  by 
a  daughler  of  the  church  of  Enjjiaud,  1705, 
Svo.  ^cc. 

AsTEUius,  an  Arian,  of  Cappadocla,  in 
I  lie  4tli  century.  He  ai^ninloncd  his  failb,to 
esc.'ijK'  tlic  persecution  under  -Ma.viniiman, 
and  thus  lost  his  reputation  for  piety  and 
consistency. 

AsTERiirs  a  native  of  Antioch,  made,  in 
the  4th  century,  bishop  of  Amasea  ia 
Pontus. 

As  I  ER I  US  Urb.\xvs,  a  bishop  of  the  3d 
cetitury,  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  the 
Montanists  of  Ancyra  in  (iaiatia. 

AsTLE,  Thomas,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  in  StaiTord shire,  wliere  his  father  was 
a  fiirmer.  He  was  engaged,  in  170.3,  under 
tiie  {latronhgc  of  ]\!r.  (ircnville,  in  examin- 
ing the  records  of  "W'estminstcr  with  Sir  Jo- 
seph Aybifle  and  Dr.  ]);icarel;  and,  in 
I7i)0,  he  superintended  the  printing  of  the 
ancient  Parliamentary  records.  He  was.  jn 
177.5,  made  chief  clerk  of  the  record  office 
in  the  Tower,  and  succeeded  Sir  John  Shel- 
ley as  keeper.  He  died  December  180.3. 
He  w  rote  a  curious  work  on  the  origin  and 
progress  of  writing,  as  well  hieroglyphic  as 
elementary,  first  printed  1784,  in  "4to.  anil 
again  edited  180;i.  He  also  conlributed  some 
valuai)le  papers  to  the  Archwologia,  and 
other  publications. 

AsTLE,  John,  -w.is  horn  nt  "Whem  in 
Shropshire,  and  apprenticed  to  Hudson  the 
portrait  painter,  known  as  tiie  ma^^ter  of 
SirJosliua  Reynolds.  After  improvir.g  his 
talents  at  Rome,  under  the  patronage  of  lord 
Chesterfield,  and  co]tying  some  of  llic  finest 
works  of  Titiin  ami  r>eiitivogiio,  he  return* 
ed  to  England,  and  from  thence  pasFcd  to 
Iroland,  where  he  r.-'r^idly  g.'rined  reputation, 
and  increased  his  fertune  with  ;500'J/.  On  his 
return  to  London,  he  passed  throns,h  Knuts- 
ford,  where,  at  an  asficnibly.  lie  gained  the 
heart  of  lady  Daniel,  who,  witli  her  hand, 
gave  him  soon  afl  r  the  whole  Duckenfichl 
estate  in  fei;,  worth  .'iOOOA  a  year.  A  fon<l- 
ness  for  extravagance  and  diseipation  seemed 
to  be  liis  only  passion  ;  but  v  hlle  he  squan- 
dered with  one  hand,  Fortune  seemed,  in 
the  most  profuse  manner,  to  rcj)leni£h  the. 
other.  The  death  of  his  hvolhcr  brought 
him  U),(X>0/.  and  his  sucposs  in  t;aintitij;,  and 
other  contingencies,  incre.'^sed  his  property 
so  much,  that  at  one  time  he  wns  worth  up- 
wan  Is  of  1(>0,0(>()/.  Of  this  sum,  '23,0tJ^L'. 
were  spent  in  fanciful   improvement?  in   hif 


AS 


AT 


houses  at  Dackenfield  and  in  London  ;  and 
30,000  as  he  inforiued  Dr.  Warren,  vanished, 
in  seven  years,  in  criminal  pleasures  the  re- 
collection of  which  ollen  wi'ung  his  heart 
with  anguisli,  as  his  body  suftered  under  the 
pressure  of  pain  and  debiMty.  He  posses- 
sed the  cOMvivinl  habits  which  hospitality 
should  maintain,  he  was  free,  easy,  and  en- 
gai];nig  in  his  manners,  and  though  too  often 
a  debauchee  in  character,  yet  his  heart  was 
not  devoid  of  sensibility ;  as  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted, that  the  man  who  at  last,  in  seeing 
the  vanity  of  pleasure  and  of  life,  wishes  he 
coukl  retrace  tlie  steps  of  childhood,  aiid 
give  the  world  a  better  example,  is  not  total- 
ly <lead  to  virtue.  He  was  tlirce  times  mar- 
ried, and  pr(jved  an  alfectionate  husband  ; 
but  his  management  of  his  three  children 
Avas  such  as  sliowed  t'.iat  he  did  not  possess 
the  judicious  and  parental  attention  which  is 
required  from  a  father. 

As TOLPH,  king  of  Lombardy,  after  Ids 
brother  Rachis,  749.  He  attacked  the  pope's 
dominions,  and  would  have  overrun  Ilaiy, 
had  he  not  been  prevented  by  the  negotia- 
tions and  the  arinics  of  Pepin  of  France. 
He  died  '50. 

As  roN,  Sir  Artliur,  a  native  of  Fulharn, 
of  an  ancient  family,  who,  after  serving 
abroad,  came  back,  on  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  wars,  to  offer  his  life  and  fortunes 
to  Charles  I.  He  was  at  the  head  of  tlie 
dragoons  at  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  and  three 
times  defeated  lord  Essex;  and  for  ids  servi- 
ces was  intrusted  with  the  government  of 
Heading,  and  afterwards  of  Oxford.  After 
the  king's  death,  he  went  to  Ii-eland,  and 
bravely  defended  Drogheda  against  the  re- 
publicans; hut  wJien  he  was  ol)liged  to  sur- 
render the  place  to  Cromwell,  tlie  victorious 
enemy  ordered  his  brains  to  be  dashed  to 
pieces  by  repeated  blows  with  the  wooden 
stump  which  he  used,  in  consequence  of  the 
amputation  of  his  leg  by  an  unfortunate 
accident. 

Aston,  Sir  Thomas,  of  an  ancient  C'hesh- 
ire  family,  was  educated  at  Brazen-nose  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and,  in  I6i8,  was  made  a  ba- 
rou't.  In  103.5,  he  served  the  oHice  of  she- 
rift' for  his  native  county ;  and,  in  tlie  civil 
■oars,  raised  a  troop  of  hor.se  for  the  king, 
but  was  defeated  and  wounded  at  Xamtwich, 
in  lOi'i.  He  was  afterwards  taken  prisoner, 
but  in  his  attempt  to  make  his  esca{)e  from 
his  confinement  at  Stafl'ord,  he  was  struck 
•with  great  violence  by  a  soldier  on  the  head, 
so  tliat  the  blow  produced  a  fever,  which 
proved  fatal,  1043.  He  is  author  of  a  re- 
monstrance against  presbytery — of  a  short 
survey  of  presbyterian  discipline — of  a  brief 
review  of  the  institution,  succession,  and 
jurisiliction  of  bishops,  kc. 

iVsiORGAS,  Marchioness  of,  a  lady,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  H.  of  Spain,  wlio  kdled 
with  hei  own  hands  a  beautiful  mistress  to 
whom  her  husband  was  criminally  attached. 
She  altcrwards  prepared  the  heart  of  this 
Unfortunate  victim,  and  when  her  husband 
harl  eat  it,  she  rolled  the  bleeding  head  of 
his  murdered  mistress  before  liim  ou  the  ta- 


ble. This  wretched  guilty  woman  escaped 
into  a  convent,  where  she  became  insane 
tiirough  rage  and  jealousy. 

As  iRONOME,  I',  an  historian  of  the  9th 
century,  author  of  the  life  of  Lewis  the 
Debonnaire,  his  patron,  preserved  in  du 
Chesne's  collection. 

AsTRUC,  John,  a  French  physician  of 
Satives,  in  Lower  Languedoc,  who,  after  stu- 
dying at  Monlpellier,  accjuired  great  reputa- 
tion at  Paris,  both  as  a  practitioner  and  as  a 
professor.  He  was  for  some  time  in  Poland, 
physician  to  the  king  at  Warsaw  His 
works,  de  morbis  venereis,  &cc.  are  highly  es- 
teemed. He  was  born  1084,  19th  March, 
and  diedal  Pari.s,  .5th  May  1700.  Resides  the 
above,  he  wrote  treatises  on  pathology — on 
ulcers  and  tumors— -on  therapeutics — on  the 
inoculation  of  the  small-pox — on  female  dis- 
eases, translated  into  English — memoirs  re- 
lating to  the  natural  history  of  Languedoc,  &c. 

As  "YAGES,  a  king  of  Media,  B.  C.  594, 
called  by  some  the  Ahasuerus  of  scripture. 

At  A,  Abdal,  a  mussulman  dervise  in  the 
age  of  Tamerline,  regarded  as  a  god  by  his 
followers. 

Atabalipa,  or  Atahualpa,  the  last 
king  of  Peru,  of  the  race  of  the  incas.  He 
was  made  king  of  Quito  on  his  father's  death, 
1529  ;  hut  he  aspii'ed  to  the  whole  kingdom, 
and  defeated  his  brother  Huolscar,  who  sat 
on  the  throne  of  Peru.  When  Pizarro  with 
the  Spaniards  invaded  the  kingdom  of  Peru, 
the  unhappy  monarch  was  invited  to  a  par- 
ley, and  treacherously  .seized,  and  soon  after 
barbarously  strangled,  or  burnt  at  the  stake, 
1.533,  though  he  hlid  paid  for  his  ransom  all 
the  gold  wiiich  a  room  pointed  out  by  the 
Spaniards  could  contain.  Some  of  the  Span- 
isli  authors  have  endeavored  to  represent 
him  as  an  usurper,  and  as  faithless  in  the 
first  treaty  which  he  had  made  witli  Pizar- 
I'O;  hut  little  credit  is  to  be  give»i  to  their  as- 
sertions. They  wisli  to  wipe  off  the  odium 
deservedly  fallen  on  their  countrymen,  by  at- 
tacking the  innocent  character  oi'  Atabalipa. 

AriiAi.iAH,  v»  ife  of  Jehoram,  and  mo- 
ther of  Ahaziah  king  of -Judah,  wasdaugliter 
of  Ahab,  by  Jezebel.  Her  son,  excited  by 
her  advice  and  example,  committed  every 
excess  of  cruelty  and  m  ickedness  ;  and,  af- 
ter ids  death,  the  licentious  mother,  to  ob- 
tain the  sovereign  power,  niunlered  the 
whole  of  the  royal  family,  except  Joash,  who 
Mas  with  difliculty  preserved  by  Jehoshaba, 
daughter  of  Jehoram.  She  was,  after  a  reigu 
of  seven  years,  made  to  expiate  her  crimes 
by  death.  The  history  of  this  vicious  i)rin- 
cess  is  the  subject  of  one  of  the  finest  of  the 
tragedies  of  Uacine. 

Athanasius,  St.  a  native  of  Alexandria, 
raised,  in  consequence  of  his  abilities  and 
greateloquence,  to  the  see  of  his  native  town, 
A.  D.  320.  He  was  a  violent  opposer  of  the 
Arians,  and  suffered  great  persecution  for 
his  firniness.     He  died  371. 

Atheling,  Edgar,  son  of  Edward,  and 
grandson  of  Edmund  Ironside,  king  of  Eng- 
land, was  regarded  as  the  future  monarch; 
but  the  intrigues  of  Harold  prcTailed  against 


AT 


AT 


Jiim.  The  battle  of  irastiiiRs,  lOCO,  In  des- 
troying his  rival,  lut  oil'  his  hopes  of  suctess  ; 
ami,  alter  making  some  resistance  at  York 
to  little  purpose,  he  iled  to  Scotland  and  af- 
terwards to  Normandy.  Jle  was  leconciled 
to  the  conqueror,  and  was  at  the  first  cru- 
sade with  IJaldwin  II.  where  he  i)ehaved 
•U'ilh  great  intrepidil}  .  He  passed  ihe  la.sL 
years  of  his  life  at  Aialn\sl)ury. 

Athei.sta.n,  though  hut  natural  son  of 
Edward  the  elder,  was  made  king  of  Eng- 
land after  his  father's  death,  9'-5.  lie  was 
happily  successful  against  the  Danes,  whom 
lie  defeated  in  Noilhumbeiland ;  and  after- 
wards he  devoted  himself  to  the  arts  of 
peace.  He  encouraged  commerce,  by  be- 
stowing the  title  of  thane  on  such  of  his 
jiierehants  as  had  perfonned  three  voyages. 
He  died  941. 

Ath  exagoras,  a  Christian  philosopher 
of  Athens,  in  the  2d  century. 

AriiE. Vitus,  a  Greek  grammarian  and 
writer  of  Alexandria,  in  the  3d  century. 

Athen/eus,  a  mathematician,  B.  0.  200. 

ATUEN.ffi:us,  an  orator  at  Home  in  the  age 
of  Augustus. 

Athenodorus,  a  Stoic  pliilosophcr,  pre- 
ceptor to  Augustas.  He  died  in  iiis  native 
town  of  Tarsus,  aged  82. 

Athias,  Isaac,  author  of  an  explication 
of  the  law  of  Moses,  printed  at  Amsterdam 
and  Venice,  was  a  Jew  of  Spain. 

Athias,  Joseph,  a  learned  printer  of 
Amsterdam,  who  published  an  edition  of  the 
Hebrew  Bible,  2  vols.  1677,  highly  esteemed, 
besides  editions  in  Spanish,  English,  and 
German.  His  sei'vices  were  rewarded  with 
a  gold  chain  and  medal  by  the  states.  He 
died  1700. 

Atkixs,  James,  D.  D.  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, of  Kirkwall  in  Orkney,  educated  at 
Edinburgh  and  Oxfoi'd,  and  patronised  by 
the  marquis  of  Hamilton.  He  Avas  made 
bishop  of  Moray  in  1077,  and  afterwards 
translated  to  Gallowaj'.  He  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, October  28,  1087.  He  wrote  against 
the  preshyterians;  hut  his  treatises  are  now 
unknown. 

Atki  NS,  Sir  Robert,  was  descended  from 
the  ancient  family  of  the  same  name  in 
GlocestcTshire.  He  was  educated  at  Baliol 
college,  and  after  being  made  a  knight  of  the 
Bath,  and  taking  liis  degrees  in  law,  he  was 
made  a  judge  of  the  court  of  Common  Pleas, 
1672,  which  he  resigned,  in  1679,  through 
disgust  at  the  conduct  of  the  government. 
He  showed  his  impartiality  on  the  bench, 
though  his  mind  was  occasionally  tinctured  by 
superstition;  and  at  the  revolution,  which 
he  favored  with  all  the  ardor  of  a  patriot,  he 
•was  made  I^ord  chief  baron  by  William.  In 
June  1095  he  resigned  his  high  office,  and 
spent  the  last  fourteen  years  of  liis  life  in 
peaceful  and  dignified  retirement  at  Saper- 
ton  Hall  in  (ilocestershire.  He  died  in  the 
beginning  of  1709,  aged  88,  leaving  behind 
him  a  character  of  great  probity,  and  repea- 
ted instances  of  unsliaken  attachment  to  the 
freedom  and  constitution  of  England.  He 
ivas  twice  married,  and  liis  only  son,  Sir 
vol.  I.  14 


Robert  Atkins,  inheritcil  his  virtues,  fluil 
was  for  a  long  tirue  re[)resentative  of  the 
county.  He  pul;lished,  in  folio,  the  history 
of  (Jloccstcrshiie,  from  the  materials  collec- 
teil  by  Di".  Parsons;  and  died  1711,  aged  64. 
The  writings  of  Judge  .\lk.ins  arc  all  ou 
constitutional  and  juridical  subjects,  and  arc 
highly  valued. 

ArKV.N'S,  Richard,  a  native  of  f  ilocester- 
shire, educated  at  Hallol,  and  Lincoln's  Inn. 
He  suH'eretl  (luring  the  ci\il  wars  for  his  at- 
tachment to  the  royal  cause,  and  spent  above 
wool,  in  lawsuits,  in  tw  cnty-four  years,  t«)  es- 
tablish the  rigjit  of  the  king's  grant  in  piinting 
law  books.  He  published  on  the  subject  his 
original  and  growth  of  printing,  in  4lo.  and, 
five  years  after,  his  vindication,  Sec.  He  was 
unliappily  married.  He  died  in  confinement 
in  the  Marshalsea,  September  14,  1677. 

Atratus,  Hugh,  or  Black,  called  tlie 
phoenix  of  his  age,  from  the  great  powers  of 
his  mind,  and  his  unwcai'ied  application,  was 
born  at  Evesham  in  Worcestershire,  and 
was  made  a  cardinal  by  Martin  H.  1281.  He 
died  of  the  plague,  six  years  after,  author  of 
genealogia  humana — problemata — canones 
medicinales,  8cc, 

At  TALUS  I.  king  of  Pergamus,  was  a 
great  patron  of  learning.  He  died  in  hii 
72d  year,  B.  C.  198. 

At  TALUS  II.  son  of  the  above,  succeed- 
ed liis  brother  Eumenes,  159,  and  reigned 
21  years. 

At  TALTJsni.  nephew  of  the  second,  died 
B.  C-  133,  in  the  fifth  year  of  his  reign.  As 
he  had  no  issue,  he  left  all  his  possessions  tp 
the  Romans. 

Attalus,  a  native  of  Pergamus,  who 
was  burnt  alive  for  the  Christian  religion,  iu 
the  persecution  of  M.  Antoninus,  177. 

Attexduli,  Margaret,  a  sister  of 
Sforza,  grand  constable  of  Naples.  When 
her  brother  was  perfidiously  seized,  she 
armed  her  friends  and  domestics,  and  at 
their  head  made  reprisals,  and  thus  obtained 
the  liberation  of  the  captive. 

Atterbury,  Lewis,  son  of  Dr.  Atter- 
bury,  rector  of  Milton,  Northam,\)tonshu'e, 
was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  and  submit- 
ted to  the  republican  visitors.  He  was,  in 
1654,  made  rector  of  Great  Rissington,  Glo- 
cestershire,  and  three  years  after,  obtained 
the  living  of  Milton  Bucks.  After  the  res- 
toration, he  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  at  Ox- 
ford. He  was,  on  his  return  from  London, 
drowned,  near  his  house,  December  7,  1693. 
He  published  three  sermons. 

Atterbury,  Lewis,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  educated  at  AVestminstei- 
school,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He 
was  chaplain,  in  1683,  to  the  lord  mayor, 
sir  William  Pritchard,  and  tlie  next  year 
became  rector  of  Symel,  in  Northampton- 
shire, which  he  afterwards  resigncil,  upon 
greater  promoliou.  He  succeeded  as  prea- 
cher at  Highgate  chapel,  where  he  had  of- 
ficiated tor  the  late  incumbent,  Daniel  La- 
thom,  and,  by  being  one  of  the  chaplains  of 
the  princess  Anne,  he  recommended  him- 
self to  favor,  and  was  afterwards,  \7^T,  pre 


AT 


AT 


sented  to  the  living  of  Shcpp&rton  by  the 
queen,  and  by  the  bishop  of  London  to  that 
of  Hornsey,  1719,  in  which  parish  his  own 
cbapcl  Avas  situate.  His  charitable  disposi- 
tion was  strongly  displayed  in  his  studying 
physic  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  at  High- 
gate,  and  distributing  advice  and  drugs  gra- 
ils. On  the  death  of  Dr.  Sprat,  the  arch- 
deacon of  Koehestei',  he  made  application 
for  the  oHice,  and  as  his  bi'Other  was  bishop 
of  the  see  and  patron,  he  expected  no  re- 
fusal ;  but  he  was  disappointed  and  Dr. 
Hrydges  was  nominated.  He  died  at  Batli, 
of  a  paralytic  stroke,  October  29,1731,  in 
his  75th  year,  and  he  was  buried  at  High- 
gate.  He  was  author  of  two  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, and  other  tracts,  and  he  left  his  col- 
lection of  pamphlets,  hcc  to  Christ  Church. 
lie  gave  10/.  a  year  to  a  master  to  instruct 
girls  at  Newport  Pagnel,  and  left  the  bisliop's 
son,  Osborne,  heir  to  his  fortune.  He  had 
married  the  niece  of  Sir  Robert  Bedingfield 
knight,  mayor  of  London,  by  whom  he  had 
three  sons  and  a  daughter,  none  of  whom 
survived  him. 

Atterbury,  Francis,  bishop  of  lio- 
chester,  was  born  at  Midd'.eton  Keynes,  near 
JS'ewport  Pagnel,  March  6,  I66i2;  and  after 
finishing  his  education  at  Westminster,  he 
entered  at  Clirist  Church,  w  here  he  became 
known  by  his  wit  and  his  learning.  His  po- 
etical abilities  were  early  displayed  ;  and  as 
a  defender  of  the  protestant  religion,  he  also 
acquired  celebrit3^  He  was,  however,  un- 
willing to  submit  long  to  the  confinement  and 
sameness  of  a  college  life.  Though  dis- 
tinguished in  the  society  as  a  scholar,  and  a 
tutor,  he  frequently  complained  of  the  liard- 
ship  of  his  situation  to  his  father,  and  at  last 
followed  his  advice,  by  marrying  miss  Os- 
born,  a  lady  in  the  neighborhood,  from  whose 
distant  relationship  to  the  Leeds  family,  he 
expected  preferment.  On  leaving  Oxford, 
lie  was  elected  lecturer  of  St.  Bride's,  Lon- 
don, 1G91,  and  soon  after  made  chaplain  to 
AVilliam  and  Mary.  With  the  eloquence  of 
n  popular  preacher,  he  nossessed  the  obsti- 
nacy of  a  controversialisi,  and  therefore  his 
sermons  and  works  when  published,  drew 
upon  him  the  anmadversions  of  Hoadly,  of 
Bentley,  of  Wake,  and  others.  His  zeal, 
however,  in  the  service  of  the  church,  and 
in  support  of  the  rights  of  convocations,  was 
rewarded  by  the  thanks  of  the  Lower  House 
of  Convocation,  and  by  a  diploma  of  the  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  from  tiie  university  of  Oxford. 
I'referment  and  distinction  were  now  heap- 
ed upon  him  ;  Sir  .T-ohn  Trelawncy,  bishop 
rif  Exeter,  gave  him  the  archdeaconry  of 
Totness,  he  became  chaplain  to  queen 
Anne,  and  was,  in  October  1704,  raised  to  the 
(leancry  of  Carlisle.  In  1712,  lie  was  made 
dean  of  Christ  Church,  though  power  and 
inllucncc  were  exerted  in  favor  of  his  anta- 
gonist, Di'.  Smalridge;  and  the  following 
vear  he  attained  the  hei2:ht  of  his  ecclesias- 
tical  dignity,  by  being  made  bishop  of  Uo- 
thester,  and  dean  of  Westminster,  at  the 
particular  recommendation  of  chancellor 
HarcotU't.    'NVhen  George  succeeded  to  the 


throne,  the  bishoT)  was  treated  with  coolness 
and  indifference  ;  and  he  resented  the   af- 
front, and  displayed  his  attachment  to  the 
house  of  Stuart,  by  refusing  to  sign  the  de- 
claration of  the  bishops,  and  by  opposing  iu 
the  parliament,    with  vigor  and  eloquence, 
the  measures  of  the  government.     This  de- 
cided and  hostile  behaviour  proved  the  be- 
ginning of  his   misfortunes.    He  was  suspec- 
ted of  favoring  the  pretender,  and    August 
24,  1722,  he  was  arrested  as  a  traitor,  and 
confined  in   the  Tower      Though  the  raes- 
seng(;rs  treated  him  with  rudeness  and  harsh 
incivility  while  they  secured  his  person  and 
seized  his  papers,  yet  the  council  behaved 
towards   him    with    that   candor,    attention, 
and  afiability,  which  justice  and  impartiality 
recommend.     March  23,   1723,    a   bill    was 
brought  in  the  house  of  commons  to  inflict 
penalties  on  Francis,  bishop   of  Rochester, 
and  he  was  ordered  to  prepare  his  defence. 
He  declined  using  his  influence  among  the 
commons,  but,  as  he  wrote  to  the   speaker, 
he  reserved  the  vindication  of  his  conduct  in 
that  house,  of  which  he  had  the  lionor  to  be 
a  member.     The  trial  lasted  above  a  week. 
The  bishop  was  supported  by  all  the  learn- 
ing and  the  eloquence  of  the  bar,  and  he 
spoke  in  his  own  cause  with  all  the  energy  of 
the  persuasive  powers  which  he  was  known 
to  possess ;  but  he  was  condemned  by  a  ma- 
jority of  83  to  43  votes ;  and   the   king,  on 
the   27th   May,  confirmed   the  decision  of 
parliament.    The  bisliop  met  the  disgrace  of 
hanishment  with  unusual  firmness  and  dig- 
iiity  ;    he   took   an   affectionate  leave    of  his 
friends  ;  and,  June  18,  1723,  he   embarked 
in   the  Aldborough  man   of  war,    and   was 
landed  at  Calais,  where  he  met  lord  Boling- 
broke,  whom   the   royal   pai'don  recalled  to 
FiUgland,  upon  wliich  he  observed  with  his 
usual  facetiousness,  "  then  his  lordship  and 
I  are  exchanged."      It  is  to  be  lamented  that 
persecution  is  not  softened  by  the  fall  of  an 
enemy.     Atterbury,  in  his  exile,  was  pur- 
sued with  more  vindictive  rage  than  when 
in  England.     Access  to  him  was  denied  to 
his  family,    without  the  king's  sign-manual, 
and   the   favor  was  with  difficulty   obtained 
from  the  extortion  of  high  fees.     He  wished 
to  pass  the  remainder  of  his  life  at  Brussels ; 
but  he  was  hurried   to  Paris,  where  he  had 
the  prudence  to  resist  the  solicitations  of  the 
pretender,  and  not  concern  liimself  with  his 
secret   negotiations.     He   was   from  thence 
carried  to  Montpellier,  for  two  years;  and 
on  his  return  to  Paris,  vorn  ou'.   by  the  un- 
kindness  of  mankind,  and  domestic  sorrow 
on  the  loss  of  his  daughter,  in  1729,  he  died, 
February  1.5,  1732.     His  body  was  brought 
over  to  England,  and  deposited  in  Westmin- 
ster Abbey,  in  a  monument  which,  in  1722, 
he  had  prepared ;  but  no  inscription  marks 
the  spot,  as  his  friends  were  unwilling  that 
his   name  should    be   recorded     on     marble 
without  mentioning  that  he  died  bishop  of 
Rochester.     He  had  by  his  lady,    who  died 
April  26,  1722,  four  children ;  Francis,  who 
died  an  infant;  Osborne,  whose  descendants 
arc  still  alive  ;  Elizabeth,  uho  died  in  1716, 


AV 


AU 


i»gcd  17  ;  nnd  Mary,  who  married  ^NFr.  Mo- 
rice,  and  died  17'Z'J.  Mowcvci'  hIainuMc  his 
conducl  may  appear  as  a  poliliciaii,  it  is  to 
be  reineniberc(l  thai  lliose  who  have  drawn 
his  portrait  have  espoused  a  diULrent  cause. 
His  good  sense  and  his  pruih-nee  forhul  us 
to  think  that  lie  formed  any  plot  for  the  res- 
toration of  the  Stuarts,  to  whom  it  is  prol)a- 
ble  that  he  was  attached  from  strong  preju- 
dices, from  earl}  liahits,  and  from  the  ((;m- 
per  of  the  limes,  which  permit  neutrality  to 
no  man;  hut  it  is  certain,  that  he  was  offer- 
ed the  see  of  Winchester,  and  a  pension  of 
5000/.  if  he  would  discontinue  his  opi)Osition 
io  the  measures  f)f  \Valpole,  and  it  is  known 
that  the  rejection  of  this  mean  oiler  Iiastcned 
his  downfal.  His  private  cliai'acier  as  a  man 
"uas  most  amiable  and  exemplary;  as  a 
prcadier,  lie  was  great  and  eloquent ;  and 
as  a  w  ritcr,  liis  sermons,  Ins  letters,  and 
other  tracts,  prove  most  decidedly,  that  he 
possessed  piety,  geniu.s,  flow  of  language, 
and  erudition. 

Atticus,  llerodes,  a  eelebrated  orator 
horn  at  Marathon.  lie  was  preceptor  to 
Marcus  Aurelius  and  Lucius  Varus,  and  died 
at  Marathon,  76  A.  I). 

Atticus,  Titus  Pomponius,  a  Roman,  of 
the  most  amiable  manners,  who  in  the  midst 
of  civil  wars  and  party  animosities,  maintain- 
ed his  independence,  his  character,  and  his 
possessions.  He  was  respected  by  all  parties, 
and  his  virtues  and  moderation  deserved  the 
general  esteem.    He  died  aged  77,  B.  C.  54. 

Atticus,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
Avas  the  enemy  of  John  Chrysostom,  whom 
he  expelled  from  his  see.     He  died  42'. 

Attila,  king  of  the  Huns,  ravaged 
fJauland  Italy,  and  levied  contributions  from 
Theodosius  and  Valentinian,  the  Roman  em- 
perors.    He  died  453. 

AvALOs,  Ferdinand  Francis,  d',  marquis 
of  Pescara,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  was 
distinguished  for  his  valor  in  the  service  of 
Charles  V.  He  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Ravenna,  1512,  and  employed  the 
liours  of  his  captivity  in  writing  a  dialogue 
of  love,  addressed  to  his  wife,  the  virtuous 
Victoria  Colonna.  His  abilities  contributed 
much  to  the  battle  of  Bicoque,  the  recovery 
of  the  Milanese,  and  the  victory  ef  Pavia. 
It  is  said  that  the  pope  wished  to  gain  him  to 
his  cause  by  the  promise  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples.  He  died  without  issue,  at  Milan, 
4t'.i  November  1525,  aged  36. 

AvALOs,  Alphonsod',  marquis  del  Vasto, 
was  the  heir  of  the  preceding,  who  was  his 
I'elation.  He  assisted  bravely  the  arms  of 
Charles  V.  in  Italy  ;  but  he  was  defeated  at 
Cerisoles,  1544,  and  died  31st  March  1546, 
aged  42. 

AvAXTio,  John  Marion,  a  learned  civi- 
lian, who  left  Rovigo  when  his  brother  had 
been  assassinated  there,  and  settled  at 
Padua,  where  he  acquired  great  reputation. 
He  died  2d  March  1622,  aged  5S.  He  Avrote 
a  l)oem,  and  left  a  manuscript  of  an  eccle- 
siastical history,  and  concilia  de  criminnli- 
bus  rebus,  &c.  His  son,  Charles,  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  physician,  and  by  Jiis 


annotations  on  Bap.  Fiera,   published  after 
his  death  at  I'adua,  1649,  in  "ito. 

AuBERi,  Peter,  a  French  lawyer,  who 
died  1733,  aged  'Jl.  He  left  to  his  native 
city,  Lyons,  where  he  had  exercised  vai-ious 
civil  oliices,  his  valuable  library.  He  was 
author  of  retoiir  d'isle  d'amour,  a  romance — 
2  vols,  oi  Jactumn,  in  1710 — an  edition  of 
Richelct's  dictionary,  3  vols,  folio,  1728,  8cc. 

AuBEK  r,  W  illiam,  a  native  of  Poitiers, 
advocate  at  Pans,  where  he  died,  IHul.  He 
was  author  of  some  works  of  merit. 

Albekt  du  Bavei,  N.  aFrench  oflicer 
engaged  in  the  American  war.  At  the  re- 
vohitiun  he  distinguished  himself  in  favor  of 
the  popular  cause,  in  the  national  assembly, 
at  the  defence  of  Mentz,  in  1793,  and  in  the 
war  of  la  V^endee.  He  was  afterwards  am- 
bassador at  Constantinople,  and  died  of  a 
fever,  brought  on  by  excess  and  intemper- 
ance, 17th  December  1797. 

AuBEuriN,  Edme,  minister  of  the  re- 
formed church  at  Charenton,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris,  in  1631,  died  at  Paris,  1052.  He 
was  author  of  a  work  on  the  eucharist  of  the 
ancient  church,  fol.  1033,  which  was  attacked 
by  Arnauld  and  others. 

AuBERY,  or  AuBRY,  Jolin,  a  physiciaa 
of  Bourbonois,  author,  among  other  things, 
of  a  curious  and  learned  work  called  I'anti- 
dote  de  I'amour,  1599,  in  12mo.  and  of  an 
apology  for  physic,  Latin,  printed,  Paris, 
1608,  8vo. 

AuBERY,  Anthony,  a  lawyer  of  Paris, 
remarkable  for  his  uncommon  application  to 
study,  from  5  in  the  morning  till  6  in  the 
evening.  His  works,  the  principal  of  which 
are,  his  history  of  Richelieu,  2  vols,  folio, 
1600,  and  Mazarin,  4  vols.  12mo.  1751,  and 
of  the  cardinals,  5  vols.  4to.  1642,  are  not 
possessed  of  superior  merit,  though  they 
contain  historical  anecdotes  and  judicious 
remarks.  He  wrote  besitiCJ  a  treatise  on  the 
pre-eminence  of  the  kings  of  France,  4to. 
1649,  and  on  the  French  king's  pretensions 
to  the  empire,  4to.  1667.  He  died  of  a  fall^ 
1095,  aged  upwards  of  78. 

AuBERY,  Louis,  sieur  du  Maurier,  tra- 
velled with  his  father,  who  was  ambassador 
to  Holland,  and  visited  Poland,  Berlin,  and 
Rome.  After  a  few  years  passed  at  court, 
he  retired  to  lead  a  life  of  literary  and  phi- 
losophical ease  at  his  country  seat,  where  he 
died,  1087.  His  memoirs  on  the  history  of 
Holland,  2  vols.  12mo.  1082,  are  often  quot- 
ed, and  are  truly  valuable.  His  grandson 
published,  in  1737,  his  memoirs  of  Ham- 
burgh, Lubec,  Ilolstein,  Denmark,  and 
Sweden. 

AuBESPiNE,  Claude  del',  was  descend- 
ed of  a  noble  family  in  Burgundy.  He  was 
usefully  employed  in  the  service  of  Francis  I. 
Henry  IT.  and  his  two  successors,  so  that  his 
advice  often  guided  the  measures  adopted  ia 
the  cabinet.  He  died  in  1507,  the  very  day 
after  being  consulted  by  Catharine  de  Me- 
dicis. 

AuBESPiNE,  Charles  de,  m.irquis  ofCha- 
teau-neuf,  chancellor  of  France,  was:iM;.jle 
statesman,  but  proud  jiyd   ha'ighty  iu  his 


AU 


AU 


demeanor.  He  excited  the  jealousy  of 
Richelieu  ami  INIazarin,  and  though  the  favo- 
rite of  the  court,  was  iinpiisoued  ior  tea 
3'ears;  and  died  1G53,  aged  73. 

AuBESPiNE,  Gabriel  dc  1',  an  ambassa- 
dor iu  England,  and  atterwards  bishop  of 
Orleans.  He  was  a  man  of  abilities,  and 
wrote  several  things  on  ecclesiastical  history, 
kc.     He  died  1G3U,  aged  52. 

AuBESPiNTE,  Magdelene  dc  1',  wife  of 
Nicolas  de  Neufville  dc  A'^illcroi,  was  cele- 
Vated  for  her  wit  and  beauty  at  the  court  of 
Cliarles  IX.  and  his  two  successors.  She 
died  at  Villeroi,  1596.  She  translated  the 
epistles  of  Ovid,  &:c. 

A  UBiGXE,  Theodore  Agrippa  d',  a  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  grandfather  to  madarae 
Maintenon.  He  is  said  to  Iiave  translated 
the  Crito  of  Plato  into  French  Avhen  he  was 
only  eight  years  old;  but  the  improvement 
of  liis  mind  was  checked  by  the  death  ot  his 
father,  when  he  had  attained  his  15th  year, 
f30  that  he  forsook  letters  for  the  court,  and 
became  the  favorite  of  Henry  IV.  An  nu- 
courteous  behaviour,  however,  rendered  him 
soon  unwelcome  ;  and  he  retired  to  Geneva, 
tvhere  his  abilities  were  courted  and  admi- 
red. His  principal  work  is  an  hislorie  uni- 
Terselle,  3  vols.  fol.  which  merited  to  be  pub- 
licly burnt  by  the  parliament  of  Paris,  be- 
cause he  treats  the  name  of  king  with  unbe- 
coming harshness  and  studied  contempt.  He 
died  at  Geneva,  1G30,  in  his  80th  year.  He 
wrote  an  account  of  his  own  life,  which  was 
printed  1731,  besides  two  satirical  pieces, 
the  confession  of  Sancy,  and  the  baron  de 
Faeneste. 

Aubrey,  John,  an  English  afntiquary, 
born  at  '.•■.aston-Piers,  in  Wiltshire,  Novem- 
ber 3,  1625,  or  1626,  and  educated  at  Malms- 
tur}',  Avhere  he  had  for  his  school-fellow  the 
famous  Thomas  Hobbes,  with  whom  he  cul- 
tivated a  long  and  sincere  friendship  He 
entered  as  gentleman  commoner  of  Trinity 
College,  Oxford,  and,  four  years  after,  1646, 
-was  admitted  of  the  Middle  Temple ;  but 
his  father's  death  checked  his  study  of  the 
law  ;  and  the  various  litigations  which  he  had 
in  succeeding  to  his  paternal  estates,  not  on- 
ly reduced  his  property,  but  called  him  to 
more  active  pursuits.  As  a  man  of  letters, 
lie  distinguished  himself  in  the  Monasticon 
Anglicanum,  and  preserved  the  remem- 
brance of  Osney  abbey  by  a  curious  draught 
before  it  was  destroyed  ;  he  corresponded 
vith  the  most  learned  of  the  age  ;  and  as- 
sisted Anthon)'  AVood  with  confidential  ma- 
terials. Alter  the  restoration,  he  visited 
Ireland.  After  being  1  v.ice  shipwrecked,  he 
left  his  country  for  a  short  tour  to  Orleans  ; 
but  misfortunes  crowded  upon  him  so  that 
he  jjarted  with  all  his  estntes,  and  at  last  was 
reduced  to  indigence.  His  virtues  and  his 
learning,  however,  were  not  forgotten.  Lady 
Long,  of  Dray tnn,  received  him  with  hospi- 
talit},  and,  under  her  protection,  he  con- 
tinued hJG  ii)<lefatigable  labors  in  pursuit  of 
antiquities  and  of  natural  curiosities.  He 
died  suddenly  about  17()0,  "and  was  buried  at 
Drayton,     ills  works  are  diiclly  on  antiqui- 


itions 


ties,  consisting  of  miscellanies  on  appariti 
magic,  .harms,  &c.  1696  and  1721,  8va 
])erambulation  of  the  county  of  Surrey,  5  vols. 
8vo.  1719,  besides  MSS  in  the  Oxford  mu- 
seum. 

AuBRlOT,  Hugo,  a  native  of  Burgundy, 
famous  as  the  builder  of  the  Bastille  by  order 
of  Charles  V.  of  France,  in  1369.  He  was 
accused  of  heresy,  and  became  the  founder 
of  the  sect  wliich  were  called  after  him  Hu- 
gonots,  but  for  his  error  lie  was  condemned 
to  be  confined  for  life  between  two  bare 
walls,  for  which,  however,  he  was  set  at 
liberty  by  the  Maillotins,  who  rebelled  against 
the  power  of  the  inquisition,  and  wished  him 
to  be  their  leader.  He  died  iu  Burgundy, 
1382. 

AuBUSSON,  Peter'd,  grandmaster  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  1476,  was 
born  at  Laraarche,  and  died  at  Rhodes  in 
1503,  aged  81,  after  having  repeatedly  sig- 
nalized himself  as  a  Avai'rior  against  the  be- 
sieging Turks,  and  as  a  statesman.  He  is 
however  blamed  for  betraying  to  the  pope 
prince  Zizim,  the  brother  of  Bajazet,  who 
had  returned  to  Rhodes,  trusting  to  his  ho- 
nor and  protection.  For  this  act  of  villany 
he  was  made  a  cardinal. 

AuBUSSON,  Francis  d',  duke  de  la  Feuil- 
lade,  was  descended  from  the  preceding, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of 
Flanders.     He  died  suddenly,  16S1. 

AuDEBERT,  (iermain,  a  counsellor  of 
Orleans,  who,  in  a  tour  through  Italy,  cele- 
brated Venice  in  a  poem,  for  which  he  was 
honored  by  the  Venetians  with  the  order  of 
St.  Mark.  He  was  ennobled  by  Henry  HI. 
and  died  1598,  aged  above  8Q.  His  Latin 
poems  were  published  in  Hanover  1603,  in 
8vo. 

AuDEBERT,  John  Baptist,  a  French  na- 
turalist, born  at  Rochefort,  175^.  As  an 
engraver  his  merit  was  ^ery  great,  and  his 
application  in  the  cause  of  science  was  inde- 
fatigable. He  died  1800.  His  first  per- 
formance w  as  I'Histoire  des  Singes,  des  ma- 
kis,  and  des  galeopitheques,  1  vol.  fol.  1802, 
and  such  w  as  the  execution  of  the  w  ork  that 
he  was  introduced  to  the  ablest  artists  and 
the  most  eminent  persons  of  Paris. 

AuDiFRET,  Jean  Baptiste  d',  a  native  of 
Marseilles,  employed  as  ambassador  to  the 
courts  of  Parma,  ^lodena,  Mantua,  &cc.  He 
died  at  Nancy,  1733,  aged  76,  autboj'  of  an 
useful  geography  ancient  and  modern,  in  3 
vols.  4to.  1689. 

Audi  FRET,  Hercules,  of  Carpentras,  was 
the  preceptor  of  Flechier.  He  wrote  ora- 
tions, kc.  and  died  1659 

AuDTGDTER,  Vital  d',  a  native  of  Ville- 
franche  tie  Rouergue,  known  for  his  adven- 
tures in  quest  of  independence.  He  was  au- 
thor of  some  romances,  light  poems,  kc.  2 
vols  1614, — a  treatise  on  duels  1617,  &c.  and 
was  assassinated  1630. 

Audi  us,  the  founder  of  a  sect  in  the  4lli 
century,  was  banished  into  Scytbia,  where 
his  disciples  became  numerous.  He  celebar- 
ted  Easter  likethc  Jewish  passovci',  and  con- 
sidered the  Dcitv  as  having  a  human  form. 


AV 


AV 


AuDLEV,  James  lord,  of  HtUigli,  S(a(- 
fonlsliirc,  is  distiiiguibhitl  for  his  valor  in 
tht;  Mars  of  France  umler  Eilwiinl  111.  :it  the 
battle  of  Poitiers.  After  deeds  of  liL-roisni, 
he  was  so  severely  uouiuled  that  his  atten- 
dants bore  him  with  diHicnlty  from  the  field. 
These  hit;li  services  weiv  rt-warded  l»y  the 
DIaek.  I'nnce,  m  ho  bestowed  on  Iiin\  a  pen- 
sion, and  made  liiin  constable  of  (ilocester 
castle,  p:ovei-nor  of  Atniilaine,  ami  Senes- 
chal of  Poictou.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
knights  of  the  garter,  and  died  about  1380. 

AuDi.EY,  Kdiiinnd,  a  descendant  of  t>ie 
above,  educated  at  Oxford,  and  successively 
made  bishop  of  Uochester,  Hereford,  and 
Salisbury.  He  died  M'ii;  and  the  honor  of 
being  chancellor  oi  llie  garter,  uhicli  he 
fceld,  has  passed,  by  the  interest  of  bishop 
Scth  Ward,  to  his  successors  at  Salisbury. 

AvDLEY  or  AwDELEY,  Thomas,  of  a 
noble  family  in  Essex,  was  called  to  the  bar 
after  an  education  at  the  university,  and  in 
15!29,  his  merits  raised  him  to  the  chair  of 
the  house  of  commons.  He  was  so  subser- 
vient to  the  will  of  the  capricious  Henry, 
that  he  not  only  received  trom  him  the  scite 
of  Christ  church  priory,  with  the  plate  and 
lands  belonging  to  it,  but  was  appointed 
chancellor  in  the  room  of  sir  Thomas  More. 
He  also  sat  as  judge  at  the  trial  of  his  dis- 
honored predecessor,  and  at  that  of  bishop 
Pisher,  and  easily  consented  to  all  the  rapaci- 
ous and  cruel  measures  of  his  tyi'annical 
master.  He  was  a  great  benefactor  to  Mag- 
dalen, Cambridge,  and  died  1544. 

AuDRAN,  Girard,  son  of  an  engraver  of 
Lyons,  perfected  at  Rome  what  he  had  learn- 
ed at  home,  and  at  his  return  to  Paris,  en- 
gaged to  finish  the  battles  of  Alexander  by 
lie  Brun.  He  gained  great  reputation  by  liis 
art,  as  he  was  esteemed  the  most  correct 
liistorical  engraver  that  ever  lived.  Besides 
Alexander's  battles  he  finished  six  sheets  of 
the  Cupola  of  Val-de-grace,  from  the  designs 
of  Mignard.  He  died  1703,  aged  63.  His 
imcle  Charles  was  also  an  eminent  artist, 
born  at  Paris,  1594.  His  works  are  marked 
with  a  K. 

AuDRAif,  Claude,  brotlier  to  Girard,  an 
historical  painter  employed  by  Le  Brun.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1684,  aged  42,  professor  of  the 
academy  of  painting.  His  nephew,  of  the 
same  name,  excelled  as  a  painter  of  orna- 
ments. His  best  work  is  the  12  months  of 
the  year  with  the  presiding  deities.  He  died 
1734,  aged  49. 

AuDRAN,  John,  nephew  of  Girard,  an 
engraver  of  Lyons.  His  principal  works 
vere  the  draught  of  fishes  and  the  resurrec- 
tion of  Lazarus,  from  Jouvenet  ;  the  rape 
of  the  Sabincs  from  Poussin  ;  the  coronation 
of  Mary  de  Medicis  ;  the  departure  of  Hcni-v 
JV.  for  Germany,  kc.  He  died  17"iG,  a;;ed 
89.  This  family  has  been  particularly  dis- 
tinguished by  painters  and  engravers.  There 
m-ere  one  or  two  still  living  in  1789,  and  stiil 
■worthy   of  the  reputation  of  their  ancestors. 

AvED,  Jacques-Andre  Joseph,  a  painter 
of  eminence,  sou  of  a  physician  of  Douai.  A 
»)oi-tvait  of  the  ambassador  of  the  Porte  pre- 


scntffd  (o  Eonis  XV.  procured  him  a  name 
and  distinilioii.  lit:  ilicd  at  Paris,  1760, 
aged  64. 

AvEiRo,  .h)se|ih  duk<;  of,  a  Portnjrtiece 
noble,  who  conspired  \\  ith  the  Jesuits  av-.tinst 
king  Joseph  1.  anfl,  after  shooting  at  the  king, 
was  sci'.'.ed  and  bi-okc  (;n  the  wheid,   17.i9. 

A  V  i:.v  )'a'c,\,  a  Spanish  moor,  known  as  a 
Peripatetic  philosopher,  who  atteuipte<l  to 
rec((ncile  an<!  «'\plyin  llw  Koran  b}'  the  svs- 
tem  of  Aristotle,  forwiiieh  he  was  impii* 
soned  at  Corduba.  He  is  author  of  a  coiu- 
menlary  on  Euclid  in  the  12lh  (-(Miturv. 

AvEi.AT',  a  ['ortiij^'uesc  painlei-,  w'ho  be- 
came so  rich  by  his  profession  that  his  name 
became  jiroverbial. 

AvENTix,  Jolin,  was  born  of  obscure 
parents,  1460,  at  Abenspcrg,  in  Bavaria,  and 
after  studying  at  Ingolstadt  and  Paris,  he  be- 
came professor  of  the  learned  languages  at 
A  ienna  and  (.racow.  He  was  made  tutor  to 
the  duke  of  Bavaria's  children,  and  increas- 
ed his  reputation  by  writing  the  annals  of 
Bavaria,  which  were  first  published  in  1554, 
by  Jerome  Zieglerus.  In  15'29,  Avenlin  wa» 
violently  seized  and  imprisoned,  it  is  suppos- 
ed, on  a  complaint  of  heresy,  but  as  no 
charge  was  made  against  him,  he  was  re- 
leased from  his  captivity  by  his  patron,  and, 
though  now  64,  l.e  began  to  think  of  mar- 
riage. In  the  etfervescence  of  a  heated 
brain,  he  consulted  his  Bible,  and  determin- 
ed to  take  the  first  woman  he  met,  whiclx 
proved  to  be  his  own  maid,  deformed,  poor, 
and  ill  tempered.  By  this  union  he  had  a 
son  who  died  young,  and  a  daughter  who  sur- 
vived him.  lie  died  1534,  aged  68.  He  has 
been  suspected  by  the  Jesuits  of  being  a  Lu- 
Uierian  in  disguise,  but  the  imputation  is 
agamst  liis  writings  and  not  against  his  re- 
ligion, as  his  well  known  annals  speak  with 
freedom  of  the  libertanisnx  of  the  Catholic 
clerg)'. 

AvENZOAR,  an  Arabian  physician  of  the 
12th  century,  author  of  a  treatise  for  the 
proper  use  of  medicine.  He  was  a  follower 
of  Galen.  He  died  at  Morocco,  at  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  135.  Dr.  Preind  speaks  of  his 
practice  and  of  liis  abilities  with  great  com- 
mendation. 

AvERA^iius,  .Joseph,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, possessed  of  strong  powers  of  mind. 
He  acquired  very  r.i]>idly  an  intimate  know- 
ledge of  the  learned  languages,  of  mathema- 
tics and  philosop.hy,  and  of  law.  Besides 
translating  the  works  ol"  Archimedes,  in  his 
leisure  hours,  he  ascertaineil  the  momentum 
of  bodies  on  inclined  jilanes,  defended  Gali- 
leo's philosophy,  and  iiHjuired  into  the  swift- 
ness and  propagation  of  sound.  As  a  lawyer 
he  was  patronised  by  Cosmo  Hl.de  Medicis, 
who  made  him  i)rofessor  of  civil  law  at  Pisa. 
He  died  22d  Sept.  1738,  aged  76.  There 
arc  four  volumes  of  his  dissertations  on  the 
Florentine  academy,  published  by  Anton. 
Francisco  Gorio. 

AvERAXirs,  Benedict,  eldest  brother 
of  the  preceding,  wa?  born  :;t  I'lorence,  1645, 
r.nd  early  distinguislied  himself  by  his  ad- 
vancement in  literature,  and  hi^  familiar  ac- 


AV 


AU 


qnaintance  xvitri  the  obscurest  parts  of  Plato 
and  Aristotle,  He  also  cultivated  poetry,  but, 
by  the  direction  of  his  father,  he  studied 
jurisprudence  at  Fisa,  and  in  1676,  he  was 
inade  Greek  professor  there  by  Cosmo  III. 
and  six  years  after,  raised  to  the  chair  of 
humanity.  He  was  universally  respected  for 
his  learning,  sotliathe  Avas  solicited  by  the 
nnivei-sity  of  Pavia  to  accept  a  professoi''s 
chair,  and  also  by  pope  Innocent  XI.  wlio 
admired  his  genius.  To  improve  and  facili- 
tate liis  style,  he  translated  Sallust,  Celsus, 
and  other  Latin  authors  into  Greek,  and 
•wrote  Greek  elegies.  In  1688,  he  published 
his  orations,  and  died  1707.  His  disserta- 
tions delivered  at  Pisa,  liis  orations,  his  poe- 
try, and  other  works,  were  printed  after  his 
death,  in  3  vols.  fol.  at  Florence,  1717. — His 
younger  brother,  Nicholas,  was  also  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  jurisprudence, 
aiwJ  of  mathematics. 

AvERDY,  Clement  Charles  de  I',  a  native 
of  Paris,  minister  and  comptroller  of  the 
finances  under  Lewis  XV.  was  at  one  time 
the  favorite  of  the  people.  Though  he  in- 
troduced the  reform  of  abuses,  and  encour- 
aged commerce  and  industry  through  the 
nation,  his  endeavors  proved  abortive  in  the 
inidst  of  a  luxurious  court  and  of  an  unprin- 
cipled ministr}-;  and  in  1764,  the  measures 
vhieii  he  was  forced  to  recommend  proved 
so  unpopular,  that  he  solicited  and  obtained 
his  dismission.  He  retired  to  his  country 
seat,  where  the  revolution  found  him  enga- 
ijed  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  regardless 
of  the  politics  and  the  prejudices  of  party. 
The  recollection  of  his  services  and  of  his 
abilities  was  too  powerful  to  suffer  him  to 
end  his  days  in  privacy  ;  he  was  suspected, 
and  consequently  condemned  and  guillotined 
Oct.  1794,  aged  74.  He  was  author  of  the 
Code  penal,  1752,  12mo. — the  king's  sove- 
reignty over  Britany  1765,  8vo. — memoirs 
about  Robert  J)'  Artois,  &c. — experiments 
at  Gambai's  his  country  seat  on  barley,  &ic. 
178S,  8vo. 

AvERROER,  an  Arabian  philosopher  boni 
at  Corduba,  where  his  father  was  judge,  un- 
der the  emperor  of  Morocco.  His  know- 
ledge of  law,  divinity,  mathematics,  and  as- 
tixiiog}'  was  very  extensive,  and  to  this  was 
added  the  theory  i-ather  than  the  practice 
of  medicine.  After  being  professor  in  the 
university  of  Morocco  he  was  called  away 
to  sncceeil  his  father  in  the  important  office 
of  judge,  in  Corduba,  and  soon  after  he  was 
invested  with  the  same  powers  in  Morocco 
and  Mauritania.  So  extensive  an  authority 
«Iid  not  fail  to  raise  enemies,  jealous  of  merit 
and  detractors  of  eminent  talents;  but  the 
genius  of  Averroes  rose  superior  to  private 
fnvy.  He  possessed  a  firmness  and  patience 
of  mind,  which  covdd  distinguish  and  inves- 
tigate the  bias  of  human  passions,  and  he 
tias  every  where  humane  and  libei'al,  so 
that  the  opulence  which  he  derived  from  his 
maiTiagc  and  from  his  posts  was  not  heaped 
np,  but  generously  dis])ersed  tor  the  relief 
of  indigence  and  starving  merit.  The  repea- 
ted attacks  of  malice  however  have  too  often 


.  prevailed,  and  Averroes  is  in  the  number  of 
j  those  whom  superior   virtues   have   not  al- 
ways shielded.    He  was  at  last  represented 
by  the  nobility  and  doctors  of  Corduba,  to 
Mansor  king  of  Morocco,  as  a  profane  phi- 
losopher and  a  heretic,  and  the  judge  upon 
this  accusation  was  insulted  and  imprisoned. 
Many  of  his  enemies  urged   the  necessity  of 
capital  punishment  on  so  great  an  offender; 
but  it  was  at  last  agreed  by  the  doctors  whom 
the  monarch  consulted  that  Averroes  should 
retract.    He   was  accordingly   conducted  to 
the  gate  of  the  mosque,  bareheaded,  where 
every  one  who  entered  indignantly  spit  into 
his  face  ;  after  which    he   was   asked  by    the 
doctors  if  be  repented  of  his  heresy,  to  which 
he  replied  Yes,   and   was  discharged.     He 
continued  under  disgi^ace,  though  permitted 
to  read  lectures  at  Fez,till  thekingdiscovered 
that  his  successor   did  not  possess  the  same 
uprightness  and  virtue,  and  that  the  dignity 
of  the  law  could  be  supported  by  none   bet- 
ter than  by  Averroes.     He  was  therefore  re- 
stored to  all  his  honors,  though  unw  illing  to 
leave  the  tranquillity  of  retirement,  yet  glad 
to  find  his  innocence  acknowledged  by   the 
people  and  the  monarch.    He  died  at  Mo- 
rocco 1206.     As  a  judge  he  was  humane  and 
impartial,  as  a  man  he  was  friendly  and  char- 
itable, so  that  it  may  be  said  that  virtue  is  the 
grow  th  of  every  climate  and  of  every  religion. 
Jn  his  private  life  Averroes  was  regular,  and 
devoted  much  ofhistimeto  philosophical 
pursuits.     He  grew  very  corpulent,  so  that 
he  eat  but  once  a  day.    He  was  particularly 
fond  of  Aristotle,  on  whose  works  he  wrote 
commeiitaries,  and  for  which  he  was  called 
the   commentator.     Ludovicus  Vives  how- 
ever and  others  assert  that  he  did  not  under- 
stand the  writings  of  the  philosopher,  as  he 
was  ignorant  of  Greek  and  Latin,  and  recei- 
ved all  his  knowledge  from  a  wretched  trans- 
lation from  the  Latin  into  Arabic.     He  also 
wrote  a  treatise  on  astrology,  and  made   an 
epitome  of  Ptolemy's  Almagest.     The  me- 
dical works  of  Averroes  are  scarce  and  above 
mediocrity,  and  of  his  numerous  verses  on 
amorous  and  light  subjects  very  few  remain. 
He  looked  back  upon  hisyouthful  follies  with 
regret;  and  though  a  Mahometan  in  religion, 
he   exclaimed  in   the   spirit  of  a  Christian, 
*'  Would  to  God  I  had  been  born  old,  or  that 
in  my  youth  I  had  been  in  a   state  of  perfec- 
tion."   The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that 
of  Venice,  1608. 

AvESBURY,  Kobert,  an  English  historian, 
author  of  the  history  of  Fidward  III.  to  the 
year  1356.  The  work  was  published  by 
Hearne  1720. 

Auger,  Kdmund,  a  Jesuit,  Avhose  elo- 
quence is  found  to  have  converted  40,000 
protestants  to  the  catholic  faith.  His  disin- 
terestedness was  such  that  he  refused  pro- 
motion in  the  church  and  even  a  bishopric. 
He  died  1591,  aged  61. 

Augurei.t>i,  John  Aurelius,  a  poet  and 
philosopher  of  llimini,  who  died  at  Ti-evisa, 
1524,  aged  83.  He  was  professor  of  litera- 
ture at  V'enice,  and  it  was  said  of  him  by 
Paulus  Jovius  that  he  had  a  great  genius  in  a 


AU 


AV 


liltle  body.  He  ruined  himself  by  pretend- 
ing that  he  h;id  discovered  the  idiilosoplicr's 
stone,  so  lliut  l^eo  X.  to  whom  lie  (le<lic:iled 
liis  best  poem  called  Clirysopa'a,  };ave  him  a 
large  empty  jmrse,  adding,  he  who  ran  make 
gold,  wants  nothing  but  a  jdace  to  keep  it  in. 
His  poems  were  printed  at  N  erona  li91,'lt<). 
and  1518. 

AuGusTiN,  Antony,  a  native  of  Saragos- 
sa,  distinguished  by  liis  abilities,  and  entidoy- 
ed  by  the  ])ope  as  amijassador  to  Kngland 
1554,  and  afterwanis  as  his  agent  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent.  In  1574  he  was  made  arcld)i- 
shop  of  Tarragona,  and  so  c]iaiital)le  was 
his  deportment  in  this  high  station,  that  he 
did  not  leave  enough  wherewith  to  l)c  buried, 
158G.  He  was  author  of  some  treatises  and 
of  dialogues  on  medals,  in  Si)anish  1587. 

A  UGi'STlXE,  Saint,  a  father  of  the  church, 
horn  at  Tagaste  in  Africa.  Me  became,  from 
a  debauched  youth,  a  stead}'  arul  zealous 
Christian,  and  was  made  bisho[)  of  flippo. 
He  died  430,  aged  76.  His  ^vorks,  w  hich  are 
much  esteemed,  were  edited  10  vols.  fol. 
1579  and  1690  Paris. 

Augustine  or  Austin,  Saint,  first 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  "was  sent  with  40 
others  by  pope  Gregory  I.  from  Kome  to 
convert  the  Britons  to  Christianity,  and  he 
landed  in  the  isle  of  Thanet  about  the  year 
590.  He  met  with  a  kind  reception  from 
king  Ethclbert,  and  after  making  a  number 
of  proselytes  he  returned  to  Aries  in  France, 
vhere  he  was  consecrated  metropolitan  of 
the  English  church.  He  fixed  his  seat  at 
Canterbury,  and  by  the  directions  of  the 
pope  he  used  with  tenderness  and  modera- 
tion his  new  converts,  by  permitting  them 
^till  to  assemble  in  the  temples  which  were 
now  converted  into  Christian  churches,  and 
by  only  destroying  the  idols  to  which  they 
paid  the  most  solemn  worsliip.  The  con- 
version of  the  whole  nation  however  was  a 
work  of  difficulty.  Austin  found  adversaries 
unwilling  to  yield  to  reason  and  argument, 
and  probably  the  disrespect  which  he  shewed 
to  the  Britons  in  x'eceiving  their  deputies 
sitting,  and  without  the  common  forms  of  ci- 
vility, irritated  against  his  doctrines  a  people 
naturally  superstitious,  and  strongly  attached 
to  the  reUgious  tenets  of  their  forefathers. 
"With  too  much  hauglitiness  he  insisted  on 
their  celebrating  easier  like  the  Romish 
church,  and  though  he  was  lenient  in  some 
particulars,  he  was  too  sanguine  in  establish- 
ing the  pope's  supremacy  among  independ- 
ent barbarians.  Austin  died  at  Canterbury 
C04,  and  superstition  has  ascribed  miracles 
to  his  ashes.  A  festival  was  ordered  in  hon- 
or of  him  by  the  pope's  bull  in  Edward  Hld's 
Feign. 

Augustine,  Leonard,  commonly  called 
Agostinl,  a  learned  antiquarian  of  Sienna  in 
the  I7th  century.  His  valuable  work  called 
Le  gemme  antiche  figurate,  first  published 
1C57,  2  vols.  4to.  and  1707,  four  vols.  4to.  has 
been  universally  admired,  and  was  transla- 
ted by  Gronovius  into  Latin,  printed  at  Am- 
sterdam 1G85,  and  Eraneker  1694. 

AuGUSTULus,  lioraulus,  the  last  empe- 


ror of  Rome,  was  son  of  Orestes  who  harf 
disposed  Julius  Nepos.  Young  atid  unexpe- 
rienced, he  was  unable  to  withstand  the  at- 
tacks (if  Odoaccr  king  of  Italy,  and  after  tlje 
death  of  his  father  Orestes  and  the  ruin  of 
his  country,  he  retired  to  Campania,  where 
he  sj)ent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  obscurity, 
maintained  by  a  sm.ill  pension. 

Augustus,  C.  Jul.  Cxs.  Octavianus,  the 
first  Roman  emperor,  was  born  B.  C.  62. 
Me  was  educated  under  (lie  care  of  his  uncle 
Jul.  Cajsar,  and  after  his  death,  lie  had  the 
artifice  to  conclude  a  treaty  with  Antony  an<l 
Lepidus,  and  by  thus  establishing  a  triumvi- 
r.'ite,  he  made  himself  absolute  at  Rome. 
Mis  associates  Antony  and  Le])i(ltis  were  re- 
moved in  conse(|uence  of  (juarrels  and  in- 
trigues, and  the  young  Cajsar,  now  sole  mas- 
ter of  Rome,  was  in  the  36th  year  of  his  age 
called  Augustus  by  the  obsequious  senate, 
and  invested  with  tiie  sovereign  power.  Thus 
raised  to  the  highest  elevation,  he  used  his 
power  with  moderation  and  prudence,  antl 
all  his  measures  tended  to  increase  the  glory 
and  the  triumphs,  the  comforts  and  the  pros- 
perity, of  Rome.  Augustus  died  at  Nola 
A.  D.  14,  aged  76,  and  his  memory  was  em- 
balmed by  the  panegyrics  of  tlie  poets  and 
historians,  whom  with  a  lavish  hand  he  pro- 
tected and  patronised. 

Auhadi-Maragah,  a  musselman  pocf: 
who  put  into  Persian  verse  the  Giam-giam, 
a  book  full  of  Mahometan  spirituality.  He 
was  poor,  but  he  was  enriched  by  the  pre- 
sents of  the  emperor  of  the  Tartars  in  131i*. 
His  tomb  is  held  in  great  veneration  at  Ispa- 
han. 

AviGENNA,  a  famous  Mahometan  physi- 
cian and  philosopher,  who  early  applied  him- 
self to  the  study  of  literature,  to  botanv, 
arithmetic,  and  mathematics.  At  the  age  ot" 
16  he  was  so  far  acquainted  with  physic  that 
he  visited  patients  with  great  reputation  and 
success,  and  that  he  might  still  more  improve 
his  understanding,  he  applied  himself  to  Aris- 
totle's metaphysics,  which,  after  reading  40 
times,  he  gave  up  in  despair  as  unintelligible, 
till  by  accident  he  met  a  beggar  that  ottere^l 
him  to  sale  a  treatise  of  Al  Earabius  on  me- 
taphysics, which  clearly  opened  to  him  the 
sense  and  the  meaning  of  the  Grecian  philo- 
sopher, which  he  had  so  long  studied  in  vain. 
He  now  acquired  credit  as  a  physician  by 
curing  the  king  of  Khorassan,  but  his  ene- 
mies raised  a  perscution  against  him,  when 
the  monarch's  library  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
as  he  was  foolishly  accuswl  of  the  mischief, 
that  he  might  arrogate  to  himself  all  the 
learning  which  he  had  received  from  books- 
There  have  not  been  wanting  persons  to 
assert  that  all  his  celebrity  arose  from  the 
superior  talents  of  his  master,  to  whom  his 
mother  had  bound  him  as  a  servant  on  pre- 
tence of  being  deaf.  The  old  man,  as  it  is 
said,  admired  his  fidelity  and  services,  and 
left  his  papers  open  to  his  view,  which  the 
crafty  pupil  copied  and  sent  to  his  mother, 
and  after  his  master's  deatli  published  as  the 
result  of  his  own  knowledge  and  experience. 
In  thQ  opinion  of  Dr.  Ereind,  who  must  be 


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considered  as  a  judge,  Avieenna  had  f<?w 
merits,  his  Mrilings  are  extracts  from  Galen, 
from  llliazes,  and  from  Halyabbas ;  and  lie 
often  confuses  the  nature  or  description  of  a 
ilisease  hv  an  affected  display  of  learned 
terms.  Avieenna  died  103G,  in  his  5Cth 
year,  m  ith  the  character  of  a  learned  man 
hut  too  much  addicted  tOAvine  and  to  effemi- 
nate pleasures.  His  books  on  medicine  and 
philosophy  including  his  smaller  tracts  were 
in  number  about  100,  now  nearl\'  all  lost. 

AviExus,  Itufus  Festus,  a  Latin  poet, 
uho  translated  Aratus'  pha'nomena,  S<c.  in 
the  fourth  centurv.  His  woi'ks  were  edited 
12mo.  Paris  i5<>0,'and  1731,  8vo. 

A  VI  LA,  Louis' d',  a  native  of  Placcntia, 
srencral  of  cavalrv  under  Charles  V.  at  the 
siege  of  Metz  1552,  of  winch  the  defence 
Avas  conducted  by  the  duke  of  Guise.  He 
Avrote  memoirs  of  the  African  war,  and  of 
the  wars  of  Charles  V.  against  the  protestants 
of  Gerniany,  printed  1540,  and  is  censured 
by  De  Thou  for  his  partiality. 

A VI LA,  Giles  Gonzales d',  historiographer 
to  tlie  Spanish  king,  died  1658,  aged  above 
80,  author  of  a  Spanish  history  of  the  anti- 
-quities  of  Salamanca,  the  state  of  the  churches 
in  India,  &c. 

AviLA,  Jolin  d',  a  learned  and  pions  ec- 
clesiastic of  Toledo,  who  died  1569,  author 
of  some  spiritual  letters.  Sec. 

A VI LA,  Sancho  d',  bishop  of  Murcia  and 
afterwards  of  Placentia,  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  piety.  He  wrote  some  theological 
tracts,  and  died  1626,  aged  80. 

AviLER,  Augustin  Charles  d',  a  native  of 
Paris,  taken  b)-  the  Algerine  pirates  as  he 
was  saihngfrom  Marseilles  to  Rome  with  the 
view  of  enlarging  his  ideas  of  architecture. 
During  his  two  years  of  captivity  at  Tunis  he 
merited  the  thanks  of  the  dey  by  producing 
the  much  admired  plan  of  the  mosque  there, 
and  on  regaining  his  liberty  he  visited  Rome, 
and  afterwards  beautified  Montpellier  by  the 
erection  of  a  magnificent  gate  in  honor  of 
Lewis  XIV.  He  died  at  Montpellier,  1700, 
aged  47.  He  Mrotc  a  course  of  architecture 
in  two  vols.  4to.  highly  esteemed.  He  had 
hefox'e  translated  from  the  Italian  Scamozii's 
sixth  book  of  architecture. 

A V IRON,  James  le  Bathclier,  author  of 
commentaries  on  the  provincial  laws  of  Nor- 
iTiandy  published  after  his  death,  lived  in  the 
16th  century. 

A  VITUS,  Mark  Miecilius,  a  native  of 
Auvergne,  emperor  of  the  \\est  on  the 
death  of  Maximus  455.  His  elevation  was 
not  attended  by  popularity  and  by  virtuous 
actions;  on  the  contrary  he  devoted  himself 
to  pleasure,  and  soon  offended  the  senate,  so 
that  at  the  end  of  14  months  lie  was  marked  I 
lor  disgrace  and  death.  He  ffed  from  the  j 
liands  of  his  persecutors  towards  the  Alps, 
and  died  on  the  road.  His  daughter  married 
Apollinaris  Sidonius,  an  historian  who  em- 
balmed tlie  memory  of  his  tather-in-law. 

AuLus  Get.lius,  a  Latin  grammarian 
in  tiie  age  of  Trajan.  His  noctes  atticte  are 
a  valuable  and  interesting  work. 

AuMONT,  John  d',  count  of  Chateroux, 


mnrshal  of  France  under  irenry  III.  antl 
governor  of  Champagne  and  Britany  under 
Henry  IV.  He  distinguished  himself  hy  his 
bravery,  and  fell  at  the  siege  of  Comper  near 
liennes,  1505,  aged  73. 

AuMONT,  Anthony  d',  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  was  also  marshal  of  P>ance,  and 
governor  of  Paris.  He  distinguished  himself 
at  the  battle  of  Hethel,  and  died  at  Paris 
16GU,  aged  68. 

AuxGERviLLE,  Richard,  a  native  of 
St.  Edmundsbury,  Suffolk,  educated  at  0.x- 
ford.  He  was  tutor  to  Edward  III.  and  for 
his  services  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Durham, 
1333,  and  in  1334  made  lord  chancellor,  and 
two  years  after  treasurer.  He  was  not  only 
learned,  but  the  munificent  patron  of  learned 
men,  and  founded  a  library  at  Oxford.  He 
wrote  Philobiblos  or  tlio  right  use  of  books, 
printed  Oxford  1599,  and  died  at  Durham, 
1345,  aged  74. 

AuN'ov,  Marie  Catharine  Jumelle  de 
Bernville  Countess  d',  widow  of  count  d'Au- 
noy,  and  niece  of  madame  Desloges,  is  known 
as  a  voluminous  Avriter  of  romances  in  a 
careless  style,  and  with  much  affectation  of 
the  supernatural  and  marvellous.  Her  ad- 
ventures of  Hippolytus,  earl  of  Douglas,  and 
tales  of  the  Fairies,  are  her  best  pieces.  Her 
husband  was  accused  of  treason,  and  Avitli 
difficulty  cleared  himself.  One  of  his  three 
accusers  afterwards  through  remorse  of  con- 
science confessed  the  charge  to  be  false.  She 
died  1705. 

Ave  CARD  1,  Lucia  Albani,  an  Italian  po- 
etess of  Bergamo.  Her  pieces  possessed 
such  merit,  that  Tasso  became  her  commen- 
tator. She  died  at  Brescia,  where  she  had 
married  a  Venetian  nobleman. 

AuRELiAN,  son  of  an  Illyrian  peasant, 
was  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  of  Rome, 
after  Claudius  II.  His  conquest  of  Zenobia 
is  famous.     He  Avas  assassinated  275. 

AuRELirs  Victor,  Sextus,  a  Roman 
historian  of  the  fourth  century,  prefect  of 
Pannonia  and  consul.  His  Roman  history  is 
much  admired. 

Aurelli  or  Arelli,  John  Mutio,  a 
liatin  poet,  who  closely  imitated  Catullus, 
but  without  foiloAving  his  feeble  or  indecent 
parts.  He  was  made  by  Pope  Leo  X.  gor- 
ern(U"  of  a  place,  where  he  Avas  found  dead 
sonn  after  with  his  mule  at  the  bottom  of  a 
well,  1520,  and  it  is  supposed  that  his  op- 
pression had  drawn  upon  him  this  violent 
puhisliment  from  the  inhabitants. 

Auren'g-zeb,  great  mogul,  conspired 
Avilh  Morad  one  of  his  brothers  against  his 
father  Shah-Gehen  at  Agra,  and  kept  him  in 
confinement  till  he  caused  him  to  be  poison- 
ed by  one  of  his  physician"--.  His  brothers 
^Nlorad  and  Dara  Avcre  destroyed  Avith  equal 
cruelty,  and  he  became  master  of  a  large 
domiiii()n,  which  he  extended  by  the  conquest 
of  Decan,  Visapour,  Golconda,  and  nearly 
the  whole  Tiidian  pcninsvda.  A  pOAver  ac- 
quired by  perfidy  atul  bloodshed,  was  main- 
tained with  vigor  and  etjuity,  and  though 
Aurcng-Zeb  did  not  escape  the  tortures  of 
a  reproaching  conscience,  he  was  mild  in  his 


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uianners,  and  consulted  the  jj;oo(l  of  liis  sub- 
jecis  As  he  had  bi.»'ii  cruel  lo  liis  father,  he 
dreaded  retaliation  trnin  his  suns,  and  lived 
himself  constantly  in  iiis  camp,  in  the  >.')i!st 
of  his  soldiers,  lie  died  at  Ahniednager, 
1707,  aged  89 

AuREOl.rs,  Manius  \ciliuR,  a  Dacian, 
Avho  from  a  shepherd  liecaine  a  j^enerai,  and 
had  the  meanness  to  cause  his  patron,  (jlalli- 
cnns  tlie  cnijjei'or,  to  he  assassinated,  lie 
vas  pnt  to  death  at  Milan  '207,  by  llie  second 
Claudius. 

AuuiA,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Palermo, 
distinguished  as  a  niaii  of  letters.  He  wrote 
several  works  in  Latin  and  in  Italian.  The 
most  esteemed  of  his  writings  are  his  histo- 
ry ol'  the  great  men  of  Sicily,  in  4to.  1704, 
ami  his  history  of  the  viceroys  of  Sicily,  fol. 
16'J7.  He  died  1710,  aged  85.  He  was  born 
poor,  but  indigence  is  the  mother  of  indus- 
try, and  of  distinction. 

AuRIFICUSOrOllIFICUSTJONEFILIUS, 

Nicholas,  a  (Jarmelitt  of  Sienna,  author  of 
several  religious  books.  His  best  works  is 
de  antiquiiate,  and  ccremoniis  missie  in  Svo. 
Jle  died  the  latter  end  of  the  iGth  century, 
aged  about  70. 

AuRiGNY,  Cillcs  d',  an  ingenious  French 
poet  of  the  l6iU  century,  of  wliose  private 
character  little  is  known.  His  tuteur  d'a- 
jiioui'  is  a  clief  d'ujurre  for  fancy,  ease,  and 
elegance.  It  is  with  some  otheis  of  liis  po- 
ems inserted  in  the  annales  poetiques. 

A  u  RIG  NY,  Hyacintha  Robillard  d',  a  Je- 
suit, horn  at  Caen,  and  appointed  regent  of 
the  college  of  Alencon.  He  wrote  some 
chronological  memoirs  on  history,  valuable 
for  Uieir  accuracy.  He  died  1719,  in  his 
44th  year. 

AuRiLLOx,  Jean  Baptiste  Elie,  a  native 
of  Paris,  admired  for  his  eloquence  in  the 
pulpit,  his  piety  and  his  learning.  He  was 
author  of  some  divinity  tracts,  and  died 
17^29,  aged  78. 

Al'riol,  Blaise  d',  professor  of  the  canon 
law  at  Toulouse,  known  by  some  poetical 
pieces,  and  treatises  on  jurisprudence.  He 
■was  so  terrified  at  the  prediction  of  an  ap- 
proaching deluge,  by  a  pretended  prophet 
of  his  time,  that  he  built  himself  a  large  ark 
in  which,  like  another  Xoah,  he  hoped  to  sur- 
vive the  general  calamity.     He  died  15'\0. 

AuRisPA,  John,  a  native  of  Noto  in  Sici- 
ly* Patronised  and  j)referred  by  pope  Nicho- 
las V.  He  translated  Archimedes,  lliero- 
cles'  commentary  on  Pythagoras's  golden 
verses,  &c.  and  died  in  a  good  old  age  at 
Ferrara,  nt  the  end  of  the  15  th  century. 

A  CROC  ALU'S,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Bo- 
hemia, professor  at  Wittemburg,  and  assis- 
tant to  Luther  in  translating  (he  Bihle  into 
lierman.  He  pul)lished  a  Ohaldee  and  He- 
brew grammar,  Jstc.  Basil  1539,  and  died 
1543. 

AuROUX,  Matthew,  alawycr,  author  of  a 
curious  commentary  on  the  costume  du  Bour- 
bonuois.  He  died  about  the  middle  of  the 
18th  century. 

Ausoxius,  Decimus  Magnus,  a  Latin 
poet  of  the  foiu'th  century,  born  at  iJour- 
VOL.  I.  1^ 


«lraux.  lie  was  preceptor  to  firatlan,  Va. 
leiitinian's  son,  and  wrote  some  admired 
poems, 

ArssuN,  Pierre  d',  a  distinguished  ofTicer 
in  the  French  service  :it  the  battles  of  Ceri- 
soles  and  Dreux.     He  died  15G3. 

Ai  r.  ri  N,  William,  a  barinter  of  Lincoln's 
Inn,  author  of  hice  homo,  or  the  excellenc) 
of  women,  partly  extracted  from  Agiipjia's 
b(Jok  de  nobilitate  et  praecellent.  fxminci 
sexus.  He  wi-ote  also  meditations  on  the 
fasts  and  feasts  of  the  church,  published  af- 
ter liis  death,  folio,  1 037. 

AuTELS,  Gillaume  dcs,  an  indifferent 
French  poet  of  tyharolles  iu  Burgundy,  who 
died  1576  aged  47. 

.\uTEROCHE,  Jean  Cliappe  d',  was  born 
at  Mauriac,  in  Upper  Auvergne,  son  of  the 
lord  Auteroche,  and  he  early  distinguished 
himself  by  his  rapid  progress  in  the  aequisi- 
tion  of  learning,  which  was  aided  by  the  ad- 
vantagesof  rank  and  of  opulence.  His  superior 
abilities,  especially  in  drawing  and  mathema- 
tics, soon  recommended  him  to  public  no- 
tice. The  principal  of  his  college,  de  la 
Tour,  mentioned  him  to  Cassini,  and  the 
philosoplier  found  him  equal  to  his  great  ex- 
pectations. Auteroche  was  employed  to  sur- 
vey the  royal  buildings,  and  he  advanced  his 
reputation  by  translating  Dr.  Halley's  work.s, 
and  displayed  the  accuracy  of  his  calculations 
in  his  assiduous  observations  on  the  two  co- 
mets which  appeared  in  1760.  The  transit, 
of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk,  on  the  0th  of 
June  1761,  added  still  to  his  popularity. 
While  Pinge  was  sent  to  the  isle  of  Rode- 
rigo,  the  abjie  Auteroche  braved  the  rigors 
of  the  north,  and  fixed  upon  Tobolsk,  the 
capital  of  Siheria,  as  the  place  for  his  obser- 
vations. The  apiiearance  of  the  philosopher 
with  his  mathematical  aj)paratus  was  viewed 
by  the  barbarian  natives  with  astonishment 
and  terroi*,  so  that  the  governor  was  obliged 
to  protect  liis  person  with  a  guard  ;  but  the 
cause  of  science  triumphed,  and  though  the 
clouded  skies  seemed  not  to  pronuse  a  favor- 
able day,  yet  the  transit  became  visible,  and 
the  exulting  astronomer,  who  made  his  ob- 
servations in  the  jiresence  of  the  archbishop 
of  Tobolsk,  and  other  men  of  science,  im- 
mediately dispatched  a  courier  to  Paris  with 
the  result  of  his  observations.  So  much  iu- 
trepidity  manifested  for  the  advancement  of 
philosophy  did  not  pass  unnoticed  by  theera- 
preBs  of  Russia ;  the  abbe  was  invited  to 
Petersburg,  an  :  the  most  ample  patronage 
aiid  the  highest  academical  honors  were  to 
attend  his  settlement  at  Petersburg.  The 
liberal  offers  were  however  rejected  by  the 
independent  Frenchman,  \*  ho  jirepared,  in 
1709,  to  view  another  transit  of  Venus,  and 
crossed  in  a  small  vessel  the  Atlantic,  eager 
to  reach  the  coast  of  California,  w  hich  was 
the  place  most  favorable  for  the  observation 
of  the  phienomenon.  A  pestilential  disease 
had  spread  devastation  over  the  countiy,  but 
the  abbe  fearless  of  danger  landed  at  St.  Jo- 
sejih,  determined  there  to  make  his  astrono- 
mical remarks  against  the  advice  of  his 
frieodii.    The  3d  of  June,  the  wished  for  day 


AU 


AY 


anived,  the  observations  -were  completed, 
and  the  disorder  seemed  to  respect  tlie  per- 
son of  the  abbe  ;  but,  however,  three  days 
after  he  was  attacked.  Yet  he  might  have 
struggled  against  the  violence  of  the  disease, 
and  survived  the  dreadful  shock,  had  he  not 
imprudently  exposed  himself  to  the  air,  and 
to  tiie  fiuigue  of  observing  an  eclipse  of  the 
jTioon,  on  the  very  day  that  he  took  physic. 
His  fate  was  now  decided,  he  grew  worse, 
and  died  August  1st,  1769,  in  his  49th  year, 
a  remarkable  instance  of  indefatigable  a])pli- 
cation  unfortunately  sacrificed  to  a  too  eager 
pursuit  after  knowledge.  Mis  papers  were 
preserved  by  M.  Pauli  who  accompanied 
him,  and  were  presented  to  the  world  by 
young  Cassini. 

AuTHON,  John  d',  abbot  of  Angle  in 
Poitou,  and  of  the  same  family  from  which 
sprung  Barbarossa,  Mas  historiographer  to 
LewisXlI.  His  history  of  France  from  1490 
to  1508  is  very  circumstantial  and  entertain- 
ing, though  he  is  blamed  by  some  for  a  cool- 
ness of  narration,  and  a  disinteresting  detail 
of  trifles  occasionally  intersj)ersed  with  im- 
probable facts,  lledied  1523.  Part  of  ids 
>\'orks  was  published  by  Godefroi,  and  the 
I'est  still  icimainsin  manuscript. 

Antomxe,  Bernard,  advocate  in  the  par- 
liament of  Bourdeaux,  was  author  of  a  com- 
mentary on  the  provincial  laAv  of  Bourdeaux 
— of  Censura  Gallica  in  jus  civile  Romanum 
— of  a  comparison  of  the  French  and  Roman 
law,  kc.     He  died  1G66,  aged  99. 

AuTREAU,  Jacquesd',  a  painter  of  Paris, 
who,  at  the  age  of  60,  began  to  write  for  the 
stage.  His  pieces  were  favorably  received, 
and  though  they  were  deficient  in  intricacy 
of  plot  and  action,  yet  they  were  admired 
for  vivacity,  ease,  and  comic  spirit.  His 
"uorks  were  published  1749,  in  4  vols.  l!2mo. 
■with  a  preface  by  Pelessier.  The  best 
known  of  his  pictures  was  his  Diogenes  with 
a  lanthern  in  his  hand  in  search  of  an  honest 
man,  which  he  finds  in  a  representation  of 
cardinal  de  Fleury.  Aulreau  lived  in  relire- 
rnent,  an  enemy  to  the  parade,  bustle,  and 
follies  of  life,  and  happy  in  his  poverty. 
He  died  at  Paris  1745,  in  the  hospital  of 
incuraijies. 

AuvERGNE,  Anthony  d',  a  native  of 
Clermont,  director  of  the  opera  at  Paris,  and 
known  as  a  very  eminent  composer,  whose 
■^vorks  are  held  in  the  highest  admiration. 
He  died  at  Lyons,  12th  February  1797, 
aged  84. 

AuviGNY,  N.  Castres  d',  a  man  of  great 
genius,  born  in  the  Hainaiit,  and  intimate 
with  I'abbe  des  Fontaines,  who  nurtured  and 
directerj  bis  taste.  lie  Avas  an  officer  in  the 
light-horse  guards,  ami  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Deltingen,  17'j3,  in  his  3lst  year. 
His  writings  were  numerous  for  his  ago,  antl 
all  on  historical  subjects,  the  most  admired 
of  which  are  his  lives  of  illustrious  French- 
inen,  8  vols.  12nio. — his  history  of  Paris,  4 
vols.  l'2mo. — besides  memoirs  of  madame 
Tiarnevelfit,  2  vols.  ISmo. — and  histories  of 
Home  and  France  abridged.  He  is  authen- 
tic, though  his  style  is  occasionally  too  de- 
clamatory and  romantic. 


AuxEN^Tius,  a  native  of  Cappadocisr, 
made  bishop  of  Milan  by  Constantius,  but 
excommunicated  by  a  council  at  Rome.  He 
was  an  Arian  by  principle.  He  <lied  374.— 
Another  of  the  same  name  was  so  violent  in 
his  tenets  that  he  challenged  St.  Ambrose 
to  a  public  disputation  which  he  as  prudently 
rejected. 

Au2,oNT,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
known  as  a  mathematician.  He  is  said  to  be 
the  inventor  of  the  micrometer  in  1667,  the 
merit  of  which,  however,  is  claimed  also  by 
tlTc  English.  He  first  suggested  the  idea  of 
applying  the  telescope  to  the  astronomical 
c^uadrant,  tbotigii  some  attribute  it  to  Picard. 
He  died  IC/Jl.  He  wrote  a  treatise  of  the 
mici'ometer,  printed  1693,  folio. 

AxERETO  or  AssERETO,  Elaise,  a  cele- 
brated Genoese  admiral  who  defeated  Al- 
phonso  V.  kingof  Arragon,  in  a  naval  battle, 
143.'",  and  took  him  prisoner. 

AxiOTHEA,  a  female  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Plato,  whose  lectures  she  attended  in 
man's  clothes. 

AXTEL,  Daniel,  a  colonel  in  tlie  parlia- 
mentary army,  of  whose  private  character 
few  circumstances  are  known.  He  was 
strongly  infected  with  the  puritanical  tenets 
of  the  times,  and  so  firmly  convinced  of  the 
justice  of  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  that 
from  a  gi-ocer  he  became  a  soldier,  and  by 
his  good  conduct  rose  to  the  place  of  colonel. 
He  was  one  of  the  officers  employed  at  the 
trial  of  the  king,  and  his  behaviour  showed 
that  he  had  not  preserved  much  reverence 
for  fallen  majesty.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Ireland,  but  being  dissatisfied  M'ith  the  con- 
duct of  Henry  Ci'omwell,  the  lord  lieutenant, 
he  gave4n  his  resignation,  till  the  expulsion  of 
the  second  protector  and  the  restoration  of  the 
old  parliament  called  him  again  toaction.  He 
M-as  however  opposed  liy  Monk  and  dispos- 
sessed of  his  command,  and  after  supporting 
general  Lambert  against  Ingoldsby,  he  was 
obliged  to  fly,  but  was  soon  taken  and  com- 
mitted to  the  tower.  He  was  the  50th  of  the 
52  excepted  from  the  bill  of  indemnity,  and 
he  was  accordingly  tried  as  being  concerned 
in  the  king's  murder.  It  was  sufficiently 
evident  that  he  had  acted  with  unusual  se-i 
verity  against  the  king,  and  that  he  had  been 
concerned  in  his  execution,  and  therefore  he 
was  sentenced  to  be  hanged  at  Tjburn, 
which  sentence  was  executed  on  the  19th 
Oitober  1660.  Axtel  in  his  last  moments 
sliowefl  great  firmness  of  mind,  and  attemp- 
ted to  justify  his  conduct  to  the  spectators. 
His  bead  was  stt  up  at  the  end  of  Westmin- 
ster-hall, and  the  limbs  exposed  in  other 
places.  He  left  a  widow  and  seven  children, 
for  whom  he  had  provided  in  the  days  of  his 
prosperity  a  suffitient  subsistence. 

Ayesha,  daugliter  of  Abubeker,  was  the 
most  beloved  of  the  wives  of  Mahomet, 
though  she  bore  him  no  child.  After  his 
death  she  opposed  the  succession  of  Ali,  but, 
though  violent  and  revengeful,  her  charac- 
ter was  respected,  and  wheii  taken  prisoner, 
she  was  dismissed  without  injui'v.  She  died 
677,  aged  67. 


AY 


AY 


AYi.t:sBiTRY,  Sir  Tiiomas,  a  native  of 
London,  fducatcil  at  WcstminsttT  school  and 
Christ  Church,  where  lie  look  his  nj:t.siei''3 
(legi'ee.  liis  abilities  as  a  luathemalician  and 
man  of  science  rcconiniended  him  to  the 
<lnke  of  liuckinj^hani,  h\  whose  inlliienef  lie 
was  nuule  a  bar(jiiel,  and  master  of  the  nnnt. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  sulfered  much  from 
the  virnleme  of  the  pei-seeiition  of  th«-  par- 
liament, and  on  tlie  kinj^'s  death  he  rciired 
to  Flanilers,  where  he  died  1057.  In  his 
public  character  he  was  a  ijreat  pati-on  of 
litei'ature  ;  and  ainoiii!;  his  Irienils  particular- 
ly was  Thomas  Harriot,  and  also  Thomas 
Allen  who  intrusted  his  MSS.  tf)  his  coidi- 
dential  care.  His  daui^hter  mariied  lord 
Clarendon. 

AYLESHiMtv,  William,  son  of  tlie  pre- 
cedmg;,  was  horn  at  \V  estniinsler,  and  like 
his  father,  educated  at  \\  esi  minster  school 
and  Christ  Church.  Charles  I.  who  knew 
fiis  merits,  appointed  him  tutor  to  the  young 
duke  of  iJuckingham,  and  his  brother  lord 
Francis  \  iiiiei's,  with  whom  he  travelled, 
ami  on  his  return  he  was  m:-!e  groom  of  the 
r(»yal  chamber,  and  encouraged  to  translate 
d'Avila's  hisloi-y  of  the  civil  wars  of  Fratice, 
Av'hich  appeared  in  London,  folio,  1(347,  and 
1678.  'I'hc  civil  wars  reduced  liim  from 
comfortable  independence  to  poverty,  and 
he  passed  to  Jamaica,  where  he  died  about 
1657.  While  in  Italy  it  is  said  that  he  was 
nearly  murdered  by  two  assassins,  who  mis- 
took him  for  another  person  against  whom 
their  weapons  were  directed. 

Ayleti,  Robert,  a  master  in  chancery, 
of  Trinity-hall,  Caml>ridge,  L.  L.  1).  1(314. 
He  wrote  Susanna,  or  the  arraignment  of  the 
two  elders,  in  8vo.  I62t2,  and  divine  and 
moral  specidations  in  verse — the  Britannia 
antiqua  illustrata,  tliough  ascribed  to  him, 
was  supposed  to  be  wriuen  by  his  nephew, 
Aylett  Sammes,  as  he  did  not  possess  suffici- 
ent labor  and  learning  for  the  execution. 

Aylix,  Joliii,  author  of  the  history  of 
Friuli,  found  in  Muratori's  antiquitat.  Ital. 
raedii  ievi,  Milan,  1740,  was  an  Italian  writer 
of  the  l4tl»  centuiy, 

Aylmer,  John,  was  born  at  Aylmer-hall, 
in  Norfolk,  15iil,  and  patronised  by  the 
marquis  of  Dorset  afterwards  duke  of  Suffolk, 
who  maintained  him  at  Cambridge,  and 
made  him  tutor  to  his  children,  among  whom 
was  lady  Jane  Grey.  He  warmly  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  reformation,  so  that  his 
pulpit  eloquence  was  instrumental  in  con- 
verting many  of  the  people  in  licicester- 
shire;  but  when  Alary  came  to  tKc  thn»ne, 
he  had  shown  himself  too  zealous  against 
popery  to  be  safe  in  England,  and  therefore 
he  fled  to  Strasburg  and  Z'.ii-ich  till  the  ele- 
vation of  Elizabeth  recalled  hi.Ti  home.  He 
■was  one  of  the  eight  divines  appointed  to  dis- 
pute with  the  same  number  of  ('atholics ; 
but  though  his  learning  was  great,  and  his 
zeal  unceasing,  lie  receive<l  little  prefer- 
ment, because  it  is  said  he  had  with  some 
asperity  reflected  upon  the  indolence  of  the 
bishops  and  their  e.xcessive  incomes.  His 
abilities,  however,  were    at  last  rewarded, 


I  and  he  was   mide  bishop   of  London  when 
Sandys  was  translated  from  that  see  to  Can- 
terbury,    it  is,  houcver,  a  strong  reiiection 
on  his  character,   iliat    he    sued    for  dilapida- 
I  tions  and  with  great  earnestness   his   prede- 
.  cessor,   who  had   Imcu    warm   in   his  recom- 
i  mendalion  ol  him  to  a  dioc<.'se,  and  recr>ver- 
;  ed  900/.  or  ItXJO/      His  attention  as  a   bisliop 
I  was  e.\em|iiar)  ,  he    watched    wiih   a    jealous 
,  eye  over  the  dignity  of  the  clergy,  and  none 
but  deserving  characters  wei-e  admitted  can- 
didates for   orders.      During  the    pl.-igue  the 
bishop's  humanity    was   eminently  ccjuspicii- 
ous.     By  his  orders  the  sick  were  visited  by 
his  clergy,  every  possible  comfort  was  liber- 
j  ally  administeretl,  and  books  with  direttiuns 
I  to    prevent  the    spreading  of  the    coi\tagiori 
i  were  iVeely  circ'dated    at  his   expense.     lu 
his    last  years    he    wished    to   exchange    his 
diocese  for  Ely    or   Winchester,  hut  when 
this  could  not  be  eflfected,  he  hoped  to  resign 
in  favor  of  Dr.  Bancroft,  which  tiie  latter  re- 
jected.     He  died  at  Fulham,    3i\   of  June, 
1594,  aged  73.     He  was  a  man  of  groat  learri- 
.  ing,  strong   sense,  of  a   warm    independent 
;  temper,  eloquent  and  popular  as  a  preacher, 
!  and  as  a  bishop,  rigid  in  enforcing  punctualli- 
t_\    and   subordination,  so   that  the    puritans 
;  and  anabaptists   whom  he  opposed,  have  de- 
■  scribed    him  as   intolerable   in  his    conduct, 
!  virulent  in  his  language,  and  tyrannical  over 
I  his  inferiors.     Though  economical    he  loved 
;  magnificence,  so    that  his  household  consis- 
ted of  80  persous.  He  married  Jutlith  Buers, 
by  whom  he  had  seven  sons  and  two  or  three 
daughters.     He  died  rich,  but   his  successor 
obtained  dihipidations.    He  has  been  accused 
of  avarice  in  cutting  down  the  woods  which 
belonged   to    his  diocese,   to   the  amount  of 
1000/.  to  the  hurt  of  his   successor,  and   iii 
conseijuence  of  a  representation  to  the  coun- 
cil of  the  circumstance,  the  queen  enjoined 
him  to  desist.     He  was  author  of  an    answer 
to  Kno.v's  blast  against  the    empire  of   wo- 
men. 

Ayloffe,  Sir  Joseph,  bart.  was  de- 
scended of  an  ancient  Sa.\on  family,  seated 
at  Bacron  Alof,  near  Wye,  in  Kent,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  HI.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  St.  Johti's  college, 
O.xf'^rd,  and  became  eminent  for  his  learn- 
ing and  his  knowledge  of  the  history  and  an- 
tiquities of  his  country.  He  intended  to 
write  the  history  of  Suffolk,  but  he  droppeil 
the  intention  from  the  deficiency  of  the  ma- 
terials jiromised  to  him,  and  in  1747,  ha, 
circulated  proposals  for  a  translation  of  the 
French  encyclopa^tlia  witJi  adiiitions  aiid  .a 
large  collection  of  articles  concerning  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  Great-Britain,  ia 
10  volumes  4to.  price  9/-  9*.  but  after  the  first 
volume  ^^  as  publi.sbcd,  the  prosecution  of 
the  work  was  laid  aside  for  want  of  sufikient 
patronage.  Sir  Joseph  was  elected  vice- 
president  of  the  antiquarian  society,  and  his 
various  publications  on  the  antiquities  of 
England,  aiul  on  local  history,  and  on  dif- 
ferent monuments,  proved  li-ow  well  he  de- 
served the  jmblic  favor.  He  married,  in 
1^34,    -Mrs.  Margaret  Railton,    widow,    by 


AY 


AY 


whom  he  liad  an  only  son  who  died  of  Uie 
small  pox,  at  Cambi-idge,  in  his  21st  year, 
December  I'JtIi,  1756,  and  the  liither  died 
i'.t  Lambetli,  April  1781,  aged  Tti,  and  was 
buried  with  his  lather  and  son  in  the  vault  of 
Hendou  church.  His  manuscripts  were  sold 
after  his  death.  On  the  establishment  of 
the  paper  office,  he  was  the  first  in  the  com- 
mission ;  he  was  also  secretary  to  the  com- 
missioners for  the  building  of  Westminster- 
bridge.  Besides  various  papers  in  the  Ar- 
chieoiogia,  he  published  calendars  of  the  an- 
cient charters  in  the  Tower  of  London,  1772, 
4to. — additions  of  Leland's  collectanea,  9 
vols.  8vo. — liberniger  Scaccarii,  2  vols.  8vo. — 
Hearne's  curious  discourses,  2  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Ayi.on,  Luke  Vasquesd',  a  Spaniard  en- 
gaged in  the  discovery  and  conquest  of  Arae- 
I'ica.  He  made  an  expedition  into  Florida, 
1520,  and  is  supposed  to  have  perished  in  a 
second  voyage  to  the  same  place. 

AvMAii,  James,  a  peasant  of  Dauphine, 
who  acquired  some  reputatio  •■  by  pretend- 
ing to  discover  secrets,  hidden  treasures, 
robberies,  &c.  by  means  of  a  sacred  wand. 
His  fraud  wivs  discovered,  and  he  retired 
again  to  obscurity.  De  Vallemont,  however, 
wrote  a  book  on  his  divining  rod.  He  died 
1708,  in  his  46th  year. 

Aymon,  John,  a  Picdmontese  who  em- 
braced the  tenets  of  Calvin  in  Holland,  and 
afterwards  returned  to  the  Romish  church 
under  the  patronage  of  the  cardinal  de  Noial- 
les,  who  procured  for  him  a  pension.  He 
was  permitted  access  to  the  king's  library  at 
Paris,  but  he  dishonorably  abused  the  confi- 
dence reposed  in  him  by  conveying  away 
some  of  the  books,  and  among  others  the 
manuscript  original  of  the  synod  of  Jerusa- 
lem, held  1672  This  he  printed  in  Holland 
with  other  pieces,  under  the  name  of  monu- 
mens  de  la  religion  des  Grecs,  et  de  la 
fausset6  de  plusieurs  confessions  de  foi,  1718, 
in  4to.  This  was  answered  and  criticised 
with  spirit  and  ability  by  Renaudot.  He 
wrote  besides  some  treatises  on  ecclesiastical 
histoiy,  especially  les  S>  nodes  nalionaux  des 
eglises  reformecs  de  France,  1710,  2  vols. 
4to. — tableau  de  la  cour  de  Rome,  1707, 
12mo. — the  letters  of  Cyril,  Lucar,  itc. 

Ayres,  John,  an  English  penman  of  con- 
siderable eminence,  of  whose  life  few  par- 
ticulars are  known.  He  was  in  the  house- 
holil  of  sir  William  Ashnrst,  lord  mayor  of 
London,  1694,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his 
arithmetic  made  easy,  a  popular  work  of 
which  a  12th  edition  appeared  1714.  His 
tutor  to  penmanship,  engraved  by  John 
Strut,  was  published  1695,  and  inscribed  to 
king  William ;  and  in  1700  appeared  his 
Paul's  school  round  hand.  He  lived  at  the 
hand  and  pen  in  St.  Paul's  chnrcli  yard, 
w  here  he  published  several  other  works  on 
penmansliip. 

Ayrmin  ov  Ayermin,  William,  a  na- 
tive of  Lincolnshire,  made  ctiancellcr  of 
FiHgland  b}  Edward  lU.  and  afterwards  trea- 
surer. He  was  also  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Rome,  where,  by  his  intiigues,  he  obtained 
the  nomination  to  the  vacant   bishopric  of 


Norwich  from  the  pope,  whicli  so  offended 
the  king,  that  he  refused  for  a  long  time  to 
admit  him  to  his  see.     He  died  about  1387. 

Aysa,  a  Moorish  female,  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Spaniards  under  Charles  V.  at  the 
siege  of  Tunis.  She  rejected  with  noble  in- 
dignation the  offers  of  MuleyHaseen  who 
wished  to  redeem  her  from  captivity,  and 
observed  that  as  he  had  been  stripped  ol  his 
kingdom,  she  uisdainea  to  owe  her  liberty  to 
so  great  a  coward. 

Ayscough,  George  Edward,  son  of  Dr. 
Ayscough  dean  of  Bristol,  and  of  Anne, 
fifth  sister  of  lord  Littleton,  was  an  otticer 
in  the  foot  guards,  and  distinguished  by  his 
literary  accomplishments.  He  wrote  Semi- 
rarais  a  tragedy,  1777,  and  on  his  return  trom 
the  continent,  which  he  visited  for  the  bene- 
fit of  his  health,  he  publishe»l  letters  front 
an  officer  of  the  guards  to  his  friend  in  Eng- 
land, w  ith  some  account  of  Prance  and  Italy 
1778,  .Svo.  He  fell  a  victim  to  a  rapid  con- 
sumption l4th  Oct.  17/9. 

Ayscough,  Samuel,  an  indefatigable 
compiler.  He  was  born  at  Nottingham, 
where  his  education  was  begun  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  Johnson,  till  the  misfortunes  of 
his  father  rendered  his  further  progress  itt 
learning  impossible.  Prom  the  mean  occu- 
pation of  servant  in  a  mill,  young  Ayscough 
was  drawn  by  the  friendship  of  a  schooi-fel- 
low  who  knew  his  meiit  and  liis  industry, 
and  he  was  in  1770  admitted  into  the  British 
museum,  and  some  time  after  obtained  the 
office  of  under  librarian.  His  time  was  use- 
fully employed  in  this  noble  national  estab- 
lishment, and  he  made  a  correct  catalogue 
of  the  MSS.  of  the  collection.  He  also  as- 
sisted in  the  arrangement  of  the  papers  in 
tho  Tow-er,  and  made  an  inde.x  to  the  first 
56  vols,  of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  to 
the  Monthly  Review,  to  the  British  Critic, 
to  Shakspeare,  and  to  other  popular  works. 
He  wrote  besides  remarks  on  the  letters  of 
an  American  farmer,  &(•.  He  was  for  some' 
time  curate  of  St.  Giles's  in  the  Fields,  and 
he  began  in  1790  to  preach  the  Pairchild 
lecture  on  Whit-Tuesday,  founded  in  Shore- 
ditch  church,  before  the  Royal  Society, 
which  he  continued  for  14  years.  In  1804 
the  lord  chancellor  gave  him  the  living  of 
Cudham  in  Kent,  but  the  appointment  cam« 
too  late  to  a  man  who desc  rved,  for  his  inde- 
fatigable industry  and  correct  conduct,  bet- 
ter preferment,  for  he  died  the  next  }  ear. 

Ayscue,  Sir  George,  a  gallant  English  ad- 
miral descended  from  an  ancient  family  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  was  knighted  by  Charles 
L  but  in  the  civil  wars  he  declared  for  the 
commonwealth  ;  and  when  the  fleet  revolted 
to  piince  Rupert,  he  brought  his  ship,  the 
Lion,  into  the  Thames,  and  was  rewarde<l 
for  his  attachment  to  the  pai-Iiament  with  a 
command  on  the  Irish  station,  where  his  va- 
lor and  experience  greatly  contributed  to  the 
reduction  of  Ireland.  In  165)  he  reduced 
Barbadocs,  and  the  next  year  he  defeated  a 
Dutch  fleet,  aid  soon  after,  in  consequence  of 
his  dispute  w  itli  Bl;;ke,  he  retired  from  tlw 
service  to  command  the  fleet  of  Charles  G\is- 


AZ 


AZ 


taviis  king  of  Sweden.  After  tlio  restoration 
he  wa»  prnnuiled  in  the  Enj^lisii  ii:ivy,  and  in 
IGGG  connnantU'd  tlie  lioyal  I'rince,  tlie 
lari^est  al»i|>  in  tlic  uorhl  ;  wiicn,  during  a  <Ie.s- 
pcriitc  figlit  of  four  davs  wilii  the  Dutch 
ilect,  he  unforluniUfly,  :irter  piTfornuiig  re- 
l)eated  acts  of  heroism,  sli  lu  k  on  the  (ial- 
loi)er  Sand,  and  was,  agwinst  his  will,  obliged 
by  liiscrcw  tosun-ender.  The  Dutch,  proud 
of  their  cai)tive,  carried  hin»  from  town  to 
town  as  a  spectacle  to  the  people.  Sir 
<icorge  after  this  never  went  again  to  sea, 
but  lived  and  died  in  retirement. 

AiAKi  AH  or  L'y/AiAH,  king  of  Jndah  af- 
ter Aniaziah,  U.  C  810,  was  at  first  a  good 
and  popuhtr  prince,  but  afterwards  became 
an  idolat*  r,  and  died  a  leper. 

AxAKi.vs,  a  rabbi,  author  of  a  Hebrew 
work  called  the  light  of  the  eyes,  containing 
various  historical  miscellaneous  subjects,  be- 
sides Aristcas'  letter  on  the  Sei)tuagint  trans- 
lated into  Hebrew.  Tlie  work  was  printed 
at  Mantua  1574. 

AxEVEDO,  Jgnatius,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit 
born  15*27.  lie  relinquished  the  indepen- 
dence of  a  large  fortune  to  embark  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  India.  The  vessel  in  which  he  was 
was  attacked  by  pirates,  and  he  ai\d  his  I'J 
companions  wre  massacred  by  the  barbarous 
enemy  15th  July  1570,  near  Palma.  This 
cruel  event  was  feltand  lamented  through  Eu- 
rope, and  Azevedo  was  proclaimed  a  martyr 
by  a  papal  bull. 

Az A 1  c  i;  E  T  A,  Martin,  surnamed  Navarre, 
'd.  lawyer,  born  1494  at  Verasoa,  near  Pam- 
-peluna,  distinguished  as  a  professor  in  Tari- 


ou"i  universities.      He  di.  d  «t  Home    1586k 
His  works  appeared  at  L)on8,  G  vols,  folio, 

i5'jr. 

AiOKit'S,  John,  a  native  of  Lucca  near 
Carthrigena,  who  became  eniinent  aniong 
the  Jesuits,  as  a  public  professor,  at  Alcalri, 
and  at  Konu*.  lie  wrote  Institutionuni  mo- 
ralium,  3  vols,  folio  in  cnnticum,  &cc.  and  died 
at  Rome   lGO;i. 

Azz-i  He  For  I  I,  Faustina,  a  native  of 
Arezzo,  distinguished  for  h<r  poetical  ta- 
lents, and  admitted  into  the  academy  of  Ar- 
cadia under  the  name  of  Eurinomia.  She 
published  a  volume  of  Italian  poems,  and 
died  May  4,  1724. 

Azzo,  Fortius,  a  native  of  IJoIogna,  made 
professor  of  law  there  1190.  He  is  author 
of  a  summary  of  the  code,  and  the  institute, 
much  esteemed.     He  died  1220. 

AzzocuiDi,  Valerius  FMaccus,  a  l<'arnefl 
antiquarian  of  liologna.  He  wrote  on  the 
origin  of  the  town  of  Bologna,  r.nd  the  chro- 
nology of  the  first  king  of  Etruria,  and  oii 
the  age  of  tlie  patriarchs  mentioned  in  Ge- 
nesis. Hg  died  at  Bologna,  1728,  aged  77. 
There  were  tw  o  other  authors  of  that  name, 
of  no  great  celebrity. 

Axxor.iN'i,  Lawrence,  secretaiy  to  pope 
Urban  \  HI.  and  bishop  of  Narni,  died  ISTrJ. 
He  wrote  an  admired  satire  against  de- 
bauchery, 8vo.  His  relation,  Decio,  was  rais- 
ed to  the  dignity  of  cardinal  by  Innocent  X.. 
He  wrote  political  aphorisms,  and  was  Uie 
favorite  of  Christina  queen  of  Sweden  who 
left  to  him  all  her  property.  He  died  1G89, 
aged  07. 


BA 

BAAHDIN,    Mahomet  Cebet  Amali,   a  I 
learned    Persian,  author  of  a  summary  '. 
of  civil   ami  canon  law,  which  was  complet- 
ed and  enforced  thi'ough  Persia  by  the  com- 
mand of  Abbas  the  great. 

Baan,  John  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Haerlem  1633.  He  studied  under  Bek- 
ker,  and  acquired  so  much  celebrity,  that 
Charts  H.  and  all  the  royal  family  were 
painted  by  him.  After  some  residence  in 
England,  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  was  pa- 
tronised by  the  grund  duke  of  Tuscany.  His 
talents  were  so  great,  that  he  excited  the 
jealousy  of  inferior  artists,  and  one  of  them 
nearly  succeeded  in  stabbing  him  to  the 
heart.  This  ingenious  man,  whom  his  pen- 
cil had  rendered  i-ich  and  independent,  died 
at  Amsterdam  1702.  His  son  James  was 
also  an  artist  of  eminence,  who  followed 
king  William  into  England  at  the  revolution, 
and  ilied  1700,  aged  27. 

Baarsdorp,  Cornelius,  author  of  Me- 
tbodus  universe  artis  medico;,  5  vols,  folio, 
Bruges  15.38,  was  patronised  by  Charles  V. 
to  whom  he  was  physician  and  chamber- 
lain. 

Baart,  Pete",  a  Latin  and  Flemisli  poet 
and  physician,  author  of  the  Flemish  Geor- 


BA 

gics,  a  poem  in  imitation  of  Virgil,  antl 
highly  cnmn)ended  by  his  countrymen,  but 
with  undiscerning  partiality.  He  wi'otc  also 
another  poem,  called  le  Triton  de  Frise. 
The  year  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Baba,  a  Turkish  impostor.  He  anonn- 
ced  himself  in  1260,  in  the  town  of  Aniasia, 
as  the  messenger  of  God;  and  ^*  hen  oppo- 
sed by  the  Turks,  he  collected  a  number  of 
adherents,  at  whose  head  he  laid  waste  the 
fairest  portion  of  Natolia.  He  was  at  last 
overpowered,  and  his  sect  totally  dispersed. 

Babek,  a  Persian,  who  in  823  assembled 
a  miUtitude  of  fanatical  followers,  with  whom 
he  defeated  the  troops  of  the  caliph  Almr^- 
mon.  He  was  conquered  by  the  ne.vt  caliph, 
and  after  being  led  about  on  an  elephant 
through  the  streets  of  Samara,  his  hand's 
and  legs  were  cut  ofV,  and  he  expired  in  the 
midst  of  tlie  greatest  agonies.  One  of  the 
ten  executioners  who  followed  liim  declarerl 
that  he  had  himself  put  to  death  not  less 
than  20,000  men. 

BABACorscHi,  tlie  surname  of  a  mufti 
of  Cafla  in  the  Taurida,  author  of  a  political 
treatise  called  the  friend  and  favorite  oi' 
pripces.  He  died  783  of  the  hegira.  Ano- 
ther of  the  same  name  and  place  <lied  974, 


BA 


BA 


sntlior  of  a  T)Ook  of  moral  essays  called  tlie 
Garden  of  Anemones.  Both  productions  are 
probably  by  tbe  same  pen,  from  a  mistake 
in  tf»e  figures  of  the  liegira,  from  the  negli- 
gence of  copyists. 

Babeuf,  Francis  Noel,  a  native  of  St. 
Quintin.  He  was  at  first  a  menial  servant  in 
the  fan»ily  of  a  benevolent  master  near  Roye, 
Avliose  kindness  in  Histructing  him  in  reading 
and  writing,  he  I'epaid  by  dibtressing  I  im  in 
an  iniquitous  lawsuit.  He  next  became  an 
aitorney,  and  in  the  beginning  of  tlie  French 
revolution,  he  esca]>ed  from  the  prison  ol" 
Arras,  where  his  dishonesty  had  inimured 
Lim,  to  come  to  Paris,  where,  assuming  the 
name  of  Gracchus,  lie  published  a  paper  cal- 
led the  Tribune  of  tlie  people.  By  dissemi- 
nating the  most  pernicious  principles,  and  I'C- 
commending  the  division  of  all  property,  he 
continued  popular,  and  on  the  fall  of  Robes- 
pierre, he  was  regarded  as  a  proper  person 
to  succeed  the  tyrant,  and  to  guide  the  des- 
tinies of  France,  by  shedding  the  blood  of 
her  virtuous  citizens.  This  [»roiligate  char- 
acter was  at  last  denounced  by  some  of  his 
accomplices,  and  condemned  to  the  guillo- 
tine. He  suffered  with  great  composure, 
179",  aged  37.  An  account  of  his  trial,  in 
■which  he  displayed  great  eloquence  and  as- 
tonishing firmness  of  mind,  has  been  publish- 
ed in  3  vols.  8vo. 

Bab  IN',  Francis,  a  native  of  Angers, 
known  as  a  learned  and  virtuous  ecclesiastic. 
He  was  divinity  professor,  and  published  the 
conferences  of  the  diocese  of  Angers,  18 
vols.  12mo.  continued  in  ID  other  volumes, 
by  la  Blaniere.  He  died  19th  Dec.  1734, 
aged  83. 

Babin'gton,  Gervase,  a  native  of  Not- 
tinghamshire, educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  felloAv. 
By  the  interest  of  Henry  earl  of  Pembroke, 
to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  he  obtained  pre- 
ferment, and  was  at  last  raised  lo  the  see  of 
JLlandafT,  and  from  thence  translated  to  Here- 
ford; and  in  1597  to  Worcester.  He  was  a 
great  benefactor  to  the  cathedral  library  at 
Worcester.  He  died  of  the  jaundice  May 
17th,  1610.  He  -wrote  notes  on  the  five 
books  of  Moses,  and  expositions  of  the  ci'eed, 
&c.  besides  sermons  published  in  folio,  1615 
and  1637. 

Babixgton,  Antliony,  a  native  of  Der- 
byshire, known  in  English  history  for  his 
conspiracy  to  assassinate,  with  other  Roman 
catholic  associates,  queen  Elizabeth,  and 
thus  to  procure  the  I'elease  of  the  unfortu- 
nate Mary  of  Scots.  This  diabolical  scheme 
■was  zealously  undertaken  in  the  hope  that 
Mary  would  reward  her  deliverer  by  taking 
1dm  to  share  her  throne.  The  plot  was  dis- 
covered by  Walsingham,  and  the  conspira- 
tors suffered  death,  15S0. 

Baeur,  grandson  of  Tamerlane,  dis- 
puted with  his  elder  brother  Aly  Doulat  for 
the  sovereignty,  and  in  consequence  of  a 
treaty  obtained  the  province  of  Georgia.  He  I 
•was  afterwards  engag(;d  in  bloody  wars  with 
bis  relations,  and  after  a  terrible  battle  he 
ordered  the  head  of  liis  brother  Mohammed, 


w  ho  liad  fallen  into  his  hands,  to  he  cut  off 
in  his  presence.  He  died  1471,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  violent  fit  of  passion. 

Babylas,  a   bishop  of  Antioch,    put   to 
death  during  the  persecution  of  the  emperor 


Deciii:^.,  251 


Baca  I,  the  surname  of  Ibrahim  Ben- 
omar,  a  learned  mu'>iulman,  who  died  885,  of 
the  hs-gira.  He  is  author  of  several  treati- 
ses on  the  manners  of  ancient  philosophers, 
on  the  art  of  divination  by  numbers,  the 
liraises  of  poverty,  a  commentary  on  the  Ko- 
ran,  &CC. 

Bacalaki,  the  surname  of  Abuhecre, the 
author  of  a  book  to  explain  the  difficult  pas- 
sages which  occur  in  the  Koran. 

Baccalar-y-sanna,  Vincent,  marquis 
of  St.  Philip,  a  native  of  Sardinia,  who  raised 
himself  to  consequence  by  his  services  to 
Charles  H.  and  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  in  his 
native  country.  He  wrote  The  Monarchy 
of  the  Hebrews,  which  has  been  translttted 
into  French,  4  vols.  l^mo. — and  Memoirs  of 
Philip  V.  4  vols.  VZmo.  and  died  at  Madrid 
1726. 

Baccalt,  a  learned  Mahometan,  sur- 
named,  from  his  learning,  the  ornament  of 
the  doctors.  He  wrote  a  book  on  the  prayers 
of  the  Musselmans,  and  on  the  gloiy  and 
excellence  of  the  Arabs.  He  died  in  the  year, 
of  the  hegira  562,  or,  according  to  othei'.s, 
573. 

Baccelli,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  translated  the  Odyssey  into 
Italian  seioiti  verses  1558.  He  died  before 
the  completion  of  his  translation  of  the  Iliad. 

Bacchetti,  Lawrence,  professor  of 
medicine  and  jurisprudence  at  Padua,  pub- 
lished dissertations  on  acids,  alkalis,  &c.  and 
died  1708. 

Bacchini,  Benedict,  a  Benedictine  of 
Parma,  author  of  a  literary  journal  which 
gave  offence  to  his  superiors.  He  retired  to 
Modena,  vhere  he  became  librarian  and 
historiographer  to  the  duke,  and  afterwards 
he  filled  the  chair  of  ecclesiastical  history 
with  ability.  He  published  several  very 
learned  works,  and  made  a  collection  for  the 
history  of  the  house  of  Este,  which  he  left 
in  the  hands  of  Muratori.  He  died  1721, 
aged  70. 

Bacchylides,  a  lyric  poet  of  Cos,  who 
flori.shed  about  432  B.  C. 

Bacchylus,  bishop  of  Corinth  in  the 
second  century,  wrote  a  letter  in  the  name 
of  the  bishop  of  Achaia,  on  the  proper  time 
for  the  celebration  of  the  feast  of  Easter. 

Baccio,  Andreas,  a  native  of  Ancona, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Rome,  and  ]>liysi- 
cian  to  pope  Sixtus  V.  He  wrote  some 
learned  and  valuable  treatises,  de  vcnenis  et 
antidotis  ;  de  gemmis,  de  thermis,  de  natur.ili 
vinorum  historia,  &c.  He  died  about  the  be- 
ginidng  of  the  17th  centurv. 

Bkacio,  Francis  Bartholomew,  an  liisto- 
rical  and  portrait  painter  of  Florence,  who 
died  1517,  aged  48.  His  coloring  and  the 
elegance  of  his  figures  were  mucli  admired. 

Bach,  John  Sebastian,  a  German  musi- 
cian, born   at  Eisenach.     He  ■«vas  in  the  ser- 


BA 


BA 


vice  of  the  duke  of  Saxe  ^^  cimar,  and  was 
eminent  for  liis  skill  in  playing  on  iUc  oi-^:\u. 
His  compositions  an;  imich  admired.  lie 
«lit'd  at  Lc-ipsic,  I75i,  a;^cil  (Vj.  His  sons, 
Charles  and  John,  were  equally  cnnnciit  as 
musicians  aiul  comp(jscTS. 

Uaciia  i;  MO  N,  I^tvvis  Petit  dc,  a  native 
of  Paris,  known  as  the  author  of  secret  inc- 
moirs,  to  ehicidate  tlie  history  of  literalnrc 
in  Pi'aue*',  in  jO  vols.  I'Jmo.  and  oilier  works, 
lie  died  May  1st,  1771. 

15  ACH  ELI  ER,  Xicliolas,  an  arcliitect  and 
sculjuur,  who,  aflii-  btn«ling  at  Uome  undir 
Michael  Angelo,  ii:lroducedat  Toulouse  and 
Luita,  the  i^raceful  :(nd  easy  manner  of  his 
luaster  instead  oi  the  heavy  gothic  which  then 
prevailed.  He  adorned  several  churches  by 
his  srtdpture,  and  was  universally  admired 
for  the  power  of  his  chisel,  lie  died  af- 
ter LktS. 

Uachin'i,  TJernardine,  a  Benedictine, 
Lorn  at  Borgo  San  Domino.  The  weakness 
of  his  constitution  obliged  him  to  relinquish 
tlje  pulpit,  and  in  his  learned  retirement  he 
composed  some  Aahiable  books  in  Latin  and 
Italian,  a  literary  journal  from  1686  to  1697, 
i)  vols.  Vto.  de  sistrorum  figuris,  &cc.  and  died 
at  Bologne,  September  1st,  IT-l,  aged  70. 

Bach  o  VI  us,  Reinier,  a  native  of  Cologne, 
\vho  became  eminent  as  a  civilian.  He  left 
licipsic,  because  his  tenets  as  a  C:\lvinist 
vere  disagreeable  to  the  people,  and  after- 
•wai'ds  he  embraced  the  opinions  of  the  Ca- 
tholics, and  was  made  professor  at  Heidel- 
herg  by  the  duke  of  Bavaria.  ' 'e  died  1614, 
aged  70.  His  son  was  professor  also  at  Hei- 
delberg, and  died  a  good  Catholic.  He  pub- 
lished exercitations  ad  partem  posteriorem 
Chiliados  Fabri,  1024 — de  aclionibus,  lO'iG 
— depignoribus  &  hyi)Othecis,  1627 — dlspu- 
tat.  de  variis  juris  civilis  materiis,  1604 — In 
institutionum  Juris  Justinian,  libros  4  com- 
inentar.  1628. 

Bacici,  John  Baptiste  Gauli,  a  native  of 
Genoa  who,  at  the  age  of  14,  entered  into  llie 
service  of  a  dealer  in  pictures  at  Home, 
vhere  lie  saw  and  was  patronised  and  in- 
structed by  Rernini.  He  soon  became  emi- 
nent as  a  painter,  and  particularly  distin- 
guished himself  by  drawing  the  portrait  of  a 
man  dead  for  20  years,  whose  features  he  gra- 
dually collected  from  the  information  of  sur- 
viving friends,  so  that  at  last  he  produced  a 
most  perfect  and  complete  resemblance, 
riiough  bold  in  his  ideas  and  great  in  his  co- 
lorings and  his  foreshortening,  Bacici  is  occa- 
sionally blamed  for  incorrectness,  and  for 
•want  of  taste  in  liis  draperies.  The  violence 
of  his  temper  proved  fatal  to  liis  fannly,  in 
reproving  his  son  before  his  companions  he 
gave  him  a  blow  on  the  face,  which  so  irri- 
tated the  feelings  of  the  youth  that  he  threw 
himself  into  the  Tyber,  and  left  his  father  in- 
con.solabIe.     He  died  1709,  in  his  70th  year. 

Backer,  James,  a  Dutch  portrait  ])a'in- 
ter  of  eminence,  who  died  1560,  aged  30. 

Backer,  Jacob,  a  portrait  painter,  l)orn 
at  Hcnlingen.  His  pieces  ai-e  much  admi- 
red     He  died  16;>1,  aged  42. 

Backhouse,  William,  a  Berk sliii'e  gen- 


tleman, educated  at  Christ  Church.  He  left 
Oxford  wilhnul  a  degree,  and  retired  to  his 
seat,  \s  here  he  devoted  hiniself  to  alchemy 
and  astiology,  and  had  among  Ids  pupils  anj 
fiiends  I'di.is  Ashmole,>v  ho  calU  <1  him  father. 
He  (lied  1662.  He  was  author  of  the  jtlea- 
sant  fountain  of  knowledge,  from  thePrencli, 
8vo.  1644 — The  complaint  of  nature — The 
gr)lden  fh(  cc,  ^<r. — and  he  alsf)  invented  the 
instiument  called  the  Way  wiser. 

Backhuysen,  Ludol'ph,  a  painter  of 
Kmbden,  whose  sea  [jieces  were  much  ad- 
mired.    He  <lied  17(J9,  ageti  78. 

Bacox,  Robert,  an  English  friar,  known 
at  Oxford  a.s  divinity  pi()fessf)r  as  well  as  by 
his  ojjposition  to  Peter  de  Kupibus  bishop  of 
A\  iiiton,  the  4"avorite  of  Henry  HI.  He  vi- 
sited Paris,  and  in  12J3  was  made  treaiiirer 
of  .Salisbury  cathedral.  He  wrote  among 
other  things  the  life  of  St.  Kdmund  the  pri- 
mate, and  died  1248,  and  was  buried  at  Ox- 
ford. 

Bacon*,  Iloger,  was  born  near  Ilcliestcr, 
of  a  respectable  family,  1214.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  visited  Paris,  the  com- 
mon resort  of  the  learned  of  the  times,  and 
after  taking  the  degree  of  doctor,  and  be- 
coming monk  of  the  Franciscan  order  1240, 
he  returned  to  his  native  country.  A  strong 
inquisitive  mind  soon  raised  him  to  coii.se- 
quence,  and  as  he  was  liberally  supported  iu 
his  pursuits  by  the  munificence  of  his  friends, 
among  whom  v.  ere  bishop  Grostete,  Kicli 
the  primate,  Shirwood  chancellor  of  Lincoln, 
and  i)rofessor  Fishacre,  he  made  the  most 
rapid  sti'ides  in  the  advancement  of  science 
and  philosophy.  His  experiments  and  his 
calculations  w  ere  so  far  above  the  compre- 
hensions of  his  age,  that  he  was  accused  of 
magic;  and  the  eagerness  with  whicli  he  stu- 
died astrology  strongly  supported  the  suspi- 
cion. The  monks  of  his  order  grew  jealous 
of  his  reputation,  his  works  were  rejected 
from  their  library,  an<I  the  princip  ,1s  of  the 
order  was  prevailed  upon  to  imprison  him. 
In  his  confinement  Bacon  composed  his 
"  Opus  majus,"  addressed  to  the  Pope,  in 
which  he  hoped  to  prevail  upon  the  pontitf 
to  reform  the  errors  of  the  church,  or  pro- 
pose some  efficient  method  to  stop  the  pow- 
er of  scepticism  and  of  antichrist.  At  last, 
after  ten  years  of  painful  soliiude,  he  was  set 
at  liberty  by  the  interference  of  his  friends, 
and  the  success  of  his  application  to  the  ge- 
neral of  his  order,  Jeroni  d'Ascoli,  who  was 
lately  raised  to  the  papal  chair,  to  whom  he 
inscribed  liis  treatise  **  on  the  means  of 
avoiding  the  infirmities  of  old  age."  The 
remainder  of  his  life  was  spent  in  academical 
repose  at  Oxford,  where  he  died  llth  June, 
1294.  Bacon  is  universally  allowed  to  have 
been  a  man  of  superior  merit,  and  his  exam- 
ple and  the  vast  acquirements  of  his  mind  in 
a  barbarous  age  strongly  evince  with  wiat 
sticcess  industry  and  jiersevcran-  e  may  la- 
bor in  the  road  of  learning.  The  discoveries 
and  the  more  accurate  experiments  of  the 
moderns  pay  daily  tributes  of  gratitude  and 
reverence  to  this  father  of  philosophy,  and 
it  is  now  majiitest  that  to  his  comprehensive 


; 


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BA 


miad  were  known  many  of  tlic  secrets  wliicTi 
the  tnil  and  repeated  efforts  of  succeeding 
ages  liave  scarce  brought  to  liglit.  He  was 
acquainted  witli  the  structure  of  an  air  pump 
;uid  with  the  laws  of  optics,  and  the  power  of 
glasses ;  he  knew  tlie  preparation  of  phospho- 
nis,  and  he  clothed  in  unintelligible  language, 
the  name  of  gunpowder,  which  he  said  was 
formed  with  sulphur,  nilre  and  charcoal,  as 
if  he  anticipated  the  devastation  whicii  its 
discovery  by  Sehwart,  some  ages  after,  was 
to  bring  upon  mankind.  In  his  writings, 
vliich  amounted  to  above  80  treatises,  some 
of  which  are  published  and  some  preserved 
in  manuscript  in  the  libraries  of  Karope,  he 
wsed  an  elegant  and  nervous  stylo,  and  was 
always  accurate  in  his  observations  on  na- 
ture. His  great  knowledge  of  chemistry 
Jias  been  most  satisfactorily  proved  by  the 
experiments  of  Mr.  Romberg.  To  his  me- 
rits much  praise  is  paid  by  Drs.  Jebb, 
Browne,  Boerhaave,  Frcind,  Peter  Shaw, 
&c. 

Baco.v,  Sir  Xicholas,  keeper  of  the  great 
seal  under  Elizabeth,  and  the  descendant  of 
■an.  ancient  Suffolk  family,  was  boi'u  1510. 
He  wasofCorpusChristi  college,  Cambridge, 
to  which  he  became  a  munificent  benefactor, 
and  after  travelling  in  France  he  studied  the 
Inw  at  Gray's  Inn.  He  was  employed  under 
Henry  VIII.  to  whom  he  proj)osed  a  plan, 
v^hich  however  was  nevei*  adopted,  for  the 
erecting  of  a  college  to  instruct  young  states- 
riien  in  all  the  branches  of  political  know- 
ledge. He  was  knighted  by  Elizabeth,  and 
raade  keeper  of  the  seals  in  the  room  of 
Heath  archbisiiopof  York;  hut  as  he  favored 
the  Suffolk  succession  he  was  treated  with 
coldness,  and  suspected  of  assisting  Hales  in 
■writing  a  tract  to  favor  the  claims  of  the 
dutchess  of  Suffolk  against  the  rights  of  the 
queen  of  Scotland.  He  was,  however,  soon 
after  reinstated  in  tlie  queen's  good  opinion 
Ly  the  inrrrference  of  sir  William  Cecil,  and 
he  died  2Uth  February  1579.  He  was  buried 
in  St.  Paul's,  and  his  monument  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  great  fire  in  IGOO.  By  Jane 
Ferneley  his  first  wife  he  had  three  daugh- 
ters and  three  sons,  Nicholas,  Nathaniel,  and 
Edward  ;  and  by  his  second,  Anne  Couk,  he 
left  two  sons,  Anthony  and  Fj'ancis. 

Bacon,  Anne,  second  daughter  of  sir 
Anthony  Cook,  preceptor  to  king  Edward 
YI.  and  wife  of  the  preceding,  was  eminent 
for  her  learning,  piety,  and  virtue.  She 
translated  from  the  Italian  into  English  O- 
chine's  sermons,  and  Jewel's  apology  for  the 
church  of  England,  from  the  Latin ;  and 
died  about  the  begir.ning  of  the  reign  of 
James  I.  at  Gorhambury,  near  St.  Albans. 

Bacox,  Francis,  viscount  St.  Albans,  was 
son  of  sir  Nicholas  Bacon  mentioned  above, 
and  was  born  at  York-house  in  the  Strand, 
2'2d  January  l.iGl.  He  was  early  introdu- 
ced at  court ;  and  after  he  had  studied  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  under  Whitgift, 
afterwards  archbisho;)  of  (Canterbury,  he  ac- 
companied, though  little  more  than  10,  sir 
Amias  Pawlet,  ambassador  to  the  court  nt 
France,  where,  by  his  diligence  and  punctu- 


ality, he  gave  gi'eat  satisfaction  to  the  queeUf 
Dui-ing  his  travels,  his  failier  died  ;  and  as  he 
found  himself  not  master   of  the    independ- 
ence which  he  expected,  he  applied  himself 
to  the  study  of  law  at  Gray's  Inn;    and,    by 
the    means  of  lord  Burleigh,   he  obtained  at 
ooui't  the  reversion  of  the  registership  to  the 
star    chamber,    worth   1600/.  a  year,  which, 
however,  he  did  not  enjoy   till  twenty  years 
after.     Whilst  at  Gray's  Inn,  where    he  was 
chosen  Lent-reader,  he  fcu'med  the  plan  and 
drew  the    outline  of  his  great   philosophical 
woi-k,   the  iiistauration  of  the  scier.ces  ;    but 
r.eitlu^r  his  learning  nor   his  abilities  recom- 
mended him  at  court,  as    the  favors   of  the 
queen    were    divided     between    the    Cecils 
and  the  earl  of  Leicester,    who  was  after- 
wards succeeded  by  Essex  :    and  Bacon,  un- 
fortunately   for   his   advancement,    warmly 
embraced  the  cause  of  the  latter.    Elizabeth 
was  sensible  of  his  great  ta'ents,  but  neither 
her  partiality  nor   the   friendship    of  Essex 
could    overpower  the  cold  phlegmatic  aver- 
sion   of  tlie  Cecils,  who  represented  Bacon 
as  a  speculative  man,  v,  hose  head  was  filled 
with  philoso[diy,  and  not  with  political  know- 
ledge.    The  disapporntment  was  gre^it,    and 
Bacon  would  liave  buried  himself  in  a  foreign 
kingdom,  if  his  fi'iends    had    not  interfered. 
On  the  succession  of  James  I.  he   rose   into 
power,  though  still  opposed  by  Cecil  earl  of 
Salisbury  and  by  sir  Edward  Coke.     He  was 
knighted  and    successively    made    attorney- 
general,  keeper  of  the  seals,  lord  chancellor, 
and    raised  to  the    peerage.     His   elevatioa 
was  not  unattended  by  the  envy  of  enemies; 
and  he  was  soon  accused    at  the    bar  of  the 
house  of  lords  by  the  commons   of  gross  bri- 
bery and    corruption.     The    king,   who    sa%T 
that  not  only  Bacoii  but  his  favorite  Villiers, 
was  aimed  at,  advised  liis  chancellor  to  make 
no  defence,  and  promised  him  both   protec- 
tion and  A^vor  if  he  wei*e  condemned     Bacon, 
unhappily  fm*  his   reputation,   made  no  de- 
fence,  and  he  was   found   guilty,    3d    May, 
1621,  fined  40,000/.  imprisoned  in  the  Tower, 
and  declared  incapable  to  serve  his  majesty, 
and  unworthy  to   retain   his   seat  in  parlia- 
ment.    Though  there  is  some  reason  to  sup- 
pose that  Bacon   listened  to   bribery,   either 
by  himself  or  his  servants,  in   casjs  wliich 
were  pending  before  him,   yet  it  is  remark- 
able  that   none  of  his   decrees  in  chancery 
were  afterwards  set  aside,  as  dictated  by  op- 
pression, partiality,  or  falsehood;  a  fact  that 
establishes  his  probity  far  beyond  the  power 
of  interested    declaimers,   or  venal  paneg}'- 
rists.     The    fine  was  remitted    by  the  king; 
and    though  the  disgraced   chancellor  deter- 
mined  to   spend   the  rest  of   his  life  in   pri- 
vacy,  yet  he  was  restored  to  the  public  opi- 
nion, and  sat  in  the  first  pailiament  called  by 
Clu'.rles.     At  no  time,  cither  of  elevation  or 
disgrace,  Bacon  forgot  the  great  object  of  his 
heart:    he  labored  assiduously  and  earnestly 
for  the  establishment  of  his  new  j)hilosoi)hy. 
He   died  April   9,    1626,   at  lord  Arundel's 
house,  Highgate,  of  a  fever,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Michael's  church,  St.  AJban's,  wliere 
sir  Thomas  Meautys,  his  secretary,  erected 


BA 


AH 


a mfMinmcnt  (n liis  honor.  At  the  .iji;c ornO, Un- 
coil iiiari-icd  tlic  daiigliter  otaitli-i-inan  Itaiu- 
ham,  of  London,  by  whom  he  had  no  issue. 
The  lady  siirvivcMl  him  20  years.  In  his  con- 
duct. Bacon  Mas  j;<.  ntrous  and  hn inane,  for 
thouy;h  he  had  a  cjood  income,  ISOD/.  h  year 
from  liis  pension,, Old  7(H)/.  (Voin  hisestatcs,  his 
del)ls  at  his  decease  u  ci"e  lonnd  lo  amount  lo 
S'ijOUU/.  liacon  has  been  censured,  and  de- 
servedly, lor  stantliiij^  loi-lli  as  the  accuser  (jf 
Kssex,  a  man  wlio  had  patronised  and  pro- 
tected him.  As  a  w  riter,  his  "  novum  orga- 
niim  scientanuni,"  lias,  among  his  otlier  per- 
formances, imniorlaliv.od  his  name.  He  has 
introduced  a  new  species  of  philosopliy  to 
enlii;lilen  and  djj:;nily  man,  to  teach  him  Jiow 
to  think,  and  to  lead  him  from  error,  from 
darkness,  and  false  comprehension,  to  truth 
and  to  the  most  accurate  conclusions.  Ba- 
con, however,  as  a  pliilosophcr,  has  met  op 
ponents,  and  Hume  has  not  hesitated,  in  his 
comparison  of  his  merits  witli  tliose  of  (iali- 
leo,  lo  raise  the  Italian  far  above  the  fame  of 
his  countryman  Bacon's  works  were  col- 
lected in  5  vols.  4to.  and  beautituliy  printed 
by  Bowyer  and  Strahan  ITCtO,  and  in  1778  in 
5  vols.  4to  and  since,  10  vols.  8vo, 

Bacon,  Anthony,  elder  brother  to  the 
chancellor,  dislinguisheil  himself  foi*  his  great 
knowledge  of  politics,  which,  however,  he 
did  not  display  in  the  public  service,  as  he 
was  satisfied  with  the  tranquillity  of  a  more 
pi-ivate  station.  He  was  very  intimate  with 
Essex,  and  he  assisted  him  with  his  advice, 
in  the  midst  of  his  distresses,  and  even  re- 
sided for  some  time  in  liis  house,  as  he  was 
unable  from  lameness  to  visit  him  frequently. 
He  left  his  estate  to  his  brother,  the  chancel- 
lor. 

Bacox,  Sir  Nathaniel,  knight  of  the  bath, 
half  brother  to  the  chancellor,  was  distin- 
guished as  a  painter  in  the  style  of  the  Fle- 
mish school.  Some  of  his  pieces  are  pre- 
served at  his  seat  atCulford,  and  atGorham- 
bury,  among  which  a  picture  of  himself  by 
himself  is  much  admired,  and  a  cook-maid 
with  dead  fowl. 

Bacox,  Phanuel,  was  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen college,  O.vford.  He  took  his  degree 
of  D.  D.  1735,  anrl  became  rector  of  Baldon, 
Oxfordshire,  where  he  died,  January  -2,  1783. 
He  wrote,  besides  five  plays,  published  in 
17.57,  an  elegant  poem  called  "  the  artificial 
kite,"  first  printed  in  1719,  and  inserted  in 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine  1758  ;  and  he  was 
admired  for  the  ready  flashes  of  his  wit  and 
for  liis  punning. 

Bacon,  John,  an  English  sculptor,  born 
at  South wark,  24tli  November,  1740.  At 
the  age  of  15,  he  was  bound  to  a  china  ma- 
nufacturer at  Lambeth ;  and  in  this  employ- 
ment he  so  distinguished  himself  by  his  assi- 
duity, that  in  a  little  time  the  improvements 
of  the  manufactory  were  all  the  eftbrts  of  his 
genius.  From  the  various  models  which 
were  presented  to  his  view,  he  laid  the  foun- 
dations of  his  future  fame  ;  and  in  his  execu- 
tion displayed  such  taste  and  correctness, 
that  he  obtained  not  less  than  nine  premiums 
Irom  the  society  fm*  the  encouragement  of 
VOL.  I.  16 


arf5.  lie  formed  and  carried  ijjto  pcrfectiou 
the'  designs  of  making  statues  of  artificial 
.stone,  and  in  17G3,  he  began  first  to  u»e  the 
instrument,  since  improved,  by  which  he 
transferred  the  lorm  of  the  model  to  the 
marble.  He  obtained,  in  17G9,  the  gold  me- 
dal of  the-  i'ov.'d  societv,  anfl  was  arlmitted  an 
associate;  and  his  manly  ligur<;  of  Mars  in- 
creased, il  possible,  the  high  rejtutatioa 
which  he  had  already  acfjuired.  His  admi- 
red bust  of  the  king,  for  Ur.  .Murkham,  to 
be  placed  in  Christ  (/hurch-ball,  Uxfon), 
procured  him  the  royal  patronage.  Auolhei* 
bust  was  also  made  lor  (iottingen  ui.'iversity; 
and  he  was  now  considered  as  the  only  artist 
whose  genius  could  delineate  the  grou[»  of 
lord  Chatham's  monument  in  (iuildhall,  and 
that  of  the  celebrated  Guy,  for  his  noble  hos- 
pital. The  other  more  remaikable  produc- 
tions of  his  chisel  are  Mrs.  Draper's  monu- 
ment in  Bristol  cathedral,  two  groups  at  the 
top  of  Somerset-house,  a  statue  of  Henry  V'l. 
for  Eton  college,  judge  Blackstone's  statue 
for  All-soul's  college,  Chatham's  monument 
in  Westminster  abbey,  and  the  statues  of 
Jobn-son  and  of  Howard  in  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral. An  inflammation  in  the  bowels  proved, 
fatal  to  this  most  ingenious  artist,  4th  August, 
1799.  He  left  a  wife  and  eight  children. 
The  inscription  over  his  grave  declares,  ia 
his  own  words,  that  whatever  he  might  have 
been  as  an  artist,  his  belief  in  Christ  is  the 
only  important  thing  now.  The  article  on 
sculptor  in  Kees'  encyclopaedia  was  his  ele- 
gant production. 

Baconthorpe,  John,  a  monk  of  Nor- 
folk, called  the  resolute  doctor.  He  wrote, 
commentaries  on  the  four  books  of  senten- 
ces, a  compendium  of  the  law  of  Christ,  &cc. 
and  died  in  London,  134G. 

Bacoue,  Leo,  a  protcstant  of  Gascony, 
wlio  became  a  convert  to  popery,  and  was 
the  only  one  who  as  such  obtained  a  bishop- 
ric under  Lewis  XIV.  at  the  solicitation  of 
the  duke  of  Montausier,  as  the  rewai-d  of  his 
Latin  poem  on  the  education  of  a  prince. 
He  died  bishop  of  Pamiers,  1694,  aged  94. 

Bacq^uerre,  Benedict  dc,  a  physician, 
little  known,  but  as  the  author  of  an  excel- 
lent w  ork,  '*  senum  medicus,"  printed  at 
Cologne,   1G73. 

BACQ_uET,advocntetothe  kingof  France, 
wrote  some  ingenious  law  works,  printed^ 
Lyons,  "2  vols.  fol.  1744.     He  died  1597. 

Bactishua,  George  Ebn,  a  Christian 
physician,  noticed  at  the  court  of  Alman- 
sor.  As  he  had  an  old  woman  for  his  wite, 
the  caliph  sent  him  3000  dinars,  and  tliree 
beautiful  girls,  as  a  present,  w  hicli  the  phj- 
sician  sent  back,  observing,  that  his  religioa 
forbade  him  the  use  of  more  than  one  wo- 
man at  a  time.  Almansor,  pleased  with  him, 
sent  him  back  to  Korasan.  His  son  (iabriel 
was  also  a  physician  in  tlie  household  of 
HaroHu  Al  R.ischid. 

Bauakscui,  a  Persian  poet  under  the  ca- 
liph Moctafi.  Hisdivan,  or  collection  of  poems, 
is  written  upon  the  fortunes  which  attended 
the  great  men  of  the  court  ;  and  he  says, 
that  the  varied  scene  i'n  hum-uji  affairs  ought 


BA 


BA 


not  to  create  surprise,  as  we  see  that  lite  is 
measured  by  an  hour-glass,  and  that  an  hour 
is  always  above  and  Vlie  other  below  in  alter- 
nate succession. 

Badasch,  a  commentator  on  the  book  of 
Ben  Sarragi,  on  Ai-abic  grammar.  He  died 
in  the  year  of  the  hegira  528. 

Badcock,  Samuel,  son  of  a  butcher  of 
South  Moulton,  was  born  February  23, 1747, 
and  was  educated,  after  his  family,  in  the 
tenets  of  the  dissenters,  among  whom  he  was 
intended  for  minister.  During  the  period  of 
his  education,  he  imbibed  some  of  the  strong 
principles  of  the  methodists  on  free  grace, 
election,  &c.  which  in  his  maturer  years  he 
totally  abandoned.  His  tirst  employment  as 
pastor  was  at  Wimborne,  in  Dorsetshire  ; 
from  whence  he  shortly  removed  to  Barn- 
staple, in  Devonshire.  In  this  new  situation, 
he  met  some  of  Dr.  Priestley's  theological 
works,  which  he  admired  so  much,  that  he 
paid  a  visit  to  the  author  atCalne,  and  after- 
wards corresponded  with  him.  His  vivaci- 
ty, however,  the  modest  elegance  of  his  dis- 
courses, and  tlie  easiness  of  his  manners  and 
con>versation,  soon  raised  him  enemies  among 
a  set  of  men  who  had  embraced  the  rigid  te- 
nets of  the  nonconformists  in  the  age  of 
Cromwell,  and  he  was  ejected  from  his  of- 
fice, in  1777,  on  a  scandalous  imputation, 
which  afterwards  proved  false,  and  highly 
reflected  on  his  accusers.  He  retired  to 
South  Moulton,  where  he  found  his  friends 
sincere,  but  his  income  small.  In  1780,  he 
began  to  w-rite  for  the  Monthly  Review,  and 
likewise  published  a  small,  but  accurately 
penned,  pamphlet  on  the  topic  of  the  day, 
the  materir.lity-or  immateriality  of  the  soul. 
As  a  I'eviewer,  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  critique  on  Madan's  Thelyphthora,  and 
the  Chattertonian  controversy  ;  but  when 
Priestley's  corruptions  of  Christianity  ap- 
peared, his  observations  upon  it  wei-e  so 
pointed,  so  forcible,  and  so  well  supported, 
that  they  drew  an  answer  from  the  author  in 
less  than  a  month,  in  which  the  abilities  of 
the  unknown  critic  were  candidly  allowed  to 
be  great  and  respectable.  Priestley  fountl 
himself  likewise  attacked  by  archdeacon 
Horsley  ;  and  when  Badcock,  in  the  Review, 
praisc(l  the  performance,  the  offended  uni- 
tarian, who  had  discovered  his  anonymous 
antagonist,  accused  him  of  misrepi'esentation 
and  gross  illiberality.  Badcock  had  the  good 
sense  not  to  reply.  During  his  residence  at 
South  Moulton,  he  married  the  daughter  of 
Samuel  Wesley,  master  of  Tiverton  school, 
and  brother  to  the  famous  .]ohn  Wesley  ; 
ajid  from  the  papers  which  be  received  by 
that  connection,  he  published  an  account  of 
the  family.  His  literary  character  was  now 
so  well  established,  that  his  assistance  was 
courted  by  Mr.  professor  White,  who  had 
been  appointed  Bampton  lecturer  at  Ox- 
ford, in  178.5  ;  and  from  their  united  laljors 
"were  produced  those  sermons  which  have 
been  so  much  and  so  deservedly  admired. 
What  the  extent  of  this  connection  was,  has 
been  a  matter  of  controversy  ;  but  it  must 
be  allowed,  even  by  Dr.  Gabriel,  who  took. 


up  the  pen  with  more  warmtli  than  pru- 
dence, that  the  professor  claims  unequivo- 
cally the  whole  merit  of  the  plan  and  of  the 
execution  of  the  better  part,  and  that  what 
he  wrote  possesses  equal  strength,  elegance, 
and  energy,  as  what  was  furnished  by  his  co- 
adjutor. If  Dr.  White  had  been  more  punc- 
tual in  his  payment  of  a  reward  so  justly  de- 
served, his  character  might  have  been  unas- 
sailed,  and  be  miglit  have  securely  reposed 
under  the  patronage  of  the  great.  In  1786, 
Badcock  quitted  the  di.ssenters,  and  the  foU 
lowing  spring  was  ordained  at  Exeter,  by 
bishop  Ross.  He  engaged  as  assistant  to  Dr. 
Gabriel  at  the  octagon  chapel,  in  Bath,  where 
he  preached  a  much  admired  charily  sermon, 
printed,  but  not  published.  He  preached  al- 
so bcfoi'e  the  judges  at  Exeter,  in  Lent,  1783  ; 
and  the  following  May  19th,  he  died,  of  a 
bilious  complaint,  at  the  house  of  his  friend, 
sir  John  Chichester,  baronet.  Queen-street, 
May  Pair.  His  constitution  was  naturally 
weak,  and  he  was  frequently  attacked  by 
unpleasant  and  delirious  headaches,  which  so 
fhuch  affected  his  spirits  that  he  dreaded  the 
loss  of  reason  far  more  than  death.  The 
powers  of  his  mind  were  strong  and  vivid, 
and  his  genius  was  exerted,  with  the  liberal- 
ity of  his  friends,  to  support  him  above  the 
embarrassments  of  indigence. 

Bad  ENS,  Francis,  an  historical  and  por- 
trait painter  of  Antwerp.  He  died  1603, 
aged  32. 

Badew,  Richard  de,  a  native  of  Badow 
Essex.  He  was  chancellor  of  Cambridge 
1326,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  college  cal- 
led University  hall,  which  was  destroyed  ac- 
cidentally by  fire  ;  and  when  rebuilt  b}-^  the 
daughter  of  Robert  de  Clare,  earl  of  Gloces- 
tei',  was  called  Clare-hall. 

Badile,  Anthony,  an  Italian  painter  of 
Verona,  whose  peiceswere  admired  for  cor- 
rectness and  taste.     He  died  1560,  aged  80. 

Baduel,  Claude,  a  protestant  divine  at 
Nismes,  professor  in  Switzerland,  where  he 
died  1561.     He  wrote  on  theological  subjects. 

Baersius,  or  Vekenstil,  Henry,  au- 
thor, among  other  things,  of  tables  of  the 
longitudes  and  latitudes  of  the  planets,  pub- 
lished 1528,  was  a  painter  and  mathemati- 
cian of  Lou  vain,  in  the  16th  century. 

Baerstrat,  a  Dutch  painter.  His  sea 
and  fish  peices  were  much  admired.  He  di- 
ed 1687. 

Bafk  ARKAH,  the  surname  of  Abn  Zohal, 
a  commentator  on  Euclid. 

Bagdedix,  Mahomjned,  an  thor®f  a  trea- 
tise on  the  division  of  sup^'rficies,  published 
in  a  Latin  translation  by  John  Dee,  was  an 
Arabian  mathematician  of  the  lOlh  century 

Bagford,  John,  a  native  of  Lonclon, 
originally  a  shoemaker,  and  afterwardsa  book- 
seller and  an  antiquarian,  and  a  collector  of 
old  English  books,  curious  prints,  bcc.  He 
enriched  the  fasnous  library  of  Moore,  bishop 
of  Ely,  for  which  he  Avas  admitted  into  the 
Charter-house  by  the  prel.^te.  He  died  at 
Islington,  May  15th,  1716,  aged  65,  and  was 
buried  at  the  Charter-house.  His  very  val- 
uable collection  of  books  and  antiquities,  pro- 


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cured  not  only  at  liomc  but  abroa<l,  was  piu-- 
chased  by  the  carl  of  (Jxlord,  and  added  lo 
bis  library-  He  published  i)ro|)osals,  l'i»7,  in 
the  Philosophical  Tiansaciions,  lura  }j;;t,-rKMal 
history  of  printing;  and  liis  manuscripts, 
though  badly  written,  and  worse  spelled,  may 
be  consulted  with  advanlnge.  Some  ol'  his 
letters  and  collections  are  preserved  in  the 
British  Museum  and  in  the  public  library  of 
Cambridge.  There  was  a  print  engraved  of 
him,  1728,  by  (ieorge  A  erlue. 

Baggeu,  .Tohn,  m;ule  bishop  of  Copcidia- 
gen  at  the  age  of  -'.>,  in  consecpiencL-  of  his 
extensive  knowledge  of  oriental  learning  and 
of  theolog}',  Mas  a  native  of  l^unden,  and  di- 
ed 16Uj,  aged  47.  He  [)nblished  some  learn- 
ed tliscourses  in  Danish  and  Latin. 

Baci,  Zadel),  a  Mahometan  commenta- 
tor on  the  book  escharat,  &c,  who  died  the 
vear  of  the  hcgira  1013, 

Bag  LI  ox  I,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Peru- 
gia, who  usurped  the  s')vereignty  of  his  coun- 
ti'y,  of  which  he  was  dispossessed  by  Ciesar 
Borgia.  He  afterwards  served  in  the  Italian 
armies,  especially  in  the  pay  of  Venice,  and 
was  at  last  treacherously  invited  to  Rome  by 
the  pope,  Leo  X.  who  dreaded  his  intrigues, 
and  cruely  beheaded,  1520. 

Baglivi,  fieorge,  a  native  of  Apulia, 
vho,  after  studying  at  Padua,  settled  as  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  Rome,  Avhere  he  died, 
1706,  in  his  58th  year.  He  possessed  supei'i- 
oi"  abilities  in  his  profession,  as  is  fully  evin- 
ced by  his  compositions,  all  written  in  Latin, 
and  first  published  in  1710,  in4to.  He  wrote 
a  curious  dissertation  on  the  anatomy,  &c.  of 
the  tarantula. 

Bagn'ioli,  Julius  Coesar,  an  Italian  poet 
of  Bagna  Cabano,  patronised  by  Michael 
Perreti,  prince  of  \"enefr«.  His  best  peites 
are  the  judgment  of  Paris,  and  the  tragedy  of 
Ai-agonois.     He  died  about  1600. 

Bagoas,  an  Egyptian  eunuch,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Artaxerxes.  He  was  put  to  death  by 
t^odomannus,  356. 

Bagshaw,  William,  a  native  of  Tidswell, 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  minister  of  Clessop,  which  he 
resigned  in  1662,  for  not  submitting  to  the 
act  for  uniformity.  He  continued  to  preach 
pi'ivately,  as  he  was  eloquent  and  popular, 
and  a  large  meeting-house  was  erected  for 
him  at  the  revolution.  He  wrote  several 
valuable  treatises  ;  and  died  1703,  aged  75. 

Bagshaw,  Edward,  AL  A.  a  student  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford,  for  some  time  assis- 
tant at  Westminster,  under  Busby.  He  was 
ordained  by  Brow  nrigg  bishop  of  Exeter,  but 
})roved  so  violent  in  his  principles  tliat  he 
v.as  imprisoned  for  nonconfomity,  and  died 
in  New-gate,  1671.  He  was  a  man  of  abilities, 
and  wrote  Dissertationes  duie  Antisocinianai, 
4to. — de  monarchia  absoluta  dissertatio  po- 
litica,  Jscc. 

Baguki,  a  Mahometan,  author  oi"  a  book 
on  intemperance  and  convivial  companies. 
He  died  679  of  the  hegira. 

Baha,  a  learned  Mussulman,  surnamed 
the  ornament  ofjustice  and  religion,  and  re- 
garded as  ;i  saiiit  and  a  worker  of  miracles. 
He  died  857  qitlic  hegira.  at  Ha.r;tra. 


Bahai.i,  a  Mussulman,  autlior  of  a  book 
on  the  derivati«jn  of  Arabic  names.  He  di- 
ed in  the  2'iOth  year  of  the  hegii-a. — Ano- 
thir,  who  abridged  a  treatise  on  the  diver- 
sity of  opinions  of  Mahometan  doctors.  He 
died  the  321st  year  of  the  hegii-a. 

Bahau  Ai.  iiEFDH,  or  the  sea  of  memo- 
ry, wrote  a  treatise  on  the  manners  and  qual- 
ities of  ])i-inces,  and  died  in  the  year  255th 
of  the  hegira. 

B.\HiEK,  John,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
born  at  (yhattillon.  He  wrote  some  Latin 
poems  on  various  subjects,  inserted  in  the 
collection  of  de  Brieniie  ;  and  died  1707. 

Bah  RAM,  a  brave  general,  under  (Jhos- 
roes  I.  or  Nushervan,  and  under  his  son  Hor- 
mouz,  whom  he  deposed,  to  seat  himself  ou 
his  throne.  His  usurpation  was  cliecked  by 
Chosrocs,  the  son  of  Hormouz ;  and,  when 
defeated,  he  fled  to  the  the  great  khan,  by 
whom  he  was  afterwards  put  lo  death. 

Bahrdt,  Charles  Frederic,  M.  A.  a  na- 
tive of  Bisschosswerda,  who  studied  at  Leip- 
sic,  and  assisted  liis  father,  who  was  there  di- 
vinity professor.  An  intrigue  drove  him 
from  Leipsic  to  Erfurt,  where  he  gave  lec- 
tures on  biblical  antiquities;  and  he  then  re- 
moved to  Giessen,  and  afterwards  to  Durk- 
heira.  Here,  as  preacher  to  coimt  Von 
Leiningen  Dachsburg,  he  op'^ned  a  house  for 
the  instruction  of  youth,  Avhich  he  called 
Philanthropinum  ;  but  his  plans  failing,  he 
went  to  Hollaiwl,  and  then  to  England,  where 
he  obtained  four  pupils.  On  his  return  to 
the  continent,  he  found  that  his  conduct  had 
given  offence  at  Vienna,  and  therefore  he  re- 
tired to  Prussia,  and  next  settled  at  Halle,  as 
an  inn-keeper  and  farmer.  The  sentiments 
of  which  he  boasted  in  public  as  a  deist,  and 
the  establishment  of  a  lodge  of  new  free- 
masons, rendered  him  susi)ected  to  the  ma- 
gistrates, and  he  was  imprisoned  for  twelve 
months.  He  died  1792,  aged  51.  His  char- 
acter was  unprincipled  and  licentious.  He 
turned  out  his  wife  from  hi.«;  protection  and 
house,  to  live  in  adultery  with  his  servant  ; 
and  in  every  part  of  his  conduct  gloried  in 
what  could  oflFend  religion  and  morality. 
Besides  his  essay  towards  a  system  of  the 
(ioctrines  of  the  Bible,  1769,  he^  published 
other  works,  equally  singular  for  extrava- 
gances, profaneness,  and  licentious  opinions. 

Baiax,  or  Baion,  a  native  of  Goa,  who 
embraced  Christianity,  and  came  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  ordained  priest,  about  1630, 
He  was  author  of  some  ingenious  w  orks,  be- 
sides a  translation  of  the  iEneid  into  Greek 
verse,  and  the  Lusiad  of  Camoens  into 
Latin. 

Baj.ard,  Andrew,  an  Italian  poet  o( 
Parma,  patronised  by  the  duke  of  Milan,  in 
tlie  1 5th  century.  His  poems  were  first  pub- 
lished by  Fogliazzi,  1756. 

BAJA2.ET  I.  emperor  of  Turkey,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Amurat  I.  1389.  He  con- 
quered, with  unusual  rapidity,  the  provinces 
of  Bulgaria,  Macedonia,  and  Thessaly  ;  and 
after  he  had  made  the  emperor  of  Constan- 
tinople tributary  to  his  power,  and  defeated 
the  army  of  Sigismund,  king  of  Hungarv, 
l.)9G,  be  marched  to  attack.  Tamerlaoe,  in 


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the  east,  whom  he  treated  with  such  con- 
tempt, that  he  caused  his  ambassadors  to  be 
shaved  in  derision.  He  was,  however,  to- 
tally defeated  nearAugoury,  l40'2,  and  taken 
prisoner ;  and  when  tlie  proud  conciueror 
asked  him  what  he  would  have  done  with 
him  if  he  had  obtained  the  victory,  Bajazet 
answered,  1  would  have  confined  you  in  an 
iron  cage.  Such,  then,  siiall  be  tljv  fate, 
rejoined  Tamerlane.  In  his  cage,  B.ijazet 
behaved  with  his  native  fierceness,  expect- 
ing that  his  sons  would  rescue  him  ;  but 
■when  he  was  disappointed,  he  dashed  his 
head  against  the  bars  of  the  cage,  and  died, 
1403,  at  Antioch  in  Pisidia.  Some  hf)wevcr 
say,  that  he  waslionorably  treated  by  Tamer- 
lane. 

Bajazet  II.  succeeded  his  father  Maho- 
met 11.  1481,  and  caused  his  brother  Zi- 
zini,  who  opposed  him,  to  be  assassinated. 
He  extended  the  boundaries  of  his  king- 
dom ;  and  though  checked  in  his  attacks  on 
Syria,  he  made  himself  master  of  the  strong- 
est places  of  the  Peloponnesus,  and  obligefl 
the  Venetians  to  sue  for  peace.  His  reign 
•was  distracted  by  intestine  discord,  and  he 
fell  by  the  perfidy  of  his  son  Selim,  who  not 
only  dethroned  him,  but  caused  him  to  be 
poisoned,  1512,  in  his  GUtli  year. 

Baier,  John  William,  a  divine  of  Xu- 
remberg,  rector  and  professor  of  divinity  at 
Halle,  where  he  died,  1094,  aged  49.  He 
•was  author  of  a  compendium  of  theology 
and  other  learned  works. 

Baier,  Jean  Jaques,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  at  Jena,  practised  with  success  in 
several  cities  of  Germany,  particularly  at 
Ilatisbon,  Nuremberg,  and  Altorf,  where 
he  was  professor  of  physiology  and  presi- 
dent of  the  college  of  physicians,  &c.  and 
vhere  he  died,  14tli  July,  1735.  He  was 
author  of  some  Latin  dissertations,  &c.  on 
medical  and  botanical  subjects,  particularly 
Gemmarum  affabi-e  sculptarum  thesaurus — 
de  hortis  celelwioribus  Germaniis  &  horti 
medici  Altdorfini  histor. — orationes  varii 
argument! — biographia  professorum  in  acad. 
Altdorf.  &c. 

Baif,  Lazarus,  a  native  of  Pins,  near  la 
Fleche,  abbot  of  Charroux  and  Grenetiere, 
and  employed  as  ambassador  to  Venice,  bcc. 
by  Francis  I.  He  wrote  some  learned,  but 
incoherent,  treatises, — de  re  navali — de  re 
vestiaria,  printed  at  Basil,  1541  ;  and  died 
l.')45.  His  son,  John  Anthony,  wrote  some 
poems,  and  died  159-J. 

Bail,  Lewis,  author  of  a  summary  of 
councils,  printed,  2  vols.  fol.  Paris  1072,  and 
an  account  of  celebrated  preachers,  was  a 
native  of  Abbeville,  whoflorished  in  the  17th 
century. 

Bailies,  William,  a  Prussian  physician, 
member  of  the  Loudon  and  Edinburgh  soci- 
eties, and  author  of  an  essay  on  the  Bath 
•waters,  kc.  1757.  When  introduced  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  the  monarch  told  liim,  that 
to  have  acquired  the  great  reputation  w  hich 
he  possessed  be  must  have  killed  many  peo- 
ple. He  boldly  replied,  not  so  many  as 
ypur  majesty. 


Baillet,  Adrian,  a  learned  Frenchmahj 
born  of  poor  parents  atJSeuville,  near  Beau- 
\ais,  in  Picardy,  and  educated  b>  the  hu- 
manity of  the  fathers  of  a  neighbouring 
convent.  He  early  distinguished  himself  by 
his  great  application;  and  when  in  orders, 
and  possessed  of  the  small  living  of  Lardie- 
res,  which  produced  not  more  than  30/.  a 
year,  he  maintained  himself  and  his  brother 
respectably.  In  108O,  he  became  library 
keeper  to  M.  de  Lamoignon,  and  began  to 
form  an  index  of  every  subject  w  hich  was 
treated  in  the  books  w  hich  he  possessed ; 
and  so  voluminous  were  his  labors,  that  they 
were  contained  in  35  folio  volumes,  and  all 
written  with  his  own  hand.  His  next  work 
was  "  jugemens  des  savans."  which  had  a 
very  rapitl  sale,  and  which  he  totally  gave  to 
the  Ijookseller,  requesting  only  a  few  copies 
for  his  friends.  As  in  this  work  he  men- 
tioned not  only  the  praises  but  the  censures 
passed  on  ditt'erent  authors,  he  met  with 
violent  opposition,  and  those  who  suftered 
by  the  lash  of  his  criticism  rose  up  in  their 
defence,  so  that  under  the  names  of  Asi- 
nus  in  Parnasso,  anti  Baillet,  &c.  he  was 
virulently  attacked  and  ridiculed.  The  Je- 
suits were  particularly  severe  against  him, 
because  he  had  spoken  disrespectfully  of 
their  society ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  ex- 
pressed himself  in  handsonie  terms  of  the 
gentlemen  of  the  Port  Royal.  Besides  these, 
his  indefatigable  labors  produced  a  prolix 
life  of  Descartes,  2  vols.  4to.— an  history  of 
Holland — the  lives  of  saints,  4  vols.  fol. — 
and  several  theological  works;  and  he  form- 
ed the  plan  of  "  an  universal  ecclesiastical 
dictionary,"  which  was  to  contain  a  perfect 
system  of  divinity,  supported  by  authorities 
from  scripture  and  fiom  the  fathers  of  the 
church,  in  3  vols,  folio,  when  he  died  of  a 
lingeringillness,2lst  January  1700,  in  ]us57tb 
year. 

Bailli,  Roche  le,  called  also  Riviere,  a 
native  of  Falaise,  physician  to  Henry  IV. 
Ht;  was  learned  and  successful,  but  too  strong 
a  supporter  of  the  docti-ines  of  Pai'acelsus. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  plague  and  other 
works  in  Latin,  and  died  at  Paris,  1605. 

Baillie,  Robert,  a  native  of  Glasgow, 
known  as  a  presbyterian  xlivine  and  ^s  a  firm 
opposer  of  episcopacy.  He  was  tutor  to  lord 
Montgftmeiy,  and  was  patrojiised  b}-  lord 
Eglintoun.  He  was  one  of  those  who  drew 
up  an  accustition  against  Laud  ;  and  during 
the  troubles  of  Scotland,  he  was  ever  active 
in  support  of  the  presbytery,  as  well  as  in 
opposition  to  toleration.  After  the  death  of 
Charles  i.  he  waited  as  a  deputed  divine 
from  the  general  assembly  upon  Charles  II. 
at  the  Hague,  and  he  expressed  in  a  speech 
his  respect  for  liis  sovereign,  and  his  abhor- 
rence for  the  murderers  of  his  father.  On. 
the  restoration,  he  was  made  principal  of 
the  university  of  Gla.sgow,  by  the  interest 
ot  Lord  Lauderdale;  but  so  great  was  his 
aversion  to  ei)iscopacy,  that  he  refused  a 
bishopric.  When  he  was  vi.sited,  during  his 
illness,  by  the  new-made  arclibishop  of  Glas- 
gow,   he   addressed    him  in  these  •words  ^^ 


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**  Mr.  Andrews,  (I  will  not  call  you  my  lord,) 
king  Charles  would  have  iiunle  me  one  of 
these  lords,  hut  1  do  not  lind  in  the  New 
'l'esl:in»eiit  tli:it  Christ  had  anv  lords  in  his 
house ;"  hut  he  accompanied  his  censure 
•with  kindness  and  courteous  liheiality.  He 
died  July  iGfi'J,  ai;ed  (>:>.  He  had  hy  his  first 
■wife  several  children,  of  whom  one  son  and 
five  daughters  survived  him.  His  writings, 
■which  ai'e  now  lilile  perused,  displayed 
great  learning  and  ingenuity.  His  Icltei'.sand 
journals  ha\e  lately  been  puhlished,  Edin- 
Lurgli,  '2  vols.  8v(».  177 3. 

B.\ii.LOM,  William  «le,  a  lear»cd  French 
physician,  who  obtained  great  reputation  by 
his  profession,  as  well  as  Ijy  his  charity,  (lis 
^vorks,  which  are  valuable,  were  edited  by 
his  friend  and  relation,  th';  ingenious  Dr. 
'J'hevart,  \  enice,  1731,  in  -ito.  and  Ceneva, 
176'2,  4  vols.  4to.  iiaillou  died  IGIG,  in  his 
78th  year. 

Uai  Li.Y,vTames,  a  French  writer,  horn  at 
Versailles,  lie  died  18ih  November  1768, 
aged  Ci7.  His  "  theatre"  appeared  1768,  2 
vols.  8vo. 

Baillv,  John  Sylvain,  a  fi^mous  astrono- 
mer, son  of  the  preceding,  born  at  Paris, 
15tli  September  1730.  He  was  carefully  and 
tenderly  educated  by  his  friends,  and  his 
mind  was  stored  with  the  treasures  of  science, 
though  without  the  labors  of  classical  in- 
struction. At  the  age  of  16,  he  wrote  two 
tragedies;  in  one  of  which,  Clotaire,  he 
painted  in  vivid  colors  llie  sutTerings  and  the 
death  of  a  mayor  of  Paris  by  an  infuriate 
populace ;  dreadful  prognostic  of  the  mise- 
ries which  awaited  him.  Dramatic  compo- 
sitions, however,  were  not  calculated  to  dis- 
play the  powers  of  his  genius.  The  acci- 
dental friendship  of  the  abbe  de  la  Caille  di- 
rect d  him  in  the  pursuit  of  science;  and,  in 
1703,  he  introduced  to  the  academy  his  ob- 
servations on  the  moon,  and  the  next  year 
his  treatise  on  the  zodiacal  stars.  In  17G6, 
he  published  his  essay  on  the  satellites  of 
Jupiter,  and  in  other  treatises  enlarged  fur- 
ther on  the  impoi'tant  subject.  In  1775,  the 
first  volume  of  liis  history  of  ancient  -and 
modern  astronomy  appeared,  and  the  tliird 
and  last  in  1779;  and,  in  1787,  that  of  In- 
dian and  oriental  astronomy,  in  3  vols.  4to- 
lie  was  drawn  from  his  literary  retirement 
to  public  view  as  a  deputy  to  the  first  na- 
tional assemhly;  and  such  was  his  popularity, 
that  he  was,  on  July  l4th,  1789,  nominated 
mayor  of  Paris.  In  this  dangerous  office,  he 
conducted  himself  in  a  very  becoming  man- 
ner, eager  to  check  violence,  and  to  enforce 
respect  forthe  laws;  but  his  impartiality  was 
considered  soon  as  a  crime;  and  when  he 
spoke  with  reverence  of  the  royal  family, 
on  the  trial  of  the  queen,  he  was  regardecl 
as  unfit  to  preside  over  the  destinies  of  a  re- 
bellious city.  He  descended,  in  1791,  from 
his  elevation,  and  retired  to  Melun,  deter- 
mined to  devote  the  rest  of  his  life  to  lite- 
rature and  science  ;  but  the  sanguinary  tri- 
bunal of  Itobespierrc,  who  knew  his  merit, 
and  would  not  protect  it,  dragged  him  to  ex- 
ccutiou.     Ho  lost  his  head  by  t.lie  guillotiue, 


12th  November  1793,  exhibiting,  in  death, 
heroism,  resignation,  and  oigmty.  iiesidcH 
his  great  w  oi-ks,  he  wrote  the  cloges  oi  Leib- 
nit'/.,  (,'hailiH  V.  la  (Jaille,  Corneilie,  two 
"  rapports,"  and  left  among  liis  pa[>erb  me- 
moirs of  the  revolution,  and  a  work  on  the 
origin  <tf  tables,  and  ul  ancient  religions. 

Baii. Lv,  David,  a  painter,  horn  at  Ley- 
dtMi.  His  father,  who  was  a  painter,  placed 
him  under  the  care  of  de  Ceyn,  the  engra- 
ver ;  and  after  visiting  Italy  and  Holland,  he 
settU<l  at  l>e\den,  where  he  accpiired  great 
reiMitation  for  his  historical  pieces,  ilo  died. 
103O. 

Baili.y,  James,  a  French  painter  of 
Cracay  in  Berry,  who  died  'Jd  September 
1679,  aged  50.  His  tlowers,  fruits,  btc,  were 
much  admired. 

Baixuridge,  John,  a  physician  and  as- 
tronomer of  Ashby  de  la  Zouch,  in  Leices- 
tershire. After  taking  his  degrees  at  Ema- 
nual  college,  Cambridge,  under  the  tuition 
of  Dr.  Joseph  Hall,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Norwich,  he  settled  in  his  native  country, 
where  he  practised  physic,  and  undertook 
the  care  of  a  grammar  school  ;  and  from 
thence  he  was  invited  by  his  friends  to  Lon- 
don, where  his  application  to  astronomy  and 
mathematics,  and  his  scientific  description  of 
the  comet  of  1018,  published  in  4to.  raised 
liim  to  fame  and  consecjucnce.  In  1619,  he 
was  made,  by  his  friend,  sir  Henry  Saville, 
first  astronomical  professor  at  Oxford  ;  and 
he  entered  at  IMerton  college,  where  he 
was  appointed  reader  of  Linacer's  lecture. 
He  died  in  lGi3,  aged  01,  and  his  body, 
after  it  had  been  carried  to  the  schools, 
where  the  singular  lionor  of  an  oration  was 
pronounced  o\er  it  b\  the  university  orator, 
was  buried  near  the  altar  of  Merton  church. 
Bainbridge  was  indefatigable  after  litera- 
ture ;  and  he  begun  at  the  age  of  40  to  study 
the  Arabic,  that  he  might  give  a  more  cor- 
rect edition  of  all  the  ancient  astronomers, 
agreeable  to  the  statutes  of  his  founder.  Se- 
veral  of  his  works  have  been  published.  His 
Procli  sphtcra,  Ptolemsei  de  bypothesibus 
planetarum  liber  sing'ularis,  with  Ptolemy's 
canon  I'egnorura,  appeared  in  1020,  in  4to. 

Bai THosus,  founded,  with  iiis  friend  Sa- 
doc,  the  sect  which  denied  a  future  state  and 
resurrection.  These  heretics,  at  first  called 
Baithosici,  were  better  known  by  the  name 
of  Sadducees. 

Baius,  or  De  Bay,  Michael,  a  native  of 
Melin,  made  divijiity  professor  of  Louvain 
by  Charles  V.  His  abilities  were  so  respec- 
table, that  he  was  sentas  deputy  atthe  coun- 
cil of  Trent;  but  his  wisli  to  bring  back  the 
followers  of  I^uther  and  Calvin  to  the  bosom 
of  the  church,  induced  him  to  .adopt  some 
of  the  tenets  with  respect  to  justification, 
which  drew  upon  him  the  clamors  of  the 
Fi-anciscans  and  other  catholic.<;,  so  tliat  his 
writiiiQ-s  were  not  onlv  denounced  l.>v  tlie  in- 
quisition  of  Louvain  and  the  Sori)onne,  but 
the  pope,  Pius  V.  condrmncd  76  of  the  points 
\\  hfrch  he  ailvanced.  He  was  obliged,  there- 
fore, to  acknowledge  his  errors  and  his  sub- 
mission to   the   holy  sec;  and  a  cccoiid  time 


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the  pnpal  power  interfered  between  his  fol- 
lowers and  those  l)i'  the  Jesuit  Lessius,  -wlio 
filled  Louvain  and  tlic  Low  Countries  with 
their  clamor  and  ultercation.  Baius  died 
iCth  SeploniLor  1581),  aged  76.  His  works, 
•which  are  written  in  a  correct  and  close 
stvle,  far  superior  to  the  learning  of  the 
times,  were  published  1696,  in  4to.  at  Co- 
logne. He  was  very  attentive  in  his  studies, 
and  it  is  said  that  he  read  St  Augastin  not 
less  than  nine  times,  to  acquire  the  graces 
and  beauty  of  his  langUBge.  His  nephew, 
James  Buius,  also  doctor  of  Louvain,  wrote 
on  the  euchariat,  inc.  and  died  10 li.  The 
opinions  of  Baius  were  adopted  by  Cor- 
nelius Janscnius. 

Baker,  David,  an  English  Benedictine, 
■nho  studied  at  Broadgate-hall,  now  Pem- 
broke college,  Oxford,  and  Avas  converted 
from  Atheism  to  Christianity.  He  travelled 
in  Italy,  and  resided  in  England  in  the  time 
of  Charles  I.  as  missionary  ;  after  which,  he 
settled  as  director  and  confessor  of  the  Eng- 
lish nuns  at  Cambray.  He  died  in  London, 
1641.  He  was  reniark;ible  for  his  religions 
zeal.  His  writings  were  mostly  on  theologi- 
cal subjects,  and  said  by  Wood  to  be  pre- 
served in  the  monastery  at  Cambray.  His 
collections  for  an  ecclesiastical  history  of 
England,  in  six  folio  vaUunes,  are  lost.  Though 
none  of  his  works  v.ere  ever  printed,  they 
were  judiciously  drawn  up,  and  have  proved, 
according  to  Hugh  Cressy,  very  serviceable 
to  succeeding  writers. 

Baker,  Sir  Richard,  author  of  the  chro- 
nicles ofthe  kings  of  England,  was  born  at 
Sissinghurst,  in  Kent,  and  after  studying 
three  years  at  Hart-hall,  Oxford,  he  w.ent 
&bi*oad  to  complete  his  education.  He  was 
knighted  at  Theobalds  by  James  I.  1603; 
and  as  he  posserssed  Middle  Aston,  and  other 
property  in  Oxfordshire,  he  was  made  sheriff 
1620.  He  married  a  daughter  of  sir  George 
Manwaring,  of  Shropshire,  and  by  becom- 
ing surety  for  some  of  her  family  he  was 
I'uined,  and  died  in  the  Fleet  prison,  Februa- 
ry 18,  1645,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Bride's 
church.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive  learning, 
as  liis  miscellaneous  works  sufficiently  prove. 
The  last  edition  of  his  chronicle  Avas  1730, 
fol. 

Baker,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ilton,  So- 
jTiersetshire,  who,  after  studying  at  Magda- 
len-hall and  Wadhani  college,  Oxford,  ob- 
tained the  vicarage  of  Bishop's  Nymmet,  in 
Devonshire,  where  he  lived  a  retired  and 
literary  life,  and  died  1690,  aged  C5.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  his  general  knovv- 
ledge,  and  particularly  by  his  acquaintance 
vith  the  mathematics,  as  he  showed  by  his 
useful  book  called  geometrical  key,  he.  1684, 
in  4to.  and  by  the  answers  he  sent  to  the 
<[ueries  proposed  to  him  by  the  royal  society, 
for  which  he  received  their  medal. 

Baker,  Thomas,  a  learned  antiquary, 
born  of  a  very  respectable  family.  His 
grandfather,  sir  George,  -who  was  recorder 
of  Newcastle,  dibiinguished  himself  by  his 
great  exertions  in  the  royal  cause,  and  was 
almost  ruined  by  his  libcralitv  in  favor  of  the 


monarcli.      His  son,   George,  of  Crook,  in 
the   county  of  Durham,    married   into   the 
Northumberland    family    of   Forstcr ;     and 
Thomas,  one  of  the  issue  of  this    marriage, 
was  born  September  14th,  1656,  i\nd   educa- 
ted  at  Durham  grammar-school,  and  a.'V.er- 
wainls   at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow    1680.     Reentered 
into  orders,  and  was  presented  to  Long  New- 
ton  rectory   by  bi.5iiop   Crew,  to  whom    he 
was  chaplain  ;  but  he  was   soon  after  disgra- 
ced, for  refusing  to  read  James  H's  declara- 
tion for  liberty  of  conscience  ;  and  he  resign- 
ed his  living,  1690,  and  returned  to  college, 
whei'e    he   enjoyed    his  fellowship   till,  with 
twenty-one  otiiers,  he   was    dispossessed,  in 
1717.     He  might  have  continued  in  this,  but 
j  he  refused   to  subscribe  to   what  his    con- 
j  science     disapproved;     and    he    expressed 
I  greater  indignation  against  the  unprincipled 
time-serving  conduct  ofhis  immediate  friends 
than  against  the  severity  of  his  persecutors. 
Though  deprived  of  all  offices,  he  still    con- 
tinued to  reside  in  the  college  a   commoner 
master  till  the  day  of  his  death,  supported, 
it    is  said,  by  Mathew   Prior,  who   retained 
his   fellowship   to  suppl}'  the  income  to   his 
friend.       He   was   attacked   by   a   paralytic 
stroke,  which  in    three  days  terminated  his 
existence,  July  2d,  1740.     He  was  buried  in 
the  outer   chapel  of  the  colle^^e,  near   Ash- 
ton's  monument,  and,  by  his  direction,  noth- 
ing has  been  erected  over   his   remains.     In 
private  life,  Baker  was  distinguished   by  his 
affability,  his  easy  and  mild  nianners,  and  as 
a  scholar  he  was  equally  knoMu.     Besides  his 
'-  reflections    on    learning,"     which    passed 
through   eight   editions,  and   his  preface  to 
bishop  Fisher's  funeral  sermon  for  the  coun- 
tess  of  Richmond   and  Derby,  nothing  has 
been  published  of  his  Avorks  ;   but  liis  labors 
were  indefatigable  in    making  collections  for 
the  history  of  St-.  John's  college   and  the  an- 
tiquity of  Cambridge  univet'sity,  so  that  not 
less  than  39  volumes  in  folio  and  three  in  4to. 
of  these  valuable  manuscripts  are  preserved 
both  in  the  British  museum   and  the  public 
library  of  Cambridge.     As   his  industry  Avas 
so  great,  and  his  abilities  as   an  antiquarian 
so  remarkably  extensive,  it  is  to  be  lamented 
that  he  did  not  complete  a  plan  Avhich  might 
hare   rivalled    the    sister   university  in   the 
labors  of  her  Wood.     Baker,  as  executor  of 
his  elder   brother's  will,  Avas   the   means  of 
founding  six   exhibitions  at  St.  John's,  with 
money   which   had    been   left  for  charitable 
uses.     He  w;is  intimate  Avith  the  most  cele- 
brated literati  ofhis  age,  Avho  respected  his 
talents,  and  freijuently  consulted  him.  There 
is  a  good  likeness  of  him  by  C.  Bi'idges,  and 
an  excellent  portrait  of  liim  is  also   preser- 
ved by  the  Antiquarian  society. 

Baker,  Henry,  an  ingenious  naturalist, 
born  in  Fleet-street,  London.  His  mother 
Avas  a  midwife  of  great  practice;  and  he  Avas 
ajiprenticed  to  the  eminent  bookseller  Avho 
succeeded  the  Dodsley's;  an  employment 
which,  however,  he  early  resigned  for  phi- 
losophical pursuits.  His  chief  employment 
Avas  to  correct  the  stammering  of  grown  up 


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persons,  and  to  teacli  the  <lcaf  anil  diimT)  to 
sneak;  and  so  successrul  were  liis  cxeitioiis, 
tliat  he  acquired  an  ample  I'ortune  by  this 
most  lionorahle  ^jrofcssifxi.  Ho  was  an  ac- 
tive and  useful  mcniber  of  tlu;  royal  and  an- 
tiquarian societies,  to  whose  hii^h  leptitation 
he  contributed  by  freiiuent  and  st  nsible  lou)- 
niunications.  lie  wrf)te  poetry  in  ibovdun^rr 
part  of  his  life,  and  maintained  throni;hout 
a.  character  lespertable  for  urbanity  nf  man- 
ners, and  a  coiiciliatinj;-  tleporlnicnl.  He 
died  in  the  Strand,  i3.)lh  November,  1774, 
in  liis  7lst  year,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary- 
le-Strand  church-yard.  ilis  miorosc()i>i(al 
experiments  were  very  valnable,  and  have 
been  published.  His  valuable  collection  of 
shells,  native  and  foreign  fossils,  petrefac- 
tions,  corals,  ores,  kc.  was  sttid  by  auction, 
March  loth,  177;),  and  the  following  day. 
His  name  roust  be  mentioned  as  the  first  who 
introduced  into  England  the  large  Alpine 
strawberry,  the  seed  of  which  was  transmit- 
ted to  him  in  a  letter  by  professor  Bruns,  of 
Turin.  He  likewise  introduceil  the  seeds  of 
the  true  rhubarb,  rheum  palmatum,  sent 
over  to  him  by  Dr.  Mounsey,  the  physician 
of  the  empress  of  Russia.  He  married  the 
youngest  daughter  of  the  Avell-known  Daniel 
Dufoe,  by  M-hom  he  iiad  two  sons,  who  died 
hcfore  him.  I'he  eldest,  David  Erskine 
Bakei",  was  brought  up  to  the  business  of  a 
silk  throwster,  in  Spital-fields  ;  but  he  grew 
extravagant  and  inattentive,  and  at  last  lost 
himself,  by  enlisting  in  the  mean  retinue  of 
a  company  of  strolling  players.  He  wrote 
jvoetry,  and  that  entertaining  book  called  tlie 
companion  to  the  play-house,  2  vols.  12mo. 
17C4,  since  enlarged,  under  the  title  of  bio- 
graphia  dramatica,  'i  vols.  Svo.  The  secoi.d 
son,  Henry,  was  a  lawyer,  but  far  from  re- 
spectable in  his  profession.  He  left  an  only 
son,  born  February  17th,  17G3,  to  whom  his 
grandfather  left  all  his  j)roperty.  It  is  said 
that  the  art  of  instructiug  deaf  persons 
perished  with  Baker,  as  he  enjoined  those 
Avho  benefited  by  his  services  the  most  pro- 
found seci'ecy,  and  moreover  took  a  bond  of 
100/.  for  their  faithful  observance  of  the  pro- 
mise. 

Bakewell,  Robert,  eminent  as  the  im- 
prover of  British  cattle,  was  born,  1726,  at 
Disljey,  Leicestershire,  whore  Lis  father 
liad  a  farm.  His  attention  was  directed  to 
the  improvement  of  the  breed  of  cattle,  and 
so  successful  were  his  labors,  that  the  Dish- 
ley  sheep  became  celebrated  over  the  coun- 
try, and  one  of  his  rams  was  let  for  the  ex- 
tra«*iHliiiary  price  of  400  guineas,  and  his 
bulls  at  50  guineas  each  a  season.  He  died 
much  respected,  1798. 

Bakhuisen,  Ludolph,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver of  Erabden,  who  died  1709,  aged  7S. 
He  was  self-taught,  but  his  genius  soon  re- 
commended him  to  public  notice  and  to  re- 
putation. His  pieces,  the  subject  of  which 
are  generally  tempests  and  sea  views,  kc 
are  highly  admired  for  their  spirit,  their 
correctness,  and  the  softness  and  delicacy  of 
his  coloring.  Ajnong  his  patrons  and  fre- 
quent visitors  were  the  king  of  Prussia,  the 
czar  Peter  I.  and  the  graad  duke  of  Tusca- 


ny,   ^^  ho  chose   among   his  collection   Mf^  / 
best  miglit  adorn  their  palaces.  V 

Balaam,  son  of  }{eor  or  Bosor,  a  cele- 
brated prophet  of  Pelbor,  in  .\resojU)tamia, 
who  was  siiit  tor  b\  Bulak,  king  of  Moab, 
that  he  might  curse  the  children  of  I.srael. 
'I'he  cui'se  w  hich  he  intended  to  pionouncc 
against  this  favorite  p;tO[)Ie  was,  by  the  in- 
IhiiMice  of  the  Almighty,  changed  into  a  bles- 
sing ;  but  though  h<?  thus  (lisai)|)ointed  the 
expectations  of  jialfik,  the  wicked  prr)phet 
encouraged  him  privately  to  allure  the  Israel- 
ites to  the  comiiiiiision  of  «lebancliery  and 
lewdness  ;  and  the  advice  fatally  succeeded. 
Balaam  was  Lilleil  ^^ith  JJalak  in  a  battle, 
about  U.'iO,  B.  C. 

Bai.amio,  Ferdin-and,  a  native  of  Sicilr, 
physician  to  pope  Leo  X.  about  1555.  JJr, 
was  eminent  in  literature  as  well  as  medi- 
cine, and  tratislalcd  so»ne  of  Galen's  works 
into  Latin,  published  15bG,  in  Latin,  at  Ve- 
nice. 

Balassi,  Mario,  a  painter  at  Florence. 
His  copy  of  Raphael's  transfiguration  was 
much  admired,  as  also  his  historical  pieces- 
He  died  1CG7,  aged  6.3. 

Balathi,  a  surname  of  Abulfeda  0th- 
man  ben  Issa,  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
chai^acters  of  different  alphabets,  kc. 

Balbi,  Jolm  or  ,Ianua,  a  Genoese  Do- 
ininican,  author  of  several  commentaries, 
Sfc.  His  chief  wwk  is  his  •*  catholicon,"  an 
useful  and  popular  book,  containing  a  classi- 
cal encyclopaedia,  &c.  printed  1460,  folio, 
Mentz.  It  was  one  of  tlie  first  books  ever 
printed. 

Balbin'us,  Docimus  Ccelius,  emperor  »f 
Rome,  -37,  with  ]Maximu.s,  was  the  next 
year  mtirdered  by  liis  soldiers. 

Balbo,  Jerome,  a  bishop  of  Goritz,  M'ho 
died  at  Venice,  1535.  He  wrote  de  I'ebtjs 
Turcicis,  15(26,  4to. — defuturisCaroli  V.  suc- 
cessoribus,  &c. 

Balboa,  Vasco  Nugaes  de,  a  Ctistilian, 
known  by  his  enterprising  genius  and  his 
misfortunes.  He  acquired  reputation  as  one 
of  the  American  adventurer.^,  and  in  1513 
he  left  Spain,  to  discover  the  South  Sea, 
and  in  one  month  after  his  departure  he 
gained  the  wished  for  ocean.  Fame,  fljui 
not  the  accumulation  of  wealth,  was  the  ob- 
ject of  his  heart.  Though  he  could  possess 
pearls  and  gold,  he  preferre<i  the  love  of  his 
fellow  adventurers.  He  was  fonnd  at  Santa 
Maria,  on  the  coast  of  Darien,  where  he  had 
built  a  town,  and  crossed  the  isthmus,  in  thtj 
meanest  habit,  building  a  hut  for  his  dwel- 
ling, by  the  governor  of  the  .Spanish  king, 
who  became  jealous  of  his  popularity,  and 
falsely  accused  him  of  felonv.  The  charge 
was  easily  proved  before  a. corrupted  tribu- 
nal;  and  the  unfortunate  Balboa  lost  Jiis 
head  by  a  tyrannical  sentence,  1517,  at  the  age 
of  4-2. 

Balbuexa,  Bernard  de,  a  Spanish  poet 
of  eminence,  born  at  Toledo,  and  educated 
at  Salamanca,  where  he  took  his  doctor's 
(lecrrees.  He  settled  in  America,  and  died 
there  lfi'27,  after  being  seven  years  bishop  ol 
Porto  Rico. 

BALCAXQ.rAL,  Walter,  a  Scotsmaii,  who 


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Denbigh- 


v^tendeil  James  I.  when  he  came  to  England, 
\iud  bfecame  his  chaplain.  He  took  ihe  de- 
gree ot"  D.  D.  at  Oxfoid,  and  appeared  at  the 
synod  ot"  Dort  as  repiesencative  for  the 
ciiureh  of  Scotland.  He  was  successively 
master  of  the  Savoy,  in  1624  dean  of  Roches- 
ter, aii<l  in  1639  dean  of  Durham.  He  wrote 
king  C  arles'  declaration  concerning  the 
late  tumults  in  Scotland,  fol.  1630 — ser- 
mons,— epistles  concerning  the  Uort  synod, 
^c.  He  was  a  great  sufterer  during  the  re- 
bellion, and  with  'lifticuity  escaped  his  perse- 
cutors. He  died  at  Chirk  castle, 
shire,  Christmas  day,  1645. 

Balde,  James,  a  native  of  Upper  Alsatia, 
very  highly  applauded  in  Germany  for  his 
poetry,  and  surnamed  the  Horace  of  his 
country.  He  died  at  Xeuhurg,  16{)S,  in  his 
f)5thyear;  and  so  honored  was  his  memory, 
that  the  senators  of  the  place  eagerly  solicited 
to  obtain  his  pen,  which  was,  as  a  most  pn  ci- 
ous  relict,  carefully  kept  in  a  silver  case.  The 
labors  of  Balde  are  miscellaneous,  partly  dra- 
matic, partly  odes,  kc.  exhibiting  strong 
flashes  of  genius,  but  without  the  correct- 
ness and  judgmei'.t  of  mature  taste.  His 
Uranie  victorieuse  was  rewarded  by  Alexan- 
der VII.  with  a  gold  medal.  The  best  edi- 
tions of  his  works  are,  Cologne,  4to.  and 
liimo.  1645. 

Balderic,  a  bishop  of  Noyon,  in  the 
l!2th  century,  author  of. the  clironiqiie  des 
eveques  d'Arras  et  de  Cambrai. — Another, 
of  the  same  age,  bishop  of  Dol,  was  author 
of  the  crusades,  kc. 

Baldi,  Lazarro,  a  disciple  of  Peter  da 
Ccwtona,  born  in  Tuscany,  and  distinguished 
as  a  painter.  He  was  employed  by  Alexan- 
der Vn.  in  the  painting  of  the  gallery  at 
Monte  Cavallo.     He  died  1703. 

Bai.,dini,  John  Anthony,  a  nobleman  of 
Placentia,  engaged  as  ambassador  at  various 
courts  of  Europe,  and  at  the  congress  of 
Utrecht.  He  died  1735,  aged  71.  He  made 
a  valuable  collection  of  curiosities  and  of 
books,  a  catalogue  of  which  appeared  in  the 
Italian  literary  journal. 

Baldinucci,  Philip,  a  Florentine  of  the 
academy  of  la  Crusca,  well  acquainted  with 
painting  and  sculpture,  of  w  hich  he  began  the 
history,  at  the  request  of  cardinal  Leopold  of 
Tuscany.  Hts  death,  in  1696,  in  his  72d 
year,  prevented  the  execution  of  a  plan  ac- 
curately and  ably  conducted.  He  wrote  the 
general  history  of  painters,  6  vols. — an  ac- 
count of  the  progress  of  engraving  on  copper 
— a  vocabulary  of  desigjis. 

1>.\LD0CK,  llobert  de,  an  ecclesiastic, 
who  shared  the  favors  and  the  misfortunes  of 
Edward  II.     He  died  in  Mewgate. 

Baldock,  lialphe  de,  was  educated  at 
"Merton,  Oxford,  arul  made  bishop  of  London 
on  the  death  of  Gravesend,  1304.  His  elec- 
tion was  disputed  ;  but  he  was  confirmed  by 
the  pope,  and  consecrated  at  Lyons  by  the 
cardinal  of  Alba,  1306  ;  and  on  liis  return  to 
England  he  wasmnde  chancellor  f>f  the  realm 
by  Kidward  1.  w  hich  he  I'esigned  on  the  king's 
death.  He  was  a  virtuous  and  charitable 
prelate;  and  his  history  of  the  British  affairs. 


uoAv  nn fortunately  lost,  thotigh  seen  by  Le- 
land,  proves  that  he  possessed  learning  and 
great  judgment.  He  died  at  Stepney,  July 
24th,  1313,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary's 
chapel,  at  the  east  of  St.  Paul's,  to  the  build- 
ing of  which  he  had  liberally  contributed. 

Baldus,  or  Baldi,  Bernard,  a  native 
ot  Urbino,  abbot  of  Guastalla,  distinguished 
by  his  great  learning,  indefa'.igable  applica- 
tion, and  ids  knowledge  of  sixteen  languages. 
He  published  tracts  on  mechanics,  kc.  and 
had  begun  an  historical  and  geographical  de- 
scrijition  of  the  world,  which  he  did  not  finish, 
dying  1617,  aged  64.  His  lives  of  mathema- 
ticians appeared  1707. 

Baldi'S,  de  Ubaldis,  a  civilian  of  Peru- 
gia, and  writer  on  the  canon  law,  who  died 
1433,  at  Pavia.  His  works  appeared  in  3  vols. 
folio. 

Baldwin  I.  count  of  Flanders,  was  en- 
gaged in  the  crusades,  and  behaved  with  such 
bravery,  that  when  Constantmople  was  taken, 
li04,  by  the  united  forces  of  the  French  and 
Venetians,  he  was  appointed  emperor  of  the 
East.  His  virtues  deserved  the  high  eleva- 
tion; but,  in  those  turbulent  times,  he  was 
unfortunate  in  a  battle  whicli  he  fought 
against  the  Greeks  and  Bulgarians,  15th 
April,  1205.  He  was  taken  prisoner  by  his 
ferocious  enemies,  and,  after  a  confinement 
of  sixteen  months,  barbarously  put  to  death, 
in  his  35th  year. 

Baldwin  II.  the  last  Latin  emperor  of 
Constantinople,  was  raised  to  the  throne 
122S,  in  his  llth  year,  after  his  brother  Ro- 
bert. His  reign  was  agitated  with  the  dis- 
sensions of  powerful  rivals ;  and  though  he 
was  once  victorious  over  his  enemies,  he  had 
the  misfortune  to  see  his  capital  taken,  by 
Michael  Palseologus,  in  1261,  and,  to  avoid 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  conquerer,  he 
fled  to  Negropont,  and  then  to  Italy,  where 
he  died,  1273,  aged  55.  His  only  son  Pliilip 
died  two  years  after  him. 

Baldwin  I.  king  of  Jerusalem,  was  bro- 
ther of  Godfrey  de  Bouillon,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  Palestine  during  the  crusades. 
After  the  death  of  Godfrey,  he  succeeded  to 
tlie  throne  of  Jerusalem,  1100,  and  the  next 
year  conquered  the  towns  of  Antipatris, 
Cicsaria,  and  Azotus,  to  which  Acre  was  ad- 
ded in  1104,  after  an  obstinate  siege.  Ho 
died  1118,  and  his  remains  were  deposited 
in  a  church  on  Mount  Calvary. 

Baldwin  II.  king  of  Jerusalem,  was  son 
of  Hugh  count  Rethel,  and  succeeded  to  the 
throne  after  Eustace,  brother  to  Baldwin  I. 
had  declared  his  unwillingness  to  reign, 
1118.  He  was  a  brave  warrior,  and  defeated 
the  Saracens  in  1 120,  but  four  years  after  he 
was  unfortunately  taken  prisoner,  aufl  ob- 
tained his  release  only  by  delivering  up  the 
town  and  fortress  of  Tyi*e.     He  died  1131. 

Baldwin  111.  king  of  Jerusalem,  son  of 
Fulk  of  Anjou,  succeeded  his  father,  1143, 
under  the  guardianship  of  Ids  mother.  He 
was  successlul  in  some  battles,  and  took  As- 
calon,  and  died  1103. 

Baldwin  IV.  king  of  Jerusalem,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Amaui-y,   1174.    A-s  he 


BA 


15  A 


•^ns  a  leper,  llaymond  of  Tripoli  held  Uic 
reins  of  government,  which  were  resii^ned 
by  the  subtle  sovereign  to  his  nepliew,  IJald- 
ivin  V.  He  died  llS.>,.'iiul  his  successor  the 
foilowinj?  year,  as  it  is  said,  of  poison,  ad- 
ministered hy  Ids  mother,  that  her  husband, 
liuy  de  Lusignan,  niight  ascend  the  vacant 
throne. 

Baldwix,  Francis,  a  native  of  Arras, 
professor  of  law  at  liourges.  Angers,  Paris, 
Strashui-g,  and  Heidelberg.  He  was  patro- 
nised hy  Anthony  king  of  Navarre,  Oliarles 
v.  and  by  Henry  111.  duke  of  Anjou,  and  af- 
terwards king  of  France,  whom  he  intended 
to  accompany  when  electe<l  king  of  Poland  ; 
hut  a  violent  fever  checked  his  journey,  and 
pi-ovcd  fatal,  l;irj,  in  his  5  kh  year.  Ho  died 
a  catholic,  though  it  is  said  that  he  four  times 
exchanged  his  religion  from  catholic  to  pro- 
lestant.  He  was  author  of  leges  de  i-e  rus- 
tica — novella  eonstitutio  prima — de  hicredi- 
bus — k;  de  lege  Placidia,  he. 

JJai.dwin,  Martin,  a  native  of  Camper,  in 
Brabant,  first  bishop  of  Ipres,  Avho  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  councils  of  Trent  and 
iVIalines,  1570,  and  wrote  commentaries,  kc. 

Baldwin,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Dres- 
den, Aviio  wrote  commentaries  on  St.  Paul's 
epistles,  8cc.  and  died  1027. 

Baldwin,  a  native  of  Exeter,  primate  of 
England,  who  attended  Richard  I.  in  his 
crusade  to  the  holy  land,  and  died  there,  1191. 
His  works  appeared  by  Tissier,  1G6'2. 

Bale,  Robert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  edu- 
<;ated  among  the  Carmelites  of  Norwich, 
"where  he  became  prior,  and  died  1503.  He 
is  author  of  annales  per  breves  ordinis  Car- 
3nelit. — historite  ^eUie  prophetse- — officium 
Simonis  Angli,  &c. 

Bale,  John,  a  native  of  Cove,  in  Suffolk, 
educated,  from  poverty,  among  the  Carme- 
lites at  Norwicli,  and  thence  removed  to  Je- 
sus college,  Cambridge.  He  was  a  Roman 
catholic,  but  by  the  influence  of  lord  Went^ 
%vorth  he  became  protestant.  The  resent- 
ment of  the  Romish  priests,  however,  Avas  so 
great,  that  he  fled  over  to  Holland,  where 
lie  continued  six  years,  till  he  Avas  recalled 
and  promoted  by  Edward  VI.  to  a  living  in 
Hampshire,  and  afterwards  raised  to  the  see 
of  Ossory,  in  Ireland,  which  however,  he 
abandoned,  on  the  accession  of  Mary,  to 
iivoid  the  persecution  of  the  cfitholics.  He 
retired  to  Holland  and  SAvitzerland ;  but  on 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth  he  refused  to  re- 
turn to  his  diocese,  satisfied  in  the  peaceable 
enjoyment  of  a  prebend  at  Canterbui-y, 
■where  he  died,  1503,  aged  07.  During  his 
absence  in  Holland,  he  wrote  some  excellent 
hooks  in  English  ;  but  his  most  valuable  work 
is  his  Latin  account  of  the  best  English  Avri- 
ters,  Avhich  he  gradually  enlarged,  and  dedi- 
cated to  Edward  VI.  It  containe«l  a  catalogue 
of361S  years,  from  Japhet  to  1557,  extracted 
from  Bcrosus,  Bede,  kc.  printed  Basd,  1557. 

Balechon,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  engra- 
ver, born   at  Aries,  son  of   a  button-seller. 
He  died  suddenly,  at  Avignon,  August  1705, 
aged  40.       There  was   much   delicacy   and 
i£oftness  in    his    execution.      Ilis    principal 

VOL,  I.  17 


pieces  are  Ics  belles  marines,  Ste.  Gene\ieve, 
and  a  portrait  of  Frederic  Augustus  king  of 
Poland.  Of  this  last  he  took  proof  ini[)rcs- 
sions,  contrary  to  his  promise  to  tht;  dau- 
phincss,  for  which  violation  of  his  m  (*rd  ht- 
was  expelled  from  the  academy,  and  sent  f(» 
a  disagreeable  retirement.  He  was  Avell  ac- 
(juainted  wilb  chemistry. 

Balen,  -Matthias,  a  native  of  Dordt,  honi 
1011.  He  published,  in  1G77,  an  interesting 
account  of  his  native  city. 

BALEN,Hendrick\  an,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  best  pieces  are  the 
drowtdng  of  Pharaoh,  and  the  judgment  of 
Paris.  He  died  1032,  aged  72.  His  son  John 
was  also  eminent  as  a  landscape  painter. 

Bales,  Peter,  a  man  eminent  for  his  skill  ia 
penmanship,  and  considered  as  the  inventor 
of  short-hand  Avriting.  He  studied  at  Clo- 
cester-hall,  Oxford  ;  and  in  1575  he  Avrote 
the  Lord's  prayer,  the  creed,  tlie  ten  com- 
mandments, with  two  short  prayers  in  Latin, 
besides  his  own  name,  motto,  day  of  the 
month,  year  of  the  Lord  and  of  the  queen's 
reign,  all  within  the  circle  of  a  single  penny, 
inchased  in  a  ring  and  golden  border,  w  hich 
he  presented  to  the  queen  at  Hampton  courts 
to  the  admiration  of  her  majesty  and  the 
Avhole  court.  He  was  employed  by  Walsing- 
ham  in  imitating  hand-writing  for  political 
purposes;  and  four  years  after,  1590,  he 
opened  a  school  near  the  Old  Bailey.  He 
published  at  this  time  his  *'  Avriting  scliool- 
master,"  an  useful  performance,  Avhich  ap- 
peared recommended  by  no  lass  than  eigh- 
teen copies  of  complimentary  verses  from 
men  of  genius  and  learning.  He  is  impro- 
perly suspected  by  Anthon}""  Wood  of  being 
concerned  in  Essex's  treasonable  practices. 
He  died  1610. 

Balestra,  Anthony,  an  historical  pain- 
ter of  Verona,  who,  in  1094,  Avas  rcAvarded 
with  the  prize  of  merit  by  the  academy  of 
St.  Luke.     He  died  1720,  aged  54. 

Baley,  Weaker,  a  native  of  Portsham, 
Dorsetshire,  educated  at  AVinchester-school, 
and  New  college,  Oxford,  of  Avliich  he  be- 
came a  fellow.  He  Avas  proctor  of  the 
university,  1558,  and  took  his  degrees  in 
physic,  Avliilst  he  studied  divinity  with  equal 
attention.  He  was  made  professor  of  phy- 
sic at  Oxford,  and  soon  after  became  physi- 
cian to  queen  Elizabeth,  which  recommend- 
ed him  to  practice  and  to  opulence.  He  died. 
March  3,  1592,  aged  63,  and  is  buried  iu 
New  college  chapel.  His  Avritings  Avere 
chiefly  on  the  eye-siglit  and  its  preserAation, 
and  Avere  neither  valuable  nor  learned.  He 
also  Avr.ote  a  discourse  on  the  qualities  of 
pepper,  15  88,  8vo. — directions  for  health, 
4to. 

Balcuy,  Jolin,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Shefiield,  Avhere  Ids  fatlior  was  master  of 
the  grammar  school.  He  Avas  admitted  of 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  Aviiere  he  la- 
ments, that  two  years  Avere  lost  to  himself  by 
an  improper  foiulness  for  reading  romances, 
till  he  Avas  awakened  from  his  inactivity  by 
perusing  LiAy,  and  by  reflection  urged  to 
more  serious  anil  lionorablc  pursuits.     SoiTKi 


BA 


BA 


Tyavt  of  his  time  ^vas  spent  in  iKe  care  of 
Sheffield  school,  either  as  head  or  assistant; 
and  afteruards  he  entered  the  family  of  Mr. 
Banks,  of  Lincolnshire,  as  tutor.  "When 
admitted  to  orders,  he  soon  «listiiiguished 
hin»self  as  a  preacher.  During  the  four  first 
vears  of  his  residence  on  the  donative  of 
Lamesley  and  Tanfield,  in  Durham,  he  ne^er 
omitted  Mriting  a  new  sermon  every  week, 
Fo  that  afterwards  he  committed  at  once  to 
the  flames  200  of  these  valuable  composi- 
tions, in  the  presence  of  his  son,  afterwards 
arch-deacon  and  prebendary  of  Winches- 
ter, wliom  he  wished  to  excite  to  the  same 
laudable  application.  As  a  writer,  he  became 
respected  in  the  Banejorian  controversy,  and 
at  all  times  he  maintained  the  character  of  a 
good  divine,  and  a  warm  advocate  in  the 
cause  of  rational  religion  and  Christian  li- 
Lert}'.  His  works  ooiisi!:t  of  sermons  and  of 
tracts,  ail  on  divinity  ;  and  though  some  of 
his  philosophical  o])inions  are  considered 
erroneous,  his  principles  must  ever  be  ap- 
plauded, and  his  discor.rses  highly  admired. 
He  was  a  great  friend  to  toleration,  and 
V.  liilst  he  abhorred  the  tenets  of  the  Romish 
church,  he  cultivated  an  acquaintance  with 
the  most  I'espectable  of  the  dissenters  and  of 
the  quakers.  His  defence  of  Hoadley  re- 
commended him  to  the  friend.ship  and  pa- 
tronage of  that  prelate  ;  but  he  nobly  dis- 
dained to  use  the  esteem  of  the  great  for  his 
character  as  a  step  to  rise  to  preferment. 
Besides  a  prebend  at  Salisbury,  be  obtained 
the  living  of  North  Allerton,  which  he  re- 
tained till  his  death,  which  happened  at  Har- 
rowgate,  2lst  September,  1748,  in  his  63d 
year. 

Bali,  Meula  Pali,  a  Mussulman  who 
wrote  on  the  jurisprudence  of  his  country, 
and  died  the  year  of  the  hegira  977. 

Baliol,  Sir  John,  the  founder  of  Baliol 
college,  Oxford,  w^as  born  at  Barnard  castle, 
Durham.  He  was  governor  of  Carlisle,  124S; 
anil  the  guardianship  of  Alexander  HI.  of 
vScotland  and  of  Margaret,  daughter  of  king 
Henr}'  HI.  of  England,  his  wife,  was  intrus- 
ted to  his  care;  but  an  accusation  of  miscon- 
duct drew  upon  him  the  -.engeance  of  the 
English  king,  which  he  avertecl  by  paying  a 
large  sum  of  money.  The  foundation  of  his 
college  Avas  laid,  120.3,  and  the  building  was 
completed  by  his  lady.  During  the  wars  ot 
Henry  HI.  and  his  barons,  he  supported  the 
king's  power.    He  left  three  sons. 

Baliol,  John  de,  king  of  Scotland.  He 
was  descended  I'rom  David  earl  of  Uunting- 
.on,  brolher  of  kingAVilliam  calk<l  the  I. ion  ; 
and  on  the  dcatli  of  queen  Margaret,  in  her 
passage  from  Norway,  he  laid  claims  to  the 
crown,  in  which  he  was  opposed  by  Bruce, 
his  rights  were  established  by  the  decision 
of  I'Mward  I.  of  England,  who  acted  as  arbi- 
trator; and  he  did  t:omage  Tith  November, 
12U2.  Vvhen,  however,  he  found  himself 
not  an  independent  monarch,  but  a  vassal  of 
.Enghiiul,  he  bfildiy  .shook  olf  the  yoke,  and 
made  an  alliance  with  the  French  king,  and 
war  was  kindled  between  the  two  countries; 
•  )Ui  the-  buttle  of  Dunbar  proved  fatal  t:o  Ba- 


liol, who,  with  his  son,  was  carried  a  captive 
to  the  Tower,  and  afterwards  was  released 
by  the  po\»e's  legate,  1299.  Baliol  retired 
to  France,  where  he  died,  1314.  His  son 
Edward  afterwards  claimed  the  kingdom, 
and  obtained  it  foi-  a  little  time;  but  dying 
without  issue,  the  family  in  them  became 
extinct. 

Balkini,  a  surname  of  Yelaleddin,  who 
wrote  a  book  on  the  jurisprudence  of  the 
Mussulmans,  besides  treatises  on  the  diffi- 
culties of  various  sciences,  on  hermaphro- 
dites, 8cc. 

Ball,  John,  an  English  divine,  horn  in 
Oxfordshire,  158J,  and  afterwards  minister 
of  Whitmore  in  Staffordshire,  where  his 
abilities  as  a  teacher  were  displayed  in  the 
respectability  of  his  pupils.  Though  in  his 
principles  a  puritan,  he  was  severe  against 
those  who  sejiarated  from  the  church.  He 
wrote  a  book  on  the  power  of  godliness ;  and 
died  1640. 

Ballard,  George,  a  native  of  Campden, 
in  Gloucestershire,  who,  while  the  obscure 
apprentice  of  a  habit-maker,  employed  the 
hours  which  his  companions  devoted  to  sleep, 
to  the  acquisition  of  the  Saxon  language,  and 
recommended  himself  by  his  industry  to  the 
patronage  of  lord  Chedworth,  who  liberally 
ottered  him  an  annuity  of  100/.  a  year,  of 
which,  however,  he  only  accepted  60/.  as 
sufficient  for  his  expenses.  He  went  to  Ox- 
ford, where,  by  tlie  kindness  of  Dr.  Jenner, 
he  was  made  one  of  the  eight  clerks  of  Mag- 
dalen college,  and  afterwards  one  of  the  bea- 
dles of  the  university.  His  weakly  constitu- 
tion was  impaired  by  the  severity  of  his  stu- 
dies, and  he  died  June,  1755,  in  the  prime  of 
life.  His  access  to  the  Bodleian  was  the 
means  of  kis  iucreasing  his  valuable  collec- 
tions ;  but  he  published  onl}'  "  memoirs  of 
British  ladies  celebrated  for  their  writings," 
in  4to.  1752.  His  account  of  Campden  church 
was  read  bcfoi'e  tlie  antiquarian  society, 
1771,  November  21. 

BALLENDEX,orBuLLANDEN,Sir  John, 
a  Scotch  historian,  in  favor  with  James  VI. 
He  took  oi'ders,  and  was  made  canon  of 
lloss  and  archdeacon  of  Murray,  and  he  af- 
terwards succeeded  to  the  office  of  clerk- 
register  to  the  court  of  chancery,  which  the 
troubles  of  the  times  obliged  him  to  resign, 
but  to  M'hich  he  was  restored  in  the  succeed- 
ing reign.  He  wns  also  a  lord  of  session  ;  but 
the  opposition  \ihich  he,  with  Dr.  Laing, 
made  to  the  reformation,  rendered  him  ob- 
noxious to  the  ruling  powers,  so  that  he  re- 
tired to  ixomc,  wliere  he  died,  1550.  He 
wrote  several  pieces  in  prose  and  ver.se,  be- 
sides a  translation  of  Hector  Boetius'  history. 

Ballerin'i,  Peter  and  Jerome,  two 
learned  brothers,  ecclesiastics,  at  Verona, 
the  former  of  whom  was  born  169S,  the  lat- 
ter 170'2.  They  devoted  themselves  with 
equal  alacrity  to  the  pursuit  of  literature, 
particularly  ecclesiastical  history ;  and  be- 
.sides  several  valuable  woi'ks  of  their  own, 
they  edited  the  works  of  Leo  the  Great, 
tlinse  of  cardinal  Noris,  those  of  Gilbert  bi- 
shop of  Verona,  &;c,  I'hev  M'ere  still  living 
in  1758. 


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BALLEXrEUD,n  native  of  fJencva,  author 
of  tlic  education  pliysi'iuc  ilcs  eMfaiis,  a  valu- 
able composilion,  iiouoraljly  noticed  by  the 
society  of  sciences  of  liaerlcm.  lie  wrote 
also  on  tiie  causes  of  the  death  of  so  many 
children,  an  equally  meritorious  imhlication. 
lie  (lied  1774,  Hi;cd  iS. 

Ballt,  Joseph,  a  native  of  I*alermo,  ca- 
non of  Bari,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and 
author  of  <lc  fa'cunditate  dei — de  niorte  cor- 
porura  naturalium,  Sec.     He  died  1G40. 

Balliani,  John  Bajttist,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  the  natural  motion  of  heavy  bo- 
dies, 1G45,  uas  a  native  of  <ienoa,  and  also  a 
senator.     He  died  InfiG,  agjed  80. 

B  A  1. 1. IN,  Claude,  a  |o;oldsmith  of  Paris, 
early  distinguished  by  his  superior  genius. 
He  executed,  in  the  most  perfect  style  of 
elegant  M-orkmanship,  tour  vases,  represent- 
ing the  four  ages  of  ihe  worki,  for  Richelieu, 
with  four  antique  vases  to  match  them,  and 
also  silver  tables,  dishes,  girandoles,  kc.  for 
Lewis  XIV.  and  was  advanced  on  tlie  death 
of  Varin,  to  the  lucrative  direction  of  the 
dies  for  striking  medals,  Sec.  Several  works 
of  this  illustrious  artist  are  still  admired  at 
Paris,  St.  Denys,  and  Pontoise ;  but  the  sil- 
ver vessels  made  for  the  monarch  were  con- 
verted into  coin,  to  defray  the  expenses  of 
his  protracted  wars.  Ballin  died  22d  Janua- 
ry, 1678,  aged  63. 

Balsamox,  Theodore,  a  learned  patri- 
arch of  Antioch,  some  of  Adiose  works  ai'e 
■written  against  the  Romish  church,  and  on 
the  canon  law,  printed,  Paris,  1620,  in  folio. 
He  died  1'214. 

Balsham,  Hugh  de,  bishop  of  Ely,  found- 
ed Peter-house,  at  Cambridge,  and  died 
1286. 

Balthasar,  Ckristopher,  a  king's  ad- 
vocate at  Auxerre,  who  abandoned  the  emo- 
luments of  his  office,  and  the  catholic  re- 
ligion, to  embrace  the  tenets  of  the  pi'otes- 
tants,  in  whose  favor  he  wrote  several  con- 
troversial treatises,  especially  against  Baro- 
nius,  which  were  received  Avith  great  avidi- 
ty. The  syno<l  of  Loudun  granted  him,  in 
1659,  a  pension  of  750  livres,  for  his  liierary 
servfces. 

Balthazarini,  surnamed  Beaujoyeux, 
an  Italian  musician,  reconimendeil  by  Bris- 
sac,  governor  of  Piedmont,  to  Henry  III.  of 
France,  by  whom  he  was  liberally  patroni- 
sed, and  for  the  entertainment  of  whose  court 
he  wrote  several  l)allads  and  pieces  of  music. 
He  composed  a  ballet  called  Ceres  and  her 
nymphs,  for  the  nuptials  of  the  due  de 
Joyeuse  with  the  queen's  sister,  mademoi- 
selle de  Vaudemont ;  and  this  is  regarded  as 
the  origin  of  the  ballet  heroiqne  of  France. 

Baltus,  John  Francis,  a  Jesuitof  Metz, 
author  of  several  works,  especially  of  an  an- 
swer to  FontencUe's  iiistory  of  oracles,  print- 
ed at  Strasbnrg,  Svo.  He  died  librarian  of 
Rheiras,  the  9th  of  March  1743,  at  the  age 
of  76. 

Bai.ue,  John,  a  cardinal,  born  of  mean 
parents  in  Poitou.  He  raised  himself  to  con- 
sequence by  flattery  and  merit,  and  gradual- 
ly became  bishop  of  F.vrenx  ami  of  Avras. 


He  wa3  raised  to  the  purple  by  Paul  IT.  and 
when  honored  with  tin- eonlidence  of  l^ewis 
XI.  he  became  Win  minister,  and  acted  as 
general  over  his  troops.  Ungrateful  to  his 
tluty  and  to  his  m;isler,  he  lortucd  intrigues 
with  the  dukes  of  Burgundy  and  Berri ;  and 
when  at  last  discovt  red  by  the  king,  he  whs 
imprisoned  for  eleven  years;  alter  which  he 
repaired  to  U(une,  and  rose  to  new  prefer- 
ments. He  Jdtcruards  came  to  France  as 
pope's  legate,  though  he  iiad  so  ill  deserved 
of  the  confidence  and  honor  of  his  country, 
lie  died  at  Anc.ona,   14U1. 

Bal.'z.ue,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Tulles  in 
Guienne,  patronised  by  Peter  dc  Marcu, 
archbishop  of  Toulouse,  by  'I'ellitr,  after- 
wards chancellor  of  France,  and  by  Colbert. 
He  employed  the  hours  of  his  easy  indepen- 
dent life,  in  enriching  the  libraries  of  his 
patrons  with  valuable  manuscripts,  till  in  his 
.39th  year  lie  was  appointed  prolessor  of 
canon  law  in  the  royal  college  v,  ith  every 
mark  of  distinction.  His  lives  of  the  poi>es 
of  Avignon  proved  .so  interesting  to  the  king 
that  he  granted  the  author  a  pension,  but. 
his  attachment  to  the  duke  of  Bouillon,  the 
history  of  vhose  family  he  had  underUikeii 
to  write,  but  in  which  he  inserted  .some  of- 
fensive remarks,  was  soon  after  productive 
of  trouble.  When  the  duke  was  banished 
he  shared  his  disgrace,  and  was  confined  by 
a  lettro  de  cachet  at  Orleans  ;  he  however 
was  restored  to  favor,  though  he  was  not 
replaced  to  his  directorial  chair  of  the  Royal 
college,  which  he  before  held.  He  died  28tli 
of  July,  1718,  in  his  87tli  year,  j-.nd  left  be- 
hind him  tlie  character  of  an  imlefatigable 
collector  of  curious  manuscripts  and  annota- 
tions. He  wrote  little  though  he  possessed 
an  extensive  acquaintance  with  polite  litera- 
ture, and  was  connected  by  correspondence 
and  friendship  with  the  most  learned  meu 
of  his  age.  By  his  will  he  capriciously  left 
all  his  property  from  his  family,  to«i  woman 
not  related  to  him.  He  wrote  also  the  histo- 
ry of  Tulles. 

Balxac,  John  Louis  Guez  de,  a  native 
of  Angouleme,  who  visited  Holland    in    his 
17th  year,  where  he  wrote  a  discourse  on 
the  state   of  the  united    provinces.     He  tra- 
velled with  the  duke  d'Epernon,  and  was  at 
Rome    with  the  cardinal  de   la  Valette,  but 
he   found  at  la.st  the  tranquillity    of  I'Ctire- 
ment  on  his  estate  at  Balzac  more  congenial 
to  his  studious  inclinations,  than  paying  court 
to  Richelieu,  who  flattered  his  ambition  T»it!i 
promises  of  high  patronage.     He  was  univer- 
sally  admired    for   tiie  elegance  of  his  wri- 
tings, especially  his  letters  to  A'oltaire,  who 
ho<\  ever  censures  his  style,  but  .illows   him 
the  merit  of  having  given  harmony  and  num- 
bers to  French  ])rose.     His  writings  created 
him  some   political   opponents,    but  t.'iough 
he  dreaded  the  weapons  of  an  adversary,  lie 
was  pleased  \>  itli  the  familiarity  of  the  great, 
and  a  p'jnsion  fi-'Tni  the  court  of  2000  livres, 
and  the   pompous  title  of  histor.ograpl.er  of 
France  and  counsellor  of  state.     He  was  of  a 
weakl)'  constitution,  so  tliat  he   used  to  say 
when  he  Mas  but  30,  thut  he  was  older  thuu 


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ius  faihcr.  He  died  Feb.  ISdi,  1Cj4,  in  his 
^th  year,  and  left  12000  livres  to  the  hospi- 
tal ot"  Notredame  des  Anges,  in  which  he 
■was  buried,  besides  a  small  estate  for  a  gol- 
den medal,  as  the  reward  of  the  best  conn- 
position  on  a  moral  subject,  to  be  adjudged 
every  two  years  by  the  French  academy. 
His  works,  consisting  of  le  Prince — le  So- 
crate  Cliretien — I'Aristippe — Entretiens — 
Christ  victorieux,  &c.  were  collected  and 
printed  at  Paris  in  1GG5,  with  a  preface  by 
abbe  de  Cassagnes. 

Bamboche,  a  nick-name  given  to  Peter 
dc  Laer  for  his  deformity.  He  was  a  native 
of  Laerden,  near  Marden,  in  Holland,  where 
he  died,  1673,  aged  60.  'i'hc  chief  l^lerit  of 
jiis  pieces,  is  the  ease  and  correctness  Avith 
which  he  delineate?  characters,  so  that 
shops,  inns,  conversations,,  cattle,  8cc.  are 
touched  with  the  highest  success  by  his  pen- 
cil. He  improved  much  in  his  profession 
by  a  residence  of  16  months  at  Home. 

Bam  BRIDGE,  Chi'istopher,  a  native  of 
Westmoreland,  educated  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxford,  and  employed  as  ambassador  from 
Henry  VIH.  to  pope  Julius  H.  who  raised 
him  to  the  purple.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Hurham,  and  in  150S,  translated  to  York, 
and  six  years  after  he  was  poisoned  by  his 
servant,  who  thus  revenged  himself  for  some 
blows  which  he  had  received  from  him. 

Ba  MP  FIELD,  Francis,  M.  A.  a  naiive  of 
Devonshire,  educated  at  Wadhain  college, 
became  prebendary  of  Exeter,  a»id  minister 
of  Sherborne,  Dorsctsliire,  but  was  ejected 
ior  nonconformity.  He  was  author  of  a 
book  on  the  observation  of  the  sabbath,  and 
died  in  Newgate  1684. 

Banchi,  Sei-aphin,  a  Dominican  of  Flo- 
j'cnce,  Avho  came  to  France  for  the  improve- 
ment of  his  studies.  When  Peter  Barrere, 
H  youtli  of  27,  formed  the  diabolical  project 
of  assassinating  Henry  IV.  Bauchi  became 
acquainted  with  the  secret,  Avhich  he  pru- 
dently revealed  to  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
court.  The  assassin  was  thus  discovered  as 
he  was  ready  to  perpetrate  the  deed,  and 
Banchi  was  rewarded  with  the  bishopric  of 
Angouleme,  which  however  he  resigned,  in 
l60ti,  for  the  life  of  a  recluse  in  the  monastery 
of  St.  James  de  Paris,  where  he  died  some 
years  after.  His  writings  were  cluefly  con- 
troversial. 

Banck,  Lawrence,  a  Swede,  professor  of 
law  at  Norkoping  his  native  place.  He  died 
in  1662,  author  of  several  works  of  jurispru- 
dence, and  ti-eatises  against  the  pope's  usur- 
pation. 

Bancroft,  Richard,  was  born  near  Man- 
chester, and  educated  at  Jesus  college.  He 
was  chaplain  to  queen  Elizabeth,  and  bishop 
of  Lon(ion,  1597,  and  advanced  to  Canter- 
bury on  the  death  of  Whitgift,  1604.  He 
was  a  strong  advocate  for  the  royal  preroga- 
tive, and  the  riglits  of  the  church  ;  and  in  a 
conference  at  Hampton  court  in  an  oi'ation 
of  mean  llattery,  he  compared  James  I.  to 
Solomon  for  Avisdom,  to  Hezekiah  for  piety, 
and  to  Paul  for  learning.  He  was  indefatiga- 
ble in  his  endeavors  to  establish  episcopacy 


in  Scotland.     Me  died  at  Lambeth,   161  Oj 
aged  66. 

Bancroft,  John,  neiihcAV  to  the  pri- 
mate, was  born  in  Oxfordshire,  and  educated 
at  Christ  Church.  He  Avas  afterAvards  elec- 
ted master  of  UniA-ersity  college,  and  during 
the  20  years  in  Avhich  he  presided  over  the 
society,  he  laboriously  employed  himself  in 
establishing  their  rights  and  improving  their 
property.  In  1622  he  Avas  raised  to  the  see 
of  Oxford,  and  built  the  palace  ofCuddesden 
for  the  residence  of  the  bishops.  He  died 
1640,  and  Avas  imi'ied  at  Cuddesden. 

Bandarra,  Gonzales,  a  Portuguese  cob- 
Icr,  Avho  distinguished  himself  some  time  as 
a  pi-ophet  and  versifier.  Ife  Avas  silenced  by 
the  inquisition,  and  narroAvly  escaped  being 
burnt  1541,  and  died  1556. 

Bandello,  MattheAv,  a  natiA^e  of  Castel- 
nuovo  in  the  Milanese,  author  of  several  cu- 
rious novels  in  the  style  and  manner  of  Boc- 
cacc.  He  Avas  ruined  by  the  Spanish  con- 
quests at  PaA'ia  and  Milan,  and  retired  as  an 
outcast  into  France,  upon  the  estate  of  his 
friend  Caesar  Fregosa  near  Agen.  He  Avas 
made  bishop  of  Agen  in  1550  by  Henry  II. 
and  devoted  his  time  to  literary  pursuits,  ra- 
ther than  to  the  discharge  of  his  episcopal 
functions.  He  resigned  his  bishopric  in  1555, 
according  to  his  promise,  and  the  vacant  see 
Avas  conferred  on  James  the  son  of  Fregosa. 
He  died  in  1561.  His  novels  Avere  edited  at 
Lucca  1554,  in  three  vols.  4to.  Avith  a  fourth- 
volume  printed  at  Lyons,  and  again  at  Lon- 
don 1740,  in  four  vols.  4to. 

Baxdixeli. I,  Baccio,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, knoAvn  by  his  pieces  in  painting  and 
designing,  and  particularly  in  sculpture.  His 
copy  of  the  famous  Laocoon,  in  the  garden 
of  the  Medioisat  Florence,  is  much  admired. 
He  died  in  1559,  aged  T2. 

Banduri,  Anselm,  a  monk  born  at  lla- 
gusa,  Avho  studied  in  France,  Avhere  he  was 
patronised  by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  ad- 
utitted  into  the  academy  of  inscriptions.  The 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  aaIio  Avas  not  igno- 
rant of  his  merit  intended  to  place  him  at  the 
head  of  the  academy  of  Pisa.  He  died  at 
Paris  1743,  aged  72.  His  antiquitates  Cou- 
stantinopolitanie,  in  two  vols.  fol.  and  his  nu- 
misraata  lloman.  Imperat.  a  Trajano  ad  Pa- 
Iteologos  171S,  are  chiefly  valuable. 

Sanguis,  Peter,  a  native  of  Helsingberg 
in  Sweden,  professor  of  theology  at  Abo  for 
32  years,  and  in  16S2  raised  to  the  see  of. 
Wyburg.  He  wrote  an  ecclesiastical  history 
of  Sweden,  a  sacred  chronology,  and  other 
Avorks,  and  died  1696,  aged  63. 

B  a  N  G  u  I  s  I,  Thomas,  author  of  an  I  f  ebrcAv 

lexicon,  and  of  a   treatise  on  the   origin  of 

the  diAcrsity  of  languages,    Avas  professor  of 

j  Hebrew,  theology,  and  ]>hi]osophy  at  Copen- 

liagen,  where  he  died  1661,  aged  61. 

Baxier,  Anthony,  an  ecclesiastic  of  the 
diocese  of  Clermont  in  Auvergne,  Avho  ac- 
quired by  liis  industry  and  the  patronage  of 
his  friends  those  means  of  education  \\  hich 
the  poverty  of  his  j)arents  could  not  supply. 
He  Avas  intrusted  Avith  the  care  of  the  chil— 
dren  of  -Monsieur  de  Metz,  president  of  the 


15A 


liA 


riiaiiiber  of  accounts  at  Paris;  ami  it  was  for 
their  education  and  improvLincnltliat  lie  ap- 
plied liimselfto  nr»ythoIotj;ical  studies,  and 
soon  produced  his  "  llisloiical  cxphmation 
of  fables."  This  work  on  its  appearance  w  us 
«!iiversaUy  admired,  and  procured  the  author 
admission  to  the  academy  of  insoiptions  be- 
sides (he  applauses  of  the  learned  world.  A 
new  edition  spoon  after  appeared  with  impor- 
tant improvements,  and  the  addition  of  five 
dialogues,  further  to  illustrate  and  to  enrich 
the  work.  The  fruits  of  his  literary  labors 
vcre  numerous  and  valuable,  various  essay 
and  not  less  than  30  dissertations  wer?  pro- 
duced by  him  to  the  academy  of  Belles  l^et- 
tres,  the  treatises  on  history  and  literature 
by  Vit^neul  Marville  or  rather  Bonaventure 
li'Argonne,  were  republished,  and  new  j 
light  and  beauty  given  to  the  voyages  of  Paul 
Luc.".s  into  Egypt,  and  of  Cornelius  le  Brun 
to  the  Levant.  In  the  last  ten  years  of  his 
life  Banicr  particularly  devoted  his  time  to 
liis  favorite  study  of  mythology,  and  then 
translated  the  metamorphoses  of  Ovid,  with 
liistorical  remarks  and  explanations,  publish- 
ed at  Amsterdam  in  folio,  1732.  It  was  also 
at  that  time  that  he  completed  his  raytholo- 
g)^  or  fables  explained  by  history,  Paris  1740, 
in  3  vols.  4to.  or  7  in  12mo.  a  bookabounding 
in  erudition,  and  deservedly  admired.  He 
vas  prevailed  upon  by  the  booksellers  wlien 
lie  labored  under  the  attacks  of  a  fatal  dis- 
temper, to  superintend  a  new  edition  of  a 
general  history  of  the  ceremonies,  &c.  of 
all  the  nations  in  the  Avorld,  which  20  years 
before  had  appeared  in  Holland,  and  he  had 
the  gratific^ation  to  see  it  finished  in  1741  in 
7  vols.  fol.  with  the  assistance  of  le  Maserier 
a  Jesuit  of  learning.  Banierdied  Nov.  19th, 
1741,  in  his  G'Jth  year.  An  English  transla- 
tion of  his  mythology  and  fables  of  the  an- 
cients was  printed  in  London  the  year  of 
liis  death  in  4  vols.  8vo. 

Banister,  John,  a  learned  physician  of 
the  16th  century,  wlio,  after  studying  at  Ox- 
ford and  proceeding  there  to  his  first  degree 
in  physic  in  1573,  removed  to  Nottingham, 
uliere  he  acquired  great  reputation.  He 
was  author  of  several  works  on  physic  and 
surgery. 

Banister,  Richard,  tke  younger,  was 
educated  under  his  relation  of  whom  men- 
tion has  just  been  made,  and  applied  himself 
to  the  acquisition  of  superior  skill  in  com- 
plaints of  the  eyes,  ears,  hare-lijjs,  and  wry 
jaecks.  He  was  settled  at  Stamford  in  Lin- 
colnsliire,  but  he  occasionally  visited  London, 
and  otVier  places.  He  obtained  a  certificate 
•f  the  magistrates  of  Norwich  of  his  having 
cured  24  blind  persons  in  that  city.  His  lan- 
guage is  harsh,  and  of  his  life  the  only  ao- 
count  is  to  be  derived  from  his  works.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Banks,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  barrister  of 
Gray's  Inn,  born  at  Keswick  in  Cuniberlaud, 
and  educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford. 
He  was  in  1630  attorney  general  to  the 
prince  of  Wales,  and  was  afterwards  made 
chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench  frtjm  which 
ha  removed  to  Ibc  cqjnmon  pleas.  He  died  at 


Oxford,  Dec.  2fith,  irjf.4.  Scver.d  of  his  :NrSJ^ 
on  law  are    still    eMant,     His  wife  is  famouv 
for  defending  Corif-castie  against  the   jiarlia- 
ment,  tdl  reh'eved   by  the  earl  of  Carnarvon, 

Ba.\"i;s,  vlohn,  a  nativy  of  Sunning  iiv 
Berkshire,  ap[)renticed  to  a  weaver  at  liea- 
<Iing.  He  left  his  ti'a«!e  in  conscfjuence  ot 
breaking  hio  a;-m,  and  retired  to  London 
with  ten  pounds  left  him  by  a  relation,  aud 
after  feeling  all  the  hardsl!i[».<j  f)f  diiap|>oiiit 
ment  and  poverty,  he  Ijecaoio,  from  a  book- 
seller's stall  in  SpilalliehLs,  and  a  bookbinder's 
sho]),  a  wri'xr  of  miscellaneous  essays,  and 
;olicited  suij3crii)tions  to  some  trilling  poems. 
Pope,  to  whom  lie  addressed  a  letter  and  a 
poem,  honored  liim  with  an  answer  and  ;i 
double  subscription,  and  the  obscure  poet 
rose  to  literary  consequence,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  the  author  of  the  critical 
review  of  Oliver  Cromwell's  life  12ino.  a 
work  frequently  reprinted.  He  wrote  be- 
sides, in  the  beginning  of  his  literary  careci', 
the  \V'eaver's  miscellany,  in  imitation  of 
Duck's  thresher,  and  in  the  latter  part  oi" 
his  life  he  was  engaged  on  the  Old  England 
and  Westminster  Journals.  He  died  of  -a 
nervous  disorder  at  Islington,  Aoril  19lh> 
1751. 

Banks,  John,  was  a  member  of  tlie  soci- 
ety of  New  inn,  which  he  abandoned  for  (he 
cultivation  of  tlie  muses.  Asa  writer  fo:* 
the  theatres  he  did  not  meet  with  that  en- 
couragement v.'hich  might  give  reputation  to 
his  labors,  and  independence  to  his  fortune. 
Though  his  language  is  not  often  the  Ian- 
guage  of  poetry,  nor  his  style  the  effusion  of 
genius  or  vivacity,  yet  there  is  something  in- 
teresting in  his  compositions.  The  subjects 
are  happily  drawn  from  history,  and  those 
incidents  are  introduced  which  can  move  the 
heart  aiul  call  forth  all  the  sympathizing  feel- 
ings of  an  audience.  His  tragedies  are  se- 
ven in  number,  of  which  t]ie  best  is  indubi- 
tably the  earl  of  Essex,  a  drama  abounding 
in  bold  strokes  of  nature,  and  some  fine  in^ 
instances  of  the  patlietic.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  not  known-  His  remains  were  de- 
posited in  St.  James's,  Westminster. 

Bannes,  Dominique,  a  Spanish  ecclesi- 
astic, Avlio  died  at  Medina  del  Campo  in  1604, 
aged  77.  His  writings  on  Aristotle  and  on 
the  fathers  aboundeil  in  warmth  of  language 
rather  than  in  taste  or  judgment. 

Banxier,  John,  a  Swedish  general  un- 
der Gustavus  Adolphus.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  various  battles,  and  after  tho  Oeath 
of  his  master  added  to  the  gloiy  of  Sweden 
by  fresh  victories  and  by  the  taking  of  seve- 
ral important  places  from  the  Germans  and 
Saxons.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  was 
unfortunate,  and  he  forgot  his  militarv-  cha- 
racter to  csjjouse  the  daughter  of  the  prince 
of  Baden,  after  the  death  of  his  wife.  He 
died  10th  May,  1611,  aged  40. 

BANQ.ro  or  Banc  HO,  a  Scotch  general  of 
royal  birth,  often  victorious  over  the  Danes 
and  the  Highlanders  in  the  reign  of  Donald 
VH.  He  joined  Macbeth  in  the  overthrow 
of  his  sovereign,  and  for  liis  services  Avas 
murdered  by  the  usurper. 


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Baptist,  Jolin,  surnamed  INIbnnoyer,  a 
wative  of  Lisle,  resident  for  some  time  in 
England,  and  distinguished  as  a  painter  of 
fiowers.  He  studied  at  Antwerp,  and  he 
displayed  the  superiority  of  his  talents  in  as- 
sisting le  Brun  in  painting  the  palace  of  Ver- 
sailles, in  which  the  flowers  were  his  execu- 
tion. The  duke  of  Montague,  who  was  am- 
bassador in  France,  saw  and  admired  his  me- 
rit, and  he  employed  him  Avith  la  Fosse  and 
Rousseau  in  tlie  decoration  of  Montague 
house,  now  the  British  museum.  A  looking- 
glass  which  he  adorned  Avilh  a  garland  of 
flowers  for  queen  Mary,  is  still  preserved  at 
Kensington  palace.  There  is  a  print  of  him 
from  a  painting  by  Sir  Godfrey  Knellcr,  in 
Walpole's  anecdotes,  lie  died  1699,  and  ^-as 
buried  in  London.  His  son  Anthony  distin- 
guished himself  also  in  flower  painting. 
Another  of  the  same  name,  called  also  Gas- 
pars  and  Lely's  Baptist,  was  born  at  Ant- 
werp. He  visited  England  during  the  civil 
vars,  and  was  engaged  in  general  Lambert^s 
service,  and  after  the  restoration  he  painted 
the  attitudes  and  draperies  of  sir  Peter  Le- 
ly's portraits.  He  died  in  1691,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Saint  James's.  Charles  H.'s  portrait 
in  painter's  hall,  and  that  in  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's hospital,  were  painted  by  him. 

Baptistin,  John  Baptiste  Struk,  a  mu- 
sician of  Florence,  who  died  1740.  He  com- 
posed the  three  operas  of  Meleager,  Manto, 
and  Polydorus,  and  excelled  in  the  music  of 
his  cantatas.  He  first  introduced  the  use  of 
the  violencelloin  France. 

Barach  was  fourth  judge  of  the  Hebrews 
for  33  years,  about  1240  B.  C.  He  delive- 
red his  country  from  the  oppression  of  Jabin 
king  of  Canaan,  and  of  Sisera,  -with  the  as- 
sistance of  Deborah. 

BARADiEus,  called  also  Zanzalns Jacobus, 
bishop  of  Edessa,  revived  in  the  sixth  centu- 
ry the  tenets  of  the  Monoph'Sites,  who  sup- 
ported that  there  was  but  one  nature  in 
Chi'ist.  His  followers  were  called  from  him 
Jacobites.     He  died  588. 

Bar  ANT,  A  NO,  lledemptus,  a  monk  born 
at  Serravalle  near  A'erceil  in  Piedmont,  was 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Anneci,  and  the 
correspondent  of  the  great  Bacon.  He  pos- 
sessed vast  energj' of  mind,  and  acquired 
great  reputation  at  Paris,  both  as  a  preacher 
and  a  philosopher,  but  more  as  a  warm  and 
judicious  opposer  of  Aristotle's  doctrines. 
HediedatMontargi.e,  23d  December  1622,  in 
his  33d  year,  and  thus  early  was  finislied  a 
career,  which  promised  to  add  much  splen- 
dor to  literature,  and  to  criticism.  His  works 
on  philosophical  suhjects,  were  "  doctrina  dc 
coelo,"  16l-r,  fol. — de  novis  opinionibus  phy- 
sicis,  8vo.  1617 — Campus  philosophorum, 
8vo.  1G20. 

Baratier,  John  Phillip,  a  most  extraor- 
dinary person,  liorn  January  19th,  1721,  at 
Schwobach,  in  the  Margravate  of  Anspach, 
and  of  such  uncommon  powers  of  memory, 
that  at  the  age  of  four,  he  conversed  wiih 
his  mother  in  French,  v,hh  lus  father  in  lia- 
tin,  and  w  ith  his  servants  in  (German.  The 
rapidity   of   iii?  i.-ni.tfncmcnls    aujrmcnted 


vith   his  years,  so  that  he  became  perfectly 
acquainted  with  Greek  at  six,  Avith  Hebrew 
at  eight,  and  in  his  11th  year  translated  from 
the  Hebrew   into  French  the  travels  of  the 
rabbi  Benjamin  of  Tudela,  which  he  enrich- 
ed with  valtiable  annotations.     His  proficien- 
cy in  mathematics  was  so  great  that  he  sub- 
mitted to  the  London  Royal  Society  a  scheme 
for    finding  the    longitude,   which,    though 
found    insufficient,   exhibited   the  strongest 
marks  of  superior  abilities,  with  all  the  la- 
bor of  mathematical  calculation.     He  visited 
Halle  with  his  father  in  1735,  where  he  was 
oftered  by  the  university  the  degree  of  M.  A. 
The  young  philosopher  drew  up  14  theses, 
which  he  printed,  and  the  next  morning  dis- 
puted upon  them  with  such  ability  and    logi- 
cal precision  that  he  astonished  and  delight- 
ed the  most   crowded  audience.    At  Berlin 
he  was  received  with  kindness  by  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  honored   with  those  marks  of 
distinction  which  his  superior  genius  deserv- 
ed.    His  abilities  however,   so  great  and  so 
splendid,  shone  but  like  a  meteor  ;  a  consti- 
tution naturally  delicate,  was  rendered  still 
more  weak  by  excessive  application  ;   and  a 
cough,  spitting  of  blood,  and  fever  on   the 
spirits,  put  an  end  to  his  life,  at  Halle,  fifth 
of  October  1740,  in  his  20th  year,    Baratier 
has  deservedly  been  mentioned  as  a  prodigy 
of  learning  and  of  genius,  his  memory  was 
universally   retentive,   and    his    application 
scarcely  credible,  when  it  is  recollected  that 
he   spent  12  hours  in  bed  till  his  tenth  year, 
and  ten  afterwards.  In  one  winter  he  read  20 
great  folios,  w  ith  all  the  attention  of  a  vast  com- 
preliensive  mind,  and  the  large  woik  which 
lie  prepared  on  Egyptian  antiquities,  showed 
the  variety  of  materials  collected,  as  well  as 
their  judicious  and  laborious  arrangement.  In 
his  domestic  economy  he  was  very  temperate  ; 
he  ate  little  flesli,  lived  totally  on  milkj.tea, 
bread,   and    fruit ;  he   disliked  wine,  he  had 
an  aversion  to  dancing,  music,  and  the  sports 
of  the  field,  so  that  he  wished  for  no  recrea- 
tion from  study  but  in  walking,  or  in  the  con- 
versation of  a  few  friends,  whom  he  loved, 
and  courted,  with  all  the  openness  and  un- 
reserved gaiety  of  a  generous  heart. 

Baratier,  Bartholomew,  author  of  a 
new  digest  of  the  feudal  law,  printed  1611  at 
Paris,  was  a  native  of  Placentia,  and  profes- 
sor of  jurisprudence  atPavia  and  Ferrara  in 
the  fifteenth  century. 

Barb  A,  Alvarez  Alonzo,  curate  of  St. 
Bernard  dc  Potosi,  is  the  authcw  of  a  scarce 
book  called  arte  de  los  metallos,  Madrid  1620, 
4to.  reprinted  1729  in  4to.  with  the  addition 
of  Carillo  Lasso's  treatise  on  the  mines  of 
Spain.  His  works  have  been  abridged  in 
Frt;nch,  iu  one  vol.  l2mo.  1750,  willi  a  valua- 
ble collection  of  treatises  on  the  same  subject. 

Barb ADii.i.o,  Alphonsus  Jerome  deSa- 
las,  author  of  severaladmircd  comedies,  died 
at  Madrid  about  1630.  The  elegance  and 
correctness  of  his  style  improved  and  embel- 
lished the  Spanish  language.  He  also  wrote 
the  adventures  of  Don  Diego  de  Noche,  1G24, 
in  Svn. 

Uakeabixo,  a  Portuguese,  whose  work 


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</a  tbe  state  of  literature  in  Portugal,  pvin- 
ted  at  Paris  174G,  was  severely  cunBured  by 
■i  Portuguese  Jesuit,  and  aJ>ly  defended  by 
J)oii  Joseph  de  Mayino. 

Uakbaiio,  Pi-aiicis,  a  noble  Venetian, 
distinguished  by  jiis  learning  as  vtell  as  his 
political  talents.  lie  defended  Prcscia,  of 
which  he  was  govcnor,  against  ihc  duke  ol 
Milan,  and  obliged  the  besiegers  to  retreat. 
lie  w  rote  a  treatise  in  Latin,  de  re  uxoi-,  on 
the  choice  ofa  uife,and  the  <luties  of  women, 
1.S15,  Paris,  besides  a  translation  of  some  of 
Plutarch's  works,  &ic.  lie  died  145  t,  aged 
about  50.     His  letters  appeared  1 74; J. 

Barbaro,  Ermolao,  the  elder,  nephew 
to  Francis,  was  bishop  of 'I'rcvisa,  and  ufter- 
wainls  of  Verona,  where  he  died  1470.  lie 
translated  some  of  Aesop's  fable*  into  Latin, 
when  only  1'2  years  old. 

Barbaro  or  Barbarus,  Ilermolaus, 
grandson  of  Francis,  a  learned  Venetian, 
employed  by  his  countrymen  as  ambassador 
to  the  emperor  Frederic,  to  his  son  Maxi- 
milian, and  to  Pope  Innocent  VIIL  He  was 
honored  by  the  pope  with  the  vacant  pat- 
riarchate ofAquileia  against  the  wishes  of 
his  countrymen,  a\  ho  had  passed  a  law  that 
their  ambassadors  should  accept  no  favor 
li'ora  the  Roman  pontiff;  and  so  inexorable 
vere  the  Venetians,  that  Barbaro's  father, 
who  was  far  advanced  in  years  and  intrusted 
•with  the  first  offices  of  the  state,  was  unable 
to  avert  their  resentment,  and  died,  in  con- 
sequence, ofa  broken  heart.  Barbaro  wrote 
some  excellent  treatises  as  well  as  poetry  ; 
and  in  translations  from  Plutarch  and  Uios- 
corides  he  showed  liis  abilities  as  a  Greek 
scholar.  He  died  at  Rome  1493,  aged  3'J,  of 
the  plague,  according  to  Bajle. 

Barbaro,  Daniel,  coadjutor  of  the  pat- 
riarchate ofAquileia,  with  his  uncle  Hermo- 
lao,  was  sent  as  ambassador  iVom  Venice  to 
England,  where  he  continued  till  1551.  He 
died  1570,  and  left  several  learned  works  be- 
hind him,  among  whi.c4i  were  a  treatise  of 
eloquence,  in  4to.  1557,  Venice — an  Italian 
translation  of  Vitruvius  1584, — the  practice 
of  perspective,  folio. 

Barbarossa,  Aruch,  a  well  known  pi- 
rate, who  made  himself  master  of  Algiers, 
and  murdered  the  king  Selim  Entemi,  whom 
he  had  come  to  assist  and  defend  against  his 
Spanish  invaders.  He  afterwards  made  him- 
self master  of  Tunis,  and  of  Tremecen, 
whose  sovereign  was  assassinated  by  his  own 
subjects.  His  success  was  stopped  by  the 
juarquis  of  Gomares  governor  of  Uran,  whom 
the  heir  of  the  Tremecen  dominions  had  in- 
vited to  his  support;  but  when  besieged  in 
tlie  citadel  he  made  his  escape  by  a  subter- 
raneous passage;  but  though  he  strewed  the 
ways  with  silver  and  gold,  he  was  overtaken 
and  cut  to  pieces,  bravely  defending  himself 
with  a  few  Turkish  attendants,  151S,  in  his 
44th  year. 

Barbarossa,  Cheredin,  successor  to  iiis 
brother  Aruch  on  the  throne  of  Algiers,  was 
the  able  admiral  of  the  naval  forces  of  Selim 
IT.  He  obtained  possession  of  Tunis,  but  ■v\  as 
checked  by  the  arms  of  Cliarlcs  V.   after 


which  he  plundered  several  towns  of  Italy, 
and  then  ailvanced  to  Ycnien  in  ArkbiH, 
which  he  concpien-d  for  the  eniperor  of  the 
Turk.s.  He  died  1547,  aged  8<»,  Iciwitig  hii 
son  Asan  in  possession  <»f  the  kingdon». 

Bakb  AKo  ux,  Charles,  deputy  Irom  Mar- 
seilles to  the  iiRtional  convention,  prove<i 
himself  one  of  the  bitterest  enemies  of  lb* 
nid'ortunale  I^ewis  XVI.  whose  accubal^oa 
he  reiid  with  triumph  in  the  assembl}-.  Hti 
was  intiiD'ite  with  Ruhuid,  :ujd  with  boldness 
attacked  titc  Orleans  part\,  the  usurpation 
of  Rcl)erspierre,  and  the  machinations  of  the 
Jacobiiis.  His  conduct  rendereil  him  obnox- 
ious to  the  demagogues  in  power;  and  when 
the  Girondists  were  overthrown,  he  was  ac- 
cused but  escaped  into  Calvados.  He  after- 
wards i)assed  from  Quin)per  to  Bourdeaux, 
where  he  was  recognised  and  immediately 
guillotined,  25th  June  1794. 

Barbatelli,  Bernardino,  a  painter, 
disci])Ie  of  Ghirlandaio  of  Florence.  He  stu- 
died at  Rome,  and  his  fruit  pieces,  animals, 
flowers,  &c.  were  much  admired.  He  died 
1612,  aged  70. 

Baubazan',  Stephen,  a  native  of  St.  Far. 
geau-cn-Puisaye  in  Auxerre,  who  made  him- 
self acquainted  v  ith  authors  of  tlie  middle 
centuries,  from  whom  he  drew  the  most  cu- 
rious anecdotes  and  remarkable  stories.  He 
assisted  in  the  completion  of  the  Recueil  al- 
phabetique,  in  '24  vols.  12mo.  1745,  and  the 
following  years;  a  laborious  but  desultory 
work.  He  wrote  also  instructions  from  a 
father  to  a  son,  1760,  8vo.  He  died  1770,  in 
the  74th  year  of  his  age. 

Barbazax,  Arnaud  Guillaume  de,  one 
of  the  courtiers  of  Charles  VII.  of  France, 
distinguislied  as  a  warrior.  He  died  of  the 
wounds  which  he  had  received  at  the  battle 
of  Belleisle,  1432. 

Barbe,  a  Bohemian  lady  who  married 
the  emperor  Sigismond.  She  was  devoid  of 
those  virtues  w  liich  ought  to  adorn  elevated 
rank,  and  even  ridiculed  those  of  her  atten- 
dants whose  conduct  was  more  chaste  than 
her  own.  SIic  died  1451. — Another,  queen 
of  Poland,  surnamed  Esther  for  her  ]»iety. 
She  died  1525. — Another,  also  queen  of  Po- 
land, married  secretly  to  Sigismond  Augus- 
tus, and  pul^licly  acknowledged  alter  the 
death  of  his  father.     She  died  1551. 

Barbeau  des  Brl  yeres,  Jean  Louis, 
son  of  a  wood-monger  at  Paris,  rose  by  tti^ 
strength  of  his  genius  from  the  mean  occi:- 
paLion  of  his  father.  He  resided  1-0  or  IS 
years  in  Holland,  and  on  his  return  he  as- 
sisted for  23  years  M.  Bauche  in  the  com- 
pletion of  his  works.  His  first  publication  i» 
1759,  was  his  niappe  monde  historique,  a?i 
ingenious  chart,  in  which  was  united  all  thi 
information  whiclj  geography,  chronolosr.-, 
and  history  could  i)roduce.  He  published 
besides  the  tablettes  chronologiques  of  Lcng- 
Ict,  a  translation  of  Slrnhlcmberg's  descrip- 
tion of  Russia,  La  Croix's  modern  geogra- 
phy, besides  large  contributions  to  the  works 
of  his  friends,  aiul  the  two  last  ^  olumes  of  the 
Bibliotheque  de  France,  by  le  Long.  Bar- 
beau  had  to  struggle  through  life  against  pc- 


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■srei't}'-,  but  it  did  not  ruffle  his  temper,  or 
render  him  luiwilling  freely  to  communicate 
to  others  from  the  vast  store  of  his  know- 
ledge in  geography  and  history.  Two  years 
before  his  death  he  married,  that  his  infirmi- 
ties might  be  alleviated  by  the  aftectionate 
attention  and  concern  of  a  female  friend. 
He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Paris,  Nov.  20th, 
1781. 

Barber  TNI,  Francis,  a  poet  of  Barberi- 
no  in  Tuscany,  born  l^Gk  Of  all  his  works 
there  is  extant  only  his  poem  called  the 
precepts  of  love,  a  composition  extremely 
elegant,  chaste,  moral,  and  instructive.  It 
Tvas  edited  at  Rome  1640,  by  Fred.  Ubaldini, 
with  a  glossary  explanatory  of  obsolete  words, 
kc.  and  the  life  of  the  author.  The  family 
of  the  Barhcriiii  was  distinguished  in  Europe 
in  the  1 7th  centur;,-.  Francis,  nephew  of 
pope  Urban  VII I.  w&s  a  cardinal  and  legate 
of  the  holy  see  in  France  and  S])ain.  He 
died  in  1679,  aged  83. — His  brother  Anthony 
■H-as  likewise  a  cardinal,  and  he  became  known 
Vy  his  abilities  as  a  negotiator  and  ambassa- 
dor. He  was  archbishop  of  Rheims,  and 
died  1671,  aged  64. — Another,  brother  of 
pope  Urban  VIH.  who  died  1646,  aged  77^ 
and  ordered  this  inscription  to  be  placed  on 
liis  tomb  :  "  Hie  jacet  pulvis  &  cinis,  postea 
nihil." 

Barbeu  de  Bourg,  James,  a  native  of 
]\Iayenne,  physician  of  the  academy  of  Stock- 
holm, and  author  of  the  gazette  de  medicine, 
— le  Botaniste  Francois,  two  vols. — elemens 
do  medicine,  &c.  He  was  born  12th  Feb. 
1709,  and  died  UthDec.  1779. 

Barbey,  Marc  le,  a  celebrated  physician 
of  Bayeux,  who  checked  the  ravages  of  the 
{)lague,  among  his  countrymen,  but  refused 
to  exercise  liis  profession  to  save  the  friends 
of  the  league.     He  was  the  favorite  of  Henrv 

O  ml 

VI.  who  ennobled  his  famil)-.  He  died  about 
the  last  years  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

Bareeyrac,  John,  a  native  of  Bariers, 
in  Languedoc,  teacher  of  philosophy  at  Ber- 
lin, and  afterwards  for  seven  years  profes- 
sor of  law  and  histoi-y  at  Lausanne,  from 
whence  he  passed  to  Groningen.  He  was 
eminent  in  the  knowledge  of  the  law  of  na- 
ture, and  of  nations  ;  and  besides  a  treatise 
on  the  morality  of  the  fathers,  and  another 
on  gaming,  two  vols,  he  translated  into  French 
Pufi'cndorf's  works,  besides  Noodt's  discour- 
ses, Grotius'  de  jure  pacis,  kc.  some  of  Til- 
lotson's  sermons,  &c.  Some  of  his  critical 
and  literary  remarks  were  also  inserted  in 
the  various  journals  of  the  times.  We  died 
1729,  aged  5.5.  His  brother  Charles  was 
eminent  as  a  physician  at  Cereste  in  Pro- 
vence, and  he  was  tlie  friend  of  Locke  and 
Sydenham.  He  died  at  Montpellicr,  1699, 
aged  70,  autlior  of  two  works,  traites  de  me- 
dicine, 12mo — ami  quicstiones  medicte  duo- 
<lecim,  4to.  in.">8. 

Barbier  d'AucouR,  John,  a  native  of 
J^angres,  whose  great  application  raised  him 
from  the  obscurity  and  indigence  of  his  fa- 
inilj.  He  devoted  himself  to  the  studies  of 
the  bar,  but  he  was  unsuccessful  in  his  first 
pleading',  either  from  f»'ar,  or  tailure  of  me- 


mory, a  circumstance  to  whicli  Bolleau,  in 
the  Lutrin,  has  alluded ;  and  so  small  were 
his  pecuniary  resources,  that  he  consented 
to  marry  his  landlord's  daughter,  that  he 
might  thus  satisfy  the  large  demands  which 
he  had  upon  him.  The  patronage  of  Col- 
bert, one  of  whose  sons  he  educated,  pro- 
mised him  better  times,  but  the  minister's 
death  disappointed  him,  and  a  more  fortu- 
nate attempt  at  the  bar  at  last  restored  him 
to  his  lost  character.  In  his  last  cause  in  de- 
fence of  Le  Brun,  a  valet  accused  of  murder- 
ing his  lady,  he  (lisplayed,  besides  generosity 
of  heart,  a  most  commanding  eloquence.  He 
died  <?f  an  inflammation  in  the  breast,  Sept. 
13,  1694,  aged  53.  He  told  the  abbe  Choisi 
who  visited  him  in  his  last  illness,  that  he  re- 
jjoiced  in  leaving  none  to  inherit  his  miser3^ 
I  His  works  were  trivial,  except  his  *'  Senti- 
mens  dc  Clcanthe  sur  les  entretiens  d'Ariste 
Sc  d'Eugcne  par  Bouhours,  2  vols.  12mo. 
1671,  a  book  of  infinite  value  for  its  ingenious 
reasoning  and  the  justness  of  its  criticism. 
He  wrote  besides  some  treatises  against  the 
Jesuits. 

Barrier,  Mary  Ann,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
v.' ho  published  at  Paris  several  tragedies  and 
operas,  which  have  been  attributed  but  false- 
ly to  her  friend  and  adviser  the  abbe  Pele- 
grin.  She  died  in  1745.  Her  woi'ks  are 
scarce  above  mediocrity,  as  she  has  exhaust- 
ed all  her  powers  to  magnify  the  character 
of  her  heroine,  while  her  heroes  are  drawn 
as  uninteresting  and  insignificant  personages. 

Barrier,  Lewis,  a  favorite  of  Gaston 
duke  of  Orleans,  raised  to  the  bishopric  of 
Langresby  Mazarin  for  betraying  the  secrets 
of  hij  master.  He  was  mean  in  his  charac- 
ter and  little  respected.  He  left  \W  crowns 
for  the  best  epitaph  for  his  tomb,  which  was 
written  in  a  style  of  irony  by  Monnoye,  Ho 
died  1670. 

Barbieri,  John  Francis,  a  pupil  of  the 
Caracci,  and  a  strong  imitator  of  Caravag- 
gio.  He  is  called  among  artists  Guercino. 
His  historical  pieces  possessed  merit.  He 
died  1666,  aged  76.  His  brother  Paulo  An- 
tonio was  eminent  in  drawing  quiet  scenes 
acd  animals.  He  died  1460.  Vid.  Guer- 
c  I X  o . 

Barbosa,  Alius,  one  of  tlie  chief  resto- 
rers of  learning  in  Spain.  He  was  instructed 
in  Greek  by  Angelus  Politian  in  Rome,  and 
was  a  professor  at  S.ilamanca  for  20  years. 
H-e  was  preceptor  to  the  king  of  Portugal's 
sons  Alplionsus  and  Henry,  and  died  1540  in 
a  good  old  age.  He  wrote  some  Latin  poems, 
a  treatise  on  jjrosody,  &c. 

Bar  BOS  A,  Peter,  a  native  of  Viana  ia 
Portugal,  professor  at  Coimbra,  and  after- 
wards chancellor  of  the  kingdom.  He  died 
1590,  author  of  some  commentaries  on  the 
Digests,  three  vols.  fol.  1613,  &c. 

li  AH  BOS  A,  Emanuel,  a  Portugese,  autlior 
of  Sfime  treatises.  He  died  1638,  aged  90, 
author  of  a  treatise  de  potestate  episcopi,  &o. 
His  son,  Augustin,  distinguished  liimsclfby 
his  knowledge  of  law.  He  was  made  bisho]> 
of  Ugcnto,  and  died  1649.  He  wrote  several 
ecclcsiaslieal  trosthea,  &c. 


liA 


BA 


DAaBOU,  Hugh,  son  of  John,  a  printer  of 
eminence  at  Lyons,  who  settled  at  Linioj^es 
in  1580,  where,  among  other  hooks,  he  prin- 
ted Cicero's  letters  to  Atticns,  kc.  with  »lu 
Bos'  notes.  His  descendants  have  carried  on 
the  same  profession  at  Paris  with  eniohniient 
to  themselves,  and  advantage  to  tlie  puhlic. 

Barbour,  .lolin,  a  Scotch  ecclesiastic, 
employed  hy  David  Ih-uce  as  amhassador  at 
the  English  court.  He  wrote  in  verse  an  ac- 
count of  the  life  and  actions  of  Rohert  Bruce, 
a  woi'k  highly  esteemed  for  its  authenticity, 
printed  at  Glasgow  1671.  He  died  1378, 
agetl  .'58. 

ItAunuD,  a  celehratcd  musician  at  the 
court  of  Kosrii  l\»rviz,  king  of  Persia,  of  the 
fourth  dynasty.  He  was  so  eminent  in  his 
profession,  that  his  name  is  become  prover- 
bial. 

Barcali,  author  of  a  commentary  on 
the  Arbain.  He  died  in  the  9f50tli  year  of 
the  hegira.  Another,  of  t!)e  same  name,  au- 
thor of  some  books  of  devotion.  He  died 
the  fJSlst  or  9.S2d  of  the  hegira. 

liARCiiusEN  or  Barkhausen^,  John 
Conrad,  a  native  of  Heme  in  Germany,  who 
settled  at  Utrecht,  where  he  acquired  emi- 
nence as  a  ])hysician  and  as  a  lecturer  on 
chemistry.  His  elementa  ciiemicse — historia 
mediciniu,  &c.  are  iiighly  esteemed.  He  di- 
ed 1717,  aged  51. 

Barclay  or  Barklay,  Alexander,  a 
writer  of  the  IGth  century,  born  in  Scotland 
according  to  Mackenzie,  or  according  to 
Wood,  at  Barclay  in  Somersetshire.  He 
was  of  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  and  from  thence 
travelled  over  Holland,  Germany,  France, 
and  Italy.  On  his  return  he  was  preferred  by 
Cornish,  the  provost  of  his  college,  who  had 
been  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Tyne.  Au- 
thors disagi'ee  about  his  preferment.  He 
was  rector  of  Baddow  Magna  in  Essex,  ac- 
cording to  Wood,  but  he  is  mentioned  by 
others  as  rector  of  AUhallows,  Lombard 
Street.  He  was  an  elegant  wi'iter,  and  trans- 
lated some  of  the  best  authors  on  the  conti- 
nent, and  among  them  Navis  Stultifera,  kc. 
He  died  at  Croydon  in  an  advanced  age. 

Barclay,  William,  a  native  of  Aber- 
deen, who,  not  meeting  the  patronage  which 
he  expected  from  Mary  queen  of  Scots, 
went  over  to  France,  where  he  studied  civil 
law  at  Boiirges,  and  was  made  pi'ofessor  of 
the  newly  founded  uni  ersity  of  Pontamous- 
son,  by  the  duke  of  Lorrain.  His  son  was 
nearly  engaged  to  follow  the  tenets  of  the 
Jesuits,  which  the  father  prevented,  and  the 
dissention  between  him  and  the  society  was 
so  great,  that  he  abondoned  Lorrain,  and 
came  to  England,  where  king  James  offered 
him  some  handsome  preferment,  provided 
he  subscribed  to  the  articles  of  the  Anglican 
church,  a  condition  which  he  declined.  He 
returned  to  France,  and  died  professor  at 
Angers  in  1605.  He  wrote  several  books  on 
the  kingly  and  papal  power,  &c. 

Barclay,  John,   srwi  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  but   removed 
from  their   society,  by  his   father,  who  was 
afraid  he  should  follow  their  tenets.     He  vi- 
vo I,.  1.  18 


si*ed  England  with  his  father,  ami  conij)!!- 
mented  with  a  Latin  poem  king  James,  who 
wished  to  patronise  him,  hut  he  returned  to 
France.  After  the  <leath  of  his  father  he 
resided  in  liOndon  for  ten  years,  and  after- 
wards went  to  Itome,  wljere  he  was  well  re- 
ceived hy  pope  Paid  V.  and  cardinal  Hellar- 
min.  He  died  at  Rome  1021,  and  his  sou 
erected  a  monument  to  his  honor  in  St. 
Laurence's  church,  on  the  way  to  Trivoli. 
His  works  were  numerous  and  elegantly- 
written.  The  most  celebrated  are  his  Eu- 
phormio,  a  satire  in  Latin;  and  his  Argenis, 
&.C.  which  has  been  translated  into  various 
languages,  a  kind  of  romance  in  the  style  of 
Petronius  and  Apuleius,  in  which  he  des- 
cribes the  manner  of  a  court,  &cc.  Piercsc 
had  the  care  of  the  first  edition,  and  under 
the  effigies  of  the  author  Grotius  wrote  these 
lines; 

*•  Genie  Caledoniust  Gallus  natalibus,  hie 
est 
Rninam  Romano  qui  docet  ore  logui." 

Barclay,  Robert,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh. His  father,  colonel  Barclay,  sent 
him  to  Paris  to  the  care  of  his  uncle,  who 
presided  over  the  Scot's  college  ;  but  in  be- 
coming acquainted  with  the  literature  of  the 
times,  he  imbibed  the  tenets  of  the  Roman 
catholics.  On  his  return  to  Scotland,  he 
embraced  the  principles  of  the  nuakers  with 
his  father,  and  he  showed  himself,  by  his  ac- 
tions as  well  as  by  his  writings,  a  most  zealous 
defender  of  the  sect.  His  writings  are  nu- 
merous, and  chiefly  on  theological  or  contro- 
versial subjects.  The  most  celebrated  is  his 
apology  for  the  quakers,  published  in  Latin 
at  Amsterdam  1076,  and  two  years  after 
translated  by  himself,  and  addressed  to 
Charles  H.  with  excessive  freedom  of  lan- 
guage. He  was  universally  respected,  not 
only  for  the  celebrity  of  his  writings,  but 
the  purity  of  his  life.  He  travelled  over 
England,  Holland,  and  Germany,  w  ith  the 
famous  legislator  Penn,  with  the  intention 
of  making  converts;  and  on  his  return  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  dignified  retirement. 
He  died  at  Ury,  third  of  October,  1690,  in 
his  42d  year. 

Barcochebas,  ofBarcochab,  the  son 
of  a  star,  a  celebrated  impostor,  who  intro- 
duced himself  to  the  Jew  ish  nation,  as  the 
star  predicted  by  Balaam.  His  followers  be- 
came so  numerous  over  Judaea,  that  the  Ro- 
mans found  it  difficult  to  oppose  them.  Ju- 
lius Severus  at  last  took  signal  vengeance  on 
the  nation  for  the  Roman  soldiers  that  had 
been  slain,  and  he  almost  destroyed  the 
whole  race,  134  A.  D. 

Barcos,  Martin  de,  a  native  of  Bayonne, 
nephew  of  the  famous  abbe  St.  Cyran.  He 
was  engaged  in  the  controversies  which  took 
place  about  the  Jansenists,  but  his  works  on 
the  subject  are  now  justly  forgotten.  He 
died  1G78,  aged  78. 

Bard,  a  Mahomedan  author,  who  wrote 
on  the  pronunciation  of  the  vowels  of  the 
text  of  the  Koran. 

Bardas,  a  chief  at  Constantinople,  uncle 
and  guardian  to  Michael  TIT.      After  various 


BA 


13A 


attempts  to  seize  the  soverelgr.  power,  hy 
violence  and  ai-tiiice,  he  was  put  to  death  b} 
Bacilius  the  Macedonian,  866. 

Bard  AS  called  Scelerus,  a  general 
raised  to  the  purple  by  his  soldiers  after  the 
dea-ih  of  John  Zimisces.  He  was  opposed 
by  Bardas  Phocas,  anil  in  consequence  of  a 
defeat  fled  to  Bagdad,  wliere  he  was  impri- 
soned 970-  He  was  al'terwards  rdconciled  to 
Phocas,  and  after  his  death  was  honorably 
treated  by  his  successor  Basil. 

Bardesanes,  a  native  of  Edessa  in  Sy- 
ria, eminent  as  an  author.  He  -was  the  foun- 
der of  a  sect  which  bore  his  name,  and  sup- 
ported the  existence  of  jEons,  but  denied 
the  doctrine  of  the  resurrection.     He  flor- 

ished  about  172. The  author  of  a  curious 

book  on  the  gymnosophists,  in  the  third  cen- 
tury, bore  that  name. 

Bardet,  Peter,  an  advocate  of  reputa- 
tion, author  of  a  "recueil  d'arrets,"  tv.o 
vols.  fol.     He  died  at  Moulins  1G85,  aged  94. 

Bardhadi,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  a 
moral  treatise  called  Adah. 

Bard IX,  Peter,  a  native  of  Rouen,  au- 
thor of  several  treatises  of  an  inferior  cha- 
racter. He  was  tli'owned  in  1637,  in  at- 
tempting to  save  his  pupil  M.  D'Humieres. 
His  epitaph  by  Chapelain,  in  a  style  of  ful- 
some panegyric,  mejitioncd  that  the  virtues 
Were  drowrod  with  him.  He  wrote  le  grand 
Chambellan  de  France,  fol.  1G23 — Pensees 
morales  sur  I'Ecclesiaste  8vo.  1629 — Le 
Lycee,  ou  de  I'honnete  horame,  two  vols. 
8vo. 

Bardney,  Richard,  a  Benedictine  of 
Bardney  in  Lincolnshire,  author  of  a  life  of 
Grostete  bishop  of  Lincoln,  in  Latin  verse. 
He  died  1504. 

Bareboxe,  Praise  God,  a  violent  leader 
of  Cromwell's  parliament  of  1654.  He  was 
a  lealhcr-seller  by  trade,  but  he  acquired 
such  celebrity  as  an  orator  and  a  demagogue, 
that  the  p.nrliament  was  ludio'ously  c-illed 
after  his  assumed  name.  Two  of  his  bro- 
thers, it  is  said,  had  adopted  likev,  ise  scrip- 
ture names,  ono  of  tliem,  "Clirist  came  into 
the  world  to  save  Barbone  ;"  and  the  other, 
"  if  Christ  had  not  died  thou  hadst  been 
damned,  Barbone,"  which  the  wits  of  the 
time  ahlneviated  to  the  two  last  words. 
When  Monk  led  his  army  to  London,  Bare- 
bone  acted  with  such  violence  at  the  head  of 
the  rabble,  that  the  general  sent  a  petition 
to  parliament  to  dismiss  and  punish  this  fu- 
rious zealot  and  his  partisans. 

Bare  XT,  Dieterick,  a  Hutch  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam.  He  was  the  disciple  of 
Titian,  and  excelled  in  historical  pieces  and 
in  portraits.     He  died  1592,  aged  58. 

Baretti,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Turin, 
son  of  an  eminent  architect.  He  received  a 
respectable  education,  but  the  little  I'urlune 
■which  he  inherited  was  lost  at  fai'O,  and  the 
indigent  son  became  an  author  by  profession. 
After  enduring  matiy  difficulties,  ami  after 
visiting  several  countries  of  Europe,  he 
came  in  1750  to  London  without  any  recom- 
mendations, and  with  an  imperfect  know- 
ledsre  of  the   Englisrh   language       fie  acci- 


dentally met  at  the  Orange  coffcc-hoivse  ^h 
Lennox,  whose   wife   wished  for  instructiou 
in  the  Italian   language,    to   enable    her  to 
translate  some  of  the  romances  from  which 
Shakspeare  had  drawn  his  plays,  and  frora 
this  connection,  arose  the  consequence  and 
respectability  which  he  afterwar<!s  enjoyed- 
Mrs.  Lennox  introduced  him  to  Dr.  John- 
son, whose  friendship  he  long  and  sincerely 
enjoyed,  and  he  was  soon  after  introduced  to 
the  Thrale  family,  and  to  other  persons  ot 
respectability  and  distinction.     After  a  resi- 
lience of  ten  years  in  London,  he  resolved  to 
revisit  his  native  country,  and  he  set  out  on 
13th  August  1760,  through  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal, not  however  without  ex])res3ing  with  all 
the  power  of  gratitude,  his  deep  sense  of  the 
kindness,   generosity,    and   philanthropy    of 
England.     In    his  journey   he   followed   the 
directions  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  in  taking  no- 
tice  of  whatever   scenes   passed    before  his 
eyes,   with  the  good-humor  and  playfulness 
of  youth,    accompanied    with   the   accurate 
judgment  of  the  philosopher,  he  produced  a 
most  amusing  and    valuable     performance, 
published  in  four  vols.  8vo.     At   Venice  he 
published  a  periodical  x>aper  called  Frustra 
literaria,   under  the  character  of  a   peevisli 
soldier  returned  home  after  an  absence  of  50 
years.     This    satirical    performance   raised 
against  him  a  host  of  enemies,  and  after  an. 
absence  of  six  years  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  in  a  little  time  engaged  In  an  inju- 
dicious  controversy   with    Mr.  Sharp,   -who 
had  just  published   '*  letters  from  Italy,  &c." 
He  made  some  short  excursions  to  France 
and  Spain  in  1768  and  69  ;  and  it  was  after 
his  return  that  an  accident  happened  which 
threw   a  veil  of  horror   over  the  remaining 
part  of  his   life.     On   his   return   from    the 
Orange  coffee-house  through  the  Hay-mar- 
ket  about  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening,  he 
was  attacked  by  a  Moman  whose  indecorous 
behaviour  provoked  him  to  strike  her  on  the 
hand.     She  continued  her  insults,  a«ul  three 
men,    who   apparently    were  in    connection 
with  the  woman,   approached  to  push  him. 
■with   rudeness   from    the  pavement,  and  to 
trample  upon  him,  when  he,  alarmed  for  his 
safety,  struck  one   of  them,   Eran    Morgan, 
with  a  knife,  and  repeated    the  blows  agaiu 
and  again  when  pursued  and  collared-     The 
wounds  were  so  deep  that  Morgan  died  the 
next  day  in  Mi<Idlesfc.^:  hospital,  and  Baretti 
was  at  the  following  sessions  at  the  Old  Bai- 
ley  tried  for  murder.     The  infamous  life  of 
his  assaiiar^t,  and  the  respectability  of  his  own 
character,  were  strong  in  favor  of  his  inno- 
cence;  aiul   he  refused  the  accustomed  pi-i- 
vilege  of  having  the   half  of  his  jury   of  fo- 
reigners.    He  read  his  defence  from  a  prin- 
ted  paper,   and  he  accounted   for  the  knife 
which  inflicted   the  wounds,  by  saying  that 
he  wore  it  as  all  foreignei-s  do,  to  cut  sweet- 
meats  and  fruit  in  deserts.     His   innocence 
was   acknowledged,  and   he   was   acquitted, 
as    having    committed    the    murder  in    his 
self  defence.     He   returned    to    his   literary 
life,    and   improved  his   fortune   as    well    a., 
his  reputation    by  various  useful    publica- 


BA 


BA 


lijoiis.      lie    received,  it    is   said,    500Z.   for 
Itis  travels,  and  he  not  only  i)iocure(I  pecu- 
niary assistance   from  Mrs.  Aliddlelon,  one 
of  his    pupils,    hut  was  fortunate   enoui^h  to 
receive  a   pension  of  80/.   per   annum  fr(jni 
lord    North's   administration.      IJut    as    the 
■wants  of  literary  men,  hov  ever,   are  nunie- 
l*0us,   and    their  profusion    piovei-bial,    Ji:i- 
retti  soon  found  himself  in   indigent  circunj- 
stances,  and  the  refusal  wliich  he  met  in  his 
application    to    the    hooksellcrs    for    relief, 
whilst  in    the    i)rosecution   of  his   improve- 
ments for   his  dii  tionary,  ruflled  his  spiiils, 
and  hastened  in  some  degree  his  decline.  An 
attack  of  the  gout    was  neglected,   and    the 
advice    <if  medical    men,    whonx   he    oppro- 
hriously  denominated   vultures,    was    disre- 
jjarded  till  a  recovery  was  impossible.     On 
the  morning  of  his   death,  he  declared  that 
he  had   dreaded   the  arrival  of  that  day;  he 
put  off  the  attendance   of  his  barber  to  the 
morrow,  and    with   great  cheerfulness   took 
his  last  leave  of  his  friends.     About  eight,  he 
took  a  glass  of  wine,  and    immcdiatel}-  after 
expired,  iMay  5th  17S9,  in  his  73d  year,  and 
■was  buried  on  the  ninth  in  Mary-bone  new 
Lurying  ground.    In  his  private  character  he 
was  highly  respectable,  his  integrity  was  un- 
impeached,  and  his  conversation  always  easy 
and  free,  and  was  directed  to  the  improve- 
ment   and   instruction  of  his   liearers.     He 
\vas  of  a  benevolent  and   charitable   disposi- 
tion,   and    never  hesitated  to  divide  his  last 
shilling  with  an  indigent  friend.     It  is  to  be 
lamented,   that    among  his    papers,    which 
were  carelessly  burnt  by  his  executors,  there 
■were  some  letters  and  valuable  communica- 
tions  from   Dr.  JoJinson.     His  works  were 
numerous,  but  though  in  general  interest- 
ing and   useful,  he  disregarded   them  in  one 
of  his  letters,    as  hastily    and    injudiciously 
produced  under  the  pressure  of  distress  and 
poverty,   and    not   abounding  with  that  ele- 
gance and  correctness,  which  a  more  settled 
life  and  more  opulent   circumstances    might 
have  supplied.     His  works  are,  besides  the 
travels,  tlie   dictionary   Italian  and   English, 
a  vols.  4to. — a  dissertation  on  Italian  poetry 
— the   Italian  library,   as  introductive  to  the 
Italian    language — an    Italian    grammar — an 
account  of  the   customs  of  Italy,  two   vols. 
Svo. — an   introduction   to  most  of  the  Euro- 
pean languages,  8vo. — a   Spanish  and   Eng- 
lish dictionary — Tolondron  speeches  to  John 
Bowie,    about  his   edition   of  Don    Quixote, 
Svo. — &c. 

Barezi,  a  Mahomcdan,  horn  at  llama, 
author  of  several  treatises  on  the  Koran, 
&cc.     He  died  the  year  738  of  the  hegira. 

Bargrave,  Isaac,  an  ecclesiastic  of  great 
abilities,  member  of  Clarehall  Cambridge, 
•and  chaplain  to  James  I.  and  Charles.  He 
•was  made  dean  of  Canterbury,  I4lh  Octo- 
ber, 1G25  ;  but  he  suffered  greatly  during 
the  civil  wars,  and  Sandys,  a  man  whose 
life  he  had  saved,  treated  him  and  his  tamilv 
"wilh  unusual  severity,  and  imprisoned  him 
jn  the  Fleet.  Bargrave  survived  that  mark 
of  ingratitude  only  three  weeks,  and  died  of 
a  broken  heart,   1643,  aged  50.    He  was  a 


zealous  defender  of  the  liberties  of  the  king- 
dom, civil  and  religious,  and  it  is  said  that  he 
offended  king  James,  at  St.  Margaret's, 
We.'itminster,  by  a  (liscourse  agaiii.st  po- 
l)ei'y,  he. 

B  ARID  AH,     a    Mahomcdan    writer     on 
Aristotle's  works. 

Baium,  a  Mahomedan  author,  who 
wrote  on  the  introduction  of  Poi-phyry's  sa- 

Baukh  AM,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter,  who, 
after  studying  at  Oxford,  and  hnlding  several 
places  of  prcfenuLnt,  died  at  Bocking  in 
Essex,  of  which  he  was  rector  and  dean. 
He  is  mentioned  by  Speed,  and  others,  as 
possessing  "  learning,  virtue,  and  courtesy." 
His  \aluable  collection  of  coins  and  medals, 
which  he  gave  to  Laud,  was  presented  to  the 
university.  Though  he  never  published  any 
thing,  yet  his  friends  had  reason  to  acknow- 
ledge his  great  erudition,  sa  that  Guillim's 
display  of  heraldry ,  and  Speed's  John  and 
Henry  II.  are  attributed  to  him. 

Bark  I,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  a  trea- 
tise on  geomancy. 

Barksdale,  Clement,  a  native  of  Winch- 
comb,  Clocestershire,  edu'cated  at  Abing- 
don school,  and  Oxford.  He  was  elected 
master  of  Hereford  school,  hut  during  the 
civil  wars,  he  left  his  situation  and  took  pu- 
pils at  Hawling,  in  Glocestersliire.  On  the 
restoration  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Naunton,  where  he  died  1687,  aged  78,  His 
works  are,  besides  .several  sermons,  and 
some  tracts,  monumenta  literaria,  sive  obi- 
tus  et  elogia,  doctorum  virorum  ex  historiis 
Thuani,  4to. — Nympha  Libethris,  or  the 
Corswold  muse,  Svo.  1651 — the  life  of  (iro- 
tius  1652,  12mo. — memorials  of  worthy  per- 
sons, 1661,  12mo. 

Barlaam,  a  monk  of  Seminara,  in  Cala- 
bria, who  in  visiting  Constantinople  to  learn 
the  Greek  language,  gained  the  favors  of  the 
emperor  Andronicus,  who  made  him  abbot 
of  St.  Salvador,  1339.  He  was  also  sent  by 
that  prince  into  tlie  West,  to  promote  the 
reunion  of  the  two  cluirches,  and  to  solicit 
the  assistance  of  Christian  princes  against 
the  Mahometans.  He  afterwards  had  a 
controversy  with  Palamas,  a  monk  of  Athos  ; 
but  though  he  wrote  against  the  Latins,  he 
no  sooner  returned  to  Italy,  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  see  of  Gieraci,  •which  was  after- 
wards removed  to  Locri,  tlian  he  severely 
attacked  the  Greeks.  This  circumstance,  so 
inconsistent,  has  given  occasion  to  some  au- 
thors, to  say  that  there  were  two  persons  of 
that  name.  He  died  about  1348.  His  letters 
were  pubU^iied  at  Ingolstadt,  160i. 

Barl/Eus,  Gasparaus,  a  Latin  poet  of 
Antwerp,  appointed  subprincipal  of  the: 
college  of  Leyden,  but  afterwards  rejected 
from  his  ofiice,  for  the  zealous  share  which 
he  took  in  the  disputes  of  the  Arminian?. 
He  now  took  his  degrees  in  physic  at  Caen, 
and  in  1631  v/as  invite  J  by  the  magisti'ates  of 
Amsterdam,  to  fdl  the  chair  of  professor  of 
philosophy,  vhiclihe  held  till  his  death  in 
1G4S,  ill  his  64th  year,  though  his  writings, 
iu  favor  of  Arminius,    raised  him  a  num»- 


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ber  of  enemies,  who  loudly  called  for  liis 
dismission.  His  orations  are  admired  for 
their  wit  and  purity,  and  his  poems  for  their 
elegance  and  correctness.  Two  volumes  of 
liis  letters  were  published  after  his  death. 
He  wrote  also  an  account  of  count  Maurice's 
govei'nment  in  Brazil. 

BARL.3LUS,  Lambert,  a  Greek  professor 
at  Leyden,  avIjo  wrote  annotations  on  Lu- 
cian'sTimon,  and  Hcsiod's  theogony,  and 
assisted  liivius  in  the  translation  of  the  con- 
fessions of  the  reformed  churches  into  Greek. 
He  spoke  Greek  with  the  same  fluent  facility 
as  his  mother  tongue.     He  died  1655. 

Barland,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Barland, 
m  Zealand,  professor  at  Louvain,  and  author 
t)f  notes  on  Virgil,  Terence,  Pliny  the  youn- 
ger, and  Menander,  besides  an  abridgment 
of  universal  history — the  chronicle  of  the 
dukes  of  Brabant^de  literatis  urbis  Romie 
principibius,   &c.    He  died  1542. 

Barletta,  Gabriel,  a  Dominican,  horn 
at  Barletta  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He 
acquired  some  celebx'ity  as  a  writer  and  as  a 
preacher,  and  it  became  proverbial  to  say, 
nescit  praedicare  qui  nescit  Barlettare.  It  is 
reported  that  his  sermons  rapidly  passed 
through  20  editions,  but  so  incongruous  was 
the  composition,  so  full  of  serious  reflections 
and  ridiculous  levities,  of  obsolete  words  and 
of  modern  and  ancient  idioms,  that  a  more 
singular  and  extraordinary  performance 
scarce  ever  appeared.  The  best  edition  is 
that  of  Venice  1577,  two  vols.  Svo.  He  was 
Lorn  about  1400,  but  the  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

Barlotta,  Joseph,  a  Sicilian  poet  of 
the  18th  century,  whose  odes,  sonnets,  can- 
tatas, &c.  possess  some  merit. 

Barlow,  William,  prior  of  a  monastery, 
before  the  dissolution,  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  St.  Asaph,  and  afterwards  of  St.  David's, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIU.  He  was  tran- 
slated to  Bath  and 'Wells  1547,  but  was 
ejected  by  Mary  because  he  was  married, 
upon  which  he  retired  to  Germany.  On 
Elizabeth's  accession,  he  was  promoted  to 
the  see  of  Chichester,  where  he  died,  1568. 
He  was  author  of  several  controversial 
hooks,  &c. 

Barlow,  Francis,  a  native  of  Lincoln- 
shire, the  pupil  of  Shepherd.  He  e.xcelled 
in  his  representation  of  birds,  beasts,  fishes, 
^cc.     He  died  1702. 

Barlowe,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Lang- 
hill,  Westmoreland,  educated  at  Appleby 
.school,  and  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow.  He  kept  his  pre- 
ierment  during  the  civil  Avars,  and  became 
successively  keeper  of  the  Bodleian,  provost 
of  his  own  college,  Margaret  professor  of 
divinity,  archdeacon  of  Oxford,  and  bishop, 
of  Lincoln,  1675.  He  was  violent  against 
the  Roman  catholics,  but  it  has  been  men- 
tioned that  he  paid  his  court  to  James  H. 
when  on  the  throne,  and  with  the  same 
time-serving  spirit  he  vented  his  resentment 
at  tlie  revolution  against  those  of  the  clergy 
who  refused  to  take  the  required  oaths.  In 
his  opinions  he  was  a  strong  Calvanist,  and 


warmly  supported  the  Aristotelian  tenets 
against  the  new  philosophy  introduced  by 
the  Royal  society.  He  died  at  Bugden, 
Huntingdonshire,  Oct.  8th,  1691,  in  the 
85th  year  of  his  age.  Such  of  his  books 
were  given  to  the  Bodleian  of  which  there 
were  no  copies  already  deposited  there,  and 
the  rest  to  Queen's  college.  His  works 
wci'e  against  popery  and  on  cases  of  con- 
science, and  chiefly  controversial.  His  ma- 
nuscripts passed  into  the  hands  of  his  chap- 
lains, Offley  and  Brougham. 

Barlowe,  W^illiam,  sow  ef  "William 
Barlowe,  bishop  of  St.  David's,  studied  at 
Baliol  college,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
the  first  discoverer  of  the  nature  and  pro- 
perties of  the  loadstone,  the  piercing  and 
cementing  of  which  he  eft'ected  by  a  new 
method.  He  explained  the  difference  be- 
tween iron  and  steel,  and  why  a  magnet  by 
being  doubly  capped  takes  up  a  greater 
weight.  His  opinions  were  made  public  in 
three  different  treatises.     He  died  1625. 

Barnabas,  St.  a  Levite,  born  at  Cyprus. 
As  soon  as  he  embraced  Christianity,  he 
so'-d  his  estate,  and  delivei'ed  his  money  to 
the  apostles,  and  was  afterwards  sent  to  An- 
tioch,  to  confirm  the  disciples.  He  preached 
the  gospel  in  company  with  St.  Paul,  and  af- 
terwards passed  with  St.  Mark  into  Cyprus, 
M'here  he  was  stoned  to  death  by  the  Jews. 
Thei'e  is  extant  a  Greek  letter  written  by 
him,  which  was  published  with  learned  notes 
by  Le  Clerc,  at  Amsterdam,  1724. 

Barnard,  Theodore,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, who  studied  under  Titian,  and 
acJorned  the  cathedral  of  Chichester  by  his 
paintings  of  the  kings  and  bishops.  There 
is  a  family  near  Chichester  descended  from 
him. 

Barxard,  John,  a  native  of  Castor  in 
Lincolnshire,  who  studied  at  Queen's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  was  made  by  the  par- 
liamentary visitors  fellow  of  Lincoln,  Ox- 
ford. He  married  Dr.  HeA'lyn's  daughter, 
and  settled  at  Waddington,  the  advowson  of 
which  he  purchased.  He  obtained  after  the 
restoration  a  prebend  of  Lincoln.  He  died 
at  Newark,  on  a  journey  to  Spa,  Aug.  17, 
1683,  and  was  buried  at  Waddington.  He 
wrote  against  scandalous  ministers,  &c.  be- 
sides the  life  of  his  father-in-law. 

Barnard,  Sir  John,  an  upright  magis- 
trate, and  an  incorrupt  statesman.  He  was 
born  at  Reading,  where  his  father,  a  quaker, 
was  a  wine  merchant.  He  succeeded  to  the 
business,  but  at  the  age  of  19  he  relinquished 
the  quakers  for  the  established  church,  and 
became  first  known  in  the  examination 
w  hich  he  underwent  in  the  house  of  lords  on 
a  wine  bill,  to  the  passing  of  which  the  mer- 
chants objected.  The  spii-ited  and  becom- 
ing manner  in  which  he  expressed  himself 
on  the  occasion,  gained  him  popularity.  He 
became  candidate  for  the  city  of  London, 
and  was  elected  in  1722,  and  he  served  the 
city  in  the  six  succeeding  parliaments.  In 
1727,  he  was  appointed  alderman  of  Dow- 
gate  ward,  and  in  1738  he  filled  the  chair  of  ' 
the  city  with  all  the  dignity  which  became  a 


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^refit  and  opulent  corporation.  His  contliict 
ill  piirlianient  was  over  {juideil  Ly  a  stron}^  at- 
lachnieiit  to  his  country  ;  Ik-  supported  i:\cry 
measure  which  contributed  In  extend  ctjni- 
nierce  and  ])rosperity,  and  in  his  opposition 
to  Walpole,  especially  durin;<  the  debates  on 
the  excise  act,  ids  lanj;UH};e  w  as  lirni,  ntatdy, 
and  patriotic.  Jn  July  1758  this  virtuous  ni.i- 
gistrale  resijj^ned  Ids  .!j;«)wn,  to  the  great  re- 
gret of  the  city,  and  retired  to  his  seat  at 
Clapiiani.  After  atlaininjjj  neai-Jy  the  Hi^c  ot 
8<K  he  expired,  'i'Jth  August,  1700,  leasing 
one  son  and  two  daughters.  The  gencr.ti 
character  of  sir  .lolin  may  he  collected  in 
the  respect  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens 
on  his  resignation.  He  was  coniplimented 
with  all  those  expressions  of  gratitude  and 
admiration  which  are  due  to  integrity  and 
to  virtue,  and  Ids  public  and  private  life 
vas  e(|ually  made  tlie  subject  of  panegyric 
libci-ally  bestowed  anil  meritoriously  earned. 
He  had  been  knighted  in  1732  by  George  11. 
and  in  memorial  of  his  merits  his  fellow  ci- 
tizens erected  his  statue  i-i  the  Exchange. 

Barxave,  Anthony  Peter  Jos-eph  Ma- 
rie, a  native  of  Gi-enoble,  brought  uj)  to  the 
bar.  The  revolution  called  him  to  Paris, 
■where,  as  a  deputy  to  the  national  assembly, 
lie  »lispla\ed  great  eloquence  and  strong 
powers  of  mind.  His  popularity  howevcl* 
quickly  vanished,  when  he  expressed  some 
interest  for  the  captive  family  of  llie  mo- 
narch, whom  he  had  conducted  back  from 
Varennes  to  Paris,  and  ventured  to  predict 
that  liberty  by  its  excesses  might  be  pro- 
ductive of  a  thousand  miseries  to  his  coun- 
try. He  was  sent  to  prison,  and  after  15 
months  of  confmemtnt,  he  was  dragged  to 
Paris,  Mhei'c  his  innocence  and  the  energy 
of  his  appeal  to  the  sense  of  the  nation, 
would  have  procured  his  acquittal  if  his 
iudges  had  been  upright.  He  was  guillotined 
29th  Nov.  1793,  aged  32. 

Barxes,  Juliana,  a  native  of  Roding,  in 
Essex,  prioress  of  Sopewell  nunnery,  near 
St.  Albans,  eminent  for  her  learning,  piety, 
and  personal  accomplishments.  She  has 
been  mentioned  with  great  commendation 
by  Bale,  Hollingshead,  and  others.  She 
A\rote  some  treatises  on  hunting,  hawking, 
kc.  besides  a  book  on  heraldry.  She  was 
living  in  i486,  according  to  tlie  titles  of  hci- 
book,  26  years  later  than  the  period  men- 
tioned by  Bale. 

Barnes,  Joshua,  a  native  of  l^ondon, 
educated  at  Christ  hospital,  and  atlmitted 
servitor  of  Emanuel,  Cambridge,  of  which 
lie  became  fellow,  and  where  he  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  great  learning,  and 
his  superior  knowletlge  of  Greek.  Tn  1700, 
Mrs.  Alason,  of  Hemmingford,  Huntingdon- 
shire, a  widow  not  beautiful  in  person,  but 
possessed  of  L'OO/.  a  year,  visited  him  at 
Cainbridge,  and  her  offer  to  settle  on  him 
the  half  of  her  income  at  her  death,  induced 
him  to  solicit  her  hand,  -which  the  obliging 
fair-one  did  not  refuse  to  Joshua,  for  whom, 
she  observed,  the  sun  stood  still.  He  dic(l 
August  3d,  1712,  in  his  57th  year,  and  his 
widow,  -who  was  nearly  oi'  tlie  srane  age  as 


himself,  erected  a  monument  over  him  at 
Hemmiiigfo!-d.  His  works  were  valu.-djie 
for  their  erudition  and  criticism.  The  chief 
were,  a  poetical  paraphrase  of  Esther 
1070— the  life  of  E«l«ard  111.  dedicate*!  to 
James  11.  in  1088 — a  learned  edition  of  Euri- 
[tides,  in  ItJ'ji — Anacreon,  in  1705 — and  llo- 
njer,  btc.  in  17O0.  lienlley  used  to  ridicule 
his  learning,  and  with  pedantic  pride  ob- 
served, that  he  kiicvv  (jreek  as  inucli  as  a 
cobler. 

Barnes,  JJobcit,  1).  J),  was  employed  by 
Henry  A  HI.  to  collect  the  opinions  of  the 
(.iei-man  divines,  about  hi.s  ilivorce  from 
(jueen  (Jatherine.  His  attachmetit  to  Lu- 
ther's doctrines  incurred  the  displeasure  of 
the  monarch,  who  bent  him  to  the  linvcr. 
He  was  burnt  alive  at  a  stake,  in  154t>.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  justificaliiKi,  and  the  his- 
tory of  the  popes. 

Barxeveldt,  John  d' Olden,  a  slates- 
man  of  great  al)ilities,  ambassador  to  Eliza- 
beth in  England,  and  to  Henry  IV.  of  Prance. 
His  attempts  to  limit  the  authority  of  Mau- 
rice the  second  stadholder  of  Holland,  raised 
him  enemies,  by  whose  virulence  he  was 
accused  of  designs  to  deliver  the  country  to 
the  Spaniai'ds,  and  in  consequence  ol  this 
false  charge,  he  was  tri(!d  and  beheaded  ia 
1019.  His  sons,  William  and  Rene,  resented 
the  cruelty  exercised  against  their  father, 
and  though  the  elder  escaped,  Rene  fell  the 
punishment  due  to  a  conspirator.  The 
mother  stepped  in  defence  of  her  son,  and 
when  Maurice  expressed  surprise  to  see  her 
eager  to  save  him  when  she  had  seen  his 
father  fall  unlamented,  she  indignantly  re- 
plied, "1  would  not  solicit  a  paidon  for  my 
husband,  for  he  was  innocent.  1  a-^^k  it  for 
Tiiy  son  because  he  is  guilty." 

Bard  or  Baroni,  Peter,  a  native  of 
Estampes,  in  Prance,  who  left  his  country 
on  account  of  his  attachment  to  protestant- 
ism, and  found  a  hospitable  asylum  in  Eng- 
land, in  the  house  of  lord  Burleigh,  and  at 
Cambridge  with  Dr.  Pierce,  by  whose  in- 
fluence he  was  chosen  Margaret  professor  of 
divinity  1574.  'I'he  tranquillity  of  his  resi- 
dence was  however  of  short  duration.  He 
opposed  ^^'hitacre,  Tindal,  and  Chadderton, 
who  violently  supported  the  tenets  of  abso- 
lute predestination,  and  whilst  he  gave  a 
more  moderate  explanation  to  the  doctrine 
in  his  sermons  and  in  his  lecture^,  he  found 
himself  cited  before  the  vice  chancellor,  and 
accused  before  archbishop  "\\  hitgift  ;  and 
though  lord  Burleigh  the  chancellor  disap- 
proved of  the  virulence  of  his  prosecutors, 
he  found  himself  obliged  to  leave  Cambridge 
for  Crutchedfriars,  London,  Mhere  he  died. 
He  was  buried  in  St.  Olave,  Hart-street.  His 
writings  were  on  divinity  subjects,  and  in 
Latin. 

Bar o CHE,  Prederic,  a  painter  of  Urbi- 
no,  who  learnt  sculptor  of  his  father,  and 
architecture  and  geometry  and  perspective 
of  his  uncle,  and  drew  the  heads  of  his  Vir- 
gins after  the  features  of  his  sister,  and  those 
of  his  Jesuses  after  his  nephew.  Cardinal  de 
la  Revere   became  early  his  patron,  but  the 


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fcjitous}'  of  his  rivals  proved  nearly  fatal. 
He  was  maliciously  poisoned,  and  Jhoiigh  ho 
recovered  by  tlie  immediate  application  of 
medicine,  his  constitution  grew  weak  and 
languid,  and  he  lingtred  in  an  unhealthy 
state,  till  his  84th  year,  161'2.  His  paintings 
are  in  great  esteem,  his  historical  pieces  are 
deservedly  admired,  but  he  shines  with  su- 
perior lustre  in  the  execution  of  his  devo- 
tional portraits.  His  merit  was  universally 
admitted,  and  his  infirmities  alone  prevented 
Idm  from  excepting  the  honors  which  were 
liberally  offered  to  him  by  the  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, the  emperor  Rodolph  H.  and  Phi- 
lip II.  of  Spain.  In  correctness  he  is  great; 
he  understood  well  the  effects  of  light  and 
shaile,  and  though  the  attitudes  of  some  of 
Lis  figures  are  out  of  proportion,  he  certain- 
ly may  be  said  to  approach  near  the  softness 
and  graces  of  Corregio. 

Baron,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Clon- 
mel,  Ireland,  educated  by  his  uncle  Luke 
Wadding,  and  afterwards  employed  as  divin- 
ity professor  at  Rome,  where  he  spent  60 
years,  and  died  blind  in  a  good  old  age, 
March  I8th,  1690.  He  was  a  learned  and 
■voluminous  writer.  His  Theologia  in  G  vols, 
is  his  best  performance.  See  a  list  of  his 
works  in  sir  James  Ware's  writers  of  Ire- 
land, p.  "iSS. 

Barox,   Michael,  son  of  a  merchant  of 
Issondun,    became   celebrated    as   a   player. 
His  powers  in  expressing  the   passions  were 
unusually  groat  and  he  was  deservedly  called 
the  lioscius  of  his  time.     He   was  not  insen- 
sible to  the  popularity  which  lie  enjoyed,  and 
"with  arrogance  and  vanity  he  observed,  that 
once  in   a   ceritury   perhaps  a   Ciesar  might 
arise,  but  that   2000  jears  were  requisite  to 
produce   a  Baron.     His  superior  excellence 
Avas  in  a  great  degree  owing  to   his  own  ex- 
ertions, so  that  Racine   in    representing  his 
Andromaclie  to  the   actors,  with  the  judg- 
ment and  correctness  of  a  poet  and  of  a  man 
of  feeling,  paid  him  the  highest  compliment, 
assuring  liim  that  he  could   give  him  no  in- 
structions, "  for   addccl   he  your  own  heart 
>^ill  tell  you  more  than  any   lessons  of  mine 
can   suggest."     He    died  at  l*aris  22d  Dec. 
1729,  aged  77.     Three   volumes  in  l2mo.  of 
theatrical  pieces,  appeared  in   1760,  under 
Itis  name,  of  which  however  some  supposed 
that  lie  was  not  the  author.     His  dialogue  is 
lively,  and  his    scenes   diversified;  but  there 
is  not  frequently    that  brilliancy  of  coloring 
>vhich  an  acquaintance  with  the  manners  of 
the   great  could    have  supplied.     Mis  "  Co- 
quette,— I'ccole  des  peres, — I'homme  a  bon- 
ne fortune,  &c."  are    his   best    pieces.     His 
father  M'as  also  on  the   stage  for  .some  tin)e. 
When   playing  Don    Diego   in   the  Cid  his 
sword  fell,   and  kicking   it  as  the  character 
reqnircfl,  he   wounded  his   little  toe  against 
tlie  point,  but   he  disregarded  the  blow  till  a 
gangrene  informed   him   of  his  danger.     He 
might  have  saved  his  life  by  aniputation,  but 
he  observed,  that  a   tlieatrical  monarch  with 
a  wooden    leg    would    be   hissed,  and  there- 
fore he   waited  patiently  tlic  slow  approach- 
es of  death,  which  happened  in  1655. 


Baron,  Hyacinth  Theodore,  a  learned 
physician  of  Paris,  author  of  a  Latin  disser- 
tation on  chocolate.  He  had  also  some  share 
in  the  pharmacopreia  of  Paris  for  1732.  He 
died  29th  July,  1758,  aged  72. 

Baroxi,  Adrianne  Busile,  a  native  of 
Mantua,  .sister  to  the  poet  Basile.  She  was 
so  admired  for  her  beauty,  her  wit,  and  her 
accompiishments,  that  volumes  were  written 
in  her  praise.  Her  daughter  Leonora  posses- 
sed equal  charms,  and  met  equal  admiration, 
and  in  1639,  a  collection  of  peices  in  Latin, 
Greek,  Spanish,  Italian,  and  French,  was 
published,  in  which  her  beauty  and  her  per- 
fections were  portrayed  with  all  the  graces 
of  poetry.  She  resided  long  at  Rome,  where 
she  appeared  occasionally  as  a  singer.  She 
also  wrote  some  poetical  trifles. 

Basonius,  Cajsar,  a  native  of  Sora  in 
Italy,  educated  at  Veroli,  Naples,  and  Rome. 
In  this  last  place  he  became  a  priest,  and 
was  appointed  soon  after  confessor  to  Cle- 
ment VIll.  keeper  of  his  library,  and  raised 
to  the  rank  of  cardinal.  On  the  death  of  the 
pope  1605  he  was  nearly  elevated  to  the  pon- 
tificate, as  he  had  31  voices  in  his  favor,  but 
his  election  was  opposed  by  the  Spanish  fac- 
tion, as  he  had  asserted  that  the  claims  of 
the  king  of  Spain  on  Naples  were  founded  on 
false  grounds.  His  constitution  was  injured 
by  his  intense  application,  so  that  in  his  old 
age  he  digested  his  food  with  difficulty.  He 
died  oOth  June,  1607,  aged  68.  His  works 
are  numerous  and  valuable,  especially  Ids 
Annales  ecclesiaslici,  in  12  vols.  fol.  abridged 
by  several  authors,  by  H.  Spondajus,  Lud.. 
Aurelio,  and  Bazovius. 

Barou  Du  SoBEiL,  N.  a  native  of  Lyons, 
distinguished  as  a  lawyer,  and  as  a  man  of 
letters.  He  translated  some  things  from  the 
Knglish,  and  wrote  the  eulogy  of  his  friend 
Prost  de  Royer.  He  was  put  to  death  after 
the  siege  of  Lyons,  at  the  end  of  1792,  by  the 
bloody  revolutionists. 

Barozzi,  James,  an  architect,  born  Ir 
the  dutcliy  of  Modena,  and  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Vignoia.  His  skill  in  architec- 
ture Mas  displayed  in  the  splendid  edifi- 
ces of  Bologna,  and  in  the  canal  between 
Ferrara  and  Bologna.  He  succeeded  M.  An- 
gelo  as  the  architect  in  the  erection  of  St. 
Peter's  at  Rome,  and  died  threrc  1577.  He 
was  member  of  the  academy  of  designs  at 
Rome,  and  was  much  noticed  during  an  ex- 
cursion in  France.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
perspective,  and  also  rules  for  the  five  orders 
of  architecture,  a  popular  work  which  has 
passed  through  16  editions. 

Barrai.,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Greno- 
ble, who  kept  a  school  at  Paris,  and  disLin- 
giiished  himself  as  the  author  of  a  diction- 
airc  historique,  &c.  des  hommes  celebres, 
6  vols  8vo.  a  work  generally  esteemed,  though 
in  some  articles  partial  and  unnecessarily  se- 
vere. He  also  abridged  Pitiscus's  dictionaire 
des  anticj.  Rom.  and  published  an  abstract 
of  Sevigne's  letters.  His  style  was  manly  and 
vigorous,  though  occasionally  negligent  and 
incorrecL  He  died  at  Paris,  July  21st,  1772. 
Barke,  Francois  Poullaiu  de  h,  a  French 


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ectlcsiastic  at  Paris,  wlio  obtaificd  u  piofcs- 
sorial  cimir  at  Geneva.  Heilicd  tUcre  IT'iJ. 
Jle  published  sonu;  treatises  on  tlic  e{|ualily 
ot"  llie  two  sexes,  the  eilucalioii  of  women, 
&CC.  in  a  st>'le  little  ahove  mediocrity. 

Baruf.,  Lonis  Francoi.4  Jos.  de  l;i,  a  na- 
tive ot  Touruay,  member  ol  the  auadeiuy 
des  inscri[)tions,  editor  of  Moreri's  dictiona- 
ry, and  autlioi-  of  some  books  on  antitinarian 
history,  ^c.  among  which  are  njemoiisof  the 
liistury  of  France  and  l{ur:?undy.  He  also 
asbi-ted  Banduri  in  his  imperinm  orientale, 
and  in  liis  colleetion  of  Itoman  medals  from 
Decius.  He  was  rewarded  with  a  pension 
by  tlic  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  died  at 
I'aris  1738,  aged  50. 

Barke,  Michel  dela,  a  musician  of  Paris, 
eminent  as  a  playt-ron  the  German  flute,  and 
as  the  author  ok  some  musical  «omyositions. 
He  died  1744. 

Barre,  Joseph,  an  ecjilesiastic,  canon  of 
St.  Genevieve,  and  chancellor  of  the  univer- 
.sity  of  Paris,  where  lie  died  '2Si\  of  June  17G4, 
aged  T'2.  He  was  well  versed  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal and  profane  history.  His  history  of 
Germany  1 1  vols.  4to.  is  the  best  of  his  works, 
though  it  does  not  abound  either  in  eleganc 
ol  language,  choice  of  matter,  or  happy  and 
interesting  combination  of  events.  He  pub- 
lished, besides  a  life  of  marshal  de  Pabert,  2 
vols.  l'2mo. — History  of  the  laws  and  the  tri- 
bunals, of  Justice,  4to. — Vindicije  librorum 
tleutero-canonicorum  veteris  Test.  &cc. 

Barre,  Madame  du,  celebrated  as  the 
mistress  of  the  eft'eminate  Lewis  XV.  was 
the  daughter  of  an  obscure  silversmith  of 
Paris,  of  the  name  of  Chivaux.  Her  eldest 
sister  was  the  mistress  of  a  colonel  Barre, 
atul  in  visiting  her  she  was  accidently  seen 
tiiul  admired  by  the  fickle  monarch.  That 
she  might  the  better  improve  this  infamous 
attachment,  she  secretly  married  the  bro- 
ther of  her  sister's  seducer,  and  was  now  re- 
ceived at  court,  and  loaded  with  all  the  hon- 
ors and  riches  which  a  captivated  master 
could  bestow.  At  the  revolution  she  was  ac- 
cused before  the  bloody  tribunal,  who  wished 
to  share  her  ill  acquired  opulence,  and  she 
was  dragged  to  the  scaffold,  where  her  fears 
and  pusillanimity  exposed  her  to  the  deri- 
sion of  her  enemies,  and  the  contempt  of 
the  spectators,  and  she  closed  like  a  coward 
alifeofgiilt,  licentiousness,  and  infamy,  1793. 

Barre Aux,  Jacques  Vallce,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known,  by  the  libertinism  of  his  life 
and  conversation.  As  his  connections  were 
noble,  and  his  income  ample,  he  spared  no- 
thing to  give  variety  to  his  voluptuous  pur- 
suits ;  his  w  inters  were  passed  in  the  mild 
climate  of  Florence,  and  in  summer  he  was 
lost  amidst  the  fiiasipation  of  the  capital.  In 
his  old  age  he  became  a  convert  to  Christian- 
ity. He  died  at  Chalons  sur-Saone  1673,  in 
his  7'2d  year.  An  elegant  sonnet  '*  Grand 
Dieu,  Sec."  is  the  only  thing  which  he  wrote, 
and  some  even  have  asserted  that  it  was  not 
his  comi)Osition. 

BARRELtER,  Jamcs,  a  Dominican,  who, 
as  a  preaching  friar,  made  the  tour  of  Spain, 
France,  and  Italy.     As  he  was  particularly 


fond  of  botany  he  made  a  large  collection  of 
plants,  8tc.  during  his  journey,  and  he  inten- 
ded to  give  agemral  history  of  [daiils  c:dle«l 
Hortus  mundi,  (ji- Oibis  botanicus,  wht.ii  a  fa- 
tal asthma  sloiqied  his  useful  labors  167.'j,  la 
his  fi7th  year.  A  colleciion  of  bis  intended 
work  was  afterwaids  puMislicd  by  de  Jus- 
sieu,  called  "  1*1; .  tie  per  Galliam,  ^c.  obser- 
vatae  cum  iconiljus  iEneis,  1714,  in  folio. 

Barreke,  Peter,  a  i)hysician  of  re[)uta- 
tion  at  Perpignan,  author  ot  treatises  on  the 
color  ol'  negroes,  4lo.  1741,  on  the  history  of 
ecpiinoctial  France,  &c.  1748,  12mo.  Ke  di- 
ed 17.55. 

Barrett,  George,  a  native  of  Dublin, 
eminent  as  a  self-taught  painter.  Jn  his 
youth  he  obtained  the  prize  of  50/.  from  the 
Dublin  society  for  the  best  landscape  in  oil, 
and  in  17G2  he  also  with  another  landscape 
gained  a  similar  prize  from  the  London  socie- 
ty for  the  encouragement  of  arts.  He  was 
zealous  in  the  establishment  of  the  I'oy.'xl 
academy,  of  which  he  was  member.  His 
most  admired  pieces  are  pi*eserved  in  the 
coMections  of  the  dukes  of  Portland  and  Buc- 
cleugh,  Mr.  Locke  and  others.  He  died 
1784,  aged  52. 

Barrett,  William,  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, who  settled  at  Bristol  as  a  surgeon, 
and  devoted  much  of  his  time  for  twenty 
year.9  in  making  collections  for  the  history 
of  tkat  city.  The  Avork  was  published  iu 
4to.  1788,  and  the  author  died  the  next  year. 
He  was  interested  much  in  the  Chattertoniaa 
controversy,  as  he  was  one  of  the  earliest 
friends  and  patrons  of  the  imfortunate  youth. 

Barriere,  Pierre,  a  man  who,  from  a 
sailor,  became  a  soldier,  and  formed  the 
project  of  assassinating  Henry  IV.  of  FYance 
He  imparted  this  diabolical  purpose  to  Se- 
raphiu  Bonchi  an  Italian  monk,  who  inform- 
ed the  courtiers  of  the  king's  danger,  and 
Barriere  was  seized  and  broken  on  the  wheel 
at  Melun  26th  Aug.  1693. 

Barrington,  John  Shute,  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Shute,  merchant,  was  born  at  Theo- 
bald's, Herts,  and  partly  educated  at  Utrecht. 
He  early  embibed  the  tenets  of  the  dissen- 
ters, in  whose  favor  he  wrote  so.Ti.e  treatises. 
He  applied  himself  to  the  law,  and  so  con- 
spicuous were  his  abilities,  and  so  great  hi'S 
atithority  among  the  dissenters  considered, 
that  the  ministry,  at  the  instance  of  lord 
Somers,  applied  to  him  when  he  was  but- 
24  years  old  to  exert  his  influence  with  the 
Scotch  presbyterians  to  promote  the  union 
of  the  two  kingdoms.  He  was  successful, 
and  his  labors  were  rewarded  by  tJie  appoint- 
ment of  commissioner  of  the  customs  ia 
1708,  from  which  however  he  was  removed 
three  years  after  on  the  ctiange  of  adminis- 
tration. His  character  was  so  highly  i^espec- 
ted  that  John  "Wildman,  esq.  of  Becket, 
Berks,  though  a  stranger,  left  him  his  es- 
tate, and  Some  years  after  the  eame  liberal 
and  honorable  compliment  was  paid  him  by 
Francis  Barrington  of  Tofts,  who  had  mar- 
ried his  relation,  and  whose  name  and  arms 
he  assumed.  i\Ir.  Sliute  sat  in  parliament 
for    Berwick-upon-Tweed,  bxit  he  did  vfsi 


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fc;iloL;5>3'  of  his  rivals  proved  nearly  fatal. 
He  was  maliciously  poisoned,  and  though  ho 
recovered  by  the  iniraediale  application  of 
medicine,  his  constitution  grew  \\  eak  and 
languid,  and  he  lingercti  in  an  unhealthy 
state,  till  his  8ith  year,  161'2.  His  paintings 
are  in  great  esteenn,  his  historical  pieces  are 
deservedly  admired,  but  he  shines  with  su- 
perior lustre  in  tlie  execution  of  ids  devo- 
tional portraits.  His  merit  was  universally 
admitted,  an<l  his  infirmities  alone  prevented 
Idm  from  excepting  tiie  honors  which  were 
iiberally  offered  to  him  by  the  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, the  emperor  Rodolph  H.  and  Phi- 
lip II.  of  Spain.  In  correctness  he  is  great; 
he  understood  well  the  effects  of  light  and 
ehace,  and  though  the  attitudes  of  some  of 
his  figures  arc  out  of  proportion,  he  certain- 
ly may  be  said  to  approach  uear  the  softness 
and  graces  of  Corregio. 

BarOiV,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Clon- 
mel,  Ireland,  educated  by  his  uncle  Luke 
AVadding,  and  afterwards  employed  as  divin- 
ity professor  at  Rome,  where  he  spent  60 
years,  and  died  blind  in  a  good  old  age, 
Alarch  I8th,  169G.  He  was  a  learned  and 
Tohiminous  writer.  His  Theologia  in  G  vols, 
is  his  best  performance.  See  a  list  of  his 
T/orks  in  sir  James  Ware's  writers  of  Ire- 
land, p.  "253. 

Baron,   Michael,  son  of  a  merchant  of 
Issondun,    became   celebrated    as   a   player. 
His  powers  in  expressing  the   passions  were 
unusually  great  and  he  was  deservedly  called 
the  Itoscius  of  his  time.     He   was  not  insen- 
sible to  the  popularity  which  he  enjoyed,  and 
■with  arrogance  and  vanity  he  observed,  that 
once  in   a   ccritury   perhaps  a   Ciesar  might 
ai'ise,  but  that   tiOOO  3'ears  were  requisite  to 
produce   a  Baron.     His  superior  excellence 
Avas  in  a  great  degree  owing  to   his  own  ex- 
ertions, so  that  Racine   in    representing  his 
Andromache  to  the  actors,  with  the  judg- 
ment and  correctness  of  a  poet  and  of  a  man 
of  feeli.'ig,  paid  him  the  highest  compliment, 
asstiring  Idm  that  he  could  give  him  no  in- 
structions, "  for   added   he  your  own  heart 
>\ill  tell  you  more  than  any   lessons  of  mine 
t'an   suggest."     He    died  at  Paris  22(1  Dec. 
1729,  aged  77.     Three   volumes  in  12mo.  of 
theatrical  pieces,  appeared  in   ITGO,  under 
his  name,  of  which  however  some  supposed 
that  lie  was  not  the  author.     His  dialogue  is 
lively,  and  his   scenes  diversified;  but  there 
is  not  frequentU^    that  brilliancy  of  coloring 
Avhich  an  acquaintai'.ce  with   the  manners  of 
the   great  could    have  supplied.     Mis  "  Co- 
quette,— I'ccole  des  pcres, — I'homme  a  bon- 
ne fortune,  8:c."  are    his   best    pieces.     His 
father  was  also  on  the   stage  for  some  time. 
"VVhen   playing   Don    Diego   in   the  Cid  his 
.sword  fell,   and  kicking   it  as  the  character 
required,  he   wounded   his   little  toe  against 
the  point,  but   he  disregarded  the  blow  till  a 
gan/rene  informed   him   of  his  danger.     He 
might  have  saved  his  life  by  amputation,  but 
he  observed,  that  a  tlieatrical  monarch  with 
u  wooden    leg   would    be   hissed,  and  theie- 
fore  he    waited  [latiently  the  slow  approach- 
es of  death,  which  happened  in  1655. 


Baron,  Hyacinth  Theodore,  a  learned 
physici.'in  of  Paris,  author  of  a  Latin  disser- 
tation on  chocolate.  He  had  also  some  share 
in  the  pharmacopoeia  of  Paris  for  1732.  He 
died  29th  July,  1758,  aged  72. 

Baroxi,  Adrianne  Basile,  a  native  of 
Mantua,  sister  to  the  poet  Basile.  She  was 
so  admired  for  her  beauty,  her  wit,  and  her 
acctmipiishments,  that  volumes  were  written 
in  her  praise.  Her  daughter  Leonora  posses- 
sed equal  charms,  and  met  equal  admiration, 
and  in  1639,  a  collection  of  peices  in  Latin, 
(ireek,  Spanish,  Italian,  and  French,  was 
published,  in  which  her  beauty  and  her  per- 
fections were  portrayed  with  all  the  graces 
of  poetry.  She  resided  long  at  Rome,  wdiere 
she  appeared  occasionally  as  a  singer.  She 
also  wrote  some  poetical  trifles. 

Basonius,  Cajsar,  a  native  of  Sora  in 
Italy,  educated  at  Veroli,  Naples,  and  Rome. 
In  this  last  place  he  became  a  priest,  and 
was  appointed  soon  after  confessor  to  Cle- 
ment VHl.  keeper  of  his  library,  and  raised 
to  the  rank  of  carflinal.  On  the  death  of  the 
pope  1605  he  was  nearly  elevated  to  the  pon- 
tificate, as  he  had  31  voices  in  his  favor,  but 
his  election  was  opposed  by  the  Spanish  fac- 
tion, as  he  had  asserted  that  the  claims  of 
the  king  of  Spain  on  Naples  were  founded  oa 
false  grounds.  His  constitution  was  injured 
by  his  intense  application,  so  that  in  his  old 
age  he  digested  his  food  with  difficulty.  He 
died  30th  June,  1607,  aged  68.  His  works 
are  numerous  and  valuable,  especially  Ids 
Annates  ecclesiastici,  in  12  vols.  fol.  abridged 
by  several  authors,  by  H.  Spondajus,  Lud^ 
Aurelio,  and  Bazovius. 

Barou  Du  SoBEiL,  N.  a  native  of  Lyons, 
distinguished  as  a  lawyer,  and  as  a  man  of 
letters.  He  translated  some  things  from  the 
Knglish,  and  wrote  the  eulogy  of  his  friend 
Prost  de  Royer.  He  Avas  put  to  death  after 
the  siege  of  Lyons,  at  the  end  of  1792,  by  the 
blood}'  revolutionists. 

Baroxzi,  James,  an  architect,  born  Ir 
the  diitchy  of  Modena,  and  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Vignola.  His  skill  in  architec- 
ture Mas  displayed  in  the  splendid  edifi- 
ces of  Bologna,  and  in  the  canal  between 
P'errara  and  Bolosna.  He  succeeded  M.  An- 
gelo  as  the  architect  in  the  erection  of  St. 
Peter's  at  Rome,  and  died  threrc  1577.  He 
was  member  of  the  academy  of  designs  at 
Rome,  and  was  much  noticed  during  an  ex- 
cursion in  France.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
perspective,  and  also  rules  for  the  five  orders 
of  architecture,  a  popular  work  which  has 
passed  through  16  editions. 

Barr.\i,,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Greno- 
ble, who  kept  a  school  at  Paris,  and  disim- 
guished  himself  as  the  author  of  a  diction- 
aire  historique,  &c.  des  hommes  celebres, 
G  vols  8vo.  a  work  generally  esteemed,  though 
in  some  articles  partial  and  uimecessarily  se- 
vere. He  also  abridged  Pitiscus's  dictionaire 
des  antiq.  Rom.  and  published  an  abstract 
of  Sevigne's  letters.  His  style  was  manly  and 
vigorous,  though  occasionally  negligent  and 
incorrect.     He  died  at  Paris,  July  21st,  1772. 

Barre,  Francois  Poullaiu  de  h,  a  French 


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ccfclcsiastic  at  Paris,  wlio  obtained  a  profts- 
sorial  cliair  at  Cieiieva.  He  died  tlicre  IT'iJ. 
He  piiblislit'd  sojut."  treatises  on  the  equality 
of  llie  two  bfe'xes,  tlie  education  (»f  women, 
&CC.  in  a  st^le  little  ahove  mediocrity. 

Haruk,  Louis  Francoi.s  Jos-  tie  la,  a  na- 
tive ot"  ruurnay,  lueuiber  ol"  tlie  ai.a<li;my 
des  inscriptions,  editor  of  Moreri's  diutiona- 
ry,  and  auilior  of  some  books  on  antifpiarian 
history,  ^c  aiiKtng  uhicli  are  memoirs  of  tlie 
history  of  France  and  llurj^undy.  He  also 
assirted  Banduri  in  his  iM)|)erium  orientaie, 
and  in  liis  colleetiou  of  lioman  medals  from 
Decius.  He  was  rewanied  with  a  pension 
bv  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  died  at 
r'aris  irj8,  aged  50. 

Barhe,  Micliel  dela,  a  musician  of  Paris, 
eminent  as  a  player  on  the  German  flute,  and 
US  the  author  ol  some  musical  «ompositions. 
He  died  1744. 

Barre,  Joseph,  an  ecislesiastic,  canon  of 
St.  Gene%'ieve,  and  chancellor  of  the  univer- 
.sity  of  Paris,  where  he  died  2Si]  of  June  1764, 
aged  72.  He  was  well  vei'sed  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal and  profane  history.  His  history  of 
Germany  II  vols.  4to.  is  the  best  of  his  works, 
though  it  docs  not  abounfl  either  in  eleganc 
ot  language,  choice  of  matter,  or  happy  and 
interesting  combination  of  events.  He  pub- 
lished, besides  a  life  of  marshal  de  Fabert,  2 
vols.  l'2mo. — History  of  the  laws  and  the  tri- 
bunals, of  Justice,  4to. — Vindicix  librorum 
tleutero-canonicorum  veteris  Test.  &c. 

Bar  RE,  Madame  du,  celebrated  as  tlie 
mistress  of  the  efteminate  Lewis  XV.  was 
the  daughter  of  an  obscure  silversmith  of 
Paris,  of  the  name  of  Chivaux.  Her  eldest 
sister  was  the  mistress  of  a  colonel  Barre, 
and  in  visiting  her  she  was  accidenlly  seen 
and  admired  by  the  fickle  monarch.  That 
she  might  the  better  improve  this  infamous 
attachment,  slie  secretly  married  the  bro- 
ther of  her  sister's  seducer,  and  was  now  re- 
ceived at  court,  and  loaded  with  all  the  hon- 
ors and  riches  which  a  captivated  master 
could  bestow.  At  the  revolution  she  was  ac- 
cused before  the  bloody  tribunal,  v.  ho  wished 
to  share  her  ill  acquii-ed  opulence,  and  she 
was  dragged  to  the  scatFold,  where  her  fears 
and  pusillanimity  exposed  her  to  the  deri- 
sion of  her  enemies,  and  the  contempt  of 
the  spectators,  and  she  closed  like  a  coward 
alifeofg. lilt,  licentiousness,  and  infamy,  1793. 

Barre Aux,  Jacques  Vallee,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known,  by  the  libertinism  of  his  life 
and  conversation.  As  his  connections  were 
noble,  and  his  income  ample,  he  spared  no- 
thing to  give  variety  to  his  voluptuous  pur- 
suits ;  his  winters  were  passed  in  the  mild 
climate  of  Florence,  and  in  summer  he  was 
lost  amidst  the  dissipation  of  the  capital.  In 
his  old  age  he  became  a  convert  to  Christian- 
ity. He  <lttid  at  Chalons  sur-Saone  1673,  in 
his  72d  year.  An  elegant  sonnet  '*  Grand 
Dieu,  kc."  is  the  only  thing  which  he  Avrote, 
and  some  even  have  asserted  that  it  was  not 
his  composition. 

Barrelier,  James,  a  Dominicrin,  who, 
as  a  preaching  friar,  made  the  tour  of  Spain, 
France,  and  Italy.     As  he  was  particularly 


fond  of  botany  he  made  a  large  collection  of 
plants,  he.  iluring  his  journey,  and  he  inten- 
ded to  give  agemi'id  hist«jry  of  (daiits  called 
Hortus  mundi,  or  Orliis  botanicu.s,  when  a  ta- 
tal  asthma  stopped  his  useful  labors  167.'3,  la 
his  r)7th  year.  A  collection  of  his  intended 
work  was  aftci  u  atils  pidilislicd  by  de  Jus- 
sieu,  called  "  i^l: .  tie  per  Galliam,  8cc.  obser- 
vatae  cum  iconilius  yEiicis,  1714,  in  f(»lio. 

Barre  RE,  Peter,  a  i)h\hician  of  rt.[)uta- 
tion  at  Perpignan,  author  of  treatises  on  the 
color  of  negroes,  4to.  1741,  on  the  history  of 
equinoctial  France,  &c.  1748,  12mo.  Ke  di- 
ed 17.55. 

Barrett,  George,  a  native  of  Dublin, 
eminent  as  a  self-taught  painter.  In  his 
youth  he  obtained  the  prize  of  50/.  from  the 
Dublin  society  for  the  best  landscape  in  oil, 
and  in  1702  he  also  with  another  landscape 
gained  a  similar  prize  from  the  London  socie- 
ty for  the  encouragement  of  arts.  He  was 
zealous  in  the  establishment  of  the  royal 
academy,  of  which  he  was  member.  His 
most  admired  pieces  are  preserved  in  the 
collections  of  the  dukes  of  Portland  and  Buc- 
cleugh,  Mr.  Locke  and  others.  He  died 
1784,  aged  52. 

Barrett,  William,  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, who  settled  at  Bristol  as  a  surgeon, 
and  devoted  much  of  his  time  for  twenty 
years  in  making  collections  for  the  history 
of  tbat  city.  The  Avork  was  published  iu 
4to.  1788,  and  the  author  died  the  next  year. 
He  was  interested  much  in  the  Chattertoniaa 
controversy,  as  he  was  one  of  the  earliest 
friends  and  patrons  of  the  unfortunate  youth. 

Bar  R I  ere,  Pierre,  a  man  who,  from  a 
sailor,  became  a  soldier,  and  formed  the 
project  of  assassinating  Henry  IV.  of  France 
He  imparted  this  diabolical  purpose  to  Se- 
raphiu  Boiichi  an  Italian  monk,  Avho  inform- 
ed the  courtiers  of  the  king's  danger,  and 
Barriere  was  seized  and  broken  on  the  wheel 
at  Melun  26th  Aug.  1693. 

Barring  TON,  John  Siiute,  son  of  Ben- 
jamin Shute,  merchant,  was  born  at  Theo- 
bald's, Herts,  and  partlv  educated  at  Utrecht. 
He  early  embibed  the  tenets  of  the  dissen- 
ters, in  whose  favor  he  wrote  so.Tie  treatises. 
He  applied  himself  to  the  law,  and  so  con- 
spicuous were  his  abilities,  and  so  great  his 
authority  among  the  dissenters  considered, 
that  the  ministry,  at  the  instance  of  lord 
Somers,  applied  to  him  when  he  was  bur 
24  years  old  to  exert  his  influence  with  the 
Scotch  Presbyterians  to  promote  the  union, 
of  the  two  kingdoms.  He  was  successful, 
and  his  labors  were  rewarded  by  tlie  appoint- 
ment of  commissioner  of  the  customs  ia 
1708,  from  which  however  he  was  removed 
three  years  after  on  the  change  of  adminis- 
tration. His  character  was  so  highly  i^espec- 
ted  that  John  "Wildman,  esq.  of  Becket, 
Berks,  though  a  stranger,  left  him  his  es- 
tate, and  Some  years  after  the  eame  liber.-^l 
and  honorable  compliment  was  paid  him  by 
Francis  Barrington  of  Tofts,  who  had  mar- 
ried his  relation,  and  whose  name  and  arms 
lie  assumed.  Air.  Suute  sat  in  parliament 
for    Berwick-upon-Tweed,  but  he  did  vfs": 


JBA 


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disLinguisii  himself  as  an  eloquent  oi-  a  Irc- 
queiit  speaker.  lu  1720  lie  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  of  Irelanil  bj'  the  title  of  Viscount 
Barriiigton,  but  in  1723  his  character  was 
undeservedly  tarnished  for  his  conduct  in 
the  Harburgli  lottery,  for  which  he  was  ex- 
^lelled  from  tlie  house.  lie  died  at  JJecket 
Dec.  4th,  1734,  in  his  6Gth  year.  He  was 
the  disciple  and  the  friend  of  the  famous 
ISIr.  Locke.  He  was  author  of  miscellanea 
sacra  in  two  vols.  8vo.  explaining  the  spirit- 
nal  gifts,  &c.  by  which  the  apostles  propaga- 
ted Christianity,  a  work  which  strongly  sup- 
ported the  truth  of  religion,  and  which  shook 
the  inliilelity  of  Anthony  Collins.  He  wrote 
also  other  treatises  on  divinity  and  po- 
litical subjects,  such  as  an  essay  on  the  several 
dispensations  of  God  to  mankind — a  tract 
on  the  toleration  of  protestant  dissenters 
1701, — the  riglits  of  protestant  dissenters  in 
2  parts, — and  in' these  he  displayed  not  oidy 
erudition  but  a  warm  attachment  to  the 
rights  of  mankind,  and  strongly  maintained 
the  importance  and  necessity  of  free  inquiry 
in  matters  of  religion.  He  married  x\nne, 
daughter  of  William  Daines,  by  whom  he 
had  six  sons  and  three  daughters. 

Barrington,  Uaines,  fourth  son  of  lord 
Barrington,  was,  in  1757,  appointed  a  Welsh 
judge,  and  afterwards  second  justice  of  Ches- 
ter. These  offices,  which  he  discharged  with 
great  dignity,  he  resigned  some  years  before 
his  death,  and  devoted  himself  to  those  lite- 
i-ary  pursuits  which  he  loved.  He  was  author 
of  observations  on  the  statutes,  4to. — tracts  on 
the  probability  of  reaching  the  north  pole,  4to, 
kc. — and  made  besides  valuable  communica- 
tions to  the  royal  and  antiquarian  societies,  of 
which  he  was  a  disiinguished  membei',  and  of 
the  last  of  which  he  was  vice-president.  He 
died  Max'ch  14,  1800,  aged  73,  at  his  cham- 
bers in  the  Temple,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Temple  church. 

B.v  RUING  TON,  Samuel,  fifth  sou  of  lord 
Barrington,  distinguished  himself  by  his  na- 
val services,  especially  in  the  West-InJies,  at 
the  taking  of  St  Lucia,  atid  at  the  siege  of 
Gibraltar  with  lord  Howe  in  1782.  He  was 
made  post  captain  1747,  rear  admiral  in 
1778,  and  died  16th  August  1800,  aged  71. 

Barros,  or  De  Barros,  John,  a  native 
of  Viseo,  engaged  as  preee])tor  to  the  chil- 
dren of  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal.  After 
being  three  years  governor  of  St.  George,  oii 
the  coast  of  xVfrica,  he  was  recalled  by  his 
pupil,  king  Juan,  to  be  treasurer  of  the  In- 
dies; and  in  this  employment  he  formed  the 
design  of  writing  the  history  of  that  lately 
discovered  part  of  the  globe.  He  died  at 
Pompal,  the  place  of  his  literary  retire- 
ment, 1570,  in  his  74th  year.  His  history  is 
divided  into  4  decades,  arid  though  censured 
by  la  Boulayc  le  Goux,  and  extolled  by  Pos- 
sevin  and  de  Thou,  it  contains  a  collection 
of  many  hiUierto  unknown  facts,  though  un- 
adorned with  the  graces  of  elegance,  or  the 
strictest  attachment  to  truth.  Alfonso  Ulloa 
translated  the  book  from  Portuguese  into 
Spanish.  The  work  was  edited,  3  vols.  fol. 
Lisbon,  1736. 


Barrow,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Spin ey  Ab- 
bey, Cambridgeshire,  educated  at  Peter- 
house,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He  was 
ejected  in  1643,  and  then  retired  to  Oxford, 
and  was  made  chaplain  of  New  college,  and 
after  the  restoration  he  was  consecrated  bi- 
shop of  Sodor  and  Man,  and  soon  after  trans- 
lated to  St.  Asaph.  He  died  1680,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Asaph  cathedral.  The  two  sees 
over  which  he  presided  were  much  benefit- 
ted by  his  liberality,  especially  the  former. 

Barro\v,  Isaac,  a  learned  mathematician 
and  divine  of  an  ancient  family   in  Suffolk, 
was   born   in    London.     From  the   Charter- 
house,  where  he  gave  few  proofs  of  applica- 
tion, and  many  of  his   fondness  for  fighting, 
he  went  to  Felsted  in  Essex,  where  a  change 
of  disposition  from  indolence  toindusti*y  sooa 
distinguished    him.     He   was  admitted  pen- 
sioner of   Peter-house,    Cambridge,     1643 ; 
but  when  he  went  two  years  after  to  reside, 
he  became  member  of  Trinity  college,  where 
his  uncle   had    entered,  after  being  ejected 
from    Peter-house   for   writing    against   the 
covenant.     He   Avas   afterwards   chosen    fel- 
low of  the  college ;  but  though  his  income  was 
small,  from  the   losses   which  the  civil   war 
had  brought  upon   his  father,  he  did  not  in- 
gloriously  submit  to  the  ruling  powers  ;  and 
though    he   inadvertently    subscribed  to  the 
covenant,    he  soon   repented  of  this  weak- 
ness, and  insisted  upon   the  erasure  of  his 
name.     His  studies  were  directed  to  divini- 
ty ;  but  when   he   observed  the    connection 
w  hich  exists  between  chronology  and  astro- 
nomy, he  applied  himself  with  indefatigable 
zeal  to   those  higher  sciences,  and  made   a 
rapid   progress  besides   in^anatomy,  botany, 
and  chemistry.     Upon  his  disappomtment  in 
not  being  elected    Greek  professor,  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Duport,  he   resolved  to  travel, 
and  to   supply  his   expenses  he  parted  with 
his  books,  and  left  the  kingdom,  1655.     He 
visited  Paris,    Leghorn,  and    Florence,  and 
every  where  enriched  the  stores  of  his  mind 
by   observation    and  inquisitive    researches, 
liis   progress   might,    however,    have   been 
checked,  had   not  his  pecuniary   difficulties 
been  i-emoved  by  the  liberality  of  Mr.  James 
Stock,  a  young  merchant  of  London,  whom 
he  met  at  Florence.     From  Leghorn  he  pas- 
sed to   Smyrna,  and  in  his  voyage  displayed 
his    uncommon    coni'age,    by     assisting   the 
crew-  of  the  vessel  in  beating  oft'  an  Algerine 
corsair  that   threatened  them  with  death  or 
slavery.  He  passed  from  Smyrna  to  Constan- 
tinople, where  he  resided  one  year,  and  re- 
turned to  England  through  Venice,  Germany, 
and  Holland,  in  1659.     He  now  took  orders, 
agreeable  to  the  statutes  of  his  college,  and. 
in  1660,  he  was  elected  to  the  Greek  profes- 
sorship of  the  university,  and  two  j'ears  af- 
ter, to  that  of  geometry  in  Gresham  college. 
The  next  year  he  was  made  Lucasian  mathe- 
matical   lecturer   at     Cambridge,    an    office 
which,   in    1669,    he   resigned   to  his  great 
friend   ls:iac  Newton,   that   he   might    with 
closer  application  devote  himself  to  divinity. 
He  now  received  the  preferment  which  vas 
due  to  his  merit  frora  hh  uncle,  bishop  of 


BA 


BA 


St.  Asnpl),  and  fiom  \V:ird,  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, Hiid,  ill  1072,  the  kiiit^,  wlioin  he 
seived  by  )iis  conduct,  and  iUittercd  by  his 
poetry,  raised  him  to  the  raastcrshij)  ol" 
Trinity  college,  observing,  with  real  trulli, 
that  he  gave  it  to  the  best  scholar  in  Eng- 
land. He  was  vice  chancellor  in  1G75;  but 
his  public  services  were  of  short  duration. 
l[c  died  of  a  fever,  4lh  May,  1677,  aged  47, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  where 
his  friends,  by  contribution,  erected  a  mo- 
nument over  him,  of  which  the  epitaph  was 
•written  by  Dr.  Mai)lctott.  The  wiitings  of 
Harrow  ai'e  numerous  and  valuable,  and 
cluelly  on  mathematical  subjects.  As  a  di- 
vine he  was  great  as  well  as  exemplary,  so 
that  Charles  11.  whose  chaplain  he  was,  cal- 
led him,  with  propriety,  "  an  unfair  preach- 
er," meaning  that  he  exhausted  evei'y  sub- 
ject, and  left  nothing  for  others  to  say.  Bar- 
row is  a  remarkable  instance  of  the  amend- 
ment which  may  happily  be  produced  from 
youthful  irregularities.  His  conduct  when  a 
boy  was  so  displeasing  to  his  father,  that  the 
old  man  was  heard  to  say,  that  if  it  pleased 
God  to  take  any  of  his  children,  he  hoped  it 
might  be  his  son  Isaac.  The  mathematical 
part  of  his  valuable  works  consists  of  Euclidis 
elementa,  &  data — lectiones  geometricx — 
Archimedis  opera — Apollonii  conicorum,  li- 
bri  4. — Theodosii  sphericorum,  libri  3. — 
Nova  methodo  illustrata  et  succinct^  de- 
monstrata — &c     lectio    in     qua    theoremata 

Archimedis    de    sphsera    et    cylindro & 

mathemalicic  lectiones  habit£e  in  scholis 
publicis  acad.  Cantab,  published  after  his 
death.  His  sermons  Are  liighly  esteemed, 
and  have  been  frequently  edited.  His  works 
in  English  were  published  together  by  Dr. 
Tillotson,  in  3  vols.  fol.  IGS'J. 

Barry,  Girald,  a  native  of  Pembroke- 
shire, called  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  He  was 
of  a  respectable  family,  and  obtained  prefer- 
ment in  the  church,  and  was  at  last  nomina- 
ted bishop  of  St.  David's  by  the  chapter, 
which,  however,  could  not  be  sanctioned  by 
the  pope.  When  afterwards  oftered  the 
same  bishopric,  in  1-215,  he  indignantly  re- 
fused it.  He  is  author  of  the  history  of  the 
conquest  of  Ireland,  and  of  the  topographia 
Hibernica,  edited  by  Camden,  1602 — itine- 
rarium  Cambrise,  edited  by  Dr.  Powel,  be- 
sides ecclesice  speculum   against   the   monks. 

Barry,  James,  son  of  the  representative 
of  Dublin,  was  brought  up  to  the  bar,  and 
in  162'J,  made  king's  serjeant,  and  in  163-i, 
knighted,  and  appointed  one  of  tlie  barons 
of  the  exchequer.  At  the  restoration  he 
Avas  made  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench, 
and  raised  to  the  peerage,  by  the  title  of  lord 
Santry.  He  was  intimate  witli  the  unfortu- 
nate Stafford;  and  died  1673,  and  was  buried 
in  Christ  Church,  Du})lin.  He  wrote  the 
ease  of  tenures  upon  the  commission  of  de- 
fective titles,  published,  Dublin,  fol.  1037, 
and  12mo.  1725. 

Barry,  Spranger,  was  born  in   Dublin, 

son  of  a  silversmith,  20th   November,  1719. 

After  following  unwillingly   for  two  or  three 

years,  his   father's  business,  his   inclination 

VOL.    I.  19 


for  theatrical  pursuits  burst  forth,  and,  in 
1744,  he  appeared  on  the  stage,  in  the  cha- 
racter of  (Jliiello.  As  his  acting  was  of  supe- 
rior order,  he  was  received  with  unprece- 
clented  applause  ;  and  he  bo  higbly  establisb- 
ed  his  character  at  (Jork,  as  well  as  in  tbe 
capital,  that  he  ranked  witli  the  great  names 
ol  Ciarrick,  (Jibber,  Sheridan,  Quin,  aiVcL 
WoHingtou,  who  at  that  season  were  enga- 
ged on  the  J)nblin  stage,  and  from  whose  ex- 
ertions in  proiluciiig  fuil  and  applauding 
hou.ses,  a  Barry,  Quin,  or  (iaiiick  fever, 
became  proverbial  for  diseases  contracted  in 
an  overloaded  theatre.  In  1746,  Bai-ry  cam*-* 
to  England  ;  but  his  connection  with  Drury- 
lane  was  of  short  duration.  In  Corent-gar- 
den,  however,  he  became  a  formidable  op- 
ponent to  the  great  Jioscius,  as  he  played 
the  same  characters,  and  divided  w  ith  him 
the  applauses  of  the  town.  After  eleven 
years  of  arduous  contention,  in  which  the 
liighest  powers  of  theatrical  eloquence  were 
successfully  displayed  by  both  rivals,  Barry 
joined  with  Woodward,  of  Covent-garden,  in 
an  expedition  to  Ireland,  where  they  built, 
at  great  expense,  two  elegant  play-houses,  at 
Dublin  and  Cork.  The  plan  did  not,  how- 
ever, succeed.  Woodward  left  his  friend  to 
settle  the  debts  of  this  ruinous  scheme,  and 
returned  to  Lon<lon,  where  he  was  followed, 
in  1766,  by  Barry.  Barry  engaged  Avilli 
Foote  at  the  Opera-house,  Hay-Market,  and 
there  introduced  his  wife  in  the  character 
of  Desdemona,  which  she  supported  with  so 
much  force  and  propriety  that  Garrick,then 
in  the  pit,  atlmired  her  powers,  and  not  on- 
ly foretold  the  high  rank  to  which  her  abili- 
ties were  soon  to  raise  her,  but  actually  en- 
gaged her  and  her  husband  at  Drury-lane. 
In  1773,  he  returned  to  Covent-garden, 
where,  though  broken  by  infirmities,  and 
the  agonies  of  hereditary  gout,  he  occasion- 
ally called  forth  those  bursts  of  univei-sal  ap- 
plause which  soothed  his  old  age,  and  brought 
back  to  his  recollection  the  exertions  of  his 
more  vigorous  years.  He  died  1774,  univer- 
sally regretted.  His  greatest  cliaracters 
were  Othello,  Macbeth,  Lear,  Essex,  and 
Jaffier ;  and  so  powerfully  expressive  of 
grief  and  agony  were  his  features,  that  the 
spectators,  says  a  writer  of  the  times,  were 
disposed  to  pity  before  lie  spoke,  and  his 
broken  throbs  so  Avrung  the  soul  that  their 
distress  could  be  relieved  only  by  torrents  of 
tears.  In  his  person,  Barry  was  pleasing, 
elegant,  and  graceful,  his  address  was  in- 
sinuating, and  his  judgment  so  correct,  that 
the  man  was  lost  in  the  actor. 

Barry,  James,  a  native  of  Cork,  in  Ire- 
land, wliose   genius   cai'lv   marked   him  for 

•  *     1  T '  ■ 

emmence  as  a  paniter.  His  piece  on  the 
legendary  baptism  of  the  king  of  Cashel  re- 
commended him  to  the  notice  of  the  Dublin 
society  for  the  encouragement  of  arts  ;  and 
by  a  consequent  introduction  to  Mr.  Burke, 
he  was  noticed  by  .lohnson,  sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds, and  othi-'r  men  of  great  public  fame. 
By  the  friendship  of  his  patron  Burke,  he 
was  enabled  to  travel  through  France  and  on 
the  continent,  and  to  improve  himself  in  the 


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celebrated  schools  of  Italy.  On  Lis  re^u•n  to 
England,  in  177'i,  he  pubUshed  in  reply  lo 
Wiukelraan,  an  inquiry  into  the  real  and 
imaginary  obstructions  to  the  acquisition  of 
the  arts  in  England.  About  this  time  he 
-wished,  with  other  artists,  to  adorn  St.  Paul's 
cathedral  with  religious  paintings;  but  the 
plan  was  rejected,  as  unworthy  of  the  simple 
spirit  of  the  prolestant  faith  ;  and  therefore 
he  proposed  to  the  society  of  arts  to  adorn 
their  great  room  with  allegorical  paintings ; 
■which  noble  and  patriotic  design  was  com- 
pleted in  the  labor  of  seven  years,  in  a  series 
af  six  very  beautiful  and  correct  pictures. 
in  177"  lie  was  elected  royal  academician, 
and  m  1786  appointed  professor  ot  painting 
to  the  royal  academy.  He  was,  in  1799,  re- 
moved from  his  office,  and  soon  after  expel- 
led from  the  learned  body  whose  fame  and 
honor  he  had  long  supported  by  the  elegant 
labors  of  his  pencil  and  the  animated  lan- 
guage of  his  lectures.  The  cause  of  this  dis- 
grace is  attributed  by  some  to  the  republican 
principles  entertained,  and  publicly  set  forth, 
hy  the  professor,  too  often  in  a  manner  of- 
fensive to  the  feelings  of  moderate  and  im- 
partial men.  This  eminent  artist  was  at- 
tacked by  a  paralytic  stroke,  whicii  ten  days 
aftei'  proved  fatal.  He  died  2-2d  March, 
1806,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral, 
with  every  mark  of  respect  from  some  of  the 
learned  socitt}  of  which  he  had  been  a 
jnember.  At  his  death  he  was  engaged  in  a 
picture  of  Pandora,  of  unusual  size,  18  feet 
long  and  10  bi-oad,  w  hich  therefore  remains 
unfinished.  Several  of  his  pieces  have  been 
engraved,  especi-ally  his  Jupiter,  by  Smith, 
his  Venus  rising  from  the  sea,  by  Green,  &c. 

Barry,  George,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  in 
Berwickshire,  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and 
successively  minister  of  Kirk-wall  and  of 
Shapinhay  in  the  Orkneys,  where  he  died, 
September  1805,  aged  57.  His  statistical  ac- 
count of  his  two  parishes  for  the  publica- 
tion of  sir  .Tohn  Sinclair  was  much  admired, 
and  his  reputation  as  a  writer  and  as  a  pub- 
lic teacher  procured  him  from  the  univer- 
sit}'  of  Edinburgli  the  degree  of  D.  1>.  Much 
of  his  time  was  devoted  to  the  history  of  the 
seven  islands  of  the  Orkneys,  and  this  very 
valuable  composition  made  its  appearance  a 
little  before  th^  author's  death,  in  one  vol. 
4to.  adorned  with  maps,  fccc.  From  his  cha- 
racter as  a  preacher.  Dr.  Barry  was  ap- 
pointed, by  the  society  for  propagating  Chris- 
tian knowledge,  their  superintendant  of  the 
schools  in  that  distant  part  of  Scotland.  He 
left  a  widow  and  nine  children. 

Barsuma  or  Barsoma,  metropolitan 
of  Nisibis,  revived  the  doctrines  of  Nestorius. 
He  wrote  several  books  in  Syriac. — Also  an- 
other, who  propagated  the  tenets  of  Euty- 
chius,  and  wrote  in  Syriac  several  treatises. 

Bar  I  AS,  Guillaume  de  Salluste  du,  a 
French  p.<»etborn  at  Monfort,  in  Armagnac. 
He  was  commander  of  a  corps  of  cavalry  un- 
«ier  Henry  1\'.  ;  and  he  travelled  through 
England,  Denmark,  and  Scotland.  The  po- 
em which  rendered  his  fame  known,  was 
his  commentary  of  the  week  of  creation,  in 
7  bQoksj  a  work  in  which  he  displayed  his 


conceit,  as  well  as  the  barbarity  of  his  age,, 
by  calling  the  head  the  lodging  of  the  under- 
standing, the  eyes  the  twin  stars,  the  nose 
the  gutter  or  chimney,  the  teeth  a  double 
palisade,  used  as  a  millto  the  open  gullet,  &c. 
Tliis  i)oem,  so  incorrect  and  so  injudicious, 
had,  however,  its  admirers,  and  in  five  or  six 
years  it  passed  through  30  editions.  Bartas 
wrote  some  other  poetical  pieces  but  all  ia 
the  same  contemptible  style.  What,  hov.';-. 
ever,  renders  his  character  amiable,  is  the 
integrity  of  his  life,  and  the  innocence  and 
modesty  of  his  conduct.  He  i-etired  from 
the  bustle  of  the  world  tolas  shateau  de  Bar- 
tas, where  his  Ume  was  devoted  to  literary 
pursuits.  l)e  Thou  spoaks  of  him  in  the-- 
most  flattering  terms.  He  died  1590,  at  the- 
age  of  46.  llis  works  were  collected  by 
iiigatul,  in  1611,  folio,  Paris.  The  poem  was 
translated  into  English  by  Sylvester. 

Barth,  John,  was  born  at  Dunkirk,  and 
by  his  bravery  and  enterprise  he  rose  froni 
the  obscurity  of  a  fisherman's  occupation  to 
consequence  in  the  French  navy.  When  he 
had  the  command  of  a  squadron  of  seven 
frigates,  he  eluded  the  vigilance  of  the  En- 
glish and  Dutch,  who  were  blocking  up  Dun- 
kirk, destroyed  a  fleet  of  86  English  mer- 
chantmen, afterwards  made  a  descent  neax* 
Newcastle,  in  Noi'thumberland,  where  he 
destroyed  200  liouses,  and  brought  back 
prizes  to  the  value  of  500,000  crowns.  In 
various  actions  with  the  Dutch,  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  liis  courage,  presence  of 
mind,  and  great  dexterity.  He  often  enga- 
ged superior  forces,  and  always  obtained  the 
advantage  ;  and  so  high  were  his  services  con- 
sidered that  he  was  ennobled.  In  1694  he 
was  particularly  successful,  as,  with  a  smal- 
ler number  of  ships,  he  attacked  the  Duteh 
fleet,  which  had  captured  the  merchant 
ships,  laden  with  corn,  which  he  was  or- 
dered to  join,  and  had  tlie  good  fortune  to 
take  the  whole  of  the  enemy,  besides  those 
ofhisown  nation  that  had  surrendered.  His 
uncouth  figure  and  rough  manners  were  the 
ridicule  of  the  coui'ticrs  of  Lewis  XIV- 
When  the  monarch  told  him  that  he  had 
made  him  chef  d'escadre,  you  have  done 
very  well,  replied  the  unpolished  seaman. 
His  language  was  ineorreat,  his  words  few, 
and  he  could  neither  read  nor  wi-ite,  but 
merely  was  able  to  scrawl  his  name.  This 
great  man,  who  rose  without  friends  and 
without  ])atrons,  by  merit  alone,  died  at  Dun- 
kirk, 27th  April,  1702,  of  a  pleurisy,  at  the 
age  of  51.  His  life  was  published,  in  12rao. 
in  1780. 

Barthe,  Nicolas  Thomas,  author  of 
some  dramatic  pieces,  of  a  translation  of 
Ovid's  art  of  love  into  French  verse,  &c. 
was  a  native  of  Marseilles,  and  died  at  Paris, 
17S5,  aged  52. 

Bart  HE  I- EM  I,  Nicolas,  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  15th  century,  born  at  Loches, 
author  of  some  Latin  poems,  now  very 
scarce,  and  a  treatise  on  active  and  contem- 
plative life.     They  are  mostly  devotional. 

BARTHEr.EMi,  Jean  Jacques,  celebrated 
as  the  author  of  the  voyage  of  Anacharsis, 
was  bora  at  Cassis,  near  Aubagnc,  in  Pro- 


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vence,  QOth  January,  ITIG.  He  was  edu- 1 
catcd  at  Marseilles  in  llic  oratory,  and  after  j 
•levotinjj  hiiuKelf  to  Hebrew,  Syriac,  and 
(Jrcck,  he  was  admitted  into  the  chiircli. 
His  abilities  recoiunu:nde«l  hiiu  to  (iros  de 
JJoze,  witli  Nvhont  lie  became.^  I74t,  asso- 
ciate in  the  care  of  the  med.tis  of  tiie  king's 
cabinet  at  Paris.  He  was  afterwards  placed 
in  tiie  office  of  secretai-y  to  the  academy  of 
inscriptions,  and  on  the  death  of  Boze  he 
succeedetl  as  keeper  of  the  cabinet  of  me- 
dals. He  visited  Italy  in  17;»r>,  and  not  only 
enlarged  the  powers  of  his  own  mind,  but 
benefited  the  rej)ublic  of  letters  by  the  ju- 
dicious observations  which  he  made  on  the 
valuable  relics  of  the  lately  discovered  city 
of  Herculaneum.  On  his  return  to  France,  he 
was  honored  with  a  seat  in  the  royal  society  of 
London,  and  his  services  to  literature  were  re- 
warded by  the  minister,  the  duke  deChoiseul, 
with  a  pension  of  about  250/.  a  year,  to  which 
was  ailded,  in  1765,  the  place  of  treasurer  of 
St.  -Martin  de  Tours,  and,  five  years  after, 
the  post  of  secretary-general  to  the  Swiss 
guards.  The  public  had  already  applauded 
the  literary  abilities  of  Barthelemi,  who  had 
been  admitted  into  the  French  academy, 
when  his  great  work,  entitled  the  voyage  of 
the  young  Anaciiarsis  in  Greece,  wliich  ap- 
peared in  7  vols.  8vo.  1788,  commanded  the 
universal  admiration  of  the  world.  This 
composition  was  the  labor  of  30  years,  and 
in  elegant  and  chaste  style  exhibited  the 
most  pleasing  characters  of  antiquit}',  inter- 
spersed with  philosophical  reflections,  inte- 
resting anecdotes,  and  amusing  descriptions, 
and  every  where  abounded  with  proofs  of 
3udf;:ment,  taste,  and  erudition.  In  1793,  the 
veuerable  philosopher  was  dragged  from  his 
peaceful  retreat,  under  the  reign  of  terror, 
to  a  prison  ;  but  he  was  soon  after  liberated, 
by  order  of  the  government,  at  a  moment 
when,  with  calmness  and  resignation,  he 
expected  the  fatal  deci'ee  which  had  already 
hurried  so  many  of  his  countrymen  to  the 
grave.  He  died  30th  April,  1795,  universally 
respected,  not  only  for  his  learning,  but  the 
mildness  of  his  temper,  for  his  modesty, 
and  h>s  affability  and  unaffected  manners.  He 
wrote,  besides  other  works,  contributions, 
ehiefly  on  medallic  subjects,  to  the  memoirs 
of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  and  the 
journal  des  savans. 

Barthelemi  des  Martyrs,  a  Domi- 
nican of  Lisbon,  made  archbishop  of  Bra- 
ganza,  and  highly  extolled  by  Roman  catho- 
lic writers  for  his  great  charity  and  other 
meritorious  actions,  in  times  of  public  dan- 
ger and  calamity.     He  died  1590,  aged  76. 

Barthius,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Custrin, 
in  Brandenburg.  As  his  father  was  pro- 
fessor of  civil  law  at  Frankfoi-t  on  the  Oder, 
lie  received  the  best  instruction,  so  that  he 
is  mentioned  by  Baillet  as  having,  at  12  years 
of  age,  translated  the  psalms  into  Latin 
verse,  of  every  measure.  He  unfortunately 
lost  his  father,  but  his  education  was  not 
on  that  account  neglected.  He  went  through 
nil  the  universities  of  Germany,  and  after- 
wards visited  Italy,  Fraucc,  Spuin,  England, 


and  Holland,  and  made'  himself  a  perfect 
master  ol  most  of  the  foreign  languages,  as 
hib  elegant  translations  from  the  Spaiiihh  and 
French  evidently  show.  He  settled  at  Leip- 
sic,  and  devoted  himself  totally  to  litiraluie. 
In  his'old  age  he  relinquished  all  wotlillv  af- 
fairs for  devotion.  He  died  Sepleniber,  1 058, 
aged  71.  His  commentai'ies  on  Statius  and 
(JIaudian,  in  4to.  and  his  adversaria,  in  fol. 
are  his  best  works. 

Bariholt.v,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Mal- 
moe  in  Schonen,  who  is  said,  at  the  age  of 
three,  to  have  learned  to  read  perfectly  iu 
fourteen  days,  and  to  have  com[)Osed  with 
correctness  at  the  age  of  13  some  Greek 
and  Latin  orations.  After  finishing  his  stu- 
dies, he  travelled  through  the  greatest  paii. 
of  Europe,  and  directed  his  atteitlion  to 
medicine,  in  which  science  he  took  his  de- 
gree. He  at  last  settled  at  Copenhagen  as 
Latin  profcpsor,  an  employment  which,  six 
months  after,  he  exchanged  for  the  chair  of 
medicine,  which  he  filled  witli  credit  and 
respectability.  A  severe  illness,  however, 
alarmed  his  conscience,  naturally  weak,  and 
he  vowed  to  apply  himself  to  divinity  if  he 
recovered.  He  kept  his  vow,  and  afterwards 
succeeded  to  the  theological  professorship 
on  the  death  of  Aslach.  He  died  of  a  vio- 
lent cholic,  the  13th  July,  1029,  at  Sora, 
aged  44.  His  works  wei'e  on  anatomy,  me- 
taphysics, logic,  and  rhetoric. 

Bartholin,  Thomas,  son  of  tlie  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Copenhagen,  20th  Oc- 
tober, 1616,  He  studied  physic  at  Leyden, 
Paris,  Montpelier,  Padua,  Malta,  and  Ba- 
sil ;  and  in  1646  he  returned  to  his  native 
city,  where  he  ■nxis  appointed  mathematical 
professor,  and  the  next  year  promoted  to 
the  anatomical  chair,  which  he  held  for 
thirteen  years.  Ill  health  obliged  him  to  re- 
sign, and  he  retired  to  his  small  estate  of 
Hagested,  near  the  capital,  where  his  hopes 
of  repose  and  literary  ease  were  disturbed 
by  the  destruction  of  liis  library  and  valuable 
papers  by  fire  in  1670.  His  misfortunes 
did  not  pass  unnoticed.  The  university  of 
Copenhagen  made  him  librarian,  and  the 
monarch  made  him  his  physician,  with  a 
handsome  salary,  exemption  from  taxes,  and 
the  honor  of  a  seat  in  the  council  of  Den- 
mark. He  died  4th  December,  1680,  His 
works  are  chiefly  on  medical  subjects. 

Bartholin,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  professor  of  history  and  law  at 
Copenhagen,  and  counsellor  to  the  king.  He 
died  1()90.  He  published  antiquitates  Da- 
nica:,  kc.  His  brother  Krasmus  was  pro- 
fessor of  geometry  and  medicine  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  died  1698,  aged  73,  Another 
brother,  called  Gasper,  succeeded  his  father 
in  the  anatomical  chair — .lohn  was  professor 
of  theology — and  a  daughter  called  Mar- 
garet was  eminent  as  a  poetess  in  the  Da- 
nish language. 

Bartholomew,  St.  one  of  the  apos- 
tles, who  preached  the  gospel  in  the  Indies, 
in  Ethiopia,  and  Lycaonia.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  flayed  alive  in  Arir.enia  ;  but  the  as- 
sertion is  not  Avcll  authcnlicuted. 


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celeLrtitetl  schools  of  Italy.  On  his  rettirn  to 
England,  in  1772,  he  published  in  reply  Lo 
Winkelraan,  an  inquiry  into  the  real  and 
imaginary  obstructions  to  the  acquisition  of 
the  arts  in  England.  About  this  time  he 
-wished,  v  ith  other  artists,  to  adorn  St.  Paul's 
aathedral  with  religious  paintings;  but  the 
plan  was  lejected,  as  unworthy  of  the  simple 
spirit  of  the  protestant  faith  ;  and  tlierefore 
he  proposed  to  the  society  of  arts  to  adorn 
their  great  room  with  allegorical  paintings  ; 
■which  noble  and  patriotic  design  was  com- 
pleted in  the  labor  of  seven  yeais,  in  a  series 
9f  six  very  beautiful  and  correct  pictures. 
Jn  1777  lie  was  elected  royal  academician, 
and  in  1786  appointed  professor  ot  painting 
to  the  royal  academy.  He  was,  in  1799,  re- 
moved from  his  office,  and  soon  after  expel- 
led from  the  learned  body  whose  fame  and 
honor  he  had  long  supported  by  the  elegant 
labors  of  his  pencil  and  the  animated  lan- 
guage of  his  lectures.  The  cause  of  this  dis- 
grace is  attributed  by  some  to  the  republican 
principles  entertained,  and  publicly  set  forth, 
hy  the  professor,  too  often  in  a  manner  of- 
fensive to  the  feelings  of  moderate  and  im- 
partial men.  This  eminent  artist  was  at- 
tacked by  a  paralytic  stroke,  which  ten  days 
aftei*  proved  fatal.  He  died  2'2d  March, 
1806,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral, 
with  every  mark  of  respect  from  some  of  the 
learned  society  of  which  he  had  been  a 
member.  At  his  death  h€  Avas  engaged  in  a 
picture  of  Pandora,  of  unusual  size,  18  feet 
long  and  10  bi-oad,  which  therefore  remains 
unfinished.  Several  of  his  pieces  have  been 
engraved,  cspeci-ally  his  Jupiter,  by  Smith, 
liis  Venus  rising  from  the  sea,  by  Green,  he. 

Earry,  George,  a  Scotch  divine,  boi'n  in 
Berwickshire,  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and 
successively  raiivister  of  Kirk-M'all  and  of 
Shapinhay  in  the  Orkneys,  where  he  died, 
September  1805,  aged  57.  His  statistical  ac- 
count of  his  two  parishes  for  the  publica- 
tion of  sir  .lohn  Sinclair  w  as  much  admired, 
and  his  reputation  as  a  writer  and  as  a  pub- 
lic teacher  procured  him  from  the  univer- 
sity of  Edinburgli  the  degree  of  D.  1>.  Much 
of  his  time  was  devoted  to  the  history  of  the 
seven  islands  of  the  Orkneys,  and  this  very 
valuable  composition  made  its  appearance  a 
little  before  the  author's  death,  in  one  vol. 
4to.  adorned  with  maps,  kc.  From  his  cha- 
racter as  a  preacher,  Dr.  Barry  was  ap- 
pointed, by  the  society  for  propagating  Chris- 
tian knowledge,  their  superintendant  of  the 
schools  in  that  distant  part  of  Scotland.  He 
left  a  widow  and  nine  children. 

Barsuma  or  Barsoma,  metropolitan 
of  Nisibis,  reyived  the  doctrines  of  Nestorius. 
He  wrote  several  books  in  Syriac. — Also  an- 
other, who  propagated  the  tenets  of  Euty- 
chius,  and  wrote  in  Syriac  several  treatises. 

Bau'i  as,  Guillaume  de  Salluste  du,  a 
French  p.<K'tborn  at  Monfort,  in  Armagnac. 
He  w  as  commander  of  a  corps  of  cavalry  un- 
dei"  Henry  W .  ;  and  he  travelled  thi'ough 
England,  Denmark,  and  Scotland.  The  po- 
em which  rendered  his  fame  known,  Avas 
bis  commentary  of  the  week  of  creation,  in 
7  bqoks  j  a  work  in  which  he  displayed  his 


conceit,  as  well  as  the  barbarity  of  his  age,, 
by  calling  the  head  the  lodging  of  the  under- 
standing, the  eyes  the  twin  stars,  the  nose 
the  gutter  or  chimney,  the  teeth  a  double 
palisade,  used  as  a  millto  the  open  gullet,  &c. 
This  [loem,  so  incorrect  and  so  injudicious, 
had,  however,  its  admirers,  and  in  five  or  six 
years  it  passed  through  30  editions.  Bartas 
w  rote  some  other  poetical  pieces  but  all  ia 
the  same  contemptible  style.  What,  hov.»;-. 
ever,  I'enders  his  character  amiable,  is  the 
integrity  of  his  life,  and  the  innocence  and. 
modesty  of  his  conduct.  He  retired  from 
the  bustle  of  the  Avorld  to  his  chateau  de  Bar- 
tas, where  his  time  was  devoted  to  literary 
pursuits.  De  Thou  speaks  of  him  in  the- 
most  flattering  terms.  He  died  1590,  at  the- 
age  of  46.  His  works  were  collected  by 
liigaud,  in  1611,  folio,  Paris.  The  poem  was 
translated  into  English  by  Sylvester. 

Barth,  John,  was  born  at  Dunkirk,  and 
by  his  bravery  and  enteri)rise  he  rose  from 
the  obscurity  of  a  fisherman's  occupation  to 
consequence  in  the  French  navy.  When  he 
had  the  command  of  a  squadron  of  seven 
frigates,  he  eluded  the  vigilance  of  the  En- 
glish and  Dutch,  who  were  blocking  up  Dun- 
kirk, destroyed  a  fleet  of  86  English  mer- 
chantmen, afterwards  made  a  descent  near 
Newcastle,  in  Northumberland,  where  he 
destroyed  200  houses,  and  brought  back 
prizes  to  the  value  of  500,000  crowns.  In 
various  actions  Avith  the  Dutch,  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  courage,  presence  of 
mind,  and  great  dexterity.  He  often  enga- 
ged superior  forces,  and  always  obtained  the 
advantage  ;  and  so  high  were  his  services  con- 
sidered that  he  was  ennobled.  In  1694  he 
Avas  particularly  successful,  as,  with  a  smal- 
ler number  of  ships,  lie  attacked  the  Duteh 
fleet,  Avhich  had  captured  the  merchant 
ships,  laden  Avith  corn,  Avhich  he  Avas  or- 
dered to  join,  and  had  the  good  fortune  to 
take  the  whole  of  the  enemy,  besides  those 
of  his  own  nation  that  had  surrendered.  His 
uncouth  figure  and  rough  manners  were  the 
ridicule  of  the  courtiers  of  Lewis  XIV- 
"When  the  monarch  told  him  that  he  had 
made  him  chef  d'escadre,  you  have  done 
very  well,  replied  the  un[)olished  seaman. 
His  language  Avas  ineorrect,  his  words  feAV, 
and  he  could  neither  read  nor  Avrite,  but 
merely  was  able  to  scrawl  his  name.  This 
great  man,  Avho  rose  without  friends  and 
without  patrons,  by  merit  alone,  died  at  Dun- 
kirk, '27th  April,  I70'J,  of  a  pleurisy,  at  the 
age  of  51.  His  life  was  published,  in  12mo. 
in  1780. 

Barth E,  Nicolas  Thomas,  author  of 
some  dramatic  pieces,  of  a  translation  of 
Ovid's  art  of  love  into  French  verse,  &c. 
Avas  a  native  of  Marseilles,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1785,  aged  52. 

Bart  HE  I.EM  I,  Nicolas,  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  the  15th  century,  born  at  Loches, 
author  of  some  Latin  poems,  now  very 
scarce,  and  a  treatise  on  active  and  contem- 
plative life.     They  are  mostly  devotional. 

Barthei.emi,  Jean  Jacques,  celebrated 
as  the  author  of  the  voyage  of  Anacharsisj 
was  born  at  Cassis,  near  Aubagnc,  in  Pro- 


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',  20lh  January,    171G.     lie   was  edu- 1 
at  Marseilles  in  llic  oratory,  and  alter  ' 


vence, 
cated 

iJevotiiig  liimself  to  IK;Ijre\v,  byriac,  and 
Creek,  he  was  admitted  into  the  churcli. 
His  abilities  rccoiniiiended  hiiu  to  (iros  de 
JJoze,  with  \vl)oi)i  lie  became,  174t,  asso- 
ciate ill  the  care  of  the  medais  of  the  king's 
cabinet  at  Paris.  He  was  afterwanls  placed 
in  the  olhce  of  secretary  to  tiie  academy  of 
inscriptions,  and  on  the  death  of  Boze  he 
succeeded  as  keeper  of  the  cabinet  of  me- 
dals. He  visited  Italy  in  17  ">;'>,  and  not  oidy 
enlarged  the  powers  of  his  own  mind,  but 
henefited  the  rciuildic  of  letters  l)y  tbc  jn- 
dicious  observations  which  he  made  on  the 
vaUiable  relics  of  the  lately  discovered  city 
of  Herculaneum.  On  bis  return  to  France,  lie 
Mas  honored  with  a  seat  in  the  royal  society  of 
London,  and  his  services  to  literature  were  re- 
warded by  the  minister,  the  duke  deChoiseul, 
with  a  pension  of  about  "iSOl.  a  year,  to  which 
was  atlded,  in  1765,  the  place  of  treasurer  of 
St.  Martin  de  Tours,  and,  five  years  after, 
the  post  of  secretary-general  to  the  Swiss 
guards.  The  public  had  already  applauded 
the  literary  abilities  of  Barthelemi,  who  had 
been  admitted  into  the  French  academy, 
when  his  great  work,  entitled  the  voyage  of 
the  young  Anacliarsis  in  Greece,  which  ap- 
peared in  7  vols.  8vo.  1788,  commanded  the 
universal  admiration  of  the  Avorld.  This 
composition  was  the  labor  of  30  years,  and 
in  elegant  and  chaste  style  exhibited  the 
most  pleasing  characters  of  antiquity,  inter- 
spersed with  philosophical  reflections,  inte- 
resting anecdotes,  and  amusing  descriptions, 
and  every  where  abounded  with  proofs  of 
judgment,  taste,  and  erudition.  In  1793,  the  , 
veuerable  philosopher  was  dragged  from  his 
peaceful  retreat,  under  the  reign  of  terror, 
to  a  prison  ;  but  he  was  soon  after  liberated,  j 
by  order  of  the  government,  at  a  moment 
when,  with  calmness  and  resignation,  he 
expected  the  fatal  decree  Avhich  had  already 
liurried  so  many  of  his  countrymen  to  the 
grave.  He  died  30th  April,  1795,  universally 
respected,  not  only  for  his  learning,  but  the 
mildness  of  liis  temper,  for  his  modesty,  j 
and  h's  affability  and  unaffected  manners.  He 
wrote,  besides  other  works,  contributions, 
ehiefly  on  medallic  subjects,  to  the  memoirs 
of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  and  the 
journal  des  savans. 

Barthelemi  des  Martyrs,  a  Domi- 
nican of  Lisbon,  made  archbishop  of  Bra- 
ganza,  and  highly  extolled  by  Roman  catho- 
lic writers  for  his  great  charity  and  other 
meritorious  actions,  iu  times  of  public  dan- 
ger and  calamity.     He  died  1590,  aged  76. 

Bart  HI  us,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Custrin, 
in  Brandenburg.  As  his  father  was  pro- 
lessor  of  civil  law  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder, 
lie  received  the  best  instruction,  so  that  he 
is  mentioned  by  Baillet  as  having,  at  12  years 
of  age,  translated  the  psalms  into  Latin 
verse,  of  every  measure.  He  unfortunately 
lost  his  father,  but  his  education  was  not 
on  that  account  neglected.  He  went  through 
nil  the  universities  of  Germany,  and  after- 
wards visited  Italy,  Frauce,  Spuiu;,  England, 


and  Holland,  and  made'  himself  a  perfect 
mastei- ol  iu«ist  «jf  the  foreign  lan.miages,  as 
his  elegant  translati(jns  Iron*  the  Spaiiish  and 
French  evidently  show.  He  settled  at  l..eip- 
sic,  and  devoted  himself  totally  to  literature. 
In  hisold  age  he  relinquished  all  worldly  af- 
fairs for  devotioTi.  He  tlied  September,  1658, 
aged  71.  His  oomiaentarics  on  Statius  and 
(Jlaudian,  in  4lo.  and  his  adversaria,  in  fol. 
are  his  best  works. 

B.iR'i  HOLi  .V,  Gaspard,  a  native  of -Mal- 
moe  in  Schoneii,  who  is  said,  at  ibe  age  of 
three,  to  have  learned  to  read  perfectly  iu 
fourteen  days,  and  to  have  composed  with 
correctness  at  the  age  of  13  some  Greek 
and  Latin  orations.  After  finishing  his  stu- 
dies, he  travelled  through  the  greatest  part 
of  Europe,  and  directed  his  atterition  to 
medicine,  in  which  science  he  took  his  de- 
gree. He  at  last  settled  nt  Copenhagen  as 
Latin  profeesor,  an  employment  which,  six 
months  after,  he  exchanged  for  the  diair  ot 
medicine,  which  he  tilled  with  credJt  and 
respectability.  A  severe  illness,  h©we\er, 
alarmed  his  conscience,  naturally  weak,  and 
he  vowed  to  apply  himself  to  divinity  if  he 
recovered.  He  kept  his  vow,  and  afterwards 
succeeded  to  the  theological  professorship 
on  the  death  of  Aslach.  He  died  of  a  vio- 
lent cholic,  the  19th  July,  10-29,  at  Sora, 
aged  44.  His  works  were  o.t  anatomy,  me- 
taphysics, logic,  and  rhetoric. 

Bartholin,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Copenhagen,  20th  Oc- 
tober, 1616.  He  studied  physic  at  Leyden, 
Paris,  Montpelicr,  Padua,  Malta,  and  Ba- 
sil ;  and  in  1646  he  returned  to  his  native 
city,  where  he  ■b^s  appointed  mathematical 
professor,  and  the  next  year  promoted  to 
the  anatomical  chair,  %\hich  he  held  for 
thirteen  years.  Ill  health  obliged  him  to  re- 
sign, and  he  retired  to  his  small  estate  of 
Hagested,  near  the  capital,  where  his  hopes 
of  repose  and  literary  ease  were  disturbed 
by  the  destruction  of  liis  library  and  valuable 
papers  by  fire  i.u  1670.  His  misfortunes 
did  not  pass  unnoticed.  The  university  of 
Copenhagen  made  him  librarian,  and  the 
monarch  made  him  his  physician,  with  a 
handsome  salary,  exemption  from  taxes,  and 
the  honor  of  a  seat  in  the  council  of  Den- 
mai-k.  He  died  4th  December,  1680.  His 
works  are  chiefly  on  medical  subjects. 

JBartholi.n',  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  professor  of  history  and  law  at 
Copenhagen,  and  counsellor  to  the  king.  He 
died  1690.  He  published  anticjuitates  Da- 
nica;,  &tc.  His  brother  Krasmus  was  pro- 
fessor of  geometrv  and  medicine  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  died  1698,  aged  73.  Another 
brother,  called  Gasper,  succeeded  his  father 
in  the  anatomical  chair — John  was  professor 
of  theology — and  a  daughter  called  Mar- 
garet was  eminent  as  a  poetess  iu  the  Da- 
nish language. 

Bar  r ho  LOME \v,  St.  one  of  tlie  apos- 
tles, who  preached  the  gospel  in  the  Indies, 
in  Ethiopia,  and  Lycaonia.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  flayed  alive  in  Armenia  ;  but  the  as- 
sertion is  not  well  aulhciiiicaled. 


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Bartholomew,  The  INIartyr,  an  eccle- 
siastic, a  native  of  Lisbon,  who  attended  the 
council  of  Trent,  and  -was  strenuously  ur- 
gent for  the  introduction  of  a  reform  among 
the  clergy.  He  was  made  archbishop  of 
Braga,  where,  daring  a  pestilence,  he  be- 
haved with  all  the  kindness  of  a  friend,  and 
the  mild  benevolence  of  a  good  Christian. 
He  retired  in  his  old  age  from  his  see  to  a 
monastery,  and  died  1520,  aged  76.  His 
•works  have  appeared  in  2  vols,  folio. 

Bartlet,  John,  intimate  with  bishop 
Hall,  was  minister  of  St.  Thomas,  near  Ex- 
eter, from  which  fee  was  ejected  for  refusing 
to  comply  with  the  act  of  conformit3^  He 
died  in  a  good  old  age.  He  was  author  of 
some  divinity  tracts.  His  brother  William 
■was  also  ejected  from  Bideford  rectory,  and 
Avas  a  violent  independent.  He  died  1682, 
author  of  a  model  of  church  government. 

Bartoli,  Daniel,  a  Jesuit  of  Ferrara, 
■who  settled  at  Rome,  where  he  published 
several  historical  works,  in  Italian.  His  best 
composition  was  an  history  of  his  society,  in 
6  vols,  folio,  and  translated  into  Latin  by 
Giannini ;  and  he  deserves  the  praise  of  la- 
borious attention,  of  purity  and  precision  in 
style,  and  happiness  in  diction.  He  died  at 
Rome,  1685,  aged  77,  much  respected. 

Bartoli,  Cosimo,  a  native  of  Florence, 
sent  to  Venice  as  the  resident  of  the  great 
duke  Cosmo.  He  continued  there  five  years, 
and  wrote  an  account  of  Frederic  Barbarossa 
in  Italian,  besides  other  works,  in  the  16th 
century. 

Bartolo,  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  born 
in  the  march  of  Ancona.  He  took  his  de- 
grees at  Bologna,  and  became  law  professor 
at  Pisa,  from  whence  he  removed  to  Perugia. 
He  was  honored  with  the  title  of  counsellor 
by  the  emperor  Charles  IV.  and  died  1359, 
aged  46,  leaving  behind  him  10  vols,  in  fol.  on 
laAv  subjects. 

Bartolocci,  Julius,  a  Cistercian  monk 
of  Celano,  Naples,  Hebrew  professor  of  the 
Neophytes  at  Rome.  He  published  a  bib- 
liotheca  rabbinica,  4  vols.  fol.  to  which  his 
pupil,  Imbonati,  added  a  5th.  He  died  1st 
November,  1687,  aged  74. 

Barton,  Elizabeth,  a  religious  impostor 
in  the  age  of  Henry  VIII.  called  the  holy 
maid  of  Kent.  The  convulsive  fits  and  dis- 
tortions to  which  she  was  subject,  were  con- 
verted to  purposes  of  deception  bj'  Masters, 
the  minister  of  Aldington,  her  native  place, 
find  she  Avas  so  perfectly  instructed  in  her 
ai*t,  that  she  imposed  not  only  upon  the  vul- 
gar, but  upon  the  more  enlightened  mind  of 
sir  Thomas  More,  bishop  Fisher,  and  arch- 
bishop Warham.  Her  external  conduct,  her 
piety  and  devotion,  countenanced  her  profes- 
sion, and  she  was  believed  when  she  asserted 
that  she  saw  visions  of  angels,  and  that  in 
ber  trances  the  virgin  Mary  appeared  to  her 
to  comfort  her.  Commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed to  examind  into  the  truth  of  these 
reports,  and  when  the  artifice  had  so  far  suc- 
ceeded, the  impostor  began  to  prophesy,  and 
she  acknowledged  that  God  haa  revealed  to 
her,  that  if  Henry  divorced  queen   Catha- 


rine, his  feign  wrald  not  extend  to  a  month's 
duration.  The  popish  priests,  encouraged 
by  her  success,  fanned  the  flame,  the  king's 
character  was  blackened,  and  he  was  even 
insulted  to  his  face  by  some  of  his  preachers, 
till  the  boldness  of  the  imposture  roused  his 
resentment.  The  maid  and  her  accompli- 
ces were  produced  before  the  star-chambei', 
the  whole  plot  was  I'evealed,  and  the  confes- 
sion of  the  actors  was  publicly  read  to  th^ 
astonished  populace  at  St.  Paul's  cross,  and 
the  holy  maid  and  her  confederates.  Masters, 
Bocking,  Deering,  &c.  wei'e  condemned  and 
executed  at  Tyburn,  April  20th,  1534. 

Baruch,  the  prophet,  author  of  a  book 
not  received  as  canonical  among  either  Chris- 
tians or  Jews,  was  the  friend  and  associate 
of  Jeremiah,  whom  he  accompanied  into 
Egypt.  He  afterwards  went  to  Babylon 
with  the  Israelites  in  their  captivity. 

Barwick,  John,  a  native  of  Witherslack, 
in  Westmoreland,  educated  at  Sedberg- 
school,  where  he  acted  with  credit  the  part 
of  Hercules  in  one  of  Seneca's  tragedies.  At 
St.  John's,  Cambridge,  he  gained  so  much 
reputation  that,  when  only  20  years  of  age, 
he  pleaded  before  the  privy  council,  in  the 
controverted  election  of  a  master.  His  zeal 
in  the  royal  cause  was  particularly  great. 
He  wrote  against  the  covenant,  procured  the 
plate  of  the  university  for  the  king's  service, 
and  managed  with  acMress  and  secrecy  his 
correspondence  when  at  Carisbrook-castle 
and  in  other  places.  His  attachment  was 
transferred  to  Charles  II.  but  he  was  at  last 
betrayed  by  one  Bostock  of  the  post  office, 
and  he  underwent  all  the  severity  of  impri- 
sonment, rendered  still  more  terrible  by  the 
ravages  of  disease,  and  the  cruelty  of  his  per- 
secutors. When  restored  to  liberty,  his  loy- 
alty continued  unabated,  and,  to  his  great 
sagacity  and  retentive  memory.  Clarendon, 
it  is  said,  owes  many  of  the  materials  of  his 
history.  On  the  restoration  of  Charles,  Bar- 
vy'ick  refused  the  bishopric  of  Sodor  and  Man, 
and  tl.^at  of  Carlise,  satisfied  with  the  deanery 
of  Durham,  which  he  afterwards  exchanged 
for  that  of  St.  Paul's.  He  died  of  a  pleurisy, 
22d  of  October,  1664,  aged  52. 

Barwick,  Peter,  brother  of  the  dean, 
was  eminent  as  a  pWsician  for  his  skill  iit 
the  small-pox,  and  in  several  kinds  of  fevers. 
He  published  in  Latin  a  life  of  his  brother, 
and  supported  Harvey's  doctrine  of  the  cir- 
culation of  the  blood,  and  defejided  the  Ei- 
kon  Basilike  against  Dr.  Walker.  He  died 
Aug.  1705. 

Barzerin't,   a  ^lahomedan  writer.- 
Another  railed  Hagi,  who  wi"ote  in  Turkish 
verse  "  the  five  columns  or  grounds  of  Mus- 
sulmanism." 

Bas,  Le,  a  French  engraver  of  eminence. 
His  landscapes  and  sea  pieces,  particularly, 
were  well  executed.     He  died  since  1765. 

BASCHijMattbew,  anativeofUrbino,  who 
became  founder  of  anew  order  of  Franciscan 
capuchins,  Avhich  was  approved  by  a  bull  of 
pope  Urban  Vlll.     He  died  at  Venice,  1552. 

Basedow,  John  Bernax'd,  a  native  of 
Hamburgh,  son  of  a   barber.    He  was  the 


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pupil  of  Reimarus,  and  afterwards  studied 
at  Leipsic,  and  in  consequence  of  his  charac- 
ter and  abihties,  he  obtained,  in  1753,  the 
chair  of  professor  of  moral  philosophy  and 
belles  lettres  at  Soroe  in  Denmark,  which, 
however,  he  afterwards  lost  for  sptukint";  ii'- 
reverently  of  religion.  He  next  tried  a  plan 
of  education  in  a  new  method,  but  thouj^h  he 
obtained  large  sums  of  money  to  carry  his 
schemes  into  execution,  the  measures  failed 
upon  trial.  lie  was  author  of  various  Avorks 
of  no  great  merit,  though  possessed  of  ])lau- 
sible  assertions.  He  died  1790,  aged  67,  a 
victim  it  is  said  to  intemperance. 

JJashuysex,  Henry  James  Van,  a  native 
of  Hanau,  and  there  professor  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal history,  and  of  the  oriental  languages. 
He  Avas  afterwards  called  to  tlie  divinity 
chair  of  Berlin,  and  made  member  of  the 
royal  society  there.  He  printed  in  his  own 
Jiouse  various  learned  works,  chiefly  on  rab- 
binical subjects,  and  died  1758,  aged  79. 

Basil,  St-  bishop  of  C^sarea  after  Euse- 
bius  370  was  exposed  to  the  persecution  of 
Valens,  because  he  refused  to  embrace  Ari- 
anism.   He  died  379,  aged  53. 

Basil,  an  Arian  made  bishop  of  Ancyra 
by  Eusebius,  on  the  deposition  of  Marcellus 
His  appointment  was  vacated  by  the  council 
of  Constantinople. 

Basil  1.  a  native  of  Adrianople,  of  an 
obscure  family.  He  was  taken  pi'isoner  by 
the  Bulgarians  when  a  soldier,  and  he  esca- 
ped to  Constantinople,  with  only  his  wallet  on 
his  back,  and  his  stick  in  his  hand.  Here  he 
was  noticed  by  the  emperor  Michael,  and 
raised  gradually  to  consequence,  and  at  last 
taken  as  partner  of  the  empire.  Basil  dis- 
covered that  Michael,  jealous  of  his  popu- 
larity, intended  his  destruction,  and  he  anti- 
cipated the  blow,  and  became  sole  emperor 
in  867.  He  reigned  till  886,  when  he  was  kil- 
led by  a  stag  in  hunting.  He  defeated  the 
Saracens  at  Caesarea,  and  he  Mas  distinguish- 
ed for  his  prudence  and  his  love  of  jtistice, 
thougli  some  marks  of  weakness  and  ambi- 
tion appear  in  his  character. 

Basil  II.  son  of  Rom  anus,  and  emperor 
of  Constantinople  after  John  Zimisces,  died 
1035,  aged  70,  after  a  reign  of  50  years.  He 
"Was  valiant  and  fond  of  justice.  His  inhu- 
manity, however  is  remarkable,  after  he  had 
in  1014  defeated  the  Bulgarians,  killed  5000, 
and  taken  15,000  he  permitted  only  one  in 
every  100  to  retain  his  eye-sight,  that  he 
might  conduct  his  99  eyeless  companions  to 
their  teriilied  monarch,  who  it  is  said  sur- 
vived only  two  days  the  hoi-l-id  spectacle. 

Basil,  an  impostor,  who  disturbed  the 
peace  of  Constantinople  in  934,  by  pretend- 
ing to  be  Constantine  Ducas,  who  had  been 
dead  for  some  years.  Romanus,  however, 
the  reigning  emi)eror,  resisted  with  success 
the  artifices  and  the  designs  of  his  rival,  wlio, 
after  being  punished  in  vain  with  the  loss  of 
his  hand,  was  at  last  seized  and  burned  alive 
at  Constantinople. 

Basil,  a  physician,  Avho  became  the  head  of 
asectcalled  theBogomilesin  Bulgaria,  and  re- 
commended a  community  of  goods,  and  even 
of  wives.     He  was  at  last  condenmcd  fur  his 


heresy,  by  a  synod  at  Constantinople.  He 
pretended  that  Cod  had  another  son  called 
Sathaiiael,  who  revolted  against  his  father, 
and  was  hurled  from  heaven  with  the  angels 
which  espoused  his  cause,  and  that  he  was 
afterwards  shut  U[>in  hell  by  Chri:il,  who  had 
been  sent  to  destroy  him. 

Basiliuls,  a  secretary  of  Alexandria, 
in  the  second  century,  who  e^ijoiued  to  hi;i 
followers,  a  strict  silence  of  five  years. 

Basilices,  brother  of  Verina  wife  of 
Leo  I.  emperor  of  the  east,  was  unsuccess- 
ful in  an  expedition  against  Censeric,  and 
lost  the  greatest  part  of  his  fleet.  He  after- 
wardsseizedtheempire  under  Zenolsauricus, 
and  governed  with  cruelty.  Two  years  after, 
477,  he  was  attacked  by  the  deposed  empe- 
ror, his  army  was  defeated,  and  he  was 
doomed  to  the  horrors  of  a  prison,  where 
he  expired  the  following  year.  During  Jiis 
short  reign  part  of  Constantinople  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  and  the  valuable  library  of 
upwards  of  120,000  volumes  was  totally  de- 
stroyed. 

Basilowitz.,  Iwan,  abold  hero,  who  rose 
against  the  tyranny  of  the  Tartars,  and  in 
giving  freedom  to  his  countrymen  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Russian  power,  and  first 
assumed  the  name  of  Czar,  and  added  Astra- 
can  to  his  dominions.  He  reigned  50  years, 
and  died  1584.   He  was  succeeded  by  Focdor. 

Basine,  wife  of  Basin  king  of  Thuringia, 
fled  from  her  husband  to  Trance  to  espouse 
Child  eric  I.  "  Had  I  known  a  more  valiant 
hero  tlian  yourself,"  said  she  to  this  new- 
lover,   "  I  would  have  flown  over  tlic  seas  to 

his  arms."     She  became  mother  of  the  ereat 

a'' 
ovis. 

Basingstoke  or  Basixge,  John,  was 
born  at  Basingstoke,  and  studied  at  Oxford 
and  JParis.  He  visited  Athens,  and  brought 
back  several  Greek  MSS.  He  was  intimate 
with  Grostete  bishop  of  Lincoln,  who  made 
him  archdeacon  of  Leicester.  His  works 
are  sermons,  Latin  translations  from  Greek 
books,  &c.  He  is  supposed  to  have  first  in- 
troduced the  use  of  Greek  numeral  figures 
into  England.  He  died,  according  to  Le- 
land,  1252. 

Basire,  Isaac,  D.  D.  a  native  of  Jersey, 
who  studied  at  Cambridge,  and  was  archdea- 
con of  Northumberland,  and  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  During  the  rebellion  he  retired 
to  Oxford,  and  in  1G4G  travelled  towards  the 
Levant  Avith  the  intention  of  recommending 
the  doctrines  of  the  church  of  England  to 
the  Greeks.  After  preaching  in  Greek  to 
the  bishops  and  clergj'  of  the  Morea,  he  ex- 
tended his  travels  to  Aleppo  and  Jerusalem, 
where  he  visited  the  temple  of  the  sepulchre, 
and  returned  through  ^Icsopotamia  and  Con- 
stantinople to  Transylvania,  where  George 
Ragotzi  11.  the  prince  of  the  country,  raised 
him  to  a  divinity  pi-ofcssor's  chair.  On  the 
return  of  Charles  II.  he  came  back  to  Eng- 
land, and  Avas  promoted  to  a  prebend  of  Dur- 
ham,[and  died  October,  1G76.  His  Avorks  Avere 
diatriba  de  antiq.  Eccles.  Brit,  libertate — a 
letter  to  sir  Richard  Brov.  n,  relating  to  his 
travels,  &:c. — the  history  of  the  English  and 
.ScGti.'Ii  presbytery,  &c. 


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BASKEnviLLE,  John,  a  native  of  Wol- 
xerly,  Worcestershire,  distinguished  as  a 
printer.  As  he  ^\as  brought  up  to  no  occu- 
.pation,  and  in  possession  of  an  estate  of  only 
601.  per  annum,  he  became  a  writing  master 
at  Birmingham,  and  afterwards  turned  his 
attention  to  the  lucrative  trade  of  a  japan- 
ncr,  and  five  years  after,  in  1750,  he  com- 
menced printer.  He  spent  much  money  in 
the  improvement  of  this  favorite  pursuit, 
and  it  was  not  before  1756  that  he  publislied 
his  first  work,  a  beautiful  4to.  edition  of  \iv- 
gil.-  Other  books  equal  in  beauty  and  exe- 
4;ution  issued  from  his  press,  till  in  17G5  he 
solicited  his  friend  Dr.  Franklin  to  procure 
Lira  at  Paris  purchasers  for  his  types.  The 
expenses  of  the  war,  of  1756,  prevented  his 
iiieeting  there,  the  encouragement  which 
he  hoped,  but  after  his  death,  the  types, 
much  to  the  disgrace  of  the  booksellers  of 
London,  as  well  as  the  British  nation,  were 
doomed  to  add  celebrity  to  the  labors  of  the 
literati  of  France,  a  society  of  which  pur- 
chased them  in  1779  for  3700/.  and  soon  af- 
ter expended  not  less  than  100,000/.  in  pi'in- 
ting  the  works  of  Voltaire.  Bnskerville,  in 
his  private  character,  was  indolent,  peevish, 
and  resentful,  and  he  was  so  far  an  infidel 
that  he  raised  himself  a  mausoleum  in  his 
^ound  that  his  body  might  not  rest  among 
Christians,  whose  religion  he  disregarded. 
He  died  1775,  aged  6'J,  leaving  no  issue. 

Baskerville,  Sir  Simon,  knight,  de- 
scended from  the  ancient  family  of  Bask- 
erville  in  Herefordshire,  Mas  born  at  Exeter, 
and  studied  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  of 
■which  he  became  feilo\T.  In  1606  he  was  se- 
nior proctor  of  the  university,  and  he  adorn- 
ed his  public  character  by  an  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  the  learning  of  ancient  and 
modern  times.  He  particularly  devoted 
himself  to  medicine,  and  as  a  phy-&*.cian  in 
London,  he  not  only  obtained  distinction, 
and  the  honor  of  knighthood,  but  he  amas- 
sed so  large  a  fortune,  that  he  was  called 
Baskerville  the  rich.  It  is  said  that  he  had 
no  less  than  100  patients  a  week,  and  the 
hospitality  of  his  life,  and  his  liberal  and 
affable  manner,  deserved  the  success  which 
he  obtained.  He  died  fifth  July  1041,  aged 
68,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 

Basnage,  James,  a  native  of  lionen,  in 
Normandy,  son  of  Henry.  He  studied  at 
Saumur  under  Taiiaquil  Faber,  and  when 
he  had  made  a  rapid  progress  in  the  ancient 
as  well  as  the  modern  languages,  he  went  at 
the  age  of  17  to  Geneva,  where  he  prepared 
himself  under  the  ablest  masters  for  the  mi- 
nistry. He  settled  in  his  native  town,  but 
the  disgrace  of  the  protestants  in  1685  d  -ove 
him  to  Rotterdam,  where  he  continued  as 
pastor  till  the  interest  of  the  pensionary 
Heineius  obtained  for  him,  in  1709,  a  share 
in  the  ministr}'  of  the  Walloon  church  at  the 
Hague.  Basnage  distinguished  himself,  not 
only  as  a  divine,  but  as  a  statesman,  so  that 
Voltaire  said  with  truth,  that  he  was  more 
fit  to  be  a  minister  of  state  than  of  a  parish. 
His  abilities  wei-c  courted  by  the  duke  of  Or- 
leans,  regent  of  France,  who  directed  his 


ambassador  du  Bois  to  follow  his  advice  m 
the  negotiation  for  an  alliance  between  Hol- 
land, France,  and  England ;  and  the  exiled 
protestant,  as  a  reward  for  his  political  ser- 
vices, obtained  the  restitution  of  all  his  for- 
feited property.  As  a  scholar  Basnage  was 
of  a  superior  order,  in  private  life  he  was 
aftable,  candid,  and  sincere,  and  he  had  the 
happiness  of  cultivating  friendship  with  the 
'  greatest  men  in  Europe,  his  epistolary  cor- 
respondence with  whom  does  honor  to  his 
head  and  heart.  He  fell  a  victim  to  a  com- 
plication of  disorders,  '<^2d  December,  1 723, 
in  his  70th  year.  His  works  are  numerous, 
and  his  history  of  the  Jews  since  the  time  of 
Christ,  15  vols.  12mo.  1716,  is  particularly 
valuable. 

Basnage,  Henry,  bi'other  to  James,  was 
j  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Rouen,  but  he 
fled  to  Holland  upon  the  proscription  of  the 
protestants,  and  died  there,  March  29,  1710, 
in  his  54th  year.  Among  other  works,  he 
revised  the  dioUonaire  of  Furetiere,  3  vols, 
fol. 

Basnage,  Benjamin,  a  protestant,  Avho 
succeeded  his  father  as  minister  of  Carentan, 
was  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  the 
church.  He  assisted  at  the  national  synod  of 
Charenton,  and  also  came  to  Scotland  un- 
der James  VI.  as  deputy  from  the  French 
churches.     He  died  1652,  in  his  72d  year. 

Basnage,  Anthony,  eldest  son  of  Ben- 
jamin, was  minister  of  Bayeux,  and  after 
being  imprisoned  at  Havre  de  Grace  for  his 
religion,  he  fled  to  Holland  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Kantes,  where  he  died  1691, 
aged  81. 

Basnage  du  Fraq_uexay,  Henry, 
younger  son  of  Benjamin,  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  advocate  at  Rouen.  He  was  emi- 
nent for  learning,  as  well  as  eloquence,  as  his 
treatises  show.  He  published  the  Coutume 
de  Normandie, — a  treatise  on  mortgages,  he. 
and  died  20th  October,  1695,  aged  80. 

Basnet,  Edward,  a  native  of  Denbigh- 
shire, made  in  1537  dean  of  St.  Patrick  in 
Ireland.  During  O'Neal's  rebellion  in  1539 
he  warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  government, 
and  marched  at  the  head  of  the  troops  in  a 
military  character  under  the  lord  lieutenant, 
and  for  his  services  was  made  a  privy  coun- 
sellor, and  received  a  grant  of  the  lands  of 
Kilternan,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Dublin. 
He  died  in  the  sixth  Edward's  reign. 

Bass  AN,  James  du  Pont,  a  painter  born  at 
Bassan  in  Italy.  As  he  chiefly  lived  in  the 
country,  and  possessed  a  mind  well  stored 
with  literature,  his  pieces  are  generally  oft 
subjects  of  landscapes,  animals,  and  night 
scenes,  and  with  so  much  success  that  Annibal 
Carrache  was  himself  deceived  by  a  book 
which  he  had  drawn  on  a  wall,  and  which  he 
attempted  to  seize,  as  if  real.  In  his  flowers 
he  interwove  serpents  with  great  dexterity, 
though  little  taste.  His  valuable  pieces  were 
dispersed  through  Europe,  and  among  others 
Titian  purchased  severed  of  them.  Bassan 
died  at  Venice  1592,  aged  80,  leaving  four 
sons,  all  painters.  Of  these  Francis  was  em- 
ployed by  ilie  Venetian  republic,  with  Paul 


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Veronese  and  Tintorct,  to  adorn  tlic  pulacc 
of  St.  Murk,  lie  was  ol"  a  luelanclioly  turn, 
and  once  thought  liimselt"  pursued  by  ar- 
chers, so  that  in  a  fit  of  self-created  terror 
he  tlirew  himself  out  of  a  window  and  (lied 
soon  after,  lOyl,  aged  •I't. — Leander,  another 
brother,  obtained  as  u  reward  for  his  ])ieces, 
the  collar  of  St.  Mark,  from  the  doge  of  Ve- 
liice,  and  a  gold  medal  from  the  emjieror 
Kodolphus  11. — John  Itajjtistc  and  Jer<jnie 
•Were  eminent  as  iniitat(jis  of  the  style  and 
manner  of  their  father. 

1JASSA.NDYNE,  Thomas,  a  Scotchman, 
educated  at  Antwei-p.  He  learned  the  art 
of  i>rinting  at  Paris  and  Loydcn,  and  retur- 
ned home  in  1558.  He  joined  himself  to  the 
reformers,  and  printed  several  valuable 
books,     lie  died  1591. 

Bassani,  James  Anthony,  a  Jesuit  of  Vi- 
cenza,  eminent  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  and 
con-sequently  distinguished  by  pope  Benedict 
XIY.  He  died  1747,  21st  May,  aged  Gl. 
His  sermons  w  ere  published  at  Bologna  and 
^'cnice,  1752  and  1753. 

Bassani,  John  Baptiste,  an  admired  Ita- 
lian composer,  master  to  Corelli,  in  the  17th 
century.  His  compositions  are  described  by 
Burney  and  Hawkins  as  chaste,  and  ])athetic. 

Bassan  1  IN,  James,  a  Scotchman,  who 
after  studying  astronomy  and  the  matliema- 
tics  at  (jilasgow,  travelled  in  quest  of  lear- 
liing,  through  the  Netherlands,  Switzerland, 
Italy,  and  Germany,  and  at  last  settled  at 
Paris,  where  he  acquired  hoth  reputation 
and  money,  as  a  mathematical  teacher.  He 
j-eturned  in  1562  to  his  native  country,  and 
became  early  acquainted  with  sir  Robert 
JNIelvil,  a  strong  partisan  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  and  he  afterwards  supported  the  pi'e- 
tensions  and  ambitious  views  of  the  earl  of 
Murray.  Bassatitin  died  15G8.  In  his  reli- 
gion he  was  a  zealous  protestant,  as  a  man 
of  learning  he  was  strongl)^  tinctured  with 
tlie  failings  and  the  superstition  of  the  time. 
He  placed  great  confidence  in  astrology,  and 
with  more  zeal  than  good  sense  asserted  the 
influence  of  the  planets  on  the  affairs  of  the 
world.  His  works  are  all  on  mathematical 
subjects,  and  though  not  free  from  pedantiy, 
and  improbable  conclusions,  tliey  yet  bear 
strong  testimony  to  his  merits  as  a  phtloso- 
phcr. 

Basse  LIN,  Oliver,  a  fuller  of  Yire  in 
Normandy,  in  the  15th  century,  known  for 
his  songs  anrl  ballads,  called  Vaudevilles  by 
corruption  for  Vaux  de  Vire,  the  place 
where  he  lived. 

Basset,  Peter,  chamberlain  to  Henry  Y. 
accompanied  that  prince  in  all  his  expedi- 
tions, of  which  he  has  given  an  interesting 
account  in  one  volume.  The  Avork  has 
never  been  printed,  but  is  preserved  in  the 
lierald's  oflice.  The  historian  says  that  Hen- 
ry died  of  a  pleurisy,  others  however  attri- 
bute his  death  to  a  dilfercnt  disorder. 

Bassi, Laura,  wife  of  Joseph  Yerati,  hon- 
ored in  1732  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
philosophy  for  her  high  mental  accomplish- 
ments, which  she  displayed  in  her  lectures 
Qii   experimental  piiilosophy.     Her  private 


life  was  also  (Reserving  of  the  higliest  e»cG- 
luiunts,  and  exhibited  her  as  the  possessor  ot 
every  amiable  virtue.  She  died2Ulh  J'cbru- 
ary,  177H. 

Bassitii  KiiAiArii,  a  Mahometan,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  piayer. 

B.\ssOMPiERUE,  Francois  de,  a  mare- 
chal  of  France,  of  a  family  of  distinction  iu 
Lorraine,  was  confined  in  the  Bastille  by 
kichtlieu,  who  dreaded  the  power  of  his  sa- 
tire. He  remained  in  this  confinement  1<> 
years  till  the  dcalh  of  his  persecutor,  and  em- 
ployed his  time  in  writing  his  memoirs,  pub- 
lished, 3  vols,  in  16G5,  Cologne,  which  arc 
interesting,  though  occasionally  triviah  On 
his  release  he  received  the  otter  of  500,000 
livres  from  the  dutchess  of  Aiguillon,  niece 
of  Richelieu,  which  he  politely  refused,  ad- 
ding, "  Madam,  your  uncle  has  done  me  too 
great  an  injury,  to  allow  me  to  receive  so 
much  good  from  you." — He  was  employed 
in  embassies  by  Lewis  XUi.  and  he  posses- 
sed all  the  requisites  of  a  courtier,  with 
great  presence  of  mind,  affability,  wit,  and 
uncommon  genei'osity.  He  spoke  the  lan- 
guages of  Europe  with  great  fluency.  He  w  as 
much  addicted  to  pl«uy  and  women,  so  that  it 
is  said  that  on  the  morning  in  which  he  was 
arrested,  he  burned  not  less  than  6000  let- 
ters which  he  had  received  from  Sadies  of  gal- 
lantry. He  was  found  dead  iu  his  bed,  12th 
October,  1G4G,  in  his  C7th  year.  The  ac- 
count of  his  embassies  appeared  in  2  vols. 
12mo.  IGGS. 

Bassyille,  Nicholas  John  Hugon  de,  a 
Frenchman,  sent  as  envoy  to  Rome  to  re- 
claim some  of  his  countrymen,  who  had  been 
imprisoned  there.  During  a  tumult  caused 
either  by  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  Italians, 
or  the  intrigues  of  the  republicans,  he  was 
stabbed  with  a  razor,  I3th  January,  1793,  and 
died  34  hours  after.  This  violence  offered 
to  his  person  was  made  a  pretence  for  severe 
measures  against  the  pope.  Bassville  wrote 
elements  of  mythology  8vo. — memoirs  of 
the  French  revolution.  Sec. 

Bassuel,  Peter,  a  native  of  Paris,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  surgeon  and  a  lecturer.  His 
dissertations  in  the  memoirs  of  the  acade- 
mies of  surgery  and  of  the  sciences  are  val- 
uable compositions.     He  died  1757,  aged  51. 

Basta,  George,  a  native  of  Rocca,  near 
Tarentum,  distinguished  as  a  warrior,  and 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Par- 
ma, and  afterwards  of  the  emperor,  in  Hun- 
gary and  Transylvania.  He  died  I6t)7,  au- 
thor of  two  treatises  in  Italian,  on  military 
discipline. 

Bastard,  Tliomas,  a  native  of  Blanford 
in  Dorsetshire,  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  New  college,  Oxford,  from  which 
he  was  expelled  for  a  libel.  He  obtained 
preferment  by  means  of  the  earl  of  Suffolk, 
lo  whom  he  was  chaplain,  and  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  as  a  poet,  not  less  than  as  a  prea- 
cher. He  was  three  times  married.  His 
faculties  were  disordered  on  the  close  of  hh 
life,  and  he  died  in  an  obscure  situation  near 
Dorchester,  April  19th,  1G18.  He  was  a 
mull  of  Icaniing;,  and  chiefly  eminent  for  his 


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witty  and  facetious  conversation.    He  pub- 
lished epigrams,  sermons,  &cc. 

Bast  ON,  Robert,  a  Carmelite  monk, 
born  near  Nottingham,  poet  laureat,  and 
pubhc  orator  at  Oxford.  He  attended  Ed- 
ward [.  in  his  expedition  against  Scotland, 
but  he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  instead  of 
celebrating  the  victories  of  his  master,  he 
Avas  compelled  by  torture  to  sing  the  succes- 
ses of  the  Scottish  monarch.  He  wrote 
several  works  in  a  style  barbarous,  but  not 
totally  contemptible,  for  the  age  in  which  he 
lived.  He  died  1310,  and  wiis-buried  at  Not- 
tu>gham. 

Bastwick,  Dr.  John,  a  native  of  Wi'it- 
tle  in  Essex,  born  15'J3,  of  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  which  he  left  without  degree. 
He  travelled  nine  years,  through  Europe, 
and  became  doctor  of  physic  at  Padua.  His 
publication  called  llagellum  pontificis,  ice. 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  the  bish- 
ops, though  he  declared  he  did  not  wish  to 
reflect  upon  them  or  their  office,  and  he  was 
lined  lOUOZ.  excommunicateclj  kc.  and  impri- 
soned, till  he  made  a  recantation  of  his  as- 
sertions. In  his  confinement,  which  lasted 
two  years,  he  wrote  several  things,  and  in 
his  new  litany  inveighed  against  the  severit}' 
of  liis  treatment,  which  called  down  the 
vengeance  of  his  enemies.  He  was  there- 
fore fined  5000^.  sentenced  to  be  pilloried, 
to  lose  his  ears,  and  to  be  imprisoned  for  life. 
He  was  consequently  immured  in  St.  Mary's 
castle  in  the  Scilly  islands,  till  the  civil  wars 
put  an  end  to  his  sufferings.  In  1G40,  the 
house  of  commons  voted  the  proceedings 
against  him,  and  against  Prynne  and  Burton 
illegal ;  he  was  recalled  to  London  amidst 
the  acclamations  of  thousands,  and  he  was 
repaid  the  fine  from  the  forfeited  estates  of 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  the  other 
commissioners  who  had  so  severely  treated 
him.  He  was  living  in  164S,  but  the  year  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

Bate,  John,  U.  D.  prior  of  the  Carme- 
lites at  York,  was  born  in  Northumberland, 
and  studied  at  Oxford  at  the  expense  of  some 
powerful  patrons.  He  distinguished  liim- 
self  by  his  knowledge  of  philosophy,  divini- 
ty, and  Greek,  He  published  several  things 
chiefly  critical  and  theological,  and  died  2Gth 
January,  1429. 

Bate,  George,  a  physician,  born  at 
Maids-morton  near  Buckingham.  He  stu- 
died at  New  college.  Queen's,  and  St.  Ed- 
mund's hall,  Oxford  and  practised  as  a  physi- 
cian in  the  university.  He  possessed  such  in- 
sinuation united  with  great  talents,  that  he 
was  physician  to  Charles  I.  while  at  Oxford, 
afterwards  to  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  to  the 
royal  family  after  the  restoration.  His  re- 
commendation to  the  favor  of  Charles  II. 
originated,  it  is  said,  in  the  report  that  he 
liad  given  the  usurper  a  strong  dose  which 
hastened  his  death.  He  wrote  among  other 
pieces  a  Latin  account  of  the  civil  wars,  and 
died  I66y,  and  was  buried  at  Kingston-on- 
Thames. 

Bate,  Julius,  a  friend  of  Hutcliinson,  by 
whom  he  v.as  recommended  to  Charlco  duke 


of  Somerset,  and  to  the  living  of  Sutton  in 
Sussex,  He  attended  Hutchinson  in  his  last 
illness,  and  thus  he  was  enabled  te  contra- 
dict the  report  which  had  been  spread,  that 
his  friend  on  his  death-bed  had  recanted  to 
Dr.  Mead  the  publication  of  his  writings. 
Dr.  Mead,  it  is  to  be  observed,  had  much  to 
his  surpi'ise  been  dismissed  from  his  atten- 
dance on  Hutchinson.  Bate  was  author  of 
some  valuable  pieces  on  criticism  and  divin- 
itv,  and  in  defence  of  his  friend's  system, 
lie  died  7th  April,  1771. 

Batecumbe,  William,  a  mathematician, 
who  florished  1420.  He  studied  at  Oxford, 
where  he  taught  mathematics,  and  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  writings  on  philoso- 
phy, kc.  the  chief  of  which  are,  de  sphera; 
concavte  fabrica  k  usu — de  sphsera  solida — 
conclusione  sophise — de  operatione  astrolab. 
he. 

Batemax,  William,  bishop  of  Norwich, 
was  founder  of  Trinity -hall,  Cambridge.  He 
was  well  versed  in  civil  and  canon  laws,  and 
died  1354  at  Avignon,  where  he  was  embas- 
sador at  the  pope's  court. 

Bates,  William,  a  nonconformist  divine, 
educated  at  Emanuel  and  King's  colleges, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees,  and 
at  the  restoration  was  created  D.  D.  by 
royal  mandate.  He  was  chaplain  to  Charles 
II.  and  minister  of  St.  Dustan's  in  the  west, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  by  the  act  of  uni- 
formity. He  was  at  the  conference  of  the 
Savoy  for  reviewing  the  public  liturgy,  and 
he  also  was,  with  Jacomb  and  Baxter,  en- 
gaged in  the  dispute  against  Pearson  bishop 
of  Chester,  Gunning  of  Ely,  and  Sparrow  of 
Norwich.  His  character  was  so  respectable 
that,  though  a  noncomformist,  he  might 
have  obtained  the  deanery  of  Coventiy,  or 
even  been  raised,  accord!  ^  to  Dr.  Calamy, 
to  any  bishopric  in  the  kingdom.  His  great 
intimacy  with  Tillotson,  lord  chancellor 
Fiucli,  lord  Nottingham,  and  lord  keeper 
Bridgman,  is  a  further  proof  of  his  merit 
and  respectability.  He  published  the  lives 
of  some  eminent  men  in  Latin,  in  4to.  1681. 
His  Avurks  were  published  in  a  folio  volume 
after  his  death.  Ho  resided  at  Hackney  the 
last  part  of  his  life,  where  he  died  1699, 
aged  73. 

Bathalmiusi,  a  Mahomedan  writer  of 
eminence,  of  the  family  of  Ali,  who  died  in 
the  year  of  the  hegira  421.  He  wrote  a  book 
of  genealogies,  a  treatise  on  the  qualities  of  a 
good  writer,  kc. 

Bathe,  Henry  de,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, appointed  1238,  under  Henry  HI.  to 
the  office  of  justice  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  afterwards  of  justice  itinerant.  Though 
for  a  while  under  disgrace,  1251,  in  conse- 
quence of  some  slanderous  accusation,  he 
was  restored  to  royal  favor,  and  advanced  to 
the  i)Iace  of  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench. 
He  died  1261. 

Baihc,  William,  an  Irish  Jesuit,  rector 
of  an  Irish  school  at  Salamanca,  where  he 
died  1614.  He  is  author  of  introduction  to 
the  art  of  music,  1584,  4to.  London. — Janua 
linguarum,  iGll,— besides  some  pieces  ou 
divinitv. 


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Rathuust,  Ralph,  a  Latin  poet,  pliysi- 
cian,  and  divine  of  Trinity  college,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  M'as  elected  pi-csidunt  ItJT,  k 
In  tlie  yoiinj^er  part  of  lite  he  lei  I  di\init\  for 
j)h}sic,  hut  after  the  restoration  he  took  ov- 
ders,  and  hecajnc  dean  of  AV^ells,  and  vice 
chancellor  of  the  university.  He  refused, 
in  1091,  the  hishopric  of  IJristol,  from  his 
great  regard  lor  the  society  over  which  he 
presided,  and  whose  chapel  he  rebuilt  in  a 
\cry  neat  and  elegant  style.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  erudition,  as  appears  from  his  poems 
and  other  pieces,  lie  died  170-i-,  in  his  8ith 
year,  and  was  huried  in  the  cliapel  of  his  col- 
lege. His  life  lias  been  written  by  Tliomas 
AVarton. 

Ba  I  HURST,  Allen,  descended  fi-om  the 
Jlathursts  of  Northaujptonshirc,  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college,  Oxfonl,  under  his 
uncle,  the  president,  and  afterwards  was 
elected  in  two  parliaments  for  Cirencester. 
He  opposed  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  and 
lie  was  one  of  the  12  lords  introduced  in  one 
day,  1711,  to  tlie  upper  house,  to  iorni  a 
majority.  He  continued  firm  to  his  political 
friends  even  in  their  disgrace.  He  boldly 
opposed  the  attainder  of  lord  Bolingbrokc, 
and  the  duke  of  Ormond,  and  in  1718,  he  be- 
gan to  show  himself  as  a  speaker  among  the 
peers,  the  most  formidable  opponent  of  the 
meas*arcs  of  the  court,  and  of  Walpole  in 
l)articular.  In  1704,  he  married  Catherine, 
daugliter  of  sir  Peter  Apsley,  ofSusse.\,  by 
'»vhom  he  had  four  sons  and  five  daughters. 
His  only  surviving  son  was  for  some  years 
chancellor  of  England,  and  made  a  peer  by 
the  title  of  lord  Apsley.  Lord  Bathurst  was 
employed  abowt  the  person  of  Frederic, 
prince- of  Wales,  and  of  his  eon,  George  IH. 
at  whose  accession  he  resigned  his  oflices 
for  a  pension  of  1200/.  In  his  private  cha- 
racter, lord  Bathurst  was  a  man  of  great 
generosity,  afiable  in  manners,  and  humane 
in  sentiment,  and  his  long  and  familiar  ac- 
quaintance with  Pope,  Swift,  and  Addison, 
prove  him  to  have  possessed  wit,  taste,  and 
erudition.  He  was  attached  to  rursl  amuse- 
ments, and  fond  of  conviviality.  He,  drank 
regularly  his  bottle  after  dinner,  and  laugh- 
ed at  the  temperate  regimen  of  Dr.  Cado- 
gan,  which  50  years  before  J)r.  Cheyne  had 
pecommended  to  him,  assuring  him  that  he 
should  not  live  seven  years  more  if  he  did 
uot  abstain  from  wine.  He  was  made  an 
earl  in  1772,  and  died  at  his  seat  near  Ciren- 
cester, IGth  Sept.  1775,  aged  91. 

Batoni,  Pompeo,  a  native  of  Lucca, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  merit  was  so 
universally  acknowledged,  that  the  greatest 
personages  wei'C  proud  of  his  society,  and 
the  emperor  Joseph  added  to  the  honors 
already  bestowed  upon  him,  the  title  of 
nobility.  His  best  piece  is  Simon  the  ma- 
gician contending  with  St.  Peter,  which  is 
preserved  at  Rome  in  the  great  church,  de- 
dicated to  the  apostle.  Batoni  died  1787, 
aged  79. 

Battaglint,  Mark,  bishop  of  Xocera 
and  Cesena,  died  1717,  aged  71.  He  wrote 
s  history  of  councils,  fol.  1C86,  and  annales 

VOL.  I.  CO 


dn  snccrdoce  dc  I'cmpire  du  17  siecle,  4  vols, 
fol.  17(H  to  1711. 

Bat  I  ELY,  Dr.  Jolm,  born  at  Bui-y,  Suf- 
folk, was  fellow  of  'i'rinity  college,  Cam- 
briilge,  and  chaplain  to  the  pi-imate  San- 
croft,  v.  ho  gave  him  the  Ii\ing  of  Adishain, 
and  the  archdeconry  of  the  diocese.  He 
wrote  Anti'iuitiites  Kutupinai  et  St.Kflmund- 
burgi,  and  died  10th  Oct.  1708,  aged  01. 

Batieux,  (Charles,  a  J*'rench  ])hiloso- 
pher,  philosophical  professor  in  the  Uoyal 
college,  member  of  the  French  academy, 
»Mc.  eminent  for  liis  erudition,  as  well  as  for 
his  private  virtues,  and  the  humanity  which 
was  directed  to  the  maintenance  of  a  nu- 
merous and  impoverished  family.  His 
works  are  various,  ;uul  all  chiefly  on  classical 
literature,  in  which  he  disp.'-tiys  frequently- 
more  method  and  more  labor,  than  elo- 
quence or  purity,  not  without  a  mi.xlurc  of 
metaphysical  ideas.  It  is  said  that  his  deatli 
was  accelerated  by  grief  in  observing  that 
the  elementary  book  whicli  he  wrote  for  the 
military  school  of  Paris,  did  not  succeed  so 
well  as  he  wished.  He  died  at  Paris,  I4ili 
July,  1780,  aged  07.  Among  other  works 
he  published  the  four  poetics  of  Aristotle, 
Horace,  Vida,  andBoileau,  with  notes,  two 
vols.  8vo.  1771. 

Battie,  Dr.  William,  a  physician,  bom 
in  Devonshire,  and  educated  at  Eton,  and 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  where  his  mo- 
ther attended  him,  to  supply  him  with  the 
necessaries  wliich  his  youth  or  inexperience 
might  want.  He  obtained  a  Craven  scholar- 
ship, but  liis  views  to  study  the  law  were 
checJved  by  liis  porerty,  and  he  turned  his 
thoughts  to  physic,  when  he  found  that 
his  ])ecuniary  distresses  could  not  be  relieved, 
by  repeated  applications  to  two  opulent 
cousins  of  the  name  of  Coleman.  He  prac- 
tised at  Uxbrulge  and  London,  and  became 
physician  to  St.  Luke's,  and  in  1738,  aftei* 
a  long  courtship,  he  married  the  daughter 
of  Barnham  Goode,  under  master  of  Etoa 
school,  a  man  whom,  for  a  satirical  poem. 
Pope  has  immortalized  in  his  Dunciad. 
Thougli  the  Colemans  had  a  political  dis- 
like to  Goode,  they  behaved  with  kindness 
to  his  daughter,  and  the  survivor  of  them, 
left  30,000/.  to  her  husband.  Dr.  Battle 
was  lampooned  for  the  active  part  which  lie 
took  with  the  college  of  physicians  against 
Dr.  Schomberg,  in  1750,  in  the  Battiad,  a 

Soem  said  to  be  written  by  Schomberg, 
loses  Mendcz,  and  Paul  Whitehead.  Dr. 
Battle's  publications  were  all  on  medical 
subjects,  and  all  respect:ible.  His  observa- 
tions on  madness  recommended  him  to  pub- 
lic notice,  and  he  was,  with  Dr.  Muuro,  ex- 
amined at  the  bar  of  tlie  house  of  commons, 
M-ilh  respect  to  the  private  madhouses  in 
the  king<lom,  and  the  highest  testimonies  of 
his  abilities  are  recorded  in  the  journals  of 
the  d::y.  Dr.  Battie  died  of  a  paralytic 
stroke,  13th  June,  1776,  aged  75,  leaving 
three  daughters.  He  published  an  edition  of 
Isoe  rates,  two  vols.  8vo. 

Bauab,   a    ■Mahomedan,   who    rendered 
the  Arabic    idphabet  more   perfect,    after 


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Ben  Molak.  He  died  1q  the  year  413  of  the 
Legira. 

JJaudelot  de  Dairval,  Charles  C02- 
siir,  an  advocate  of  the  pai-liameut  of  Paris, 
avuhor  of  a  curious  and  elegant  treatise, 
called  "  de  I'utilite  des  voyages,"  1727,  in 
two  vols.  I'imo.  He  died  of  the  dropsy 
1 722,  aged  74. 

Bau'det,  Stephen,  an  eminent  French 
engravei"  of  Blois,  who  was  successfully  em- 
ployed on  Poussin's  pieces.  His  chief  work 
is  Adam  and  fc'.ve,  irom  Dominino.  He  died 
1C71,  aged  73. 

Baudier,  Michael,  a  native  of  Lan- 
gucdoc,  historiographer  of  France  under 
Lewis  Xin.  He  wrote  the  history  of  the 
Mahometan  religion,  Svo.  1038 — the  life  of 
cardinal  Amhoise,  1051,  Svo. — of  marechal 
de  Toiras.  1644 — of  Ximcues,  Suger,  &c. — 
and  though  his  style  is  heavy  and  inelegant, 
vet  his  M  orks  are  curious  and  interesting, 
and  valuable  for  their  authenticity  and  the 
variety  of  his  matter. 

Baud IX,  Peter  Charles  Lewis,  a  native 
of  Sedan,  elected  to  the  national  assembly 
and  to  the  convention.  Here  he  conducted 
himself  with  moderation,  though  not  always 
Avith  firmness.  It  was  he  who  nobly  ex- 
claimed on  the  laws  made  with  respect  to 
emigrants,  "  if  among  the  millions  of  the 
guilty,  ten  innocent  per.-ons  can  be  found, 
the  law  which  strikes  them  is  unjust."  He 
died  December  I'yj.  He  wrote  anecdotes 
on  the  constitution,  1794,  Svo.  cmi  the  liberty 
of  the  press,  17'J5,  Svo. 

Baud  I  us,  Dominique,  a  native  of  Lcisle, 
who  studied  at  Aix  la  Chapelle,  Leyden, 
and  Geneva.  He  visited  England  in  the 
suite  of  the  ambassador  of  the  states  of 
Holland,  and  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  afterwards  he  went 
to  France,  where  he  staid  10  years,  and  by 
means  of  Achilles  de  Harlai  he  was  admit- 
ted advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Paris. 
He  next  went  to  Leyden,  where  he  was 
raised  to  the  professorial  chair  of  eloquence, 
and  with  Meursius  named  historiographer 
to  the  states  of  Holland  in  IGll.  He  was  a 
man  of  genius,  as  well  as  erudition,  and  in 
his  Latin  poems,  some  of  which  he  dedicated 
to  the  king  of  FiUgland  and  to  the  prince  of 
Wales,  he  displayed  taste  and  elegance  of 
composition.  He  was  a  zealous  advocate  for 
a  truce  between  Spain  and  Holland,  and  the 
two  discourses  wliich  he  published  on  the 
subject  were  so  much  misrepresented  to 
prince  Maurice,  that  he  was  accused  of  be- 
ing bribed  by  the  French  ambassador,  and 
with  difficulty  he  escaped  the  vengeance  of 
his  enemies.  He  died  at  Leyden,  22d  Au- 
gust, 1613,  aged  52.  He  was  so  addicted  to 
wine  and  to  sensual  pleasures,  that  his  cha- 
racter was  exposed  to  the  severest  ridicule, 
especially  from  the  pen  of  Scioppius.  His 
letters,  poems,  8cc.  were  published  1007. 

Baudoi.v,  Benedict,  a  divine  of  Amiens, 
author  of  a  learned  dissertation  on  the  shoes 
of  the  ancients,  published  1015.  From  this 
circumstance  some  have  imagined  that  he 
was  the  son  of  a  shoemaker. 


Raudori,  Joseph  du,  a  native  of  Van- 
lies,  educateil  among  the  Jesuits.  He  is  au- 
thor of  various  discourses,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris,  1749,  aged  39. 

Baudot  de  Juilli,  Nicholas,  a  native 
of  Vendome,  son  of  a  collector  of  excise. 
He  is  author  of  several  historical  pieces 
written  with  method  and  ingenuity,  though 
too  much  in  the  spirit  of  romance.  His  his- 
tory of  the  conquest  jf  England,  by  William. 
of  Normandy,  12mo.  of  Philip  Augustus, 
tAvo  vols.  12mo.  and  Charles  VH.  two  vols. 
12mo.  are  his  best  pieces.  He  wrote  be- 
sides the  history  of  Catherine  of  France 
queen  of  England — Germaine  de  Foix — the 
secret  history  of  the  constable  of  Bourbon — 
Spain  invaded  by  the  Moors,  four  vols.  &c. 
He  died  1759,  aged  81. 

Baudouix,  emperor  of  Constantinople. 
Vid.  Baldwin. 

Baudouin,  John,  a  native  of  Pradelle 
in  the  Vivarais.  He  was  in  the  service  of 
queen  Margai'et  of  France,  and  of  marechal 
de  Marillac,  but  he  was  neglected.  He  pub- 
lished translations  of  Sallust,  Tacitus,  Lu- 
cian,  Suetonius,  &c.  but  as  he  wrote  more 
for  bread  than  fame,  his  language  was  occa- 
sionally inelegant,  and  oftener  inaccurate. 
He  died  at  Paris,  1650,  aged  66. 

Baudraicu  Mich.  Anton,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, born  at  Pr.ris.  He  visited  Rome, 
Germany,  and  England,  and  distinguished, 
himself  by  his  '*  Dictionaire  Geographique, 
tv>'0  vols,  fol."  printed  first  in  I^atin,  and  af- 
terwards in  French.  The  work  is  not  with- 
out its  errors,  which  have  not  been  corrected 
in  subsequent  editions.  He  died  1700,  in  his 
G7th  year. 

Baudricourt,  Jean  de,  a  marechal  of 
France,  Mho  signalized  liimself  with  Charles 
Vni.  in  the  conquest  of  Naples,  1495.  His  fa- 
ther Hobert  was  the  person  whointroduced  the 
famous  maid  of  Orleans  on  the  public  stage. 

Bauhinus,  John,  a  physician  of  Amiens^ 
who  retired,  on  account  of  his  religion,  to 
Basil,  where  he  jji'actised  with  great  reputa- 
tion, and  died,  1582,  aged  71. 

Bauhinus,  John,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  himself  as  a  physiciaa 
and  medical  writer  at  Basil  and  Lyons.  He 
was  ])hysician  to  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg, 
and  (lied  at  Montbeillard  1613,  aged  73.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  is  Historia  planta- 
ruin  universalis,  fol.  thi-ee  vols.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  the  medicinal  waters  of  Eu- 
rope. 

Bauhinus,  Caspar,  was  physician  t« 
the  duke  of  Wirtemburg,  and  ])rofessed 
botany  at  Basil,  where  he  died  1624,  aged 
65.  He  is  styled  in  his  epitaph  the  phcenix 
of  his  age  for  anatomy  and  botany,  but  Rio- 
Ian  accuses  him  of  ignorance  and  presump- 
tion. He  wrote  Institutiones  anatomicai — 
thcatrum  botanicum — pinax  theatri  botanici 
— a  treatise  on  hermaphrodites,  &cc. — His 
son,  John  Caspar,  was  equally'  eminent,  and 
he  published  his  fatlier's  theatrum  botani- 
cum, and  died  1685,  aged  79. 

liAULDPX,  Paul,  a  native  of  Rouen,  pro- 
fessor of  sacred  history,    at  Utrecht,    and 


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i,on-in-la\r  of  Henry  B:\snagc.  Begltlessome 
chronolofjical  tables  and  iiistorical  treatises, 
he  published  Laclantins'  de  inorle  persecut. 
vitli  Ifanied  notes.  He  died  170(),  age<l  07. 
JJAULO  r  or  ilEAULi  Eu,  James,  a  lillto- 
tomisl,  born  of  obscure  parents  in  a  bandct 
in  Franche-cointe.  He  served  in  u  regi- 
luenl  ot"  cavalry,  till  he  foruicd  an  MC(|uaiu- 
tance  with  an  empirical  siii-geon  called  Pau- 
louiii,  who  pretended  to  cut  lor  the  stone. 
Alter  five  ov  si.\  years  of  instruction,  he  be- 
gan to  practise  for  himself,  and  he  travelled 
in  a  monastic  habit  over  dilferent  parts  of 
J'ranCe,  and  to  (icneva  and  Amsterdam, 
•with  the  boldness  of  an  enthusiast.  He  used 
to  neglect  his  patients  after  the  operation, 
adding,  "  I  have  extracted  the  stone,  (iod 
will  cure  the  wound."  His  success  was 
great,  so  that  at  Amsterdam  the  magis- 
trates, in  gratitude  for  his  services,  had  his 
portrait  engraved,  and  a  medal  struck.  His 
method  was  adopted  from  Holland  by  Che- 
sclden  with  such  unusual  success  that  it  was 
called  the  English  operation,  though  certain- 
ly tlie  invention  belonged  to  the  French. 
After  visiting  Rome  and  Vienna,  iiaulot  re- 
tired to  a  seat  near  Besancon,  where  he  died 
1720,  aged  69.  The  history  of  this  great 
man,  who  so  honorably  devoted  his  life  to 
the  service  of  humanity,  was  written  by 
Vac  her  1757,  l2mo. 

Baume,  James  Francis  de  la,  a  native  of 
Carpeutras,  and  canon  of  St.  Agricola's 
church,  Avignon,  author  of  a  poem  called 
the  Christiade,  in  G  vols.  V2mo.  a  work  un- 
interesting, and  wi'itten  in  a  pompous  and 
affected  style.  He  wrote  besides  a  pamphlet 
called  eloge  de  la  paix,  and  other  small 
pieces.  He  also  wrote  for  more  than  10 
years  for  the  Courier  de  I'Europe.  He  died 
ut  Paris  1757,  aged  52, 

Baume,  Nicholas  Auguste  de  la,  a  mare- 
chal  of  France,  who  served  in  Germany  and 
against  the  Camisards  with  great  credit.  He 
died  at  Paris  171G,  aged  70,  leaving  no  chil- 
tlren,  though  twice  married.  There  were 
of  this  family  many  members  who  distin- 
guished themselves  by  their  abilities  as  states- 
men and  ecclesiastics. 

Baume,  James  de  la,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris, 
who  died  1725,  aged  76.  He  is  author  of 
some  Latin  poetry,  orations,  &c. 

Baumer,  John  William,  a  native  ofRhe- 
■weiler,  who  studied  at  Jena  and  Halle,  and 
left  the  pursuit  of  divinity  for  medicine,  of 
■which  he  was  made  professor  at  Erfurt.  He 
wrote  the  natural  history  of  the  mineral 
kingdom,  2  vols. — the  )iatui*al  history  of 
precious  stones,  and  other  works,  and  died 
1788,  aged  69. 

Baumgarten,  Alexander  Gottlieb,  a 
native  of  Berlin,  who  studied  at  Halle,  where 
he  was  made  professor  of  philosophy,  and 
afterwards  at  Frankfort,  on  Oder.  He 
wrote  metaphysica,  8vo. — Ethica  philoso- 
phica,  8vo. — asthctica,  inilia])hilosoph.  prac- 
ticx,  primse,  &c. — and  died  176,  aged  48. — 
His  brother,  Sigismund,  was  a  Lutheran 
minister,  divinity  professor  at  Halle,  and 
tlied  1757, 


Raur,  Jolin  William,  a  painter  and  en- 
gra\er(>f  SUasburg,  commonly  called  Wir- 
lembaur.  He  e.xcelled  in  pictures  of  pro- 
cessions, pnhlic  places,  and  markets,  but 
though  his  works  possessed  animation,  his 
figures  are  little  and  mean.  He  died  at  \'ien- 
na  1610,  aged  .JO. 

Balk,  Frederic  William  Von,  a  native 
ol  Hessian  Hanau,who  served  in  the  Hessian 
troops  in  tiie  pay  of  Britain  1755.  In  17.>r 
be  svas  nia<le  a  general,  and  was  ennobled 
by  Frederic  H.  of  Prussia,  and  in  1769  he 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  Russians,  and 
was  appointed  by  Catherine  inspeclf>r  olthe 
salt-works  of  Novogorod.  His  abilities  as  an 
engineer  and  mechanic  were  also  employ- 
ed in  supplying  .Moscow  with  water,  and  in 
making  deeper  the  canal  of  Petersburg,  and 
in  constructing  a  capacious  harbour  at  iu 
extremity.  He  died  178J,  author  of  me- 
moires  historiques  and  geographiques  sur  \j 
Valachia,  8vo. — of  a  chart  of  Moldavia,  to 
illustrate  the  war  between  the  Turks  and 
Russians,  in  seven  sheets. 

Bausch,  the  surname  of  Abu  Giafar, 
who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  seven  different 
modes  of  reading  the  Koran.  He  died  the 
year  546  of  the  hegira.  Buu?ch  signifies  a 
water-melon  or  grapes. 

Baussiri,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  a 
poem  in  praise  of  Mahomet,  who  had  cured 
him,  as  he  said,  of  the  palsy  in  a  dream. 
Every  line  of  this  poem  ends  with  an  M,  the 
initial  of  tlie  prophet's  name,  and  so  highly 
is  the  performance  valued  that  many  of  tlie 
Mahomedans  learn  it  by  heart,  on  'account 
of  its  excellent  maxims. 

Bautru,  William,  a  Frenchman  famous 
for  his  wit,  which  he  displayed  v  ilh  great 
freedom  and  efficacy  at  the  court,  and 
among  tlie  ministers.  After  seeing  the 
escurial,  in  Spain  attended  by  an  ignorant 
librarian,  he  told  the  king  that  it  would  be 
advantageous  for  him  to  make  his  librarian 
his  treasurer,  because,  said  he  to  the  mo- 
narch who  inquired  why,  he  never  touches 
what  he  is  intrusted  with.  He  died  at  Paris 
1665,  aged  77. 

Bauves,  James  de,  a  learned  advocate 
of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury, intimate  with  Despeisses,  with  whom 
he  wrote  a  treatise  on  successions. 

Bauvin,  John  Gregory,  a  native  of  Ar- 
ras, who  studied  the  law,  and  was  eminent 
for  his  knowledge  of  belles  lettres.  He  m  rote 
a  tragedy  called  Arminius,  which  he  after- 
wards amended  under  the  name  of  the 
Cherusci.  He  wrote  other  pieces,  and  died 
1776,  aged  62.  He  laboied  all  his  life  under 
pecuniary  difficulties. 

Baux,  William  de,  prince  of  Orange,  re- 
ceived in  1214  from  the  emperor  Frederic  T. 
the  title  of  king  of  Aries  and  Vienjia.  He 
was  murdered  by  the  people  of  Avignon 
1218,  and  his  body  cut  to  pieces,  and  it  was 
their  cruelty  which  caused  the  siege  ot 
Avignon  by  Lewis  VIII.  in  1226. 

Baxter,  Richard,  a  nonconformist,  boi'u 
at  Rowton,  Shropshire,  1 2th  November,  16T  3 - 
He  compensatetl  for  the  deficiences  of  a  ne- 


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glccted  education  b}-  unusual  application, 
^nd  was  appointed  master  of  Dudley  free- 
school  by  the  interest  of  Mr.  Richard  Foley 
of  Stourbridge,  and  soon  after  admitted  into 
ordei's  by  the  bisliop  of  Winchester.  His 
scruples  uere  raised  by  the  oath  which  was 
proposed  by  the  convention  at  that  time  sit- 
ting, and  he  was  among  the  number  of  those 
•who  shov.ed  their  dislike  to  an  tmqualitied 
submission,  "  to  archbishops,  bishops,  et 
cxtera,"  as  they  knew  not  what  the  ct  ctetera 
comprehended.  In  1G40  he  was  invited  to  be 
minister  at  Kidderminster,  but  the  civil 
■war  which  broke  out  soon  after,  exposed 
him  to  persecution,  as  he  espoused  the  cause 
of  the  parliament.  He  retired  lo  Coven- 
try, and  continued  his  ministeral  labors  till 
the  success  of  the  republicans  recalled  hini 
to  his  favorite  flock  at  Kidderminster.  I'lie 
usurpation  of  Cromwell  gave  liim  great  of- 
fence, and  he  even  presume^l  lo  argue  in 
private  with  the  tyrant  on  the  nature  and  il- 
legality of  his  power,  but  in  the  only  sermon 
Avhich  he  preached  before  him  he  wisely 
confined  his  suhject  to  the  dissensions  v,  hich 
existed  in  the  kingdom  on  religious  matters. 
He  was  in  London  after  Cromv.ell's  death, 
and  preached  before  parfiamcnt  the  day  be- 
fore the  king's  return  was  voted,  and  likewise 
before  the  lord  mayor  for  Monk's  successes. 
Charles  IL  made  him  one  of  his  chaplains, 
and  chancellor  Clarendon  oflered  him  the 
bishopric  of  Hereford  which  he  refused,  al- 
leging in  a  letter  his  I'easous  of  conscience, 
and  he  only  requested  permission  to  continue 
his  ministry  at  Kidderminster,  which  was 
not  complied  with.  His  opposition  to  the 
church  government  was  now  so  open  tnat 
he  felt  the  persecution  of  the  court,  and  he 
•was  continually  watched,  and  did  not  even 
escape  confinement.  In  1672  hoping  to  find 
less  acnmony  among  his  enemies  he  came 
to  London,  where  he  built  a  meeting-house 
in  Oxendon-street,  but  his  preaching  was 
forbidden  here  as  well  as  in  Swallow-street, 
•where  he  wished  again  to  collect  a  congre- 
gation. In  1682  he  was  seized  and  fined  195/. 
for  preaching  five  sermons  w-ithin  five  miles 
of  a  corporation,  and  he  would  have  been 
imprisoned  had  not  his  pliysician  Dr.  Tho- 
ii^as  Cox  pleaded  the  infirmity  of  his  health. 
His  paraphrase  on  the  New  Testament, 
drew  upon  him,  in  1085,  the  vengeance  of 
Jeffries,  and  he  was  condemned  to  be  im- 
prisoned for  two  years,  from  which  punish- 
ment, six  months  after,  he  was  discharged 
by  the  interference  of  lord  Powis  with  king 
James.  He  died  December  8th,  1601.  He 
was  interred  in  Christ  Church.  His  compo- 
sitions were  very  numerous,  not  less  than  80 
according  to  Mr.  Long  of  Exeter,  or  accor- 
ding to  Dr.  Calamy  120,  or  145  says  the  lii- 
ographia  Britannica.  Burnet  speak*  of  Iiim 
as  a  man  of  great  piety,  whose  learning 
•would  have  commanded  universal  esteem  if 
not  directed  to  politics.  He  was  moving  and 
pathetic,  but  he  possessed  too  much  of  the 
subtle  and  metaphysical. 

Baxter,   William,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Lanlugany,  Shropsliire. 


His  early  education  was  much  neglected,  so 
that  when  he  entered  at  Harrow  school,  at 
the  age  of  18,  he  knew  not  one  letter,  and 
understood  nothing  but  Welch,  Applica- 
tion, however,  surmounted  all  difficulties. 
As  a  grammarian,  a  critic,  and  an  antiqua- 
rian, he  equalled  his  contemporaries,  as  his 
editions  of  Horace,  published  1710,  Anacre- 
oa  1005,  his  translations  of  sonic  of  Plu- 
tarch's lives,  his  glossary^  of  Tioman  antiqui- 
ties 1726,  and  his  dicXionaiy  of  British  antiqui- 
ties 1719,  sufficiently  evince.  The  best  part 
of  his  life  was  employed  in  imparting  in- 
struction. From  a  i>rivate  school  at  Totten- 
ham high  cross,  he  Avas  elected  master  of  the 
Mercer's  school,  London,  which  laborious 
and  honorable  office  he  ably  tilled  and  con- 
ducted for  more  than  20  years.  He  resign- 
c<l  a  little  before  his  death,  which  happened, 
3lst  May  172S,  in  his  73d  year.  Some  of 
his  letters,  &cc.  are  preserved  in  the  philoso- 
phical transactions.  No.  306  and  311. 

Baxter,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Old  Aber- 
deen, who  was  engaged  as  tutor  by  the  first 
families  of  Scotland.  As  he  travelled  with 
his  pupils,  he  resided  some  time  at  Utrecht, 
and  visited  different  places  in  France,  Ger- 
many, and  Flanders.  He  man-ied  a  cler- 
gyman's daughter  at  Berwick,  by  whom  he 
had  three  daugliters  and  one  son,  Alexander, 
whose  communications  to  the  Biographia 
Britannica  represent  Jiis  father  as  a  man  of 
great  learning,  tried  integrity,  candor  and 
humanity.  He  was  intimate  with  Wilkes,  to 
whom  he  dedicated  one  of  his  works.  Of  his 
compositions  the  most  valuable  is  his  inquirv 
into  the  nature  of  the  human  soul,  &c.  of 
■which  the  third  edition  was  published  in  1741. 
He  died  of  a  complication  of  diseases,  but  par- 
ticularly the  gout,  23d  April  1750,  aged  63. 
He  wrote  besides  Matho  five  Cosmotheoria 
puerilis,  dialogues,  See.  translated  into  Eng- 
lish, 2  vols.  8vo. 

Bayard,  Pierre  du  Terrail,  chevalier 
de,  a  soldier  of  fortune,  born  at  Dauphine. 
He  followed  Charles  VIII.  to  the  conquest  of 
Naples,  and  he  eveiy  where  distinguished 
himself  by  his  heroic  valor,  and  obtained  the 
love  of  the  army.  His  genei-osity  and  his 
humanity  have  been  deservedly  celebrated. 
He  gave  back  to  the  daughter  of  his  hostess 
at  Brescia,  the  2000  pistoles  Avhich  he  had 
received  for  the  protection  of  the  house,  and 
he  triumphed  over  his  passion,  in  refusing 
to  oficr  violence  to  a  most  beautiful  woman, 
whom  fear  and  poverty  had  submitted  to  his 
power.  He  was  with  Francis  I.  at  the  battle 
of  Marignan,  and  when  mortally  wounded, 
against  the  iuiperialists  in  1524,  he  seated 
himself  under  a  tree,  exclaiming,  that  in  his 
life  he  had  always  faced  the  enemy,  and  that 
in  his  death  he  would  not  turn  his  back  upon 
them.  He  Avas  in  his  48th  year,  32  of  which 
had  been  devoted  to  the^  service  of  his  king 
and  country.  His  remains  were  honored 
uith  the  most  magnificent  obsequies  by  the 
duke  of  Savo)',  and  he  was  lamented  not  only 
by  his  own  men,  but  by  the  enemy.  Not  less 
than  four  persons  have  written  an  account  of 
his  life. 


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"Bayer,  Thcopliilus  Sigfrcd,  a  Cerrnan, 
who  devoted  himself  with  great  inchiKtiy  to 
ancient  anil  modern  lani;ii:tge3.  Alter  \i3it- 
jng.  Dantzic,  Berlin,  Halle,  Lcipsic,  and 
other  towns  oi'  CJermany,  he  settled  at  Ko- 
iiigsberg  as  lihraiian,  and  nine  ycais  after, 
1726,  he  went  to  IVtersburg,  where  he 
became  professor  of  Cireek.  and  Roman  an- 
tiquities. He  died  there  in  1738,  aged  4+. 
He  wrote  a  niimljer  of  valuable  dissertations. 
His  Musicum  Sinicum  in  two  vols.  8vo.  is 
liighly  esteemed.  His  grandfathei",  John 
TJaycr  of  Augsberg,  was  a  mathematician  of 
,grcat  eminence,  and  cljsefly  known  for  his 
♦lescription  of  the  stars  in  a  book  ])ublished 
1G03,  called  Ui-anonietria,  in  whicii  he  as- 
signs the  names  of  the  Greek  letters  to  the 
stars  of  each  constellation.  His  Uranome- 
tria  was  republished  by  himself  in  1627,  with 
great  improvements,  and  the  new  title  of 
Cceluni  Stellatum  Christianum. 

Bayeux,  N.  an  advocate  of  Caen,  rewar- 
<led  with  the  poetical  prize  of  the  academy  of 
Kouen  for  his  ode  on  filial  piety.  He  also 
translated  the  Fasti  of  Ovid,  1783,  and  1789, 
4  vols.  8vo.  with  valuable  notes,  and  wrote 
reflections  on  the  reign  of  Trajan,  1787,  in 
4to.  He  was  accused  of  a  criminal  corres- 
pondence with  IMontmorin  and  de  Lessart, 
and  consequently  imprisoned.  The  massa- 
cres of  September  in  1792,  put  an  end  to  his 
life. 

Bayle,  Peter,  horn  IStli  Nov.  1047,  at 
Caria,  a  small  town  of  Foix,  was  educated 
hy  his  father,  who  was  a  protestant  minis- 
ter, and  gave  early  strong  proofs  of  superior 
genius.  His  scruples  were  raised  by  the 
controversial  books  which  he  perused,  and 
by  the  conversation  of  ^  popish  pi-iest  who 
lodged  with  him,  when  he  attended  the 
Jesuit's  college  at  Toulouse,  and  with  all  the 
precipitation  of  immature  judgment,  he  em- 
braced the  catholic  religion,  which  18  months 
after  he  renounced  as  superstitious  and  un- 
supported by  revelation.  He  now  was  em- 
ployed as  tutor  in  three  private  families,  but 
this  sphere  of  action  was  too  circumscribed 
for  his  rising  fame,  and  he  retired  therefore 
to  Paris,  and  soon  after  was  i-aised  to  the 
chair  of  a  philosophical  professor  at  Sedan, 
by  the  united  suffrages  of  the  senate  of  the 
university,  who  thus  rewarded  his  merit,  in 
preference  to  three  competitoi's  of  great  in- 
fluence an«l  of  acknowledged  talents.  In  this 
new  situation  he  maintained  the  high  cha- 
racter which  he  had  acquired,  but  the  cause 
of  the  protestants  was  not  favored  at  tiie 
court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  among  othor  estab- 
lishments the  college  of  Sedan  was  suppres- 
sed by  a  royal  edict  1681.  Bayle,  thus  aban- 
doned to  himself  for  some  lime,  doubted 
whether  he  should  take  refuge  in  f^ngland  or 
Holland,  but  an  honorable  invitation  from 
Ilotterdam  drew  him  to  that  city,  where  he 
was  appointed  i)rofessor  of  phijosophy  and 
liistory,  with  an  annual  salary  of  500  guil- 
ders. In  tlii.s  peaceful  retreat,  he  began  to 
publish  some  of  his  Avorks,  which,  with  the 
admiration  of  the  learned,  brought  upon  him 
the  resentment  and  envy   of  rivals  and  ene- 


mies, and  the  censure  of  Crisiina,  queen  of 
Sweden.  'I'his  famous  princess,  m  bo  prided 
herself  on  her  discernment  and  mental  ac- 
quirements, and  who  professed  herself  u 
catholic,  more  from  conviction  than  preju- 
dice or  educatif)!!,  had  been  alluded  to  by 
Ba\  le  in  one  of  his  jourrah,  as  the  author 
of  a  letter  on  the  persecution  of  the  protes- 
tants, and  therefore  a  correspondence  was 
opened  with  him,  and  he  was  persuaded  by 
the  <iueen  in  a  letter,  lull  of  conceited  terms 
of  high  superiority,  but  not  without  great 
civility,  to  apologize  for  his  expressions,  and 
to  acknowledge  her  as  the  patroness  of  learn- 
ing, and  the  fi-iend  of  merit.  His  most  in- 
veterate enemies  wei^e  Jiirieu  and  Itenaudot, 
and  it  is  to  be  lamented,  that  men  of  science 
cannot  engage  in  controversy  without  bitter- 
ness of  reHection  and  acrimony  of  language. 
He  w  as  afflicted  in  his  latter  years  with  a  de- 
cay of  the  lungs  ;  but  as  he  cfinsidered  it  as 
an  hereditary  complaint,  he  disregarded  the 
advice  of  medical  men.  He  died  'J8th  De- 
cember 1706,  after  writing  the  best  part  of 
the  day.  The  works  of  Bayle  are  "  thoughts 
on  the  comet  of  1680,  4  vols.  12mo."  in  whicli 
he  intrpduces  with  much  good  sense,  pro- 
fnne  and  religious  conclusions — "  nouvelles 
de  la  rei)ublique  des  lettres,"  a  very  popular 
periodical  work,  published  from  1GS4  to 
1087 — "  a  philosophical  commentary  on  the 
words  of  our  Saviour,  '  compel  them  to 
come  in,'  2  vols.  12mo." — "  answers  to  the 
questions  of  a  provincial,  5  vols.  12mo." — 
"  letters  in  .'5  vols."  and  a  '*  dictFJiiarv  histo- 
rical and  critical,  4  vols,  folio." — Of  these 
works,  which  all  possess  great  merit,  and 
display  strength  of  mind,  deep  research,  and 
vast  erudition,  the  dictionary  is  the  most 
celebrated.  In  this,  however,  as  w  ell  as  in 
others  of  his  publications,  Bayle  gave  the 
reigns  to  the  licentiousness  of  his  ideas.  He 
is  to  be  censured,  not  only  for  indelicate 
expressions  frequently  introduced  Avith  tlie 
eagerness  of  a  depraved  and  prurient  ima- 
gination, but  for  impious  and  profane  senti- 
ments, and  so  far  did  his  active  adversary, 
Jurieu,  prevail  against  him,  in  his  accusa- 
tion before  the  consistory  of  Rotterdam,  that 
his  judges  yielded  to  the  truth  of  the  repre- 
sentation, and  called  upon  the  author  to  cor- 
rect his  expressions,  and  show  more  caution 
in  his  priucii>les  in  his  second  edition,  from, 
which,  consequently,  some  offensive  passa- 
ges were  properly  expunged.  Among  the 
homage  paid  to  the  aljilities  of  Bayle  should 
be  mentioned,  not  only  the  opinion  of  ^'ol- 
taire,  who  considers  the  dictionary  as  a  book 
where  a  man  may  learn  to  tliink,  but  the 
deci-ee  of  the  parliament  of  Toulouse.  When 
his  I'elations  wished  to  cancel  the  will  that 
he  had  made  in  Holland,  as  not  varid  iu 
France,  Senaux,  one  of  his  judges,  A\iihthe 
indignation  of  a  man  of  sense  and  iiumanitv, 
exclaimed,  that  the  learned  were  citizens  of 
all  countries,  and  that  he  ought  lut  to  be 
branded  with  the  name  of  foreigner,  in 
whose  birth  and  writings  France  had  so 
much  reason  to  glory.  In  his  private  cha- 
racter Buyle  V.  as  libera!,  open,  and  disiute- 


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rested,  he  was  fond  of  independence,  and 
maintained  his  principles  under  persecution 
and  in  distress.  IJis  life  was  a  series  of  litera- 
rj  occupation,  and  it  is  not  to  be  wondered 
that  his  writings  are  so  numerous,  since,  to 
a  happy  judgment  and  a  copious  fluency  of 
■words,  he  added  the  powers  of  a  very  reten- 
tive memor}'.  His  various  compositions,  he- 
sides  the  dictionary,  have  been  published  in 
4  vols,  folio.  Des  Maiseaux  has  wi'itten  his 
life. 

]?AYLE,  Francis,  a  professor  of  medicise 
at  Toulouse,  where  he  died  1709,  aged  87. 
He  was  a  man  of  merit,  and  wrote  some 
medical  treatises. 

Bavley,  Anselm,  «i)  English  divine,  who 
became  minor  canon  vf  St.  Paul's  and  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  .s  ibde^n  of  the  chapel 
royal.  He  was  educate-'. ^i/Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  took  th^d  degree  of  L.L..D.  in 
1764.  He  died  1794.  He  was  author  of  some 
useful  publications,  the  antiquity,  confidence, 
and  certainty  of  Christianity,  canvassed,  on 
Dr.  !Middleton's  examination  of  the  bishop 
of  London's  discourses  on  ])rophecy — prac- 
tical treatises  on  singing  and  playing  with 
just  expression,  &c. — a  plain  and  complete 
grammar  of  the  English  language—a  gram- 
mar of  the  Hebrew,  with  Mul  without  points 
—the  old  testament,  Hebrew  and  English, 
with  remarks  critical  and  grammatical,  4  vols. 
8vo. — the  commandments  of  God,  in  nature, 
institution,  and  religious  statutes  in  the  Jew- 
ish and  Christian  churches — t^^o  sermons, 
Svo. — alliance  between  music  and  poetry, 
8vo. — &c. 

Bayly,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Caermarthen, 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  made  bishop  of  Ban- 
gor in  lOlG.  He  is  author  of  a  book  called 
*'  the  practice  of  piety,"  which  became  so 
popular  that  in  1754  it  had  reached  the  59th 
edition.  The  bishop  died  16o4  leaving  four 
sons. 

Bayly,  Thoma.s,  son  of  the  preceding, 
•was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  made  sub- 
dean  of  Wells  by  Charles.l.  He  was  with 
Charles  at  Oxford,  and  defended  with  lord 
Worcester  Uagland  castle  ;  after  which  he 
retired  to  the  continent  a\  here  he  became  a 
zealous  papist,  and  published  some  religious 
and  controversial  tracts.  After  being  settled 
at  Uouay  for  some  time  he  went  to  Italy, 
where  he  died  in  great  poverty  in  an  obscure 
ho.spital,  according  to  Dr.  Trevor,  fellow  of 
IMerton,  who  saw  the  place  where  he  was 
buried. 

Bayly,  Nathan,  was  author  of  an  English 
dictionary,  and  of  some  other  grammatical 
works. 

Baynard,  Anne,  daughter  of  Edward 
B.  a  physician  of  eminence,  Avas  born  at 
Preston,  Lancashire,  1672.  As  she  was  well 
instructed  in  classical  literature,  and  in  the 
sciences,  she  wrote  Latin  with  great  ease  and 
fluency.  8he  died  1697,  and  was  buried  at 
Barnes  in  Surrey. 

Baynes,  Sir  Thomas,  knt.  a  physician, 
professor  of  music  in  Cresham  college,  was 
educated  at  Christ's  college,  (iambiidgc,  and 
accompanied  Sir  John  Finch  to  Italy  and 
Turkey.     He  died  at  Constantinople   16S1, 


I  aged  about  59,  and  was  soon  followed  to  the 
grave  by  his   friend    sir  John.    They   both 
j  together  left  munificent  donations  of  4000?. 
to  Christ's  college. 

'      Baynes,  John,   son   of  an   attorney,  was 
I  born  atMiddleham  in  Yorkshire,  and  educa- 
i  ted  at  Richmond    school,   from    whence   he 
■  passed    to   Trinity    college,   Cambridge,    of 
I  which  he  became  fellow  in  1780.     Great  ap- 
plication marked   his   progress  in  literature, 
and   at   the   age    of  20  he  obtained  the  me- 
dals for   the   best   exercises  on  mathemati- 
cal and    classical  suhjects.     He  entered     at 
Gray's  inn  under  Allen  Chambre,  esq.   and 
espoused,  with    all  the   eagerness   and    viva- 
city of  a  young  man,  the  politics  of  the  times, 
and  he  stood   forth    as  a   vehement  champi- 
on of  reform  at  a  meeting  at  York  in  1779, 
His  abilities   were  displayed  not  only  b\  his 
speeches  as  a  member  of  the  constitutional 
society,   but  he    employed  the    great  poet- 
ical  talents,  which    he    undoubtedly    posses- 
sed, to    fan   the    flames  of   party.     As   his 
pieces  were  all  anonymous,  it  is  difficult  to 
ascertain  what  he   wrote,   but  the  London 
Courant  among   otlier  papers  owed  its  fame 
for  some  time  to  his  exertions,  and  he  has 
been    considered   by    some    perhaps    Avith 
impropriety,   as    author  of   the   celebrated 
archaeological    epistle    to    dean    Milles.    In 
his  friendship   Baynes  was  warm,   zealous, 
and  sincere,  he  Avas  at  all  times  a  strong  ad- 
vocate for   his  favorite  liberty,  and  he  ex- 
claimed with  more  animosity  than  prudence 
against  the  election  of  some  of  the  fellows  of 
his  college,   so  that  his  remonstrance   drew 
upon  him  censure  from  the  heads  of  the  so- 
ciety,  and    an    admonition   to   behave   with 
more  respect  to  his  superiors,  -He  was  at- 
tacked by  a  fever,  hastened  it  is  supposed  by 
excessive  application,  and   after  three  days 
illness  he   expired  Aug.  5d,   1787,  aged  29. 
His  remains   were  deposited  in  Bunhillfields 
church-yard,  near  those  of  Dr.  Jebb,  a  man 
whom  he  esteemed  and  loved. 

Bat, IRE,  Claude,  a  native  of  Dijon,  son  of 
a  porter,  whom  the  revolution  raised  from 
obscurity  to  consequence  and  infamous  cele- 
brity. In  the  national  assembly  and  in  the 
convention  lie  shone  above  all  others  for  vio- 
lent measures,  and  as  the  tool  of  the  Jaco- 
bins he  inveighed  indecently  against  the  king, 
and  proposed  a  law  to  set  a  price  on  the 
head  of  la  Fayette.  At  last  Robespierre, 
tired  with  his  bloody  services,  caused  him  to 
be  condemned,  and  he  suflTered  with  Danton 
5th  April,  1794,  aged  30. 

Ba'z,2.a2,,  a  Mahomedan,  author  of  two 
treatises  on  theological  subjects,  for  the  use 
of  the  Mussulmans. 

Be,  Guillaume  le,  an  engraver  and  letter 
founder  at  Troyes.  In  1545,  at  the  age  of 
20,  after  seeing  the  manner  of  composing 
types,  in  the  famous  house  of  Robert  Ste- 
phens, he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  cut 
punches  for  the  Hebrew  printing  house  of 
Mark  Anth.  Justiniani,  and  acquired  both 
rej)uUition  and  opulence.  He  returned  to 
Paris,  where  iie  died  1598,  aged  73.  He  is 
mentioned  with  credit  by  Casaubon  in  Scali- 
gers's  opuscula.    His  son  Henry  was  a  prin- 


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Bi: 


ter  of  rcBpectability  at  Paris,  and  his  sons 
and  grandsons  were  equally  eminent  in  the 
sajne  protession  ;  the  last  ul  them  died  1085. 
Beacon,  Thomas,  a  divine  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  the  first  Englishman  who 
■wrote  against  bowing  at  the  name  of  Jesus. 
He  retired  to  Clermany,  under  Mary,  and 
Avrote  a  consohitory  epistle  to  the  persecuted 
protestants.  Under  Elizabeth  he  obtained 
a  prebend  at  Canterbury.  Of  his  works  his 
**decoen!i  domini"  alone  was  in  Latin  in  3 
vols,  fob 

Be  ALE,  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Cradock, 
minister,  of  Walton  on  Thames,  was  born  in 
ISuRblk,  and  distinguished  herself  as  a  por- 
trait painter  in  oil,  water  colors,  and  crayons. 
She  copied  sir  Peter  Lely's  and  Vandyke's 
portraits,  and  was  little  inferior  to  her  con- 
temporaries. Her  portraits  of  Tillotson, 
Stillingfleet,Patrick,  Wilkins,  and  other  di- 
vines, are  preserved  at  the  earl  of  Ilches- 
ter's.  She  died  Dec.  28th,  1697,  aged  GO, 
leaving  two  sons,  who  for  some  time  studied 
painting.  One  of  them  afterwards  studied 
physic  under  Sydenham,  and  practised  at 
Coventry.  Walpole's  anecdotes  contain  an 
engraving  of  her,  from  a  painting  by  herself. 
Beard,  John,  known  for  his  eminence  as 
an  actor,  was  brought  up  in  tlie  King's  chapel, 
and  at  Cannons  in  the  duke  of  Chandos' 
chapel.  His  first  appearance  at  Drury-lane 
"was in  sir  J.  Loverule  in  the  *'  devil  to  pay," 
Aug.  30th,  1737,  but  his  success  and  popu- 
larity were  interrupted  for  a  few  years,  by 
his  marriage  w  ith  lady  Henrietta,  daughter 
of  the  earl  of  Waldegrave,  widow  of  lord 
Edward  Herbert.  He  afterwards  exchanged 
Drury-lane  for  Covent-gardcn.  His  wife  di- 
ed 31st  of  May  1753.  Six  years  after,  he 
married  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Rich,  whom  lie 
succeeded  in  the  management  of  Covent- 
garden.  In  1759,  he  appeared  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Machcath,  and  divided  the  ap- 
plauses of  the  town  for  52  successive  nights, 
■with  Miss  Brent  in  Polly.  In  1 7G 8  he  I'c ti- 
red from  the  stage,  and  died  that  year,  in 
his  74th  year,  respected  for  his  private  cha- 
racter as  much  as  he  had  been  for  the  su- 
perioi'ity  of  his  theatrical  talents.  His  re- 
mains "were  deposited  in  Hampton  church 
vault. 

Beaton,  orBsTox,  David,  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrew's  and  rardinal,  was  born 
1494,  and  educated  in  the  university  of  St. 
Andrew's  and  Paris.  His  abilities,  which 
were  great,  but  more  probably  the  interest 
of  his  uncle,  James  Beaton,  archbishop  of 
Glasgow,  raised  him  to  consequenjce.  In 
1528  he  was  made  lord  privy  seal,  and  some 
years  after  he  was  employed  in  the  honora- 
ble office  of  negotiating  the  king  of  Scot- 
land's marriage  with  Magdalen,  the  French 
king's  daughtei',  and  aflcrwanls  that  witli 
Mary,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Guise.  His 
popularity  raised  him  enemies,  and  not  only 
the  Scots  but  Henry  YHI.  himself  grew  jea- 
lous of  his  influence,  and  when  he  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  cardinal  and  the  primacy  of 
Scotland,  the  English  monarch  sent  an  am- 
bassador to  kiBg  James,   to   uudcrmiue   the 


power  of  the  prelate,  an«J  to  iiisinuate  the 
dccji  and  perfidious  sthemes  whiililie  me- 
ditated in  t'avor  of  the  cutholic  cause.  James 
however  was  deaf  to  the  representations  of 
Henry  ;  the  cardinal,  at  the  head  of  his 
clergy,  proudly  sunirnoned  heretics  before 
him,  and  with  all  the  bigotry  and  furious  zeal 
of  persecution,  he  directed  his  rcsctitment 
particularly  against  sir  John  Borthwick,  the 
favorite  of  tiie  king  of  England,  and  George 
Buchanan,  illustrious  as  a  poet  and  historian. 
The  death  of  James  for  a  while  checked  the 
careerof  Beaton  ;  he  aspireil  to  the  regency, 
but  he  liad  the  mortification  to  see  the  en- 
vied power  vested  in  the  hands  of  tlie  earl 
of  Arran,  and  himself  confined  a  prisoner  in 
Blackness  castle.  His  intrigues  soon  libe- 
rated him  ;  he  was  reconciled  to  the  regent, 
and  in  the  fullness  of  his  power  lie  again 
vented  his  pei'secution  against  the  protes- 
tants. Among  those  who  suffered,  none 
deserved  the  tears  of  humanity  more  than 
George  Wishart,  who  Avas  precipitately 
tried,  condemned,  and  burnt  as  a  heretic,  at 
St.  Andrew's,  in  the  presence  of  his  haughty 
persecutor.  This  inhuman  deed,  though 
applauded  by  the  catholics,  roused  tiie  in- 
dignation of  the  kingdom;  but  the  cardi- 
nal's pride  soon  raised  against  him  a  formi- 
dable conspiracy.  He  rejected  with  dis- 
dain a  petition  of  Norman  Lesley,  son  of 
lord  Rothes,  and  the  indignant  youth  bound 
his  family  to  resent  the  insult.  The  prelate 
was  attacked  in  his  castle,  his  servants  were 
secured,  and  the  first  sound  that  awoke  him 
from  his  sleep  were  threats  against  his  life. 
He  opened  his  door  upon  promises,  it  is  said, 
that  no  violence  should  be  oftered  to  his  per- 
son, but  he  was  struck  by  one  of  the  Lesleva 
and  by  Carmichael,  and  the  fatal  stab  w  as  "at 
last  given  by  James  Melvil,  one  of  the  as- 
sociates in  the  bloody  deed,  with  a  cool  fe- 
rocity, which,  while  it  insulted  the  bleeding 
victim,  profanely  called  upon  the  God  of 
peace  to  witness  the  revenge  of  Wishart's 
innocence.    This  was  the  29th  of  ]^Iay,  1546. 

Beaton,  James,  nephew  of  the  archbish- 
op, was  born  at  Balfour,  and  raised  to  the 
see  of  Glasglow  before  his  25th  ^year.  At 
the  reformation  in  1560,  he  fled  to  France 
with  the  records  and  sacred  vessels  of  his 
cathedral,  which  he  presented  to  the  Scotch 
college  of  Paris.  He  left  a  MS.  history  of 
Scotland,  and  died  at  Paris  1603,  aged  73. 

Beatrix,  daughter  of  the  count  of  Bur- 
gundy, married  the  emperor  Frederic  I.  ia 
1156.  It  is  pretended  by  some  historians  that 
she  was  insulted  by  the  people  of  Milati,  and 
that  the  emperor  revenged  her  wrongs  by 
the  destruction  of  the  place,  and  the  ignomi- 
nious punishment  of  the  inhabitants. 

Beatrix,  of  Provence,  daughter  of  Rsy- 
mond  Berenger  count  of  Provence,  married 
in  1245  Charles  son  of  Lewis  VIII.  of  France 
who  was  afterwards  crowned  king  of  Nai>les 
and  Sicily.     She  died  at  Nocera. 

Bea'itie,  James,  a  Scotch  poet,  son 
of  a  respectable  farmer,  and  born  in  Jvin- 
cardinshire,  October  1735.  He  was  edu- 
cated   at  Aberdeen,  where  he  obtained   a 


BE 


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jscliolarsbip,    and  afterwards    he  undertook 
the    care    of    Alloa     scliool    iu    Fifeshire, 
IVom     whence    he    removed   to    Aberdeen 
grammar  school   as  assistant,  and    married 
the   daughter  of  the  liead  master.     He   now 
distinguished  himself  as   an   elegant  writer, 
and    the   publication  of  his   minstrel,   which 
was  begun   in    1771,  and    finished  in   throe 
years,   procured   liim  the  patronage  of  lord 
Errol,  and  the  professorship  of  moral  philo- 
so[)hy   and   logic  in  the  Marischal  college  of 
Aberdeen,   with  a  pension  of  2U0/.  from  the 
king.     Soon    after    this    he  visited  London, 
■where   he    was    received    by   Dr.    Johnson, 
Dr.   Porteus,  and   other   high  and    literary 
characters,  with  all  the  respect  due  to  merit 
and  virtue.    He  died  August  1S0.3,  univci'sal- 
ly  regretted   as  a  man  who  had  devoted  his 
lime   to   the    advancement  of  literature,   of 
taste   and  of  morality.     Besides  his  elegant 
poem  of  the    minstrel,  he  published  a  small 
volume  of  poems  and  translations  17G0, — the 
judgment   of  I'aris  17G5, — an  essay    on  the 
nature  and  immutability  of  truth,  in  opposi- 
tion to  sophistry   and    scepticism,    1770,   a 
■work  of  great  merit  and  full  of  sound  argu- 
ment, urged  with  such  force  against  David 
Hume's  doctrines   that  he  never   heard  the 
name  of  Bcattie  mentioned  without  emotion, 
— dissertations  moral  and  critical  in  4to.  1783, 
— the  evidences  of  the  Christian  religion  in 
two  small  volumes,  written   at    the    request 
of  his  friend   the   bishop  of  London, — ele- 
ments of  moral  science,  delivered  in  lectures 
to  his  pupils,  &c. 

Beat  TIE,  James  Hay,  son  of  the  above, 
-was  bora  at  Aberdeen,  6th  November  1768. 
He  early  displayed  great  powers  of  mind, 
and  at  the  age  of  13  he  entered  at  the  Maris- 
chal college  where  he  took  his  master's  de- 
gree in  1786.  His  abilities  were  so  promi- 
sing that,  before  he  was  19,  he  was  appoin- 
ted by  the  king,  at  his  father's  solicitation, 
and  with  the  approbation  of  the  college,  as- 
sistant professor  of  moral  philosophy  and  logic. 
To  the  mildest  manners  he  united  the  pro- 
foundest  devotion  ;  he  always  carried  about 
him  a  pocket  bible  and  a  Greek  new  testa- 
ment. He  was  in  his  tlisposition  very  cheer- 
ful, he  studied  music  as  a  science,  and  was  so 
fond  of  it  that  he  built  himself  an  organ,  upon 
■which  he  performed  skilfully.  He  was  car- 
ried off  by  a  nervous  atro])hy,  lUtli  November, 
1790,  to  the  great  grief  of  his  father  and  of 
the  university  of  which  lie  was  a  member. 
His  father  published  a  small  volume  of  his 
poetry  in  1799,  and  gave  a  pleasing  and  pa- 
thetic account  of  his  lamented  son,  of  wliom 
he  observes  that  h*  never  found  fault  with 
Jjira  more  tljan  three  or  four  times  in  his  life. 
He  had  irayji-essed  early  upon  his  mind  the 
strict  rules  of  morality,  and  particulary  to 
speak  the  truth  and  keep  a  secret,  and,  1 
never  found,  .«:ays  the  afflicted  father,  that  in 
a  single  instance  he  transgressed  either. 

Beatus  UiiENANVS,  SOU  of  Autliouy 
Bildc,  whose  name  was  altered  to  Rhenatms, 
as  ^cing  a  native  of  Rhcinach.  He  was  a 
learned  man,  and  ])ublibhed,  among  other 
classical  works,  the  liistory  of  Veil.  Patcrcu* 


lus,  the  works  of  Tertullian  with  valuable 
notes,  and  other  pieces,  &c.  He  died  at 
Strasburg,  1547. 

Beau,  John  Lewis  Ic,  a  learned  professor 
and  academician  of  Paris.  He  wrote  a  dis- 
course on  the  dangers  which  attended  lite- 
rary men  from  poverty  and  from  opulence, 
and  he  strongly  recommended  mediocrity  as 
the  truest  standard  of  happiness.  He  pub- 
lished Homer  in  Greek  and  Latin,  !2  vols. 
1746,  and  Cicero's  orations  with  annotations, 
3  vols.  1750,  and  died  I2th  March,  1766, 
aged  45. 

Beau,  Charles  le,  elder  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  also  distinguished  as  a  scho- 
lar and  professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Paris, 
and  like  Rollin  he  enjoyed  and  deserved  the 
love  and  veneration  of  a  great  number  of  re- 
spectable pupils.  Besides  valuable  contribu- 
tions to  the  memoirs  of  the  academy,  he 
wrote  an  history  of  the  lower  empire,  in  22 
vols.  12mo.  admired  for  its  correctnes.s,  ele- 
gance, and  accuracy.  The  honor  of  a  seat 
in  the  academy  of  belles  lettres  was  intended 
for  him,  but  he  no  sooner  understood  that 
Bougainville,  the  translator  of  Anti-Lucre- 
tius, opposed  his  pretensions,  than  he  no- 
bly transferred  his  interest  to  the  support  of 
his  rival,  exclaiming  "  eveiy  sacrifice  should 
be  made  to  oblige  a  man  of  merit."  He  was 
gladly  received  on  the  next  vacancy.  He 
died  March  13th,  1778,  aged  77.  His  ope- 
ra latina  were  edited  in  1783,  at  Paris,  in 
3  vols.  12rao. 

Beaucaire  de  Peq^uillon,  Francois, 
was  born  in  the  Bourbonnois,  and  raised  to 
the  see  of  Metz,  by  the  interest  of  his  pupil 
cardinal  Charles  de  Lorraine.  He  wrote, 
besides  his  treatise  des  enfans,  morts  dans 
le  sein  de  leur  mere — rerum  Gallic,  com- 
mentaria,  from  1461  to  1562,  and  died  1591. 
In  his  history  of  France,  which,  as  he  desi- 
red, appeared  only  after  his  death,  he  is  too 
partial  to  the  Guises,  but  otherwise  he  rs  cor- 
rect and  elegant,  a  polite  scholar,  and  the 
friend  of  virtue  and  merit. 

Beauciiam,  Richanl,  earl  of  Warwick, 
a  brave  general,  who  in  various  encounters 
defeated  the  French.  He  was  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Constance,  and  died  at  Rouen  in  Nor- 
mandy 1439,  aged  53,  and  his  remains  were 
brought  to  England  and  deposited  at  War- 
wick. 

Beau  CHAMPS,  Pierre  Francois  Godard 
de,  was  born  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1701, 
aged  72.  Besides  translations  of  Rhodantis 
&  Doricles  by  Theodorus  Prodromus,  and  of 
the  loves  of  Ismene  and  Ismenias  by  Eusta- 
thius,  &,c. — he  wrote  "  lettres  d'Heloise  & 
d'Abelard,"  and  rechcrches  sur  les  theatres 
de  France,  in  3  vols,  a  work  which  better  re- 
flection and  judicious  selection  might  have 
enriched  with  valuable  anecdotes,  and  a  com- 
prehensive view  of  the  progress  of  the  stage. 

Beauchateau,  Franc.  Matthieu  Cha- 
telet  de,  son  of  a  player,  born  1645,  was  dis-' 
tinguished  as  a  poet  at  tlie  age  of  eight,  and 
early  noticed  by  the  mother  of  Lewis  XIV. 
by  Mazarin,  Seguier,  and  others.  At  12  he 
publislied  some  of  his  poems,  called  la  lyre 


BE 


BE 


du  jeune  Apollon,  and  coming  over  to  Ejig- 
land  he  was  admired  by  Croniwell.  Tic  tra- 
velled inlo  Persia,  where  it  is  supposed  that 
he  died,  as  no  iutelhgence  was  ever  after 
heard  ot  him, 

Beaveu,  John,  a  Benedictine  moiik  ol" 
Westminster  abbey,  in  the  14th  century, 
author  of  a  manuscript  chronicle  of  Hritisli 
aftairs  from  Brutus  to  his  own  time.  This 
work  Ucarne  was  prevented  by  death  Jrom 
publislufig.  He  is  (|UOted  with  respect  by 
Stow,  Leland,  and  others.  He  wrote  also  de 
rebus  cosnobi  ^'estmonast. 

Beaufils,  Cuillaumc,  a  Jesuit  of  Au- 
vcrgne,  wi»o  died  at  Toulouse  in  1758,  aged 
84.  He  was  eminent  as  a  preacher  and  as  a 
literary  character.  He  wrote  funeral  dis- 
courses, thaJife  of  madame  de  Cliantal,  kc. 

Beaufort,  Margaret,  daughter  of  John 
Beaufort,  duke  of  Somerset,  the  grandson  of 
John  of  Gaunt,  was  born  at  Bletso^j,  Bedford- 
shire, in  1441.  She  became  mother  of  llen- 
vy  VH.  by  Edmund  Tudor  earl  of  Richmond ; 
after  whose  death  she  married  sir  Henry 
Stafford;  and  for  her  third  husband  took 
Thomas  eavl  of  Derby.  She  founded  the 
colleges  of  Christ  and  St.  John,  Cambridge. 
She  died  2yth  June,  1509,  highly  respected, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  where 
a  black  marble  monument  is  erected  to  her 
memory. 

Beaufort,  Henry,  brother  of  Henry 
IV.  of  England,  was  successively  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  and  afterwards  of  Winchester,  chan- 
cellor of  England,  ambassador  to  France,  a 
cardinal  in  I4i26,  and  legate  in  Germany. 
He  crowned,  in  1431,  Henry  VI.  in  the  me- 
tropolitan churcli  of  Paris.  In  his  character, 
he  was  proud,  haughty,  and  ambitious;  and 
he  is  well  delineated  by  our  immortal  poet. 
He  died  at  Wrnchester,  1447. 

Beaufort,  Francois  Vendome  due  de, 
son  of  Caesar  duke  of  Vendome,  was  born  at 
Paris,  1G16.  He  was  imprisoned  for  conspi- 
ring against  Mazarin,  and  attempted  in  vain 
to  excite  a  rebellion.  He  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  French  civil  wars,  and  became  a 
great  favorite  among  the  populace,  whose 
manners  and  language  he  strangely  aft'ected. 
He  acquired  additional  honors  against  the 
Turks  in  Africa,  and  afterwards  at  the  siege 
of  Candia,  where  he  was  slain  in  16C9.  It 
has  been  said,  with  little  probability,  that  he 
"was  the  man  in  the  iron  mask  so  long  and  so 
mysteriously  confined  in  the  bastille  at  Paris. 

Beaufort,  Lewis  de,  a  learned  man, 
author  of  the  history  of  Germanicus, — of  a 
dissertation  on  the  uncertainty  of  the  five 
first  ages  of  the  Roman  republic, — of  a  his- 
tory of  the  Roman-republic,  or  ancient  go- 
vernment of  Rome,  kc.  He  was  member  of 
the  London  royal  society ;  and  died  at  Maes- 
tricht,  1795. 

Beaui.ieu,  John  Bnptiste  Allais  de,  au- 
thor of  Part  d'ecrire,"  1681  and  1G88,  in  fo- 
lio, was  a  celebrated  writing-master  at  Paris. 

Beaulieu,  Sebastian  Poutault  de,  an  en- 
gineer, who  drew,  and  had  engraved,  all  the 
sieges  and  military  campaigns  of  Leuis  XIV' . 
in  2  vols,  folio,     lie  died  1G74, 

VOL.  I. 


Ol 


Beaulieu, Louis  le  Blanc  de,  a  tlicologi- 
cal  professor  of  Sudan,  boin  at  Plessis-.Marli. 
He  died  1075,  aged  04,  with  the  lejiutalion 
of  being  learned,  courteous,  and  moderate  iu 
his  opinions.  llis  ihe.ies  were  published 
I(JS3,  in  folio. 

Beaulieu,  N.  Baron  dc,  an  Austrian 
general,  wiio  distinguished  himself  in  quel- 
ling the  insurrection  of  the  Jirabanters  iu 
1789,  and  afterwards  against  Biron,  the 
French  general.  In  1790  he  was  sent  to 
command  the  Austi-ian  armies  in  Italy,  hut 
sunk  before  the  superior  goo«l  foi-tun«  of  Bo- 
naparte, and  after  losing  the  battles  of  Alon- 
tenotte,  Milessimo,  Mondovi,  fcic.  he  resign- 
ed his  power  into  the  hands  of  ^Vurmser, 
and  die(l  soon  after.  He  was  brave  and  ac- 
tive, but  more  fit  to  command  a  detachment 
than  a  large  army. 

Beaumanoiu,  Jean  dc,  called  marcchal 
de  Lavardin,  rose  by  liis  abilities  and  virtues 
to  the  government  of  Maine,  and  to  military 
dignities.  He  died  at  Paris,  1014,  aged  03, 
highly  respected. 

Beaumarch Ais,  Peter  Augustin  Caron 
i]c,  son  of  a  clock  maker,  was  born  at  Paris, 
24th  January,  1732.  He  was  brought  up  to 
his  father's  profession,  and  invented  a  new 
escapement  in  the  rnachiner}'  of  a  watch, 
which  was  disputed  with  him  by  anotlicr 
artist,  but  honorably  adjudged  to  him  by  the 
academy  of  sciences.  He  was  also  eminent 
as  a  musician,  and  excelled  on  the  harp  and 
guittar,  so  that  he  was  noticed  by  the  sisters 
of  Lewis  XV.  and  liberally  patronised  for  the 
part  which  he  supported  in  their  private 
concerts.  The  abilities  which  he  displayed 
in  three  lawsuits  in  wliich  he  was  engaged, 
recommended  him  to  government,  and  pro- 
cured him  some  honorable  employment. 
Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he 
fled  to  Holland,  and  then  to  England  ;  but  af- 
tewards  returned  to  France,  and  was  impri- 
soned. Liberated  with  dift^iculty  from  the 
abbaye,  he  died  suddenly,  in  1799,  •\ged  09. 
He  wrote  memoires  contre  les  sieurs  dc 
Goesman,  la  Blache,  Marin,  d'Arnaud,  1774 
— memoir  in  answer  to  W.  Kornman,  1787 
— Eugenie,  a  drama,  in  five  acts,  1707 — the 
two  friends,  a  play,  1770 — the  barber  of  Se- 
ville, a  comedy,  1775 — the  marriage  of  Figa- 
ro, 1784 — Tarare,  an  opera,  1787 — la  mere 
coupable,  1792,  Sec.  These  plays,  and  his 
great  and  indefatigable  activity,  contributed 
much  to  render  liim  independent  and  ri(j*i. 

Beaumelle,  Laurent  Angliviel  de  la,  a 
native  of  Valleraugues,  in  the  diocese  of  Al- 
lais, whose  literary  tame  procured  liim  au 
honorable  reception  in  Denmark,  and  after- 
wards at  Berlin,  w  here  he  became  acquainted 
with  Voltaire,  whose  abilities  he  admired, 
but  whose  irritable  temper,  opposed  to  liis 
own,  produced  dissension,  distrust,  and  en- 
mity. On  his  return  to  Paris,  1753,  le  Beau- 
melle was  confined  in  the  bastille  for  some 
severe  remarks  in  his  book  called  *'  mes 
pensees ;"  but  he  was  restored  to  libertv", 
aTuI  retired  to  To>}lousc,  where  he  married 
the  daughter  of  M.  Lavaisse,  by  whom  he 
left  a  son  Tviid  a  daughter.'   ilis  merits  were 


BE 


BE 


uot,  however,  permitted  long  to  languish  iu 
the  country.  He  was  called  to  Paris  to  he 
lihrarian  to  the  king ;  hut  a  dropsy  in  the 
chest  rapidly  terminated  his  useful  career, 
INJoveinber  1773,  in  his  4Gth  year.  His  most 
valuable  works  are,  the  memoirs  of  mad. 
Maintenon,  6  vols.  12mo. — letters  to  A'ol- 
taire — thoughts  of  Seneca — a  commentary 
on  the  Henriacie — a  defence  of  the  spirit  of 
laws,  &c.  He  possessed  the  powers  of  wit 
and  satire  in  a  I'espectable  degree;  hut  it  is 
to  be  lamented  that  his  personalities  were  so 
illiberal  against  Voltaire,  whOm,  iu  spite  of 
liis  (juarrcl,  he  still  respected  and  esteemed. 

IiEAiMOXT,  Sir  John,  son  of  Francis 
Beaumont,  one  of  the  judges  of  queen  Eliza- 
hetii,  retired,  after  three  year's  residence  at 
Broadgate-hall,  O.xford,  to  his  native  county, 
Leicestershire.  He  was  kniglited  by  king 
Charles,  and  died  1C/2S,  aged  4G.  He  distin- 
guished him.self  as  a  poet,  and  wrote  the 
**  crown  of  thorns,"  a  poem,  in  eight  books 
— Bosworth-field,  8ic. — besides  some  trans- 
lations from  Horace,  Persius,  Virgil,  kc.  co- 
pied and  published  by  his  son  sir  John. 

Be.\umoxt,  Francis,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, studied  at  Cambridge  and  at  the  In- 
ner Temple.  His  dramatic  pieces,  which 
he  composed  in  conjunction  with  Fletclier, 
acquired  him  great  celebrity,  and  though  he 
did  not  reach  his  30th  year  before  he  paid 
the  del)t  of  nature,  March  1615,  the  correct- 
ness of  his  judgment,  his  taste,  and  his  geui- 
tis,  have  immortalized  his  name  as  a  poet, 
lie  was  intimate  a\  ith  Ben  Jonson,  who  sub- 
mitted his  pieces  to  his  criticising  eye.  He 
Avas  buried  iu  St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  hut 
ihere  is  no  inscription  on  liis  tomb.  He  left 
a  daughter,  who  was  alive  in  1700.  His  works 
are  published  with  those  of  Fletcher. 

Beaumont,  Joseph,  successively  mas- 
ti'i-  of  Jesus  college  and  Peter-house,  Cam- 
l)ridge,  and  regius  professor  of  divinity,  was 
author  of  Psyche,  or  love's  mysterj',  iu  24 
t-'autos,  an  allegorical  poem,  much  admired. 
He  wrote  observations  on  Dr.  More's  aj)olo- 
gy,  kc.  He  died  1699,  aged  84.  A  colkc- 
tion  of  his  poems  appeared  in  1749,  in  4to. 

Beaumoxt  de  Pekefix,  Hardouin, 
archbishop  of  Paris,  wrote  a  valuable  histo- 
ry of  Henry  l\.  for  the  use  of  Lewis  XIV. 
to  whom  he  was  preceptor.  He  dis])layed 
Avith  fidelity,  elegance,  and  fire,  the  great 
virtues  and  amiable  character  of  his  hero. 
He  died  1G70. 

Beaumont,  mad.  ie  Prinze  de,  an  ahle 
and  lively  writer,  whose  works,  in  the  form 
«f  romances,  letters,  memoirs,  &c.  were 
intended  to  improve  youth  in  morality  and 
i-eligion.  She  was  born  at  Kouen,  2Gth 
April  1711,  aiul  died  at  Anneci,  1780. 

Beaumoxt,  Elias  de,  a  native  of  Caren- 
tan,  in  Xormandy.  He  was  brought  up  to 
the  bar;  but  though  he  possesseil  powers  of 
mind  equal  to  the  profession,  he  unfortu- 
Tiatcly  was  not  blessed  v.  ith  tlie  gift  of  pleas- 
ing elocution,  aiu!  thcrcfoi-e  he  retii'ed  from 
1  he  public  eye  to  his  closet.  The  memoire 
wliich  he  wrote  on  theCalashad  a  mostpow- 
*.  rfu!  cfllct  over  the  French  nation,  lie  wrote 


besides  various  other  memoires  which  pos- 
sessed merit.  He  died  at  Paris,  10th  Jan- 
uary 1785,  much  esteemed.  His  wife,  whose 
name  was  Dumesnil-Molin,  wrote  an  interes- 
ting novel,  called  lettres  du  marquis  de  Ko- 
selle,  12mo.  and  died  17S3. 

Beaumont,  John  Lewis  Moreau  de,  an 
able  political  writer,  who  died  2d  May  1785, 
at  Mesnil,  near  Nantes,  aged  70.  His  works, 
on  the  impositions  des  etats  de  I'Europe  &£ 
de  la  France,  in  4  vols.  4to.  reprinted  1787, 
were  much  and  deservedly  admired  on  the 
continent. 

Beaumont,  Guill.  Rob.  Phil.  Jos.  Jean 
de,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Rouen,  known  for  his 
piety  and  domestic  virtues.  He  was  author 
of  some  theological  pieces,  and  died  1761. 

Beaune,  Jacques  de,  baron  of  Samblan- 
cai,  a  minister  of  the  priories  under  Francis 
I.  He  was  obliged  by  threats  to  give  to  the 
queen-mother  the  300,000  crowns  which 
had  been  promised  to  Lautrec  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  Milanese,  and  when  the  expedi- 
tion failed  he  was  violently  accused  of  pecu- 
lation. In  his  justification,  he  informed  the 
king  of  the  application  of  the  money;  but 
the  queen-mother  perfidiously  obtained  the 
receipts  from  his  secretary,  Gentil.,  and  the 
unfortunate  minister  havmg  now  nothing  to 
produce  in  his  defence,  was  condemned,  and 
executed,  1527.  Centil  afterwards  suffered 
for  some  other  crime. 

Beaune,  Renaud  de,  a  native  of  Tours, 
who  became  ar.chbishop  of  Bourges,  and  af- 
terwards of  Sens,  1596.  He  was  strongly 
attached  to  the  cause  of  Henry  IV.  He  died 
IGOG,  in  his  79th  year. 

Beaune,  Florimont  de,  counsellor  of 
Blois,  was  intimate  with  Descartes,  who 
pulilicly  praised  his  mathematical  know- 
ledge. He  discovered  how  to  determine 
the  nature  of  curves  by  the  properties  of 
their  tangents  ;  and  died  1G52. 

Beaurain,  Jean  de,  a  native  of  Aix  en 
Issart  in  Artois,  known  as  a  negotiator,  but 
more  particularly  as  a  geographer.  After 
studying  under  the  famous  Sanson,  he  was 
made,  at  the  age  of  25,  geographer  to  Lewis 
XV.  for  whom  he  composed  a  curious  per- 
petual almanac.  His  topogra])hical  descrip- 
tion of  the  campaigns  of  Luxemburg  from 
lC90to  1G94,  in  three  vols,  folio,  were  high- 
ly valued.  He  died  at  Paris,  February  11, 
1771,  aged  75,  of  a  retention  of  urine. 

Beaurieu,  Gaspard  Guillard  de,  a 
French  writer,  born  at  St.  Paul  in  Artois  9th 
Jidy  1728,  died  at  Paris  in  a  public  hospital, 
6lh  Octobei',  1795.  He  wtis  very  eccentric 
in  his  dress  and  character,  though  in  his  con- 
versation he  was  lively,  witty,  and  entertai- 
ning. He  wrote  various  things,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  I'cleve  de  la  nature,  the 
pupil  of  nature,  1790,  2  vols.  8vo.  often  re- 
printed— riieureux  citoyen — cours  d'his- 
toire  naturclle,  7  vols,  12 mo.  &c. 

Beausorke,  Isaac  de,  an  able  protestant 
of  Xiort,  who  ficd  to  Berhn  from  France  for 
tearing  the  king's  signet  from  tlie  door  of  a 
reformed  chnrcli  which  he  was  forbidden  to 
enter.     The  king  of  Prussia  esteemed  kim  as 


BE 


BE 


hischajilaiii  and  counsellor;  ami  he  dcservcil 
his  coiifKkiice  hy  his  erudition,  the  (Jiieimcss 
of  his  character,  and  the  spirit  and  morality 
ot  his  discourses.  His  wriliii};;s  were  th<'l<>j^i- 
cal ;  the  most  esteemed  was  his  iiistory  olthe 
ManichcCans,  '2\ols.  a  woi-k  praised  hy  tiilj- 
bon.  lie  died  1738,  ajiji-d  79.  He  w  rote  be- 
sides a  ilelence  ol"  the  reformation — a  trans- 
lation of  the  New  Testament,  with  niiits, 
together  with  I'Knfanl — disserlatiou  on  the 
Atlamites  of'JJohemia. 

Beausobiie,  l.ouls  dc,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Hei-lin,  where  lie  was 
distinguished  as  a  literary  character,  and  as 
the  friend  of  the  Prussian  monarcli.  fie 
Avrole  philosopliical  dissertations  on  fire,  "  les 
songes  d'epicure — le  p}  rrhonismedu  Sage," 
&c.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy,  December  3, 
1783,  aged  53. 

Beai'Vais,  Guillaume,  a  native  of  Dun- 
kirk, member  of  the  academy  of  Cortona, 
and  author  of  a  history  of  the  Roman  eni- 
j)erors  by  medals,  3  vols.  I'imo.  He  died  al 
Orleans,  1773,  aged  75. 

Beauvais,  Charles  Nicolas,  a  native  of 
Orleans,  distinguished  as  a  physician,  but 
more  as  a  violent  and  seditious  member  of 
the  national  assembly  and  of  the  convention. 
He  died  at  Montpelicr,  1704.  He  wrote 
essays  historiques  sur  Orleans,  8vo.---des- 
criplion  lopographique  du  mont  Olivet,  8vo. 
^cour  elementaire  d'education  pour  les 
sours  &  muets,  &c. 

Beauvais,  John  Baptiste  Charles  Marie 
de,  bishop  of  Senez,  died  1789,  aged  56.  He 
was  eminent  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  and 
in  private  life  was  very  amiable.  His  fune- 
ral orations  which  he  published  were  much 
admired. 

Beauvau,  Lewis  Charles  marquis  de,  a 
French  general  who  distinguished  himself  at 
the  siege  of  Philipsburg,  1734,  at  Clausen, 
Prague,  and  in  Flanders  at  the  siege  of 
Ypres,  where  he  received  a  mortal  wound, 
24th  June  1744,  aged  34. 

Beauvilliers,  Francis  de,  duke  of  St. 
Aignan,  was  author  of  some  prose  and  poeti- 
cal pieces.  He  died  1687,  aged  SO,  His  el- 
dest son,  Paul,  was  precepter  to  the  duke  of 
Berry,  father  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  died  1714, 
in  his  C6th  year.  His  brother,  who  was 
bishop  of  Beauvais,  Avrote  some  pieces  of 
devotion,  and  died  19th  August,  1751.  Ano- 
ther brother,  Paul  Hippolitus,  was  eminent 
in  the  military  service  of  his  country,  as  well 
as  in  negotiations.  He  wrote  "  amusemens 
literaries;"  and  died  1776,  aged  92. 

Beauzee,  Nicolas,  author  of  an  universal 
grammar,  or  exposition  of  the  elements  of 
languages,  2  vols.  8vo. — of  an  exposition  of 
the  historical  proofs  of  religion,  and  other 
works,  besides  the  articles  in  grammar  in  the 
encyclopedia,  was  member  of  the  academy, 
and  professor  of  grammar  in  tlie  military 
school.  He  was  born  at  Verdun,  and  died 
at  Paris,  25th  January,  1789,  aged  72. 

Bebele,  Henry,  a  native  of  Justingen,  in 
Suabia,  professor  of  eloquence  at  Tubingen. 
He  was  an  able  Latin  scholar,  and  he  recei- 
ved the  poetical  crown,  in  1501,  from  .Maxi- 


milian 1.   Besides  his  poems,  called  '^opnscu- 
la  1{»  licliaiia,"  he  wrote  smiie  tracts,  i>:c. 

Becan,  Alarlin,  a  Jesuit,  burn  ii;  lira- 
bant,  unusally  zealous  in  the  cause  of  the 
pope  j'.iid  ol  tli«'  church,  was  confessor  t«> 
Ferdinand  H.  and  died  at  \'ienna,  1624.  lie 
wrote  the  sum  of  theology,  in  French  ;  but 
sonke  of  his  writings  were  i»ubliely  burnt  ai 
Paris  and  al  Rome. 

Beccadelli,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Bolog- 
na, who  f(jllowed  the  ffjrtunes  of  cardiuul 
Pole,  of  whose  life  he  wrote  an  account,  in 
Latin.  He  was  employed  as  anibassador  at 
Venite  and  Augsburg,  ami  had  the  care  of 
Ferdinand  son  of  Cosmo  1.  duke  oi'Tuscanv. 
He  resigned  the  archbishopric  of  Ragusa  ; 
but  was  disappointed  in  his  exjieclations  to 
succee<l  to  Pisa.  He  tlieil  1572,  sged  Hi). 
He  wj'ote  a  life  of  Petrarch,  in  Italian,  and 
correspondeil  with  Sadolet,  Bembo,  and 
other  learned  men. 

Beccadelli,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Pa- 
lermo, professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Pavia. 
He  was  crowned  with  the  poetic  laurel  by 
the  emperor  Sigismund,  1432,  ami  was  in 
the  train  of  Alphonso  king  of  Naples,  who 
etmobled  him,  and  gave  him  some  lionorable 
appointments.  He  died  at  Naples,  1471, 
aged  97.  His  epistles,  IScc.  were  printed  at 
Venice,  1453.  He  wrote  also  a  book  on  the 
sayings  and  actions  of  Alphonso  king  of  Ar- 
ragon ;  and  showed  himself  so  partial  to 
Livy,  that  he  sold  an  estate  to  purchase  a 
copy  of  the  historian.  He  wrote  also  Her- 
maplirodit:us,  an  obscene  and  licentious  work. 

Beccafumi,  Dominique,  a  shepherd  of 
Sienna,  whrse  abilities  as  a  painter  w  ere  ob- 
served and  encouraged  by  Beccafumi,  one  of 
his  countrymen.  In  gratitude  he  exchanged 
the  name  of  his  family,  Mecarino,  for  that 
of  his  benefactor.  He  died  at  Genoa,  1549, 
aged  65.  His  St.  Sebastian  is  much  admired. 

Beccari,  Augustine,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
who,  and  not  Tasso,  was  the  first  Italian  w ho 
wrote  pastorals.  His"il  sacraficio"' appeared 
1555.    He  died  1560. 

Beccari  a,  JohuBaplist,  a  learned  monk 
of  !Mondovi,  known  as  a  teacher  of  jihiloso- 
phy  and  mathematics  at  P;dermo,  Rome, 
and  Turin.  The  honors  whicli  he  receivetl 
in  this  last  place,  as  prece\)tor  to  the  royal 
family,  were  unable  to  divert  his  attention 
from  philosophical  pursuits.  He  wr.ile  dis- 
sertations on  electricity,  and  an  essay  on  the 
cause  of  storms,  &tc.  He  died  at  Turin, 
May  22,  17 ^^ 

Beccari  a,  James  Bartholome\r,a  native 
of  Bononia,  w  ho  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  medicine,  and  became  professor  of  natu- 
ral philosophy  in  the  university  of  Bononia. 
A  liberal  communication  with  the  learned 
men  who  fre([uented  his  company  jiroduced 
anew  mode  of  instruction  ;  the  old  forms 
were  abandoned,  and  lectures  in  natural  phi- 
losophy, anatomy,  chemistry,  physic,  kc. 
were  delivere<l  to  crowded  autlienccs  bv 
twelve  respectable  professors  ;  and  as  a  me- 
dical reader  Beccaria  a(<iuired  o].ulence 
and  fame.  A  dangerous  fcvcr,  however, 
nearly    proved  iatal  to  liiin,  and  left  such 


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unpleasant  ti'aces  behind  as  shook  his  con- 
stitution. His  publications  on  philosophical 
and  medical  subjects  were  numerous  and 
valuable,  so  that  his  opinion  Avas  courted  by 
the  learned  of  Europe,  and  his  name  enrol- 
led amons;  their  "most  respectable  societies. 
Beccaria  studied  the  diseases  of  the  temper 
as  well  as  those  of  the  body ;  and  by  perse- 
verance and  attention  he  converted  a  sour 
and  ungovernable  disposition  to  mildness  and 
placid  composure.  He  died  the  SOth  Jan- 
uary 1766,  aged  84. 

IjECcaria,  Cresar  Bonesana  marquis,  an 
Italian  philosopher,  the  pupil  of  Genovesi  of 
Naples,  lie  published  a  treatise  on  crimes 
and  punishni'^nts,  which  pi-oved  a  popular 
Mork,  and  uas  translated  into  various  lan- 
guages— disquisitions  on  the  nature  of  style, 
^c.     He  died  at  ?ililan  1795,  aged  75. 

Beccu  Ti,  Francis,  an  Italian  poet,  surna- 
med  II  Cappeta.  He  was  professor  of  law 
in  his  native  town  of  Perugia;  and  died 
1500,  aged  44.  He  is  particularly  known 
by  his  burlesque  poetry,  in  imitation  of  Ber- 
ni.  His  Avorks  were  edited  by  Cavalucci, 
4to.  1751,  Venice. 

Becerra,  Gaspard,  a  Spanish  sculptor 
and  painter  in  fresco.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
Rai)haei ;  and  his  best  piece  is  a  virgin,  made 
by  order  of  Isabella  of  V'alois.  He  died  at 
Madrid  1570. 

Becker,  John  Joachim,  successively  phy- 
sician to  the  electors  of  Mentz  and  Bavaria,, 
ivas  born  at  Spires,  and  died  at  i.ondon 
1685,  aged  40.  He  possessed  great  genius, 
and  his  discoveries  in  chemistry  and  me- 
chanics were  many  and  important ;  but 
these  high  merits  were  obscured  by  impetu- 
ous passions,  and  an  unyielding  temper, 
whicii  raised  him  enemies,  and  at  last  obli- 
ged him,  after  residing  at  Vienna  and  at 
Haerlem,  to  fiy  from  Germany  for  an  asylum 
in  Britain.  His  publications  were  seven  in 
number,  on  philosophical  subjects,  the  chief 
of  which  are  physica  subterrauea — instituti- 
ones  chymicie,  kc. 

Becker,  Daniel,  a  physician  of  the  elec- 
tor of  Brandenburg,  who  died  in  his  native 
city  of  Konigsburg  1760,  aged  43.  He  was 
author  of  commentarius  de  theriaca,  &c. 
London,  1660,  8vo. — de  cultivoro  Prussinio, 
Leyden,  Svo. 

Becket,  Thomas,  was  born  at  London, 
1119,  and  educated  at  Alerton  abbey  in  Sur- 
I'ey,  and  afterwai'ds  at  Oxford  and  I'aris. 
By  the  favor  of  his  patron, 'rheobald,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  he  passed  to  Bononia 
in  Italy,  where  he  studied  civil  law,  and  soon 
after  embraced  the  ecclesiastical  profession, 
and  so  highly  was  he  recommended  to  king 
Henry  II.  that  he  was  made  chancellor  1158. 
As  a  courtier,  Becket  assumed  all  the  gaiety 
of  the  times,  and  when  he  attended  the 
king  to  Toulouse,  he  maintained  in  his  train 
1200  horse,  besides  700  knights  or  gen- 
tlemen. On  the  death  of  Theobald,  the 
monarch  rewarded  his  favorite  with  the  va- 
cant see,  but,  by  resigning  the  seals  of  chan- 
cellor, Becket  offended  his  benefactor  ;  and 
his  subsequent    haughtiness  and   obstinacy, 


and  the  high  tone  in  which  he  asserted  the 
privileges  of  the  church,  further  widened 
the  breach,  and  disturbed  the  peace  of  the 
kingdom.  As  the  guardian  of  his  people, 
Heiuy  wished  tor  a  community  of  laws,  but 
Becket  refused  to  repress  the  disorders  of 
his  clergy  by  sufiering  them  to  be  tried  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  laity,  and  though 
for  a  time  he  assented  to  the  famous  constitu- 
tions of  Clarendon,  he  retracted  his  acquies- 
cence, and  resigned  his  archiepiscopal  office 
at  the  feet  of  the  pope,  who  not  only  forgave 
the  error  of  his  judgment,  by  reinstating 
him,  but  espoused  his  cause  and  annulled 
the  decrees.  Supported  by  the  papal  power 
the  primate  excommunicated  those  who  fa- 
vored the  royal  cause,  and  Henry,  swollen 
with  indignation,  banished  his  relations  and 
adherents,  and  sent  them  in  disgrace  and 
indigence  to  their  e.xiled  master.  Becket 
continued  to  indulge  his  resentment.  Not 
only  the  representations  and  intreaties  of  the 
clergy,  but  the  interference  of  the  pope  by 
two  cardinals,  proved  for  a  while  abortive 
with  the  haughty  prelate,  who,  when  at  last 
he  condescended  to  see  his  sovereign  11G7, 
broke  off  the  conference,  because  Henry  re- 
fused to  give  him  the  kiss  of  peace.  In  1169, 
however,  another  meeting  with  difficulty 
took  place  on  the  confines  of  Normandy, 
and  a  reconciliation  was  effected,  and  the 
king,  in  proof  of  his  sincerity,  held  the  bri- 
dle of  Becket's  horse  while  he  mounted  and 
dismounted  twice.  The  return  of  the  pri- 
mate to  his  country  was  not  attended  with 
the  conduct  which  the  friends  of  public  peace 
expected,  he  refused  to  restore  the  excom- 
municated bishops ;  and  so  irritated  was 
Henr}'  on  hearing  this,  that  he  exclaimed, 
"  he  was  an  unhappy  i)rince,  since  none  of 
his  followers  had  eitl)er  spirit  or  gratitude  to 
revenge  his  wrongs  oh  so  insolent  a  priest.'* 
The  words  animated  four  of  his  courtiers, 
who  sailed  for  England  and  dashed  out  the 
prelate's  brains  before  the  altar  of  his  cathe- 
dral on  the  29th  Dec.  1171.  The  murderers 
fled,  and  to  expiate  their  crimes,  they  un- 
dertook a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  where 
they  died.  The  news  of  Becket's  death 
alarmed  Henry,  who  not  only  exculpated 
himself  before  the  pope,  but  performed 
penance  at  the  shrine  of  the  murdered 
priest,  and  not  only  passed  the  night  on  the 
cold  pavement  in  penitence  and  prayer,  but 
suffered  himself  to  be  scourged  by  the  monks. 
To  the  violence  of  his  death,  and  not  to  his 
virtues,  Becket  was  indebted  for  the  honors 
paid  to  his  memory.  He  not  oidy  became  a 
saint  by  the  indulgence  of  the  church,  but  so 
numerous  were  the  miracles  wrought  at  his 
tomb  that  two  large  volumes  could  scarce 
contain  the  mention  of  them.  The  spot  was 
visited  by  thousands  with  religious  awe,  and 
the  shrine  of  the  saint,  like  that  of  a  god  of 
Delphi  in  ancient  times,  was  adorned  with 
whatever  was  most  costly,  rich,  and  valua- 
ble in  the  kingdom. 

Beckingham,  Charles,  an  eminent  dra- 
matic writer,  two  of  whose  pieces,  Henry 
IV.   of  France,  and  Scipio  Africaiius,  were 


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acted   and    applauded   before  lie  completed 
iiis  '20th  year.     He  died  17;)0,  aged  32. 

IJeckimgton,  'I'hoiuas,  a  native  of  So- 
mersetshire, in  the  fifteeiitli  century,  author 
of  a  book  ab(mL  thi-  rijjbls  ot  the  l^ii}j;hiiJi 
monarchs  in  France,  lie  was  of  New  col- 
le£;e,  and  bccanii;  bibhup  of  IJath  and  Wells. 

liECQ^UE  r,  Anthony,  a  tielestine  monk, 
Avho  Avrote  an  history  of  his  order,  publishcMJ 
'ko.  17'21.  11«'  was  a  man  of  learning,  and 
acquainted  vilh  many  \alnal»le  literaiy  anec- 
dotes.    He  died  1730,  aged  76. 

Bectash,  Cnii,  a  learned  Mussulman, 
author  of  a  book  called  the  garden  of 
ihooghts. 

Hec  roT.,  Claude  de,  abbess  of  St.  FIo- 
nore  de  Tarasi,on,  was  eminent  for  her 
knowledge  of  Latin.  Her  letters  were  so 
polished  and  elegant,  that  Francis  I.  not  only 
showed  them  to  his  courtiers  as  perfect  mo- 
dels, but  paid  the  abbess  a  friendly  visit.  She 
published  several  pieces  in  Latin  and  French, 
both  prose  and  verse,  and  died  1547. 

Beda,  Noel,  a  violent  ecclesiastic,  born 
in  Picardy,  and  raised  to  the  headship  of  the 
college  of  Alontaign.  His  attack  on  Eras- 
mus was  so  severe  that  the  ofl'ended  scholar 
convicted  him  of  asserting  181  lies,  210  ca- 
lumnies, and  47  blasi)hemies.  It  was  by  his 
influence  that  the  Sorbonne  did  not  pro- 
nounce in  faTor  of  the  divorce  of  Henry 
Vni.  and  so  irritative  were  his  writings  and 
his  conduct,  that  he  was  three  times  sent 
into  banishment,  and  at  last  died  in  his  exile, 
in  the  abbey  of  Slount  St.  Michael,  Feb.  8th, 
1537.  His  Morks  were  ueithcr  elegant  nor 
correct. 

Beda  or  Bede,  surnamed  tlie  Venera- 
ble, was  born  at  Wearmouth  or  Jarrow,  in 
the  county  of  Durham,  and  from  his  earliest 
A'ears  educated  in  the  monastery  of  St.  Pe- 
ter. The  monastic  life  gave  him  the  oppor- 
tunities which  he  so  ardently  desired,  his 
time  was  devoted  to  the  severest  studies, 
and  his  name  and  learning  became  so  re- 
spectable that  pope  Sergius  in  vain  solicited 
his  presence  at  Home.  He  was  courted  by 
the  most  learned  of  his  countrymen,  and 
particularly  by  Egbert,  bishop  of  York,  to 
vhom  he  wrote,  in  the  last  years  of  his  life, 
an  epistle,  valuable  for  the  curious  statement 
■which  it  gives  of  the  ecclesiastical  aft'airs  of 
the  times.  Confinement  and  api)lication  at 
last  overpowered  his  constitution  ;  but  though 
laboring  under  the  complicated  weight  of  a 
consumption  and  an  asthma,  he  continued 
occasionally  to  impart  instruction  to  the 
monks  of  the  monastery,  till  he  expired, 
fiGth  May  735,  aged  63.  His  remains  were 
deposited  at  Jarrow,  but  afterwards  removed 
to  Durham,  and  placed  with  those  of  St. 
Cuthbert.  Of  his  writings,  which  were  all 
composed  in  Latin,  the  most  celebrated  were 
his  ecclesiastical  histoi-y  from  the  time  of  Ju- 
lius Caesar  to  his  own  age,  collected  from 
the  annals  of  eonvcr)ts  and  ancient  chro- 
nicles— his  commentaries  on  scripture,  kc. 
His  works  were  so  universally  admired  that 
not  only  his  countr}  men,  but  foreignei-s, 
were   loud  in  his   praises.    Some  however 


have  severely  attacked  liis  literary  diaractcr. 
He  certainly  possessed  all  the  puerile  crc- 
«lulity  of  the  tiniCH;  he  indulged  in  the  rela- 
tion <if  legendary  miracles.  He  wrijle,  bavs 
dii  Fin  (tomG,  p.  HH.)  with  sui  pribing  facility, 
but  without  elegance,  art,  purity,  or  reflec- 
tion ;  and  though  his  st\  le  is  clear,  he  ap- 
piars  lo  he  a  greater  master  of  learning  than 
of  judgment,  or  true  critical  taste.  He  was 
however,  according  to  Camden,  Bale,  Fits, 
and  others,  a  man  of  superior  powers  of 
n^ind,  and  he  shone  like  a  meteor  in  the 
(hukness  of  a  barbai'ous  age.  So  valualjle 
were  his  writingH  considered  that  a  council 
ordered  them  to  be  publicly  read  in  churches. 
The  best  edition  of  his  history  is  that  of 
l7-2'2  in  folio. 

Bedell,  William,  an  illustrious  prelate, 
born  1570,  at  Black  Xolley  in  Essex.  He 
studied  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
which  he  left  to  reside  upon  the  living  of  St. 
Kdmunilsbury,  SuiToik,  and  five  years  after, 
1604,  he  went  to  Venice  as  chaplain  to  the 
ambassador  sir  Henry  Wotton.  During  a 
residence  of  eight  years  in  this  ancient  re- 
public, he  diligently  applied  himself  lo  the 
study  of  Hebrew,  and  formed  a  friendly  and 
intimate  acquaintance  with  Paul  Sarpi,  tlie 
rabbi  Leo,  and  Antonio  de  Dominis,  men 
equally  celebrated  for  their  learning  antl 
piety.  On  his  return  home  he  was  presen- 
ted to  the  living  of  Horingsheath,  and  twelve 
years  after  he  was  unanimously  elected  to 
the  provostship  of  Trinity  college,  Dubli?i, 
which  by  the  king's  command,  though  re- 
luctantly, he  accepted,  and  two  years  after 
the  favour  of  his  palror.s,  sir  Thomas  Jermvn 
and  bishop  I^aud,  I'aised  him  to  the  see  of  , 
Kilmore  and  Ardagh.  In  this  high  station 
Bedell  behaved  with  that  strong  sense  of 
propriety  which  Jiis  private  manners  so  much 
promised.  He  exhoi-ted  his  clergy  to  ex- 
emplary conduct  and  residence ;  and,  to 
show  them  his  own  moderation,  he  resigned 
the  bishopric  of  Ardagh.  His  ordinations 
were  public  and  solemn,  example  was  made 
to  go  hand  in  hand  with  profession  in  the 
great  business  of  religion,  and  in  a  synod  of 
his  clergy  which  he  convened  for  reforma- 
tion, some  canons  were  enacted,  excellent 
and  conciliatorv.  A  strong  advocate  for  the 
church,  he  always  abhorred  the  persecution 
of  the  papists,  and  supported  the  justice  and 
the  rights  of  his  cause  by  the  arms  of  meek 
l)ersuasion,  not  of  virulent  compulsion.  The 
liturgy  as  well  as  the  bible  was  translated 
into  Irish,  and  every  method  pursued  which 
might  inform  and  enlighten  the  minds  of  a 
rough  and  uncivilized  jieasantry.  So  much 
exemplary  meekness  did  not  go  unapplaud- 
cd  ;  when  the  country  was  torn  by  rebellion 
in  1641,  the  bishop's  palace  was  the  only  ha- 
bitation in  the  county  of  Cavan  that  remain- 
ed unviolated.  Malice  however  prevailed, 
the  rebel!',  who  had  declared  that  the  pre- 
late should  be  the  last  I'^nglishmau  driven 
from  the  country,  demanded  the  expulsion 
of  the  unfortunate  men  v  ho  had  fled  to  his 
roof  for  refuge,  and  when  he  continued  firm 
to  his  refusal,  he  and  his  family  were  seized 


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anil  sent  prisoners  to  tlic  castle  of  Clough- 
l>ougljttr.  The  liorrors  of  coiifnienient,  and 
more  particularly  tlie  misfortunes  of  liis 
country,  liowevci-,  bi-oke  his  heart,  he  ex- 
pired on  tiic  Tth  of  February  1G41,  in  the 
Iiouse  of  Dennis  Slieridan,  a  protestant,  to 
■whose  care  he  had  been  intrusted.  His 
memory  received  unusual  honors  from  the 
rebels,  who  in  a  lai'ge  body  accompanied  liis 
remains,  and  f.red  over  his  grave  in  the 
chui'cl}yard  of  Kiimore,  with  all  the  homage 
due  to  a  worthy  man,  a  pious  Christian,  and 
iin  exemplary  prelate. 

Beuekic,  Henry,  a  monk  who  fiorishcd 
about  the  year  1380.  He  was  born  at  Saint 
EiimundsburVj  Suftblk,  and  distinguished  as 
an  eloquent  preiRher.  He  was  for  his  learn- 
ing honored  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  chosen  for  his  virtues  provin- 
cial of  the  Augustitic  order  in  England.  He 
•wrote  several  theological  treatises. 

IjEdfori^,  Hilkiah,  a  quaker  of  Sibscy, 
Lincolnshire,  who  settled  as  stationer  in 
London.  His  son  of  the  same  name  was 
educated  at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow  ;  but  though  patronised 
h}'  the  earl  of  Winchelsea,  the  politics  of 
the  revolution  deprived  him  of  his  benefii-e 
in  Lincolnshire.  He  was  fined  1000  marks 
in  1714,  for  publishing  *'  The  hereditary 
right  of  the  crown  of  England  asserted," 
though  the  real  author  Avas  Harbin,  a  non- 
juring  priest,  whom  his  friendship  thus  pro- 
tected. He  wrote  an  answer  to  Fontenclle's 
oracles  and  Dr.  Barwick's  life,  translated 
from  the  Latin,  isic.  and  died  Nov.  26th, 
1724,  aged  61. 

Bedford,  Thomas,  second  son  of  Hil- 
kiah, was  educated  at  Westminster  school 
and  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  he  acquired 
as  a  nonjuring  clergyman  some  reputation 
among  his  party  at  Compton,  near  Ash- 
bourne, Derbyshire,  where  he  died  Februa- 
ry 177.3,  in  good  circumstances  and  much 
respected.  In  his  earlier  years  he  was 
chaplain  at  Angiers  in  France,  in  the  family 
of  sir  John  Cotton,  hart,  and  his  marriage 
Avith  the  sister  of  George  Smith,  esq.  of 
Durham,  enabled  him  to  pre])are  for  the 
press  an  edition  of  Simeon  of  Durh;im's 
history.  He  wrote  also  an  historical  cate- 
chism. 

Bedford,  John  duke  of,  third  son  of 
Henry  IV.  distinguished  liimself  as  the  gen- 
eral of  the  English  armies  in  France,  during 
the  minority  of  Henry  VJ.  whom  he  pro- 
claimed king  at  Pai'is.  He  defeated  the 
French  fleet  in  several  encounters,  especial- 
ly near  Southain])ton,  and  in  the  battle 
■where  he  routed  the  duke  of  Alencon.  He 
died  at  Iloiien  l4.5.'i.  A\'heu  some  courtiers 
fldviscd  Charles  \U\.  of  France  to  demolish 
the  monument  of  this  noble  foreignei",  the 
monarch  answered  "Sufter  to  sleep  in  ]»eacc 
the  ashes  of  a  man  who  when  alive  made  all 
France  tremble." 

Bedloe,  ^\  illiam,  a  low  adventurer, 
whom  tiic  success  of  Oates  animated  to  the 
discovery  of  a  pretended  popish  plot,  for 
which  the  house  of  commons  voted  him  500/. 


The  play  called  "  The  excommunicated 
prince,"  ascribed  to  him,  is  attributed  by 
Wood  to  Thom.  Walter  of  Jesus  college, 
Oxford,     He  died  August  20th,  1680. 

BEDOSdeCELLES,  Fi-ancis,  a  Benedic- 
tine of  St.  Maur,  member  of  the  academy  of 
Bourdeaux,  was  born  at  Caux,  and  died  25th 
November,  1770,  aged  53.  He  published  a 
treatise  on  ilialling,  8vo.  1780,  and  one  ou 
the  art  of  making  organs,  4to. 

Be  DK  ED  DIN,  Baalbeki,  a  pliysician  of 
Baliiec,  in  the  seventh  century  of  the  hegira, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  those  merlicines 
which  excite  pleasure,  &c.  He  inveighs 
against  Avicenna  for  ranking  coriander 
among  the  simples  wliich    enliven  the  heart. 

Beek,  David,  a  Flemish  painter.  Vid, 
Bek. 

Bega,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  painter  born 
at  Haerlem.  His  landscapes,  cattle,  and 
conversations,  were  much  admired.  Durius: 
a  plague  he  tell  a  victim  to  his  excessive  at- 
tention to  his  mistress,  who  was  attacked  by 
the  disease  1664,  in  his  45th  year. 

Beger,  Laurence,  son  of  a  tanner  of 
Heidelberg,  was  librarian  to  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg.  He  published  several  valua- 
ble books  on  antiquities  and  medals,  particu- 
larly thesaurus  ex  thesauro,  palatinus  selec- 
tus,  seu  gemmse,  folio, — spicilegium  anti- 
quitatis,  fol. — thesaurus  five  geramie  numis- 
mate,  &c.  3  vols,  folio.  He  died  at  BerUu 
1705,  aged  52.  He  wrote,  besides  a  book  in 
favor  of  polygamy  at  the  instance  of  Charles 
the  elector  palatine,  who  wished  to  espouse 
his  mistress,  but  he  recanted  its  tenets  after 
the  prince's  death. 

Begeyn,  Aliraham,  a  Dutchman,  born 
1650,  painter  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  His 
landscapes  and  other  pieces  adorn  the  royal 
palaces  of  Berlin,  and  also  some  of  the 
public  buildings  of  the  Hague. 

Begox,  Michael,  a  native  of  Blois,  who, 
alter  practising  law,  distinguished  himself  in 
the  marine,  and  as  governor  of  the  I'rencli 
West-India  islands,  inc.  He  was  unitersally 
respected  for  the  benevolence  of  his  charac- 
ter. He  died  l4th  March,  1710,  in  his  72d 
yeai'.  He  had  collected  a  most  valuable  cabi- 
net of  anti([ues,  medals,  prints,  and  curi- 
osities, and  from  the  various  memoirs  which 
he  selected,  Perrault  derived  his  materials 
for  his  *'  History  of  the  illustrious  men  of 
France." 

Beguillet,  Edmund,  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Dijon,  ami  correspondent  of 
the  academy  of  belles  lettres,  devoted  him- 
self much  to  agriculture  and  domestic  eco- 
nomy. He  died  May  1786.  He  is  author  of 
a  work  on  the  principles  of  vegetation  and 
agriculture,  8vo.  1769 — treatise  on  the  vine 
ami  wines,  1770 — on  mills  and  millwrights — 
fccc. 

Beh  A 1  M,  Martin,  a  native  of  Nuremberg, 
■whose  penetrative  genius,  enriched  by  the 
studies  of  navigation  and  cosmography, 
formed  the  first  itiea  of  a  new  world.  This 
bold  adventurer  sailed  in  1460  in  quest  of 
discoveries,  and  actually  visited  the  Brazils, 
tliu   isle  of  Fayal,  and   the  straits  of  Ma- 


BE 


BE 


rcllan,  and  on  liis  return  he  conslrnctrd  f» 
gjolje  of  '20  inches  diameter,  with  Ji  rcpre- 
seiitittioii  of  liis  voyage,  still  to  be  seen  at 
Nurenibcrg.  This  curious  circuiTisl.incc,  il' 
supported  by  truth,  iletracts  from  the  lonp; 
established  merit  of  Columbus,  as  the  first 
discoverer  of  America,  lie  died  at  I^isbon, 
15U0. 

IjEHN,  Aplirn,  an  En!j;lish  poetess,  born 
at  Canterbury.  She  eniburke<i  willi  her  fa- 
ther, -Mr.  Johnson,  wlio  was  appointed  v;o- 
vernor  of  Surinam,  but  his  death  on  the 
passage  dcstroyeil  her  prospects,  and  she  re- 
turned to  England,  where  she  married  :Mr. 
Behn,  a  merchant,  of  Dutch  extraction.  It 
is  however  to  be  observed,  tliat  her  resi- 
dence at  Surinam  introduced  her  to  tJie 
conjpany  of  Oroonoko,  a  native  prince, 
■whose  story  she  has  pathetically  described 
in  a  novel  bearing  the  same  name,  and 
though  assertions  injurious  to  her  character 
liavc  been  uttered  by  malice  or  envy  with 
respect  to  this  illustrious  American,  it  must 
be  confessed  that  his  fondness  for  his  wife 
Imoinda,  and  the  vigilance  of  her  relations, 
are  the  best  proofs  of  her  virtuous  deport- 
ment. Charles  II.  was  pleased  with  her  vi- 
vacity, and  she  was  employed  by  the  court 
to  discover  the  machinations  of  the  Dutch 
against  Englaml.  She  was  successful  in  this 
attempt,  and  the  love  which  Vander  Albert 
liad  formerly  entertained  for  her  person, 
Avas  converted  into  an  engine  to  serve  her 
country.  The  unwary  Dutchman  in  his 
rnoments  of  fondness  betrayed  the  inten- 
tions of  De  Witt  and  De  Ruyter  to  sail  up 
the  Thames,  but  the  English  court  unfortu- 
nately considered  the  secret  as  improbable, 
and  Mrs.  Behn  renounced  her  politics,  and 
on  her  return  home  devoted  herself,  some- 
times under  the  fictitious  name  of  Astraea, 
to  pleasure  and  the  muses.  Her  works  were 
miscellaneous,  and  chiefly  consisted  of  poems, 
sonnets,  and  songs,  17  plays,  besides  novels, 
letters,  and  histories,  and  translations,  and 
after  a  long  indisposition,  she  died,  April 
IGth,  1689,  and  was  buried  in  the  cloisters  of 
AVestminster  abbey.  Her  memoirs  have 
heen  published,  and  prefixed  to  her  works, 
three  vols.  8vo. — Her  writings,  like  her  life, 
are  too  often  marked  by  licentiousness. 

Beich,  Joachim  Francis,  a  painter,  born 
at  llavemberg,  in  Swabia.  His  landscapes 
and  battles  were  much  admired.  He  died 
1748,  aged  83. 

Beidhavi,  a  judge  of  Schiraz,  in  Persia. 
He  wrote  two  volumes  on  the  Koran,  and 
died  the  year  085,  or  69'2,  of  the  hegira. 

Beierlinck,  Laurence,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Antwerp,  who  edited  Zuinger's  theutrum 
vitaj  humanaj,  and  Biblia  sacra,  he.  He 
died  I62r,  aged  49. 

Beixascui,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  born 
at  Piedmont.  lie  studied  at  Home  under 
Eanfranc,  and  was  knighted  in  honor  to  his 
great  merit.     He  died  I'JSS,  aged  54. 

Beithau,  Ben,  an  African,  author  of  an 
history  of  sim])les  in  alphabetical  order,  kc. 
He  died  the  Ginth  year  oi' tlie  hegira. 

JBek,  David,  a  native  of  Delft,  in  the  Xe- 


tlierlands,  pupil  to  Vandyk.  His  ^hU'ft'tct 
as  a  painter  higldy  reconimended  him  to 
("harles  1.  of  England,  and  to  the  kings  of 
France  and  Denmark,  and  tfi  queen  Chris- 
tina of  Sweden.  It  is  said  that  in  travelling 
through  Germany,  he  fell  sick  at  an  inn,  and 
was  considcrecl  as  dead.  His  servants,  liow- 
ever,  drinking  by  his  bed-side,  poured,  in  a 
frolic,  a  glass  of  wine  into  his  mouth,  obser- 
ving that  he  was  a  friend  tf)  the  bottle  when 
alive,  and  the  sudden  application  operating 
upon  him,  he  opened  his  eyes,  and  gradually 
revived.  He  died  at  the  Hague,  105G,  aged 
o5.  He  had  been  in  most  of  tiie  capitals  of 
Europe,  to  paint  the  most  illustrious  [)ersons 
of  each  court  for  (Miristina  of  Sweden. 

Bekker,  Balthasar,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Warthuisen,  in  Groningen.  After  studying 
at  the  universities  of  Groningen  and  Frane- 
ker,  he  settled  as  minister  (»f  Oosterlingen, 
where  he  published  a  catechism  for  children, 
M  hicli  drew  upon  him  the  censures  of  seve- 
ral ecclesiastical  assemblies.  The  synod  of 
Franeker,  however,  approved  of  his  doc- 
trines, and  recommended  the  book  as  full  of 
wholesome  and  useful  instructions.  He  pa.s- 
sed  afterwards  to  Loenen  near  Utrecht,  to 
Wesop  and  to  Amsterdam,  where  he  acqui- 
red celebrity,  by  writing  a  treatise  on  comets, 
and  an  exjiosition  of  the  book  of  Daniel.  'I'he 
most  known,  however,  of  his  publications 
was  "  the  woiltl  bewitched,"  an  inquiry  ii;t(> 
the  vulgar  notions  of  spirits,  and  devils.  So 
high  was  the  clamor  raised  against  him  by 
this  composition,  that  he  was  suspended 
from  his  ministerial  office,  though  the  magis- 
trates of  Amsterdam,  -with  unparalleled  ge- 
nerosity, continued  to  pay  him  his  salarv. 
A  medal  was  struck  to  ridicule  the  process 
of  the  synods  against  him.  Bekker  died  of  a 
pleurisy,  June  Iltli,  1698. 

Bel,  John  James,  a  native  of  Bourdeaux, 
author  of  the  "  dictionaire  neologique,"  since 
improved  by  des  Fontaines — of  critical  let- 
ters on  Voltaire's  Mariamne — and  of  an  apo- 
logy for  Houdar  de  la  Motte.  He  was  severe 
against  the  use  of  novel  expressions  and  af- 
fected terras,  and  united,  with  great  pene- 
tration, the  powers  of  irony  and  satire.  He 
died  at  Paris,  of  excessive  labor,  1738,  aged 
45. 

Bel,  ^Nlathlas,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Orsowa,  in  Hungary.  He  studied  phy.sic  at 
Halle,  which  he  relinquished  for  divinity. 
He  was  rector  of  the  school  of  Presburg, 
and  mini.ster,  and  was  ennoblefl  by  Charles 
\T.  for  his  literary  works.  He  wrote  ajjpa- 
ratus  ad  historiam  Hungariai,  and  notitia  Hun- 
garice  nova  ;  two  works  of  merit,  w  huh  pro- 
cured liim  honorable  marks  of  esteem  and 
admiration  from  the  pope,  the  empress  ot* 
Russia,  and  the  king  of  Prussia,  lie  died 
ir49,  aged  GO. 

Bel,  Charles  Andrew,  son  to  the  above, 
was  born  at  Presburg,  and  v.  as  honorably 
appointed  to  the  pi'ctfessorship  exlraorJinary 
of  Leipsic,  1741,  an»l  in  1756  to  that  of  poe- 
try, with  the  office  of  librarian,  and  the  title 
of  counseller  of  state.  He  wrote  <lt'  vera 
origine  -be  epocha  Hunnorum,  Sec.  4to.  and 


BE 


BE 


anil  sent  prisoners  to  llic  castle  of  Clough- 
Ijoiigliter.  The  horrors  of  cotifinenient,  and 
more  particularly  the  misfortunes  of  liis 
country,  howcvei-,  broke  his  heart,  he  ex- 
pired on  the  nh  of  February  1641,  in  the 
Iiouse  of  Dennis  Sheridan,  a  protestant,  to 
^vhose  care  he  had  been  intrusted.  His 
memory  received  unusual  honors  from  the 
rebels,  who  in  a  large  body  accompanied  Iiis 
remains,  and  f.rcd  over  his  grave  in  the 
churchyard  of  Kiimore,  with  all  tlie  homage 
<lue  to  a  worthy  man,  a  pious  Christian,  and 
an  exemplary  prelate. 

Beueuic,  Henry,  a  monk  who  fioiishcd 
about  the  year  1380.  He  M-as  born  at  Saint 
li(iniun<isbuiT,  Suffolk,  and  distitiguished  as 
an  eloquent  preacher.  He  was  for  his  learn- 
ing honored  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  chosen  for  his  virtues  provin- 
cial of  the  Augustine  order  in  England.  He 
wrote  several  theological  treatises. 

IjEdford,  Hilkiah,  a  quaker  of  Sibscy, 
Lincolnshire,  who  settled  as  stationer  in 
London.  His  son  of  the  same  name  was 
educated  at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow ;  but  though  patronised 
by  the  earl  of  Winchelsea,  the  politics  of 
the  revolution  deprived  him  of  his  benefice 
HI  Lincolnshire.  He  was  fined  lOUO  marks 
in  1714,  for  publishing  *'  The  hereditary 
right  of  the  crown  of  England  asserted," 
though  the  real  author  was  Harbin,  a  non- 
juring  priest,  whom  his  friendship  thus  pro- 
tected. He  wrote  an  answer  to  Fontenclle's 
oracles  and  Dr.  Barwick's  life,  translated 
from  the  Latin,  bcc.  and  died  Nov.  26th, 
1724,  aged  61. 

Bedford,  Thomas,  second  son  of  Hil- 
kiah, was  educated  at  Westminster  school 
and  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  he  acquired 
as  a  nonjuring  clergyman  some  reputation 
among  his  party  at  Compton,  near  Ash- 
bourne, Derbyshire,  where  he  died  Februa- 
X'y  177.3,  in  good  circumstances  and  much 
respected.  In  his  earlier  years  he  was 
chaplain  at  Anglers  in  France,  in  the  family 
of  sir  John  Cotton,  hart,  and  his  marriage 
Avith  the  sister  of  George  Smith,  esq.  of 
Hnrham,  enabled  him  to  pre{)are  for  the 
press  an  edition  of  Simeon  of  Durhiun's 
history.  He  wrote  also  an  historical  cate- 
chism, 

Bedford,  John  duke  of,  third  son  of 
Henry  IV.  distinguished  himself  as  the  gen- 
e»-al  of  the  Englisli  armies  in  France,  during 
the  minority  of  Henry  VJ.  whom  he  pro- 
claimed king  at  Pai'is.  He  defeated  the 
French  fleet  in  several  encounters,  especial- 
ly near  Southam])ton,  and  in  the  battle 
vherc  he  routed  the  cluke  of  Alencon.  He 
died  at  Itonen  l43.-i.  AN'heu  some  coui-tiers 
«dvised  Charles  \U\.  of  France  to  demolish 
the  monument  cjf  this  noble  foreigner,  the 
jnonarch  answered  "Sufler  to  sleep  in  ])cace 
the  ashes  of  a  man  who  when  alive  made  all 
France  tremble." 

Bedloe,  ^^  illiam,  a  low  adventurer, 
whom  tiie  success  of  Gates  animated  to  the 
discovery  of  a  pretended  popish  plol,  for 
which  the  hou«;c  of  commons  voted  him  500/. 


The  play  called  "The  excommunicated 
prince,"  ascribed  to  him,  is  attributed  by 
Wood  to  Thorn.  Walter  of  Jesus  college, 
Oxford.     He  ilied  August  20th,  1680. 

BEDOsdeCELLES,  Fx'ancis,  a  Benedic- 
tine of  St.  iMaur,  member  of  the  academy  of 
Bourdeaux,  was  born  at  Caux,  and  died  25th 
November,  1770,  aged  53.  He  published  a 
treatise  on  dialling,  8vo.  1780,  and  one  on 
the  art  of  making  organs,  4to, 

Be  DK  ED  DIN,  Baalbeki,  a  physician  of 
Balbcc,  in  the  seventh  century  of  the  hegira, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  those  medicines 
which  excite  pleasure,  &c.  He  inveighs 
against  Avicenna  for  ranking  coriander 
among  the  simples  \\hich    enliven  the  heart, 

Beek,  David,  a  Flemish  painter.  Vid. 
Bek. 

Beg  A,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  painter  born 
at  Haerlom,  His  landscapes,  cattle,  and 
conversations,  were  much  admired.  During 
a  plague  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  excessive  at- 
tention to  his  mistress,  who  was  attacked  by 
the  disease  1664,  in  his  45th  year, 

Beger,  Laurence,  son  of  a  tanner  of 
Heidelberg,  Avas  librarian  to  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg.  He  published  several  valua- 
ble books  on  antiquities  and  medals,  particu- 
larly thesaurus  ex  thesauro,  palatinus  selec- 
tus,  seu  gemraK,  folio, — spicilegium  anti- 
quitatis,  fol. — thesaurus  five  gemmae  numis- 
mate,  &c.  3  vols,  folio.  He  died  at  Berlin 
1705,  aged  52.  He  wrote,  besides  a  book  in 
favor  of  polygamy  at  the  instance  of  Charles 
the  elector  palatine,  who  wished  to  espouse 
his  mistress,  but  he  recanted  its  tenets  after 
the  prince's  death, 

Begeyn,  A!)raham,  a  Dutchman,  born 
1650,  painter  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  His 
landscapes  and  other  pieces  adorn  the  royal 
palaces  of  Berlin,  and  also  some  of  the 
public  buildings  of  the  Hague. 

Begon,  Michael,  a  native  of  Blois,  who, 
after  pi-actising  law,  distinguished  himself  in 
the  marine,  and  as  governor  of  the  I'rench 
West-India  islands,  kc.  He  was  universally 
respected  for  the  benevolence  of  his  charac- 
ter. He  died  l4th  March,  1710,  in  his  72d 
year.  He  had  collected  a  most  valuable  cabi- 
net of  antiques,  medals,  prints,  and  curi- 
osities, and  from  the  various  memoirs  which 
he  selected,  Perrault  derived  his  materials 
for  his  *'  History  of  the  illustrious  men  of 
'  ranee, 

Beguillet,  Edmund,  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Dijon,  and  correspondejit  of 
the  academy  of  belles  lettres,  devoted  him- 
self much  to  agriculture  and  domestic  eco- 
nomy. He  died  Ma)' 1786.  He  is  author  of 
a  work  on  the  principles  of  vegetation  and 
agriculture,  Svo.  1769 — treatise  on  the  vine 
and  wines,  1770 — on  mills  and  millwrights — 
fecc. 

Behaim,  Martin,  a  native  of  Nuremberg, 
whose  penetrative  genius,  enriched  by  the 
studies  of  navigation  and  cosmography, 
formed  the  fii-st  idea  of  a  new  world.  This 
bold  adventurer  sailed  in  146()  in  quest  of 
discoveries,  and  actually  visited  the  Brazils, 
the   isle  of  f  aval,  and   the   straits  of  Ma- 


BE 


BE 


rellan,  ami  on  liis  return  he  constructed  n 
eiobe  of  '20  iiiclics  diameter,  witli  a  repre- 
senUitioii  of  his  voyage,  still  to  be  seen  at 
Nuremberg.  This  curious  circumstance,  if 
supported  by  truth,  detracts  from  the  lonj^ 
ostabhshed  merit  of  CoUimbus,  as  the  first 
discoverer  of  America.  He  died  at  Lisbon, 
15Ut). 

Ueiin,  Aphra,  an  Enp;hsh  poetess,  horn 
at  Canterbury.  She  enibarke<l  with  her  fa- 
ther, Mr.  Johnson,  who  was  appoiiitetl  go- 
vernor of  Surinam,  but  his  deatli  on  the 
passage  destroyed  lier  prospects,  and  she  i-c- 
turued  to  England,  where  she  marrie<l  Mr. 
Behn,  a  merchant,  of  Dutch  e.xtraction.  It 
is  however  to  be  observed,  that  her  resi- 
dence at  Surinam  introduced  her  to  tJie 
company  of  Oroonoko,  a  native  prince, 
whose  story  she  lias  pathetically  described 
in  a  novel  bearing  the  same  name,  and 
though  assertions  injurious  to  her  character 
have  been  uttered  by  malice  or  envy  with 
respect  to  this  illustrious  American,  it  must 
be  confessed  that  bis  fondness  for  his  wife 
Imoinda,  and  the  vigilance  of  her  relations, 
are  the  best  proofs  of  her  virtuous  deport- 
ment. Charles  II.  was  pleased  with  lier  vi- 
vacity, and  she  was  employed  by  the  court 
to  discover  the  machinations  of  the  Dutch 
against  England.  She  was  successful  in  this 
attempt,  and  the  love  which  Vander  Albert 
liad  formerly  entertained  for  her  person, 
■was  converted  into  an  engine  to  serve  her 
country.  The  unwary  Dutchman  in  his 
moments  of  fondness  betrayed  the  inten- 
tions of  I)e  Witt  and  De  Ruytor  to  sail  up 
the  Thames,  but  the  English  court  unfortu- 
nately considered  tlie  secret  as  improbable, 
and  Mrs.  Helm  lenounced  her  politics,  and 
on  her  return  home  devoted  herself,  some- 
times under  the  fictitious  nanie  of  Astrsea, 
to  pleasure  and  the  muses.  Her  works  were 
miscellaneous,  and  chiefly  consisted  of  poems, 
sonnets,  and  songs,  17  [ilays,  besides  novels, 
letters,  and  histories,  and  translations,  and 
after  a  long  indisposition,  she  died,  April 
iGth,  1089,  and  was  buried  in  the  cloisters  of 
Westminster  abbey.  Her  memoirs  have 
been  published,  and  preiixed  to  her  works, 
three  vols.  8vo. — Her  writings,  like  her  life, 
are  too  often  marked  by  licentiousness. 

Beich,  Joachim  Francis,  a  painter,  born 
at  llavemberg,  in  Swabia.  His  landscapes 
and  battles  were  much  admired.  He  died 
1748,  aged  83. 

Beidhavi,  a  judge  of  Scliiraz,  in  Persia. 
He  wrote  two  volumes  on  the  Kr)ran,  and 
died  the  year  085,  or  69'2,  of  the  hegira. 

Beierlinck,  Laurence,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Antwerp,  who  edited  /winger's  thuutrum 
vita;  humana;,  and  Biblia  sacra,  he.  He 
died  1627,  aged  49. 

Bei.vascui,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  born 
at  Piedmont,  lie  studie»l  at  Home  under 
JLanfranc,  and  was  knighted  in  honor  to  his 
great  merit.     He  died  I'iSS,  aged  51. 

Beit II An,  Ben,  an  Afi'ican,  author  of  an 
history  of  sim])les  in  alphabetical  order,  kc. 
He  died  the  Oiuih  year  of  tlic  hegira. 

Bek,  David,  a  native  of  Delft,  in  the  Ne- 


tlierlands,  pupil  to  Vandyk.  His  abilil/c? 
as  a  painter  higldy  recommended  him  tf> 
Charles  1.  of  England,  and  to  the  kings  of 
France  ami  Denmark,  and  to  queen  Chris- 
tina of  8we«len.  it  is  s:ii(l  that  in  travelling 
through  Germany,  he  fell  sick  at  an  inn,  and 
was  considered  as  dead.  His  servants,  liow- 
ever,  drinking  by  his  bed-side,  poured,  in  a 
frolic,  a  glass  of  wine  into  his  mouth,  obser- 
ving that  he  was  a  friend  to  the  bottle  when 
alive,  and  the  sudden  application  operating 
upon  him,  he  opened  his  eyes,  and  gradually 
revived.  He  died  at  the  Hague,  105G,  aged 
.•)5.  Me  had  been  in  most  of  the  capitals  of 
Europe,  to  paint  the  most  illustrious  persons 
of  each  court  for  (Miristina  of  Sweden. 

Bekker,  Balthasar,  a  Dutch  divine  of 
Warthuisen,  in  Croningen.  After  studying 
at  the  universities  of  Cioningen  and  Frane- 
ker,  he  settled  as  minister  of  Oosterlingen, 
where  he  published  a  catechism  for  children, 
which  drew  upon  him  the  censures  of  seve- 
ral ecclesiastical  assemblies.  Tlie  synod  of 
Franeker,  however,  approved  of  his  doc- 
trines, and  recommended  the  book  as  full  of 
wholesome  and  useful  instructions.  He  pas- 
sed afterwards  to  Loencn  near  Utrecht,  to 
Wesop  and  to  Amsterdam,  where  he  acqui- 
red celebrity,  by  writing  a  treatise  on  comets, 
and  an  exposition  of  the  book  of  Daniel.  The 
most  known,  iiowever,  of  his  publications 
was  "  the  world  bewitched,"  an  inquiry  into 
tlie  vulgar  notions  of  spirits,  and  devils'.  So 
liigh  was  the  clamor  raised  against  him  by 
this  composition,  that  he  was  suspended 
from  his  ministerial  office,  though  the  magis- 
trates of  Amsterdam,  with  unparalleled  ge- 
nerosity, continued  to  pay  him  his  salarv. 
A  medal  was  struck  to  ridicule  the  process 
of  the  synods  against  him.  Bekker  died  of  a 
pleurisy,  June  llth,  lt)98. 

Bel,  John  James,  a  native  of  Bourdeaux, 
author  of  tlie  "  dictionaire  neologique,"  since 
improved  by  des  Fontaines — of  ci-itical  let- 
ters on  Voltaire's  Mariamne — and  of  an  apo- 
logy for  Houdar  tie  la  Motte.  He  was  severe 
against  the  use  of  novel  expressions  and  af- 
fected terras,  and  united,  with  great  pene- 
ti'ation,  the  powers  of  irony  and  satire.  He 
died  at  Paris,  of  excessive  labor,  1738,  aged 
45. 

Bel,  INIathlas,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Orsowa,  in  Hungary.  He  studied  physic  at 
Halle,  which  he  relinquished  for  divinity. 
He  was  rector  of  the  school  of  Presburg, 
and  minister,  and  was  ennobletl  by  Charles 
VT.  for  his  literary  works.  He  wrote  appa- 
ratus ail  historian!  Hungaria;,  and  notitia  Hun- 
garice  nova  ;  two  works  of  merit,  v  Inch  pro- 
cured liim  honorable  marks  of  esteem  and 
admiration  from  the  pope,  the  empress  of 
Russia,  and  the  king  of  Prussia,  lie  died 
1749,  aged  Gt'. 

Bel,  Charles  Andrew,  son  to  the  above, 
was  born  at  Presburg,  and  v.  as  honorably 
appointed  to  tiic  professorship  extraordinary 
of  Leipsic,  1741,  and  in  1756  to  that  of  poe- 
try, with  the  office  of  librarian,  :\nd  the  title 
of  counseller  of  state.  He  wrote  t\c  vera 
origine  -Sc  epocha  Hunnorum,  Sec.  4to.  and 


BE 


BE 


was  engaged  in  the  acta  eruditoium,  from 
ir54  to  17SI.     He  died  1782,  aged  Gi. 

Belcamp,  John  Van,  a  Dutchman,  em- 
ployed under  Vanderdort  to  copy  pictures 
in  the  king's  collection,  which  he  executed 
■with  judgment  and  accuracy.     He  died  165;!. 

Belchier,  John,  was  born  at  Kingston, 
Surrey,  and  alter  an  Elon  education  was  put 
apprentice  toCheselden,  tlie  most  celebrated 
surgeon  of  his  age.  Perseverance  and  assi- 
iluiiy  soon  rendered  him  eminent  in  his  pro- 
tession,  and  in  1736,  in  his  30th  year,  he  suc- 
ceeded Craddock  as  surgeon  in  Guy's  lios- 
pilal.  In  tliis  employment  he  became  re- 
spected and  beloved  for  liis  attention,  and, 
unlike  tlie  mercenary  practitioners  of  the 
times,  he  considered  not  the  emoluments  of 
his  office,  hut  I'le  character  of  his  station, 
and  treated  witli  unwearied  patience  and  hu- 
manity those  whom  diseases  or  misfortunes 
had  placed  under  Ids  care.  In  his  private 
life  he  was  eipially  amiable,  his  wliole  time 
■u-as  devoted  eitlier  to  his  friends  or  to  the 
imj)roTement  of  his  profession,  and  many 
are  the  ingenious  cora;iiunieations  witli  m  hicii 
he  favored  the  philosopliical  transactions  and 
other  publications.  He  reii^jected  the  name 
of  Guy  almost  to  adoration,  observing,  that 
no  other  man  would  have  sacrificed  150,000/. 
for  the  relief  of  his  fellow  creatures.  After 
enjoying  an  uninterrupted  health,  he  died 
almost  suddenly  in  1785,  in  his  79th  year, 
and  he  was  buried  in  the  cliapel  of  Guy's 
hospital. 

Belesis,  a  Chaldean,  made  governor  of 
Babylon,  for  liis  services  in  elevating  Arbaces 
to  the  throne  of  Media,  770.  B.  C. 

Belgrade,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Udi- 
na,  eminent  as  a  mathematician,  poet,  and 
antiquary.  His  treatise  on  the  existence  of 
God,  demonstrated  by  geometrical  theory, 
is  an  able  work.     He  died  1789,  aged  85. 

Belidor,  Bernard  Forest  de,  an  emi- 
nent French  engineer,  professor  of  the  aca- 
demies of  Paris  and  Berlir),  and  author  of  the 
dictionaire  portatif  de  I'ingenieur,  12mo. 
His  hydraulics,  architecture,  inc.  are  still 
liighly  valued  on  the  continent.  He  died 
September  8th,  1761,  in  his  70th  year. 

Belixg,  Richard,  a  native  of  Belings- 
to'.vn,  in  the  county  of  Dublin.  After  being 
educated  in  Dublin,  and  in  the  catholic  tenets 
of  his  family,  he  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
hut  without  the  intention  of  practising,  as  he 
became  a  leading  officer  in  the  rebellion  of 
1041.  He  was  afterwards  a  mentber  of  the 
catholic  council  of  Kilkenny,  and  so  high 
Avere  his  services  valued,  that  he  went  over 
as  ambassador  to  the  pope,  and  brought  back 
the  nuncio  Kinuccini  with  him.  The  in- 
trigues of  this  foreign  prelate,  however  were 
unfriendly  to  the  views  of  the  catholics,  and 
this  was  no  sooner  discovered  than  Beling 
became  reconciled  to  the  duke  of  Ormond 
and  the  royal  authority,  and  on  t!ic  success 
of  the  parliamentary  forces,  he  retired  to 
France,  where  he  devoted  his  time  to  give  a 
T.atin  Instory  of  the  rebellion,  which  dis- 
tractetl  his  unfortunate  country-  This  i)Ook, 
called  "S'indiciarum   Catholic,    llibcrni:c,   is 


considered  as  highly  important  and  authen- 
tic. Beling  returned  to  Dublin  after  the  res- 
toration, where  he  recovered  his  estates, 
and  where  he   died  September,  1G77,  aged 

04. 

Be  LI  SARI  US,  a  celebrated  general  in  the 
service  of  the  emperor  Justinian.  After 
serving  his  country  against  the  Persians,  the 
Vandals  in  Africa,  the  Goths  and  the  Huns 
in  Italy,  and  every  where  displaying  marks 
of  wisdom,  fortitude,  bravery,  and  heroism, 
he  was  accused  of  rebellion,  and  dishonora- 
bly condemned  by  the  weak  emperor,  who 
confiscated  his  estates.  The  story  of  his 
being  blind,  and  begging  for  his  bread,  is  of 
modern  invention.     He  died  565. 

Bell,  Beaupre,  was  descended  from  ati 
ancient  and  respectable  family,  settled  at 
Beaupre-hall  in  Norfolk.  He  was  educated, 
at  AVestminster  school,  and  entered  at  Tri- 
nity college,  Cambridge,  1723,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  antiquarian.  His  col- 
lections consisted  of  the  naost  valuable  me- 
dals, seals,  drawings,  coins,  &c.  v/hich  he 
presented  to  Trinity  college.  He  died  of  a 
consumption  when  young,  and  ttnmarried. 
He  was  biiried  in  St.  Mary's  chapel  iu  Out- 
well  church,  Norfolk. 

Bellarmin,  Robert,  a  celebrated  Je- 
suit, born  in  Tuscany,  1542.  After  a  resi- 
dence of  seven  years  at  Louvain,  he  re- 
turned to  Italy,  and  recommended  himself 
by  his  lectures  to  the  pope,  Sixtus  V.  who 
employed  him,  and  raised  him,  in  1599,  to 
the  dignity  of  cardinal.  He  was  afterwards 
advanced  to  the  see  of  Capua,  which  he  re- 
signed in  1605,  that  he  might  bestow  greater 
attention  to  the  affairs  of  tlie  church,  and  be 
near  the  pope's  person.  His  infirmities 
however  increased  upon  him,  he  left  the 
Vatican,  1621,  and  died  17th  September, 
the  same  year,  at  the  house  of  the  Jesuits, 
and  received  at  his  burial  all  the  honors 
which  were  due  to  a  saint.  Bellarmin  de- 
servedly acquired  great  reputation  as  a  con- 
troversial writer  ;  his  jiowers  of  eloquence 
were  extensive,  and  so  formidable  were  the 
labors  of  his  pen,  in  defence  of  the  Romish 
church,  that  for  40  or  50  years  there  was 
scarce  a  man  of  abilities  among  the  jjrotes- 
tants,  who  did  not  take  up  the  shield  to  op- 
pose his  opinions.  He  did  not  liowever 
adopt  all  the  tenets  of  the  Jesuits  ;  he  could 
not  embrace  fully  the  doctrine  of  predesti- 
nation, nor  many  of  the  expressions  of  the 
Romish  litanies,  and  he  rather  inclined  to 
the  opinions  of  St.  Augustine.  His  most  fa- 
mous book  is  his  body  of  controversy,  in 
four  vols,  folio,  besides  a  commentary  on  the 
psalms,  a  treatise  on  ecclesiastical  Avriters, 
&c.  liis  life  has  been  published  by  James 
Fuliguti,  and  he  is  represented  as  a  man  of 
uncommon  temperance,  patience,  and  chas- 
tity, small  in  stature  ;  but  thongh  indifferent 
ir»  bis  person,  he  showed  the  strong  feelings 
of  his  soul  in  every  feature.  Some  particu- 
lars of  him  are  to  be  seen  further  in  Alc- 
gambus,  Possevinus,  Sponde,  &c. 

Beli.ay,  William  du,  a  French  general, 
disii)iguishcd   also  as  a  negotiator,  so  that 


BE 


BE 


Charles  V.  observed  that  his  pen  had  fouplit 
more  against    him    than    all     the    lauccs     of 
France.     lit-  stronply  interested   liinjscif  in 
favor  of  Henry  ^  111.    to   obtain  his  divorce 
from  queen  Catiierine.     His  penetration  was 
remarkable,   so  that  by   intri};ue  or  bribery 
he   made  himself  master  jf  the  most  see  ret 
councils  (jf  the  em]»eror.     ^V  ith  the  \ic\v'  of 
communicating:;  some  important  intelii}^(  lue 
to  Francis  1.  he  left   Pieclmont,  of   which  he 
vas  viceroy,  but  his  infirmities  were  so  great 
that  he    died    on    the   way  at   baphorin,  I>c:- 
tween  Lyons  ;>:id   lioan,  yth  January,   1543 
He   was   buried   at  Alons.     Of  his  composi- 
tions the  most  known  is   his  Latin   liistor}'  of 
liis  own  times,  of  which   however  the   best 
part  has  been  lost. 

Bell  AY,  John  du,  bidhop  of  Bayonne, 
and  afterwards  of  Paris,  was  engaged  as  a 
negotiator  between  Henry  VIH.  of  England 
and  the  pope,  with  respect  to  his  (livcjrce; 
but  he  labored  in  vain  to  ])revent  the  bull  ol" 
excommunication  from  being  fulminated 
against  the  refractory  prince.  His  abilities, 
liowever,  Avere  more  immediately  directed 
to  the  service  of  Francis  I.  and  when  lliat 
monarch  opposed  the  invasion  of  Provence 
by  Charles  V.  Bellay,  now  became  a  cai'di- 
nal,  assumed  the  defence  of  Paris,  and  foi-ti- 
ficd  it  Avith  a  strong  rampart  still  to  be  seen. 
The  death  of  Francis  was  attended  with  the 
disgrace  of  Bellay;  cardinal  de  Lorraine  be- 
came the  favorite,  and  the  discarded  minis 
ter  I'ctired  to  Rome,  where  his  great  riches 
enabled  him  to  build  an  elegant  palace.  He 
died  there  IGth  Feb.  1.560,  aged  G8,  leaving 
the  cliaracter  of  an  able  negotiator,  a  bi-il- 
liant  wit,  and  an  insinuating  court iei*.  To 
his  fondness  for  literature  the  French  owe 
the  institution  of  the  college  royal.  He 
Avrote  harangues,  elegies,  epigrams,  odes, 
an  apology  for  Francis  I.  he.  collected  to- 
gether in  one  vol.  8vo.  1549. 

Bellay,  Martin  du,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  engaged  as  a  negotiator  by 
Francis  I.  whom  lie  served  with  iidelity  anil 
success.  He  w  rote  historical  memoirs  found 
among  the  fragments  of  his  brother  William. 
He  died  at  Perche  1559. 

Bellay,  Joacliim  du,  was  born  at  Lire, 
24  miles  from  Angers,  but  the  talents  which 
nature  had  bestowed  upon  him  were  neglect- 
ed by  the  inattention  of  bis  elder  bi-other,  to 
whose  care  he  was  intrusted.  He,  however, 
at  last  burst  forth  tli rough  all  obstacles,  and 
tliough  liis  health  was  impaired  by  the  weight 
of  domestic  misfortunes,  he  studied  the  pro- 
ductions of  ancient  and  modern  times,  and 
♦excelled  so  much  in  poetry,  that  he  was  cal- 
led the  Ovid  of  France,  He  followed  his  re- 
lation the  cardinal  to  Italy,  but  returned 
after  three  years'  absence  to  Paris,  where 
his  cousin,  F.ustache  du  Bcilay,  the  bisliop, 
procured  him  a  canonry,  aiid  a  peaceful  re- 
tirement from  the  malice  of  liis  enemies, 
■who  envied  his  fame  and  his  merits.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  1st  January,  1560,  aged 
.'^7,  and  deserved  the  tears  and  the  regret  of 
the  learned,  who  stafedhiin  with  truth  pater 
elegantiarum,  pater  omnium   Icporuir..     He 

VOL.   I.  <22 


I  has  been  censured  for  improper  attd  indeli- 
'  cate  expressions  in  his  writings.  His  Latin 
poetry,  printed  at  Paris  4to.  1569,  is  not  de- 
void of  merit,  though  inferior  to  his  French 
verses,  published  l.)6l.  The  fbllowiiig  neat 
couidel  on  a  dug  is  by  him  ; 

jAitratttfuvcH  e.cci'pi,  mntus  amantea  ; 

Sic  lilacui  domino,  .v/r  plucni  (ioiiuude. 

JJelll,  Etienne  de  la,  an  artist  in  draw- 
ing and  engraving,  who  died  at  Florence 
1664,  aged  54,  highly  respected,  and  a  great 
favorite  of  the  duke. 

Belle,  Alexis  Simon,  a  painter,  disciple 
of  Francis  de 'I'ro^,  patronised  by  tlie  king 
of  France.  He  died  at  Paris  1734,  aged  60. 
He  united  with  great  judgment  the  happy 
art  of  making  dress  and  other  accessaries 
subservient  to  the  brilliancy  of  his  coloring. 

Belleau,  Remi,  one  ol' the  seven  poets 
called  the  pleiades  of  France,  was  born  at 
Xogent  le  Rotron,  and  lived  in  tiie  family  of 
Renatus  of  Lorraine.  He  excelled  as  a  pas- 
toral writer,  and  in  his  translations  of  Ana- 
creon  he  preserved  all  the  beauties  and  ease 
of^the  original.  His  poem  on  the  nature  and 
difference  of  precious  stones  is  much  ad- 
mired.    He  died  at  Paris  1577,  aged  49. 

Bellecour,  Colson,  a  distinguished  ac- 
tor on  the  French  stage.  He  excelled  as 
much  in  comic  parts  as  de  Kain  iu  tragic. 
He  died  1786.  His  wife,  who  survived  hinx 
till  1799,  Mas  equally  celebrated,  and  i)ar- 
ticnlarly  in  the  low  characters  of  Moliere's 
comedies. 

Belleforet,  Francis  de,  a  natire  of 
Sarzan  in  Guienne,  whose  early  years  were 
sui)ported  by  the  labors  of  a  poor  widowed 
mother,  and  the  greater  partiality  of  the 
queen  of  Navarre.  He  studied  at  Bourdeaux 
and  Toulouse,  and  passed  to  Paris,  where 
lie  was  honored  witli  the  friendship  of  the 
learned  and  the  great.  His  history  of  the 
ninth  Charles  of  France — his  universal  histo- 
ry of  the  world — his  annals  or  general  his- 
tory of  France,  are  the  most  known  of  his 
works.     He  died  at  Paris  1583,  aged  53. 

Bellegarde,  JeanBaptiste  Morvan  de, 
a_  Jesuit  of  Pthyriac,  in  tlie  diocese  of 
Nantes,  expelled  from  his  society  for  being 
a  Cartesian.  He  died  26th  April,  1734, 
aged  86.  His  works,  which  are  numerous, 
but  witliout  depth  or  ingenuity,  consist 
chiefly  of  moral  treatises,  translations  of  the 
fathers,  of  Chrysostom,  Basil,  Ambrose, 
Thomas  a  Kempis — and  versions  of  the  clas- 
sics— a  version  of  las  Casas""  history  of  the 
Indies,  in  four  small  volumes. 

Bellexden,  "William,  a  Scotchman, 
master  of  the  requests  to  James  VI.  and 
hunianity  professor  at  Paris.  In  the  enjoy- 
ment of  literary  ease,  he  devoted  his  time 
to  classical  pursuits,  and  published  some 
learned  works,  called  Ciceronis  princeps, 
1608,  and  Ciceronis  consul,  1612,  dedicated 
to  Henry  prince  of  Wales,  with  treatises  orx 
political  writers,  &c.  His  admiration  of  the 
Roman  orator,  and  of  Seneca  and  Pliny,  was 
further  demonstrated  iu  a  more  comprehen- 
sive work,  "de  tribus  luminibus  Itomano- 
rum,"  the   completion   of  which;  however. 


BE 


BE 


■was  stopped  l»y  death.  Tliis  valuable  trea- 
tise was  edited  in  1787,  witli  all  the  care 
and  homage  which  the  labors  of  an  elegant 
scholar  could  receire  iVom  the  nervous  pen 
ofDr   Parr. 

Bellengeu,  Francis,  a  learned  doctor 
of  the  Sorbornne,  who  translated  Dion)  sius 
of  Ilalicarnassus,  and  also  Herodotus,  of 
uhich  the  copy  was  left  in  MS.  and  among 
other  things,  he  wrote  criticisms  on  Rollin's 
■^vorks,  to  prove  his  ignorance  of  Greek.  He 
vas  horn  in  the  diocese  of  Lisieux,  and  died 
at  Paris  10th  April,  1749,  aged  61. 

Belle T,  Charles,  a  native  of  Querci, 
vhodied  at  Paris  1771.  He  obtained  several 
prizes  at  Marseilles,  Bourdeanx,  and  Rouen, 
and  was  universally  esteemed  foi*  his  learn- 
ing and  benevolence.  His  writings  are, 
I'adoration  Chretienne  dans  la  Devotion  de 
llosaire,  I'Jmo.  1745 — several  pieces  of  elo- 
(juencc — les  droits  de  la  religion  sur  le  cceur 
de  I'honime,  1764,  2  vols.  12mo. 

Bellet,  Isaac,  an  eminent  physician, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  effects  of  the  ima- 
gination on  pregnant  women — a  history  of 
Catiline's  conspiracy,  &c.  He  died  at  Paris 
1778. 

Belltevre,  Pompone  de,  Avas  born  at 
Lyons,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  nego- 
tiator at  the  court  of  Charles  IX.  Henry  HI. 
and  Henry  IV.  but  after  enjoying  the  smiles  j 
and  lavors  of  princes,  as  a  counsellor,  and 
as  chancellor  of  France,  he  was  disgraced 
for  the  introduction  of  Silleri.  He  died  at 
I*aris  9lh  September,  1607,  in  his  78th  vear. 
There  have  florished  of  the  same  family  j 
some  superior  character.s,  the  best  known 
of  whom  was  a  president  of  the  parliament 
of  Paris,  to  whose  humanity  and  charitable 
feelings  the  poor  and  helpless  were  indebted 
for  the  foundation  of  the  general  hospital  of 
Paris, 
and  Holland. 

Belltn,  C4entil,  a  Venetian,  so  eminent 
as  a  painter  that  ^Mahomet  solicited  him  to 
come  to  Constantinople.  He  complied  with 
the  request,  and  adorned  that  capital  with 
the  most  masterly  eftbrts  of  his  pencil.  His 
best  piece  was  the  decollation  of  .lohn  the 
Baptist;  the  skin  of  the  neck  of  which,  how- 
ever, the  grand  signior  censured,  as  i-.ot 
agreeable  to  nature,  and  to  convince  the 
painter,  summoned  a  slave  before  him,  and 
ordered  his  head  immediately  to  be  struck 
off.  This  so  intimidated  Bellin,  that  instead 
of  correcting  the  fault,  he  earnestly  soli?  ited 
his  dismission  He  returned  to  Venice 
loaded  with  presents,  and  died  1501,  aged  80. 

Bellin,  John,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
vas  equally  distinguished  as  a  painter.  He 
vas  one  of  the  first  who  painted  in  oil  ;  a 
secret  which  he  stole  from  Antoine  de  Mes- 
aine,  by  assuming  a  disguised  character.  He 
died  1512,  aged  90. 

Bellin,  James,  a  learned  and  laborious 
pjographical  engineer,  of  I'aris,  who  enrich- 
ed litei-ature  bv  80  valuable  marine  charts, 
by  essays  on  the  geopraphy  of  Great-Bri- 
tain, hie.  He  was  member  of  the  royal  so- 
ciety of  Loudon,  and  dietl  3lst  March,  1772, 
ligcd  $a. 


He   Avas  also  ambassador  in  England 


Bellini,  Laurence,  a  physician  of  Fib* 
rence,  who,  after  studying  at  Pisa,  under 
the  able  direction  of  Oliva  et  Borelli,  was- 
elected  there  professor  of  philosophy,  though 
only  20  years  of  age.  He  ei  joyed  the  patro- 
nage and  friendship  of  the  grand  duke  Fer- 
dinand II.  and  as  an  anatomist  and  physician 
deservedly  acquired  great  celebrity.  His 
works  were  numerous  and  in  Latin,  and 
much  admired.  After  being  thirty  years 
professor,  he  left  Pisa  for  Florence,  where 
he  <lied  January  8,   1703,  aged  60. 

Bellocq..  Peter,  was  valet  de  chambre 
to  Lewis  XIV.  but  better  known  for  his  wit, 
his  physiognomy,  and  his  satirical  wi'itings. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Moliere  and  Racine, 
and  died  4tli  October,  1704,  aged  59,  author 
of  a  poem  on  the  hotel  des  invalides — satires 
— petits  raaitres — nouvellistes,  &c. 

Belloi,  Peter,  a  native  of  Montauban, 
who  espoused  the  cause,  and  wrote  in  favor 
of  Henry  III.  against  the  Guises.  He  was 
advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  and 
was  honored  and  promoted  by  Henry  IV. 
His  writings  are  now  little  known. 

Belloi,  Peter  Laurence  Buyrette  du,  a 
native  of  St.  Flour,  in  x\uvei'gne,  who,  after 
being  educated  by  his  uncle,  who  intended 
him  for  the  bar,  abandoned  his  country,  and 
a  profession  which  he  despised,  and  retired 
to  Russia,  where  he  assumed  the  character 
of  comedian.  He  returned  to  Paris  in 
1758,  and  recommended  himself  to  public 
notice  by  the  tragedy  of  Titus,  and  after- 
wards that  of  Zelmira.  His  most  popular 
piece  was  the  siege  of  Calais,  which  drew 
upon  him  not  only  the  favors  of  the  king, 
but  the  applauses  of  the  nation.  The  magis- 
trates of  Calais  honored  him  with  the  free- 
dom of  their  city,  and  placed  his  portrait 
among  those  of  their  benefactors ;  and  Vol- 
taire paid  the  highest  compliment  to  the 
genius  and  merit  of  the  poet ;  which,  how- 
ever, the  ill-natured  satirist,  after  Belloi's 
death,  either  through  envy  or  insincerity, 
withdrew.  The  success  of  the  siege  of  Calais 
was  followed  by  Gaston  and  Bayard,  inferior 
in  merit,  in  sentiment,  and  composition. 
The  last  pieces  which  he  composed  were 
Peter  the  cruel,  and  Gabrielle  de  Vergi  ; 
but  so  little  were  they  admired,  that  the 
poet's  heart  was  broken  through  disappoint- 
ment ;  he  fell  a  prey  t )  a  lingering  disease; 
and  though  Lewis  XVI.  who  knew  his  merit, 
with  an  exemplary  benevolence  of  heart, 
sent  him  50  louis  d'or,  and  the  comedians 
])romised  their  iniitcd  support  for  his  benefit, 
he  expired  on  the  5th  of  March,  1775,  aged 
48.  The  works  of  Belloi  were  published  by 
Gaillard,  it)  6  vols.  Svo.  with  a  life  and  valua- 
ble annotations.  Though  frequently  happy 
in  noble  sentiments  an<l  fine  strokes  of  na- 
ture, Belloi  sacrificed  simplicity  and  tlje 
true  pathetic  to  unnatural  hai-angues  aiid 
bombastic  ejaculations. 

BuLLONi,  Jerome,  a  banker  at  Rome, 
made  a  marquis  by  pope  Benedict  XIV.  wha 
knew  and  esteemed  his  merit.  He  wrote 
an  essay  on  commerce,  printed  1750,  and 
often  re-edited,  and  translated  into  Englishi^ 
German,  and  French,    lie  died  1760, 


BE 


BE 


Bei-I-ORI,  John  Peter,  celebrated  as  an 
inti(Hiaii:tii,  was  lioni  al  Hoimc,  aul  <lii<l 
l(jijG,  agtti  SO.  lie  was  cliief  liltrariati  lo 
«iueen  (,  lirisliiia.  His  writiiis^s,  wliicli  :ire 
.in  I'J  tli ill' r flit  |tuljlic;iti(iiis,  are  v:ilti:il>lc'  ami 
curious  tor  tlic  iulorioation  m  liicli  lliey  con- 
tain on  the  antiiiuitics,  monuments,  fccc.  of 
Rome  and  Italy.  I'lii'  most  known  are,  ex- 
plication des  medallions  rares  dn  cabinet  <!u 
cartlinal  Campej^ue,  4to. — Ics  vies  des  pein- 
tres,  arcnlteetes,  et  sculpteurs  moderiies, 
167'2,  4lo. — description  des  tableaux  peinls 
par  Raphael  au  >  alican,  ll>95,  4bl.  inc. 

liEi.i.o  rn,  Peter,  an  historical  painter, 
born  at  Venice.  Ilis  portraits  v  ere  also 
much  admired.     He  dieil  1700,  aged  75, 

liEi.MCCi,  Anthony,  a  painter,  born  at 
Venice,  Ifi.S-i.  He  was  disciple  to  Dominico 
Defmico,  and  was  employed  in  the  service  of 
the  emperor  Joseph,  anil  afterwards  of  the 
elector  I'alatine. 

Bei-on,  Peter,  M.  D.  was  horn  in  tlic 
Maine,  and  travelled  into  .fudea,  (ii-eece, 
and  Arabia,  of  w  Inch  ])laces  he  published  an 
interesting  account.  His  other  works  were 
on  birds,  tishes,  bcc.  all  equal!}  valuable.  He 
•was  assassinated  from  motives  of  resentment, 
near  Paris,  1504,  in  his  4Gth  year. 

Belot,  John  de  Blois,  an  advocate  of 
Paris,  who,  in  1 037,  wrote  an  apology  for 
the  Latin  tongue,  to  prove  the  impropriety 
©fusing  the  French  in  learned  works.  He 
was  advocate  to  the  privy  council  of  Lewis 
XIV. 

Belsunce,  Henry  Francis  Xavier  de, 
descended  from  a  noble  family  in  Guienne, 
•was  of  the  society  of  the  Jesuits,  and  became 
bishoj)  of  Marseilles  in  1709.  His  name  is 
immortalized  by  tiie  humanity  of  his  conduct, 
for,  during  the  dreadful  plagite  which  rava- 
ged the  city  of  Marseilles  in  17*20,  he  was 
seen  running  from  street  to  street  to  adminis- 
ter relief  and  consolation  to  the  afllicted,  as  a 
physician,  a  magistrate,  and  as  a  spiritual 
guide.  In  the  town-hall  of  the  city  he  is  rep- 
resented with  all  tlie  amiable  features  belong- 
ing to  his  character,  as  bestowing  his  bcne- 
<}iction  on  some  poor  wretches  wlioarc  lying 
at  his  feet.  So  exemplary  a  conduct  drew 
upon  him  the  love  of  the  people  an<l  the  fa- 
vors of  his  sovereign  ;  hut  the  good  bishop  re- 
fused the  more  elevated  rank  of  the  diocese 
of  Laon  in  Picard}-,  offered  him  by  Lewis 
XV.  observing,  that  Marseilles  was  dear  to 
liim  by  habit,  as  well  as  by  calamity.  He 
Avas  honored  by  the  pope  with  the  pallium, 
vhich  is  never  granted  but  to  an  archbishop, 
but  the  highest  reward  was  the  applause  of 
the  good,  and  a  tranquil  conscience.  He  died 
in  1755,  mourned  as  lie  deserved.  He  foun- 
ded a  ollege  at  Marseilles  for  benevolent 
purposes,  that  still  bears  his  name.  His 
V  ritings  were  chiefly  pastoral  instructions — 
a  history  of  the  bishops  of  Marseilles — the 
life  of  mad.  de  Foix  Cfindale,  8:c  Aninter- 
esfting  and  elegant  accontit  of  the  piague  and 
of  the  humanity  of  Beisunce  was  written  by 
Bertrand, 

Belus,  founder  of  the  Babylonian  mo- 
uarchy,  1322  U.  C.  was  made  a  god  by  his  sou 
and  successor  Xinus. 


Belyn",  a  British  prince,  who  is  said  to 
have  served  under  the  famous  Caractacus. 
His  father's  name  was  Cynvelyn. 

Belyn  o  i.EY.v,  a  British  chief,  illustri- 
ous lor  his  vigoi-ous  resistance  against  tlic 
attacks  of  Kdwin,  iti  02O.  As  he  and  his  f(jl- 
lowers  bound  tliemselves  close  together  with 
tlie  bridles  and  tetters  of  their  horses,  they 
were  called  the  golden  baiideil  tribes,  and  af- 
terwards wore  a  golden  band  as  the  insignia 
of  thtrir  rank. 

liEMUo,  Peter,  a  noble  Venetian,  whose 
father  was  governor  ofUavenna.  He  stmlied 
at  Florence,  Ferrara,  and  in  Sicily  ;  and  he 
notonh  acquired  the  ease  and  delicacy  of  the 
Tuscan  language,  but  he  imbibed  a  higher 
taste  than  his  conteniporaries  for  the  litera- 
ture of  Greece.  He  was  drawn  from  the  re- 
tirement wdiich  he  loved  to  be  the  secretary 
of  pope  Leo  X.  in  1518;  but  ill  health  oI>liged 
him  to  remove  from  Rome  to  Padua,  and  af- 
terwards to  Venice.  His  services  to  tlie  holy 
see  were  rewarded  by  Paul  IH.  who  raised 
him  to  the  rank  of  cardinal,  and  made  liim 
bishop  of  Bergamo,  where  he  died,  20tli 
January,  1547,  aged  77,  from  a  contusion  re- 
ceived on  his  side  against  a  wall,  while  on 
horseb^'ck.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
Minerva.  An  epitaph  was  written  over  iiis 
grave  by  his  son  Torquato,  and  a  marble  sta- 
tue was  erected  to  his  honor  at  Padua  by  his 
friend  Jerome  Quirini.  Bembo's  lite  has  been 
written  by  de  la  Casa.  His  writings  consist 
of  letters — a  history  of  Venice  in  12  books — 
speeches — the  life  of  (iui  Ubaldi  de  .Monte- 
feltro  duke  of  Urbino,  all  in  Latin  Of  his 
poetical  pieces,  only  one  is  in  Italian.  His 
style  is  elegant  and  correct,  though  frequent- 
ly he  affects  too  much  of  the  Ciceronian ; 
but  the  subject  of  his  poetry  is  too  often  in- 
delicate, and  it  must  be  shocking  to  the  ears 
of  virtue  to  understand  that  a  cardinal  could 
write  in  a  manner  that  w ovdd  have  disgraced 
the  most  profligate  debauchee. 

Beme,  or  Besme,  a  domestic  of  tbe  Gui- 
ses, so  called  because  a  Bohemian  by  birth. 
His  real  name  was  Charles  Dianowitz.  He 
murdered  Coligni,  and  was  rewarded  by  the 
cardinal  de  Lorraine  with  the  hand  of  one 
of  his  illegitimate  daughters.  Berae  was  af- 
terwards seized  by  tbe  protcstants  at  Sain- 
tonge  in  1575,  and  killed  by  his  keeper, 
whom  he  attempted  to  shoot,  in  order  to  es- 
cape frn;n  confinement. 

Benn  AVI  DIG,  Marcus  Mantua,  a  lear- 
ned law  professor  of  Padua,  highlv  honored 
by  Charles  V.  and  Pius  IV.  He  died  28th  of 
March  1582,  aged  93.  His  writings  were 
collectanea  superjus  Caisarum,  ^'enice  1583, 
fol. — vitie  virorur.i  illustrium,  Paris  15G4, 
in  4to. 

Bexbow,  John,  an  English  seaman,  who 
fought  a  most  desperate  engagement  in  the 
Meiliterranean,  against  an  African  corsair, 
and  for  his  great  gallantry  was  invited  to  the 
S[)anisli  court  by  (yhaides  II.  who  not  only 
loiided  liim  with  presents,  but  recommended 
him  to  James  II.  This  high  distinction  in- 
troduced Benbow  into  tbe  English  na^T, 
where  after    the    rcvfdutiou  his  skill    and 


BE 


BE 


bravery  were  employed  in  the  protection  of 
commerce,  and  in  the  blockading  and  bom- 
barding the  French  ports.  The  activity 
^vhich  he  every  wliere  dispK^yed,  was  deser- 
^ug  of  the  higliest  favors,  he  was  raised  to 
the  rank  of  a  vice  admiral,  and  with  a  squad- 
ron under  i»is  command  he  Mas  sent  bv  king 
"William  to  tlie  West  Indies,  where  his  cou- 
rage and  good  conduct  were  so  conspicuous  as 
lo  call  forth  the  commendation  of  the  com- 
mons, whilst  they  censured  the  object  and 
views  of  his  e:v]»edition.  In  a  second  voyage 
to  the  West  Indies,  he  fell  in  with  the  Frencb 
fleet  under  du  (.asso  near  St  Martha's  on 
tlie  Spanish  coast,  which  he  pursued  and  at- 
tacked with  liis  usual  bravery  ;  bnt  the  me- 
rit of  Bcabow  did  not  animate  his  men,  his 
oificers  refused  to  do  theii'  duty,  and  the  ad- 
miral wlio  h''.d  lost  a  leg  in  the  engagement, 
■was  thus  dishonorably  robbed  of  a  most  glo- 
rious victory.  On  his  arrival  in  Jamaica, 
Benbow  arrested  Itis  cowardly  officers,  but 
their  punishment  could  not  check  the  rapid 
powers  of  disease.  The  admiral  was  ex- 
hausted by  the  severity  of  his  wound,  and 
more  by  a  bi'oken  heart  occasioned  by  the 
cowardice  of  his  fleet ;  he  fell  a  prey  to  a 
consumptive  disoi'der,  and  died  4th  Nov. 
1702,  aged  about  52. 

Benbow,  John,  son  of  the  admiral,  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Madagascar, 
the  same  year  that  his  father  died  in  the 
West  Indies.  A  long  residence  among  the 
rude  natives,  much  altered  his  manners, 
so  that  when  at  last  he  returned  to  his  coun- 
try by  escaping  on  board  a  Dutch  ship,  his 
friends  found  no  longer  tlie  liveliness  and 
case  which  they  had  admired,  but  a  melan- 
choly and  habitual  taciturnit}'.  He  died  sev- 
i-ral  years  after  his  return  in  privacy.  He 
did  not  write,  as  was  generally  supposed,  an 
account  of  his  stay  at  Madagascar,  but  the 
barren  journal  v.hich  he  kept  was  acciden- 
tally burnt  at  his   brother's  lodgings  in  1714. 

Buxcr,  or  Bencio,  Francis,  author  of  a 
poem  on  the  death  of  the  five  martyrs  of 
Lis  society  in  India,  and  of  other  poems  and 
orations,  was  a  Jesuit  in  Italy,  and  the  disci- 
ple of  Muretus.     He  died  at  Rome  1594. 

Benda,  George,  a  native  of  Altbenadky 
in  Bohemia,  master  of  the  chapel  of  the 
duke  ofSaxeGotha.  In  1778  he  settled  at 
Hamburgh,  and  afterwards  went  to  Vienna, 
and  then  returned  to Gotha,  where  he  was  re- 
warded for  his  musical  talents  with  a  pension, 
and  where  he  died  1795,  aged  74.  His  three 
brothers  were  like  himself  eminent  as  musi- 
cians, and  his  sister  also  married  a  musician. 
He  wrote  some  pieces  for  the  harpsichord, 
but  of  all  his  oom{)Ositions  produced  on  the 
stage  liis  Ariadne  in  the  isle  of  Xaxos  is  the 
most  deservedly  admired. 

Bexdish,  Bridget,  wife  of  Thomas  Ben- 
dish,  esq.  was  daughter  of  general  Ireton, 
and  grand-daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell, 
whom  she  resembled  in  aftected  piety,  dress, 
deep  dissimulation,  and  personal  arrogance. 
After  managitig  her  salt  works  at  South  town 
in  Norfolk  witli  all  the  labor  and  fatigue  of 
llic   most    !aeui;d  servant,    she   sometimes 


spent  her  eviening  at  the  public  assembly  at 
Yarmouth,  where  a  princely  behaviour,  and 
the  assumption  of  dignified  manners,  ensu- 
red her  the  respect  and  admiration  of  her 
neighboui-s.  This  remarkable  woman  who 
in  public  life  might  have  required  some  ce- 
lebrity by  her  self-command  and  the  strong 
powers  of  her  mind,  died  in  retirement 
1  ~-l7 ^  revering  the  memory  of  her  grand- 
fatlier  as  a  hero  and  a  saint. 

Bexdlowes,  Edward,  a  man  of  educa- 
tion and  property,  who  after  studying  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge  travelled  over  the 
greatest  part  of  Europe,  and  on  his  return 
home  became  the  Mecoenas  of  the  age.  Po- 
ets, musicians,  bufi'oons,  and  flatterers  sha- 
red his  favors,  and  reduced  him  from  an  in- 
come of  700  or  1000/.  a  year  to  almost  po- 
Vt-rtv  ;  and  after  a  long  residence  at  Oxford 
he  died  there  18th  Dec.  1686,  aged  12,.  Ho 
wrote  himself  some  poetical  pieces,  and  was 
the  friend  of  Davenant,  Payne,  Fisher,  &c. 
He  was  inclined  to  popery,  though  age  pro- 
duced an  alteration  in  his  religious  senti- 
ments. 

Benedetto,  le,  or  Benedict  Castigli- 
one,  a  native  of  Genoa,  known  as  the  pupil 
of  Pagi,  Ferrari,  and  Vandyke,  and  eminent 
as  a  painter  of  historical  pieces,  but  espe- 
cially markets  and  animals.  His  best  pieces 
are  in  his  native  city,  though  he  resided  at 
Rome,  Naples,  Florence,  Venice,  and  Par- 
ma. His  touch  is  very  delicate,  and  in  the 
clear  obscure,  his  success  is  wonderfully 
great.  He  was  also  an  engraver,  lie  died 
at  Mantua,  1670,  aged  54. 

Benedict,  St.  a  native  of  Italy,  whore- 
tired  at  the  age  of  14,  to  Sublaco  40  miles 
from  Rome,  and  devoted  his  life  to  the  most 
penetential  austerities,  in  a  cave  far  from 
the  conversation  of  mankind.  So  much  se- 
verety  did  not  pass  unnoticed,  he  was  sur- 
rounded by  crowds  of  admirers,  and  Bene- 
dict become  a  saint,  built  twelve  monasteries, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  society  of 
Benedictines,  so  famous  in  Europe.  His 
regula  monachorum  is  the  only  authentic 
book  he  wrote.  He  died  about  the  year 
542  or  547,  aged  67.  His  life  has  been  writ- 
ten by  Gregory  the  great  with  a  long  ac- 
count of  pretended  miracles. 

Benedict,  a  famous  abbot  of  the  7tli 
century,  of  a  noble  Saxon  family.  He  not 
only  devoted  himself  to  the  services  of  reli- 
gion, but  introduced  into  England  great  im- 
provements, in  architecture,  with  the  polite 
arts,  from  the  continent.  He  founded  two 
monasteries,  and  introduced  chanting  in 
choirs  in  678,  and  was  canonized  for  his  sanc- 
tity after  death. 

Benedict  I.  pope,  surnamed  Bonosus, 
succeeded  John  III.  574,  and  Mas  active  and 
humane,  during  the  calamities  inflicted  by  a 
famine,  and  by  the  invasion  of  the  Lombards. 
He  died  30  July  578. 

Benedict  II.  succeeded  Leo  II,  in  tlie 
papal  chair,  684.  and  died  8th  May,  685. 

Benedict  III.  a  Roman  ecclesiastic,  made 
pope  855,  after  the  death  of  Leo  IV.  He 
was  opposed  by  the  antipope  Anastasius,  and 


BE 


BE 


(lied  10th  March,  858.  Tlie  rcimi  of  jjopc 
Joan  is  placed  between  the  death  of  Leu  and 
the  succession  ol  tlie  3(1  IJencilicl,  hut  though 
the  story  is  supported  l)y  some  authors,  it  is 
discredited  hy  many,  who  assort  thattlie  pa- 
pal scat  was  only  v;u:iMt  four  da}s  between 
the  death  of  Leo  and  the  election  of  JJe- 
ne/lict. 

Uenedict  TV.  succeeded  John  IX.  and 
died  October,  003,  after  a  reign  of  three 
years. 

Benedict  V.  vas  elected  in  901,  in  o])- 
position  to  Leo.  VIll.  His  short  reign  was 
stormy,  and  ho  was  carried  to  i^Iani burgh  by 
the  emperor  Otho,  who  favored  his  rival. 
He  Avas  in  conse«juence  abandoned  hy  his 
subjects,  and  he  died  5th  July,  965. 

Bf. NKDICT  VJ.  a  Jionian  ecclesiastic, 
made  pope  after  John  Xlll.  972.  He  was 
strangled  in  prison  by  his  rival  the  antipope 
.Bonifaco,  two  years  after. 

BcxEDiCT  VII.  successor  to  Douus  II. 
075,  died  10th  July,  0S3. 

Benedict  VIII.  bishop  of  Porto,  suc- 
ceeded Sergius  IV.  1012.  He  -was  oppo- 
sed by  Gregory,  but  his  cause  was  warmly 
espoused  by  the  cmperoi*  Henry  II.  who 
came  in  person  to  Rome  and  Avas  ci'owned, 
with  his  wife  Cuncgonde,  by  the  hands  of  the 
sovereigu  pontiff".  On  that  occasion  the  pope 
presented  to  the  emperor,  an  apple  of  gold, 
enriched  with  two  circles  of  jcAvels  crossed, 
surmounted  with  a  cross  of  gold.  To  the 
arts  of  the  politician  Benedict  united  the  va- 
lor of  the  warrior,  and  defeated  and  utterly 
exterminated  the  Saracens  who  had  invaded 
Italy,  1016.  He  also  defeated  the  Greeks 
who  had  ravaged  Apulia,  and  died  10th  Julv, 
10i24. 

Benedict  IX.  though  only  12  years  old, 
ascended  the  papal  throne  after  John  XIX. 
1033,  supported,  by  the  power  of  Alberic, 
duke  of  Tusculum,  his  fiither,  who  had  in- 
sured his  election  by  his  gold.  The  Romans, 
displeased  with  his  debaucheries,  obliged 
him  to  abdicate,  and  after  various  attempts 
to  secure  his  independence,  he  sold  his  ho- 
nors as  he  had  purchased  them,  and  retir- 
ed to  a  monastei'v,  where  he  died  1054. 

Benedict  X.  antipope,  was  placed  in  St. 
Peter's  chair  105 S,  by  a  number  of  factious 
Komans ;  but  his  election  was  disputed,  and 
Nicolas  II.  was  appointed  in  his  I'oom.  He 
died  18th  January,  1059. 

Benedict  XI.  Nicolas  Bocasin,  son  of  a 
shepherd,  was  I'aised  to  the  papal  chair  after 
Boniface  VIII.  1303.  He  was  poisoned  by 
some  seditious  cai'dinals,  wlio  caused  him  to 
he  presented  with  a  bason  full  of  beautiful 
figs,  of  which  he  eat  immoderately,  and  died 
soon  after,  6th  July,  1303. 

Benedict  Xll.  James  de  Nouvcau,  sur- 
named  the  Baker,  because  his  father  was  of 
that  trade,  was  doctor  of  Paris,  and  cardi- 
nal, and  was  tJected  1334,  after  John  XXII. 
Considering  himself  incapable  of  the  office, 
lie  told  the  cardinals  who  had  unanimously 
elected  him,  you  have  chosen  an  ass.  His 
conduct,  however,  was  dignified  anil  firm, 
rmne  inclined  to  maiutaiu  the  autUoritv  of 


his  situation  than  enrich  his  family.  He  died 
at  Avignon,  universally  respected,  ^ilh  A- 
pril,  1342. 

Benedict  XIH.  was  born  at  Rome  of  the 
noble  family  of  the  IJrsini,  and  took  the  ha- 
bit of  the  Dominicanu  of  A'enice,  and  was 
bishop  of  Macedonia  and  Benevento.  He 
nan-owly  escaped  ])orishi!ig  by  an  earlh- 
(juako,  which  proved  fatal  to  the  people  of 
lionevento,  and  demolished  his  palace,  16SS. 
Ho  was  oloctod  jtope  172(,  anil  confii-mod  iii 
a  full  syiirxl  the  famous  bull  unigciiitus,  atid 
approved  the  opinion  of  the  'i'iiomists  on 
grace  and  predestination.  He  died  2lst  Teb- 
ruary,  17.30,  aged  81. 

Benedict  XIV.  a  native  of  Bologna,  of 
the  family  of  the  Ijamhoitini.  Ho  Mas  made 
titular  archbishop  of  I'heodosia  1724,  a  car- 
dinal 1728,  and  in  1731  archbishop  of  Bo- 
logna. On  the  death  of  Clemtnt  XII.  in 
1740,  the  conclave  was  held  in  suspense  du- 
rmg  five  months,  by  the  prevalence  of  two 
opposite  factions,  and  Lambortini,  by  a  fa- 
cetious sally,  drew  the  sufirages  of  44  mem- 
bers in  his  favor,  and  thus  secured  the  elec- 
tion. Why  sj)end  so  much  time  ?  exclaimed 
he.  If  you  wish  to  elect  a  saint,  place  Gotti  in 
the  chair — if  apohtician,  Aldrovandi — but  if 
you  wish  a  good  companion,  choose  me.  Thus 
raised  to  power,  he  showed  himself  a  friend 
to  reform,  zealous,  vigilant,  impartial,  and 
moderate.  As  he  had  cultivated  leaiMiing, 
he  was  the  munificent  patron  of  learned 
men,  and  liberally  encouraged  the  fine  arts. 
He  died  8th  INIay,  1758,  aged  83,  and  Avas 
succeeded  by  Clement  XIII.  His  Avorks 
were  published  in  6  vols,  folio. 

Benedictus,  Alexander,  an  Itidian  ana- 
tomist, about  1425,  author  of  some  Latin 
treatises  on  liis  profession,  printed  together 
at  Ye*iice,  in  1  vol.  fol.  1535,  and  also  at 
Basil. 

Benefield,  Sebastian,  D.D.  an  English 
divine,  born  at  Prestbury,  Glocestershire, 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  and  ap- 
pointed Margaret  professor  of  divinit)-.  He 
died,  aged  59,  1 C30,  at  jMeysey  Hampton, 
Glocestershire,  of  which  place  he  v  as  rec- 
tor. He  was  fond  of  retii-ement,  and  exem- 
plary for  piety  and  integrity.  His  Avorks  are 
learned,  and  all  on  theological  subjects.  He 
Avas  strongly  attached  to  Calvin's  opifiions. 

Benezet,  St.  a  shepherd  of  Vivarais, 
who  pretended  to  be  inspired  to  build  the 
bridge  of  Avignon.  He  died  1184.  Only 
four  arches  remain  of  the  19  of  this  once  fa- 
mous bridge. 

Bexezet,  Anthony,  a  man  Avho,  after 
engaging  in  a  mercantile  line,  and  in  the  bu- 
siness of  a  cooper,  at  last  devoted  himself  to 
the  education  of  youth,  an  oitice  av  hich  he 
discharged  with  tlie  most  scrupulous  atten- 
tion, aiid  from  the  most  humane  motives. 
He  was  author  of  "  a  caution  to  Great  Bri- 
tain and  her  colonies,  1767,"  *'  an  historial 
account  of  Guinea,  Avith  an  inquiry  on  the 
slave  trade,"  he.  in  1772,  in  Svo.  HisAvhoIe 
life  was  employed  in  acts  of  charity,  and  his 
death  therefore  was  universally  lamented. 
Several  hundred  negroes  allcudcd  his  fane- 


BL 


BE 


Tfti,   anJ  an  American  officer  wlio  had  been  j 
engaged  in  the   continental    war,  returning 
Irom  his  funeral,  exclaimed,   that  "  he  had 
rather  be  Anthony   Benezet  in   that  cofiiii, 
than  George  Washington  uilli  all  his  gior} ." 

Be^:hadad  1.  king  of  Damascus,  or  Sy- 
ria, B.  C.  940,  attacked  Israel,  and  took  Dan 
and  Napthali  at  the  instigation  of  Asa,  king 
of  Judu. 

Ben  HAD  AD  II.  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  9U0  B.  C  laid  siege  to  Samaria, 
and  was  defeated  at  last  by  Ahab  king  of  Is- 
rael, who  treated  liim  with  humanity.  He 
afterwards  defeated  Ahal),  and  slew  him.  In 
Ills  old  age  he  sent  Hazael  his  minister  to 
consult  Elisha  the  jjrophet,  whether  the  sick- 
ness with  M  hich  he  was  afflicted  should  prove 
fatal.  The  perfidious  minister  at  his  return 
stifled  his  master  and  ascended  on  his  throne. 

Benjiadau  hi.  succeeded  his  father 
Hazael  8oG  B.  G.  He  was  defeated  and 
ruined  bj'  .losiah  king  of  Judah. 

Be  XI,  Vaul,  a  native  of  the  island  of  Gan- 
glia, white  under  the  power  of  the  Vene- 
tians. He  Avas  professor  of  Padua,  and  is 
known  by  his  opposition  to  the  della  crusca 
academy  at  Florence,  whose  dictionary  he 
censured,  and  whose  opinions  he  refuted,  in 
his  defence  of  Tasso  and  Ariosto,  the  first  of 
-whom  he  compared  to  Virgii,  and  the  latter 
to  Homer.  He  wrote  also  some  treatises  on 
the  pastor  fulo  of  Guarini,  and  besides  these, 
•^vhicli  were  in  Italian,  he  composed  several 
works  in  Latin,  all  collected  in  5  vols,  folio, 
1022,  Venice.     He  died  I2th  July  1625. 

Benjamin,  the  youngest  of  Jacob's  12 
sons,  was  born  of  Ilachel  about  1738.  B.  G. 
and  was  tenderly  loved  not  only  by  his  father, 
but  also  by  his  own  brother  Joseph.  The 
history -of  these  two  brothers  in  the  bible  is 
particularly  striking,  and  pathetic.  He  died 
in  Egypt,  aged  111  years.  Ttie  tribe  of 
Benjamin  was  almost  totally  exterminated  in 
consequence  of  the  violence  offered  to  the 
•wife  of  a  Levite  of  the  town  of  Gilboah,  and 
only  600  men  survived  the  dreadful  slaugh- 
ter. 

Benjamin,  a  rabbi  of  Tudcia  in  Navar- 
re, who  travelled  over  all  the  world  to  ex- 
amine the  synagogues  and  ceremonies  of  his 
nation.  He  published  a  cui-ious  account  of 
liis  travels,  which  was  printed  at  Gonstanti- 
nople  in  8vo.  1543,  and  translated  into  French 
by  I.  Ph.  Baratier,  2  vols.  8vo.  1704,  and  into 
English  by  Gerrans.     He  died  1173. 

Benini,  Vincent,  a  native  of  Gologna, 
■who  practised  physic  at  Padua.  He  had  a 
press  in  his  house,  where  he  printed  good 
editions  of  eight  classic  authors.  He  was 
author  also  of  Latin  notes  on  Gelsus — obser- 
vations in  Italian,  an  Alamanni's  poem  called 
Culture,  and  a  translation  of  Fracastorius' 
Syphilis.     He  died  1764,  aged  51. 

Benivieni,  Jerome,  a  poet  of  Florence, 
>vho  aspired  to  rise  to  tl»e  elegant  style  and 
melodious  diction  of  Dante  and  Petrarch. 
His  poems,  which  were  chiefly  on  divine 
love,  were  highly  esteemed.  His  private 
character  was  very  amiable.  He  died  1342, 
aged  89,  and  dcsirtjd  to  be  buried  iu  the  same 


grave  with  his  friend  the  well-known  Jolm 
Pico  de  Mirandola.  His  works  appeai'ed  at 
Florence  1519,  8vo. 

Bexnet,  Henry,  earl  of  Arlington  was 
born  1018.  He  was  educated  at  Ghrist 
Ghurch,  Oxford,  and  strongly  esiwused  the 
royal  cause  during  the  civil  wars.  He  i*e- 
tired  afterwards  to  the  continent,  and  was 
knighted  at  Bruges,  by  Gharles  11.  who  em- 
ployed him  as  his  minister  at  Madrid,  and 
after  tlie  restoration  as  his  secretary  of  state. 
His  abilities  were  fully  equal  to  the  impor- 
tant office,  and  it  reflects  no  small  credit  on 
his  integrity  tliat  though  he  was  one  of  the 
five  ministers,  Gliflbrd,  Ashley,  Buckingham, 
Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  denominated 
from  their  initials,  cabal,  he  did  not  enter 
into  their  views,  nor  supyjort  the  scheme 
which  they  formed  to  render  the  monarch 
absolute.  TJie  war  with  Holland,  which  had 
been  undertaken  by  the  perfidious  intrigues 
of  the  courtiers  now  drew  forth  the  indigna- 
tion of  the  people,  and  Bennet,  now  earl  of 
Arlington,  found  that  Lauderdale  and  Buck- 
ingham exonerated  themselves  by  throwing 
the  popular  odium  upon  their  late  coadjutor. 
Their  accusation  however  proved  abortive, 
Arlington  defended  himself  before  the  com- 
mons, and  he  was  acquitted  by  a  small  ma- 
jority. After  serving  the  king  12  years  as 
secretary,  Arlington  retired  upon  the  indo- 
lent ofiice  of  chamberlain  ;  and  though  no 
longer  in  possession  of  the  favoi's  of  the  ca- 
pricious Charles,  he  was  yet  employed  as  a 
negotiator  with  the  prince  of  Orange  ;  but 
he  was  unsuccessful  in  his  endeavors  to  pro- 
cure a  general  peace.  He  died  July  ?Sth, 
1G8.».  His  only  child  Avas  a  daughter  mar- 
ried to  the  duke  of  Grafton.  In  his  general 
character  Arlington  is  described  by  Burnet 
as  a  proud  man,  but  his  abiUties  were  so 
strong,  and  at  the  same  time  so  versatile, 
that  he  was  the  onl}'  person  who  could  man- 
age with  success  the  king's  temper.  He  was 
a  papist  in  religion,  though  when  in  power 
he  inveighed  with  bitterness  against  the  Ro- 
man catholics. 

Bennet,  Dr.  Thomas,  born  7th  May 
1673,  was  educated  at  the  grammar-school 
of  Salisbury,  his  native  city,  and  passed  to 
St.  John's  college,  Gambi'idge.  In  1700  he 
accidentally  preached  a  funeral  sermon  on 
his  friend  Mr.  John  Rayne,  rector  of  St. 
James,  Golchester,  and  so  highly  was  his 
discourse  applauded,  that  the  parishonei'S 
petitioned  Gompton  bishop  of  London  to 
appoint  him  to  the  vacant  beneflce,  a  request 
which  was  liberally  granted.  His  exertions 
in  his  new  situation  were  great  and  success- 
ful, he  Mas  followed  as  a  popularpreacher  for 
several  years,  till  the  other  churches  of  the 
town  were  at  last  filled  with  ministers  of  abi- 
lities, and  the  charms  of  novelty  vanished, 
and  an  income  of  nearly  300/.  a  year  w^as  re- 
duced to  60/.  Upon  this  he  removed  to 
London,  where  his  abilities  and  his  popu- 
larity procured  him  tlie  chaplancy  of  Chel- 
sea hospital,  and  afterwards  tlie  lectureship 
of  St.  Olave,  Southwark,  and  the  vicarage 
of  St.  Giles,  Ciipplegate,  worth  neat  500/.  a 


i5E 


hi. 


VMr.  He  (lied  of  an  apoplexy  at  London, 
October  Dili,  IT'2H.  lie  was  author  of  seve- 
ral sermons,  religious  antl  politic  at  tracts,  an 
essay  on  the  39  articles,  hic.  and  u  llehiew 
grammar. 

Ben  NET,  Christopher,  a  native  of  So- 
mersetshire, educated  at  Lincoln  ci)llet;e, 
Oxford,  and  distinj^nished  as  a  jjhysician  and 
laendjcr  of  the  collet^e  of  physicians  in  Lon- 
don, lie  wrote  several  treatises  on  medical 
subjects,  particularly  Tahidorum  theatruni, 
sen  Phthibicos,  Sic.  \enodochiuin,  iinc.  trans- 
lated into  Lnglish  1720,  and  died  April,  1055, 
aged  about  ;)S. 

l$ENNEr,  Robert,  B.  D.  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  made  rector  of  Waddesden, 
Bucks,  by  lord  \\'harton,  from  which  he 
vas  ejected  for  non-conformity  1002.  He 
afterwards  had  a  i)rivate  congregation  at 
Aylesbury  and  at  Ucailing,  at  which  last 
l)lace  he  died  1087.  He  wrote  the  theologi- 
cal concordance  of  synonimous  words  in 
scripture. 

Benoit,  Elie,  a  protestant  minister  of 
Paris,  who  lied  to  Holland  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  became  pastor 
of  Delft.  He  ded  1728,  aged  SS.  He  wrote 
several  works  held  in  high  esteem,  especially 
Jiis  historic  de  I'edit  de  Nantes,  5  vols.  4i.o. 
1093.  Of  the  lady  whom  he  married,  he 
lias  given  a  most  disagreeable  picture,  re- 
presenting her  as  morose,  avaricious,  inso- 
lent, and  for  47  years  the  disturber  of  his 
repose. 

Benoit,  fatlier,  a  learned  Maronite, 
Lorn  at  Gusta,  in  Phcenicia.  He  was  early 
sent  to  Rome,  and  educated  among  the  JMa- 
ronites,  and  afterwards  he  became,  under 
the  patronage  of  Cosmo  III.  Hebrew  pro- 
fessor at  Pisa.  At  the  age  of  44  he  was  ad- 
mitted among  the  Jesuits,  and  died  at  Rome, 
i2'2d  September,  1742,  aged  80.  He  Mas  the 
editor  of  the  works  of  Ephrem  Syrus,  3 
vols.  fol. 

Benserade,  Isaac  dc,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Lyons,  near  Roan.  Early  deprived 
of  his  father,  he  had  to  struggle  with  po- 
verty, and  he  gave  up  the  little  property  to 
■which  he  was  entitled,  rather  than  to  main- 
tain his  riglit  by  a  lawsuit.  His  vvit  and  his 
poetical  talents  soon  however  rendered  him 
popular  ;  he  w  as  noticed  by  Richelieu,  to 
■whom,  according  to  some,  he  was  related, 
and  a  pension  was  settled  upon  him.  After 
the  death  of  Riclielieu,  he  attached  himself 
to  the  fortunes  of  the  duke  de  Breze,  who 
patronised  him,  and  so  highly  was  he  es- 
teemed at  court,  tliat  he  was  named  as  en- 
voy to  Christina,  ([ueen  of  Sweden,  an  em- 
ployment however  which  he  did  not  under- 
take. As  a  poet  his  talents  were  great,  and 
his  name  becanie  popular,  and  for  a  time  he 
divided  the  applauses  of  the  town  with  the 
celebrated  Voiture.  His  rondeaux  on  Ovid 
are  his  worst  performance.  In  the  last  part 
of  his  life  he  retired  from  the  court  to  Gen- 
tally,  where  he  employed  himself  in  works 
of  piety,  and  translated  almost  all  the 
psalms.  He  was  so  afRicled  with  the  stone, 
that  he  reluctantly  submitted  to  the  opera- 
tion of  cutting  ;  hut  the  sui'geon  putictuving 


an  arter}',  ran  away  instead  of  checking  thg- 
eflusion  of  blood,  and  the  unforLunaie  dh- 
tient  soon  alti  i*  ex[»ired  in  the  ai-m;,  of  hii 
fi-iend  and  confessor  Conmire,  October  19th, 

loyo. 

Benson,  George,  a  dissenter,  horn  ut 
(ireat  Salkeld,  Cumberland,  Septembec 
1099.  After  being  educated  under  Dr. 
Dixon,  at  \\  hilehaven,  and  at  the  university 
of  (ilasgow,  he  assumed  the  ministerial  cha- 
racter in  London,  aiifl  went  to  icsidc  for  se- 
ven years,  as  pastor  of  a  dissenting  congre- 
gation at  Abingdon,  Berks.  He  removed  in 
1729  to  Southwark,  and  in  1740  he  became 
the  associate  of  Dr.  Lardner,  at  Crutclied 
Eriars.  He  particularly  devoted  his  time  to 
the  study  of  the  sacred  writings,  and  follow- 
ing the  example  of  Locke,  he  directed  his 
labors  to  elucidate  scripture,  and  published 
a  paraphrase  and  notes,  on  several  of  St. 
Paul's  epistles.  He  wrote  beside.s  the  life 
ol'  Christ — a  defence  of  the  reasonableness  oE 
prayer — tracts  on  persecution — an  history 
of  the  planting  of  Christianity,  from  the 
epistles  and  acts  of  the  apostles,  in  two  vols. 
4to.  a  work  replete  with  taste,  judgment, 
and  erudition,  and  which  procured  him  aii 
honorable  degree  by  diploma  from  Scotland^ 
and  letters  of  kindness  and  acknowledg- 
ment from  the  fu'st  divines  of  tlie  age^ 
Hoadley,  Herring,  Butler,  Conybear,  &c. 
He  died  1703,  in  his  04th  year.  His  post- 
humous works  appeared  1704,  in  4to. 

Bent,  John  Van  de^  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, who  studied  under  Vandervelde 
aiid  Wouvermans,  and  died  1090,  aged  40. 
His  landscapes  are  particularly  esteemed. 

Bentham,  Tiiomas,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, made  fellow  of  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, 1540,  an  office  which  he  lost  during^ 
the  tyrannical  reign  of  Mary.  On  Eliza- 
beth's accession  his  merits  were  rewarded 
with  the  bishopric  of  Lichfield  and  Coven- 
try. He  was  autlior  of  an  exposition  of  the 
acts  of  the  apostles,  and  translated  into 
English  some  of  the  books  of  the  old  testa^- 
nient.     He  died  1578. 

Bentham,  Edward,  canon  of  Christ 
church,  was  born  at  Ely  23d  July,  1707,  and 
as  his  father,  v  .lO  was  a  clergjman,  had  a 
numerous  faip.y,  he  was  by  the  advice  of 
dean  Smalri  ge,  educated  at  Christ  Church 
school,  anc'  afterwards  admitted  of  Corpus- 
He  was  for  a  little  time  vice  principal  of 
Magdalen-hall,  and  in  731  he  was  elected 
fellow  of  Oriel,  and  13  years  after  he  was 
preferred  to  a  stall  in  Hereford  cathedral, 
in  this  situation  he  maintained  the  same  cha- 
racter of  application  and  integrity  which  he 
had  supported  iu  the  university,  and  introdu- 
ced ngularity  and  economy  in  the  atiairs  of 
the  cliapter. '  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Fanshawe 
he  was  nominated  by  the  king  to  the  divinity 
chair  at  Oxford,  a  respectable  ofHce  whiclx 
he  accepted  with  great  reluctance.  His  lec- 
tures in  this  new  appointment  were  learned 
and  instructive,  tliey  were  delivered  three 
times  a  week,  during  term  time,  and  the 
course  continued  one  year.  In  liis  private 
character  Dr.  Bentiiam  Avas  reserved,  though 
his  manners  were  amiable,  and  his  conduct 


BE 


BE 


mild,  pious,  and  benevolent.  He  published 
some  single  sermons  and  also  tracts,  and  he 
was  preparing  an  answer  to  Gibbon's  ob- 
jectionable chapters,  when  he  died  in  his 
t>9th  year,  1st  August,  1776.  He  was  buried 
in  Christ  Church  cathedral. 

IJextham,  James,  M.  A.  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  educated  at  Ely  school,  and 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  he  became 
prebendary  of  Ely  in  exchange  for  North- 
wood  rt'ctory,  and  in  1783,  rector  of  Bow- 
brick-hill,  Bucks.  His  office  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  his  native  place,  engaged  his  atten- 
tion to  cluirch  architecture,  and  he  enriched 
t;cclesiastical  literature  by  the  publication  of 
"  the  history  and  anlifjuities  of  the  church  of 
Ely,  from  the  foundation,  675  to  1771,"  in 
4to.  As  a  further  specimen  of  his  re- 
searches, it  was  his  intention  to  give  an  his- 
tory of  ancient  architecture  in  the  kingdom, 
but  the  avocations  of  a  busy  life  prevented 
the  completion.  To  his  patriotic  exertions 
it  is  to  be  observed  that  the  island  of  Ely 
owes  many  of  its  improvements.  By  his 
spirit  of  perseverance,  against  clamor  and 
vulgar  prejudice,  turnpike  i-oads  were  made, 
travelling  was  rendered  easy,  and  the  un- 
fruitful lands  of  that  part  of  the  kingdom 
■were  converted  into  valuable  fields  by  drain- 
ing. He  died  I7th  Novembei',  1794,  aged  86. 

Bentinck,  Wdliam,  first  earl  of  Port- 
land, M-as  descended  from  a  noble  family  in 
Holland.  When  the  prince  of  Orange  was 
seized  with  the  small-pox,  it  was  recom- 
mended by  his  physicians  that  he  should  re- 
ceive the  warmth  of  a  young  person  Avith 
him  in  the  same  bed.  Bentinck  cheerfully 
offered  himself,  and  consequently  caught  the 
disease  in  a  violent  degree,  but  the  pains  and 
the  danger  to  which  he  submitted  were  am- 
ply repaid  by  the  favor  and  friendship  of  the 
prince.  William  brought  him  with  him  to 
England,  raised  him  to  the  peerage,  and 
granted  him  lands  in  Denbighshire,  which 
were,  on  the  representation  of  the  parlia- 
Tnent,  exchanged  for  other  grants.  The 
earl,  faithful  to  his  principles,  served  the 
king  in  various  offices  civil  and  military, 
and  attended  him  in  his  last  moments.  He 
died  1709,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster- 
abbey. 

Bentivogmo,  Guy,  was  born  at  Fer- 
rara,  1579,  and  studied  at  Padua.  His  ad- 
dress and  intrigues  i)roduced  a  reconciliation 
between  two  factions  which  laid  claim  to  the 
sovereignty  of  Ferrara  after  the  death  of 
duke  Alfonso,  and  so  highly  were  his  services 
valued  by  the  Roman  pontiff  that  he  was 
made  chamberlain  of  the  palace,  and  after- 
wards employed  as  nuncio  to  Flanders  and 
in  France,  dnd  at  last,  in  1621,  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  cardinal.  His  popularity  was  so 
great  that  ho  probably  would  have  succeeded 
to  St.  Peter's  chair,  on  tlie  death  of  pope 
Urban  VII.  had  he  not  been  attacked  by  a 
violent  disease;  produced  by  his  attendance 
on  the  conclave  during  the  intense  heats  of 
the  summer  ;  so  that  in  consequence  of  want 
of  I'cst  for  11  successive  nights,  he  expired 
September  7th,  1644,  in  liis  6r»ih  year.   The 


most  known  of  his  works  are  his  history  of" 
the  civil  wars  of  Flanders — an  account  of 
Flanders — and  letters  and  memoirs. 

Bentivogt.io,  Hercules,  an  illustrious 
native  of  Bologna,  esteemed  and  employed 
by  his  relation  Alfonso  duke  of  Ferrara.  He 
distinguished  himself  also  as  a  poet,  and 
Avrote  satires,  sonnets,  comedies,  &ic.  Jie 
died  at  Venice,  1583. 

Be  NT  LEY,  Richard,  son  of  a  mechanic  of 
Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  became  eminent  as  a 
critic  and  a  divine.  He  was  of  Saint  Jolin's, 
Cambridge,  where  his  great  abilities  soon  re- 
commended him  to  public  favor  and  to  the 
friendship  of  Stillingfleet,  wliose  son  he  at- 
tended as  tutor  to  Wadham  college,  Oxford. 
The  first  specimen  of  his  literary  fame,  was 
his  lectures  on  Boyle's  foundation,  in  Avhich 
he  displayed  great  powers  of  mind,  support- 
ed by  the  profound  philosophy  of  Newton 
and  the  clear  reasoning  of  Locke,  on  the  be- 
ing and  power  of  a  God.  The  public  admi- 
ration on  this  performance  recommended 
the  author  to  the  place  of  librarian  at  Saint 
James's,  and  this  situation,  whilst  it  pro- 
duced a  quarrel,  gave  at  the  same  time  rise 
to  a  long  celebrated  controversy.  Mr.  Boyle, 
son  of  lord  Orrery,  had  obtained  the  use  of  a 
MS.  from  the  library  to  complete  the  edi- 
tion of  "  the  epistles  of  Phalaris,"  which  he 
was  then  going  to  publish,  and  when  Bentley 
demanded  the  book  sooner  than  was  expec- 
ted, the  request  was  considered  as  anaffi-ont, 
and  a  war  of  Avords  arose  which  drew  forth 
on  both  sides  the  most  briUiant  and  spirited 
exhibition  of  Avit,  criticism,  and  erudition 
ever  before  known.  On  the  death  of  J)r. 
Montague,  1700,  Bentley  was  raised  to  the 
mastership  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
an  high  and  respectable  situation  which  liis 
learning  and  abilities  deserved,  and  soon  af- 
ter, his  preferment  was  increased  by  the 
addition  of  the  archdeaconry  of  Ely,  a  bene- 
fice in  the  island,  and  the  office  of  chaplain 
to  the  king.  His  prosperity,  however,  was 
not  without  its  attendant  evils.  In  the  go- 
vernment of  his  college  Bentley  was  arbi- 
trary and  severe,  and  his  fellows  complained 
to  the  bishop  of  Ely  the  visitor,  and  charged 
him  among  other  crimes  with  embezzling 
the  money  of  the  college,  an  accusation 
which  created  the  most  virulent  contentions 
in  the  society,  and  which,  at  last,  after  20 
years'  continuance,  established  the  innocence 
of  the  master.  As  divinity  professor  he  like- 
wise exposed  himself  to  the  obloquy  of  the 
university;  he  refused  to  admit  without  the 
fee  of  four  guineas,  several  persons  to  the 
degree  of  doctor,  agi'eeable  to  a  mandate  of 
George  I.  when  he  visited  Cambridge,  for 
which  measure  he  was  suspended  and  de- 
graded, by  the  university.  An  appeal  was 
made  to  the  king  in  council,  and  the  mattei' 
was  referred  to  the  judges  of  the  kiitg's 
bench,  who  reversed  the  proceedings  against 
him,  and  directed  his  honorable  restoration 
to  his  dignities.  During  these  unhappy  strug- 
gles Bentley  preserved  his  unshaken  firm- 
ness of  mind,  and  his  time  was  devoted  to 
the  advancement  of  science,  and  to  laborious 


BE 


BE 


criticism.     His  editions  of  Terence,  Hor.ice, 
Phiedrus,  Milton's  i)iu;ulise  lost,  fcic.  evince 
tlie  great  powers  of  his  mind,  and  tlie  most 
extensive  acquaintance  with  classical  litera- 
ture.    After  nearly  ton  yrars  of  gradual  de- 
cay, this  super:  jr  scholar  ilied  at  the  college, 
1-ith  July,  ir-i'i,  aged  80,  aud  was  buried  in 
the  chapel,  to  which   he  was  a  lil)eiul   bene- 
factor.    In  his  private  character  Ur.  Hrntlev 
was  hospitable,  warm  in  his  friendship,  and 
respected  i\qM  beloved  as  the  master  of  a  fa- 
mily.    He   left   three    children.     His  son  of 
the  same  name  was  educated  under  him  at 
Trinity.     Elizabeth  his  eldest  daughter  mar- 
ried, I7i2r,  sir  Humphry  Kidge,  and  Joanna 
married   the  eldest  son  of  bishop  Cuniber- 
land.     J)r.    Bentley  also  published   a    Laiin 
epistle  to  Dr.  Mill,  with  critical  observations 
on  John  Malala's  chronology,  16'Jl,  and  an 
answer  to  Collins' discourse  on  i'vec  thinking. 
Ben  r LEY,  'J'homas,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding,  was  autlior  of  *'  the  wishes,"  a  co- 
medy, which  was  represented  at  Drury-lane 
JTOl,  but  withdrawn  in  1782,  from  some  ap- 
parent  allusions  to  party  politics.     He  also 
■wrote  Piiilodaraus,  a  tragedy,  and  a  satirical 
poem  called  patriotism.     He  died  1782. 

Benvenuti,  Charles,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Leghorn,  and  made  mathematical  professor 
at  liome.  He  was  author  of  an  abridgment 
of  philosophy — dissertation  upon  liglits — re- 
flections on  Jesuitism,  &c.  On  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Jesuits  he  retired  to  Warsaw, 
and  died  1789,  aged  73. 

Benwell,  William,  an  able  divine,  and 
elegant  scholar,  born  at  Cavershara,  Oxford- 
shire, in  17G5.  From  Reading  school,  where 
his  abilities  were  fostered  by  the  judicious 
care,  and  directed  by  the  clasical  taste,  of  his 
brother-in-law,  Di-.  Valpy,  he  entered,  in 
1783,  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  In  the  uni- 
versity the  same  ardent  application  continu- 
ed to  mark  his  progress,  and  his  labors  as  a 
Latin  poet  were,  in  1785,  rewarded  by  the 
chancellor's  prize.  The  subject  was  the 
plundering  of  liome  by  Alaric,  and  it  was 
treated  with  great  judgment,  and  with  all 
the  energy  of  description,  and  the  majestic 
dignity  of  the  Mantuan  bard.  Two  years 
after  ne  obtained  another  prize  for  anEng- 
lish  essay,  "  on  what  arts  the  moderns  have 
excelled  the  ancients,"  in  which  he  displayed 
deep  research  and  correctness  of  judgment, 
in  a  style  chaste  and  elegant.  The  same 
year  he  entered  into  orders,  and  in  1787  took 
his  master's  degree,  and  in  1790,  was  elected 
fellow  of  his  college,  where  he  gained  the  re- 
spect of  the  society,  as  an  active  and  well  in 
formed  tutor.  In  1794  he  obtained  the 
living  of  Hale  Magna  in  Lincolnshire,  which 
lie  soon  resigned  for  Chilton  in  Suftblk.  In 
June  1790,  he  married  the  eldest  daughter 
of  J.  Loveday,  esq.  of  Caversham,  and  11 
■weeks  after  this  amiable  and  deservedly  re- 
spected character  was  borne  to  his  givive. 
He  resided  at  Milton,  Wilts,  and  during  a 
contagious  fever  which  raged  in  the  village, 
from  his  great  benevolence  of  heart,  he  exert- 
ed himself  in  aftbrding  consolation  to  the  poor 
sufferers,  and  unhappily  caught  the  infection. 


VOL.  I. 


no 


which,  after  ten  days,  proved  fatal,  Clh  Sept. 
1790.  He  was  buried  at  Caversham,  where 
in  the  church  a  small  tablet,  in  modest  lan- 
guage, records  his  virtues.  At  his  death  Mr. 
Benwell  was  engaged  in  publi->hiiig  Xeno- 
phon's  memorablia,  of  which  the  half  wa3 
alreauy  printed.  As  a  polite  and  classical 
scliol.arhis  name  must  stand  high,  as  a  divine 
the  simplicity  of  his  discourses  made  its  way 
to  the  heart  of  his  hearers,  by  his  zeal,  hi» 
earnestness,  and  his  eloquence,  aided  by  the 
most  powerful  recommendati'jn  of  his  exem- 
plary conduct  and  benevolent  manners.  As 
a  j)Oct  he  rose  to  the  eminence  of  genius  and 
originality,  and  though  he  wrote  little,  yet; 
the  few  pieces  which  have  appeared  in  print, 
and  those  which  are  preserved  in  the  hands 
of  his  friends,  exhibit  him  expressing  the 
true  merit  and  the  majestic  graces  of  the 
muse.  Had  he  lived  longer,  literature  would 
have  been  more  highly  enriched  b}  his  pro- 
ductions, religion  would  have  been  adorned 
by  his  persuasive  eloquence,  and  his  power- 
ful example,  and  the  world  beneiited  by  the 
exertions  of  his  charity,  his  benevolence,  and 
philanthropy. 

Benyowsky,  Count  Mauritius  Augustus 
de,  magnate  of  Hungary  and  Poland,  was 
boin  1741,  at  Verbowa  in  the  Hungarian  pro- 
vince of  Nittria.  He  embraced  early  the 
profession  of  arras,  and  manifested  those 
strong  powers  of  mind  which  shone  with, 
such  peculiar  lustre  in  the  midst  of  liis  dan- 
gers f:nd  misfortunes.  After  serving  in  the 
imperial  armies,  he  at  last  joined  the  confe- 
deration of  the  Polish  nobles,  to  withstand 
the  encroachment  of  foreigners.  He  accep- 
ted a  high  command  in  the  army,  and  in  his 
military  capacity  he  distinguished  himself 
against  the  Russians  in  various  skirmibhes, 
with  unparalleled  bravery  and  success,  till 
several  wounds  disabled  him,  and  he  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  enemy.  The  triumph  of 
the  Russians  was  great,  in  possessing  the  per- 
son of  so  indefatigable  an  adversary;  but  in- 
stead of  respecting  his  misfortunes,  tliey  in- 
sulted his  fate,  and  with  shocking  barbarity 
they  loaded  him  with  irons,  and  confined 
him  in  a  prison,  where  the  dead  carcasses  of 
his  companions  in  misery  poisoned  the  air, 
and  threatened  a  pestilential  contagion.  If 
he  was  so  fortunate  as  to  escape,  it  was  to 
fall  again  under  the  power  of  his  persecutors, 
and  to  add  to  his  sutFerings,  he  was  hurried 
away  through  the  deserts  of  Siberia  to  Kam- 
schatka,  where  he  found  himself  an  insulted 
exile  and  degraded  prisoner  on  tlie  3d  Uec. 
1770.  He  did  not,  however,  sink  under  his 
confinement;  in  this  distant  retreat  he  form- 
ed the  design  of  escaping,  and  so  highly  was 
his  character  of  bravery  and  heioism  respec- 
ted, that  even  the  daughter  of  Mr.  >{i!oD, 
the  governor  of  the  place,  consented  to  share 
his  fortunes,  and  to  assist  him  in  his  esca])e. 
Alter  being  nearly  discovered,  he  succeeded 
i'j  his  attemnts;  he  made  himself  master  of 
^•^mschatka  by  forr..-  and  stratagem,  and  ac- 
^'Ompanied  by  86  faithful  followers  and  nine 
^^'oraen,  among  \.  ^;om  was  his  fair  protector, 
he  sailed  on  the  lUhMay,  1771,  from  the 


BE 


BE 


ijarbor,  an  J.  passing  by  the  island  of  For- 
mosa and  the  coast  of  China,  he  reached, 
17th  Sept.  the  i>oit  of  Macao,  from  whence 
he  departed  for  Europe  in  a  French  vessel. 
He  no  sooner  landed  in  France,  than  he  was 
encouiagod  by  the  French  court  to  form  a 
settlement  in  the  island  of  Madagascar,  and 
as  he  silently  aspired  to  the  honor  of  found- 
ing a  colony  at  Formosa,  when  poor  and  for- 
saken, he  now  eagerly  embraced  the  propo- 
sal,  antl  on 'i-Jd  March,   1773,  after  a  resi- 
dence of  scarce  seven  months  in  Europe,  he 
set  sail  for  Africa.     His  great  genius  might 
liavc  surmounted   all  difficulties  in  his  new 
t  stablishmcnt,  in  the  midst  of  barbarous  un- 
civilized nations;  butBenyowsky  had  to  con- 
tend M  ith  more  dangerous  advers^aries,  with 
the  envy  and  malice  of  favorites,   courtiers, 
and  governors,  who  thwarted  his  views  and 
opposed  his  career  of  glory.     It  is  scarce  to 
he  wondered  that  in  those  disappointments 
and  provocations,  he  forgot  his  allegiance  to 
ll)e  French  monarchy-     He  considered  him- 
self as  an   independent  sovereign,   and  the 
power  which  he   had  acquired  by  his  valor, 
and  by  his  insinuating  manners   among  the 
barbarians  of  Madagascar,  Avas  consolidated 
by  the  stronger   cement  of  popularity,   and 
the  aftection   of  the   natives.     On   the  11th 
October  he  left  this  rising  settlement  forEu- 
1  ope,  that  he  might  increase  his  connection, 
and  form  reciprocal  alliances  with  the  more 
polished  nations  of  the  north,  but  though  he 
oftered   his  friendship  and   services  succes- 
sively to   the   courts   of  France,   Germany^ 
and  England,   and   claimed  their  support  as 
tlie  independent  sovereign    of  Madagascar, 
his  offers  were  disregarded,  and  he  embark- 
ed again  for  Africa,   l4th  April,  17S4,  from 
Ij')ndon,  accompanied   by  his  family   and    a 
number  of  settlers.     His  return  to  Madagas- 
car was  not  followed  by  those  happy  conse- 
quences, which  the  friends  of  virtue  and  hu- 
manity could  wish.     He  attacked  a  French 
settlement,  and   the  governor  of  the  isle  of 
France  sent  a  small  force  to  oppose  his  pro- 
gress.    Benyowsky  met  his  invaders  with  his 
usual  bravery,  but  his  adherents  were  few 
and  timid,  and  tlie  hero,  abandoned  by  the 
SO  natives  that  were  with  him,  and  assisted 
only  by  two  Europeans,  found  himself  over- 
})owered,  and  a  ball  having  struck  him  on 
the  right  breast,  decided  the  fortune  of  the 
<lay.     He  fell  behind  the  pai'apet,  but  his  in- 
human enemies  dragging  him   by  the  hair, 
saw  him  expire  ir  a  few  minutes  after,  23d 
May,  1786. 

Benxei.ii'S,  Eric,  an  obscure  native  of 
AVest  Gothland,  who,  after  a  good  educa- 
tion, became  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  chan- 
cellor of  Sweden,  and  by  his  influence  rose 
to  ecclesiastical  dignities  and  the  archbishop- 
lic  of  Upsal.  He  was  author  of  the  lives  of 
the  patriarchs,  and  translated  the  bible  into 
the  Swedish  language.  He  died  1709,  aged 
67. 

Bexzio,  Trifone,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
at  Assiso.  Deformed  in  person,  he  com- 
pensated for  the  unkindness  of  nature,  by  a 
lively    disposition,  agreeable  manners,   ami 


the  most  fascinating  powers  of  conversatioji. 
Hia  integrity,  and  the  amiableness  of  his 
manners,  were  such,  that  he  was  called  the 
Socrates  of  Rome,  He  wrote  poems  in  La- 
tin and  Italian,  which  are  preserved  in  the 
collections  of  Pallavacini,  Gruter,  and  Vac- 
chi.     He  died  about  1570. 

Beoteo,  Angelo,  a  poet  born  at  Pa- 
dua, and  surnamed  Ru^zante.  He  directed 
his  whole  attention  to  copy  the  manners  of 
tlie  vulgar,  and  he  is  peculiarly  happy  in  his 
descriptions  of  rustic  simplicity  and  gro- 
tesque drollery.  His  principal  pieces  are 
la  Vaccaria — la  Moschetta,  &c. — He  died 
1542. 

Berauld,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
in  the  iGth  century,  preceptor  to  the  Co- 
lignys,  and  famous  for  great  learning,  and 
for  his  acquamtance  with  Erasmus  and 
other  learned  men.  He  compiled  a  Grceco 
Latin  Lexicon.  His  son  Francis  was  also 
eminent  as  a  scholar,  and  quitting  the  catho- 
lic tenets,  became  principal  of  the  colleges 
of  Montargis  and  Rochelle. 

Berchet,  Peter,  a  French  painter,  who 
died  1720,  aged  61.  He  is  known  in  Eng- 
land for  several  ingenious  pieces,  and  as  the 
painter  of  the  cieling  of  Trinity  college  cha- 
pel, Oxford. 

Bercheur,  Peter,  a  Benedictine,  who 
died  1362.  He  is  known  as  the  translator 
of  Livy,  by  order  of  John,  king  of  France, 
&c.  in  which  office,  it  is  remarkable,  that  he 
invented  and  introduced  various  words, 
which  are  now  of  good  authority  in  the 
French  language  A  MS.  of  this  his  work  is 
preserved  in  the  Sorbonne. 

Berengarius,  Jacobus,  a  surgeon  of 
Carpo,  the  first  Av-ho  cured  the  venereal  dis- 
temper by  mercurial  ointment.  His  success 
in  this  disorder  procured  him  both  fame  and 
money,  and  he  grew  so  insolent  that  he 
wrote  in  a  contemptuous  style  to  the  pope 
and  to  the  king  of  Spain,  who  invited  him 
to  practise  at  their  courts.     He  died  1527. 

Berenger,  archdeacon  of  Angers,  main- 
tained that  the  bread  and  wine  used  in  the 
sacrament  were  not  the  real  body  and  blood 
of  Christ,  but  merely  human  food,  of  Avhich 
the  communicants  partook  by  faith.  These 
tenets  which  had  been  before  supported  by 
John  Scotus  Erigena,  and  were  afterwards 
m:iintained  by  the  Sacramentarians,  were 
violently  opposed  by  Lanfranc,  and  Beren- 
ger was  condemned  at  Paris  and  at  Rome, 
but  though  he  was  convpelled  to  make  a  pub- 
lic recantation,  he  died  1088,  firmly  attach- 
ed to  his  oi)inion. 

Berenger  I.  son  of  Eberard  duke  of 
Friulo,  caused  himself  to  he  declared  king 
of  Italy  in  8'J3.  His  pretensions  were  op- 
j)03ed  by  Guy,  duke  of  Spoletto,  who  twice, 
defeated  him,  but  the  support  of  Arnolph 
king  of  Ciermany,  confirmed  him  in  his 
power,  though  again  attacked  by  Lambert, 
tlie  son  of  his  old  rival,  and  by  Lewis  Bosou 
king  of  Aries.  Prosperity  for  20  years 
seemed  now  to  attend  him,  and  he  had  the 
interest  to  ])rocure  himself  to  be  crowned  \n 
915,  emperor  of  Germany,   but  lUs  rival. 


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Hodolpli,  king  of  lliirgundy,  at  last  prevail- 
ed against  him,  and  id  the  dreadful  hattle  of 
Placentia,  lJercn;<i'r  was  defeated  'J'J'J,  and 
two  years  after  cruelly  assassiiiat<!d.  His 
only  <iaui;htor,  (Jillette,  became,  by  Albert 
marquis  of  Vvre,  mother  of  lierenfjer  11. 
who  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Italy  in 
1)50.  He  was  defeated  by  the  emi)«;ror  Olho, 
who  had  at  first  espoused  his  cause,  but  now 
made  war  against  him,  and  he  was  sent  to 
Germany,  where  he  ilied  9G6. 

Berengek,  Feeler,  a  disciple  of  Abelard, 
who  supported  his  doctrines  in  a  severe 
*' Apology"  ;igain3t  Saint  Bernard. 

Berenice,  daughter  of  Agrippa,  king 
of  .ludea,  married  her  uncle  Herod,  and 
aftei'wards  Polemon  king  of  Cilicia.  She 
afterwards  lived  in  incestuous  adultery  with 
her  brother  Agrippa,  and  was  so  much  loved 
by  Titus,  that  he  would  have  declared  her 
empress,  if  not  prevented  by  the  fear  and 
indignation  of  the  Uoman  people. 

Berenicius,  a  curious  ciiaracter,  who 
appeared  in  Holland  in  1670,  and  maintain- 
ed himself  by  grinding  knives,  and  sweep- 
ing chimneys.  His  abilities  were  such  that 
he  could  repeat  by  heart  Horace,  Virgil, 
Homer,  Aristophanes,  Cicero,  Pliny,  &c. 
and  he  was  besides  well  versed  in  all  modern 
languages,  and  could  ti*anslcte  passages  ex- 
tempore from  gazettes  into  Greek  and  La- 
tin verse.  He  was  at  last  suffocated  in  a  bog 
into  which  he  had  fallen  when  in  a  state  of 
intoxication.  The  Georgarchoniomachia  is 
attributed  to  him.  It  is  generally  sTipposed 
that  he  was  an  expelled  Jesuit. 

Beret  IN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Cortona,  in 
Tuscany,  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  honored 
by  pope  Alexander  VIT.  and  by  Ferdinand 
if.  He  succeeded  best  in  great  subjects,  and 
vhiefly  excelled  in  the  grace  and  expression 
of  his  heids.  His  private  character  was 
amiable.  He  died  of  the  gout  16C9,  in  his 
73d  year. 

Berg,  Matthias  Vanden,  a  paintei",  who 
was  disciple  of  Rubens.  He  was  born  at 
Ypres,  and  died  1087,  aged  72. 

Bergamo,  James  Philip  de,  an  Augus- 
tine monk,  born  at  Bergamo,  1434,  author 
of  a  Latin  chronicle  of  the  world,  from  the 
creation  to  his  own  time. 

Berghem,  Nicolas,  a  painter  of  Haer- 
lem,  who  died  there  1G83,  aged  59.  Though 
blamed  for  hasty  execution,  his  designs  are 
great,  and  the  most  minute  things  show 
equal  perfection  with  the  most  principal 
figures.     His  landscapes  are  highly  finished. 

Bergier,  Nicolas,  historiographer  of 
Finance,  is  known  as  the  learned  author  of 
the  history  of  the  great  roads  of  the  Roman 
empire,  first  printed  1622,  and  again  in  1792, 
two  vols.  4to.  He  died  15th  September, 
1623,  and  his  sou  published  his  unfinished 
liistory. 

Bergier,  Nicolas  Sylvestei-,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, born  at  Darnay,  in  Franche  comte. 
He  became  principal  of  the  college  of  Besan- 
con,  professor  of  theology,  and  canon  of 
Paris  cathedral,  and  he  might  have  risen  to 
higlier   preferment,    but   when   oftercd    an 


abbey,  he  answered,  **  I  am  already  rich 
enough."  His  manners  were  amiable,  and 
his  cliaracter  ii-reproacliable.  He  died  at 
Paris  9th  April,  1790.  He  is  author  of  a 
refutation  of  the  svslem  of  nature,  2  vols. 
12mo. — Deism  self-confuted,  2  volh.  12nio  — 
Evidences  of  Christianity,  2  vols. — and  other 
learned  and  valuable;  works. 

Beugler,  Etiennc,  a  learned  German 
critic  of  the  1 8th  century.  He  greatly  con- 
tributed to  the  journal  of  Lti[)sic,  and  wrote 
some  valuable  notes  on  Aristophanes  insert- 
ed in  the  Leyden  edition  1760,  besides  com- 
mentaries, ice.  He  went  to  Turkey,  and 
there  abjured  his  religion  lor  Mahometan- 
ism,  and  died  there. 

Bergman,  Torbern,  a  native  of  Cathc- 
rineburg,  educated  at  Upsal,  and  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  medicine  and 
chemistry.  He  was  the  friend  of  Linnaius, 
and  gave  him  a  collection  of  i)on-descrii)t  in- 
sects, one  of  which  the  philosopher  called 
by  the  name  of  Bergman.  In  1761,  his 
abilities  rccommende<l  him  to  tlie  chair  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  at  Up- 
sal, and  in  1767,  to  that  of  chemistry.  His 
labors  were  usefully  employed  in  investiga- 
ting the  secrets  of  nature,  he  discovered  the 
properties  of  fixed  air,  made  experiments 
on  the  regulus  of  manganese,  the  earths 
ponderosa  and  magnesia,  and  other  mineral 
substances.  Among  his  many  publication-j 
are  a  treatise  on  electric  attractions,  and  a 
theory  of  the  earth  ;  and  he  was  also  one  of 
those  employed  to  observe  the  transit  of 
Venus  in  1761.  He  was  made  rector  of  Up- 
sal university,  and  died  soon  after,  17.S4. 

Berigard,  Claude,  a  native  of  Mou- 
lins,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Pisa  and  Pa- 
dua. He  died  at  Padua  of  an  umbilical 
hernia,  1663,  in  his  85th  year.  His  works 
are  on  philosophy,  consisting  of  circulus 
Pisanus,  Florence  1641,  4to. — dubitationcs 
indialogum  Galilrei  pro  terrae  iinmobilitate, 
1632,  4to. 

Bering,  Vitus,  a  professor  at  Copenha- 
gen in  the  17th  century,  historiographer  to 
the  king,  and  eminent  as  a  Latin  poet.  His 
works  are  much  admired. 

Bering,  ^  itus,  a  Danish  navigator,  com- 
modore in  the  service  of  Russia.  He  was 
sent  by  Peter  I.  in  1728,  with  some  ships  to 
explore  the  north  coasts  of  America,  but  it 
was  only  in  a  third  voyage,  made  in  1741, 
that  he  discovered  any  thing  remarkable. 
His  sliip  struck  on  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Kamtschatka,  and  while  repairing  the  da- 
mages sustained  there,  he  died  in  the  place. 
The  island  and  the  straits  still  bear  Ids 
name. 

Berkeley,  Dr.  George,  a  native  of 
Kilcrin  in  Ireland,  deservedly  celebrated  for 
his  writings.  He  was  educated  at  Kilkenny 
school  and  Dublin  college,  and  early  recoHi- 
mended  himself  to  public  favor  by  the  supe- 
rior powers  of  his  mimi.  Though  from  the 
tenor  of  some  of  his  sermons  he  was  falsely 
styled  a  Jacobite,  he  however  was  introduced 
to  queen  Caroline,  and  his  opinions  and  con- 
versation  were  courted   by   men  of  all  pai*- 


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ties.  By  the  recommendation  of  Swift,  lie 
accompanied  as  chaplain  lord  Peterboroii.a;h, 
ambassador  to  the  king  of  Sicily,  and  after- 
vards,  when  disappointed  in  his  expecta- 
tions of  preferment,  he  spent  four  years  on 
the  continent  as  tutor  to  the  son  of  Dr.  Ashe, 
bishop  of  Clogher.  ])nring-  liis  travels 
through  Apufia,  lie  comtnunicatcd  some  in- 
genious observations  on  tlie  tarantula  to  Dr. 
J'Veind,  and  he  made  some  valuable  collec- 
tions for  a  natural  history  of  Sicily,  which 
unfortunately  for  tlie  world  were  lost  on  his 
Vapsage  to  Naples.  Soon  after  his  return  to 
London,  in  1/21,  he  went  as  chaplain  with 
the  duke  of  Grafton,  viceroy  of  Ireland,  and 
•\vhiie  courted  by  the  great  and  the  learned, 
lie  found  his  fortune  increased  by  a  legacy  of 
about  4000/.  from  the  celebrated  Vanessa, 
who  repaid  the  coldness  or  cruelty  of  Swift, 
hy  bestowing  her  property  on  his  more  de- 
serving friends.  In  1724,  he  was  made  dean 
of  Derry,  but  in  the  midst  of  his  easy  for- 
tune and  respectable  connections,  he  formed 
the  wild  scheme  of  erecting  a  college  in  the 
Bermuda  islands,  for  the  conversion  of  the 
savage  Americans  to  Christianity  ;  but 
though  he  was  supported  by  the  patronage 
of  the  king,  and  the  influence,  zeal,  or  pre- 
tended piety  of  the  minister,  with  the  pro- 
mise of  a  grant  of  10,000/.  and  ably  seconded 
'  hy  men  of  abilities  who  followed  jjis  fortunes, 
he  proved  the  abortion  of  his  hopes,  after 
residing  nearly  two  years  at  Newport  in 
America,  and  he  returned  disgusted  and 
disappointed  to  England.  He  was  raised  to 
the  see  of  Cloyne  in  173.5,  and  12  years 
after,  he  refused  the  offer  from  lord  Ches- 
terfield of  a  translation  to  Clogher.  After 
discliarging  the  high  duties  of  his  office  with 
all  the  decorum  and  sanctity  of  a  primitive 
bishop,  he  came  to  reside  in  1752  at  Oxford, 
in  quest  of  literary  retirement,  as  well  as  to 
superintend  the  education  of  his  son  ;  but 
tlie  prospects  of  human  life,  alas!  are  short; 
on  the  14lh  of  tlie  following  January  he  was 
seized  with  a  palsy  of  the  heart,  whilst  his 
lady  was  reading  a  sermon  to  him,  and  so 
suddenly  and  calmly  did  he  expire,  that  his 
daughter  only  discovered  while  presenting 
him  a  cup  of  tea  that  he  was  no  more.  He 
%vas  buried  in  Oxford  cathedrjil,  and  Dr. 
IVIarkham  wrote  his  epitaph.  His  ])rivate 
character  was  truly  great  and  exemplary, 
so  that  Pope's  panegyric  is  far  from  mis- 
applied in  attributing  "  To  Berkley  every 
virtue  under  heaven."  As  a  scholar  and 
philosopher  the  bishop  of  Cloyne  ranks 
high.  His  theory  of  vision,  published  1709, 
nvid  his  principles  of  human  knowledge, 
1710,  and  diidogties  between  Hylas  and  Phi- 
lonous,  171.3,  in  opposition  to  sceptics  and 
atheists,  display  gi-eat  vigor  of  thought, 
strength  of  i-easoning,  and  subtle  argumcn- 
t:^tioi).  H'^  wrote  besides  sermons,  the  mi- 
ntite  i)}iilosoj)]ifcr,  2  vols.  8vo.  1732,  a  mas- 
terly  perff)rman<c,  in  dialogues,  after  Pla- 
to's in:irmc:* — some  mathematical  disquisi- 
tions— Siris,  a  learned  and  curious  ir.quiry 
concerning  the  virtues  of  tar-water,  174t, 
a  work  which  he  said  cost  him  more  labor 
than  any  of  his  pcrforraanccs.  See.  &;c. 


Berkeley,  George,  L.  It.  D.  second 
son  of  the  bishop  of  Cloyne  by  Anne  daugh- 
ter of  John  Forster,  speaker  of  the  Irish 
house  of  commons,  Avas  born  in  Grosvenor- 
street,  London,  28th  September  1733,  and 
after  being  under  the  care  of  his  father,  he 
entered  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He 
v.as  honorably  patronised  by  archbishop 
Seeker,  who  revered  the  memory  of  his  il- 
lustrious father,  and  together  with  the  livings 
of  St.  Clement's  Dane,  London,  and  Tys- 
hurst  church,  Sussex,  he  obtained  the  chan- 
cellorship of  Brecknock,  and  a  prebendal 
stall  in  Canterbury  cathedral.  He  married 
Eliza,  daughter  of  the  reverend  Heniy 
P'insham,  descended  from  the  Cherrys  of 
Shottesbrook,  Berks;  and  supported  a  vir- 
tuous and  amiable  chai'acter  in  public  and 
private.  He  died  January  6,  1795,  and  was 
buried  in  the  same  vault  with  his  father.  He 
wrote  some  single  sermons,  one  of  which,  oa 
Charles'  martyrdom,  has  gone  through  six 
editions ;  and  a  volume  was  published  after 
his  death  by  his  widow. 

Berkeley,  George,  earl  of,  privy  coun- 
sellor of  Charles  H.  was  descended  from 
Robert  Fitzharding,  of  the  royal  family  of 
Denmark.  He  was  author  of  historical  ap- 
plications, and  occasional  meditations  on  se- 
veral subjects,  written  by  a  person  of  honor, 
12mo.  1670,  a  book  of  great  merit.  He  left 
a  valuable  collection  of  books  to  Sion  college, 
and  died   1698. 

Berkeley,  Sir  William,  of  the  same 
family  Jts  the  preceding,  distinguished  him- 
self as  vice-admiral  of  the  white  in  the 
dreadi'il  engagement  with  the  Dutch,  2d 
June  1666,  when  he  led  the  van  into  the 
midst  of  the  enemy's  fleet,  and  fell  in  his 
cabin,  overpowered  by  numbers. 

Berkenhout,  Dr.  John,  a  native  of 
Leeds,  in  Yorkshire,  educated  in  his  native 
town,  and  early  sent  to  Germany  to  acquire 
the  modern  languages,  and  qualify  himself 
for  the  mercantile  profession  of  his  father, 
who  was  born  in  Holland.  He  however  dis- 
dained the  drudgery  of  the  counter.  He 
travelled  over  Europe ;  and  hy  the  friend- 
ship and  recommendation  of  Baron  Bielfeldt 
at  Berlin,  he  entered  into  the  Prussian  ser- 
vice, which  he  quitted  on  the  breaking  out  of 
hostilities  between  England  and  France  in 
17.')G,  for  the  command  of  a  troop  in  his  na- 
tive country.  In  1760  he  preferred  a  litera- 
ry life  to  military  service,  and  began  to  study 
physic  at  Edinburgh,  from  whence  he  passed 
to  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  degrees,  iu 
1766.  He  settled  at  Islewoi-th,  in  Middle- 
sex, and  in  1778  he  accompanied  the  com- 
missioners to  America  ;  but  being  suspected 
of  improper  intrigues  with  the  members  of 
congress  at  Philadelphia,  he  was  sent  to 
prison  ;  from  which,  however,  he  was  libe- 
rated, and  rewarded  with  a  pension  on  Jiis 
return  home.  He  died  3(1  April  1791,  aged 
Co,  eminently  distinguished  for  liis  vast  eru- 
dition, for  univer.sal  knowledge,  and  for  great 
powers  of  mind.  His  publications  on  various 
subjects  are  numerous  and  highly  respecta- 
ble;  the  most  known  of  which  are,  his 
pliarmacopocia  nudici — his  outlines   of  the 


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natural  liistory  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
3  vols.  l'2mo. — his  iiist  lines  ol"  the  theory, 
&c.  of  phrtosophical  chemistry — his  bii>L;ra- 
phia  litcraria — his  ways  and  means,  or  hints 

for   taxation his    symptomatology chivis 

Anglicu  lingnic  botanicie — letters  to  his  son, 
&c. 

Uf.ukh  E  YDRN,  Job  and  fierard,  two 
Dutch  painters,  born  at  llat-rieni.  'I'lie  ei- 
tlest  excelled  in  landscapes,  and  was  drowned 
in  one  ot  the  canals  ol  Holland,  Ifi'.KS,  aged 
70;  and  the  other  was  particuhuly  happy  in 
his  views  oi"  towns,  palaces,  and  temples. 
He  died  1G93. 

Beukley,  Sir  A\'illiam,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  Merton  college,  Oxford, 
and,  in  IGGG,  made  governor  of  \'irginia. 
He  made  a  collection  of  the  laws  of  the 
provinces,  and  wrote  an  account  of  the  coun- 
trv,  in  folio,  and  wrote  also  the  lost  lady,  a 
tragi-co.v.edy.  lie  returned  IGTG,  and  died 
13th  July  1677 i  and  was  buried  at  Twicken- 
ham. 

Bernaert,  Nicasius,  a  Dutch  pai^iter, 
the  disciple  and  imitator  of  Snyders,  who 
died  1663,  aged  TO. 

Bernard,  St.  known  as  one  of  the  fa- 
thers of  the  church,  and  as  the  founder  of 
IGO  monasteries,  was  born  at  Fontaine  in 
Burgundy  1091.  As  abbot  of  the  reli- 
gious house  of  Clairvaux,  in  1115,  he  acqui- 
red celebrity,  as  a  preceptor  his  lectures 
were  frequented  by  the  most  famous  men, 
and  all  affairs  of  importance  were  referred 
to  the  consideration  and  decision  of  his  su- 
perior powers  of  judgment.  He  firmly  op- 
posed schismatics,  supported  the  power  of 
the  popes,  convicted  Abelard  of  heresy  at 
the  council  of  Sens  in  1140,  and  by  his  unex- 
ampled sanctity  .wrought  miracles  to  com- 
mand the  reverence  of  an  admiring  vulgar. 
He  died  1153.  His  works  have  been  pub- 
lished by  Mabillon,  in  2  vols,  folio,  1G90. 

Bernard  of  Menthon,  a  native  of  Sa- 
voy, born  9'-23,  who  was  made  archdeacon  of 
Aoust,  at  the  bottom  of  the  Alps,  and  in  the 
discharge  of  his  ecclesiastical  duties  labored 
strenuously  to  convert  the  uncivilized  inhabi- 
tants of  the  mountains  to  Christianity.  To 
forward  his  humane  purposes,  he  founded 
two  monasteries  in  the  passes  of  the  Alps, 
for  the  relief  of  pilgrims  and  unfortunate 
travellers  ;  and  they  still  subsist  a  monument 
of  his  benevolence,  and  a  happy  asylum  to 
the  weary. 

Bernard,  Edward,  was  horn  at  Perry 
St.  Paul  nearTowcester,  Northamptonshire, 
2d  May  IG38,  and  received  his  education  at 
Northampton,  andMerchant-taylors'  school, 
from  whence,  after  a  residence  of  seven 
years,  he  went  to  St.  John's  college,  Oxford, 
1655.  The  proficiency  of  his  early  years 
w<is  so  great  in  classical  literature,  that  he 
applied  himself  at  the  university  not  onlv  to 
philosophical  and  mathematical  studies,  but 
to  Hebrew,  Syriac,  Arabic,  and  (■o])tie.  In 
1668,  he  visited  Leyden,  to  consult  some  ori- 
ental manuscripts  presented  to  that  universi- 
ty by  Jos.  Scaliger  and  Warncrns;  and  in 
lfir3  he  was  appointed  successor  to  sir  Chris- 
topher ^Vren,    as   Suviliau  ;irofessor  of  as- 


tronomy, to   whom,   four  years   bcforo,  he 
had  liei  n    chosen    (h'pnty.     In    the  intended 
plan  ot  pnblishiiig  all  the  ancient  mathema- 
ticians,  -Mr.  Bertinrd's   assiduity  was  great, 
he  collected    and    coniparcd    whatever    was 
most  curious  and    valuable  in   the    Bodleian 
and  other   libraries,  and  presented  the  pul)- 
lic    with   a    .specimen    of    the    \\(jrk ;  \vhiili, 
howe\er,  eiihei-  from  its  vast  extent,  or  the 
negligence  of  its   first   patrons,    Avas  never 
complete*!.     He  was  sent,   in   l("i7G,  to  Paris, 
by  ('harles  If.  to  superintend    the    education 
of  his  two  natural  children  by  the  dulchcis  of 
Cleveland;     but    the    simple    and    reserved 
manners  of  tlie  professor  w  ere  not  in  unisiou 
with  the  gay    dissipation  of  a   court;  and  he 
retired,  in  one  year,  from  a   situation  which 
suited   neither  his  taste  nor    his  inclination. 
He  went  to   Leyden  in  1C83,  to  attend  the 
sale  of  Nic.  Hcinsius'  library,   and  repeated 
his  visit  some  years  after,  when  the  books  of 
Coliuswerc  sold.     As  he  had  been  obliged  to 
give  up   his  preferments  on   his   election  to 
the  professorship,  he  bcgaii  now  to   be  tired 
with    an    office    which    confined   his  attach- 
ments and  his  pursuits  ;  and    he   resiprncd  it 
1691,  to  take  the  living  of  Brightwell,  Berk- 
shire.    He  died  of  a  consumption,  at  Oxford, 
January  12,    1696,    in   his  59lh  year,  and  he 
was    buried    in    St.   John's    college    chapel, 
where  a  monument  is   erected  to  his  memo- 
ry.    Dr.  Smith,  vho  knew  him  well,  speaks 
of  him  with   the   candor   and    warmth    of  a 
friend.     He  describes  him   as  mild  in  dispo- 
sition, an  enemy  to  disputes,  a  candid  judge 
of  literary  labors,  tolerant  as  a  a  churchman, 
sincere  in  his  friendships,  exemplary  in  his 
conduct,  and  eminent  for  his  learning,  as  his 
publications   and   manuscripts   fnllv    evince. 
His  works  are,  a  treatise  on  ancient  weights 
and    measures,   annexed  to  Pococke's  com- 
mentary on  Hosea — private  devotions,  1689 
— orhis  eruditi  literatura  a  charactere  Sama- 
ritico  deducta — etymologicum  Britannicum, 
&c. — besides  various  astronomical  papers    in 
the  pldlosophical  transactions. 

Bernard,  James,  was  born  at  Nions,  in 
Dauphine,  1st  September  1658,  and  educa- 
ted at  Geneva.  Tlie  persecution  of  the 
protestants  obliged  him  to  fly  from  France 
to  Switzerland,  and  from  thence  to  Holland, 
where  he  became  minister  of  Ganda,  and 
professor  at  the  Hague.  His  sermons,  as 
well  as  the  celebrity  of  his  writings,  recom- 
mended him  to  the  public  favor,  and  the 
people  of  liCyden  fixed  upon  him  for  their 
minister;  but  William  111.  who  hated  his  re- 
publican principles,  refused  to  confirm  their 
choice,  and  it  was  not  till  1705,  after  the 
king's  death,  that  he  appeared  as  public 
preacher  there.  He  was  aiso  professor  of 
philosophy  in  the  imiversity ;  but  he  em- 
braced the  system  of  Descai'tes,  till  his  know- 
ledge of  I'ngli.sh  made  him  acquainted  with 
the  sublime  discoveries  of  Newton.  He  died 
27th  Aiiril,  1718,  aged  CO.  His  v.i-itings 
were  mostly  periovlical,  such  as  histoire 
abregeede  I'F.urope — nouvellcs  de  la  repub- 
lique  des  letties — besides  a  supplement  to 
^Moreri's  dictionary,  in  2  vols,  folio,  sermons, 
ike.  Sec. 


BE 


IBE 


"Bernard,  Catharine,  was  born  at  Rouen, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1712.  Ske  wrote  poetry 
^v•ith  ease  and  elegance,  and  obtained  tliree 
-times  the  poetical  pi'ize  at  the  French  aca- 
demy. Her  tragedies,  Brutus  and  Laodamia, 
■were  received  with  applause  on  the  French 
theatre  ;  and  slje  was  rewarded  with  a  pen- 
sion of  200  crowns  by  Lewis  XIV.  She  sup- 
pressed some  of  her  pieces  which  might  re- 
liect  upon  her  morahty  and  religion.  Two 
romances,  count  d'Amboise  and  Inez  de 
Cordova,  are  attributed  to  her. 

Bernard  of  Thuringia,  a  fanatical  her- 
mit, who,  in  the  last  part  of  the  lOtli  cen- 
tury, pretended  to  announce  the  immediate 
end  of  the  world,  and  X)revaiied  so  much 
upon  the  vulgar,  that  a  solar  eclipse  just  at 
that  time  was  interpreted  as  a  completion  of 
the  prophecy,  and  all,  in  the  utmost  conster- 
nation, tied  to  caves  and  mountains.  His  re- 
veries arc  now  justly  forgotten. 

Bernard  of  Brussels,  a  painter  of  the 
16th  century,  eminent  in  liis  hunting  pieces, 
in  which  he  introduced  his  patron  Charles 
V.  His  last  judgment  is  still  shown  at  Ant- 
vcrp. 

Bernard,  Peter  Joseph,  son  of  a  sculp- 
tor at  Grenoble  in  Dauphinc,  was  educated 
"by  the  Jesuits  of  Lyons,  whose  fraternity  he 
refused  tojom,  for  the  pleasures  of  the  capi- 
tal. Though  he  possessed  wit  and  a  lively 
poetical  genius,  his  compositions  could  not 
{jrocure  him  bread,  so  tijat  for  two  years  he 
•was  engaged  as  clerk  to  a  public  notary.  He 
■was  at  last  recommended  to  the  marcjuis  of 
■Pezay  and  marechal  de  Coigni,  whom  he  ac- 
companied ill  the  campaigns  in  Italy.  The 
death  of  de  Coigni  ii\  1756  left  him  withoxit 
n  patron,  but  his  conversation  recommended 
him  to  the  great  and  opulent  at  Paris,  till,  in 
1771,  tlie  sud'.'ien  loss  of  his  memory  cut 
short  the  liappiness  of  his  life,  and  in  his  in- 
4^ellectual  imbecility  he  continued  to  his 
death,  November  1,  1775.  He  wrote  some 
operas,  besides  other  lighter  pieces,  which 
for  their  ease  and  el.oganco,  have  procured 
him  the  name  of  le  genlil  Bernard. 

Bernard,  Dr.  Francis,  physician  to 
James  II.  w;is  eminent  for  his  learning,  and 
for  a  collection  ot-books,  whicli  sold,  in  169S, 
for  inoO/.  a  high  jirice  for  the  times.  He 
<lied  February  lU,  IG'J",  aged  6'J.  His  bro- 
ther Charles,  who  was  surgeon  to  the  prin- 
cess Anne,  v/as  also  the  collector  of  a  curious 
library,  sold  in  1711. 

Bernard,  Kichard,  rector  of  Bate- 
combe,  in  Somersetshire,  died  in  1641.  He 
was  author  of  Thesaurus  biblicus,  a  valuable 
•concordance — and  an  abstract  of  the  bible. 

Bernard,  Samuel,  a  historical  painter 
^vho  died  at  Paris  1687,  aged  72.  He  cn- 
$jraved  Raphael's  history  of  Attila,  with 
great  elegance  and  success.  His  son  of  the 
same  name,  was,  on  account  of  his  riches, 
«alled  the  Lucullus  of  liis  age.  He  -was 
employed  in  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and 
<lied  17.30,  aged  88. 

Bernard,  John  Baptiste,  an  ecclesiastic 
who  died  at  l*aris,  1772,  aged  62.  He  wrote 
some  discourses  and  funeral  orations,  much 
admired. 


BerN'Ardt,  John,  an  artist  of  lialy', 
known  for  his  exquisite  skill  in  cutting  crys- 
tals. He  was  patronised,  among  others,  by 
Ale.xander  Farnese,  and  died  at  Faenza,  1555. 

Bernaudine,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Massa,  1380.  He  was  educated  at  Sienna; 
and  after  being  employed  as  commissary  at 
.lerusalem,  he  became  eminent  as  a  preach- 
er, so  that  several  cities  of  Italy  solicited  him. 
for  their  bishop  This  popularity  raised  hini 
enemies,  w  ho  accused  him  before  pope  Mar- 
tin V.  of  erroneous  doctrines  ;  which,  how- 
ever he  refuted.  He  died  at  Aquila  1444, 
after  founiling  300  monasteries  in  Italy  ;  and 
he  was  canonized  six  years  after  by  pope 
Nicholas.  His  works  have  appeared  in  folio 
and  4to. 

Bernazzang,  a  painter  of  Milan,  in 
the  16th  century,  eminent  in  the  represen- 
tation of  landscape  and  animals.  He  painted 
some  strawberries  on  a  fresco  wall  so  natu- 
rally, that  the  plaister  was  torn  down  by  the 
fx-equent  pecking  of  peacocks. 

Bern  I  A,  or  Berni,  Francis,  an  eccle- 
siastic of  Florence,  where  he  died,  1543. 
He  was  patronised  by  Julio  de  Medicis,  af- 
terwards pope  Clement  XII.  and  he  distin- 
guished himself  so  much  as  a  satirical  poet, 
that  a  species  of  burlesque  was  called,  among 
the  Italians,  Berniasque.  His  Orlando  Ina- 
morato Rifatto  is  much  esteemed.  It  is  but 
the  work  of  Boiardoput  into  a  more  elegant, 
witty,  and  satirical  dress.  His  Latin  poems 
were  collected  with  those  of  Segni,  &c. 
1562,  atid  his  Italian  pieces  -w  ere  placed  in  a 
collection  with  those  of  Varchi,  Moro, 
Dolche,  &c.  1548,  reprinted  at  London, 
1721  and  1724,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 

Bernier,  P'rancis,  a  native  of  Angers^ 
who  studied  at  Montpellier,  and  ti'avelled  to 
the  holy  land,  and  through  Cairo  and  Suez 
to  tho  Mogul  empire,  where  lie  resided  for 
twelve  years,  eight  of  which  he  was  physi- 
cian to  the  emperor  Aarungzebe,  from 
which  circumstance  he  was  called  the  mo- 
gul. He  wrote  an  account  of  his  travels  on 
his  return  to  Paris,  published  1699  and  1710, 
and  died  22d  September,  1688. 

Bernier,  .lohn,  a  native  of  Blois,  phy- 
sician to  iNIadame.  He  wrote  some  medical 
essays,  4to. — topographical  histories — cri- 
tique on  the  works  of  Rabelais — anti-mena- 
giana  ;  but  in  an  inferior  style.  He  died 
poor  at  an  advanced  age,  1668. 

Bernini,  or  Berni n,  John  Lawrence, 
was  born  at  Na]des,  and  became  celebrated 
for  his  superior  skill  in  painting,  architecture, 
sculpture,  and  mechanics.  No  less  than  fifteen 
of  his  pieces  adorn  the  church  of  St.  Peter 
at  Rome,  the  most  admired  of  which  are 
the  altar  and  tabernacle,  St.  Peter's  chair, 
kc.  He  was  in  France,  where  he  gained 
the  admiration  of  the  court  of  Lewis  XV. 
He  died  at  Rome,  29th  November,  1680. 
Several  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  in  the 
Floi'entine  gallery.  It  is  said,  that  in  view- 
ing the  picture  of  Charles  I.  by  Vandyke, 
of  whiclj  he  ej«2cuted  three  busts,  he  ex- 
claimed, that  he  had  never  seen  a  more  un-- 
fortunatc  looking  face  before. 


BE 


BE 


BtRNis,  Francis  Joachim  tie  PieiTc  dc, 
t  cardinal,  born  1715,  of  an  ancient,  but  re- 
Juccti  family.     He  was   brouglit   up    al   tbe 
scbuol  of  St.  Sulpicc,    and    intended  for  tbe 
church  ;  but  Fleury,  to  whom  lie   was  intro- 
duced, conceived  a  dislike  for  him  ;  and   he 
might  liave  long  remained   in   obscurity,  if 
madanie    Pompadour,  pleased  with    a   song 
■which    he     had    written    for    her,    hail    not 
stepped  forth  to  patronise  him.     By  her  in- 
fluence, he   was  sent  ambassador  to  Venice  ; 
aiid  at  his  return    was  regardwil  as  an   able 
and  useful  statesman,  and  admitted  into  the 
ministry.    His  services  to  the  court  of  Roine 
•were    rewarded    with    a   cardinal's  hat,    in 
1758  ;  hut,   soon   after,    the    misfortunes  of 
the  French  arms  in  Germany  were  in  some 
degree  attributed  to  him  by  the  weak  Lewis 
XV.  and  he  was  sent  in  exile   to  his   abbey. 
In  1764  he  was  recalled  from  disgraceful  ob- 
scurity, and  soon  after  employed  as  ambas- 
sador at    Rome,    where   his  intrigues  were 
exerted  to   procure  the  suppression   of  the 
Jesuits,  tliough  it  is  said  he  disapproved   of 
the  violence  of  the  measures.     To  his  other 
dignities  of  cardinal  and  archbishop  of  Albi, 
vas  added  tlie  title  of  the  protector  of  the 
French   churches   at  Rome  ;    and   his  sole 
ambition  was  now   to   live  in   splendor  and 
magnificence  at  the  papal    court.     The  re- 
volution  came   to  destroy  his  enjoyments, 
and  from  the   highest  affluence   he  was  sud- 
denly reduced  to  poverty  ;  which  was,  how- 
ever, relieved  for  a  while  by  the  kind  offices 
of  the  chevalier  Azara,  and  a  pension  from 
the  Spanish  court,     lie  died  at  Rome,  1st 
November,  1794,  universally   regretted,  es- 
pecially by   the   Romans.     His  works,  con- 
sisting of  poetical  pieces,  on  the  four  seasons, 
tbe  four   parts   of  the   day,   on    religion,  an 
epistle  to  indolence,  hue.  have  appeared  in  3 
vols.  4to. 

Bernoulli,  James,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Basil  2/"th  December,  1G54. 
He  studied  in  the  university  of  his  native 
town  ;  but  though  his  father  wished  him  to 
follow  the  clerical  profession  he  pursued  the 
bent  of  his  native  genius  in  matiiematical  lear- 
ning. He  travelled  to  Geneva  and  France, 
and  afterwards  visited  Flanders  and  England, 
where  his  reputation  had  already  preceded 
him,  in  consequence  of  his  leai-ned  treatise 
on  a  comet  which  appeared  about  the  year 
16S0.  His  writings  procured  him  universal 
esteem.  He  was  invited  to  fill  tlie  professo- 
I'ial  cbair  at  Heidelberg  in  I6!i4;  whicli,  how- 
ever, his  union  with  a  Swiss  lady  of  respec- 
table family  prevented  ;  but  three  years  after 
he  succeeded  to  a  vacant  chair  in  liia  native 
city.  His  lectures  were  frequented  by  num- 
bers, wiio  admired  his  ingenuity,  the  extent 
of  his  knowledge,  and  the  accuracy  of  his  ar- 
guments; and  tbe  dignity  of  honorary  mem- 
ber was  bestowed  U[)on  him  by  the  acade- 
mies of  Paris  and  Berlin.  Intenseness  of  ap- 
plication brmiglit  on  a  complication  of  disor- 
ders, and  Bernoulli,  reduced  by  a  slow  fever, 
expired  the  16th  August  1705,  ordering,  like 
anotber  Archimedes,  a  spiral  logarilhniical 

curve  to  be  engraved  on  liis  tumb,  wiUi  the 


words  •'  eadcm  mutata  resurgo,"  in  allusion 
to  the  th'.y  of  resurrection.  His  discoveries 
in  matbematics,  especially  tbe  properties  of 
the  curve,  have  immortalized  his  name.  He 
was  the  friend  and  correspondent  of  the  I'a- 
mous  Boyle,  of  Leibnitz,  and  of  other  learned 
men. 

Bernoulli,  John,  brother  to  James, 
was  professor  of  matbentatics  at  lironingeu 
in  1695,  and  afterwards  successor  to  his  bro- 
ther at  Basil,  where  he  was  born  in  1607,  and 
where  he  died  in  1748.  He  pursued  tbe  same 
studies  as  his  brother,  e(pially  distinguishing 
himselfas  a  geometrician.  He  visited  France 
for  information,  and  his  learning  and  bis  cor- 
respondence gained  him  the  friendship  %^ 
Mallebranche,  la  Hire,  Cassini,  Varignon, 
I'Hopital,  Newton,  and  Leibnitz.  He  was  en- 
gaged for  some  time  in  a  mathematical  dis- 
pute with  his  brother,  wliich  was  terminatej. 
only  by  death,  and  he  maintained  opinions 
with  respect  to  the  barometer,  which  drew 
severe  animadversions  from  Hartzocker. 
His  treatise  on  the  management  of  ships  ap- 
peared 1714,  and  in  1730  his  memoir  on  the 
elliptical  figure  of  the  planets,  which  was  ho- 
nored witli  the  prize  of  the  academy  of  scien- 
ces. His  works  were  publislied  at  Geneva 
1742,  in  seven  vols.  4to.  The  children  of 
Bernoulli  were  deserving  of  their  father's 
fame.  Nicliolas  the  eldest,  died  at  Peters- 
burg in  1726,  a  few  months  after  he  had 
been  honorably  called  by  the  Czar  to  fill  the 
professorial  chair,  and  Daniel  and  John,  pos- 
sess equal  claims  to  the  admiration  and  ap- 
plause of  men  of  science  and  virtue.  These 
apposite  lines  were  placed  by  Voltaire,  ur.» 
der  Beri'.ouUi's  portrait : 
*S'o7i  esprit  vit  la  verity, 
Et  son  cceur  connut  la  justice  ; 
II  a  fait  rhoimenr  de  la  Suisse y 
Et  celni  de  Vhiimanit^. 
Thus  elegantly  translated  : 

Istefiiit  ctdtor  justi,  verigue  repertory 
Exiitit  Uelvetiia  decus,  &  decus  extitiS^ 
orbi. 
Bernoulli,   Daniel,   son  of  John  Ber- 
noulli, was  born  at  Groningen,  February  9th, 
1700,  and  died  March,  1782.     He  was  inten- 
ded for  a  mercantile  profession,  but  he  dis- 
tinguished liimself  in  the    same   pursuits   as 
his  father,  and  alter   passing  some   time   iu 
Italy  and  at  Petersburg,  lie  was  appointed  to 
a  professorial  chair  at  Basil.     His  learning 
was  extensive,  he  gained  or  divided  nine  pri- 
zes with  the  most  illusti'ious  of  the  literati 
of  Europe,  an  honor   attained  by  no   othex' 
besides  Euler  his  pupil   ar.l   friend.     He  di- 
vided a  prize  with  hisfatlier,  but  the  old  man 
felt  hurt  at  the  presuniptirm  of  the  son,  who 
had  not   the  wisdom  or   respect  to  concenl 
his  triumph.    This  family  quarrel  was  farther 
aggravated,  for  tlie  son  embr.iced  Newton's 
pliiloso])hy,  w  bich  the  father  had  always  op- 
posed with  all  the  weapons  of  science.     Ber- 
noulli succeeded  his  father  1748  in  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences,  and  he  was  succeeded  by 
his  brother  Jolin,  so   that   for   84  years   tbe 
chair   was    honorably    filled  by  a  Bernoulli. 
1  As  a  proof  of  his  popularity  at  Basil,  it  niay 


BE 


BE 


be  mentioned,  that  it  was  the  strict  injunc- 
tion of  every  father  to  his  chihi,  to  how  with 
respect  to  Daniel  Bernoulli  when  met  in  the 
streets.  He  was  honorary  member  of  all 
learned  societies  of  Europe.  Once  in  his  tra- 
vels he  met  with  a  learned  stranger  who  was 
pleased  with  his  conversation,  and  asked  him 
liis  name,  *'  I  am  Daniel  Bernoulli,"  replied 
he  ;  "  and  1,"  answered  the  stranger,  who 
supposed  that  he  was  laughed  at,  "  am  Isaac 
Newton." 

BERNSTORFFjJohnHartingErnest  count, 
an  able  statesman,  descended  from  a  noble 
faiuily  in  flanover.  .Vfter  travelling  over 
l-Auopc,  and  improving  the  resoui'ces  of  a 
mind  alreiidy  rich  witii  the  stores  of  science 
and  learning,  he  settled  in  Denmark,  and 
became  the  friend  and  favorite  of  Christian 
YI.  He  was  employed  in  Various  embassies, 
and  at  last  became  the  prime  minister  of  the 
kingdom.  In  this  dangerous  office  he  appli- 
ed himself  to  the  advancement  of  the  happi- 
ness of  his  adopted  country.  Her  commerce 
"was  enlarged,  her  manufactures  encouraged, 
and  every  beneficent  plan  was  adopted  which 
could  add  to  the  prosperity  of  the  state.  A 
societv  for  agriculture  and  economy  Avas 
established  under  royal  ])atronage,  and  also 
another  for  the  improvement  of  the  Danish 
language,  and  of  the  fine  arts;  and  under  his 
iailuence,  a  learned  body  was  formed,  whose 
object  was  to  examine  into  the  history,  &c. 
of  the  east,  of  which  the  travels  of  Niebuhr 
Avere  a  most  interesting  speciman.  Bern- 
storff  was  in  1767  created  a  count,  and  the 
next  year  accompanied  his  master  to  Eng- 
land, but  in  1770,  he  fell  under  the  royal 
displeasure,  and  after  a  life  devoted  to  the 
service  and  honor  of  Denmark,  he  retired 
on  a  pension  to  Hamburgh,  where  he  died 
February  18th,  1772. 

Berxstorff,  Andrew  Peter  count,  ne- 
phew to  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Gartow, 
in  Lunenburg,  28th  August,  1735,  and  after 
studying  at  Leipsi*  and  Gottingen,  and  tra- 
velling through  Europe,  he  settled  in  Den- 
mai'k,  to  assist  and  to  share  the  honors  of  his 
uncle,  lie  was,  in  1709,  raised  to  the  rank 
of  privy  counsellor,  and  though  a  temporary 
disgrace  banished  him  to  his  seat,  he  was,  in 
1772,  recalled  to  be  placed  at  the  head  of 
affairs.  As  a  negotiator  Avith  liussia,  he 
conducted  himself  with  great  ability,  and 
by  persuading  tlie  am])itious  (Catherine,  that 
it  ill  becrimc  her  dignity  to  retain  a  small 
patrimony  which  made  her  dependent  on 
the  German  emjjire,  he  obtained  for  his 
country  the  cession  of  Sleswick,  and  part  of 
Ilolstein,  and  thus  strengthened  Denmark 
by  the  accession  of  a  convenient  territory, 
Avhose  population  amounted  to  above  10U,U0U 
men.  In  the  American  war  he  recom- 
mended the  armed  neutrality  between  Rus- 
sia, Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Prussia,  and 
thus  protected  commerce  against  the  vio- 
lence of  the  bcliigerant  powers.  He  retired 
in  1780  from  the  helm  of  the  state,  but  was 
again  recalled  four  years  after  by  the  prince 
of  Denmark,  and  he  had  the  sagacity  to  for- 
I'car  engaging  in  tlic  struggles  which  kindled 


a  war  in  1788  between  Russia  and  SwedeiT- 
This  great  statesman  died  21st  June,  1797, 
universally  lamented,  and  respectfully  fol- 
lowed to  the  grave  by  the  Danes,  who  ad- 
mired his  patriotism  and  virtues,  and  who, 
to  commemorate  his  aftability,  benevolence,  • 
and  popularity,  struck  medals  to  his  honor. 

Beroaldus,  Philip,  was  borrf  of  a  no- 
ble family  of  Bologna,  where  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres,  and  where  he  died, 
25th  July,  1505,  aged  52.  He  was  very  dis- 
sipated in  his  youth,  so  that  he  dreaded  the 
restraints  of  wedlock.  A  lady  however  of 
singular  accomplishments  was  at  last  united 
to  him,  and  she  proiluced  the  greatest  refor- 
mation in  his  conduct.  He  became  regular, 
beneficent,  and  unambitious.  He  possessed 
great  learning  for  his  age,  and  wrote  both  in 
vose  and  prose,  but  his  chief  labors  were 
valuable  editions  of  the  classics.  His  life 
was  published  by  Jean  Pins,  at  Bologna, 
1505. 

Beroaldus,  Philip,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  librarian  of  the  Vatican,  under 
Leo  X.  He  wrote  panegyrics,  epigrams, 
and  light  poetry,  with  considerable  success. 
He  died  at  Rome  1518,  aged  40.  His  poems 
were  edited  at  Rome,  1530. 

Beroaldus,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pa- 
ris, author  of  a  chronology,   in  which  he  re- 
jects all  heathen  authority,  for  that  of  the 
bible.     From  a  catholic  he  became  a  Calvi- 
nistat  Geneva,  where  he  died  1584. 

Beroaldus,  Francis,  son  of  Mattliew, 
was  born  at  Paris  1558,  and  died  1612.  He 
possessed  a  versatile  genius,  and  with  in- 
ferior powers  of  mind,  he  attempted  to  turn 
every  thing  into  ridicule.  He  pretended  to 
be  acquainted  with  various  secrets,  the  phi- 
losopher's stone,  perpetual  motion,  &c.  His 
"  moyen  de  parvenir"  is  a  collection  of  sa- 
tires, trivial  anecdotes,  and  ott'ensive  jm- 
erility. 

Bergs  us,  priest  of  Belus,  at  Babylon, 
was  author  of  a  history  of  Chaldsea,  some 
fragments  of  which  are  preserved  in  Jose- 
phus.  He  lived  in  the  age  of  Alexander  the 
great. 

Berq^uin,  Arnauld,  a  celebrated  French 
writer,  born  at  Bourdeaux.  He  first  com- 
manded the  public  attention  by  his  Idylles, 
which  possess  sweetness,  elegance,  and  pa- 
thos, and  he  afterwards  wrote  his  romances; 
but  his  greatest  and  most  popular  work  is  his 
ami  des  e-nfans,  in  6  vols.  l2mo.  This  inte- 
resting work,  which  conve3S  instruction  to 
the  youthful  mind,  and  leads  it  by  an  amus- 
ing and  agreeable  narrative,  clothed  in  sjii- 
rited  dialogue,  to  the  admiration  and  to  the 
love  of  virtuous  and  honorable  actio»>s,  has 
been  frequently  edited  and  translated  into 
the  various  languages  of  Europe.  He  left  in 
MSS.  some  other  works,  comedies,  &c.  He 
died  at  Paris,  21st  December,  1791,  aged  42. 

Berq^uin,  Lewis  de,  a  gentleman  of 
Artois,  known  as  a  courtier  at  the  court  of 
France.  As  he  had  embraced  the  tenets  of 
the  protestants  he  was  exposed  to  the  per- 
secution of  the  papists.  He  was  twice  im- 
prisoned and  twice  acquitted  of  heresy,  from 


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the  respectability  of  his  charnctcr  or  the  in- 
fluence of  the  courl,  but  as  he  wished  to 
avenge  himself  on  his  acciisurs,  he  was  the 
third  time  seized,  and  on  refusinj;  to  make  u 
recantation,  he  was  condemned  to  be  sli'an- 
gled  and  burnt,  which  sentence  lie  under- 
went with  astonishing  fortitude,  156'J,  in  iiis 
40th  year.     He  was  the  Iriend  of  Erasmus. 

Berkeioui,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  boni 
lit  Macerata,  was  the  pupil  of  Carlo  Maiat- 
li,  and  died  1G8'2,  aged  G;l.  His  historical 
pieces  were  much  admired. 

Berriman,  \Villiam,  D.  D.  was  born 
24tli  Septeinbei',  1688,  an<l  educated  at  Ban- 
bury, afterwards  at  Merchant  Taylor's 
school,  and  Oriel  college.  He  obtained  the 
living  of  St.  Andrew  Undershaft,  from  Ro- 
binson, bishop  of  London,  to  whom  he  was 
chaplain,  and  became  in  17*27  fellow  of  Eton. 
He  died  February  5th,  1750,  aged  62.  I'herc 
were  published  of  his  five  volumes  of  excel- 
lent sermons,  the  three  first  of  which  were 
preached  at  Boyle's  and  Mover's  lectures, 
and  the  two  last  were  posthumous— and 
some  controversial  writings. 

Berkuyer,  Joseph  Isaac,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Rouen  6th  November  168'2.  He  died  at 
Pai'is  18th  February  1758.  He  wrote 
**  I'histoire  du  peuple  de  dieu,"  in  12  vols. 
4to.  a  work  which  abounds  in  extravagant 
suppositions,  and  puerile  stories,  and  which 
drew  upon  him  the  censure  of  the  clerg}' 
and  of  the  parliament  of  Paris. 

Berry,  Sir  John,  son  of  the  clergyman  of 
Jvnowston,  Devonshire,  was  a  naval  officer 
^vho  distinguished  himself  against  the  Buc- 
caneers, at  tlie  battle  of  Southwold  bay,  and 
at  the  demolition  of  Tangier  under  lord 
Dartmouth.  He  was  highly  respected  by 
James  U.  Avhom,  when  duke  of  York,  he  by 
his  presence  of  mind,  saved  from  shipwreck 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  in  the  Gloces- 
ter  frigate,  1682,  and  he  commanded  his 
fleet  in  the  invasion  of  William  of  Orange. 
He  continued  to  be  employed  after  the  re- 
volution, as  his  abilities  well  deserved.  He 
was  poisoned  in  February  1691,  on  board  a 
ship  at  Portsmouth,  in  his  56th  year,  and 
was  buried  at  Stepney. 

Berrvat,  John,  a  physician  at  Paris, 
Avho  published  an  academical  collection,  &c. 
He  died  in  1754. 

Bersmaxn,  George,  a  German,  born  at 
Annaberg,  in  Misnia.  He  travelled  in 
France  and  Italy,  and  gave  lectures  in  vari- 
ous places  Avith  great  reputntiooi.  He  trans- 
lated David's  psalms  into  Latin  verse,  and 
besides  wrote  notes  on  Virgil,  Horace,  &c. 
and  died  5th  October,  Kill,  in  his  7.3d  year. 
He  had  14  sons  and  si.K  daughters,  by  the 
daughter  of  Peter  Hellebron. 

Bertaud,  John,  born  at  Caen,  died  8lh 
June,  1611,  aged  59.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Catherine  de  Medicis,  and  at  last  was  pro- 
moted to  the  see  of  Seez.  He  wrote  verses 
^vith  great  ease  and  elegance,  but  when 
raised  to  the  prelacy,  he  disregarded  the 
effusions  of  his  muse.  His  works,  consisting 
of  sonnets,  canticles,  psalms,  kc.  were  prin- 
ted 1620  in  8vo.  He  contributed  much  lo 
VOL.   I.  24 


Oie  conversion  of  Hcniy  IV.  on  whom  he 
composed  a  funeral  oi  ation. 

BERrHEAU,  Charles,  a  French  protes- 
tant,  born  at  Slontpellicr,  admitted  minis- 
ter at  the  synod  of  Vigan.  He  left  his  coiiu- 
ti-y  at  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
an<l  settled  in  IjOiidon,  where  he  was  chosen 
minister  of  the  Walloon  church.  Thread- 
needle-street,  and  where  for  44  years  hi^ 
was  respected  and  admired  as  a  ])reacher 
and  an  exemplary  j)astor.  He  ])ublisheil 
two  vols,  of  French  sermons,  and  died  25ih 
December,  1732,  aged  73. 

Berth  ET,  John,  a  learned  Jesuit  of 
Tarascon,  in  Provence,  v  ho  died  1692, 
aged  70.  His  knowledge  of  ancient  and 
modern  languages  was  unusually  extensive. 
He  wrote  dissertations  on  various  subjects, 
odes,  epigrams,  sonnets,  &c. 

Berthier,  Guillaume  Francois,  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Issondun  en  Berri,  known  as 
the  conductor  of  the  journal  de  Trevoux  for 
17  years.  He  was  an  able  as  \fe\\  as  candid 
critic,  but  his  refiections  on  some  of  Vol- 
taire's pieces,  drew  upon  him  the  vengeance 
of  this  satirical  poet,  which  however  lie 
treated  with  becoming  disdain.  Soon  after 
the  dissolution  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits, 
he  was  made  a  royal  librarian,  and  joint 
preceptor  to  Lewis  XVI.  and  Monsieur,  but 
in  18  months  he  resigned  his  employments 
and  retired  to  OfFemburg,  Avhere  he  con- 
tinued 10  years.  He  returned  afterwards 
to  France,  and  died  of  a  fall  at  Bourges,  15th 
December,  I78i2,  aged  78,  where  his  re- 
mains were  interred  with  particular  honor 
by  the  chapter  of  the  metropolitan  church. 
His  translation  of  the  psalms  into  French 
was  published  in  1785  in  8  vols.  12mo.  He 
wrote  the  last  six  volumes  of  "  I'Histoire  de 
I'eglise  Gallicane." 

13 E R T  H  o  L E  T- F I, A M  E  E  I,,  Bartholome w, 
a  painter  of  Leige,  the  disciple  of  Jordaans. 
He  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1675. 
His  Elijah  carried  up  to  heaven  is  one  of  his 
best  pieces. 

Beutholon,  N.  an  eminent  French 
writer,  born  at  Lyons,  where  he  died  179'J. 
He  was  educated  at  St.  Lazare,  and  after- 
wards became  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpellier,  which  he  quitted  for  the  histo- 
rical chair  of  the  central  school  of  Lyons. 
His  works  were  numerous  and  written  with 
ability,  and  chiefly  on  electricity,  aerosta- 
tion, vegetation,  kc.  His  memoire  on  the 
cjmscs  of  the  prosperity  an<l  of  the  decay  of 
the  commerce  of  Lyons,  vas  a  jtopular 
work,  published  17S2,  in  Svo.  and  contained 
much  interesting  matter  on  machines,  the 
arts,  &.C. 

Berti,  John  Laui-encc,  a  learned  Au- 
gustine monk  of  Serrave/za,  in  Tuscany, 
lorn  28th  May,  1696.  His  great  work  "  (U* . 
disciplinis  theolngicis,"  in  eight  vols.  4rii. 
drew  upon  him  llie  censures  of  the  Jesuit?, 
and  he  was  accused  before  pope  Benedict 
XIV.  as  a  follower  of  Jansenius,  against 
which  he  defended  himself  in  two  prolix 
vols.  4to.  He  wrote  an  ecclesiastical  history 
In  Latin  in  7  vols.    4io.  btit  his   ideas  of  th-i 


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papal  power  over  the  kingdoms  of  the  world 
are  ridiculous  and  extravagant.  He  died  at 
Pisa,  May  '26th,  l7f.C,  aged  70. 

Beh'jier,  John  Stephen,  a  native  of 
Aix  in  Provence,  autlior  of  two  well  known 
treatises,  "  physique  des  cometes,"  pub- 
lished rr60,  l'2mo.  and  **  physique  des  corps 
aninies,  1755,"  12nio.  He  died  November 
Ij,  1783,  aged  73. 

Bern  IN,  Nicholas,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris  1004.  Alter  studying  at  Home  he  re- 
turned to  Prance,  where  he  was  patronised 
by  licwis  XIV.  and  by  the  electors  of  Mentz 
and  Bavaria.  His  pictures,  which  are  pre- 
served at  Paris,  possess  great  merit.  He 
died  173G,  aged  72.  He  was  member  of  the 
academy  of  painting,  Paris,  where  he  gain- 
ed a  prize  in  his  18th  year. 

Bertin,  Exupcre  Joseph,  a  French  phy- 
sician, born  at  'I'remblai,  in  the  diocese  of 
Rennes.  lie  m  as  for  some  time  physician 
to  the  Hospodar  of  Wallachia,  but  he  left 
the  country  in  disgust  to  return  to  France. 
He  was  chosen  assistant  anatomist  of  the 
academy  of  Paris,  and  he  published  his 
osteology  in  four  vols.  12mo.  1753.  He  died 
February  1781,  aged  69. 

Bertin,  Anthony,  a  French  officer,  and 
poet,  born  in  the  isle  of  Bourbon,  10th  Oc- 
tober, 1752.  At  the  age  of  nine  he  came  to 
France,  and  was  educated  in  the  college  of 
Plessis,  where  he  greatly  improved  liimself, 
and  displayed  a  strong  and  elegant  taste  for 
poetry.  He  went  in  1789,  to  St.  Domingo 
to  marry  a  beautiful  crcoIe  wlinm  he  had 
known  and  loved  at  Paris,  but  on  the  eve 
of  his  nuptials  he  was  seized  with  a  fever, 
and  died  17  days  after,  at  tlie  end  of  June 
1790,  aged  38.  His  works  were  reprinted 
at  Paris,  two  vols.  12mo.  1802.  The  French 
attributed  to  him  the  beauties  and  the  faults 
of  Propertius,  a  brilliant  imagination,  often 
regardless  of  tlie  language  of  decorum. 

Bertinazz-i,  Ciiarles,  an  actor  of  merit 
in  the  Italian  theatre,  known  by  the  nick- 
name of  Carlin.  He  died  at  Paris,  4th  Sep- 
tember, 1783. 

Bertius,  Peter,  a  professor  of  philoso- 
phy atLeydenj.  born  in  Flanders.  He  came 
to  Paris  in  1620,  where  he  renounced  the 
protestant  religion,  and  accepted  the  pro- 
fessorial chair  of  mathematico,  and  the  place 
of  cosmographer  to  the  king.  He  died  1629, 
aged  64.  He  published  learned  commenta- 
ries on  the  affairs  of  Germany,  besides  thea- 
trum  geographiae  vcteris,  two  vols.  fol. — il- 
lustrium  virorum  epistol.  selecttc,  &cc.  Svo. 
&c. 

Berto.v,  Peter  Monlan  le,  an  eminent 
iuusician  who  settled  at  Paris,  and  was   em- 

Jjloyed  in  the    management   of  ihe   operas. 
ie  died  14th  May,  1780,  aged  53. 

Bertu.vde,  daugliter  of  the  count  of 
Montfort,  married  the  count  of  A njou,  from 
Avl»nni  she  was  divorced  to  unite  herself  to 
Philip  I.  king  of  France,  1092.  'J'his  union 
\»as  opposed  by  the  clergy,  but  the  love  of 
the  monarch  triumphed  over  his  respect  for 
religion.  Bertrade  was  not  only  ambitious 
hut  not  always  continent  iu   her  conduct. 


After  the  king's  death  she  pretended  sancti-* 
ty,  and  caused  herself  to  be  buiied  in  a  con- 
vent which  she  herself  had  founded. 

Bertram,  Cornel.  Bonav'enture,  a  na- 
tive of  Thouars,  in  Poitou,  protessor  of  He- 
brew at  Genoa,  Frankenthale,  and  Lausan- 
ne. He  died  at  Lausanne  1794,  aged  63. 
Me  was  author  of  a  dissertation  on  the  re- 
public of  the  Hebrews — a  revision  of  the 
Geneva  French  bible — an  edition  of  Pagnin's 
thesaurus  lingute  sanct'.e — a  parallel  of  the 
Hebrew  and  Syriaclanguages — lucubrationes 
Fraukendalenses. 

Berirand,  John  Baptist,  a  i)hysician, 
born  at  Martigues  12th  July  1670.  He  is 
known  for  his  interesting  account  of  the 
plague  at  Marseilles — for  dissertations  on  sea 
air,  4to. — letters  to  Deider  on  the  muscular 
motion,  JScc.     He  died  Sept.  10th  1752. 

Bertrand,  Nicholas,  a  physician,  who 
dietl  at  Paris  1780,  autlior  of  elements  on 
pbysiology,  and  other  works. 

Berulle,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Serilli  near  Troyes.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  conference  at  Fontainebleau,  and 
more  as  being  the  founder  of  the  oratory  in 
France,  an  institution  which  merited,  by  the 
piety  and  good  order  of  its  members,  the 
patronage  of  the  king,  and  of  the  pope.  He 
was  engaged  in  political  aft'airs  as  almoner  td 
Henry  lY.  and  after  his  death  as  chief  of  the 
council  of  the  queen-mother  Mary  de  Me- 
dicis.  He  also  accompanied  Henrietta-Ma- 
ria when  she  came  to  England,  on  her  mar- 
riage with  Charles  I.  Berulle  was  rewarded, 
with  a  cardinal's  hat  by  Urban  VIH.  1627, 
and  he  died  suddenly  while  celebrating  mass, 
October  2d,  1629,  aged  55,  after  a  life  of  ex- 
emplary piety  and  virtue.  His  writings  were 
on  spiritual  and  controversial  subjects,  and 
appeared  in  one  vol.  folio. 

Bervllus,  a  bishop  of  Arabia,  in  the 
third  century.  In  a  conference  with  Origin, 
he  renounced  his  opinion  that  Jesus  Christ 
had  no  existence  before  his  incarnation. 

Besler,  Basil,  an  apothecary  of  Nurem- 
berg, born  1561.  He  wrote  some  botanical 
works,  held  in  high  estimation,  especially 
Hortus  Eystettensis  1613,  fol. — Iconesfloruni 
&  herbarum  1616,  4to. — His  son,  Michael 
Rupert,  also  distinguished  himself  as  the  wri- 
ter of  the  Gazophylacium  rerum  naturalium, 
Nuremb.  1642,  folio.     He  died  1661. 

Besly,  John,  a  learned  antiquarian,  king's 
advocate  at  Foutenoy  le  comte  in  Poiton, 
was  author  of  an  history  of  Poiton,  published 
1647 — and  the  bishops  of  Poictiers,  1547.  He 
died  1644,  aged  72. 

Besogne,  Jerome,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  who  died  1763,  aged  77.  He  Avrote 
"  I'hibtoire  de  Port-royal,"  6  vols.  12mo.  be- 
sides some  theological  works. 

Besolde,  Christopher,  a  professor  of 
law  at  Tubingen,  who  died  1638,  aged  61. 
He  abjured  the  protestant  religion,  and  was 
author  of  some  philological  works,  &c. 

Besplas,  Joseph  Mary  Anne  Gros  de,  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  born  at  Languedoc, 
and  known  as  an  excellent  preacher,  and  as 
the  ciirnest  fricDd  and   comforter  of  such 


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riiininals  as  were  sentenced  to  dcutli.  He 
wrote  an  essay  on  the  eloquence  of  the  pul- 
pit, and  ;i  treatise  on  the  causes  of  puMic. 
hai»piness,  two  vols.  I'inio.  1778.  lie  died  at 
Paris  178;?,  aged  i'J. 

Hessakio.v,  a  native  of  Trehizond,  titu- 
lar patri:n-ch  nf  (Jonstantiiioplc,  and  a  cardi- 
nal, more  illustrious  as  one  of  tiie  restorers 
of  leaniinu;  in  the  15th  century.  He  was 
solicilous  to  unite  the  (ireek  and  Latin 
churches,  and  he  commanfled  universal  ad- 
miration by  his  clo(iueme  at  the  counsel  of 
Florence.  He  might  have  been  raised  to  tlie 
papal  chair,  if  his  (ireek  origin  had  not  been 
objected  to,  by  the  intrigues  of  cardinal  Alain. 
He  was  engaged  in  several  embassies,  but'that 
to  France  proved,  according  to  Matthieu, 
the  cause  of  his  death.  He  oft'ended  the 
jealous  Lewis  XI.  by  paying  a  previous  visit 
"to  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  so  that  tlie  mon- 
arch in  an  insulting  manner  seized  liis  beard, 
observing  in  fiis  vulgar  Latin  "  Barbara 
Grseca  genus  retinent  quod  habere  solebant," 
which  so  aftVonted  the  cardinal,  that  he  died 
soon  after,  at  Ravenna,  through  chagrin, 
1472.  Bessarion  wrote  orations — epistles 
—besides  translations  of  some  of  Aris- 
totle's pieces,  &c.  His  valuable  library  is 
still  preserved  at  Venice  as  a  curiosity.  He 
was  the  friend  and  patron  of  Poggius,  Lau- 
rentius  Valla,  Theodore  of  Gaza,  occ. 

Besset,  Henry  de,  comptroller  of  pub- 
lic works  in  France,  wrote  a  curious  and  val- 
uable account  of  the  campaigns  of  llocroi 
and  Fribourg,  in  1644  and  1645,  in  I'imo. 
He  died  1693. 

Betham,  Edward,  B.  D.  was  educated 
at  Eton,  and  become  fellow  of  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  1731,  and  40  years  after  of  Eton 
college,  He  is  known  for  his  exemplary 
manners,  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  and  his 
great  liberality,  so  that  he  presented  to  the 
university  20001.  for  the  better  support  of 
the  botanical  garden,  and  gave  600/.  to  erect 
a  marble  statue  to  Henry  VT.  the  founder  of 
the  college,  within  whose  walls  he  had  re- 
ceived his  education. 

Bethencourt,  Jean  de,  a  native  of 
Normandy,  who  discovered  the  Canary  is- 
lands in  1402,  and  conquered  five  of  them, 
with  the  assistance  of  Henry  HL  king  of  Cas- 
tile. It  is  said,  that  his  descendants  still  live 
there,  in  honorable  independence. 

Bethune,  Philii)de,  a  native  of  Bethune 
in  Artois,  known  as  ambassador  from  Frarice 
to  Home,  Scotland,  Savoy,  and  Germany. 
He  died  1649,  aged  88.  An  account  of  his 
embassy  to  Germany  was  published  in  folio 
at  Paris  1667. 

Bet  IS,  governor  of  Gaza,  was  cruelly 
treated  by  Alexander,  for  bravely  defending 
the  place,  and  dragged  when  dead  by  his 
chariot  wheels. 

Betteuton,  Thomas,  an  actor  of  great 
eminence,  born  in  Totbill-street,  163.5,  and 
apprenticed  to  a  bookseller.  His  first  ap- 
pearance as  a  player  was  in  1656,  at  the 
opera  house  in  charterliouse-yard  ;  but  after 
the  restoration,  he  was  sent  by  Charles  II.  to 
copy  the  superior  graces  and  ornaments  of  a 


Paris  theatre,  and  on  his  return  he  added  all 
the  p(»wers  of  his  taste  and  genius  to  the 
I)rui"\-lanc  and  Lincoln's-inn-fields  theatres, 
which,  after  dividing  the  applauses  of  the 
town,  united  in  10S2,  or  according  to  Cibhcr 
in  1684,  into  one  company.  His  transccndant 
abilities  drew  uiiiversal  api»robation  ;  but 
merit  in  all  situations  is  attended  with  etu-- 
mies,  and  Betterton  found  his  character 
tainished  by  the  envy  of  interior  actors,  s<} 
that,  eager  to  disengage  himself  from  the 
oppression  of  the  managers,  he  procured  ;* 
p.-itentto  erect  by  subscjipiion  another  thea- 
tre in  Lincoln's-inn-fields,  which  opened  in 
1695.  Hut  though  s>ipi)ort(i|  by  the  patron- 
age of  the  king,  a»jd  the  abilities  of  Congreve, 
oiu'  theatrical  hero  discovered  that  the  op- 
position of  Vanbrugh  andCibber  was  loo  pow- 
erful ;  and  though  the  "  mo)n-niiig  bride," 
and  '*  the  way  of  the  world,"  appeared  witli 
all  llicir  excellencies,  the  more  rapid  pro- 
ductions of  the  other  house,  procured  grea- 
ter success  and  greater  admiration  ;  and  af- 
ter three  or  four  seasons  of  unavailing  rival- 
ship,  and  after  endeavouring  to  establish  a 
new  oi)posilion,  by  building  tlie  Hay-market» 
in  1706,  Betterton  yielded  in  the  struggle,  and 
all  the  powers  of  the  actors  were  again  re- 
imited  into  one  society.  In  his  old  age  Bet- 
terton was  attacked  Avith  tlie  gout,  but  ho 
preserved  his  usual  serenity  of  mind,  ami 
though  oppressed  by  indigence,  he  found 
the  public  inclined  to  patronise  his  depart- 
ing greatness.  Love  for  love  was  acted  for 
his  benefit  in  17U9,  and  Mrs.  Bracegirdle 
and  Mrs.  Barry  stepped  forth  from  their 
retirement  to  support  the  public  favorite, 
and  five  hundred  pounds  were  cleared  for 
the  maintenance  of  the  worthy  veteraii- 
Hamlet  was  the  next  year  performed  with 
equal  success,  and  the  Maid's  tragedy  was 
announced  for  the  exhibition  of  the  following 
spring  ;  but  Betterton  exerted  too  much  his 
languid  nerves  in  the  part  of  Melanthus, 
and  the  gout,  which  he  had  kept  off  by  ex- 
ternal applications,  flew  to  his  head,  and 
proved  fatal,  28th  April,  1710.  He  w»s  in- 
terred in  Westminster-abbey,  universally 
lamented,  but  mourned  by  none  more  than 
by  Steele,  who  pul)lished  in  the  Tatler, 
(No.  167)  a  moving  detail  of  the  merits  of 
his  departed  friend.  Betterton  wrote  or  al- 
tered three  plays.  His  greatest  merit,  how- 
ever, arises  from  his  theatrical  power.s. 
None,  as  Cibber  says,  could  act  with  equal 
feeling  the  characters  of  Othello,  Macbeth; 
Hamlet,  Brutus,  Hotspur,  and  the  spirit  of 
the  poet  was  transfused  into  the  player, 
and  on  his  attitude,  his  aspect,  his  language, 
the  most  eager  expectation  was  suspended, 
and  the  eye  of  liie  spectator  almost  im- 
bibed the  sentiment  before  it  could  reach 
the  ear. 

BETTiNi,Dominico,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Florence.  He  died  1705,  aged  61. 
His  flowers,  fruit,  animals,  and  particularly 
scenes  of  still  life,  possessed  great  merit. 

Betts,  John,  a  native  of  Winchester, 
educated  at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxforil, 
where  he  took  hi>  degree  of  M.  D.  I0J4. 


BE 


BE 


After  the  restoi'ation  he  became  one  of  the 
king's  physicians.  He  wrote  de  oi'tu  &  na- 
tura  sanguinis,  1G69,  8vo. — anatomiaThomte 
Parr,  &c.  The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 
,.'  Betussi,  Joseph,  an  Italian  poet,  of  Bas- 
satio,  boi-n  1520.  Besides  amorous  poems, 
lie  wrote  the  life  of  Boccacio,  and  translated 
his  Latin  works  into  Italian.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Peter  Aretin. 

Beveridge,  William,  a  native  of  Bar- 
row in  Leicestershire,  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  His  applicition  was  so 
intense,  and  his  proficiency  in  Hebrew  so 
respectable,  that  at  the  age  of  18  he  publish- 
ed "  a  treatise  on  the  use  of  oriental  lan- 
guages." He  became  vicar  of  Ealing,  Middle- 
sex, which  he  afterwards  gave  u[)  for  St.  Pe- 
ter's, Cornhdl.  He  gained  the  public  esteem 
by  his  eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  and  was  libe- 
rally patronised  by  Hinchman  and  Compton, 
both  successively  bishops  of  London,  and  he 
■was  made  chaplain  to  king  WilUam  in  16S-i. 
He  was  successively  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
archdeacon  of  Colchester,  prebendary  of 
Canterbury,  and  he,  in  1691,  refused  the  see 
of  Bath  and  "Wells,  on  the  deprivation  of  Dr. 
Kenn,  but  in  1704  he  was  consecrated  bishop 
of  St.  Asaph.  In  his  episcopal  character  he 
strongly  recommended  to  his  clergy  the  ca- 
techising of  cliildren,  and  earnestness  in  pub- 
lic instruction.  He  died  5th  March,  1707, 
aged  71,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral. He  left  the  best  part  of  his  property 
to  charitable  purposes.  He  published  150 
sermons  in  12  vols.  8vo.  and  two  vols,  folio, 
besides  other  theological  tracts,  &c.  in  Latin 
as  well  as  English,  -  nsisting  of  institutionum 
chronologicarum  libri  duo — Codex  canonum 
ecclesia  primitiva — Synodicon  sive  pandecte 
canonum  S.S.  apostolor.  concil.  ab  ecclesia 
Grieca  receptorum,  167'2,  2  vols.  fol. — pri- 
vate thoughts  on  religion — the  church  cate- 
chism explained — the  great  necessity  of  fre- 
quent communion — thesaurus  theologicus, 
or  complete  system  of  divinity,  4  vols.  8vo. — 
a  defence  of  the  old  version  of  the  psalms — 
an  e:q)Osition  of  the  39  articles,  fol.  kc. 

Beverlaxd,  Hadrian,  a  native  of  Mid- 
dleburgh,  in  Zealand,  known  for  his  abihties, 
vhich  were  shamefully  prostituted  in  the 
composition  of  loose  poetry  and  obscene 
pieces.  His  treatise  on  original  sin  drew 
upon  him  the  censure  of  the  world,  not  only 
the  book  was  burnt  with  public  execration, 
but  the  author,  who  ilagitir.usly  boasted  of 
the  composition,  was  driven  from  the  Hague, 
from  Utrecht  and  Leyden,  and  at  last  found 
an  asylum  and  a  pension  in  England,  by  the 
favor  of  Isaac  Vossius.  It  is  said  that  he  re- 
pented of  the  profligacy  of  his  life,  and  the 
Jmnutral  tendency  of  his  writings,  of  which 
lie  made  a  recantation  in  his  treatise  "  de 
fornicntione  cavenda,"  though  his  sincerity 
lias  been  seriously  dfiubtod.  The  death  of 
Vossius  involved  him  in  diilicullies,  and  to 
the  evils  of  poverty  were  added  public  con- 
tempt,  excited  by  tlie  illiberality  of  his  satire, 
and  soon  after  the  loss  of  his  mental  faculties, 
■which  ]iersecuted  him  with  the  apprehen- 
slou  that  iJOO  men  had  conspired  iiis  destruc- 


tion. No  mention  of  him  is  made  after  1712, 
and  it  is  probable  that  he  died  about  that 
time. 

Beverley,  John  of,  a  native  of  Harp- 
ham,  in  Northumberland,  made  abbot  of  St. 
Hilda,  then  bishop  of  Hexham,  and  in  G87 
translated  to  York.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
and  a  great  encourager  of  learning,  and  he 
founded  a  college  for  secular  priests  at  Be- 
verley. After  liolding  the  episcopal  dignity 
34  years,  he  i-etired  to  the  obscurity  of  a 
cell,  and  died  721. 

Bevernixck,  Jerome  Van,  an  able 
Dutch  statesman,  ambassador  to  Cromwell 
in  1054.  He  brought  about  a  peace  between 
England  and  Holland,  and  his  negotiations 
at  Nimeguen  produced  also  a  general  pacifi- 
cation.    He  died  1690,  aged  76. 

Beverwick,  John  de,  a  native  of  Dor- 
drecht, educated  under  the  patronage  of  G. 
J.  Vossius,  and  distinguished  as  an  able  phy- 
sician and  a  respectable  medical  writer.  He 
took  his  degrees  at  Padua,  and  practised  iii 
his  native  town.  He  died  1047,  aged  41,  and 
merited  to  be  called  in  his  epitaph  by  Dan. 
Heinsius  *'  V^itte  ai'tifex,  mortis  fugator." 
His  works  appeared  in  4to.  1651. 

Beuf,  John  le,  member  of  the  academy 
of  belles  lettres  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Aux- 
erre.  He  was  a  learned  antiquary,  and  has 
enriched  literature  with  many  valuable  com- 
positions on  the  history  and  topography  of 
France.  This  respectable  ecclesiastic  died 
1760,  aged  T2).  He  wrote  memoirs  on  the 
history  of  Auxerre,  besides  collections  for 
the  history  of  Pai'is  and  of  France,  Sec. 

Beurs,  William,  a  Dutchman,  born  at 
Dordt  165G,  and  distinguished  as  a  painter 
of  flowers,  landscapes,  and  portraits. 

Bex  ON,  Scipio,  a  native  of  Remiremont, 
who  died  at  Paris,  15th  Feb.  1784,  aged  36. 
He  assisted  Buffon  in  his  natural  history,  and 
published  himself  a  system  of  fertilization, 
8vo.  &cc. 

Beys,  Charles  de,  a  French  poet,  the 
friend  and  cotemporary  of  Scarron.  His 
theatrical  pieces  were  not  in  high  estima- 
tion.    He  died  1656. 

Beysser,  John  INIiehael,  a  native  of 
INIentz,  who  early  showed  a  great  propensity 
for  adventures  and  travelling.  He  was  in 
the  Indies  and  in  Holland,  and  became  a  ge- 
neral at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution. 
He  Mas  employed  in  la  Vendee,  but  being 
defeated,  he  was  accused  and  condemned  as 
a  traitor,  and  as  the  accomplice  of  Hebert, 
and  he  suffered  with  great  composure,  13th 
of  April,  1794. 

Bet-a,  Theodore,  a  zealous  protestant, 
born  at  Vezelai,  in  Bai'gundy,  24th  of  June, 
1519,  and  educated  at  Orleans,  under  the 
care  of  Melchior  Wolinar.  He  was  in- 
tevded  for  the  bar,  but  he  earnestly  devoted 
himself  to  classical  literature,  and  leaving 
France,  he  went  to  Geneva,  with  a  woman 
to  whom  he  had  promised  marriage,  and  in 
1549  he  was  electeil  to  the  Greek  profes- 
sorship of  Lausanne,  ■where  for  10  years  he 
supported  the  character  of  a  respectable 
lecturer,  and  an  accomplished  scholar.    In 


BI 


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1559  he  settled  as  protcstant  minister  at. 
CJeueva,  where  he  became  the  iViend  and 
the  associate  of  Calvin,  whose  tenets  he 
maintained  with  the  eloquence  of  the  pul- 
nit,  and  the  arguments  of  l(»i;ical  disputation. 
He  was  delegated  by  the  university  of  (le- 
neva  to  the  conference  of  Poissy  beft)re  tlie 
king  of  Navarre,  and  his  abilities  and  mo- 
deration commanded  universal  respect  from 
a  most  crowded  audience.  He  remained 
-witli  the  duke  of  Conde  during  the  civil 
vars  of  France,  and  was  afterwards  en- 
gaged as  au  active  and  zealous  advocate  in 
ihe  synods,  which  were  lieM  on  ecclesiasti- 
cal abairs  at  liochelle,  at  Nismes,  at  Mont- 
beliard,  and  at  iiern.  His  intense  studies 
and  labors,  to  which  his  whole  life  was  ex- 
posed, early  shattered  his  constitution,  and 
after  eight  years  of  gradual  decay,  he  ex- 
pired I3th  Oct.  1G05.  His  abilities  were  of 
the  most  comprehensive  kind,  and  as  he  ex- 
erted himself  warmly  in  support  of  the  pro- 
testant  cause,  it  is  not  surprising  that  he 
should  be  branded  with  the  most  oppro- 
brious terras  by  his  religious  opponents. 
His  controversies  were  with  the  most  re- 
spectable scholars  of  the  times,  and  he 
evinced  in  the  contest  the  superiority  of  his 
cause,  as  well  as  the  extent  of  his  learning. 
His  publications  were  all  on  theological  sub- 
jects, partly  in  French  and  partly  in  Latin, 
a  catalogue  of  which  is  given  by  Anthony  la 
Faye,  who  has  written  an  account  of  his 
life.  A  Greek  MS.  of  the  new  testament 
once  in  his  possession,  is  preserved  at  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  Dr.  Kipling  has  published  a 
copy. 

Beziers,  Michael,  an  ecclesiastic  known 
for  his  laborious  researches  on  history  and 
antiquity,  which  he  published.  He  died  of 
an  apoplexy,  1782. 

Bezout,  Stephen,  born  at  Nemours, 
1730,  died  at  Paris,  27th  Sept.  1783.  He  is 
known  by  his  course  of  mathematics,  4  vols. 
8vo.  and  his  treatise  on  navigation,  6  vols. 
8vo.  besides  a  general  theory  of  algebraic 
equations,  and  other  works.  He  was  of 
the  academy  of  sciences,  and  also  examiner 
of  the  pupils  of  the  artillery  and  of  the  ma- 
rines, for  whose  use  chietly  he  published. 

BiANCANi,  Joseph,  author  of  cosmo- 
graphy demonstrated — chronology  of  emi- 
nent mathematicians — dissertation  on  the 
Mature  of  mathematics,  besides  an  edi- 
tion of  Aristotle,  and  other  works  ;  was  a 
Jesuit  and  mathematician  of  Bologna,  and 
he  <lied  at  Parma  1G44. 

BiANCiii,  Peter,  a  Roman  painter,  emi- 
nent for  his  portraits  and  landscapes,  sea  pie- 
ces, and  animals.  He  made  anatomical  figures 
in  colored  wax  with  great  success.  He  died 
at  Rome   173y,  aged  45. 

BiAXCHi,  Francis,  a  painter,  master  to 
Corregio.  He  was  born  at  Modena,  and  died 
1520. 

BiANCHTN,  John  Fortunatis,  professor  of 
medicine,  at  Padua,  was  author  of  treatises 
on  medical  electricity, —  on  the  force  of  ima- 
gination on  pregnant  women, — discourses  on 
jdulosophy,  bcc. — and  died  at  Padua  1779. 


Br  A  XCH  TV  I,  Francis,  a  native  of  Yeronfl, 
illustrious  not  oidy  for  his  universal  barniyg, 
but  the  establishment  of  the  Alethofdl  socie- 
ty in  his  native  town,  whose  pursuits  were  «li» 
rccted  to  physical  and  mathematical  sub- 
jects. He  was  patronised  by  pope  Alexan- 
der VIII.  and  l)y  his  succes.sors,  and  received 
|)ul)lic  marks  of  respect  from  llie  lioman  se- 
nate. He  died  2d  March  1720,  aged  C7. 
The  peojile  of  A  erona  honored  bis  luemoi'y 
by  setting  a  bust  of  him  in  liieir  cathedral. 
His  works  were  in  Italian  and  chiefly  on  an- 
tiquities, such  as  Pala/zo  di  Cesari, — and  in- 
scrizzioni  sepolcrali  dellu  easa  di  Augu.slo, 
fol.  1727,  besides  pieces  of  poetry  and  elo- 
quence. His  universal  history  1G1I7,  is  high- 
ly valued,  and  also  his  hespheri  et  phosphori 
nova  phienomena,  sive  observat.  in  Veneris 
planetam. 

BiANCHiNi,  Joseph,  a  Veronese  orator, 
known  hy  his  writings  against  the  helium 
papale  of  Thomas  James. 

Bianco LEL,Li,  Pierre  Francois,  a  play- 
er of  eminence,  author  of  some  theatrical 
pieces,  and  parodies.  He  died  at  Paris 
1734,  aged  53. 

BiARD,  Peter,  a  celebrated  sculptor  at 
Paris,  who  studied  at  Rome.  He  died  Lt 
Paris,  lfi09,  aged  50  years.  The  best  of  his 
pieces  was  the  equestrian  statue  of  Hen- 
ry IV. 

Bias,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  florished  about  680  B.  C. 

BiBiENA,  Bernardo  de,  a  Roman  of  ob- 
scure origin,  but  great  talents.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  the  Medici  family,  and  by  his 
intrigues  promoted  the  election  of  Leo  X. 
to  the  popedom,  for  which  he  was  made  a 
cardinal  and  employed  in  important  negoti- 
ations. He  afterwards  roused  the  indigna- 
tion of  his  patron,  and  was  poisoned  as  it  is 
supposed  by  his  directions  1520,  aged  50. 
His  Calandra,  a  comedy,  is  still  held  in  high 
esteem  in  Italy. 

BiBiENA,  Ferdinand  Galli,  known  as  a 
painter  and  architect,  was  born  at  Bologna 
1057.  He  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of 
Parma  and  the  emperor,  and  the  magnifi- 
cent buildings  which  were  erected  according 
to  his  plans,  shew  the  superiority  of  his  abil- 
ities in  architecture,  and  the  rules  of  the 
perspective.  He  wrote  two  books  on  his 
art,  and  died  blind  1743,  leaving  two  sons  of 
equal  merit,  one  of  whom,  J.  Galli,  wrote 
the  histoiy  of  the  amours  of  Valeria  and 
Barbarigo. 

BiBLiAXDER,  Theodore,  a  learned  ori- 
entallist,  professor  of  theology  at  Zurich, 
published  an  edition  of  the  koran,  some 
commentaries  on  scripture,  &c.  He  died  of 
the  plague  1564,  aged  05.  His  real  name 
was  Bouchman. 

BiciiAT,  Marie  Francis  Xavier,  a  pupil 
of  Petit  at  Lyons,  who  came  to  Paris,  and, 
under  the  instruction  and  patronage  of  De- 
sault,  was  appointed  medical  professor  at 
the  Hotel  J)ieu.  He  is  author  of  a  treatise 
on  the  membranes — recherches  physiologi- 
ques  sur  la  vie  kla  mort,  Svo.  1799 — besides 
memoirs  in  the  collection  of  the  n\edical  so- 


^I 


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cietv',  and  an  elogc  on  Jiis  friend  Desauit,  in 
the  4th  vol.  of  the  journal  de  chirurgie.  He 
died  1802,  aged  31. 

BiDDLEj.iohn,  wasbornat  Wotton-undcr- 
Edge,  (iloucestershire,  and  was  educated  at 
tlie  grammar  school  there,  and  patronised 
l)y  lord  Berkeley.  He  entered  at  ^lagdalen- 
Ijail,  Oxford,  and  after  he  had  taken  Ins  de- 
gree of  M.  A.  he  was  elected  master  of  the 
free  school  of  St.  Mary  de  Crypt,  in  Glou- 
cester, but  his  refusal  to  acknowledge  the 
divinity  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  interrupted  his 
success  and  j^opularity,  and  drew  upon  him 
accusations  of  heresy.  The  firmness  with 
•wliich  he  supported  his  opinions  roused  the 
vengeance  of  his  enemies,  but  thouiCfS  he 
was  liberated  from  prison  by  his  friends,  he 
■was  still  unwilling  to  yield  to  the  arguments 
•which  archbishoj)  Usher,  in  his  way  through 
Gloucester,  kindly  used  to  remove  his  doubts 
and  effect  a  reconciliation.  He  was  sum- 
moned to  appear  before  the  parliament  at 
Westminster,  but  the  1'2  arguments  and 
othc-i'  things  vvhich  he  published  as  a  crite- 
rion of  his  faith,  instead  of  liberating  him, 
exposed  him  to  greater  persecution,  and  the 
assembly  of  divines,  to  whom  his  cause  had 
"been  referred,  solicited  the  commons,  and 
an  ordinance  was  passed,  to  punish  with 
death  such  as  denied  the  received  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity.  In  the  struggle  for  power 
■which  divided  the  commons,  Biddle  pro- 
cured his  release,  and  passed  some  time  in 
Staffordshire,  till  Serjeant  Bradshaw,  jealous 
of  his  liberty,  recalled  him  to  London, 
where  he  was  again  confined  with  greater 
severity.  To  the  horroi's  of  a  prison  M^ere 
added  those  of  povert)^,  but  Biddle  was  a 
man  of  learning,  and  he  earned  a  subsistence 
by  correcting  the  septuagint  bible,  in  the 
publications  of  which  Roger  Daniel,  a  Lon- 
don printer,  Avas  employed.  By  the  gen- 
eral obli\ion  act  of  1654,  Biddle  recovered 
Iiis  liberty,  but  a  fresh  publication  again  ex- 
posed him  to  tJie  rigor  of  Cromwell's  parlia- 
ment, and  at  last  the  protector,  incited  by 
the  intrigues  of  Griffin,  an  anabaptist,  who 
had  experienced  the  superior  powers  of  his 
antagonist  in  theological  disputes,  gave  or- 
ders for  his  banishment  to  St.  Mary's  castle, 
in  the  isles  of  Scilly,  in  1055,  where  he  con- 
tinued three  years.  On  tlie  restoration, 
•when  the  liberty  of  dissenters  was  abridged, 
Biddle,  who  as  a  minister,  expounded  his 
doctrines  in  private  as  well  as  in  public,  was 
seized  and  dragged  before  a  njagistrate.  He 
was  fined  100/.  and  his  hearers  20/.  each,  but 
-from  his  inability  to  pay,  he  was  detained, 
nnd  after  15  weeks  of  confinement,  a  sudden 
disease  came  to  put  an  end  to  his  sufferings 
i22d  September,  1662,  in  his  47th  year.  He 
was  buried  in  Old  Betblem  churcli-yard, 
Moorfields,  and  his  life  has  been  ])ublishc(l 
by  Mr.  Farrington  of  the  Inner  Temple, 
who  extols  his  piety  and  his  exemplary  mo- 
rals. 

BiDi.oo,  Go(}frey,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, eminent  as  a  physician  and  an  anato- 
mical writer.  He  was  professor  at  the 
Hague,  and  afterwards  at  Leyden,  and  phy- 
sician to  king  William,  Mhom  he  attended 


,  in  England.  He  died  at  Leyden,  April  1713. 
aged  64.  Some  of  his  poems  in  Low  Dutch 
Merc  published  in  1719.  His  great  work  is 
anatomia  corporis  hamani,  Amsterdam, 
1GS5,  foiio. 

BiE,  Adrian  de,  a  portrait  painter,  born 
at  Liere  1591.  He  settled  at  Itome,  where 
he  met  with  great  encouragement.  His 
architectural  pieces  were  also  admired. 

BiEFiELu,  James  Frederick  baron  de, 
a  native  of  Hamburgh,  employed  by  the 
king  of  Prussia  as  secretary  of  legation,  and 
afterwards  as  preceptor  to  his  brother,  Fer- 
dinand, and  in  1747,  made  curator  of  the 
universities,  and  afterwards  baron  and  privy 
counsellor.  He  spent  the  last  part  of  his 
life  in  literary  retirement,  and  died  at  Al- 
i  tembourg,  5th  April,  1770,  aged  53.  He  is 
author  of  several  works  not  highly  esteem- 
ed. Tliey  are  political  institutions,  three 
vols.  8vo. — progress  of  the  Germans  in  belles 
lettres,  8vo. — familiar  letters,  or  universal 
erudition  translated  into  English — dramatic 
amusements,  &c, 

BiELKE,  N.  baron  de,  a  Swedish  gentle- 
man, engaged  in  the  conspiracy  of  Anker- 
stroem,  against  the  Swedish  king.  When 
interrogated,  he  refused  to  accuse  his  associ- 
ates, and  swallowed  poison  Avhich  he  had 
concealed  about  him,  and  died  1792,  aged  50. 

BiEXNE,  John,  an  eminent  printer  of 
Paris.     He  died  1588. 

BiERVE,  N.  marechal,  marquis  de,  a 
Frenchman  well  known  for  his  ready  wit, 
and  great  facetiousness.  He  wrote  two  plays 
which  possess  considerable  merit — les  re- 
putations, 8c  le  seducteur.  He  died  at  Spa, 
where  he  had  retired  for  the  benefit  of  the 
waters,  1789,  aged  42.  He  i»3  author  of  the 
distich  on  courtezans. 
Quid  faciesy   fades  Veneris  cum  veneris^ 

ante  ? 
JVe  sedeas  ?  sed  eas  lie  pereas  per  eas.—~ 

BiE^,  Oudard  du,  a  native  of  Artois,  in 
the  service  of  Francis  I.  His  great  bravery 
and  unusual  presence  of  mind  in  the  field  of 
battle,  recommended  him  highly  to  the  pub- 
lic favor.  After  being  disgraced  for  surren- 
dering Boulogne,  he  was  restored  to  his 
rank,  and  died  at  Paris  1553. 

BiEZELiNGEN,  Christian  Jans  Van,  a 
portrait  painter,  boru  at  Delft.  He  died 
1600,  aged  42. 

B I  FIELD,  Nicholas,  minister  of  St.  Pe- 
ter's, Chester,  and  afterwards  vicar  of  Isle- 
worth,  was  a  devout  and  zealous  advocate  of 
Christianity,  both  in  the  pulpit  and  in  his 
writings.     He  died  1622,  aged  44. 

BiGXE,  Grace  de  la,  of  Bayeux,  accom- 
panied king  .lohn  to  Erigland,  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Poictiers.  He  wrote  "  le  Roman  des 
oiscaux,"  a  poem  for  the  instruction  of  the 
king's  son.  He  died  about  1374.  His  name 
is  sometimes  written  Vigne. 

BiGNE,  Marguerin  de  la,  of  the  same 
family  as  the  preceding,  was  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  eminent  as  a  man  of  letters. 
Besides  harangues  and  sermons,  he  publish- 
ed a  bihliotheca  patrum,  an  useful  collection 
in  eight  vols,  folio,  edited  also  in  16  vols.  foT. 
He  gave  up  his  benefices  in  his  native  town 


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131 


of  Bayeux,  rather  than  support  a  law-suit, 
and  retired  to  literary  pursuits  at  Paris, 
wliere  iie  died  about  1591. 

BiGNicouKT,  Simou  de,  a  counsellor  of 
Rheiins,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  au- 
tient  and  modern  literature.  His  "  pensees 
&  reflections  philosoidiiques,"  are  much 
esteemed.  He  wrote,  besides  epigrams  and 
short  poems,  in  French  and  Latin,  none  of 
which  exceed  '20  lines,  in  a  style  of  such 
neatness  and  elegance,  that  he  has  been  com- 
pared to  Catullus.  He  died  at  liheims,  1775, 
aged  GG. 

liiGNON,  Jerome,  was  born  at  Paris,  and 
otlucated  by  his  father.  His  progress  was 
so  rapid,  and  his  abilities  so  maturely  dis- 
played, that  at  tbe  age  of  10  he  published 
his'description  of  the  holy  land,  and  at  the 
age  of  14,  his  treatise  on  the  election  of  tlie 
popes.  He  was  noticed  by  Henry  IV.  and 
obtained  a  place  at  court ;  but  after  his 
deaLli,  he  travelled  into  Italy,  w  here  lie  re- 
ceived many  proofs  of  esteem  from  pope 
Paul  V.  On  his  return  he  devoted  lumself 
to  the  bar,  and  with  such  success,  that  he 
was  nominated  counsellor  of  state  and  advo- 
cate general  in  the  parliament  of  Paris.  He 
likewise  distinguished  himself  as  a  politician, 
lie  was  consulted  by  queen  Anne  of  Austria 
during  her  regency,  he  assisted  at  the  com- 
pletion of  the  treaty  with  Holland  in  1G49, 
regulated  the  succession  of  Mantua,  and 
concluded  the  allance  with  the  Hans  towns 
in  1654.  He  died  seTenth  April  1G56,  aged 
6G,  of  an  asthma. 

Bigot,  Emeri,  a  native  of  Rouen,  known 
for  his  learning,  and  for  his  exemplary  man- 
ners. He  was  very  intimate  with  the  lear- 
ned men  of  his  age,  such  as  Menage,  Niclio- 
las  Heinsius,  and  others,  and  he  liberally  as- 
sisted his  friends  in  their  publications.  He 
publislied  the  life  of  St.  Chrysostom  by  Palla- 
di,  discovered  by  him  in  the  grand  duke's 
library  at  Florence,  and  died  1089,  at  Rou- 
en, aged  64. 

Bir.DERBEK,  Christopher  Laurent,  a 
Hanoverian  lawyer  who  translated  into  Ger- 
man, Abbadie's  treatise  of  tlie  truth  of  the 
Christian  religion.     He  died  1749. 

BiLFiNGER,  George  Bernard,  a  native 
of  Canstadt,  professor  of  pliilosopliy  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  afterwards  of  theology  at  Tu- 
bingen, and  know  n  for  his  valuable  treatise 
called  "  Dilucidationes  philosoph.  de  dco, 
aniina  humana,  mundo,  5cc."  He  died  1750, 
aged  57.  It  is  remarked  that  he,  like  all  his 
family,  was  born  with  12  fingers  and  12  toes. 

BiLLAUT,  Adam,  a  joiner  of  Ncvers, 
known  by  the  name  of  Maitre  Adam.  He 
possessed  great  abilities  as  a  poet,  and  he 
had  the  good  sense  and  fortitude  to  prefer 
his  obscure  residence  at  Nevers,  to  a  magni- 
ficent dwelling  at  Versailles.  His  "  Chevil- 
les,"  his  "  Villebrci[uin,  and  his  "  rabot," 
deservedly  procured  him  fame,  and  he  re- 
ceived a  pension  from  Richelieu,  and  from 
the  duke  of  Orleans.  He  w as  intimate  with 
the  poets  of  iiis  age,  and  displayed  great  vir 
vacity  and  spirit  in  his  verses,  though  it  can- 
not be  ^u^rpvising  to  find  some  dull  and  frivo- 


lous lines  from  the  pen  of  a  man  who  cultr* 
vattd  the  muses  wiih  the  tools  of  a  joiner iu 
his  hand.     He  died  at  Nevers  IGG'2. 

i}i  I.I.I,  Jacques  de,  was  born  at  Guise,  in 
Picardy,  and  distingiiishcd  himself  by  his 
le;irning,  and  his  po»tical  pieces.  \l<t  traris- 
latetl  several  of  llie  (jreek  fathers  into  Latiu 
with  spirit  and  accuracy,  and  wrote  observa- 
tions on  the  scriptures.  He  died  25th  De- 
cember, 1581,  aged  47.  Chatard  wrote  his 
Hfe,   1582. 

BiLi.i,  Jacques  de,  a  Jesuit  of  Compicg- 
ne,  author  of  opus  astronomicon,  and  other 
esteemed  mathematical  works.  He  died  at 
Dijon  1679,  aged  77. 

BiLLiNGSLEY,  Heurj",  a  native  of  Can- 
terbury, educated  at  Oxford.  Instead  of 
pursuing  his  studies  he  became  a  haber<iash- 
er  in  London,  and  not  only  acquired  great 
opulence,  but  rose  to  tlie  highest  honors  of 
the  city.  He  was  elected  sherifi",  alderman, 
and,  in  1598  lord  mayor  of  London,  when  he 
i-eceived  the  honor  of  kniglithood.  His  hos- 
pitable reception  of  Whitehead  the  mathe- 
matician turned  his  attention  to  geometry, 
and  by  the  assistance  of  this  poor  inmate  he 
became  so  skilled  in  mathematics  that  he 
published  the  first  English  translation  of  Eu- 
clid's elements,  with  learned  annotations 
1570,  folio,  for  which  a  preface  was  written 
by  Dr.  Dee.     Sir  Henry  died  1606. 

BiLLiONT,  N.  Bussa,  a  celebrated  ac- 
tress, born  at  Nancy.  From  her  very  youth 
she  showed  great  talents  as  a  singer,  and  as 
she  grew  up  she  was  deservedly  applauded 
on  tljc  theatres  of  Brussels  and  of  France. 
Her  husband  Biilioni,  was  ballet-master  of 
the  Italian  operas  at  Paris.  She  died  much 
regretted  17S3,  aged  52. 

BiLSOx,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Winchester, 
educated  at  tiie  college  there,  and  at  New 
college,  Oxford.  He  early  iMstinguished 
himself  as  a  poet,  but  when  he  entered  into 
orders,  he  applied  himself  totally  to  divinity, 
and  met  witii  sucli  success  in  his  professioa 
tlsat  he  gradually  became  master  of  Win- 
chester school,  afterwards  warden  of  the 
college,  in  1590  bishop  of  Worcester,  and  3 
years  after  of  W^inchester.  He  was  eloquent 
as  a  preacher,  and  in  the  pulpit  and  by  his 
writings  he  successfully  maintained  the  pro- 
testant  religion  against  the  attacks  of  bigots 
and  puritans,  and  deserved  the  esteem  of 
Elizabeth  and  her  successor.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  all  the  theological  disputes  of  the 
times,  he  assisted  in  the  revision  of  the  bible, 
and  as  a  delegate  he  pronounced  the  famous 
divoi'ce  between  Devercux  earl  of  Essex 
and  lady  Frances  Howard  in  1C13.  He  died 
18th  June,  1616,  and  was  buried  in  Westmin- 
ster-abbey. He  published  a  treatise  of  the 
dill'erence  between  christian  subjection  and 
unchristian  rebellion,  dedicated  to  Elizabeth 
1585,  and  anolher  in  159.3,  on  the  perpetual 
government  of  Christ's  church. 

Bingham,  Joseph,  was  born  at  Wake- 
field in  Yorkshire,  September  16G8,  and  af- 
ter receiving  his  education  at  the  grammar 
school  there,  he  entered  at  University  col- 
lege, Oxford.    His  attention  was  directed  to 


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the  sUidy  of  the  fathers,  and  -vvhen  he  had 
heard  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  attacked 
in  the  university  pulpit,  he  took  occasion 
when  he  preached  before  that  learned  body, 
28th  October  ir)95,  to  explain  in  an  elaborate 
and  diffuse  manner  the  three  witnesses  men- 
tioned by  St.  John.  The  discourse  drew  up- 
on him  the  severest  censures,  so  that  he  was 
obliged  to  give  up  the  fellowship  which  he  i 
held  at  University  college,  and  retired  to 
Headboiirne-worth}-,  a  living  in  Hampshire, 
■which  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Radclilfe  con-  \ 
ferred  upon  him.  The  displeasure  of  the 
university  did  not  however  break  his  spirits,  ' 
he  continued  his  subject  in  two  discourses 
before  the  clergy  of  Winchester  with  the 
gi^neral  approbation,  and  lie  vindicated  hh 
conduct  by  printing  the  offensive  sermons, 
with  a  copious  preface.  Though  fixed  upon 
a  small  living  with  contracted  circumstances, 
and  the  father  often  children,  he  continued 
his  studies  with  indefatigable  application, 
and  procured  from  the  cathedral  libi^ary  of 
Winchester  those  valuable  books  which  his 
own  small  collection  could  notturnish,  in  the 
prosecution  of  that  learned  and  valuable 
work  which  he  published  in  ten  volumes  8vo. 
and  two  volumes  folio  called  "  Origines  ec- 
clesiasticce,"  His  diligence  at  last  was  re- 
warded by  sir  Jonathan  Trelawney,  bishop 
of  Winchester,  who  gave  him  the  living  at 
liavant  near  Portsmouth,  hut  the  prospects 
of  an  improving  fortune  were  suddenly 
overcloudcil  by  the  south-sea  bubble.  Under 
this  heavy  misfortune  he  preserved  his  usual 
serenity  of  mind,  his  literary  ]»urb"aits  were 
dii'ected  to  the  improvement  of  his  Origines 
w  hieh  have  deservedly  extended  his  fame, 
by  being  circulated  widely  on  the  continent, 
and  translated  into  Latin.  As  his  constitu- 
tion had  suffered  much  by  his  sedentai'v  life, 
he  was  prematurely  snatched  a^ay,  17th 
May  1723,  in  his  55th  year.  He  m  as  buried 
at  Headbourne-worthy,  but  no  monument, 
according  to  his  desires,  marks  the  spot 
where  his  remains  are  deposited.  He  pub- 
lished aho  a  scholastic  history  of  lay  baptism 
and  other  works.  Only  two  sons  and  four 
daughters  survived  him,  thereof  the  daugh- 
ters died  single,  and  the  fourth  mar- 
ried a  gentleman  of  Hampshire.  The  eldest 
son  republished  his  father's  books  for  the 
use  of  the  booksellers,  and  his  sou  Avas  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  Havant  in  considera- 
tion of  his  grandfather's  gi'eat  merits  by 
bishop  Lowth,  whose  letter,  whilst  it  com- 
memorates the  virtues  of  a  learned  and  ex- 
emplary man,  reflects  the  highest  honor  on 
the  patron  and  the  prelate. 

Bingham,  Joseph,  second  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  educated  at  the  Charter 
house,  and  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  where 
he  prematurely  died  at  the  age  of  2'2,  in 
consequence  of  excessive  application.  He 
promised  in  his  early  3'ears  to  display  all  the 
learning  and  virtues  of  his  father,  so  that  he 
had  linished,  except  the  preface,  a  valuable 
edition  ol:  the  Theban  story,  which  was  pub- 
lished after  his  <leath.  He  wa5  buried  in  the 
cloisters  of  Corpus. 


Binning,  Hugh,  was  born  in  Ayrshire, 
and  educated  at  Glasgow,  where  he  became 
professor  of  moral  philosophy.  As  minister 
of  Govan,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  and  his  amiable 
manners.  He  died  of  a  consumption  1054, 
aged  29.  His  tracts,  sermons,  bcc.  were 
published  in  4to,  1735. 

BiCERNSTAHL,  a  learned  professor  of 
the  oriental  languages  at  Upsal,  was  a  native 
of  liotarbo  in  Sudermania.  He  visited  Eu- 
rope with  his  pupils,  the  sons  of  baron  Rud- 
bek,  and  afterwards  travelled  to  Turkey,  by 
order  of  the  king  of  Sweden.  He  died  at 
Salonica,  12th  July,  !779.  His  entertaining 
letters,  written  in  Swedish  during  his  tra- 
vels, published  1778,  in  three  vols.  8vo,  have 
been  translated,  with  the  continuation  pub- 
lished in  1781,  into  German  by  Groskurd, 
Leipsic,  1779  and  1781,  in  six  vols.  8vo. 

Biox,  a  Greek  poet  of  Smyrna,  B.  C- 
28U.  His  Idylls  are  held  in  high  and  de- 
served estimation. 

Biox,  a  Scythian  philosophel',  the  disci- 
ple of  Crates,  and  afterwards  of  Theophras- 
tus,  about  246  B.  C. 

Biox,  Nicholas,  author  of  an  excellent 
work  on  the  construction  of  mathematical 
instruments,  translated  into  English,  one  vol. 
fol.  and  of  a  treatise  on  the  use  of  the  globes, 
in  4to.  was  an  able  engineer  and  mathemati- 
cian, who  died  at  Paris  1733,  aged  81. 

BioxDi,  Francis,  a  native  of  Liesena  in 
Dalmatia,  introduced  by  sir  Henry  Wootton 
to  the  favor  of  James,  who  patronised  him, 
and  also  knighted  him.  He  wrote  a  valuable 
history  of  the  civil  wars  of  the  houses  of 
\ork  and  Lancaster  in  Italia-n,  translated 
into  English,  by  Henry  Carey,  earl  of  Mon- 
mouth. 

BioNDO,  Flavio,  latine  Blondus.  vid. 
Blondus. 

BiRAGUE,  Clement,  an  engraver  of  Mi- 
lan, said  to  be  the  first  m  ho  discovered  the 
means  of  engraving  diamonds,  of  which  he 
gave  a  specimen  in  the  portraits  of  don  Car- 
los. He  lived  at  the  court  of  Philip  H.  of 
Spain. 

BiRAGUE,  Rene  de,  a  native  of  Milan, 
who  escaped  from  tlie  vengeance  of  Lewis 
Sforza  into  France,  and  became  a  favorite 
at  the  court  of  Charles  IV".  who  made  him 
keeper  of  the  seals,  and  chancellor  of  the 
kingdom  1573.  He  was  made  a  cardinal  by 
Gregory  XIII.  at  the  request  of  Henry  III. 
He  was  concerned  in  the  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  and  died  1582,  aged  74,  little 
respected,  from  the  servility  and  jierfidious- 
ncss  of  his  character.  One  of  the  same  fa- 
mily distinguished  himself  as  a  general  in  the 
waA's  of  Italy,  especially  in  the  capture  of 
Carde,  a  fortress  of  Piedmont. 

Birch,  Thomas,  son  of  a  quaker,  coffee- 
mill  maker,  was  born  in  the  parisli  of  St. 
John,  Clerkenwell,  23d  November  1705. 
His  fondness  for  learning  was  so  great,  that 
rather  than  follow  the  profession  of  his  fa- 
ther, he  determined  to  depend  upon  his  omu 
exertions  for  subsistence,  and  therefore  he 
becume  assistant  at  Ucinelllampstcad school. 


BI 


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Avhcrc  he  received  lus  education,  nnd  afler- 
ivards  in  t«o  otliei-  estuhlishnients,  all  kept 
by  quakers.  lie  maiTied  in  17'2S,  but  bis 
happiness  was  sof)n  interrupted  l)y  the  death 
oliiis  wife  in  cliild-bed,  aiul  the  poij^uaiicy  of 
liis  grief  was  feelinj^ly  cxpfcbsed  in  some 
beautiful  lines.  His  disserlion  of  the  te- 
nets of  tlie  quakers  was  folbiwcd  by  his  or- 
dination by  the  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  he 
quickly  passed,  by  the  favor  and  patronage 
of  the  Ilardwicke  family,  into  the  posses- 
sion ol  several  benefiees,  tiie  last  of  whicJi 
were  the  rectory  (»f  J)epden  in  Essex,  and 
St.  Margaret  I*allens  and  St.  (iabriel,  Fen- 
churcli-slreet,  London.  He  died  by  a  fall 
from  his  horse  between  London  anil  Ilamp- 
stead,  Ofh  January,  1760,  though  it  was 
conjectureQ  <»i;it  jjis  previous  indisposition 
and  lowness  of  spu.v,  brought  on  an  apoplexy, 
which  caused  his  death.  He  Iimi  been  ho- 
nored M  itii  the  degree  of  b.  \j  i^y  tbe  Ma- 
rischal  college  of  Aberdeen,  and  \jj  i{erring 
the  primate.  In  his  private  characLcc. 
Birch  was  friendly,  communicative,  and  un- 
affected, and  as  a  Avriter  he  possessed  un- 
usual activity  and  solid  judgment.  His 
knowledge  of  Greek  was  not  considerable, 
but  French  and  Latin  he  thoroughly  under- 
stood; and  though  not  particulai'ly  distin- 
guished for  general  information,  his  accu- 
racy as  a  modern  historian  is  very  great. 
His  publications  are  voluminous,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  the  general  dictionary, 
&c.  in  10  vols.  fol.  in  conjunction  with  Ber- 
nard and  Lockman — heads  of  illustrious 
persons  of  Great-Bi'itain,  &c.  two  vols.  fol. 
— memoirs  of  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
two  vols.  4to. — History  of  the  royal  society, 
&c.  four  vols.  4to.  1756.— Thurloe's  state 
papers,  &c.  besides  lives  of  Boyle,  Tillotson, 
prince  Henry,  kc.  and  an  inquiry  into  the 
share  which  Charles  L  had  in  lord  Glamor- 
gan's transactions,  &ic.  <Svo.  1747,  kc.  He 
was  fellow  of  the  antiquarian  and  royal  so- 
cieties, and  secretary  of  the  last.  He  left 
his  books  and  manuscripts  to  the  British 
museum,  of  which  he  was  a  trustee,  and  he 
gave  500/.  to  increase  the  salary  of  the  li- 
brarians of  that  noble  institution. 

Bird,  William,  knoM'n  for  his  excellent 
musical  compositions,  was  according  to  some 
conjectures  employed  in  king  Edward  Vl's 
chapel,  and  afterwards  he  became  organist 
of  Lincoln  cathedral.  Few  particulars  are 
known  of  his  life,  though  it  is  ascertained 
that  he  died  the  4th  July,  1623,  aged  80, 
leaving  a  son  Thomas,  educated  in  the  same 
profession. 

BiREN^,  John  Ernest,  a  person  of  mean 
birth,  noticed  by  Anne,  dutchess  dowager 
of  Courland,  and  raised  by  her  when  eleva- 
ted to  the  Russian  throne  to  the  highest  dig- 
nities. As  the  favorite  minister  of  the  em- 
press his  conduct  was  violent  and  tyrannical, 
not  less  than  20,000  persons  were  capricious- 
ly exiled  by  him  to  Siberia,  but  still  he  con- 
tmued  in  power,  and  was  by  his  mislress 
made  duke  of  Courland  in  1737.  On  the 
death  of  the  empress  he  assumed  the  reins 
of  government  agreeable  to  her  will,  but  an 
TOL.   I.  (15 


insurrection  of  the  nobles  in  1740  prcvnilt-d 
against  him,  and  ibc  sentence  of  death  v  as 
exchanged  for  banishment  into  Siberia.  Mi; 
was  recalled  by  Peter  iH.  and  restored  to 
fiivor  by  (!:itherine.  He  resigned  bis  honors 
ai  duke  of  Courland  to  Uii  son  in  1700,  and 
«licd  three  years  after. 

Hini  VGCoccio,  or  Hi  k  i  \f;ci;cci,  Van- 
muccio,  an  able  mathematician  of  Italy,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  the  art  of  fusing  and  of 
casting  metals  ff)i-  cannon,  Sec.  called  l*ir')- 
technia,  publishetl  in  4to.  Ii4(»,  Venice,  and 
often  re-printed. 

Birkenhead,  Sir  John,  born  at  North- 
wich,  Cheshire,  was  servitor  at  Oriel  col- 
lege, under  Humphrey  Lloyd,  by  whom  he 
was  recommended  to  Lam),  who  made  bini 
his  secretary,  and  procured  him  a  fellowship 
of  All  Souls.  When  Charles  L  came  to  Ox- 
ford, Birkenhead  sui)ported  the  royal  cause 
by  his  writings,  and  when  he  was  at  last  ex- 
pelled from  the  professorship  of  moral  phi- 
losophy by  the  republicans,  he  buried  from 
an  oija«ui.p  retreat  in  London  all  the  shafts 
of  his  satire  agamst  his  persecutors.  After 
the  restoration  he  was  created  doctor  of  laws 
by  the  universit}',  elected  member  for  Wil- 
ton, and  knighted,  and  appointed  master  of 
requests.  His  popularity  as  a  courtier  drew 
upon  him  the  censures  of  jealousy,  and  Wood 
is  among  those  who  detract  his  character. 
Diyden  however,  Langbaine,  and  Winstan- 
ley,  speak  of  him  in  the  highest  terms.  He 
died  fourth  of  December  1679,  aged  64,  and 
was  interred  in  St.  Martin's  in  the  fields. 
His  writings  were  chiefly  political  pamphlets 
and  satirical  poems. 

BiRON,  Armand  de  Gonrault  baron  de,  a 
native  of  Perigord,  who  was  for  some  time 
page  to  queen  Margaret  of  Navarre,  and 
rose  through  all  the  gradations  of  the  army 
to  the  rank  of  marechal  de  France,  1577. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Italy, 
and  in  the  service  of  Henry  III.  and  IV.  and 
was  engaged  in  the  battles  of  Dreux,  St.  Den- 
nis, and  Sloncontour.  He  was  commander 
in  seven  battles,  and  he  received  seven  hono- 
rable wounds.  He  was  defeated  by  the  duke 
of  Parma,  when  lie  went  to  the  Low  coun- 
tries to  assist  the  duke  of  Alencon,  and  he 
was  at  last  killed  by  a  cannon  ball  at  the  siege 
of  Epernai,  in  1592,  aged  6S.  His  liumanity 
was  displayed  at  the  massacre  at  St.  Bartho- 
lomew, when  he  saved  several  of  liis  friends. 
His  commentaries  on  the  campaigns  in  which 
he  was  engaged  are  lost. 

BiRON,  Charles  de  Gonrault  due  de,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  admiral  and  marechal 
of  France,  and  a  favorite  of  Henry  IV.  who 
made  liim  a  iluke,  and  sent  him  as  his  am- 
bassador to  Englanil  and  other  courts.  He 
distinguished  himself  highly  in  the  civil  wars 
of  France,  but  his  atten»pts  to  league  against 
his  master,  with  Savoy  and  Spam,  proved 
his  ruin.  He  was  discovered  and  beheailcd 
31st  Julv,  1602.  His  love  of  pleasure  and 
gaming  is  said  to  have  produced  those  fatal 
steps  to  which  lie  fell  a  sacrifice. 

BisCAiNo,  Bartholomew,  a  painter  of 
Genoa,  who  died  16J7,  at  tiie  early  age  of 


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25,  Avlicn  his  diesigns  promised  the  highest 
eminence  and  celebrity  iu  his  profession. 

BiscHOP,  John  de,  a  painter,  horn  at 
the  Hague.  His  landscapes  and  historical 
]>ieces  were  lield  in  high  estimation  for  taste, 
judgment,  and  correctness.  He  died  1686, 
aged  40.  Another  called  Cornelius,  was 
niso  eminent  in  history  and  in  landscape. 
He  was  one  of  Dol's  pupils,  and  he  died 
1074. 

Bishop,  Samuel,  M.  A.  an  English  poet, 
horn  in  London  1731,  and  educated  at  Mei'- 
chant  taylors'  school,  and  St.  John's  college, 
Cxford,  of  which  he  became,  fellow.  He 
nfterwards  was  appointed  head  master  ot 
Alerchant  tajior's  school,  and  obtained  the 
livings  of  St.  Martin  Outwich,  London,  and 
Ditton,  Surrey.  Hediedl79.T.  His  poems, 
which  are  on  light sulyects,  and  in  a  pleasing 
and  elegant  style,  were  published  in  two 
vols.  4to.  and  tM  o  vols.  8vo.  w  ith  his  life  pre- 
fixed. 

Bisi,  Bonaventure,  a  painter  of  Bologna, 
■who  died  1662.  His  works  on  histoi-ioaJ  sub- 
jects, and  also  his  miniatures,  ^vere  much  and 
deservedlv  admired. 

BissEF,  Charles,  M.I),  at  St.  Andrews, 
was  author  of  an  essay  on  fortifications  and 
of  some  medical  tracts.  He  served  in  Flan- 
ders as  an  engineer,  till  the  peace  1748,  and 
three  years  after  settled  at  Skelton,  in  York- 
shire, where  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
physic,  to  which  he  had  formerly  attended. 
He  died  at  Knayton,  near  Thirsk,  jNlay 
17yi,  aged  75.  He  wrote  an  essay  on  the 
theory  and  construction  of  fortification,  8vo. 
1753 — a  treatise  on  the  scurvy,  8vo.  1775 — 
an  essay  on  the  medical  constitution  of  Great 
Britain,  8vo.  1702. 

BissET,  Robert,  a  miscellanous  author, 
master  of  an  academy  in  Sloane-street,  Chel- 
sea. He  wrote  a  sketch  of  democracy,  1796, 
Svo. — a  life  of  Edmund  Burke,  8vo. — a  valua- 
hle  composition,  2  vols.  8vo. — history  of  the 
reign  of  George  HI. — an  edition  of  the  Spec- 
tator— memoirs  of  living  authors,  &c.  This 
laborious  writer  was  a  native  of  Scotland, 
and  received  his  education  at  Edinbuigh, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  L.  L.  D.  after 
which  he  settled  in  London.  It  is  supposed 
that  his  death  was  hastened  hy  the  ruined 
state  of  his  pecuniary  affairs,  and  that  he 
fell  a  victim  to  a  broken  heart,  l4th  May, 
X8()5,  aged  46, 

BiTOX,  a  mathematician,  who  florished 
ahout  340,  B.  C. 

BizoT,  Peter,  canon  of  St.  Savior  d'He- 
risson  in  Bourges,  is  author  of  the  valuable 
Histoire  med.dliquc  de  la  Hollande,  the  best 
edition  of  which  is  that  of  Vanloom,  1732,  5 
vols,  folio.     He  died  1696,  aged  66. 

Bl^^EI,IvI,  John,  an  historical  portrait 
painter,  disciple  of  Bronzino.  He  died  at 
Rome  1612,  aged  50. 

Mt.ACK,  Joseph,  a  celehrated  chemist 
horn  of  English  parents  at  Bourdeaux,  1728. 
lie  was  educated  at  Belfast  and  Glasgow, 
uhere  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1754. 
His  abilities  were  such  that  he  early  obtained 
the  professorship  of  anatomy,  which  he  soon 


resigned  that  he  might  more  zealously  de ' 
vote  himself  to  chemical  pursuits.  In  1776 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Cullen  in  the  professorial 
chair  of  chemistiy  at  Edinburgh,  and  became 
distinguished  by  the  superior  excellence  of 
his  lectures  and  the  number  of  his  pupils. 
He  died  26th  November  1799.  He  was  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  de  acido  a  cibis  orto,  an  in- 
augural dissertation,  on  his  taking  his  doc- 
tor's degree — experiments  on  magnesia  and 
quicklime — observations  on  the  ready  freez- 
ing of  boiled  water,  inserted  in  the  philoso- 
phical transactions — analysis  of  boiling  water 
in  Iceland,  in  the  Edinburgh  memoirs — lec- 
tures on  the  elements  of  chemistry,  edited 
by  Dr.  Kobison,  2  vols.  4to.  1803. 

Bi>ACKBURN,  William,  eminent  "»  an  ar- 
chitect and  surveyor,  was  h^^n  December 
20th,  1750,  in  South wf>-^-  His  native  genius 
overcame  the  di^-'^^'^^tages  of  a  contracted 
education,  a^^^  *^^  obtained  a  medal  from  the 
royal  p-^'^'emy,  and  the  more  flattering  com- 
mendation of  sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  for  the 
best  drawing  of  St.  Stephen's  church,  Wal- 
brook.  He  acquired  reputation  in  business, 
and  when  an  act  was  passed  in  1779,  for  the 
erection  of  penitentiary  houses,  to  contaiu 
600  males  and  300  females,  his  plans  were 
approved  by  the  three  supervisors,  and  re- 
warded with  100  guineas,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  superintend  the  building,  which 
however  was  suspended  for  a  time  by  govern- 
ment. The  design,  though  abandoned,  was 
not  lost,  the  country  was  awakened  to  convert 
the  confinement  of  culprits  to  useful  labor  and 
to  reformation  of  morals,  and  several  prisons 
were  erected  on  Blackburn's  plan.  This  in- 
genious artist  did  not  long  enjoy  the  favors  of 
the  public,  he  died  at  Preston  on  his  way  to 
Scotland  28th  October  1790,  in  his  40th  year, 
and  his  remains  were  interred  in  Bunhill- 
fields.  He  was  a  dissenter,  but  his  manners 
conciliated  the  esteem  of  all  ranks,  and  it  is 
sufficient  to  say  in  his  praise  that  he  was  the 
friend  and  the  frequent  correspondent  of 
Howard.  Besides  plans  for  penitentiary  hou- 
ses, Mr.  Blackburn  drew  elegant  plans  for 
villas  and  mansion  houses,  &c.  and  likewise 
three  designs  for  Hackney  new  church.  He 
left  a  widow  and  four  children. 

Blackburne,  Francis,  a  native  of  Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire,  educated  at  Hawkshead 
and  Sedburgh  scliools,  and  admitted  1722,  at 
Catherine-hall,  Cambridge.  He  was  promo- 
ted in  1739  to  the  living  of  Richmond,  and 
as  chaplain  to  Hutton,  archbishop  of  York, 
he  obtained  a  prebend  in  his  cathedral  and 
the  archdeaconry  of  Cleveland.  Though 
thus  supported  by  the  ch'trch,  he  was  not 
partial  to  her  doctrines,  and  he  favored  with 
some  degree  of  fondness  the  tenets  of  the 
dissenters,  as  appears  from  his  confessional 
in  1766,  published  anonymously,  but  so  popu- 
lar as  to  reach  a  third  edition.  He  w^rote  also 
a  view  of  the  controversy  concerning  the  in- 
termediate state  of  the  soul,  &c.  in  which  he 
asserted,  that  the  soul  sleeps  in  an  uncon- 
scious state  till  the  resurrection.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  Chandler,  of  the  dissenting  con- 
gregation in  the  Old  Jewry,  1776,  Black-r 


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burnc,  whose  sentiments  were  well  known 
to  b«;  iinfricrully  to  i\>e  cstablislinient,  was 
invited  to  succeed,  wliieli  however  he  re- 
fused. He  dietl  at  llichinon«l,  17H7.  lie 
pul)lishe(l  some  oilier  w(»rks,  all  collected  to- 
gether, lately  edileii  in  0  vols.  Svo. 

IJi.ACKHALL,  Oilsiuiii^,  1).  1).  was  horn 
in  London,  and  educated  at  Catluiinc-hall, 
Canihridtjo.  He  Ijecaiue  rector  of  St.  Mary, 
Aldermanbury,  London,  chaplain  to  kintj 
William,  and  in  1707  bishop  of  Kxeter.  He 
<lied  iJUth  Novendier  1710,  and  was  buried 
in  his  cathedral.  He  was  a  popular  jjreach- 
er,  and  as  a  writer  he  accjuire*!  conse<iuencc, 
by  his  sermons  at  Boyle's  lecture,  and  his 
defence  of  Charles  1.  as  autlior  of  Icon  ]Ja- 
silike  ai^aiiiSt  the  attacks  of  Toland.  He 
was  an  able  scholar  and  an  acute  divine, 
orthodo.v  in  his  principles,  and  charitable  in 
Iiis  character  ;  though  some  have  accused 
him  of  opposition  to  the  revolution,  so  that 
it  is  asserted,  that  he  refused  for  two  years 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  king  Wil- 
liam. His  works  have  been  published  in  two 
vols,  folio,  1723. 

Black  LOCK.  Thomas,  son  of  a  bricklay- 
er, of  Annan  in  Scotland,   was  deprived  of 
his  eye-sight  by  the  small-pox   about   1721, 
before   he  was  six  months  old.     This  great 
misfortune  was  relieved  by  the  kindness  of 
his  father,  and  the  assiduities  of  his  friends. 
His  mind   was  cultivated    and  improveu  by 
the  books  which  M'ere  rerd  to  him,  and   so 
strong  were  the  powers  of  his  understanding 
that  at  the  age  of  twelve  he  Arrote  ai  small 
poem  not  devoid   of   beauty  and    elegance. 
■  The  loss  of  his  father,  w  ho  was  unfortunate- 
ly crushed  to  death  by  the  falling  of  a   kiln 
upon  him,  left  him  in  his  19th  year  destitute 
of  friends   and    society ;    but   however,   the 
kindness   of   Dr.    Stevenson  of  Edinburgh 
was  extended    to  him ;    he   was    placed  at 
a  grammar  school,   and   soon    became    ac- 
quainted with   the  French,     and    the  best 
Greek  and   Latin  authors.      The  rebellion 
of   1745    interrupted   for   a   while   his   lite- 
rary pursuits,  but  after  spending  some  time 
at  Glasgow  lie  returned  to   Edinburgh,  and 
after  studying  ten  years  in  the  university,  he 
acquired  the  fame  of  a  polite  scholar  and  an 
elegant  poet.      His   poems  were   published 
and    universally   admired,   and  though  mis- 
fortune might  in  the  apprehension  of  an  in- 
fidel have  clouded  his  thoughts  with  distrust 
and  dissati-sfaction,  that  the  book  of  nature 
was  shut  upon  him,  we  admire  every  where 
the  most  sublime  piety,  resignation  to  the 
will  of  providence,  and  that  tranciuillity  and 
contentment  of  mind,  which  were  most  fully 
exhibited     in     his   private    character.      By 
means  of  Mr.  Spence,   who  began  to  patro- 
nise him  in  17.i4,  Blacklock  was  placed  in  an 
eligible   situation  in  the  university   of  Edin- 
buigh,  his  labors  were  rewarded  by  an  ample 
sale  of  his  poems,  he  took  orders,  and  in  1766 
obtained  the  degree  of  1).    U.     In  1774   he 
pu'nlished  "  the  ""Graham,"  a   heroic    ballad 
in  four  cantocs,  and  two  years  after  he  wrote 
in  opposition  to  Dr.  Price,  some  remarks  on 
civil  liberty.    This  amiable  man,  respected 


for  tlie  great  and  uncommon  powers  of  his 
mind,  nud  the  exeniplary  conduct  of  his  pri- 
vate life,  died  July  17'Jl,  aged  7U.  l>olh 
Hume  and  Sp<;iice  have  b«;en  lavish  of  llair 
praises  on  his  cliaractei",  and  the  pcjrtrait  iu 
this  instance  ilrawn  by  IVieudship  is  not  (;x- 
aggerated.  He  wrote  besides  consoliitions* 
deduced  from  naUiral  and  revealed  religion, 
Svo. — discourses  on  ihe  spirit,  and  evidence 
ot  (Jhristianity  from  the  l-'rench,  8vo.  kc. 

IJlackmoue,    sir  Jiicliard,  from    a   i)ri' 
vatc  school  passed  to  \\  estmin.ster   and  Ed- 
mund-it.ili,  Oxford,  and    after  visiting  Italy, 
took  his   degrees  in  physic,  at    I'adua.     His 
early   support   of  the  rev«jlution,    procured 
him  the  \)lace  of  ])hysician  to  king  William, 
and  the  honor  of  kuightiiood  ;  but  though  he 
ac(juire(l    celebrity  and  opulence    in  a  medi- 
cal  character,  he    courted    popularity   as  a 
votary   of  the   muses.      Dryden,    however, 
whom  he   had  oflended  in  some  of  his  ■«  li- 
lings,  treated  him  with   contempt  and  .scur- 
rility, and  Pope,  with  more  illiberality  tliau 
truth,  has  also  directed  the  .shafts  of  his  ridi- 
cule against  him,  in  a  passage  in  the   Dun- 
ciad,  on  which  an  annotator  has  placed  these 
words   *'  a  just  character  of   sir   H.  Black- 
more,    knight,     whose    indefatigable     muse 
produced  no  less  than  six  epic  poems.  Prince 
and   king  Arthur   20   books,    Eliza  10,  Al- 
fred  12,  the  Redeemer  six,  besides  Job   in 
folio,  the  whole  book  of  psalms,  the  ci^eatiou 
seven  books,  the  nature  of  man  three  books, 
and  many   more."     Though  thus   satirized, 
Blackmore  possessed  some  merit.      Addison 
spoke  with  respect  of  his  "Creation,"  and 
Dr.  Johnson  considered  it  as  not  unworthy  to 
find  a  place  among  the  noble  efforts  of  the 
English   mu.se.        Besides    his     poetry,    sir 
Richard  wrote  some  theological  tracts,  and 
medical  treatises,  and  maintained  in  private 
life   a   respectable    character,    and   showed 
liimself  at  all  times  a  warm  advocate  foi'  vir- 
tue and  morality.      He   died  9th  October, 
1729. 

Blackstone,  sir  AViliiam,  knt.  and  L. 
L.  D.  son  of  a  silkman,  was  born  in  Cheap- 
side,  London,  10th  July,  1723,  the  youngest 
of  four  children.     He  received  his  education 
at  the  Charter-house,  and  entered  at  Pem- 
broke college,  Oxford,  iu  17.38,  and  so  early- 
distinguished  himself  by  his  application,  that 
at   the   age  of  20  he  wrote  a  treatise  called 
elements  of  architecture,  which,  though  not 
Juade  public,  yet   received  the  applauses   of 
the    learned   and  judicious.     He,  however, 
soon    quitted    the    muses,    after    obtaining 
Mr.    Benson's    prize    medal    for   the    best 
verses   on  Milton,  as  he    has  beautifully  ex- 
pressed it  in   his  little  poem*' the    lawyer's 
lareweil  to  his  muse,"    and  entered  at  the 
Middle  Temple  in  17iO,  to  study  the   law, 
of  which  he  was   to    become   a  luminai-y  of 
the  first  magnitude.     He  was  elected  fellow 
of  All-souls,  and    contributed    highly  to  the 
respectability    of  this  society,  by  improving 
their  estates,  and  promoting  the  completion 
of  the  Codririgton  libi'ary.      At  the   bar  he 
did  not  rapidly  obtain  popularity,  as  he  did 
not  possess  iu  a  hi^U  degree  the   graces  or 


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the  powers  of  oratory,  but  his  writings  dis- 
played sense  and  deep  penetration,  and  the 
lectures  which  he  delivered  as  Vinerian  pro- 
fessor on  the  hiws  of  England,  received  the 
most  unbounded  applause.  lu  1761,  he  was 
elected  member  for  Hindon,  and  soon  after, 
on  refusing  the  chief  justiceship  of  the  Irish 
common  pleas,  he  received  a  patent,  with 
the  rank  of  king's  council.  In  1768  he  w^s 
chosen  member  for  Westbury,  and  in  1770 
he  was  appointed  puisne  judge  of  the  king's 
bench,  and  soon  after  of  the  common  pleas, 
and  in  this  new  dignity,  supported  the  cha- 
racter of  an  upright  magistrate,  by  legal 
knowledge  and  impartial  discrimination.  His 
intense  application  proved  destructive  to  his 
health,  in  1779,  about  Christmas,  he  was  af- 
flicted with  a  shortness  of  breath,  which, 
though  removed,  was  succeeded  with  a  stu- 
por tnd  insensibility  that  proved  fatal,  l4th 
Feb.  1780,  in  his  .'J6th  year.  lilackstone 
Tuarried  Sarah,  daughter  of  James  Clithe- 
row,  of  Boston-house,  Middlesex,  Esq.  ity 
ivhom  he  left  seven  children.  In  Oxford, 
•where  he  was  respected  and  beloved,  he  hc- 
cnrac  principal  of  New-in-hall,  an  office 
which  he  resigned  with  the  Vinerian  lec- 
tureship in  17Cfi.  The  first  volume  of  his 
raluable  commentaries  was  published  in 
1764,  and  the  three  following,  in  the  four 
succeeding  years;  and  so  highly  are  they 
esteemed,  that  the  prince  may  learu  in 
them  the  extent  of  his  privilege,  and  the 
subject  ascertain  the  bulwark  of  his  liberties. 
This  respected  lawyer  was  not,  however, 
without  his  enemies,  when  solicitor  to  the 
queen,  he  delivered  a  speech  in  parliament, 
■which  difTered  from  the  positions  he  had 
laid  down  in  his  lectures,  and  tlie  seeming 
contradiction  Avas  severely  lashed  by  an 
anonymous  pamphlet,  to  which  were  added 
afterwards  the  animadversions  of  Dr.  Fur- 
iieaux  and  Dr.  Priestley.  He  published  also 
reflections  on  the  opinions  of  Pratt,  ivlore- 
ton,  and  W'ilbraham,  respecting  lord  Lich- 
field's disqualifications  to  become  chancellor 
of  Oxford,  1759 — the  great  charter,  or  char- 
ter of  the  forest,  1759 — a  treatise  on  the 
Jaw  of  descents  and  fee-simple — an  essaj'  on 
collateral  consanguinity  occasioned  by  the 
disputes  about  the  fellowships  of  All-souls — 
considerations  on  copy-holders,  inc. 

Blacksto  .VE,  John,  an  apothecary  of 
Loiulon,  who  died  1753,  author  ofFasciculus 
l)lantarum  circa  Ilarefield,  with  notes,  kc. 
]2mo.  1737, — of  specimen  botanicum,  in 
which  he  mentions  the  places  in  Englaiul 
where  particular  plants  spontaneously  grow, 
8vo.  1746. 

Blackwall,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Der- 
byshire, educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  elected  master  of  the  free  school 
of  Derby,  and  about  18  years  after,  of  that  of 
Market  Bosworth,  Leicestershire,  where  he 
died,  eighth  of  April  1730.  He  distinguished 
liiraself  as  author  of  a  Latin  grammar,  an<l  as 
editor  of  Theognis,  and  publislied  an  intro- 
duction to  the  classics,  and  in  1725  that  uni- 
versally celebrated  work  "  the  sacred  classics, 
defended  and  illustrated,"  in  one  vol.  4to. 


which  was  followed  by  a  second,  six  years  af- 
ter. Among  the  many  respectable  scholars, 
whom  his  abilities  and  assiduity  formed,  may 
be  mentioned  Richard  Dawes,  and  sirHeniy 
Atkins,  who,  as  patron  of  the  church  of  Clap- 
ham  rewarded  the  attention  of  a  deserving 
master,  by  appointing  him  to  the  vacant  be- 
nefice in  1726,  which  he  resigned  three  years 
after. 

Blackwell,  Thomas,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  fourth  of  August  1701,  and  after 
studying  in  the  Marischal  college,  he  became 
1723,  Greek  professor,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  the  eloquence  and  popularity  of 
his  lectures.  In  1737  he  published  anony- 
mously *'  an  inquiry  into  the  life  and  writings 
of  Homer,  8vo,"  which  he  afterwards  accom- 
panied with  "  proofs"  or  translation  of  all  the 
notes  which  he  had  inserted  in  the  composi- 
tion. He  was  appointed  in  1748  to  be  prin- 
cipal of  the  college,  and  was  the  first  clerg)^- 
mau  raised  to  that  dignity,  since  the  forfei- 
ture of  the  Marischal  family  in  1716.  At  the 
head  ofliis  society,  he  displayed  the  abihties 
of  the  scholar  and  the  politeness  of  the  gen- 
tleman, the  college  florished,  and  its  mem- 
bers were  respectable  in  learning  and  ia 
numbers.  A  consumptive  disorder  early  at- 
tacked his  constitution,  and  it  was  increased 
by  voluntary  abstemiousness.  Too  late  he 
wished  to  recover  his  health  by  travelling, 
but  he  died  at  Edinburgh,  in  his  way  to 
South  Britain,  February  1757,  aged  56.  His 
other  publications  were  letters  concerning 
mythology,  174S,  and  the  memoirs  of  the 
court  of  Augustus,  in  three  vols.  4to. — the 
first  of  which  appeared  in  1752,  the  second 
1755,  and  the  last,  after  his  death.  He  left 
no  issue. 

Blackwell,  Alexander,  a  native  of 
Aberdeen,  who  studied  physic  at  Leyden, 
under  Boerhaave,  and  attempted  without 
success  to  practise  in  his  native  town,  and 
afterwards  in  London.  From  a  physician,  he 
became  a  corrector  of  the  press,  and  a  printer, 
but  he  failed;  and  in  1740,  he  went  to  Swe- 
den, wliere  by  means  of  a  Swedish  noble- 
man, whose  friendship  he  had  cultivated  at 
the  Hague,  he  recommended  himself  to  the 
public  as  a  physician,  and  as  projector  for 
draining  the  fens  and  marshes  near  the  capi- 
tal. His  schemes  succeeded,  he  was  applaud- 
ed by  the  king  and  his  court,  but  soon  after, 
being  suspected  of  a  conspiracy  with  count 
Tessin,  he  was  tortured,  and  beheaded  9th 
August,  174S.  Blackwell  married  a  lady, 
daughter  of  a  merchant  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Aberdeen,  who  possessed  great  abilities, 
and  who  published  a  curious  herbal,  contain- 
ing 500  cuts  of  useful  plants,  taken  from  the 
life,  kc.  two  vols,  folio,  by  Elizabeth  Black- 
well,  the  first  volume  of  which  appeared  in 
1737,  and  the  second  1739. 

Blackwood,  Adam,  a  native  of  Dun- 
fermline, known  as  a  warm  advocate  of  the 
unfortunate  Mary  of  Scots.  He  publislied 
in  15S7,  in  French,  an  account  of  her  mar- 
tyrdf)m,  addressed  to  tlie  princes  of  Europe. 
He  displayed  great  virulence  in  the  defence 
of  his  benefactress,  against  Elizabeth,  whose 


BL 


BL 


illegillmacy  he  vished  to  establish,  lie  rc- 
sidefl  at  l*oictiers,  and  died  1G13,  He  was 
eminent  as  a  pott,  civilian,  and  divine.  His 
■works  were  printed  by  Scbasl.  (Jraiuoise  at 
Paris,  IC44. 

Bi.ADEX,  Martin,  known  as  ti-anslalor  of 
Ca;.sar's  coiTimentaries,  vas  a  lirntenaut  co- 
lonel oiider  the  duke  of  .Marlliorouj;!),  and 
iiiemijer  in  five  parii.imcnts.  He  \mis  cfjuip- 
ti'ollei"  of  the  mint  in  1714,  and  tlirec  yeais 
after  named  for  envoy  to  Spain,  an  appoint- 
ment wbicli  he  did  n<i(  accept,  lie  died 
174G.  He  wrote,  besith-s  tlie  (M'amatic  pieces 
of  Orplieus  and  Eurydice,  a  masque,  an<I 
Solon,  a  tragi-comedy,  but  they  are  of  iufe-, 
I'ior  merit. 

Bi.AEU,  or  Janssen,  William,  a  learn- 
ed printer,  tlie  friend  of  Tycbo  IJrahe,  au- 
thor of  a  beautiful  atlas  in  three  vols,  folio, — 
treatises  on  the  globes,  &c.  He  died  iu  bis 
native  town,  Amsterdaui,  1G38,  aged  Cu.  His 
sons,  John  and  Cornelius,  republished  in 
1C63  his  atlas  in  14  vols,  folio,  which  is  vei*y 
scarce  and  valuable,  as  several  copies  -were 
destroyed  by  a  lire  which  consumed  the  befit 
part  of  their  proiierty. 

Blagrave,  John,  was  educated  at  Head- 
ing school  and  St.  John's  college,  ().\ford, 
and  early  devoted  himself  to  mathematical 
pursuits  at  his  seat  of  Southcote.  He  pul  >- 
lished  four  works,  the  mathematical  jew(  I, 
&c. — a  treatise  on  the  making  of  the  familiar 
staft',  for  the  mensuration  of  altitudes, — the 
astrolabium  uranicum  generale, — and  the 
art  of  dialling, — in  which  he  labored  to  ren- 
der more  popular  and  more  universally  un- 
derstood all  mathematical  subjects.  He  was 
kn  private  life  of  a  most  benevolent  disposi- 
tion, as  he  evinced  among  other  things  in  Ids 
donations  of  10/.  to  be  decided  by  lot  to  one 
of  three  maids  from  the  three  j)arishes  of  his 
native  town  of  Heading,  Avho  had  lived  for  five 
years  in  the  service  of  the  same  family.  He 
died  9th  August,  1611,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Lawrence's  church,  Reading,  where  a  hand- 
some monument  was  erected  to  his  memory. 

Blagrave,  Joseph,  a  famous  astrologer 
of  Reading,  probably  related  to  the  preced- 
ing, author  of  a  supplement  to  Culpeper's 
herbal,  and  of  an  introduction  to  astrolog}', 
&c.    He  died  1G88. 

Blair,   John,    chaplain    to  sir    William 
Wallace,  and  afterwards  to  Randolph  earl  of 
Murray.     He  wrote  an  elegant  Latin  poem 
on  the  death  of  his  first  patron,  and  died  in 
the  reign  of  Robert  liruce. 

Blair,  James,  M.  A.  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who,  after  being  unsuccessful  as  minis- 
ter of  the  episcopal  church,  came  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  recommended  himself  to  the 
patronage  of  Compton,  bishop  of  London, 
who  sent  him  as  a  missionary  to  Virginia  in 
IGS.*;.  He  displayed  so  much  zeal  and  ability 
in  this  employment,  that  he  was  ap[)ointed 
to  the  high  oHice  of  commissary,  uufl  so  in- 
tent Avas  he  to  improve  the  manners  and  un- 
<lerstanding  of  the  colonists,  that  he  raised  a 
subscription,  and  procured  a  patent  for  the 
erection  of  a  college  iu  Virginia,  of  which  he 
was  honorably  nominated  the  first  president. 


He  was  also  ])rfsident  of  the  c.oimril  in  \ir- 
ginia,  ."Xiid  after  jiresiding  for  near  50  years 
over  his  college  in  the  most  zealous  and  ex- 
emplary mimner,  he  died  in  a  good  «)ld  age, 
174;3.  His  works  were  sermons  in  four  vols. 
Svo.  London,  I  Ti-. 

Hlaiu,  I'.'iiiick,  a  surgeon  at  IJnndce, 
who  first  :ic«[nired  some  i-epntation  by  his 
disseetir)ii  of  at)  eU  pliant,  the  jiarliculai.s  of 
which  appeared  in  the  pliilosophicul  transac- 
tions. His  attachment  to  the  Stuart  family 
expof^ed  him  to  persecution,  he  was  in  1715 
imprisoned  for  his  conduct,  but  upon  his  li- 
l)cration  came  to  London,  and  as  a  member 
of  tiie  royal  society  gained  Konie  ]>o])ularily 
bv  his  l(;ctur<'S  on  the  .sexes  of  ])lanls,  pub- 
lished under  the  name  of  botanic  essays.  He 
afterwards  settled  at  Bfiston  in  Linrolnshirc 
as  a  physician,  but  he  gained  greater  r(  pnta- 
tion  than  opulence,  by  his  l*harmacf)-botano- 
logia,  a  classical  dissertation  in  ali)habetical 
oi-rjer,  on  British  indigenous  and  garden 
plants,  of  the  new  dispensatory,  in  which  he 
proceeded  only  as  far  as  the  letter  H.  Some 
others  of  his  publications  appeared  in  the 
philosophical  transactions. 

Blair,  Robert,  an  eminent  poet,  eldest 
son  of  David  B.  one  of  the  ministers  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  educated  at  the  school  and 
college  of  his  native  city,  and  when  admitted 
to  orders  was  appointed  minister  of  Athel- 
stanford,  East  Lotliian,  where  he  spent  his 
life  devoted  to  the  sacred  offices  of  his  mi- 
nistry, the  labors  of  literature,  and  the  occa- 
sional pursuits  of  botany.  In  which,  from 
his  superior  knowledge  of  the  use  of  the  mi- 
croscope, he  was  a  great  proficient.  By  his 
wife,  daughter  of  Mr.  Law,  ])rofessor  of  mo- 
ral philosophy  at  Edinburgh,  he  had  five 
sons  and  a  daughter.  He  died  4th  Feb. 
1746,  aged  47.  The  only  poem  of  note 
which  he  published  is  his  *'  grave,"  which 
has  ensured  him  fame  and  immortality. 

Blair,  John,  L.L.I),  a  Scotchman,  who, 
after  being  educated  at  Edinburgh,  travelled 
to  London  with  Andrew  Henderson,  a  man 
of  considerable  abilities,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  the  laborious  office  of  usher  in  a  school  in 
Hedge-lane.  In  1754  he  published  "  his  chrO' 
nology  and  histoay  of  the  world,"  illustrated 
with  tables,  kc."  a  correct  and  valuable  work, 
which  he  rendered  still  more  deserving  of  ptib- 
lic  patronage  in  his  editions  of  1756  and  1768. 
His  literary  services  happily  were  not  forgot- 
ten, he  was  elected  fellow  of  the  R.  and  A.  S. 
appointed  chaplain  to  the  princess  dowager  ol 
Wales,  tutor  to  the  duke  of  York,  and  with 
several  other  valuable  preferments  was  made 
prebendary  of  Westminster.  In  1763  and 
1764,  he  attended  his  royal  pupil  in  his  tour, 
and  visited  Lisbon,  (Gibraltar,  Minorca,  Italy, 
and  several  parts  of  France.  He  died  of  the 
influenza,  June  24th,  1782,  and  no  doubt  his 
death  was  accelerated  by  the  fate  of  his  bro- 
ther captain  Blair,  who  tell  gloriously  in  the 
naval  battle  of  the  12th  April,  1782,  and  to 
whose  meritorious  services  tlie  nation  have 
erected  a  monument.  The  course  of  lectures 
on  the  canons  of  the  old  testament  by  Dr. 
Blair,  have  appeared  since  his  death. 


13L 


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Blaiu,  Ilugli  D.  D.  a  ccle])rated  divine, 
son  of  a  mere  hunt,  born  at  Edinburgh,  se- 
venth April  171 S.  He  vas  educated  at  the 
high  school,  and  in  1730  was  admitted  at  the 
University,  where  application  and  good  con- 
duct marked  his  progi-ess  in  tlie  paths  of  lite- 
rature. In  1 736  lie  took  his  master's  degree, 
and  t«  o  years  after  was  licensed  to  preach, 
and  174'2  was  promoted  to  the  parish  of  Co- 
lessie,  in  Fifeshire.  His  abilities  were  how- 
ever loo  great  to  be  buried  in  the  obscurity 
of  the  country,  he  was  soon  after  invited  to 
the  second  charge  of  the  Cannongate  church 
of  Edinburgh,  and  in  1758  he  was  promoted 
to  the  High  church,  and  honored  with  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  by  the  sister  university  of  St. 
Andrew's.  In  1759  he  appeared  bt^fore  the 
public  as  lecturer  in  rhetoric  and  belles  let- 
ires,  and  with  such  effect,  that  the  King  in 
17G'2  erected  for  his  encouragement,  witii  a 
salary  of  70/.  a  year,  a  professorship  on  that 
branch  of  literature  in  the  university.  His 
dissertation  in  support  of  the  authenticity  of 
Ossian's  poems,  appeared  in  17G3,  and  in 
1777  he  published  the  first  volume  of  bis 
sermons,  which  met  with  such  applause  that 
in  1779  he  printed  a  second  volume,  and  af- 
terwards three  volumes  moi'e  appeared. 
These  discourses  became  popular,  not  only 
in  Scotland  and  Englan.d,  but  were  translated 
into  foreign  languages,  and  claimed  the  ad- 
mii'ation  of  the  learned  on  the  continent. 
Such  services  in  the  cause  of  religion  and 
virtue  did  not  pass  unrewarded,  and  at  the 
instance  of  the  Queen,  to  whom  the  sermons 
were  dedicated,  the  worthy  professor  ob- 
tained a  pension  of  200Z.  a  year,  whicli  was 
inci'eased  \00L  more  in  1783,  when  his  infir- 
mities obliged  hiia  to  resign  his  public  offices. 
He  not  only  carried  into  his  retirement  the 
respect  and  good  wishes  of  liis  fcllyw  colle- 
gians, but  he  was  permitted  to  retain  his  sa- 
lary in  the  most  honorable  terms.  His  lec- 
tures in  three  vols,  appeared  in  1783,  and  ob- 
tained as  rapid  a  sale  and  as  wide  a  circula- 
tion as  his  sermons,  as  they  were  entitled  to 
equal  commendation.  His  sermon  preached 
for  tlie  sons  of  tlie  clergy  in  Scotland,  Avas 
published  in  1796.  Dr.  Kiair  died  at  Edin- 
burgh 27th  December,  l>iO(),  and  as  a  cha- 
racter amiable  in  private  life,  and  univer- 
sally respected  as  a  scholar  and  as  an  elegant 
writer,  carried  with  him  to  the  graAc  the 
regret  of  every  Briton,  v.  ho  venerates  piety, 
virtue,  and  benevolence.  Since  his  death 
his  life  liy  Dr.  Finlayson,  has  beiMj  prefixed 
to  the  fifth  volume  of  his  sermons,  which  he 
had  i)repared  but  not  sent  to  the  press. 

Blake,  Robert,  was  boi-n  at  Kridgewa- 
ter,  and  after  being  educated  at  the  gram- 
jnar  school  of  his  native  town,  he  entered  at 
St.  Alban-hall,  and  removed  to  Wadhani 
follege,  Oxford.  He  took  his  degree  of  15. 
A.  in  1617,  but  the  violence  with  which  Laud 
espoused  conformity  of  worship  in  his  dio- 
cese of  Bath  and  'VVells,  revolted  the  heart 
of  Blake,  and  instead  of  cultivating  the  mu- 
ses, he  became  a  follower  ot  the  jiuritans, 
and  was  elected  member  for  Bridgewatcr. 
During  tlic  civil  wars  he  wanidy  espoused 


the  c.iuse  of  the  ])arriament,   and  signalized 
himself  so  much  by  his  valor,  under   colonel 
Fiennes,  in   the   defence  of  Bristol  against 
prince  Rupert,  and  particularly  of  Taunton, 
of  which  lie  was  made  afterwards  governor, 
that  his  services  were  acknowledged  by  the 
house   of   commons,  and   rewarded    with  a 
present  of  500Z.     In    1649  he  appeared   in  a 
new  character,   as  admiral  of   the   fleet.    In 
conjunction    with   Deanc   and    Popham,   he 
pursued  prince  Rupei-t  to  Ireland,  where  he 
blocked  him  up  in  the  harbor  of  Kinsale,  and 
thence  proceeded    to  the  coasts  of  Portugal 
and  Spain,  where  he  seized   several  valuable 
ships,  to  retaliate  for   the   insults  which  the 
governors  of  the  coasts  wished  to  ofiertothc 
British  flag.     On  his  return  to  England,  he 
was  received   with  all  the  honors  due  to  his 
merits,  he   was  made  wardeii  of  the  cinque 
ports,  and  invested  with  the  chief  command 
in  the  Dutch  war.     The    naval   history  of 
Europe  does  not   afford   instances  of  battles 
more    heroically  fought.     The    abilities    of 
Blake  were  opposed  by  the  equally  celebra- 
ted powers  of  Van  Trump,  a  chief  who  has 
deserved  and  received,    in  the  applauses  of 
posterity,  the  same  honors  which  have  been 
paid  to   the  British  victor.     The  coasts  of 
England  and    Holland  were  witnesses  of  the 
repeated  engagements  of  these  warlike  lea- 
ders, in  both  of  whom  intrepidity  supplied 
the  want  of  numbers,  and  unshaken  presence 
of  mind  maintained  the  contest  where  valor 
seemed   unable  to   decide   the    victory.     In 
these  numerous  and  bloody  battles  the  Dutcli 
lost  nearly  40  ships  of  war,   besides  a  great 
many  smaller  vessels,  and  after  thus  suppor- 
ting the   naval  fame  of   his   country  in   the 
German    ocean,    Blake    sailed  by  order  of 
Cromwell  to  the   Meditei-ranean,   where  he 
chastised  the  insolence  of  the   Bey  of  Tunis, 
redeemed  the  Cliristian  captives  from  slavery 
and  chains  at  Algiers  and   Tripoli,  alarmed 
the  pope  in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  and  by 
the  terror  of  his  name  compelled  the  sove- 
reigns of  Venice,  Tuscany,  and  other  Italian 
states  to  pay   homage  to  the   jiower  of  the 
British  usurper.     After  thus  spreading   ter- 
ror around  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean, 
he  returned  into  the  Atlantic,  and  attacked 
Santa  Cruz,   in    the  island  of  Teneriffe,  and 
destroyed  the   whole  of   the   Spanish  plate 
fleet  that  had  taken  refuge  there.     This  ac- 
tion, which   is   considered    as  the  most  bril- 
liant ever  performed  at  sea,  was  so  welcome 
to  Cromwell   and  his  parliament,  that  a  day 
of  thanksgiving  was  ajipointed   on   the  occa- 
sion, and   a  diamond  ring  worth   500/.  was 
sent  as  a  present  to  the   illustrious  comman- 
der.    England  however  did  not  longboastof 
the  possession  of  her  hero,  his  health  rapid- 
ly declined,  and  on  his  return  from  the  Me- 
diterranean, he  e\i)ired  just  as  his  fleet  en- 
tered Plymouth,    ITth  August  1657,  in  his 
.■)8lh  year.     His  body  was  interred  in  Henry 
VII's  chapel,  Westminster,  but  it  was  remo- 
ved in  1661   to   vSt.  Margaret's  church  yard. 
If  Blake  fought  with  such  zeal  for  the  usur- 
pation, it  is  not  to  be  concluded  that  he  was 
the  friend  of  tyranny  or  cruel  oppressioni 


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When  Charles  T.  was  tried,  he  exclaimed 
■with  all  the  hUintness  <A'  :i  scainuii,  H^aiiist 
the  proceedings  of  the  ))!\rliaiMent,  and  ot- 
fcred  fi-eel>  to  yield  uif  his  lite  to  save  thut 
of  the  unfortunate  monarch  ;  and  ever  ani- 
mated with  the  love  of  his  country,  he  told 
liis  officers  when  the  Dutch  expeitcd  a 
cliangc  of  measures  from  the  dismission  of 
the  parliament  hy  Cromwell,  "  It  is  not  for 
us  to  mind  state  aflairs,  hut  to  keep  loreign- 
crs  from  fooling  us" — I'hough  successful  in 
Ids  enterprises  and  loaded  with  puhlic  favors, 
Jilake  died  in  sucii  circumstances,  that  his 
property  was  scarcely  increased  500/.  more 
than  he  had  inhcriled  from  his  father.  Like 
the  founders  of  lionian  freedom,  he  fought 
for  his  country  and  not  for  private  emolu- 
ment. 

Blake,  John  Bradley,  was  horn  in  Lon- 
don, 5th  November,  1745,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school.  After  acquiring  a  deep 
knowledge  of  cliemistry  and  mathematics, 
iit  the  pursuits  of  his  favorite  study  of  botany, 
lie  went  to  C^hina  as  supercargo  of  the  India 
company,  and  with  laudable  assiduity  col- 
lected and  sent  to  Europe,  the  seeds  of  all 
the  vegetables  of  that  remote  country  used 
by  the  natives  for  purposes  cither  of  medi- 
cine, food,  or  manufacturfo-  ^<=  began 
likewise  a  valuable  collection  of  ores  and  fos- 
sils, but  his  great  application  weakened  his 
constitution,  he  was  afflicted  with  the  stone, 
nnd  the  complaint  Avhen  attended  by  a  fever 
proved  fatal.  He  died  at  Canton,  16th  No- 
vember, 1773,  in  his  29th  year,  and  the 
learned  world  sincerely  lamented  the  loss 
that  science  suttered,  and  sir  J.  Pringle, 
president  of  the  lioyal  society,  paid  his  tri- 
bute of  respect  and  applause  to  his  short  but 
useful  life. 

Blamont,  Francis  Colin  de,  a  musician 
at  the  French  court,  whose  compositions, 
especially  Dido,  and  Creek  and  Roman  fes- 
tivals, were  much  admired.  He  died  in  his 
native  town  of  Versailles  1760,  aged  70. 

Bl AMPIN,  Thomas,  a  learned  and  labo- 
rious ecclesiastic  of  Noyon,  in  Picardy, 
editor  of  St.  Augustin's  works.  He  died 
1710,  aged  70. 

Blanc,  John,  a  noble  of  Perpignan, 
known  for  the  brave  defence  whioh  he  made 
against  the  French  army  that  besieged  his 
native  town  in  1474.  He  refused  to  deliver 
the  fortress  intrusted  to  his  care,  though 
famine  raged  around  him,  and  tliongh  the 
enemy,  irritated  by  his  obstinate  resistance, 
sacrificed  his  sou  who  had  in  a  sully  fallen 
into  their  hands. 

Bl  A  N  c,  Francois  Ic,  a  native  of  Dauplune 
author  of  a  valuable  book  on  the  coins  of 
France,  kc.     lie  died  suddenly  in  1698. 

Bi-ANC,  Claude  le,  a  minister  of  France, 
con%ed  for  two  years  in  the  Bastille,  on 
susi)icion  of  raalpractices.  He  was  restored 
to  publir.  favor  and  died  1728.  His  l)roihers 
were  bishops  of  Avranches  and  of  SarlaL 

Blanc,  Thomas  le,  a  Jesuit  of  Vitri, 
who  died  lit  Kheims  1669.  He  was  author 
of  some  populir  works  addressed  to  the 
'omraou  people,  as  »•'  le  bon  valet,"  &c. — 


His  largest  and  best  known  work  is   his  ana- 
lysis of  David's  psalms,  in  si\  vols,  folio. 

Bi.AN'c,  John  llernard  le,  a  native  of 
Dijon,  historiographer  to  the  della  ciu^ca 
academy.  His  genius  and  learning  procured 
him  friends  and  i)atroiis  at  Paris  and  Lon- 
don, but  he  prel'err(Ml  pear.elnl  obscurity  to 
the  distinctions  which  Alaupertuis  in  174G, 
otlcred  atBerlinin  the  name  of  the  Prussian 
mr)n:irch.  He  wrote  an  int'.-resting  tragedy 
called  Abcnsaide,  besides  letters  on  the 
English  1758,  in  three  vols.  I'imo.  which 
though  incoiTect  and  t'ormal  in  some  degree, 
are  however  not  without  sensible  reflections 
and  pleasing  anecdotes.  Tiiey  are  certainly 
inferior  to  Crosley's  London.  TIte  abbe 
died  in  1781,  aged  74. 

Blanc,  Antony  de  Guilletde,  professor 
of  rhetoric  in  the  congregation  of  tlie  orato- 
ry at  Avignon,  was  born  at  -Marseilles,  2d 
March  1730,  and  died  at  Paris  1799.  He 
afterwards  came  to  Paris  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  ancient  languages  in  the 
central  schools,  and  member  of  the  institute. 
He  wrote  Manco  Capac,  a  tragedy,  w  hicU 
did  not  possess  much  merit,  and  met  with 
little  success.  The  Druids,  another  tragedy 
1772,  was  proscribed  by  the  clergy  for  some 
oftensive  passages.  He  published  besides 
other  pla}  s,  Virginie  a  tragedy — Albert  I. — 

I'henreux   evenement — some    romances 

and  a   translation  of  Lucretius  into  French 
verse. 

Blanc,  N.  an  eminent  ari;ist,  whose 
abilities  were  employed  by  the  French  mi- 
nistry in  improving  and  perfecting  the  fabri- 
cation of  rire-arms.     He  died  1802. 

Blanc  a,  N.  le,  a  young  woman  who  was 
found  wild  at  Sogny,  near  Chalons  in  1731. 
She  was  then  about  10  years  of  age,  and  pur- 
sued hares  and  other  animals  with  astonish- 
ing rapidity.  She  was  placed  in  the  convent 
of  Chaillot,  where  she  became  a  nun,  and 
died  1760. 

Blanca,  Francis  le,  a  Frenchman,  au- 
thor of  a  general  account  of  the  monies  of 
France,  published  with  figures  in  4to.  1690, 
by  order  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  of  a  treatise  on 
the  coins  of  Charlemagne  and  his  successors, 
struck  at  Rome.     He  died  1698. 

Blanchard,  James,  a  painter  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Paris  1600.  He  improved 
himself  at  Lyons,  Rome,  and  Venice,  and 
on  his  return  to  France,  he  showed  by  his 
excellent  pieces  how  judiciously  he  had  ex- 
amined and  studied  the  works  of  Titian, 
Tintoret,  and  Paul  Veronese.  The  most 
remarkable  of  his  pieces  is  a  kneeling  St. 
Andrew  in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame,  with 
the  Holy  Ghost  descending.  His  grand 
pieces  are  few,  as  he  devoted  much  of  his 
titne  to  madonas.  He  was  fortunate  in  his 
coloring.  He  died  of  an  imposthume  ia  the 
lungs,  in  his  38th  year. 

Blanchard,  Francois,  a  lawyer  of  Pa- 
ris, who  died  in  1650.  He  published  the 
*'Eloges  des  presidens,  &c."  and  "  les  mai- 
tres  de  requetes." 

Blanchard,  Guillaurae,  son  of  the 
preceding,  distinguished  Iiimself  as  a  lawyer 


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and  as  the  author  of  a  laborious  and  valuable 
collection  in  2  vols.  fol.  1717,  of  the  edicts 
and  declarations  of  the  kings  of  France  from 
897  to  1715.  He  died  1724,  whilst  prepar- 
ing a  supplement  to  his  great  work. 

JiLAycHARD,  Elias,  a  native  of  Langres, 
eminent  for  his  learning.  Some  of  his  dis- 
sertations are  inserted  in  the  memoirs  ol  tiie 
academie  des  inscriptions.  He  died  1755, 
aged  83. 

Blanchard,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of 
Tourteron,  in  the  Ardennes,  of  the  order 
of  the  Jesuits,  in  whose  college  at  Metz 
and  at  A^erdun,  he  was  professor  of  rheto- 
ric. On  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits  he 
■went  to  Namur,  and  died  1797,  aged  C6. 
He  wrote  the  temple  of  the  Muses,  a  col- 
lection of  fables  and  remarks — the  school  of 
martyrs,  a  collection  of  moral  reflections  and 
liistoricitl  facts. 

Blanche,  daughter  of  Alphonso  IX.  of 
Castille,  married  Lewis  VHI,  of  France  in 
1200,  by  whom  she  had  nine  sons  and  two 
daughters,  she  was  on  the  death  of  her  hus- 
hancl  in  122G,  made  regent  of  the  kingdom, 
during  the  minority  and  the  crusades  of  her 
son  saint  Lewis,  and  she  behaved  with  mode- 
ration and  spirit  in  the  administration  of  the 
government,  llappy  in  the  conduct  ot  lici 
children  whom  by  her  example  and  her  pre- 
cepts she  hud  nurtured  in  virtue  and  religion, 
and  secure  in  the  esteem  and  aflection  of  her 
subjects,  whom  her  justice  and  humanity  at- 
tached to  her  person,  she  crushed  every 
attempt  to  disturb  her  power  or  weaken  her 
authority.  The  defeat  and  imprisonment  of 
her  son,  it  is  said,  preyed  deeply  on  her 
mind,  and  tended  to  shorten  her  existence. 
She  died  1st  Dec,  1252,  and  was  buried  at 
Maubuisson. 

Blanche,  a  native  of  Padua,  celebrated 
for  her  chastity.  After  the  death  of  her 
husband  at  the  siege  of  Bassano,  she  refused 
to  gratify  the  passion  of  Acciolin,  the  gene- 
ral of  the  enemy  ;  but  when  the  tyrant  of- 
fered violence  to  lier  person,  she  threw  her- 
self into  her  husband's  tomb,  where  3he  Avas 
crushed  to  death  by  the  falling  of  the  stone, 
vhich  covered  the  entrance,  1233. 

Blanche  de  Bourbox  married  Peter 
king  of  Castille  in  1352.  She  was  cruelly 
treated  by  her  husband  who  had  fixed  his  af- 
fections on  another,  and  she  was  at  last  im- 
prisoned antl  poisoned  13GI,  aged  23.  Her 
misfortunes  were  avengeil  by  du  Guesclin  at 
tlie  head  of  a  French  army. 

Blaxchelande,  Philihert  Francis 
Rouxelle  cle,  a  native  of  Dijon,  distinguished 
in  the  American  war,  and  at  the  taking  of 
Tobago.  He  was  afterwards  engaged  at  St. 
Domingo,  but  on  his  return  to  Kochefort  he 
was  arrested,  and  sutiered  death  I5th  April 
1793,  aged  58,  a  victim  to  the  cowardice  and 
suspicious  tyranny  of  the  then  existing  go- 
vernment. 

Blanchet,  Thomas,  an  eminent  painter 
of  Paris  who  died  at  Lyons  1G89,  aged  71. 
He  excelled  in  history  and  portraits,  and 
several  of  his  pieces  arc  preserved  at  Lyons 
and  Pari-s. 


Blanchet,  Abbe,  censor  royal  and  li- 
brarian of  tlie  king's  cabinet,  retired  from 
public  life  to  solitude  at  St.  Germin-en-laye 
where  he  died  1784  aged  SO.  He  was  of  a 
melancholy  turn  of  mind,  but  he  possessed 
great  abiUties,  as  appears  by  his  *'  varietes- 
morales,"  &c.  His  apologies,  &c.  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death. 

Blaxcof,  John  Teuniz,  a  painter  born 
at  Alcmaer.  His  sea  pieces  and  landscapes 
were  in  high  repute.     He  died  1670  aged  43- 

Blaxd,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Robert 
Fisher  of  Long  Acre,  married  in  1681  Na- 
than Bland  a  linen  draper  of  London  by 
whom  she  had  six  children,  two  of  whom 
onh-  grew  up  to  years  of  maturity.  She  was 
taught  Hebrew  by  Van  Helmont,  and  wrote 
it  with  great  facility.  A  philactery  in  He- 
brew- by  her,  is  still  preserved  among  the  cu- 
riosities of  the  royal  societv.  She  was  living 
in  1712. 

Blandrata,  George,  an  Itahan  physi- 
cian who  renewed  all  the  tenets  of  Arius 
with  respect  to  the  Trinity.  He  fled  from, 
the  persecution  of  the  inquisitors  of  Pavia  t:i 
Geneva,  and  afterwards  to  Poland,  where 
the  king,  Stephen  Battori,  made  him  a  pri- 
vy counsellor.  He  attempted  to  make  the 
kloR  a.  tollowov  to  his  opinions,  but  failed. 
He  was  strangled  by  his  nephew,  a  worthless 
character,  to  whom  he  had  left  his  property 
1593. 

Blasco  Nunnes,  a  Spaniard,  who  seiz- 
ed and  fortified  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  and 
thus  taciUtated  the  progress  of  Pizarro  to  the 
conquest  of  Peru.  He  was  beheaded  on  pre- 
tence of  ambitious  views. 

Blav'et,  N,a  musician  of  Besancon,  who 
was  engaged  in  the  opera  at  Paris,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  taste,  and  the  su- 
perior merits  of  his  pieces  of  vocal  and  in- 
strumental music.     He  died  1768,  aged  68. 

Blauuer,  Ambrose,  a  native  of  Con- 
stance, one  of  the  followers  of  Luther,  whose 
doctrines  lie  spread  in  France  and  Germany. 
He  died  1567,  aged  75.  His  works  on  theo- 
logy are  little  read. 

Bleddyx,  a  king  of  North  Wales  jointly 
with  his  brother  Rhiwallon.  He  became  sole 
monarch  1068,  and  fell  in  battle  four  years 
after,  after  governing  with  justice  and  mo- 
deration, and  publishing  an  useful  code  of 
laws. 

Bleddyx,  a  British  bard  of  the  13th 
century,  some  of  whose  pieces  are  preserved 
in  the  Welch  archaeologv. 

Bledri,  a  bishop  of  LandafF  called  the 
wise,  from  his  great  learning.  He  was  also  a 
great  patron  of  learned  men,  and  died  much 
respected  1023. 

Bleek,  Peter  Van,  an  eminent  painter 
who  painted  the  comedians  Johnson  and 
GrifTui  in  the  characters  of  Ananias  and 
Tribulation  in  the  Alchemist,  in  a  very  su- 
perior manner.     He  died  July  20th,  1764. 

Blecwryd,  brother  to  Morgan  the  Gla- 
morgan chief,  was  chancellor  of  Landaft',  and 
a  man  of  great  learning.  He  went  to  Rome 
about  the  revision  of  the  Welch  laws  in  926, 
with  Howcl  surnamed  (lie  Good. 


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BleCNY,  Nicholas  dc,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,  -whogavo  lectures  in  his  huus>e  on  tlie 
various  branches  ot'his  profession,  whicli  were 
attended  by  men  of  science  and  learning. 
He  wrote  various  works  on  surgery  and 
physic,  and  also  had  the  management  of  a 
journal  called  New  discoveries  in  all  depnrt- 
ments  of  medicine.  He  died  at  the  latter 
end  of  tlie  I7lh  century. 

Bi.ESS,  Henry,  a  i)ain(er,  horn  at  Bovine 
near  Dinant.  His  landscapes  are  much  es- 
teemed, and  as  he  generally  placed  an  owl 
in  them  as  a  mark,  they  are  called  owl  pieces. 
He  died  1550,  aged  70^ 

Ble TERIE,  "John  Philip  Rene  de  la,  a 
native  of  Kcnnes,  who  became  professor  of 
eloquence  in  the  royal  college  of  Paris,  and  j 
riisUnguished  himself  as  author  of  a  life  of! 
Julian,  two  vols.  12mo.  and  of  a  life  of  Jovian,  ' 
two  vols  I'imo.  two  performances  replete 
with  erudition,  criticism,  and  judgment 
though  the  former  possesses  superior  merit. 
He  wrote  besides  several  dissertations  in  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  belles  lettres, 
and  translated  some  of  the  works  of  Tacitus 
■with  a  life  of  the  author,  to  whose  composi- 
tions he  said  he  Mas  much  indebted.  He 
possessed  learning,  and  in  private  life  and 
as  an  ecclesiastic  he  was  an  exemplary  cha- 
racter.    He  died  1772,  in  an  advanced  age. 

Block,  Marie  Eliezer,  an  able  naturalist 
of  mean  parentage  at  Anspacli.  Under  a 
surgeon,  to  whom  he  was  apprenticed,  he 
applied  himself  deeply  to  the  study  of  medi- 
cine and  anatomy,  and  afterwards  turned  his 
attention  to  natural  history.  Besides  his 
memoirs  on  fishes  published  in  the  Berlin 
memoirs,  and  a  treatise  on  intestinal  vermes, 
he  published  a  valuable  work  called  ageneral 
and  particular  history  of  fishes,  with  colored 
plates,  6  vols.  fol.  1785  and  1799.  He  died 
6th  Aug.  1799. 

Block,  Daniel,  a  portrait  painter  of  Po- 
merania,  who  died  16GI,  aged  81.  There 
were  two  others  of  the  same  family,  Jacob 
and  Benjamin,  one  of  whom  excelled  in  ar- 
chitecture and  the  perspective,  and  the 
other  in  historical  pieces  and  porti'aits. 

Blockland,  Anthony  de  Montfort,  an 
elegant  painter,  who  died  1583,  aged  52.  His 
brothers,  Peter  and  Herbert,  who  were  his 
pupils,  were  eminent,  the  former  for  his  re- 
presentation of  battles,  markets,  kc.  and  tlie 
other  of  portraits,  ale  liouse  meetings  and 
conversations. 

Bloemart,  a  painter  of  Gorcum  in  Hol- 
land. He  was  self-taught,  but  his  genius 
fully  supplied  the  deficiencies  of  education. 
His  claro  obscuro  is  peculiarly  striking,  and 
the  folds  of  his  draperies  are  much  admired. 
He  died  in  1647,  aged  80.  His  sons  Henry 
and  Adrian  were  also  i)ainters,  but  not  his 
equals  in  merit. 

Bloemen,  John  Francis,  a  Fle»nish  pain- 
ter, who  died  at  Bome  1740,  aged  84.  His 
landscapes  were  very  deservedly  admired. 

Blond,  Jean  le,  a  poet  of  iiderior  merit 
in  the  16th  century.  He  published  his  poe- 
try under  the  title  of  le  pi'iutems  de  I'huni- 
ble  esperant. 

VOL.    I.  26 


Blond,  James  Christopher,  a  painter, 
born  al  Frankfort  ou  the  -Maine,  lie  was 
the  inventor  of  a  new  method  of  engravhig 
in  colors,  on  which  he  published  a  trc-aiise. 
His  portraits  and  miniuliircs  were  hold  in 
high  estimation,     lie  died  1741,  aged  71. 

Hi.oNDEAU,  Claude,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  began  with  (Jueret 
in  lOTti,  le  journal  du  i'alais,  which  cxteudy 
to  1700,  in  12  vols.  4to. 

Blo-vdel,  Uavid,  a  ])rotcstant  minister, 
born  at  Chalons  1591.  liis  writings  iti  favor 
of  the  tenets  wliich  he  ha*'  embraced  were 
universally  admired,  and  for  moie  than  20 
times  he  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  sy- 
nods of  the  isle  of  France.  He  was  invited 
to  the  historical  chair  at  Amsterdam  on  the 
deata  of  Yossius,  and  his  great  learning  sup- 
ported the  character  of  his  predecessor.  His 
application  injured  his  health  so  much  that; 
he  lost  his  sight,  but  even  under  that  calami- 
ty he  diiitated  tsvo  folio  vols,  on  the  genealo- 
gy of  the  kings  of  France  against  ChoHlct. 
He  was  suspected  for  a  while  of  Arminian- 
ism,  and  died  April  6lli,  1655,  aged  04.  His 
other  works  are  explications  on  the  eucha- 
rist — on  the  primacy  of  the  church — en 
bishops  and  presbyters — on  the  sibyls — a 
defence  of  the  reformed  churches  against 
Richelieu — a  refutation  of  the  history  of 
pope  Joan. 

Blondel,  Francis,  eminent  forhis know- 
ledge in  geometry,  as  well  as  of  belles  let- 
tres, was  professor  of  mathematics  and  ar- 
chitecture, and  preceptor  to  the  dauphin 
of  France.  He  travelled  with  the  count  of 
Brienne  as  his  tutor,  betweenl652  and  1655, 
of  which  he  published  a  Latin  account.  His 
writings  were  on  architecture — and  also  ou 
the  art  of  throwing  bombs — on  a  new  man- 
ner of  fortifying  places,  &c. — besides  a  com- 
parison between  Horace  and  Pindar.  He 
died  Feb.  1st,  1686. 

Blondel,  John  Francis,  nepliew^  of  the 
preceding,  was  e([ually  eminent  in  architec- 
tural knowledge.  He  was  born  at  Rouen, 
and  died  Jan.  9th,  1774,  aged  69.  Besides 
his  course  of  architecture,  six  vols.  8vo. — his 
discourse  on  architecture,  12mo. — his  trea- 
tise on  the  decoration  of  edifices,  two  vols. 
4to. — he  furnished  all  the  articles  on  tliat 
subject  in  the  French  encyclopsedia. 

Blondel,  Peter  James,  a  native  of  Pa- 
ris, who  wrote  on  the  truth  of  the  Christian 
religion,  Sec.    He  died  17.30. 

Blondel,  Lawrence,  a  Parisian,  related 
to  the  preceding,  was  author  of  some  books 
of  devotion,  &c.     He  died  1740. 

Blondel,  N.  a  physician  of  Pithiviers, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  mineral  waters  of 
Segrai,  and  of  another  on  the  epidemical 
disorders  in  cattle.     He  died  1759. 

Blondin,  Peter,  a  native  of  Picardy, 
the  friend  of  Tournefort,  and  equally  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist.  He  was  admitted  ijito 
the  French  academy  1712,  and  wrote  some 
curious  memoirs,  Sec.  never  printed,  and 
died  1714,  aged  31. 

Blondl's,  Flavius,  a  native  of  Forli  in. 
Italy,  secretary  to  pope  Eugcnius  lY.  and 


BL 


BO 


his  two  successors.  Plis  works  were  on  an- 
tiquities, the  best  known  of  which  are,  Roniu 
itistaiirata — Italia  illustratlo^de  origine  & 
jrestis  Vcuetorum, — Histor.  Roman,  decades 
tres,  from  the  )'ear  400  to  the  year  1440. 
Ue  died  4th  June,  14G3,  aged  75. 

Bi.ooD,  Thomas,  better  known  by  the 
name  of  colonel  lilood,  Mas  one  of  Crom- 
Avell's  oflicers.  After  failijig  in  his  attempts 
to  seize  the  castle  of  Dublin,  by  the  activity 
of  the  duke  of  Ormoiid,  he  came  toEnghtnd, 
vhere  he  seized  the  person  of  that  noble- 
man, with  the  diabolical  intention  of  hang- 
ijig  him  at  Tyburn,  which  a  rescue  by  liis 
servants  iiapj)ily  prevented.  His  next  ex- 
jiloit  was  to  gain  access,  in  the  disguise  of  a 
clergyman,  to  the  tower,  to  <  arry  off  the 
crown  and  regalia,  which  he  might  have  ef- 
fected if  he  had  not  hesitated,  and  in  a  mo- 
ment of  compassion  spared  the  life  of  the 
keeper,  Avhom  he  had  devoted  to  death. 
Charles  II.  not  only  pardoned  this  bold  offen- 
der, but  admitted  him  into  his  presence,  and 
lieard  him  assert  that  he  had  once  formed  a 
plan  to  shoot  him.  He  afterwai'ds  granted 
him  an  estate  of  500/.  per  ann.  and  showed 
liim  so  mucJi  favor,  tliat  the  wits  of  the  times, 
alluding  to  Coventry's  fate,  said  that  the  mo- 
narch kept  the  rufiian  about  his  person  to 
iutimiilate  his  enemies. 

Bt.oot,  Petei*,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
died  1G67.  His  low  life  scenes  were  much 
admired. 

Blostus,  orDEBLois^  Lewis,  a  Bene- 
dictine, abbot  of  Liessies  in  Ilainault.  He  re- 
fused the  archbishopric  of  Cambray.  He 
was  author  of  speculum  religiosorum,  which 
has  been  translated  into  French,  and  he  died 
1566. 

Blount,  Thomas,  a  barrister  at  law, 
born  atBordesley,  AVorcestershire.  He  Avas 
a  Roman  catholic,  and  possessed  a  strong  na- 
tural genius,  which  he  improved  by  great 
ajjphcatien.  He  died  26lh  Dec.  1679,  author 
of  several  respectable  publications,  viz.  Glos- 
sographia,  interpreting  Greek,  Hebrew,  kc. 
words  used  in  the  English  language — jocu- 
lar customs  of  some  manners — a  law  dic- 
tionary, folio — Boscobel,  orthe  king's  escape 
afler  the  battle  of  Worcester,  &c.  kc. 

Blount,  Sir  Henry,  born  at  Tittenhan- 
ger,  Herts,  Dec.  15th,  1602,  was  educated  at 
St.  Albans,  and  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  In 
1634  he  travelled  over  France,  Spain,  and 
Ilaly,  and  afterwards  passed  to  Constantino- 
ple and  Cairo,  and  on  his  return  home,  two 
years  after,  he  published  an  entertaining  and 
popular  account  of  his  observations  in  the 
Levant.  He  was  knighted  in  1639,  and  as  he 
Avas  attached  to  the  royal  cause,  and  even 
tutor  to  the  princes,  he  was  present  at  seve- 
ral of  the  battles  during  the  civil  wars.  In 
1651  he  was  em|)loyed  by  the  parliament  to 
remedy  the  abuses  of  the  law,  ami  his  abili- 
ties continued  to  be  directed  to  the  improve- 
iTient  of  the  trade  and  navigation  of  the  state. 
His  integrity  was  admired  by  all  parties,  and 
at  the  restoration  he  gained  the  co^ilidence 
of  his  sovereign,  was  sheriff  of  Herts  in  1661, 
and  passed  the  last  20  years  of  his  life  lii  lite- 


rary ease  and  retirement.    He  died  9th  of 
Oct.  1682. 

Blount,  Sir  Thomas  Pope,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  12th  September  1649. 
He  was  created  a  baronet  by  Charles  II.  and. 
was  made  member  of  parliament  for  St. 
Albans,  and  afterwards  for  Herts  in  three 
parliaments.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive 
erudition,  and  a  warm  supporter  of  liberty- 
He  wrote  the  popular  book  "  censura  cele- 
briorum  authorum,  &c.  besides  essays,  re- 
marks on  poetry,  natui'al  history,  12mo. 
1693,  &c.     He  died  30th  June,  1697. 

Blount,  Charles,  younger  son  of  sir 
Henry,  was  born  27th  April,  1654.  He  was 
a  zealous  advocate  for  liberty,  and  possessed 
all  the  learning  of  his  family.  As  a  friend  to 
the  revolution,  and  to  king  William,  he  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet,  which  drew  upon  him  the 
censures  of  parliament,  for  asserting  that  tlie 
monarch  was  a  conqueror.  After  his  wife's 
death  he  fell  in  love  with  her  sister,  and  the 
lady,  possessed  of  beauty,  wit,  and  virtue, 
strongly  favored  his  passion,  but  as  an  appli- 
cation to  the  archbishop  was  disregarded, 
and  such  an  union  universally  reprehended, 
she  refused  at  last  his  solicitations,  and  the 
lover  in  despair  shot  himself,  and  died  a  few 
days  after  of  the  wounds,  in  August,  1693. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  are  his  Diana 
of  the  Ephesians — his  introduction  to  polite 
literature — and  his  life  of  ApoUonius  Ty- 
anteus — his  anima  raundi,  &c. — in  which, 
however,  he  cavils  at  the  doctrines  of  reve- 
lation, and  shows  himself  a  deist.  His  works 
have  been  edited  together  by  Gildon. 

Blow,  John,  was  born  at  Collingham, 
Nottinghamshire,  and  distinguished  himself 
by  his  knowledge  of  music.  He  was  master 
of  the  children  of  the  chapel  royal,  composer 
to  the  king,  and  after  Purcell's  death,  or- 
ganist of  Westminster.  His  merit  procured 
him  a  doct(n''s  degree  from  archbishop  San- 
croft,  he  died  lOtli  October  1708,  aged  60, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey. 

Blum,  Joachin  Christian,  a  German  poet, 
born  at  Rathenau.  He  studied  at  Branden- 
burg, Berlin,  and  at  Frankfort  on  Oder,  un- 
der Bauragarten  ;  and,  regardless  of  public 
affairs,  sought  the  retirement  which  his  easy 
fortune  allowed  him,  to  devote  himself  to  the 
muses.  His  works  were  lyric  poems,  idyls, 
orations,  German  proverbs,  and  Rathenau 
delivered,  a  drama  represented  at  Berlin 
with  success.     He  died  1790,  aged  51. 

Blutaeu,  Dom.  R;.ohael,  a  leai-ned 
preacher,  born  in  London,  of  French  pa- 
rents. He  went  to  France,  and  afterwards 
to  Lisbon,  where  he  died,  1734,  aged  96, 
highly  honored  by  the  academy  of  the  ap- 
pliques. He  wrote  a  Portuguese  and  Latin 
dictionary,  in  8  vols,  folio,  with  a  supplement 
of  2  vols.  more. 

Boa  DICE  A,  queen  of  the  Iceni,  is  known 
in  British  and  Roman  history  for  the  valor 
which  slie  displayed  against  the  Romans, 
who  had  insulted  her  and  abused  her  daugh- 
ters. She  was  afterwards  defeated  by  Pauli- 
nus,  and  killed  herself  A.  D.  60. 

Bo  ATE,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  physician,  who 


BO 


liO 


ficttletl  ill  Ireland,  ami  wroio  ji  nnlural  liis- 
torv  of  tlie  country,  piiblishcil  by  Siiiu. 
JIartlib,  V2mo.  165'2. 

l]oBAK  I',  a  (icrnian,  (ust  keeper  «)!' tbe 
botuiiieal  gai'ilen  at  Oxl'ord,  whi<  li  ums  given 
and  eiwlowed  by  ilie  earl  ol"  iJanby.  He 
wrote  a  Latin  ratalogue  of  tlie  plants  con- 
tained in  the  garden,  kc.  ami  «lie(l  I'ebruai-y 
10/ 9,  aged  81.  Dr.  I'lot  speaks  much  in  Ids 
coimnendation,  and  Dr.  Z.  (irey  mentions, 
in  iludibras,  p.  ivio,  a  curious  anectloie  of 
him.  His  son  .lacob  was  also  keeper  of  the 
gardens  after  liim. 

lioccACE,  John,  was  born  at  Certaldo  in 
Tuscany,  1313,  and  intended  by  liis  father 
for  a  mercantile  profession  ;  but  alter  spend- 
ing six  years  with  a  merchant  at  Florence 
and  Paris,  and  turning  his  ihouglits  to  the 
canon  law,  he  abandoned  the  pursuits  which 
interest  or  authority  dictated,  and  devoted 
himself  totally  to  literature.  He  studied 
under  bis  friend  aud  patron  IVtrarch  ;  and 
by  bib  suggestions  he  retired  from  the  tu- 
xnults  and  factions  of  Florence,  and  visited 
^Naples,  where  he  was  received  with  kind- 
ness by  king  Robert,  of  whose  natural 
daughter  he  became  enamoured  ;  and  in  his 
travels  in  Sicil)  he  met  from  queen  Joan  the 
flattering  reception  which  his  writings  and 
merit  deserved.  He  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  his  native  village,  where  his  con- 
stitution w  as  weakened  by  ids  great  appli- 
cation, and  where  he  died,  of  a  sickness  in 
the  stomach,  1375.  His  works  are  some  in 
Latin  and  some  in  Italian.  He  i)ossessed  un- 
common learning,  and  he  may  honorably  be 
reckoned  as  one  of  those  whose  great  exer- 
tions contributed  most  to  the  revival  of 
learning  in  Europe.  His  best  known  com- 
position is  "  Decameron,"  a  romance  occa- 
sionally licentious,  but  al)Ounding  with  wit, 
satire,  and  elegance  of  diction.  His  life  of 
Dante — his  genealogy  of  the  gods — his  his- 
tory oi  Rome — his  tliesis,  &c.  are  much  ad- 
mired. Though  his  poetry  does  not  possess 
the  sweetness  of  Petrarch's  lines,  his  prose 
is  unequalled  for  its  graceful  simplicity  and 
varied  elegance. 

BoccAci,  or  BoccACiNO,  Camillo,  a 
painter  of  history  and  portraits,  born  at 
Cremona,  where  he  died  1546,  aged  .35. 

BocCAGE,  Marie  Anne  le  Page,  a  French 
lady  of  Rouen,  who,  at  the  age  of  10,  mar- 
ried Peter  Joseph  du  Boccage,  and  acquired 
great  celebrity  by  her  writings.  She  was 
the  friend  of  the  wits  of  the  age,  of  Voltaire, 
of  Montesquieu,  Henault,  and  others.  Slie 
obtained  a  prize  from  tlie  Rouen  academy  in 
J  746,  and  nearly  gained  another  from  the 
French  academy,  on  tlie  eulogium  of  Lewis 
XV.  against  her  successful  rival  Mai'montel. 
Her  Paradis  terrestre,  borrowed  from  iMil- 
ton,  and  her  translation  of  the  death  of 
Abel,  were  much  admired.  Her  poems  ap- 
peared in  three  vols.  8vo.  She  died  1802, 
aged  92. 

BoccALixi,  Trajan,  a  wit,  born  at 
Konie,  and  highlj*  honored  by  the  Italian 
literati  for  his  political  discourses  and  his 
elegant   criticisms.    Under  the  patronage  of 


cardinals  Borghcse  and  C.ijctnn,  he  pub- 
lisbeil  bis  Ragguagli  di  Parnasso,  iiis  secre- 
taria  di  Apollo,  and  iiis  Pietra  di  l*ar.ig<»ne  ; 
but  as  in  this  last  piece  he  had  attacktd  the 
tyranny  ol  tiie  Spanisli  court,  he  dreaded 
its  vengeance,  and  fled  to  Venice.  Here  he 
was  attacked  in  his  bed  by  four  ruffians,  who 
killed  him,  in  beating  him  with  bags  t'uil  of 
sand.  Several  reports  wei'c  spread  about  his 
death  ;  but  it  was  generally  imagined  that 
it  proceeded  from  the  resentment  of  the 
S[)anish  court.  'I'he  register  of  St.  Mary's 
in  Venice  records,  that  he  dietl  of  a  cholic 
and  fever,  16th  November,  161.3,  aged  jT. 
His  works  have  been  translated  into  seve- 
ral languages. 

BoccAM A7.2,A,  Aiigelus,  bishop  of  Ca- 
tania in  Sicil}-,  wrote  "  brcvis  chronica," 
containing  an  account  of  remarkable  e\eiits 
in  Sicily,  fnmx  1U27  to  128J.     He  died  1290. 

BoccHus,  a  king  of  Mauritania,  wiio 
made  his  peace  with  liie  Romans  by  meanly 
betraying  into  tiieir  hands  his  son-in-law, 
Jugurtha,  B.  C.  100. 

BocciARDi,  Clemente,  a  painter  of  Ge- 
noa, who  died  1658,  aged  38.  He  is  calleil 
by  painters  Clenientone. 

BoccoLD,  John,  a  famous  fanatic,  called 
Jolin  of  Leyden,  where  he  was  a  laylor.  In 
company  with  John  Matthias,  a  baker  of 
Haerlem,  and  at  the  liead  of  an  entliusiastic 
mob  of  anabaptists,  he  seized  M  mister, 
where,  after  the  death  of  his  bold  associate, 
he  assumed  the  kingly  office,  to  which  he 
united  that  of  projjhet.  In  this  dangerous 
elevation,  he  began  to  reform  the  laws,  and 
new-model  the  government.  He  maintained 
and  enforced  a  plurality  of  wives,  and  liim- 
self  kept  fourteen,  one  of  whom  he  slew 
w  ith  his  own  hands,  because  slie  questioned 
his  divine  authority.  When  MuiSster  was  at 
last  taken,  this  licentious  leader,  who  had 
scarce  reached  his  28l1i  year,  was  put  to  u 
cruel  and  lingering  death,  and  liis  adherents 
either  punished  or  dispersed. 

BoccoNi,  Sylvio,  was  born  at  Palermo, 
24th  April,  1633,  and  became  eminent  for 
liis  knowledge  of  natural  liistory,  in  pursuit 
of  which  he  visited  Italy,  Malta,  Poland, 
Germany,  France,  and  England.  He  was 
of  the  order  of  the  Cistercians,  and  died  in 
one  of  their  convents,  near  Palermo,  22d 
December,  1704.  His  valuable  publications, 
in  number  twelve,  are  chiefly  on  subjects  of 
natural  history,  botany,  mineralogy,  Sec. 
The  best  known  is  musea  di  plante  rare, 
Venice,  1697 — besides  icones  el  descrip- 
tiones  rarioruin  plantarum  Sicil.  Melit  (ial- 
lite,  Italite,  1674,  Lyons  and  Oxford,  &tc. 

BoccoRis,  a  king  of  Egypt,  said  by  Ta- 
citus and  Trogus  to  have  driven  the  Jews 
from  his  dominions,  to  cure  himself  of  the 
leprosy,  according  to  an  oracle. 

BocH.^R  r,  Samuel,  a  jirotestant,  born  at 
Rouen,  1599.  After  studying  at  Paris,  Se- 
dan, and  Sauniur,  he  visited  England  and 
Holland,  and  enriched  his  mind  with  all  tlie 
treasures  of  Arabic  and  of  Oriental  lan- 
guages. As  minister  of  Caen,  lie  acquired 
the  public  esteem  iu  Ijis  llieological  <iisputa- 


BO 


BCE 


tioHs  with  father  Veron;  and  his  publica- 
tions added  so  much  to  the  reputation  of  his 
learning,  that  the  queen  of  Sweden  invited 
him  to  her  court,  and  received  him  with  all 
the  respect  due  to  merit  and  virtue.  He 
died  suddenly,  wheii  delivering  an  oration  in 
the  academy  of  Caen,  May  G,  1667,  from 
M'hich  circumstance  iliis  elegant  epitaph  was 
■written  by  M.  Brieux  : 

Scilicet  hiCC  cuiqne  est  data  sors  cequissima, 
talis 
Tit  Kit  morsj  qnalis  vita  peracta  fiiit. 

JMiisarum  in  gremioy  teneris  qui  vixit  ab 
annis, 
jyiusarum  in  gremio  debnit  iste  mori. 
Besides  his  geographia  sacra,  a  most  learned 
and  valuable  book,  he  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  terestrial  paradise — sermons — a  history 
of  the  animals  and  of  the  plants  and  precious 
stones  mentioned  in  scripture.  Sec.  His 
■works  appeared,  three  vols.  fol.  Leyden, 
1712. 

Bo  CHE L,  Laurent,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  died  in  1620,  in  a 
good  old  age.  His  works,  which  are  es- 
teemed among  the  learned  in  France,  are 
on  subjects  of  law  and  history. 

Bo  CHI  us,  John,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
called  the  Virgil  of  the  Low  Countries, 
from  the  superior  power  of  his  muse.  He 
travelled  through  Italy,  Poland,  Livonia, 
and  Russia,  and  became  secretary  to  the 
duke  of  Parma  at  Antwerp.  He  died  13th 
January,  1609,  aged  54.  Besides  elegies, 
epigrams,  kc.  printed  at  Cologne,  1655,  he 
Avrote  orations,  observations  on  the  psalms, 
&c. 

BocKHORST,  John  Van,  a  pupil  of  Jor- 
daens,  born  about  1610,  and  eminent  as  a 
portrait  and  historical  painter. 

Bocqj_uiLlot,  Lazarus  Andrew,  was 
born  of  obscure  parents,  and  died  in  his  na- 
tive to.vn  of  Avalon,  22d  September,  1728, 
aged  80.  He  was  advocate  at  Dijon,  and  af- 
terwards became  an  ecclesiastic,  eminent  for 
his  learning  and  i)iet3\  He  wrote  letters 
and  dissertations — a  tract  on  the  liturgy — 
sermons — the  life  of  chevalier  Bayard,  Sec. 

Bo  DIN,  John,  a  native  of  Angers,  who 
studied  law  at  Toulouse,  where  he  acquired 
reputation  by  his  lectui'es.  He  came  to  Pa- 
ris; but  not  succeeding  at  the  bar,  he  de- 
voted himself  totally  to  writing  books.  His 
•wit,  as  Avel!  as  his  merit,  recommended  him 
to  public  notice.  Henry  HI.  visited  and 
-lulmired  him;  and  in  the  company  of  the 
duke  of  Alencon  he  visited  England,  where 
he  was  flattered  to  see  his  book  on  "  the  re- 
]>ublic"  approved  and  read  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge.  After  the  death  of  Alencon, 
he  settled  at  Laon,  where  he  married,  and 
rose  to  couse»iuence  as  a  lawyer  and  public 
speaker.  He  died  of  the  plague  at  Laon 
1596.  His  compositions  were  numerous  and 
resj)ectable.  Besides  his  republic,  tie  wi-ote 
a  commentary  on  Appian — discourses  on 
coins — law  tables — methods  of  history — de- 
Tuonology,  Sec. 

BoDLEv,  Sir  Thomas,  celebrated  as  the 
founder  of  the  Bodleian  library  at  0.\ford, 


was  born  at  Exeter,  2d  Marcli,  1544,  and  a^ 
the  age  of  12  he  removed  with  his  father  to 
Geneva,  to  avoid  the  persecutions  which 
awaited  the  j)rotestants  during  Mary's  bloody 
reign.  In  the  university  of  Geneva  he  had 
the  advantage  of  attending  the  learned  lec- 
tures of  Chevalerius,  Beroaldus,  Calvin, 
and  Beza  ;  and  on  his  retui-n  to  England,  on 
Elizabeth's  accession,  he  entered  at  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxfoixl ;  and  in  1564  he  be- 
came fellow  of  Merton  college.  Here  he 
distinguished  himself  as  lecturer  of  natu- 
ral philosophy,  and  as  proctor  of  the  uni- 
versity ;  and  after  travelling  four  years  in 
France,  Germany,  and  Italy,  he  was  intro- 
duced at  court,  and  soon  was  employed  by 
the  queen  as  an  able  and  faithful  negotiator 
in  several  embassies  to  the  different  courts 
of  Europe.  The  ingratitude  of  the  great, 
however,  and  the  cabals  and  intrigues  of 
courtiers,  soon  disgusted  a  mind  naturally 
strong  and  independent ;  and  in  1597,  as  he 
says  himself,  he  abandoned  all  public  busi- 
ness, and  retired  to  ease  and  privacy.  Not 
ignorant  how  much  mankind  are  benefited 
by  the  propagationof  learning,  he  undertook 
to  enrich  his  favorite  Oxford  with  the  most 
magnificent  collection  of  books  ;  a  task,  says 
Cambden,  suited  to  the  dignity  of  a  crowned 
head.  He  wrote,  February  23,  1597,  to 
Dr.  Ravis,  the  dean  of  Christ-church,  and 
his  ofters  were  accepted  with  rapture  by  the 
university ;  and  after  the  rarest  and  most 
valuable  books  had  been  procured,  with 
great  trouble  and  much  expense,  in  every 
part  of  Europe,  a  building,  fit  to  receive  so 
magnificent  a  collection,  was  begun,  the  first 
stone  of  which  was  laid  down,  with  great 
pomp  and  solemnity,  9th  July,  1610.  Bod- 
ley  did  not  live  to  see  the  completion  of  this 
great  work ;  but  his  fortune,  by  his  will,  was 
applied  to  the  use  of  the  foundation ;  and 
his  example  was  followed  by  the  great  and 
opulent,  who  by  liberal  donations  contributed 
to  the  support  of  the  noble  institution.  The 
library  is  under  the  care  of  a  keeper,  to 
whom  a  salary  of  40/.  is  allowed  ;  the  under- 
librarian  has  10/.  and  the  whole  is  under  the 
inspection  of  eight  visitors,  who  annually, 
on  the  8th  of  November,  assemble,  to  ex- 
amine the  state  of  the  books,  and  of  thig 
venerable  building,  which  for  its  appearaiice 
and  the  value  of  the  colU  ction  which  it  con- 
tains, may  be  ranked  among  the  noblest 
foundations  in  the  world.  Bod  ley  died  28th 
January,  1612,  and  was  buried  with  be- 
coming solemnity  in  Merton  college  choir, 
where  an  elegant  monument,  with  appi'O- 
priate  figures,  is  erected  to  his  memory. 
His  statue  was  placed  in  the  library  by  the 
duke  of  Dorset,  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity. 

BoECE,  or  BoETHius,  Hector,  a  native 
of  Dundee.     Vid.  Boethius. 

BcECLER,  John  Henry,  a  native  of  Fran- 
conia,  honored  for  his  learning  by  several 
princes,  and  particularly  by  Lewis  XIV. 
and  by  Christina  of  Sweden,  who  appointed 
him  her  historiographer,  with  a  liberal  sti- 
pend,   lie  was  professor  of  history  at  Stras- 


I50 


liO 


burg,  and  tlieJ  1086,  aged  7;>.  IIis  works 
wcit,  **  commentaries  on  IMiny  iui<l  on  («ro- 
tius,"  wlioni  lie  praises  witli  great  ailiilHtion — 
*' Notitia  Sancti  Horn.  Imp." — •'  'I'inmror 
Tamerlane" — '*  IlisLoria  schola  pi-incipum," 

Bo^HMEN,  Jacob,  a  famous  Teutonic 
philosoplier  and  fanatic,  horn  near  (ioilitz  in 
liermany,  1575.  I  lis  original  occnpalion 
■was  tiiat  of  a  shoemaker,  and  his  industry 
enableil  him  to  maintain  a  wife  and  family 
in  comfortable  circumstances.  As  he  pos- 
sessed luturally  a  strong  bias  to  superstition 
and  to  religious  habits,  he  studied  books  of 
divinity,  and  was  a  constant  attendant  on 
the  worship  of  his  church,  till  at  last  hi- 
found  liimself  suddenly  inspired,  and  con- 
tinued, as  he  says  himself,  "  seven  whole 
days  in  the  most  e.\cessive  joy,  wrapt  in  tlie 
holy  sabbath."  This  fanatical  emotion  was, 
in  the  course  of  some  years,  twice  repeat- 
ed ;  and  in  1612  the  new  proselyte  aban- 
doned his  trade,  and  began  to  write.  His 
first  treatise,  called  "  Aurora,  or  rising 
sun,"  was  censured  by  the  magistrates  of 
Gorlitz,  and  suppressed  ;  but  innovations  in 
religion,  as  w  ell  as  government,  have  always 
advocates.  Bcclimen  resumed  his  pen,  and 
for  the  last  five  years  of  his  life  he  published 
more  than  20  books  on  theological  subjects, 
on  visions,  &c.  On  November  18,  1624,  it 
is  said  tliat  he  pretended  to  hear  music, 
and  he  declared  to  his  son,  that  in  three 
hours  he  should  expire.  At  the  expected 
time  he  took  a  tender  farewell  of  his  family, 
and,  desiring  his  son  to  turn  him,  he  ex- 
pired, with  a  deep  sigh,  exclaiming,  "  Now 
I  go  into  paradise  !"  This  fanatic,  whose 
private  life  was  not  disgraced  by  cruel  or 
immoral  acts,  has  had  many  admirers  in  se- 
Teral  parts  of  Europe.  Quirinus  Kaiilman 
was  a  convert  to  his  opinions,  and  the 
quakei'sin  England  have  adopted  several  of 
his  tenets,  according  to  Dr.  H.  More.  His 
life  has  been  written,  by  Fraukenberg.  His 
works  have  been  published,  in  3  vols.  4to. 

BoEL,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  pupil  to 
Corn,  de  Waal.  He  studied  at  Rome,  and 
died  1680,  aged  55.  His  animals,  still  life, 
&c.  were  much  admired. 

BoERH  AAVE,  Herman,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, born  December  3 1st  1668,  at  Voor- 
hoot,  two  miles  from  Leydcn.  He  was  early 
intended  for  the  ministry  by  his  father,  but 
an  accident  turned  his  thouglits  to  dift'erent 
pursuits.  In  his  12th  year  he  suffered  the 
most  excruciating  pains  from  an  ulcer  in  his 
left  tliigh,  which  boffled  all  the  powers  of  his 
surgeon,  and  lie  drew  the  happiest  omen  of 
his  future  greatness,  by  curing  it  himself 
with  a  fomentation  of  salt  and  wine.  Though 
he  left  his  father  in  his  16th  year  and  was  the 
<;ldest  of  nine  children  in  circumstances  not 
the  most  opulent,  he  prosecuted  his  studies, 
and  in  the  universities  of  Leydcn  he  i-ecom- 
mended  himself  to  universal  approbation,  by 
his  great  application  and  the  vast  powers  of 
his  mind.  He  travelled  with  surprising  ra- 
pidity over  the  fields  of  rhetoric,  metaphy- 
sics and  ethics ;  he  acquired   the  most  per- 


fect knowledge  of  the   classics,  and   became 
thoroughly  acipiaintLcl  with    malhcmalics,  al- 
gebra, and  th<;  (liferent    branches  of  natural 
philoso[)hy.      He   .still    however  directed   hit 
chief  attention  to  divinity,  but  a.s  the  .sc;»nty 
revenues  of  his  ]>atrimr)ny   were  now  nearly 
exh.iiislcd,  hi;   found  a  Iriend    in    John  \  ;in- 
denburg,  buij^oniaKter  of  Leyden,  \iho  advi- 
sed him  to  unile  the  study  of  physic,  to  thht 
of  theology.     'I'he  gratelul    IJoerhaave  com- 
plied, he  had  ah-cady  received  with  a  golden 
medal  the  iipplause   of  the   university  by  an 
academic  or;ition    to   prove    that  Cicero  un- 
derstood the  doctrines  of  Epicurus,  and  now 
he  increased    his  re()Utation    as   tlie  tbilower 
of  A  esalius,   Fallopitis,  and  Bertliolinus.     In 
his  medical  and  anatomical  studies    he  soon 
discovered  the  shallowness  of  the  authors  of 
the  middle  ages,  but  he  found   a  treasure   of 
knowledge  in  his    favorite   Hippocj-ales  and 
the  immortal   Sydenham.     After   extending 
his  researches  to  botany  and   chemistry,  he 
went  to  the  university  of  Harderwick,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  M.  1).    1093,  and  soon 
after  he  abandoned    all  thoughts  of  entering 
into  the  ministry  not  from  choice  but  rather 
from  the  dread  of  the  prejudices   which  had 
been  raised  against  him,  on   the  supposition 
that  he  favored  the  tenets  of  Spinoza.     Now 
totally  devoted  to   the  study  and  practice  of 
physic,  he  became  celebrated  not  only  in  the 
university  but  through  Europe.     As  profes- 
sor of  physic  and  botany,  he  saw  his  lectures 
crowded  with  students  eminent    for   talents 
and  learning,    by    whom    he    w  as   respected 
and  beloved,  not  more  for  the  vast  erudition 
of  his  mind,  than  the   noble   qualities  of  his 
heart.     In  1714  he  was  raised  to  the  high  of- 
fice of  rector  of  the  university,  and   in  1728, 
he  was   admitted  honorary   member  of  the 
academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  two  years 
after  of  the   royal  society   of  London.     His 
constitution  now  began   to  decay.    In    1722 
he  was  afflicted  for  six  months  with  poignant 
arthritic  pains,  and  fearing  a  relapse,  he  re- 
signed in  1729  the  honors  of  professor,  which 
he  had  held  for  near  30  years  to  the  advance- 
ment of  science  and  the  benefit  of  mankind. 
His  private  labors  however  continued,  but  he 
found  himself  affected   in   1727   with   a  diffi- 
culty of  breathing,  and  from   unusual  pulsa- 
tions, and  intermissions  of  the  artery  in  tlie 
right  side  of  the  neck,  he  grew^  apprehensive 
that  he  had  some  polypous  concretions  be- 
tween the  heart  and  the   lungs.    He  wrote 
an  account  of    his   situation   September  8th 
1738,  to  his   friend  Dr.    -Mortimer,    but    the 
flattering  hopes  of  his  recovery   vanished, 
and  he  expired  on  the  23d  in  his  70th  year. 
Boerhaave   amassed  a    large   fortune  by  his 
profession,  but  though   he  has   been   styled 
penurious,  the  bcne\olence  of  his  heart,  and 
the  manner  in  w  hich  he  conferred  favors  on 
the  indigent  and  unfortunate,  proved  that  he 
knew  and  felt  the    calls  of  humanity.     Like 
those  that  are   eminent  either  in  rank  or  in 
virtue,  he  was   not    without   his   detractors, 
but  his  name  must  stand  recorded  in  the  an- 
nals of  scien«e  as  a  great,   and   a  good  man' 
His  valuable  works  are  in  Latin,  and  ail  on 


BO 


BO 


medical,  botanical,  and  chemical  subjeets. 
He  left  an  only  daughter.  His  fellow  citi- 
zens have  erected  to  his  honor  in  St.  Peter's 
church  at  Lcyden  a  monument  on  which  are 
inscribed  these  few  but  expressive  words 
**  Salutifero  Boerhaavi  genio  sacrum.''  His 
life  was  publislied  by  Ur.  Burton. 

BoETHiE,  Eticnne  de  la,  of  Sarlatin  Pe- 
rigord,  died  at  Germignan,  near  Bourdeaux 
1503,  aged  32.  He  was  eminent  as  a  scholar, 
and  tianslated  several  of  Plutarch's  and 
Xenophon's  works,  besides  "  Voluntary  ila- 
very,"  published  after  his  death  by  Moii- 
tagne  his  friend,  to  whoni  he  left  his  library. 

BoETiiius,  Aiiitius  Maulius  'I'orquatus 
Severinus,  a  celebrated  philosopher,  made 
consul  at  Rome,  A.  H.  510.  He  defended 
his  principles  against  tlie  Arians,  and  dui-ing 
kis  confinement  by  order  of  Theodoric,  king 
of  Italy,  he  wrote  his  Avell  known  book  de 
consolatione  philosophiDe,  often  published,  and 
translated  into  English  by  Alfred.  He  was 
put  to  death,  but  by  \vhat  means  is  unknown, 
about  524. 

BoETHii'S,  BoECE,  or  BoEis,  Hector, 
was  born  at  Dundee  about  1470,  and  after 
studying  in  his  native  tov,n,  and  at  Aberdeen, 
he  went  to  Paris,  from  whence  he  was  re- 
called to  become  principal  of  the  college  of 
Aberdeen  lately  founded  by  bishop  Elphin- 
ston.  His  labors  in  the  cause  and  promotion 
of  learning  were  indefatigable,  and  his  col- 
lege florished.  He  wrote  the  lives  of  the 
bishops  of  Aberdeen  in  compliment  to  his 
patron  Elphinston,  whose  memoirs  fill  the 
third  part  of  the  work.  He  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  an  history  of  Scotland  in  which  he 
displayed  gi'eat  research  and  industry,  but 
too  much  creduality.  He  has  been  censured 
for  his  fondness  for  legendary  tales,  but  Eras- 
mus, who  knew  him,  speaks  of  him  as  "  a 
man  of  an  extraordinary  happy  genius,  and 
of  great  eloquence."  The  history  was  af- 
terwards continued  from  the  death  of  James 
I.  where  he  concluded,  to  the  reign  of  James 
UI.  by  Ferrerius  a  Piedmontese. 

BoFFRAND,  Germain,  a  native  of  Nan- 
tes, celebrated  as  an  architect.  He  acquired 
such  reputation  that  several  princes  employ- 
ed him  in  the  erection  of  palaces  and  public 
edifices,  and  France  has  still  to  boast  of 
several  monuments  of  his  genius  in  her  mag- 
nificent edifices,  in  canals,  sluices,  and  brid- 
ges. He  has  written  a  general  statement  of 
the  principles  of  his  art,  with  an  account  of 
all  the  works  which  he  erected.  He  was 
amiable  and  respected  in  his  private  charac- 
lei*.    He  died  at  Paris  1755,  aged  88. 

Bog  AN,  Zachary,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Little  Hempstone,  Devonshire, 
and  educated  at  St.  Alban's  hall,  and  Corpus 
Christi,  Oxford.  He  wrote  comparatio  Ho- 
mer! cum  scriptox'ibus  sacris  quoad  Normam 
loquendi,  8vo. — a  vieM'  of  the  threats  and 
punishments  mentioned  in  scriptui*e,  8vo. — 
additions  to  Rous's  arch^ologias  aKicai — me- 
ditations on  the  mirth  of  a  Christian  life,  8vo. 
— an  help  to  prayer,  published  after  his 
death,  l2mo.  He  died  1659,  and  was  buried 
in  Corpus  Christi  Chapel. 


BoGORis,  first  Christian  king  of  the  Bul- 
garians, who  declared  war  by  his  ambassa- 
dor against  Theodora  of  the  eastern  empire 
841.  The  empress  treated  him  with  firm- 
ness and  dignity,  and  a  reconciliation  was 
effected  by  means  of  his  sister  who  was  pri- 
soner, and  was  sent  back  without  ransom. 
He  embraced  Christianity  865. 

BoHADix,  a  learned  Arabian,  known  as 
the  favorite  of  Saladin,  and  the  historian  of 
that  prince's  life.  He  gives  an  interesting 
account  of  the  crusades,  and  of  the  litera- 
ture of  the  12th  century.  His  works  have 
been  edited  by  Scultens,  fol.  Leyden  1755. 
He  is  said  higldy  to  resemble  Plutarch. 

BoHEMOND,  pi-ince  of  Antioch,  accom- 
panied his  father  Robert  Guiscard  duke  of 
Apulia  in  his  invasion  of  the  eastern  emi)ire 
1081.  He  defeated  Alexius  the  emperor  in 
two  battles,  and  succeeded  his  father  as 
duke  of  Tarentum.  He  afterwards  embark- 
ed for  the  crusades,  and  took  Antioch,  of 
which  lie  called  himself  the  duke,  but  soon 
after  he  was  made  prisoner  and  when  set  at 
liberty  returned  to  Europe,  and  prepared  a 
large  army.  He  married  the  daughter  of 
Philip  king  of  France,  and  died  in  Apulia 
1111.  He  was  succeeded  at  Antioch  by  six 
princes  successively  of  his  own  name. 

BoHN,  John,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  eminent 
as  a  physician,  a  professor,  and  chemist. 
He  died  1719,  aged  79.  He  wrote  on  phy- 
siology and  acids.  His  workde  ofticio  medi- 
ci  duplici,  clinico  &c  forensi,  1704,  4to.  is  ve- 
ry valuable. 

BoiARDO,  Marteo-Maria,  a  governor  of 
Reggio,  known  as  the  author  of  Orlando  Ina- 
morato. This  unfinished  poem  is  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Iliad,  and  founded  on  the  loves  of 
Rolland  and  Angelica,  with  the  siege  of  Pa- 
ris, to  represent  that  of  Troy.  It  was  in  con- 
tinnation  of  it  that  Ariosto  wrote  his  Orlando 
Furioso,  and  the  one  is  nearly  an  introduc- 
tion to  the  other.  Boiardo  possessed  great 
poetical  powers,  his  imagination  was  strong 
and  lively,  and  his  conceptions  bold  and  ani- 
mated. He  wrote  besides  sonnets  and  other 
lighter  poetry,  and  also  translated  Herodo- 
tus, Apuleius,  Sec.  He  died  at  Reggio,  Feb- 
ruary 20th,  1494.  The  best  edition  of  his 
works  is  Venice,  4to.  1544. 

BoiLEAu,  Giles,  eldest  brother  of  Des- 
preaux,  translated  Epictetus,  and  wrote  two 
disputations  against  Menage  and  Castor,  &c. 
and  died  1G69,  aged  38. 

BoiLEAU,  James,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  dean  of 
the  faculty  of  divinity,  and  canon  of  the  ho- 
ly chapel,  and  author  of  several  curious  ec- 
clesiastical works.  He  was  born  1 6th  March 
1635,  and  died  1st  August  1716. 

Bo  I  LEA  u,  John  James,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
St.  lionore  at  Paris,  much  esteemed  by  car- 
dinal de  Noialles.  He  was.  a  man  of  great 
sense  and  learning,  and  wrote  letters  on  mo- 
rality and  religion,  2  vols.  12mo. — the  lives  of 
the  dutchess  of  Liancoiirt,  and  madam  Com- 
be.    He  died  10th  March  1735,  aged  86. 

Boi r,E Au  Despreaux,  Nicholas,  a  ce- 
lebrated poet,  born  at  Paris,  1st  November, 


BO 


BO 


163G.  He  early  lost  liis  motliei*,  and  the 
care  of  his  infancy  was  inlrustcMJ  to  a  ft  luulc 
servant,  who  treated  hiin  with  harslmcss. 
His  father,  who  left  liini  an  oi-phan  before  he 
was  17,  had  not  formed  the  most  promising 
expectations  of  the  powers  of  his  mind  ;  but 
the  dulhic-ss  of  youth  ('isapi)eare(I  as  he  ap- 
proached to  maturity.  He  api)lie(l  himself 
to  the  law ;  he  was  admitted  advocate  in 
1G50,  but  he  <lid  not  possess  the  patience  and 
application  re<iuisite  tor  the  bar,  and  ex- 
changing his  pursuits  for  the  study  of  divi- 
nity, he  at  last  <liscovered  tliat  a  degree  at 
the  Sorbonnc  was  not  calculated  to  promote 
the  bent  of  his  genius,  or  gain  him  reputa- 
tion. In  the  field  of  literature  he  now  ac- 
quired eminence  and  fame.  "I'he  publica- 
tion of  his  first  Satires,  IGGG,  distinguished 
him  above  liis  poetical  predecessors,  and  he 
became  the  favorite  of  Finance  and  of  Europe. 
His  art  of  poeti-y  added  still  to  his  reputa- 
tion ;  it  is  a  moimment  of  his  genius  and 
judgment,  and  far  surpasses  the  ars  poctica 
of  Horace,  in  that  happy  arrangement  of 
his  itieas,  the  harmony  of  l>is  numbers,  and 
the  purity  of  his  language.  His  Lutrin  was 
written  in  lGr4  at  the  request  of  Lamoignon, 
and  the  insignificant  quarrels  of  the  trea- 
surer and  ecclesiastics  of  a  chapel  are  mag- 
nified by  the  art  and  power  of  the  poet  into 
matters  of  importance,  and  every  line  con- 
veys with  the  most  delicate  pleasantry,  ani- 
mated description,  refined  ideas,  and  the 
most  interesting  scenes.  Levris  XIV.  was 
not  insensible  of  the  merits  of  a  man  who 
reflected  so  much  honor  on  the  French 
■  nanje  ;  Boileau  became  a  favorite  at  court, 
u  pension  was  settled  on  him,  and  the  mo- 
narch in  the  regular  approbation  from  the 
press  to  the  works  of  the  author,  declared 
he  wished  his  subjects  to  partake  the  same 
intellectual  gratification  which  he  himself 
had  so  repeatedly  enjoyed.  The  monarch 
engaged  the  poet  to  write,  with  Racine,  an 
history  of  his  reign,  but  the  work  though 
begun  was  never  completed.  As  a  prose 
■writer  Boileau  possessed  superior  merit,  as 
is  fully  evinced  by  his  elegant  translation  of 
Longinus.  After  enjoying  the  favors  of  his 
sovereign,  and  all  the  honors  which  the 
French  academy  and  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions and  belles  letlres  could  bestow,  Boi- 
leau retired  from  public  life,  dissatisfied 
•with  the  insincerity  of  the  world  and  the 
profligacy  of  manners  which  he  had  sati- 
rized with  spirit  and  truth,  and  he  spent 
his  time  in  literary  privacy,  in  the  society  of 
a  few  select  and  valuable  friends.  He  died 
an  example  of  great  resignation  and  piety, 
March  2(1,  1711,  in  his  7.Hh  year.  Besides 
the  works  mentioned  above,  he  Avrote  odes, 
sonnets,  56  epigrams,  critical  reflections, 
some  Latin  pieces,  kc.  As  a  poet  Boileau 
has  deservedly  obtained  the  applauses  of 
every  man  of  genius  and  taste.  2sot  only 
his  countrymen  boast  of  the  superior  ef- 
fusions of  his  muse,  but  foreigners  feel  and 
admire  the  grafces,  the  strength,  and  liar- 
mony  of  his  verse,  and  that  delicacy  of  sa- 
tii-e   and  energj-  of  style   by   which  he  has 


raised  hiinself  to  immortality.  Dcs  Afaiz- 
eau.ic  hasiwi-itteii  his  life.  'I'lie  best  edition 
of  his  works  is  that  of  1747,  5  vols.  8vo. 

Boii.EAU,  Charles,  ablx- (*f  Boileau,  was 
eminent  as  a  preacher  at  the  court  of  Lewis 
XIV.  He  died  1700.  He  published  some 
sermons,  &:c. 

Bo  I  N  oi  N,  X'icholas,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1G7G,  and  at  the  age  of  20  he  entered  into  a 
regiment  of  mnsqtieleers,  a  lalM)rious  ein- 
j)loynjent,  which  the  debility  of  his  cOHSti- 
tion  soon  obliged  him  to  reliiKpiish  for  lite- 
rary pursuits.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
academy  of  inscriptions,  but  his  atheistical 
opinions  created  him  enemies,  and  thougK 
he  escaped  punishment  and  persecution,  he 
was  not  free  from  the  censures  ami  ablior- 
rence  of  his  countrymen.  He  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  fistula,  30th  November,  17.'JI, 
and  the  honors  and  ceremonies  of  public 
burial  were  refused  to  his  remains.  His 
works  were  published  after  his  death  by  M. 
Parfait,  two  vols.  12mo.  1753,  consisting  of 
the  comedies  of  trois  garcons,  le  bal  (Pau- 
teuil,  le  port  de  raer,  le  petit  maitre  de 
robe,  and  other  pieces.  Boindin  in  his  pri- 
vate character  was  humane,  generous,  and 
sincere.  Prefi.xed  to  his  works  is  his  lite  by 
himself,  more  full  of  conceit  and  flatteiy 
than  prudence  or  sense  should  have  dic- 
tated. 

Bo  IS,  Jean  du,  was  born  at  Paris,  and  from 
an  ecclesiastic  distinguished  himself  so  much 
in  the  military  service  of  Henry  HI.  that  the 
monarch  always  called  him  the  emperor  of 
monks.  After  the  death  of  his  patron,  he  re- 
sumed his  cl  i-ical  character,  and  became  emi- 
nent as  a  preacher,  but  his  boldness  in  accu- 
sing the  Jesuits  of  the  murder  of  Henry  IV- 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  the  order, 
and  on  his  visiting  Rome,  he  was  thrown  in- 
to the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  w  here  he  died 
1G'2G,  r:iter  a  confinement  of  14  years.  He 
published  some  ecclesiastic  tracts  in  Latin, 
besides  a  character  of  Henry  IV.  and  of  car- 
dinal Olivier  bis  benefactor. 

Bo  IS,  Gerard  du,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
known,  as  the  author  of  a  Latin  history  of  the 
church  of  Paris,  two  vols.,  folio.  He  was  libra- 
rian to  the  house  of  Honore,  and  also  revised 
the  third  volume  of  the  ecclesiastical  annals 
of  France,  of  le  Comte.  He  was  a  correct 
writer,  and  died  15tb  July,  1696,  aged  G7. 

Bo  1 3,  Philippe  du,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbon- 
ne,  who  edited  Tibullus,  Catullus,  and  Pro- 
pertius,  in  two  vols.  8vo. — and  also  Maldo- 
nat's  workSj,  and  gave  a  catalogue  of  the  lib- 
rary of  Rheims  of  which  he  had  the  care. 
He  died  1707. 

Bo  IS,  Philippe  Goibaud,  a  native  of  Poic- 
tiers,  known  as  a  dancing  master,  as  the  tutor 
of  the  duke  of  Guise,  and  as  the  le.nrned 
translator  of  some  of  Cicero's  and  St.  Augus- 
tin's  works.     He  died  at  Paris  1G94,  aged  G8. 

Bois  d'Annemets,  Daniel  ilu,  of  Nor- 
mandy, was  killed  in  a  duel  at  Venice,  1627. 
He  wrote  some  curious  memoirs  of  a  favorite 
of  the  duke  of  Orleans. 

Bo  IS,  Guillaume  du,  was  born  In  Lower 
Limousin,  and  by  the  pliability  of  his  temper. 


BO 


BO 


and  tlie  versatility  of  his  talents  he  became 
preceptor  to  tlie  duke  de  Chartres_,  a  cardi- 
nal, archbishop  of  Carabrai,  ambassador  to 
tlie  English  court,  and  at  last  prime  minister 
of  France.  Addicted  to  debauchery,  the  de- 
voted slave  of  ambition  and  intrigue,  he  spa- 
red no  pains  to  obtain  his  purposes ;  and  a 
penetrating  judgment  and  sanctified  dissimu- 
lation enabled  him  to  convert  the  sincerity 
of  the  prudent  and  the  errors  of  the  vicious 
to  the  completion  of  his  views.  His  constitu- 
tion was  exhausted  by  his  licentiousness,  and 
he  died  1723,  a»ed  6".  His  mausoleum  is 
erected  in  the  cliurch  of  St.  Honore  at  Paris. 

Bois  DE  LA  Pierre,  Louise  Marie  du, 
n  lady  of  Normandy,  who  possessed  some 
poetical  merit,  and  wrote  memoirs  for  the 
history  of  Normandy,  &c. — She  died  I4th 
September,  1730,  aged  67. 

BoiSMORARD,  abbe  Cliiron  dc,  was  born 
at  Quimper,  w  ith  a  strong  and  fertile  imagi- 
nation, and  a  fund  of  genuine  wit.  He  did 
not  however  possess  much  sincerity,  as,  un- 
der a  fictitious  name,  he  attacked  the  Jesuits, 
of  whose  order  he  was  a  member,  and  after- 
wards refuted  for  a  considerable  sum  the 
calumnies  of  their  unknown  aggressor.  Some 
of  his  memoirs  are  highly  commended,  those 
of  the  count  Philip  Augustus  are  ascribed 
to  him  though  they  bear  the  name  of  Madam 
de  Lassan.     He  died  at  Paris  1746,  aged  60. 

BoiSROBERT,  Francis  le  Metel  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Caen,  known  for  his  wit,  his  satirical 
powers,  and  his  facetiousuess.  He  was  pe- 
culiarly great  in  the  liveliness  of  his  conver- 
sation, which  was  aided  by  a  strong  retentive 
memory,  enriched  with  all  the  treasures  of 
Boccace  and  Beroaidus,  and  he  recommend- 
ed himself  by  his  jokes  to  cardinal  de  Riche- 
lieu, of  whom  he  became  the  favorite  and 
the  buffoon.  He  died  1662,  aged  70.  He 
wrote  some  poems,  letters,  tragedies,  come- 
dies, hcc.  of  no  considerable  merit. 

BoissARD,  John  James,  known  as  an  an- 
tiquai'y,  was  born  at  Besancon,  1528.  In 
pursuit  of  his  favorite  study  he  visited  Italy, 
and  the  islands  of  the  Adriatic,  and  examined 
■with  a  most  judicious  eye  the  monuments  of 
ancient  Peloponnesus ;  but  these  valuable 
remarks  were  unfortunately  destroyed  in 
the  ravages  to  which  Franche  Comte  was 
exposed  from  the  people  of  Lon-aine.  Bois- 
sard  saved  from  the  general  wreck  of  his  la- 
bors only  the  materials  from  which  he  pub- 
lished his  account  of  Rome,  in  four  vols,  folio. 
He  wrote,  besides  epigrams,  elegies,  thea- 
trum  vitie  human.c,  in  4to.  Frankfort  1599, 
&.C.  but  his  chief  merit  is  as  an  antiquarian. 
His  treatise  de  divinalione  &  magicis  prrvsti- 
giis  appeared  after  his  death.  He  died  at 
Metz  1602. 

EoTSSAT,  Pierre  de,  a  native  of  Vienna  in 
Dauphine,  was  known  for  his  eccentricity.  At 
different  periods  of  his  life  he  became  a  monk, 
a  soldier,  and  a  hermit,  and  supported  his  cha- 
racter with  courage  and  dissimulation.  He 
■wrote  some  pieces  in  verse  and  prose,  besides 
a  translation  of  an  Italian  romance,  I'histoire 
ncgropontique,  &c.  and  died  1662,  aged  68. 

Boissiere,  Joseph  de  la  Fontaine  dc  h, 


an  ecclesiastic  of  Dieppe,  author  of  sotn« 
sermons  of  considerable  merit,  in  si.x  vols. 
12mo.     He  died  at  Paris  1732. 

Boissieu,  Denis  de  SMvaing  de,  a  law- 
yer in  the  service  of  Lewis  XIII.  He  died 
1683,  aged  83.  He  wrote  some  tracts  little 
esteemed. 

Boissieu,  Bartholomew  Camille  de,  an 
eminent  physician,  born  at  Lyons  5th  Au- 
gust, 1734.  His  abilities  procured  him  both 
fame  and  respectability.  He  died  at  the  close 
of  the  year  1770.  He  published  two  treatises 
which  possessed  merit,  and  left  another  in 
MS.  on  the  method  of  purifying  the  air  of 
hospitals  and  prisons. 

Boissy,  Louis  de,  was  born  at  Vic  in  Au- 
vergne,  and  became  at  Paris  a  most  popular 
author,  by  the  sallies  of  his  muse  and  the  ge- 
nuine delicacy  of  his  wit.  But  while  the  fa- 
vorite of  the  public,  applauded  in  the  thea- 
tres and  in  the  coftee-houses,  he  sunk  under 
the  most  melancholy  dejection  through  want, 
and  took  the  fatal  resolution  of  starving  him- 
self to  death  rather  than  subsist  by  soliciting 
relief  from  the  hands  either  of  friendship  or 
of  charit}".  His  M-ife  acceded  to  his  measures, 
and  their  only  child  was  also  made>to  share 
this  dreadful  fate.  They  were,  however, 
fortunately  discovered  by  a  friend,  by  whom, 
in  the  last  gasp  of  expiring  nature,  and  by  tn» 
tenderest  attention,  they  were  restored  to 
life.  This  extraordinary  circumstance  ex- 
cited the  pity  of  the  Parisians.  Madame  de 
Pompadour  no  sooner  heard  of  it,  than  she 
sent  them  100  louis  d'ors,  and  Boissj'  soou 
after  was  made  comptroller  of  the  Mercure 
de  France,  with  a  pension  for  his  wife  and 
son  if  they  survived  him.  His  plays  are  nine 
vols.  8vo.  the  most  celebrated  of  which  is  le 
babillard.     He  died  in  April  1758. 

Bo  I VI N,  Francis  de,  baron  de  Villers, 
accompanied  marechal  de  Brisac  into  Pied- 
mont, and  wrote  an  account  of  the  wars  of 
the  coimtry,  which,  though  not  elegant,  is 
authentic,  and  was  continued  by  Malinger. 
He  died  in  a  good  old  age,  1618. 

Bo  IV  IN,  John,  was  born  at  Montreuil 
l'Argile,and  became  Greek  professor  at  Paris, 
and  librarian  to  the  king.  He  was  amiable 
in  private  life,  and  died  October  29tb,  1726, 
aged  64.  He  Avrote  an  apology  for  Homer, 
and  the  shield  of  Achilles,  and  ti1\nslated  the 
CKdipus  of  Sophocles,  the  birds  of  Aristo- 
phanes, the  batrachomyomachia  of  Homer, 
and  edited  the  mathematici  veteres  1693,  in 
folio,  and  wrote  a  life  of  le  Peletier  in  Latin. 

BoiviN,  Louis,  brother  of  John,  was  of  a 
character  impatient,  wavering,  and  ambi- 
tious. Some  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  in 
poetry,  and  also  in  the  memoirs  of  tlie  aca- 
demy of  inscriptions.  He  died  1724,  aged  75. 

BoiZARD,  John,  a  man  of  abilities,  em- 
ployed in  the  niint  at  Paris.  He  wrote  a 
book  on  his  employment,  which,  however, 
was  not  made  public,  as  it  contained  secrets 
respecting  coinage,  &c.  He  died  the  latter 
end  of  the  17th  century. 

BuKHAui,  a  learned  Arabian,  who  wrote 
at  Mecca,  a  book  called  Techich,  in  which 
he  has  collected  7275  aiUheutic  traditions. 


BO 


BO 


selected  from  100,000  other  traditions,  all  on 
the  Mahometan  j-eligion.  lie  lias  hud  seve- 
ral comnjeiitators  to  explain  him.  Ile<licd 
the  vear  'JSC  of  the  he^ira,  Icavinijf  a  son  cal- 
led "iman  Zadeal  Bukhari,  equally  learned 
and  respected. 

Bo  L,  John,  a  Flcmibh  painter  of  eminence. 
He  was  born  at  M alines,  and  died  15*Jo, 
aged  60. 

Bo  I.,  Ferdinand,  uDulch  painter,  the  pu- 
pil of  Rembrandt,  lie  died  1G81,  i-ged  70. 
His  pieces  are  portraits,  and  also  on  histori- 
cal subjects,  and  j)()ssess  great  merit. 

BoLANGEK,  John,  a  pupil  of  Guido, 
■whose  pieces  were  on  the  most  striking  sub- 
jects in  saci-cdand  profane  history.  He  died 
'iCGO,  aged  5  i. 

BoLESLAUS  I.  first  king  of  Poland,  suc- 
ceeded in  9G9  his  fatlier  duke  Vlicislaus. 
Otho  111  gave  him  the  title  of  king,  and 
made  Poland  an  independent  kingdom  in 
1001.  lioleslaus  conquered  the  Moravians, 
and  was  a  wise  and  politic  prince.  He  died 
10'25. 

BoLESLAUS  n.  called  the  hold  and  the 
cruel,  succeeded,  on  the  death  of  his  father 
Casimir  I.  1059.  He  restored  Bcla  to  the 
throne  of  Hungary,  and  irivaded  Russia,  but 
his  absence  Avith  his  army  in  tlie  field  gave 
such  offence  to  the  PoUsh  females,  tliat  they 
bestowed  their  favors  on  their  slaves.  This 
lascivious  conduct  irritated  the  absent  sol- 
diers, who  returned  to  avenge  the  insults  of- 
fered to  their  bctls.  The  contest  between 
the  husbands  and  the  slaves  was  long  and 
bloody,  but  the  monarch  took  advantage  of 
their  dissensions  to  inflame  the  survivors. 
Boleslaus  was  afterwards  excommunicated 
for  a  quarrel  with  his  clergy,  and  lie  was  in 
consequence  shunned  as  an  infected  person 
by  his  subjects,  and  died  in  Hungary  about 

1080. There  was  another  king  of  Poland 

of  that  name,  against  whom  some  of  his  sub- 
jects revolted  in  1126. 

BoLEYN,  Anne,  daughter  of  sir  Thomas 
Boleyn,  is  known  in  English  history,  as  the 
wife  of  Henry  VHI.  and  as  the  occasion   of 
the  retormation.     She  went  to  France  in  the 
seventh  year  of  her  age,  and  was  one  of  the 
attendants  of  the  English   princess,  wife  to 
Lewis  XII.   and    afterwards  to  Claudia   the 
queen  of  Francis  I.  and  then  of  the  dutchess 
of  Alencon.     About  1525    she  returned    to 
England,  and  when   maid  of  honor  to  queen 
Catherine,  she  drew  upon  herself  the  atten- 
tion and  the  affection  of  Henry  VHI.  and  by 
her  address  in  the  management   of  the  vio- 
lence of  his  passion,  she  prevailed  upon  him 
to  divorce  bis  wife,  to  obtain  the  possession 
of  her  person;  and  as  the  pope  refused   to 
disannul  his  man-iage,  England  was  separa- 
ted from    the  sjiiritual  dominion  of  Rome. 
Henry  was  united   to  his  favorite  14th  Nov. 
1532,  by  whom   he  had   a  daughter,   queen 
Elizabeth,  but  his  passion  was  of  short  dura- 
tion, and  Anne  Boleyn  so  long  admired,  so 
long  courted  by  the  amorous  monarch,  was 
now  despised  for  Jane  Seymour,  and  cruelly 
beheaded  May   19lh,    1536.     She    bore   her 

fate  with  resignation  and  spirit  j  but  though 

VOL.  I.  27 


branded  with  ignominy  by  cathoHc  writers, 
she  must  apjiear  innocent  in  the  judguicnt  of 
int partial  men,  and  her  disgraceful  accusa- 
tion of  a  criminal  connection  with  her  owu 
brother  and  four  oilier  persons,  must  be  at- 
tributed to  the  suggestions  and  malice  of 
tbat  tyrant,  who,  in  every  instance,  made  the 
law  and  nHiialily  subservient  to  his  lust. 

Boleyn,  (ieorge,  brother  to  queen  Anne 
Boleyn,  studied  at  Oxford,  .^nd  was  admired 
for  his  wit  anil  learning  at  c<jurt.  The  rise  of 
his  sister  contribiited  also  to  his  elevation. 
He  was  made  a  peer  by  the  title  of  lord  Roch- 
fort,  constable  of  Dover,  warden  <jf  the 
Cinque  Ports,  and  engaged  in  several  embas- 
sies. He  shared  the  queen's  disgrace,  and, 
upon  a  false  accusation  of  incestuous  coni- 
merce  Avith  her,  was  beheaded  on  Tower- 
hill  17th  May,  1530.  He  wrote  some  poems, 
songs,  odes,  Jkc.  which  possessed  merit. 

BOLINGBROKE.      Viil.Sr.  J OH\. 

BoLLANDUS,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Tillemont 
in  Flanders,  possessed  of  judgment,  erudition, 
and  sagacity.  He  Avas  appointed  to  collect 
the  materials  for  the  lives  of  the  saints  of  the 
Romish  church,  five  vols,  of  Avhlch  he  pub- 
lished in  folio,  but  died  before  the  comple- 
tion in  1665.  This  Avork,  called  Acta  Sanc- 
torum, Avas  continued  by  Ilensclieuius  and 
Papebrock,  but  not  finished.  There  are  up- 
Avards  of  47  vols,  replete  with  matter  some 
times  interesting,  and  often  tedious. 

BoLOGNE,  Jean  de,  a  natiA-e  of  Douai, 
pupil  to  Michael  Angelo.  He  adorned  Flo- 
rence with  abeautiful  group,  representing  the 
rape  of  a  Sabine.     He  died  at  Florence  1600. 

Bolognese,  Francisco,  the  assumed 
name  of  Francis  Grimaldi,  the  pupil  of  Ani- 
bal  Caracci.  He  Avas  born  at  Bologna,  and 
died  1680,  aged  74.  Hislanscapes  Avere  par- 
ticulai'v  admired.  His  son  Alexander  Avas 
also  an  artist  of  eminence. 

Boi.SEC,  Jerome,  a  Carmelite  of  Paris, 
Avho  forsook  his  order,  and  fled  to  Italy,  and 
afterwards  to  Geneva,  where  he  practised  as 
a  physician.  He  Avished,  hoAvever,  to  distin- 
guish himself  as  a  divine,  and  embracing  the 
doctrines  of  Pelagius,  he  inveighed  with  bit- 
terness against  Calvin,  Avho  endeavored  to 
reclaim  him,  till  the  violence  of  his  invec- 
tives, and  the  boldness  of  his  oratory  roused 
the  indignation  of  the  magistrates  to  banish 
him  from  the  country.  On  his  return  to 
France,  he  had  recourse  to  physic  for  his 
subsistence  ;  but  his  restless  temper,  render- 
ed him  suspected  both  to  protestants  and  pa- 
pists, and  he  changed  the  place  of  liis  abode, 
to  aAoid  persecution.  His  insincerity  appear- 
ed every  Avhere  manifest,  and  his  morality 
Avas  of  the  most  loose  nature,  since  lie  did 
1  ot  hesitate  to  prostitute  bis  Avife  to  the  ca- 
nons of  Autun,  to  regain  the  favors  of  the 
cathoUcs.  He  died  about  158i.  His  li\cs  of 
Calvin  and  Beza  arc  a  collection  of  falsehood 
and  abuse. 

Boi.swERD,  Shcldt,  a  native  of  Flandei-s, 
eminent  as  an  engraver.  His  plates,  from 
the  pieces  of  Rubens,  Vandyke,  Jordano,  ftcc. 
possessed  merit.  Ills  relations  Adam  and 
Boetius  were  inferior  to  him  in  merit. 


BO 


BO 


Bolton,  Robei-t,  a  native  of  Xortliainp- 
(.onslih-e,  educated  at  VVadham  college,  Ox- 
lord.  He  resided  for  some  time  at  Fulhani 
and  Kensington,  and  became  acquainted  with 
Mr.  ^\'hisloii.  Pope,  and  Mrs.  Butler,  a  lady 
whose  nspeeted  memory  he  embalmed  in 
Ihe  ]nibiic  papers  of  tlie  lime  by  the  effu- 
sions ot  a  warm  heart  and  the  language  of 
friendship.  He  became  chaplain  to  sir  Jo- 
seph JekyI,  master  of  the  rolls,  and  after  his 
deatli  to  lord  Hardwiek,  by  wliose  friendship 
and  patronage  he  became  dean  of  Carlisle  in 
1735,  Three  years  after  he  obtained  St. 
Mary's  vicarage,  Reading,  where  he  distin- 
gn^iished  himself  as  an  excellent  preaclier  and 
rt  good  parisli  priest.  He  printed  some  few 
of  bis  sermons,  and  late  in  life  he  attacked 
the  vices  and  foibles  of  tbe  times  in  small 
tracts,  uliich  displayed  good  sense,  great 
piety,  and  deep  erudition.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don, i!Gth  November,  17fi3,  aged  65,  and  was 
buried  ia  St.  Mary's  church,  Reading.  He 
married  Mrs.  Holmes,  a  widow,  with  whom 
he  lived  25  years,  but  left  no  issue.  It  is 
said  that  he  objected  to  the  Athanasian  creed, 
and  that  therefore  he  could  not  early  per- 
suade himself  to  subscribe  to  the  articles  of 
the  church  of  England. 

RoLTON,  or  BouLTOX,  Edmund,  an 
eminent  antiqeary,  author  of  an  historical 
book  called  Nero  Ctesai',  dedicated  to  the 
duke  of  Buckingham,  in  1624,  and  valuable 
for  the  mefla'is  with  which  it  is  adorned,  and 
for  the  curious  observations  winch  it  contains. 
He  says  that  tiie  battle  of  Boadicea  with  the 
Romans  was  fought  on  Salisbury  plain,  and 
that  Stonehengc  was  erected  as  her  monu- 
ment. He  published,  besides  elements  of  ar- 
mories 1610,  4to. — hypercritica  or  a  rule  of 
judgments  foi-  writing  or  reading  our  histo- 
ries. 

Bo  I- TON,  Robert,  a  puritan  of  great  lear- 
ning and  vast  powers  of  oratory.  When 
James  I.  visited  Oxford,  1605,  he  was  ap- 
pointed as  one  of  the  professors  publicly  to 
ilispute  before  him,  and  the  reputation  wliich 
he  had  acquired  was  well  supported  by  his  nu- 
merous publications,  the  best  known  of  wliich 
is  his  book  on  happiness.  He  died  with 
Chi-istian  resignation,  December  17th,  1631, 
aged  60. 

BoLXAXi,  Urbano  Valeriano,  a  monk  of 
tlie  order  of  Minorites,  born  at  Belluno.  He 
visited  Greece,  Eg}pt,  Palestine,  &c.  and 
twice  ascended  to  the  topof  ^Etna,  to  survey 
its  astonishing  crater.  He  was  the  first  per- 
son who  wrote  a  grammar  of  the  Greek 
language,  in  Latin.  He  died  at  Venice, 
where  be  taught  Greek,  1524,  aged  84. 

Bo M BE  r, LI,  Sebastian,  a  painter  of  Bo- 
logna, who  died  1685,  aged  50.  His  histori- 
cal pieces  and  portraits  were  held  in  high 
esteem. 

Bo>iPERC,  Daniel,  a  famous  printer,  born 
at  Antwerp.  He  settled  at  Venice,  and  ob- 
tained a  name  from  the  number  and  correct- 
ness of  the  books  which  issued  from  his 
press,  especially  his  Hebrew  bible  iu  four 
vols.  fol.  1549,  and  his  TaUnud,  11  vols.  iol. 
He  died  1540. 


Bos'  DE  St.  Hi L AIRE,  Francois Xavier, 
president  of  the  chamber  of  accounts  of 
Montpellier,  was  respectable  as  a  scholar 
and  as  a  magistrate.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
silk  worms,  and  on  the  INIaroons  of  India, 
12mo.  and  died  1761. 

Bona,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  was  born  at 
Mondovi  in  Piedmont,  10th  October,  1609, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  learning  and 
his  love  of  solitude.  Pope  Alexander  VII. 
who  knew  his  merit  and  his  virtues  before  he 
was  raised  to  the  chair,  promoted  him  to 
places  of  honor  and  consequence  to  induce 
him  to  settle  at  Rome,  and  so  Avell  known 
and  esteemed  was  his  character  that  it  was 
wished  he  might  be  elected  to  fill  the  papal 
chair  on  the  death  of  Clement  IX.  who  had 
made  him  a  cardinal.  Bona  was  author  of 
sevei'al  tracts  on  devotion.  He  died  univer- 
sally respected,  1674. 

BoNA.c,  John  Louis  d'Usson  marquis  de, 
a  French  nobleman,  whose  abilities  were  em- 
ployed by  Lewis  XIV.  in  embassies  to  the 
courts  of  Sweden,  Poland,  Spain,  and  Con- 
stantinople. He  possessed  all  the  dexterity,, 
firmness,  and  dignity  requisite  for  his  situa- 
tion, and  to  these  he  added  many  private 
virtues  and  great  erudition.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris, 1738,  aged  66. 

BoNACixA,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Milan,  in  the  service  of  Urban  VIII.  He  is 
author  of  some  theological  tracts.  He  died 
1631. 

Bon  AMY,  Peter  Nicholas,  a  native  of 
Louvres,  member  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions, and  historiographer  of  Paris,  and 
known  for  his  learned  dissertations,  and  the 
most  amiable  virtues  of  a  private  character. 
He  conducted  the  journal  dc  A'crdun,  a  pe- 
riodical work  of  great  reputation,  and  died 
at  Paris,  1770,  aged  76. 

BoNANNi,  James,  a  noble  of  Syracuse, 
author  of  a  valuable  book  called  Syracusa 
illustrata,  in  4to.     He  died  1636. 

Bo  N  ANN  I,  Philip,  a  learned  Jesuit,  known 
for  several  M'orks  on  antiquities  and  liistory^ 
the  best  of  which  are  his  recreatio  in  obser- 
vat.  animal,  testaceorum,  with  near  500  fi- 
gures, 1694,  in  4to. — his  collection  of  the 
medals  of  the  popes,  two  vols.  fol.  1699 — his 
catalogue  of  the  orders  religious  and  military 
and  equestrian,  with  plates,  four  vols.  4to. — 
observationes  circa  viventia  in  non  viventibus, 
4to.  1691 — rausxum  colleg.  Rom.  Kircheria- 
uum,  1709,  ful.  He  died  at  Rome,  1725, 
aged  87. 

BoNARDi,  Jean  Baptiste,  a  learned  doc- 
tor of  the  Sorbonne.  He  was  born  at  Aix, 
and  died  at  Paris  1756.  He  left  some  manu- 
scripts, the  most  valuable  and  curious  of 
which  is  a  dictionary  of  anon3Mnous  and  pseu- 
donymous writers. 

BoNAUELLi,  Guy  Ubaldo,  a  nobleman, 
born  at  Urbino  25th  December,  1563.  He 
is  known  as  a  politician  in  the  service  of  the 
duke  of  Ferrara,  but  more  as  the  author  of 
his  "  fills  de  Stiro,"  a  pastoral,  which  dis- 
plays his  art  and  ingenuity,  though  he  makes 
his  shepherds  courtiers,  and  his  shepherdesses 
prudes.    The  chief  eharacter  Cclia  is  cea- 


BO 


150 


siirod  Tor  entertaining  a  violent  prtssion  lor 
two  loTt-rs  :it  once.  The  best  edition  is  tli:it 
«»f  Glasf^ow,  irG.'^,  Svo.  lie  died  Jan.  8,  1GU8, 
:iged  'J-5. 

IJoN  AROTA,  or  liuoNAROTi,  sumnmcil 
Mi«:liael  Angelo.     lid.  Angei-o. 

lio  N  A  V  E  N  r  V  R  E,  .lolui  Fid.'iuza,  a  cardi- 
nal and  saitit  of  llie  lioniish  eliurth  Ijorn  in 
Ktruria  V221  lie  was  of  llie  order  of  Si. 
Francis,  Ijul  so  di.sinlerested  in  liis  conduct 
that  he  refused  the  artlil)isho|)ric  of  York, 
otfered  him  hy  Clement  l\  .  VV  hen  tlie  car- 
<linals  disagreed  in  llic  election  of  the  pope, 
he  wa.s  universally  called  u[)on  to  decide,  and 
he  fi.veil  hi!»  choice  on  'I'heohald,  afterwards 
(.iregoi-y  X.  lie  died  l'J74,  highly  respected 
and  admired.  He  was  canonized  1482.  His 
•\voikson  sui)jects  of  divinity  and  morals,  are 
in  eight  vols.  fol.  15SS.  He  has  been  called 
tlie  seraphic  doctor  for  treating  of  mystical 
suliji  els. 

Ko.NAVENTUKE,  of  Padua,  a  cardinal, 
who  was  of  the  Augustine  order,  and  studied 
at  Pails.  He  warmly  supported  the  rights  of 
the  churcli  agtiinst  Francis  dc  Carrario,  of 
Padua,  Avho  had  the  meanness  to  have  him 
shot  l»y  an  assassin  with  an  arrow  as  he  cros- 
sed the  bridge  of  St.  Angclo  at  Rome,  13S0, 
in  his  54th  year.  He  wrote  co:..mentaries  on 
the  epistles  of  St.  John  and  St.  James,  be- 
sides sermons,  8cc.  He  was  intimate  with 
Petrarch,  whose  funeral  oration  he  delivered 
1369. 

Box  BELLES,  Henri  Francis  Comte  de,  a 
French  officer  of  rank,  author  of  two  treati- 
ses on  militai'y  tactics,  8cc.  He  died  1760, 
aged  80. 

BoNCERF,  a  French  writer,  Avho  applied 
Tiimself  to  the  draining  of  marshes,  and  wrote 
a  treatise  on  the  hardships  of  feudal  rights. 
This  work  proved  so  offensive  to  the  parlia- 
ment that  they  ordered  it  to  be  burnt.  This 
increased  his  popularity,  and  at  the  revolu- 
tion he  was  promoted,  and  employed  to  dis- 
miss that  parliament  which  had  voted  his  dis- 
grace. His  services  were  too  great  to  escape 
The  notice  of  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  but 
by  the  majority  of  one  voice  his  life  was  spa- 
red. He  liowever  soon  after  died  of  a  broken 
heart. 

BoMD,  John,  an  eminent  commentator 
educated  at  Winchester  school  and  Ne^v  col- 
lege. He  was  elected  master  of  Taunton 
school,  in  his  native  county  of  Somerset, 
Avhich,  after  distinguishing  liimsclf  as  a  suc- 
cessful preceptor,  he  resigned  for  the  prac- 
tise of  physic.  He  died  at  Taunton,  3d  Au- 
gust, 16l'2,  aged  6'2.  He  wrote  valuable  notes 
on  Horace,  Pcrsius,  &c. 

BoNEFACio,  Venetiano,  an  Italian  pain- 
ter, the  disciple  and  successful  imitator  of 
Palma.     He  died  10.30,  aged  02. 

Bo  NET,  Theophilus,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who,  after  studying  at  most  of  the  great  uni- 
versities of  Europe,  began  to  practise  physic. 
He  was  very  successful,  but  after  40  years' 
experience  he  wasafllicted  with  deafness  and 
retired  to  literary  ease.  He  published  in  his 
old  age  several  medical  treatises,  valuable  for 
the  facts  and  observations  w  hieh  they  contain- 


ed.    He  died  of  a  dropsy 'J9Ui  Marcli,  lOSO, 
agt'fl  oy. 

BoNFADit'S,  James,  an  Italian  writer, 
boi-n  near  the  lake  di  (iarda.  He  was  enga- 
ged as  the  secretary  t>f  cardinal  Bari,  aiid  »!'- 
terwardsof  (ilinucci,  at  Konje,  but  at  last  h«; 
abandoned  a  ccjurt  where  merit  met  no  re- 
ward, and  after  wandering  in  difl'erent  jilaces 
of  Italy,  he  settled  at  Cicnoa,  and  by  reading 
lectuiX'S  on  the  politics  afi<l  rhetoric  of  Arit.- 
totle  he  gained  popularity,  an<l  wilh  the  titlr 
(if  historiogra|)her,  a  handsome  pension.  In 
his  historical  employment  he  cixated  himsell 
enemies  by  speaking  with  unpardonable  free- 
dom of  several  families  distinguished  in  the 
ann^s  of  Genoa,  and  in  revenge  for  the  sc\e- 
rity  of  his  remarks  some  uimatural  i)ropen- 
sities  towards  a  favorite  youth  which  he  had 
gratified,  were  revealed  to  the  public  eye. 
'Fhe  facts  were  proved,  and  Bonfadius  vsaa 
sentenced  to  death,  which  he  suffered  in  1:^C0. 
His  writings  were  sp(;eches,  Latin  and  Italian 
poems,  &c.  Before  his  execution,  with  the 
sup;.rstitious  notions  of  a  visionary,  he  wrote 
to  his  friend  Gi'imaldi,  that  he  would  visit 
him  if  it  were  possible  in  no  terrific  shape, 
and  report  the  state  of  the  other  world. 

BoiNFixius,  Anthon)",  an  historian,  bora 
at  Ascoli  in  Italy,  in  the  l.'ilh  century.  He 
was  invited  into  Hungai'y  hy  Matthias Corvin 
tlie  king  of  the  country,  and  he  was  received 
by  the  monarch  and  by  his  courtiers  with 
kindness,  and  allowed  a  liberal  pension.  He 
undertook,  at  the  desire  of  his  patron,  an 
histoi-y  of  Plungary,  and  carried  it  to  the 
year  1495,  in  45  books,  which  were  deposited 
in  the  royal  library  at  Buda,  and  not  pub- 
lished before  1568,  by  Sanbucus.  Boniinin* 
died  as  is  supposed  in  Hungary  about  1502. 

BoNFRERius,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  in  Dinan  in  Liege.  He  wrote  Latin 
commentaries  on  tlie  penlateuch  and  other 
treatises  on  scripture  names,  highly  esteem- 
ed for  method  and  perspicuity,  and  died  at 
Tournay,  9th  Marcli,  1643,  aged  70. 

BoNGAUS,  James,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
who  studied  at  Strasbuig,  and  after  profiting 
by  tlie  instructions  of  the  famous  Cnjacius  in 
civil  law,  he  devoted  himself  for  30  years  to 
tlie  service  of  Henry  IV.  whom  he  repre- 
sented with  diguity  and  firmness  at  several 
of  the  German  courts.  As  a  statesman  and 
negotiator  he  was  sagacious  and  well  inform- 
ed, and  as  a  scholar  he  possessed  an  exten- 
sive fund  of  erudition.  He  pnblislied,  in  the 
midst  of  his  public  avocations,  besides  his 
elegant  letters,  a  valuable  edition  of  Justin, 
and  the  "  gesta  dei  per  Francos,"  in  2  vols, 
folio,  containing  the  history  of  the  expedition 
into  Palestine.  Bayle  speaks  of  him  with 
high  commendation,  and  represents  his  style 
as  fine,  clear,  polite,  and  full  of  natural 
charms.  Bongars,  as  it  is  sup]iosed,  was 
never  married,  as  the  lady  to  whom  he  wys 
engaged,  after  a  courtship  of  six  years,  died 
on  the  very  day  fixed  for  her  nuptials.  He 
died  at  Paris,  161 2,  aged  58. 

BoNlCHON,  I'rancis,  ar?  ecclesiastic  of 
Angers,  author  of  a  curious  book  called 
Pompa  Episcopalis,  8tc.    He  died  16G2. 


BO 


BO 


Boniface,  the  apostle  of  Germany,  •was 
Lorn  in  England,  and  commissioned  by  Gre- 
gory II.  to  convert  the  barbarians  of  the 
iiortli  to  Christianity.  He  was  very  success- 
ful in  liis  mission,  and  loaded  with  honors  by 
the  pope.  He  was  killed  by  some  of  the  pa- 
gans of  Frizland,  whom  he  attempted  to 
convert,  754,  aged  74.  His  writings  are  ob- 
scure and  inelegant.  His  letters  were  print- 
ed 161 G. 

BoxiFACE  I.  St.  succeeded  Zosimus  as 
pope  of  Home  41 8,  supported  by  the  pOAver 
of  Honorius  against  his  rival  Eulalius.  He 
died  September  422. 

Boniface  II.  succeeded  Felifc  IV.  in 
530,  and  died  two  years  after.  His  father 
V.  as  a  Goth.  He  attempted  to  inflticnce  the 
cardinals  in  the  choice  of  his  successor,  and 
to  elect  Vigil,  but  another  council  annulled 
the  proceedings.  He  died  Slh  November, 
532. 

Bo XI FACE  III.  was  made  pope  000,  after 
Sabinian,  and  died  the  same  year  12t!i  No- 
vember. He  established,  by  means  of  the 
emperor  Phocas,  the  superiority  of  the  Ro- 
man pontiff  over  the  patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople. 

Boniface  IV.  was  sou  of  a  physician  of 
Valeria,  and  succeeded  the  preceding.  He 
dedicated  to  the  virgin  and  martyrs  the 
pantheon  built  by  Agrippa,  and  it  is  still 
venerated  at  Rome  as  a  noble  and  magnifi- 
cent edifice.     He  died  614. 

Boniface  V.  of  Naples,  succeeded  De- 
odatus,  617.  He  warmly  supported  the 
sanctity  of  asylums,  and  died  625. 

Boniface  VI.  filled  only  for  15  days  the 
papal  chair  after  Formosus,  896.  He  was 
raised  and  deposed  by  a  faction. 

Boniface  VII.  surnamed  Francon,  rais- 
ed himself  to  the  popedom,  after  the  mur- 
der of  Benedict  VI.  and  John  XIV.  in  984, 
and  died  four  montiis  after.  As  he  was  a 
monster  of  cruelty  his  remains  were  treated 
•\vith  the  highest  indignity  and  trampled  upon 
by  the  incensed  populace. 

Boniface  VIII.  Benedict  Cajetan,  was 
born  at  Anagni,  and  employed  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal affairs  at  Lyons  and  Paris.  Martin  H. 
made  him  cardinal,  and  after  the  abdication 
of  Celestinus,  which  he  procured  by  terrify- 
ing him  at  midnight,  and  threatening  him 
with  eternal  damnation,  if  he  did  not  imme- 
diately resign,  he  filled  the  papal  chair  in 
1294.  His  ambition  was  unbounded,  he 
hurled  the  thunder  of  the  Vatican  against 
tlie  kings  of  Denmark  and  France,  and  an- 
nulled the  election  of  Albert,  to  be  king  of 
the  Romans.  The  family  of  the  Colonnas 
■were  particularly  marked  as  objects  of  his 
vengeance,  and  neither  submission  nor  en- 
treaty could  procure  a  lasting  reconciliation. 
Such  insolence  did  not  however  long  tri- 
umph, though  the  pope  in  liis  will  hatl  de- 
clared that  God  had  placed  him  as  lord  over 
kings  and  kingdoms.  Philip  king  of  France 
despised  ecclesiastical  threats,  he  orrlered 
him  tf)  be  seized  by  his  general  Nogaret  at 
Anagni,  that  he  might  bring  him  to  the  coun- 
cil of  Lyons,  but  the  crafty  prelate  escaped 


from  his  guards  to  Rome,  wliere,  overpow- 
ered with  the  indignities  oflered  to  bis  per- 
son, he  died  one  month  after,  12th  October 
1303. 

Boniface  IX.  a  native  of  Naples,  raised 
to  the  p.apal  chair  1386,  after  Urban  VI.  He 
is  accused  of  avarice  and  usury.  He  died  in 
1404. 

Boniface,  Hyacinthe,  a  lawyer  of  Aix, 
known  as  the  compiler  of  the  decrees  of  the 
parliament  of  Provence,  ])ublished  at  Lyons 
cie-h.t  vols,  folio,  1708.  He  died  1695,  aged 
83. 

Boniface,  count  of  the  Roman  empire, 
ably  defended  Africa,  but  at  last  revolted 
against  the  empire,  at  the  suggestion  of  Ac- 
tius,  who  secretly  planned  his  ruin.  He  af- 
terwards was  reconciled  to  his  master,  but 
fell  in  a  dreadful  battle  with  his  rival  Actius, 
432. 

Bonifacio,  Balthazar,  a  Venetian,  pro- 
fessor of  law  at  Padua,  and  afterwards  bishop 
of  Casio  d'lstria.  He  was  author  of  several 
learned  tracts  on  history,  such  as  Historia 
Trevigniana,  4to. — Historia  Ludicia,  4to. 
1656,  besides  some  Latin  poems,  &c.  He 
was  instrumental  in  the  institution  of  the 
academies  of  Padua  and  Tre\'isa,  and  died 
1659,  aged  75. 

Bon  JOUR,  Guillaume,  an  Augustine 
monk,  born  at  Toulouse.  He  assisted  Cle- 
ment XL  in  discovering  the  errors  of  the 
Gregorian  calendar,  and  died  in  China,  where 
he  had  been  sent  as  a  missionary  1714,  aged 
44.  He  was  well  versed  in  oriental  literature 
and  wrote  some  dissertations,  kc.  ©n  scrip- 
ture, and  the  Coptic  monuments  of  the  Va- 
tican. 

Bonne,  a  shepherdess  of  the  Vateline, 
who  became  the  mistress  and  afterwards  the 
wife  of  Peter  Brunoro,  a  famous  warrior  of 
Parma.  She  displayed  uncommon  marks  of 
courage  in  the  field  of  battle,  and  with  her 
husband  she  supported  the  fame  and  power 
of  Venice  against  the  attacks  of  the  duke  of 
Milan.  She  went  with  BruHoro  to  defend 
Negropont  against  the  Turks,  where  she 
signalized  herself  greatly,  and  on  the  death 
of  her  husband  there,  she  abandoned  the 
place,  and  died  in  the  ^lorca  on  her  return 
to  Venice,  1466,  leaving  two  sons  to  inherit 
her  honors  and  reputation. 

Bonnecorse,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
French  consul  in  Egypt.  He  wrote  Latin 
and  French  verses,  but  he  was  ridiculed  in 
Boileau's  Lutrin.     He  died  1706. 

Bonnecuei  L,  Joseph  Duranti  de,  an  ec- 
clesiastic of  Aix,  who  translated  some  of  the 
works  of  St.  Chrysostom,  Ambrose,  &c.  He 
died  at  Paris  1750,  aged  93. 

Bonnefons,  John,  was  born  at  Clermont 
in  Auvcrgne,  and  distinguished  himself 
greatly  as  a  successful  imitator  of  the  poetry 
of  Catullus,  in  his  Pancharis  and  Phaleurio 
verses,  fie  had  a  son  eminent  also  as  a 
poet.  He  died  1014,  aged  60.  His  poems 
are  printed  with  Beza's,  Paris,  1755,  12mo. 

Bonnefons,  Amable,  a  Jesuit  of  Riom, 
who  wrote  several  devotional  tracts.  He  died 
at  Paris  1635. 


BO 


BO 


BoNNELL,  James,  an  Englisliman,  erai- 1 
nent  t'ov  his  virtues  and  piety.  He  wiis  born 
1053  at  (Jeiioa,  where  his  father  was  a  rcsi- 
<lent  lucreliaiit^  ami  lie  ciaiiie  to  Jwit;lainl 
■when  two  years  old,  and  was  educated  at 
Dublin  and  Cambridge.  He  was  aflerwards 
tutor  in  a  private  family,  an<l  wiblied  to  en- 
ter into  tlie  church,  but  as  his  father  had 
grcatlv  suftei-ed  during  the  civil  warH,  he  w  as 
joined  with  him  in  a  pati-nt  to  hold  the  olilce 
of  accomptant  general  of  Ireland.  He  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  his  office  with  great 
integrily  and  honor,  and  died  at  JJuolin, 
169y,  universally  respected.  His  funeral 
sermon  v  as  preached  by  bisl.op  A\  ettenhall, 
ami  his  life  \.as  written  by  archdeacon  Ha- 
milton 1703,  I'Jmo.  in  which  some  of  his  me- 
ditations are  introduced. 

Uo.N'NEU,  Edmund,  bishop  of  London, 
vas  the  son  of  a  man  of  indigent  circum- 
stances, born  at  Harley  in  "Worcestershire, 
and  charitably  educated  at  the  expense  of  the 
family  of  Lechmere.  He  entei-ed  1512  at 
Broadgate-hall,  now  Pembroke  college,  and 
ty  his  learning  and  assiduity  he  recommend- 
ed himself  to  the  notice  of  Wolsey,  whose 
influence  procured  liim  several  ecclesiastical 
preferments,  and  great  favor  at  court.  He 
■was  made  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  he  gain- 
ed his  heart  by  promoting  with  all  his  pow- 
ers his  divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon. 
He  was  sent  to  Rome  to  plead  the  king's 
cause  before  Clement  \l\.  but  he  spoke  with 
such  vehemence  and  indignation  against  the 
tyranny  of  the  lioly  see,  that  the  pope 
threatened  to  throw  him  into  a  caldron  of 
melted  lead,  and  he  escaped  from  the  ven- 
geance of  the  pontiff'  only  by  flight.  Bon- 
ner's abilities  as  a  negotiator  were  great,  and 
his  manners  insinuating,  therefore  he  was 
ambassador  severally  to  the  courts  of  Den- 
mark, France,  and  Germany.  In  1538  he 
was  nominated  to  the  see  of  Hereford,  by 
the  recommendation  of  his  great  friend  and 
patron  lord  Cromwell,  who  had  now  succee- 
ded to  Wolsey's  honors,  and  before  his  con- 
secration he  was  promoted  to  London.  Now 
raised  to  the  episcopal  dignity,  he  began  to 
show  the  real  sentiments  of  his  heart.  He 
liad  formerly  opposed  the  pope's  preroga- 
tive only  to  rise  in  Henry's  favor,  but  after 
his  death  he  convinced  the  public  that  he 
■was  firmly  devoted  to  the  catholic  faith,  and 
therefore  he  withstood  the  measures  that 
•were  adopted  by  Edward  VI.  to  spread  the 
reformation,  and  for  his  obstinacy  lie  was 
depi-ived  of  his  bishopric,  and  committed  to 
the  !Marslialsea.  This  persecution  endeared 
liim  the  more  in  the  eyes  of  Mary,  and  of 
her  popish  ministers  ;  she  no  sooner  ascend- 
ed the  throne  than  Bonner  was  restored  to 
his  honors,  and  made  president  of  the  con- 
vocation in  the  stead  of  Cranmer  now  dis- 
graced. In  his  new  office  he  displayed  all 
the  native  ferocity  of  his  character.  He  not 
only  dismissed  and  excommunicated  several 
of  the  clergy,  but  he  committed  some  hun- 
dreds to  the  flames  for  not  renouncing  the 
doctrines  of  the  reformatio!),  and  on  every 
accusation  showed  himself  tlie  worthv  minis- 


ter of  a  bloody  reign.  (Jn  the  death  of  Mary 
he  paid  his  respects  to  the  new  queen,  but 
Kliv.abelh  turned  away  from  a  man  stained 
with  the  blood  of  snii'eiing  innocence,  and 
the  bigoted  ecclesiastic  soon  alter,  vv  hen 
summoned  before  the  council,  refused  to 
take  the  oaths  of  allegiance,  and  was  .again 
deprived  of  his  bishopric,  and  imprisoned. 
He  died  about  liie  lOth  year  f»f  his  confine- 
ment 5tli  Sejiteiiiber  15G'J,  and  as  he  was  ex- 
crjinmunicated,  his  body  was  privately  buried 
at  mitlnight  in  St.  (ieorge's  church-vai'd, 
Soutliwark,  that  a  imblic  ceremony  might 
not  draw  more  strongly  the  indignation  of 
the  populace  against  his  remains.  In  hi.s 
person  Jionncr  was  fat  and  corpulent,  his 
character  was  ferocious  and  vindictive,  his 
knowledge  of  divinity  was  not  extensive,  but 
he  was  well  versed  in  jioliiics  and  canon 
law.  He  wrote  some  tracts  now  deservedly 
forgotten. 

Bonnet,  Charles,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
disturbed  from  his  jjursuits  in  the  law  by 
reading  la  Pluche's  spectacle  de  la  nature, 
and  Reaumur's  memoirs  of  insects.  Devoted 
to  the  studies  of  natural  history  and  of  me- 
taphysics, he  made  some  valuable  discove- 
ries in  entomology  at  the  age  of '2U,  and  when 
27,  he  claimed  the  public  attention  by  his 
treatise  on  phychologv'  and  his  analytical  es- 
say on  the  mental  powers,  and  his  s}  stem  of 
physics.  He  died  at  Geneva  20th  May  1793, 
aged  73,  universally  respected  as  a  good 
Chi'istian  and  as  a  benevolent  man.  He  jiub- 
lished  besides  considerations  on  organized 
bodies — contemplations  of  nature — and  pa- 
lingencsia,  or  thoughts  on  the  past  and  future 
state  of  animals  and  beings,  two  vols.  8vo. 
— inquiries  on  tlie  use  of  leaves  in  plants,  &c. 

BoNNEVAi.,  Claudius  Alexander  count 
de,  of  Limousin,  was  allied  by  blood  to  the 
royal  family  of  France.  He  quitted  the 
French  service,  Avhere  he  began  to  distin- 
guish himself,  and  followed  the  fortunes  of 
pi'ince  Eugene.  His  interest,  however,  at 
the  court  of  Vienna  was  ruined  by  the  in- 
trigues of  his  enemy  de  Prie,  and  therefore 
he  ottered  his  services  to  Russia,  and  after- 
wards to  Turkey,  where  he  was  honorably 
received,  made  bashaw  of  three  tails,  and 
appointed  to  a  government,  and  tlie  com- 
mand of  30,000  men,  at  the  stipend  of  forty- 
five  thonsand  livrcs  a  year.  As  the  vassal  of 
the  Turkish  emperor  he  quelled  a  danger- 
ous insurrection  in  Arabia  Pctrce,  and  de- 
feated a  large  Austrian  ai-my  on  the  banks 
of  the  Danube.  His  successes  however 
hastened  his  disgrace.  Though  the  favorite 
of  the  sultan  he  m  as  disgraced  and  banished 
to  the  island  of  Chio,  from  m  hich  he  was  af- 
terwards recalled  and  restored  to  places  of 
honor  and  emolument.  He  wrote  the  me- 
moirs of  his  own  life,  published  London 
1755,  and  died  in  Turkey  1747,  aged  75. 

BoNXEVAT,,  Rene  de,  an  inferior  writer 
and  poet  of  iNIans,  who  died  17G0. 

BoNNiEii  d'A:.co,  N.  a  Frenchman, 
known  in  the  national  assembly  and  in  the 
convention  for  his  strong  republican  piincir 
pies.     He   was  engaged  as  minister  in  tlie 


BO 


BO 


conferences  with  the  English  ambassador  at 
iJsle,  and  afterwards  at  Radstadt ;  on  re- 
turning from  which  he  was  assassinated  by 
some  men  in  the  dress  of  Austrian  hussars, 
i28th  April  17U9. 

Boxes  IS,  bishop  of  Naissus  in  Dacia, 
was  accused  of  heresy,  and  condemned  at 
Capua,  by  a  council  of  prelates  wlio  ablior- 
red  his  doctrines,  that  the  Virgin  Mary 
should  have  other  children  besides  Christ. 
Uonosus  died  410;  but  his  doctrines  were 
propagated,  and  prevailed  for  more  than  two 
centuries  alter. 

BoNTEKOEjCornielle,  a  Dutchman,  phy- 
sician to  the  elector  ot  Drandenhurg,  and 
author  of  a  treatise  or.  tea,  and  another 
on  ihe  climacterical  year.  He  died  young. 
His  works  were  printed,  Amsterdam,  IGS9, 
4lo. 

BoNTEMPi,  George  Andrew  Angelini, 
miuistei  of  the  chapel  of  the  elector  of  Sax- 
ony, was  a  native  of  Perugia,  and  known  as 
a  good  musician,  and  as  the  author  of  nova 
qiiaruorvocibiis  componendi  methodus,  1660, 
and  an  Italian  lii^ilor}'  of  music,  printed  Pe- 
rugia, \Ci'J!y,  in  folio. 

BoNTEMS,  jNIadam,  a  woman  deservedly 
respected  for  the  delicacy  of  her  wit,  the 
goodness  of  her  understanding,  her  polished 
manners,  and  her  benevolent  heart.  She 
gave  an  elegant  translation  of  Thomson's 
Seasons,  1759.  She  died  at  Paris  ISlh  April 
J7G8,  aged  50. 

BoNTii'S,  James,  a  Dutch  physician  at 
Batavia,  auLbor  of  some  treatises  on  the  dis- 
eases, tlie  botan}-,  and  natural  history  of 
India,  printed  Leydeu,  1642,  and  Amster- 
dam 1658. 

BoNTiL'S,  Gerard,  a  native  of  Kyswick, 
medical  professor  at  Leyden,  where  he  died 
15th  September  1599,  aged  63.  He  invented 
some  famous  pills,  called  pillulie  tartarse,  the 
composition  of  which  was  long  kept  secret, 
but  is  now  known. 

BoNviNCiNO,  Alexander,  an  Italian 
painter,  the  disciple  of  Titian.  His  works 
are  in  high  esteem.     He  died  1504,  aged  50. 

BoNwiCKE,  Ambrose,  a  nonjuring  cler- 
gyman, born  April  29, 1652,  and  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylor's  school  and  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford.  He  was  elected  master  of 
Merchant  Taylor's  school  in  1686,  and  ex- 
pelled in  1691,  for  not  taking  the  oaths  of  al- 
legiance. He  afterwards  kept  a  school  at 
Headlev  in  Surrev,  and  had  at  the  same  time 
Fenton  for  his  usher,  and  Bowyer  ti-e  prin- 
ter for  his  pupil.  He  had  twelve  children  by 
liis  wife  Elizabeth  Stubbs. 

Bo  DDT,  Anselm  Von,  a  physician  of  the 
•emperor  Rodolph,  known  by  a  Latin  tract  on 
Jewels,  he  died  1660. 

Booker,  John,  a  haberdasher,  who 
afterwanls  became  a  writing-master  at  Had- 
Icy  in  Middlesex,  and  an  astrologer,  well 
versed  in  the  discovery  of  thieves,  and  in 
the  solution  of  love  iiupiiiies.  He  is  cele- 
brated by  Lilly,  who  Avas  well  accjuaintcd 
^vith  his  art ;  and  he  was  severely  attacked 
by  George  Wharton.  He  wrote  the  *'  bloody 
Irish  almanac,"  about  the  w  ar  of  Ireland  ; 
and  died  April  1607. 


Boone,  Daniel,  a  Dutch  painter,  who&e 
pieces  are  valuable,  as  expressive,  in  the 
most  natural  forms,  of  low  scenes,  &c.  He 
died  in  England  1698. 

Booxex,  Arnold,  a  native  of  Dordt, 
known  as  a  most  eminent  portrait  painter. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Schalken  ;  and  died 
1729. 

Boot,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  ])hysician,  au- 
thor of  animadversiones  ad  textum  hebrai- 
cum,  in  wbicli  he  ably  defended  the  He- 
brew text  of  scripture  against  Morin  and 
Cappei.  He  wrote  also  some  medical  trea- 
tises ;  and  died  at  Paris  1653. 

Booth,  Bailon,  celebrated  as  an  actor, 
was  born  in  Larjcashire  1681.  He  was  edu- 
cated by  Dr.  Busby  at  Westminster  ;  and 
his  theatrical  powers  Avere  first  roused  to 
action  at  the  representation  of  a  Latin  play 
by  the  pupils  of  the  school.  The  superior 
abilities  which  he  displayed,  and  the  ap- 
plauses which  he  received,  induced  him  to 
oppose  the  wishes  of  his  father,  and  there- 
fore, instead  of  going  to  college  to  prepare 
himself  for  the  church,  he  eloped,  in  1698, 
from  tlie  school,  and  engaged  himself  in 
Ashbury's  strolling  company  in  Ireland. 
After  spetiding  three  seasons  in  Dublin,  he 
came  back  to  London,  where  his  reputation 
soon  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  Bet- 
terton,  and  his  incomparable  acting  of  the 
character  of  Maximus  m  Yalentiniau,  and 
of  Artabas  in  the  Ambitious  Stepmother, 
drew  upon  him  the  decided  approbation  of 
the  public.  By  the  influence  of  lord  Bo- 
lingbroke,  he  was,  in  171. i,  eamed  as  mana- 
ger of  the  theatre  with  Cihber,  Wilks,  and 
Dogget ;  but  his  constitution  was  naturally 
weak,  and  he  sunk  under  great  exertions. 
He  fell  a  victim  to  a  complication  of  disor- 
ders, and  expired  10th  Mt»y,  1733.  He 
maintained  the  high  character  which  he  had 
at  fii'st  acquired  on  the  stage  ;  and  though  he 
failed  in  comedy,  his  ])owers  in  tragedy 
evinced  sunerior  judgment,  and  wherever 
the  more  turbulent  passions  of  the  heart, 
the  significant  expressions  of  voice  and  coun- 
tenance, were  required,  he  left  all  competi- 
tors far  behind  him.  His  most  capital  per- 
formance was  Othello,  in  the  opinion  of  Gib- 
ber, Avlio  attributed  the  unrivalled  excellence 
of  his  Cato  to  the  novelty  of  the  character, 
and  the  political  temper  and  feelings  of  the 
times.  Aaron  Hill  has  also  delineated  his 
character  with  the  freedom  of  a  critic  and 
the  accuracy  of  an  acquaintance. 

Booth,  Henry,  carl  of  AVarrington,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  statesman,  was  member  of 
several  parliaments  for  Chester  under 
Charles  II.  He  strenuously  opposed  the  pa- 
pists, and  zealously  promoted  the  exclusion 
of  the  duke  of  York  ;  and  to  this  resistance 
to  the  views  of  the  court  he  probably  owed 
the  confinement  which  he  endured  three 
limes  under  the  tyrannical  reign  of  James 
II.  He  was  tried  for  treason,  but  he  was 
acquitted,  in  spite  of  the  eftbrts  of  Jeffries 
and  the  coitrt-,  and  in  his  retirement  he  fa- 
vored the  cause  of  freedom  and  of  William 
of  Orange.    At  the  revolution  he  was  ad- 


LU 


130 


vanceil  to  high  ofTices  ;  but  as  he  wished  to 
check  the  royal  preiofjalive,  M'illiam  dis- 
luisSed  him  from  Ids  employments,  not  with- 
oat  com[>limeiitiiijj  his  j^reat  services  with  a 
pension  of  '2U0/.  and  the  earldom  ol  War- 
rington. He  died  '2d  January,  1G<J4,  u^cd 
41.  He  wrote  some  political  tracts,  besides 
speeclies,  8ic. 

Booth,  George,  earl  of  Warrington,  son 
of  the  preceding,  published,  in  1739,  an 
anonymous  tract  on  "  the  institution  of  mar- 
riage," recommending  divorces  where  the 
tempers  disagree.     He  died  1758. 

IJoRBONius,  Nicholas,  a  Latin  poet,  the 
favorite  oi  the  court  of  Francis  I.  He  wrote 
some  poems,  which  he  called  Nugie,  in  which 
he  severely  attacks  the  cliaracter  of  sir 
Thomas  More,  with  whom  he  had  been  in 
Jiabits  of  intimacy.  He  was  also  connected 
with  Rrasmns,  Scaliger,  Palingenius,  and 
other  learned  men  of  the  iGth  century.  His 
poems  appeared  1540. 

lloRDA,  John  Charles,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician,  born  at  Dax  kh  May  1733. 
He  served  at  first  as  engineer  and  lieutenant 
in  the  navy,  and  in  1771  was  sent  with  Ver- 
dun and  Pingre  to  America  to  make  obsei^ 
rations  on  the  situation  of  various  islands, 
and  in  1  774  he  continued  the  same  research- 
es. During  the  American  war  he  served 
with  credit  under  d'Estaing,  as  rear  admiral ; 
but  his  services  to  science  were  of  the  great- 
est importance.  He  introduced  more  uni- 
formity in  the  building  of  the  French  ships 
of  war,  and  by  his  experiments  contributed 
much  to  the  improvement  of  all  vessels.  He 
published,  besides  his  discoveries  in  Ameri- 
ca, &c.  in  2  vols.  4to.  1778,  llie  description 
and  the  use  of  the  circle  of  reflection,  in 
which  he  recommended  the  specular  circles 
of  Tobias  Mayer,  1787,  and  other  treatises, 
inserted  in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of 
sciences.  The  small  rod  for  the  mensura- 
tion of  angles,  so  useful  in  astronomy,  was 
of  his  invention,  and  he  also  introduced  a 
new  method  to  observe  the  length  of  the 
pendulum,  and  the  new  system  of  weights 
and  measures  adopted  by  the  constituent  as- 
sembly. He  died  at  Paris  of  a  dropsy  in  the 
chest,'  17y*J. 

lioRDE,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Pevenscy  in 
Sussex,  born  1500,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  studied  physic,  though  entered  in  the 
order  of  the  Carthusians  ;  and  after  travel- 
ling over  the  greatest  part  of  Europe  and  Af- 
rica, he  settled  at  Winchester,  and  took  his 
degrees  at  Montpcllier,  in  liis  chiiracter  he 
was  whimsical  and  eccentric  in  the  extreme. 
He  was  not  devoid  of  wit  and  learning;  but 
though  commended  for  his  skill  as  a  physi- 
cian, it  is  probable  that  he  never  acquired 
opulence  or  distinction  by  his  profession,  as 
he  died  in  the  fleet,  April  1549.  He  has 
been  accused  by  Itale  of  poisoning  himself, 
because  he  kept  a  brothel  for  the  Carthusian 
monks.  He  wrote  the  breviary  of  liealth, — 
some  medical  tracts, — a  jest  book,  8cc. 

BoRDE,  John  Benjamin,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Paris  5th  "September  1734.  He  was 
at  first  the  valet  of  Lewis   X^^  and  on   tjie 


jnonarch's  death,  was  appoint(;d  fai'mcr-gcn- 
eral.  Natuially  fond  of  literature,  he  culti- 
vated it  in  the  midst  of  business,  anil  wrotn 
some  learned  works.  His  essays  on  ancient 
and  modern  music,  4  vols.  4t().  1780 — mc- 
moires  hiHtorifpies  dc  Coucy,  2  vols.  8vo. — 
pieces  interessantes  i'or  the  history  of  Lew- 
is Xn[.  and  Lewis  Xl\'.  12mo. — letters  oru 
Switzerlau'd,  2  ^ols.  8vo. — abrege  croniijue, 
8to. — history  of  the  South  sea,  d  vols,  bvo— 
Swinburne's  travels  translated — besides  a 
valuable  collection  of  airs,  in  4  vols.  8vo.  ^c. 
are  very  interesting  proofs  of  his  taste  and 
assiduity  as  a  lover  of  music,  and  as  an  au- 
thor. During  the  revolutijn,  he  retired  to 
Rouen,  in  hopes  of  passing  the  rest  of  his 
life  in  repose,  but  the  satellites  of  Robespierre 
discovered  him,  and  he  was  guillotined  2'id 
July  1794,  aged  GO. 

BouRDELOx,  Lawrence,  a  native  of 
Rourges,  who  died  at  Paris  1730,  aged  77. 
though  an  ecclesiastic,  lie  wrote  for  the  the- 
atre, but  with  little  success;  and  his  pieces 
are  now  deservedly  forgotten.  His  history 
of  the  extravagances  of  Mr.  Ouflle  has  ap- 
peared in  English,  8vo.  which  ridicules  the 
reading  of  books  on  witchcraft,  magic,  &c. 

B  o  ivD  E  N  A  V  E,  Toussai  nt,  piofessor  of  sur- 
gery at  Paris,  is  known  for  his  elements  of 
phvsiologv,  in  2  vols.  12mo.  He  was  born 
lOth  April  1728,  and  died  March  12,  1782. 

BoRDES,  Charles,  a  poet  and  philosopher 
of  Lyons,  who  died  1781.  His  works  were 
published  at  Lyons,  4  vols.  8vo.  1783,  and 
among  their  contents  ai'e  admired  an  ode  on 
war, — Blanche  de Bourbon  a  fine  tragedy, — 
elegant  epistles,  kc. 

BoRDEU,  Theophilus  de,  was  born  Feb- 
ruary 22,  1722,  at  leste  in  the  valley  of  Os- 
san  in  Beam,  and  early  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  tmiversity  of  ^Montpellier,  where, 
at  the  age  of  20,  he  held  a  thesis  de  sensu 
generice  considerato,  in  so  learned  a  manner 
as  to  astonish  his  auditors.  He  gained  great 
reputation  at  Paris,  and  though  he  had  ene- 
mies as  a  physician,  lie  gained  the  esteem 
and  the  approbation  of  the  learned,  the  ju- 
dicious, and  the  great.  His  constitution  was 
early  impaired  by  a  flying  gout,  and  a  deep 
melancholy,  and  he  expired  under  an  atUick 
of  apoplex}"^  24th  November  1776.  He  pub- 
lished nine  difterent  treatises  on  anatomical 
and  medical  subject.^,  much  admired  for  the 
information  and  judicious  remarks  which 
they  convey. 

BoRDiNGius,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Dan- 
ish poet,  whose  works,  highly  esteemed  in 
Denmark,  were  printed  17J8,  at  Copenha- 
gen. 

BoRDOXE,  Paris,  a  painter  ot  \  enicc, 
who  was  disciple  of  Titian,  and  the  favorite 
of  Francis  L  He  particularly  excelled  in 
the  delicacy  oi  his  strokes  and  the  purity  of 
bis  outlines,  and  gained  great  reputation  by 
the  portraits  w  hich  he  took  of  the  beauties 
of  the  French  court.  He  retired  to  ^'enice 
from  France,  and  died,  universally  admired, 
in  1587,  aged  75. 

Bore,  (.'atharine  Von,  a  nun  of  the  con- 
vent of  Nimptschen,  near  Witlemberg,  wlui. 


BO 


BO 


conferences  with  the  English  ambassador  at 
Lisle,  and  afterwards  at  Radstadt ;  on  re- 
turning from  which  he  was  assassinated  by 
some  men  in  the  dress  of  Austrian  hussars, 
i28th  April  17'J9. 

Boxosi's,  bishop  of  Naissus  in  Dacia, 
was  accused  of  heresy,  and  condemned  at 
Capua,  by  a  council  of  prelates  who  abhor- 
red his  doctrines,  that  the  Virgin  Mary 
should  have  other  children  besides  Christ. 
Eonosus  died  410;  but  his  doctrines  were 
propagated,  and  pi-cvailcd  for  more  than  two 
centuries  after. 

BoNTEKOE,Cornie11e,  a  Dutchman,  pliy 
sician  to  the  elector  of  JJrandenburg,  and 
autlior  of  a  treatise  on  tea,  and  another 
on  the  cliniaoterical  year.  He  died  young. 
His  works  were  printed,  Amsterdam,  IGS9, 
4to. 

KoxTEMPi,  Ceorge  Andrew  Angclini, 
ininistei  of  the  chapel  of  the  elector  of  Sax- 
ony, was  a  native  of  Perugia,  and  known  as 
a  good  musician,  and  as  the  author  of  nova 
tjuaiuor  vocibiis  componendi  methodus,  1660, 
and  an  Italian  liistory  of  music,  printed  Pe- 
rugia, 16y.5,  in  folio. 

BoNTEMS,  Madam,  a  woman  deservedly 
respected  for  the  delicacy  of  her  wit,  the 
goodness  of  her  understanding,  her  polished 
iuanners,  and  her  benevolent  heart.  She 
gave  an  elegant  translation  of  Thomson's 
Seasons,  1769.  She  died  at  Paris  18th  April 
17G8,  aged  50. 

BoxTius,  James,  a  Dutch  physician  at 
Batavia,  author  of  some  treatises  on  the  dis- 
eases, the  botany,  and  natural  history  of 
India,  printed  Leyden,  1642,  and  Amster- 
dam 1658. 

BoNTius,  Gerard,  a  native  of  Hyswick, 
medical  professor  at  Leyden,  wliere  he  died 
i.Tth  September  1599,  aged  63.  He  invented 
some  famous  pills,  called  pilluUe  tartarte,  the 
composition  of  which  was  long  kept  secret, 
but  is  now  known. 

BoNvixciNO,  Alexandei',  an  Italian 
painter,  the  disciple  of  Titian.  His  works 
are  in  high  esteem.     He  died  15G4,  aged  50. 

BoNwiCKE,  Ambrose,  a  nonjuring  cler- 
gyman, born  April  29, 1652,  and  educated  at 
Merchant  Taylor's  school  and  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford.  He  was  elected  master  of 
Alerchant  Taylor's  school  in  1686,  and  ex- 
pelled in  1691,  for  not  taking  the  oaths  of  al- 
legiance. He  afterwards  kept  a  school  at 
Headley  in  Surrey,  and  had  at  the  same  time 
Fenton  for  his  usher,  and  Bowyei*  the  prin- 
ter for  his  pupil.  He  had  twelve  children  by 
Lis  wife  Elizabeth  Stubbs. 

Bo  DDT,  Anselm  Von,  a  physician  of  the 
<^mperor  Rodolph,  known  by  a  Latin  tract  on 
jewels,  he  died  1660. 

Booker,  John,  a  haberdasher,  who 
afterwartls  became  a  writing-master  at  Had- 
Icy  in  Middlesex,  and  an  astrologer,  well 
versed  in  the  discovery  of  thieves,  and  in 
the  solution  of  love  inquiries.  Fie  is  cele- 
brated by  Lilly,  who  was  well  acquaintcfl 
with  his  art ;  and  he  was  severely  attacked 
by  George  Wharton.  He  wrote  the  "  bloody 
Irish  almanac,"  about  the  war  of  Ireland  ; 
and  died  April  160". 


Boone,  Daniel,  a  Dutch  painter,  whos;e 
pieces  are  valuable,  as  expressive,  in  the 
most  natural  forms,  of  low  scenes,  &c.  He 
died  in  England  1698. 

BooNEX,  Arnold,  a  native  of  Dordt, 
known  as  a  most  eminent  portrait  painter. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Schalken  ;  and  died 
1729. 

Boot,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  ]diysician,  au- 
thor of  animadversiones  ad  textum  hebrai- 
cum,  in  whicli  he  ably  defended  the  He- 
brew text  of  scripture  against  Morin  and 
Cappei.  He  wrote  also  some  medical  trea- 
tises ;  and  died  at  Paris  1653. 

Booth,  Bailon,  celebrated  as  an  actor, 
was  born  in  Lancashire  1681.  lie  was  edu- 
cated by  Dr.  Busby  at  Westminster  ;  and 
his  theatrical  powers  were  first  roused  to 
action  at  the  representation  of  a  Latin  play 
by  the  pupils  of  the  school.  The  superior 
abilities  which  he  displayed,  and  the  ap- 
plauses which  he  received,  induced  him  to 
oppose  the  wishes  of  his  father,  and  there- 
fore, instead  of  going  to  college  to  prepare 
himself  for  the  church,  he  eloped,  in  1698, 
from  tlie  school,  and  engaged  himself  in 
Ashbury's  strolling  company  in  Ireland. 
After  s]>e"nding  three  seasons  in  Dublin,  he 
came  back  to  London,  where  his  reputation 
soon  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  Bet- 
terton,  and  his  incomparable  acting  of  the 
character  of  Maximus  m  Valentinian,  and 
of  Artabas  in  the  Ambitious  Stepmother, 
drew  upon  him  the  decided  approbation  of 
the  public.  By  the  influence  of  lord  Bo- 
lingbroke,  he  was,  in  171. i,  earned  as  mana- 
ger of  the  theatre  with  Cihbcr,  Wilks,  and 
Dogget ;  but  his  constitution  was  naturally 
weak,  and  he  sunk  under  great  exertions. 
He  fell  a  victim  to  a  complication  of  disor- 
ders, and  expired  10th  May,  1733.  He 
maintained  the  high  character  which  he  had 
at  first  acquired  on  the  stage  ;  and  though  he 
failed  in  comedy,  his  powers  in  tragedy 
evinced  superior  judgment,  and  wlierever 
the  more  turbulent  passions  of  the  heart, 
tlie  significant  expressions  of  voice  and  coun- 
tenance, were  required,  he  left  all  competi- 
tors far  behind  him.  His  most  capital  per- 
formance was  Othello,  in  the  opinion  of  Gib- 
ber, who  attributed  the  unrivalled  excellence 
of  his  Gato  to  the  novelty  of  the  chai-acter, 
and  the  political  temper  and  feelings  of  the 
times.  Aaron  Hill  has  also  delineated  his 
character  with  tlie  freedom  of  a  critic  and 
the  accuracy  of  an  acquaintance. 

Booth,  Henry,  earl  of  Warrington,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  statesman,  was  member  of 
several  parliaments  for  Ghester  under 
Gharlcs  II.  He  strenuously  opposed  tlie  pa- 
pists, and  zealously  promoted  the  exclusion 
of  the  duke  of  York  ;  and  to  this  resistance 
to  the  views  of  the  court  he  probably  owed 
the  confinement  which  he  endured  thi-ee 
times  under  the  tyrannical  reign  of  James 
II.  He  was  tried  for  treason,  but  he  was 
acquitted,  in  spite  of  the  eft'orts  of  Jeffries 
and  the  court;  and  in  his  retirement  he  fa- 
vored the  cause  of  freedom  and  of  William 
of  Orange.    At  the  revolution  he  was  ad- 


LU 


BO 


vanced  to  high  offices  ;  but  as  he  m  ished  to 
check  the  royal  prerojjalive,  AN'illiam  «li3- 
juisSed  him  from  his  tniplo}  jnents,  not  with- 
out comphiHeiitint;  his  {i;reat  services  willi  a 
pension  of  'JUO/.  and  the  earldom  of  War- 
rington. He  died  '2d  January,  1694,  aged 
41.  He  wrote  some  political  tracts,  besides 
speeches,  kc. 

Booth,  George,  earl  of  Warrington,  son 
of  the  preceding,  published,  in  1739,  an 
anonymous  tract  on  "  the  institution  of  mar- 
riage," recommending  divorces  where  the 
tempers  disagree.     He  died  1758, 

JioRBONius,  Nicholas,  a  Latin  poet,  the 
favorite  ot  the  court  of  Francis  1.  He  wrote 
some  poems,  which  he  called  Nugie,  in  which 
he  severely  attacks  the  character  of  sir 
Thomas  More,  with  whom  he  had  been  in 
liabits  of  intimacy.  He  was  also  connected 
with  F.rasnuis,  'Scaliger,  Palingenius,  and 
other  learned  men  of  the  16th  century.  His 
poems  appeared  1540. 

lloRDA,  John  Charles,  an  eminent  French 
mathematician,  born  at  Dax  Uh  May  1733. 
He  served  at  first  as  engineer  and  lieutenant 
in  the  navy,  and  in  1771  was  sent  with  Ver- 
<Iun  and  Pingrc  to  America  to  make  obser* 
rations  on  the  situation  of  various  islands, 
and  in  1  774  he  continued  the  same  research- 
es. During  the  American  war  lie  served 
with  credit  under  d'Estaing,  as  rear  admiral ; 
but  his  services  to  science  were  of  the  great- 
est importance.  He  introduced  more  uni- 
formity in  the  building  of  the  French  ships 
of  war,  and  by  his  experiments  contributed 
much  to  the  improvement  of  all  vessels.  He 
published,  besides  his  discoveries  in  Ameri- 
ca, &c.  in  2  vols.  4to.  1778,  the  description 
and  the  use  of  the  circle  of  reflection,  in 
which  he  recommended  the  specular  circles 
of  Tobias  Mayer,  1787,  and  other  treatises, 
inserted  in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of 
sciences.  The  small  rod  for  the  mensura- 
tion of  angles,  so  useful  in  astronomy,  was 
of  his  invention,  and  he  also  introduced  a 
new  method  to  observe  the  length  of  the 
pendulum,  and  the  new  system  of  weights 
and  measures  adopted  by  the  constituent  as- 
scmblv.  He  died  at  Paris  of  a  di'opsy  in  the 
chest,"  1799. 

lioRDE,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Pevenscy  in 
Sussex,  born  1500,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  studied  physic,  tliough  entered  in  Ine 
order  of  the  Carthusians  ;  and  after  travel- 
ling over  the  greatest  part  of  Europe  and  Af- 
rica, he  settled  at  Winchester,  and  took  his 
degrees  at  Montpellier,  in  his  chr.racter  he 
was  whimsical  and  eccentric  in  tlie  extreme. 
He  was  not  devoid  of  wit  and  learning;  but 
though  commended  for  his  skill  as  a  physi- 
cian, it  is  probable  that  he  never  acquired 
opulence  or  distinction  by  his  profession,  as 
he  die<l  in  the  fleet,  April  1549.  He  has 
been  accused  l)y  Itale  of  poisoning  himself, 
because  he  kept  a  brothel  for  tiie  Carthusian 
monks.  He  wrote  the  breviary  of  health, — 
some  medical  tracts, — a  jest  book,  kc. 

BoRDE,  John  Benjamin,  a  French  writer, 
hoin  at  Paris  5th  September  1734.  }Ie  was 
at  first  the  valet  of  Ccv.is   X'S".  and  on   tjic 


monarch's  death,  was  appointed  farmer-gen- 
eral Naturally  fond  of  literature,  he  culti- 
vated it  in  the  midst  of  business,  and  wrote. 
some  learned  works.  His  essays  on  ancient 
and  modern  music,  4  vols.  4to.  1780 — mc- 
moires  historiques  de  Coucy,  2  vols.  Svo. — 
pieces  interessantes  for  the  history  of  Lew- 
is XIH.  and  Lewis  XIV.  12mo. — letters  on 
Switzerlaiwl,  ii  vols.  Svo. — abrege  croniciue, 
8to. — history  of  the  South  sea,  6  vols.  8vo — 
Swinburne's  travels  translated — besi<lcs  a 
valuable  collection  of  airs,  in  4  voh.  Svo.  fcuc. 
are  very  interesting  proofs  of  his  taste  and 
assiduity  as  a  lover  of  music,  and  as  an  au- 
thor. During  the  I'evolutijn,  be  retired  to 
Rouen,  in  hopes  of  passing  the  rest  of  his 
life  in  repose,  but  the  satellites  of  Robespierre 
discovered  him,  and  he  was  guillotined  2'id 
July  1794,  aged  60. 

BouRDELON,  Lawrence,  a  native  of 
Bourges,  who  died  at  Paris  1730,  aged  77. 
though  an  ecclesiastic,  he  wrote  for  the  the- 
atre, but  with  little  success;  and  his  pieces 
are  now  deservedly  forgotten.  His  history 
of  the  extravagances  of  Mr.  Oufile  has  ap- 
peared in  English,  Svo.  which  ridicules  the 
reading  of  books  on  witchcraft,  magic,  &c. 

BoaDENAVE,  Toussaint,  pi-ofessor  of  sur- 
gery at  Parisjis  known  for  his  elements  of 
phvsiologv,  in  2  vols.  12mo.  He  was  born 
10th  April  1728,  and  died  March  12,  1782. 

BoRDES,  Charles,  a  poet  and  pbilosopher 
of  Lyons,  who  died  1781.  His  works  were 
published  at  Lyons,  4  vols.  Svo.  1783,  and 
among  their  contents  are  admired  an  ode  on 
war, — Blanche  de  Bourbon  a  fine  tragedy, — 
elegant  epistles,  kc. 

BoRDEU,  Theophilus  de,  was  born  Feb- 
ruary 22,  1722,  at  leste  in  the  valley  of  Os- 
san  in  Beam,  and  earlv  distinguished  him- 
self  at  the  university  of  !Montpellier,  where, 
at  tlie  age  of  20,  he  held  a  thesis  <le  sensu 
generice  considerato,  in  so  learned  a  manner 
as  to  astonish  his  auditors.  He  gained  great 
reputation  at  Paris,  and  though  he  had  ene- 
mies as  a  physician,  he  gained  the  esteem 
and  the  approbation  of  the  learned,  the  ju- 
dicious, and  the  great.  His  constitution  was 
early  impaired  by  a  flying  gout,  and  a  deep 
melancholy,  and  he  expired  under  an  atUtck 
of  apoplexy  2ith  November  1776.  He  pub- 
lished nine  different  treatises  on  anatomical 
and  medical  subjects,  much  admired  for  the 
informatioia  and  judicious  remarks  which 
tliey  convey. 

BoRDiNGius,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  Dan- 
ish poet,  whose  works,  highly  esteemed  in 
Denmark,  were  printed  1738,  at  Copenha- 
gen. 

BoRDOXE,  Paris,  a  painter  ot  A  enicc, 
who  was  disciple  of  Titian,  and  the  favorite 
of  Francis  J.  He  particularly  excelletl  in 
the  delicacy  of  his  strokes  and  the  purity  of 
bis  outlines,  and  gained  great  reputation  by 
the  portraits  m  hich  he  took  of  tiie  beauties 
of  the  French  court.  He  retii-ed  to  Venice 
frojn  France,  and  died,  universally  admired, 
in  1587,  aged  75. 

BoRE,  Catharine  Von,  a  nun  of  the  con- 
vent of  Nimptschen,  near  ^Vitlembc^g,  who, 


BO 


BO 


tv  it'll  eight  others,  quitted  the  veil  on  the 
first  (lisseminHlion  of  Luther's  i)rinciples. 
'I'lie  luauy  qualities  of  her  mind,  the  beauty 
of  her  person,  and  the  heroic  features  of  her 
conduct,  recommended  her  to  the  notice  of 
the  great  reformer,  Avho  loved  lier,  and, 
thougii  far  more  advanced  in  life,  married 
her,  in  her  26th  year.  Luther  reaped  in 
her  hdelity  both  happiness  and  instruction; 
and  though  the  tongue  of  malevolence  pro- 
pagated reports  to  the  discredit  of  her  vir- 
tue, it  must  appear  incontrovertible,  that 
the  aft'ections  of  her  husband  were  bestowed 
on  none  but  a  woman  of  delicacy  and  virtue. 
After  a  hospitable  and  e.\em{)lary  life,  slie 
died  1552,  aged  53,  leaving  three  sons,  Paul, 
Martin,  and  John. 

Boil  EL,  Peter,  a  native  of  Castres,  phy- 
sician to  the  French  king,  and  author  of  seve- 
ral curious  and  valuable  publications  on  medi- 
cine and  antiquities.    He  died  1GS9,  aged  69. 

BoRELi.t,  John  Alphonsus,  was  born  at 
Naples,  28th  Jan.  160S,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  philosopher  and  mathematician 
at  Florence  and  Pisa,  under  the  patronage 
of  the  house  of  Medicis.  As  he  was  con- 
cerned in  the  revolt  of  Messina,  he  fled  to 
Romt;  for  safety,  where  the  kindness  of 
Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  alleviated  liis 
distress,  and  supported  his  fortunes.  He 
there  taught  mathematics,  and  died  of  a 
pleurisy,  ,Slst  Dec.  1679,  aged  72.  He  wrote 
13  fliirerent  treatises  in  Italian  and  Latin, 
liighly  esteemed  for  the  erudition  and  scien- 
tific knowledge  wliich  they  contain.  That 
'*  de  motu  animalium,"  in  two  parts,  is  par- 
ticularly quoted  by  authors  as  a  book  of  su- 
perior merit. 

BoRGARUTius,  Prosper,  an  Italian  phy- 
sician of  the  16th  century,  who  acquired 
celebrit}'  as  an  anatomist  at  Padua  and  Pa- 
ris. He  published  some  works  in  his  pro- 
fession, much  esteemed. 

BoRGHESE,  Paul  Guidotto,  a  poet  and 
painter,  born  at  Lucca,  who,  though  ac- 
quaintcil  with  14  diiferent  trades,  dieil  poor 
and  neglected  1626,  aged  60.  He  attempted 
to  i-ival  Tasso,  by  a  despicable  poem  called 
*'  Jerusalem  ruined." 

BoRGHiNi,  Vincent,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
bnrn  at  Florence.  He  wrote,  besides  an  edi- 
tion f)f  the  decameron,  of  Boccace,  *'  Dis- 
cnrsi,"  on  the  origin,  antiquities,  inc.  of  Flo- 
rence, a  most  valuable  work.  He  had  the 
magnanimity  to  refuse  the  archbishopric  of 
Pisa,  aiu!  died  16S0,  aged  65. 

li  oil  GUI  XT,  Raphael,  a  Florentine  wri- 
ter of  comedies,  and  of  a  tract  on  sculp- 
ture, much  esteemed,  printed  Svo.  1584. 

Borgia,  Caesar,  a  natural  son  of  pope 
Alexander  VI.  He  no  sooner  heard  of  his 
father's  exaltation  to  the  papal  chair,  than 
he  left  Pisa,  where  he  was  fixed  for  his  edu- 
cation ;  but  the  ambitious  prospects  which  he 
had  formed  in  his  aspiring  mind,  were  a 
little  obscured  by  the  coldness  with  which 
Alexander  received  him.  He  complained  to 
his  mother  Vanozza,  who  for  a  while  quiet- 
ted  his  impatience,  hut  he  was  dissatisfied  to 
set;  the  dukedom  of  Gandia  conferred  upon 


his  elder  brother  Franois,  -whdst  the  pri- 
macy of  Valenza  was  reserved  for  himself. 
Afterwards,  by  the  influence  of  his  mother, 
whose  greatest  favorite  he  was,  »  preference 
to  three  other  sons  and  a  daughter  called 
Lucrctia,  the  dignity  of  cardinal  was  con- 
feri^ed  upon  him,  and  he  became  the  friend 
and  confident  of  his  father's  counsels.  The 
elevation  of  Francis,  however,  to  secular 
power  continued  to  excite  his  jealousy,  so 
that  at  once  to  gratify  malice  and  revenge, 
he  caused  his  uidiappy  brother  to  be  mur- 
dered by  assassins,  and  thrown  into  the  Ti- 
ber, where  his  mangled  carcass  w  as  a  few- 
days  after  found.  The  pope  bitterly  la- 
mented his  fate,  but  all  his  inquiries  after 
the  murdei-er  were  silenced  by  Vanozza, 
who,  justly  suspected  as  an  accomplice,  ter- 
rified the  astonished  father,  by  declaring 
that  if  he  did  not  desist,  the  same  dagger 
was  ready  to  stab  him  to  the  heart.  Cxsar 
succeeded  to  his  brother's  honors  and  for- 
tune, and  now  he  resigned  tlic  dignity  of 
cardinal,  that  he  might  with  greater  latitude 
gratify  his  avarice,  ambition,  and  cruelty. 
Bands  of  assassins  were  kept  around  him, 
who  sacrificed  to  his  pleasure  both  friends 
and  foes;  but  his  murderous  scliemes proved 
nearly  fatal.  United  with  his  father  in  the 
attempt  to  poison  nine  newly  created  cardi- 
nals, that  they  might  seize  their  posses- 
sions, the  wine  was  by  mistake  brought  to 
tliem,  so  that  Ctesar  escaped  Avith  difficulty 
by  the  power  of  antidote  and  strength  of 
constitution,  the  pope  died  of  it.  His 
crimes  were  now  too  public  to  be  unno- 
ticed. Though  lately  .raised  to  the  dukedom 
of  A'alentinois  by  Lewis  XII.  he  was  stripped 
of  all  his  dignities,  and  sent  a  prisoner  to 
Spain,  but  he  escaped  to  the  court  of  ids 
brother-in-law,  John,  king  of  Navarre,  and 
after  trying  in  vain  to  restore  his  fallen  for- 
tunes, he  engaged  in  the  civil  war,  by  which 
his  brother's  kingdom  was  distracted,  and 
was  killed  by  the  stroke  of  a  spear  under  the 
wall*,  of  Vi'ana,  12th  March,  1507.  This 
extraordinary  character,  so  infamous  ia 
principle,  has  been  pi-oposed  by  Machiavel 
as  a  ])attern  to  princes  who  would  act  the 
part  of  wise  and  ^jolitic  tyrants. 

BoRGiANi,  Orazio,  a  native  of  Rome, 
eminent  as  an  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
He  died  1681,  aged  51. 

Boris,  Cudenou,  an  intriguing  officer, 
regent  of  Muscovy  under  Foedor.  He  assas- 
sinated Demetrius  the  brother  of  F^oedor  and 
afterwards  Foedor  himself,  and  thus  obtained 
the  sovereign  power.  His  success  was  how- 
ever of  short  duration,  Griska  an  impostor 
arose  who  pretended  to  be  Demetrius  who 
had  escaped  from  the  dagger  of  his  murdti'- 
ers,  and  as  his  cause  was  espoused  by  many 
adherents,  and  the  vaivode  of  Sandomir,  he 
was  enabled  to  attack  Boris,  who  died  of  ;i 
broken  heart  1605.  Tlie  infant  son  of  Boris 
was  proclaimed  by  the  Boyards  in  opposition 
to  the  new  usurper,  but  the  fortunes  of  the 
false  Demetrius  prevailed,  and  the  son  of  Bo- 
ris .and  his  mother  were  murdered  10th  June, 
1005. 


BO 


BO 


KonT.ACE, Edmund,  M .  D.  son  of  sir.Tolin 
Uorlace,  lord  justice  ol  Ireland,  was  educated 
in  Dublin,  and  afterwards  studied  at  Leyden 
and  Oxford,  in  wliich  places  he  took  his  de- 
j^recs.  lie  died  at  Chester,  in  IOS'2,  where 
he  had  practised  with  }:;reat  reputation.  He 
wrote  several  hooks  ciiiefly  on  tlie  history 
and  antiquities  of  Ireland,  ike  IGSD,  in  folio. 

BoRLASE,  William,  L.  L.  D.  was  horn  at 
Perideen  in  Cornwall,  second  of  February, 
iGDf),  and  educated  at  I'enzancc  and  Ply- 
mouth, from  whence  he  removed  to  Kxeter 
col!ege,  O.xford,  where  lie  took  his  dej^rees. 
He  was  made  rector  of  his  native  [larish,  St. 
Just  in  Pendeen,  by  lord  King  in  1732,  and 
from  that  circumstance,  his  genius  was  now 
directed  with  all  the  judgment  of  a  man  of 
science,  to  investigate  the  curiosities,  the  mi- 
neral and  metallic  fossils  which  surrounded 
him.  He  published  the  antiquities  of  Cornwall 
in  fol. — observations  on  the  Scilly  islands,  4to. 
—anil  the  natural  history  of  Cornwall,  folio, 
works  universally  and  deservedly  admired, 
besides  communications  to  tJie  philosophi- 
cal transactions.  He  enriched  likewise  the 
Ashmolean  museum  at  Oxford,  with  several 
curious  remains  of  antiquity,  for  which  he 
•was  publicly  thanked  by  the  university  in 
1758,  and  he  beautified  the  grotto  of  Twic- 
kenham for  his  poetical  friend  Pope.  He  di- 
ed ;31st  August,  1772,  aged  77,  leaving  two 
sous  out  of  six,  whom  he  had  by  a  lady  to 
vhom  he  was  married  iu  1724. 

Born,  Ignatius,  a  German  baron,  born  at 
Carlsburg.  He  resided  at  Prague,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  mineralog)^  and  natural 
history.  Besides  some  valuable  treatises  on 
these  subjects,  he  wrote  a  satire  on  the 
monks,  in  which  he  classed  them,  after  tlie 
system  of  Linna:us.     He  died  1791,  aged  49. 

BoRNiER,  Philip  de,  a  law-yer  of  INIont- 
pellier,  author  of  two  learned  works  on  the 
laws  of  the  kingdom.  He  died  1711,  aged  77. 

BoRREL,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  well  ver- 
sed in  geometry.  He  died  at  Cenar,  1572, 
aged  80,  author  of  a  4to.  volume  on  geome- 
try, now  little  read. 

BoRRi,  Joseph  Francis,  a  native  of  Mi- 
lan, who  distinguished  himself  by  his  extra- 
vagant pretensions  as  a  chemist,  a  heretic, 
and  a  quack.  After  playing  for  some  time 
the  prophet  at  Rome,  he  returned  to  Milan, 
Avhere  he  attached  to  himself  great  multi- 
tudes, from  whose  credulity  he  exacted  an 
oath  of  secrecy,  while  the  riches  of  indivi- 
<luals  were  permitted  to  flow  into  his  hands, 
^yh^\  the  expectation  that  the  kingdom  of 
God,  like  a  general  fold,  was  going  to  be 
established  on  earth.  His  schemes  were  so 
■well  concerted  tliat  he  nearly  seized  the  so- 
vereign power  by  means  of  his  adherents, 
till  being  discovered,  he  secured  himself  by 
flight,  whilst  the  inquisition  passed  sentence 
of  condemnation  on  his  character,  and  pub- 
licly burnt  his  eftigy  and  his  writings  in  1660. 
From  Strasburg,  where  he  had  retired,  lie 
came  to  Amsterdam,  and  there  for  some 
time  figured  as  a  character  of  superior  dig- 
nity and  uncommon  virtues.  He  was  respec- 
ted, and  courted  as  an  universal  physician, 
VOL.    1.  28 


till  a  revolution  in  his  fortune  drove  him 
away  frr>m  the  country,  loaded  with  the  bor- 
rowed jewels  of  the  credulous  Hollanders. 
At  HaniI)Ui-gh  lie  obtained  the  pi-otittion  of 
Christina  «jueeM  of  Sweden,  by  preltrHJiiig 
to  find  the  philosopher's  stone,  and  he  gain- 
ed the  same  confidence  at  Copenhagen  from 
the  king  of  Deimiark.  Thougli  his  hvpocrisy 
at  last  became  known  to  his  illustrious  pa- 
trons, he  gamed  his  wishes  in  the  liberality 
fit"  their  rewards,  and  attempted  to  retire  to 
lliuigary.  Being  however  accidentally  seized 
as  a  spy,  his  name  was  reported  to  the  em- 
peror of  (iermany  in  the  presence  of  the 
popish  nuncio,  who  claimed  him  as  an  ex- 
communicated heretic.  Tlie  emperor  con- 
sented, provided  his  lit"e  was  spareil,  and 
Borri  was  conveyed  to  Rome,  and  condemn- 
ed to  X)erpetual  imprisonment,  which  was 
however  softened  by  the  interference  of  the 
duke  of  Kstr6es,  whom  he  cured  in  a  dange- 
rous illness.  He  <lied  at  the  castle  of  St. 
Angelo,  in  1695,  aged  70.  He  wrote  some 
books  on  alchymy,  kc.  now  little  read. 

BoRRicnius,  Olaus,  a  natire  of  Den- 
mark, educated  at  the  university  of  Copen- 
hagen, of  which  he  became  a  learned  pro- 
fessor in  poetry,  chemistry,  and  botany. 
After  practising  with  great  reputation  as  a 
physician,  and  I'efusing  the  rectorship  of  the 
famous  school  of  Heslow,  he  began  to  travel, 
and  like  a  man  of  erudition  and  sound  sense, 
he  visited  Holland,  England,  France,  Italy, 
and  Germany,  and  after  an  absense  of  six 
years  returned  to  his  native  country  in  166G. 
His  genius  procured  him  the  friendship  of 
the  literati  of  Europe,  and  the  rectitude  of 
his  pi'inciples  the  patronage  of  his  sovereign. 
He  was  dreadfully  afflicted  with  the  stone, 
and  after  being  iinsHceessfulIy  cut  for  it,  he 
died  in  October  1690,  aged  64.  He  published 
several  tracts  in  Latin,  on  subjects  of  che- 
mistry, philosophy,  and  antiquities.  The 
best  known  of  which  are  de  Poetis  Grxcis  &i 
Latinis — antiqua;  Romce  imago — de  usu  plan- 
tarum  indigcnarura,  1688 — de  somno  som- 
niferis,  he. — Borrichius  de  vita  sua,  in  two 
vols. 

BoRROMEO,  Cliarles,  a  saint  of  the  Ro- 
mish church,  was  born  2d  October,  1538,  at 
the  chateau  d'Autone,  and  early  patronised 
by  his  maternal  uucle,  pope  Pius  IV.  who 
made  him  a  cardinal  and  archbishop  ot  Mi- 
lan, though  only  22  years  of  age.  These 
high  dignities  and  others  which  were  lavish- 
ed upon  him  were  due  to  his  merit  and  his 
virtues.  Barromeo  was  an  example  of  meek- 
ness and  piety,  he  reformed  the  .abuses  of 
his  clergy,  gave  largely  relief  to  the  necessi- 
tous, and  provided  institutions  for  the  re- 
claiming of  profligate  and  debauched  wO' 
men.  This  zeal  in  the  cause  of  humanity 
however  enraged  tlie  Humilies,  an  order 
which  he  attempted  to  reform;  and  one  of 
the  brethren,  Farina,  fired  a  gun  at  the 
worthy  prelate  while  iu  prayer  with  his  do- 
mestics. The  shot  was  not  fatal,  and  the 
assassin  was  deservedly  punished.  During  a 
dreadful  pestilence  the  attentions  of  Borro- 
mco  to  the  distressed   of  every  description 


BO 


BO 


T^cre  unusually  exenixjlary,  yet  ingratitude 
and  persecution  generally  await  the  good 
and  benevolent.  He  was  accused  by  the  go- 
vernor of  Milan,  before  Charles  V.  of  at- 
tempting innovations  in  the  ecclesiastical  in- 
stitutions of  the  city,  but  his  innocence  was 
too  phiin  to  need  defence.  This  great  and 
good  man  died  3d  Nov.  1594,  aged  47,  and 
his  name  was  canonized  by  Paul  V.  in  1710. 
He  wrote  several  works  on  doctrinal  and 
•juoral  subjects,  in  5  vols,  folio.  His  letters, 
in  31  vols,  are  preserved  in  MS.  at  Milan. 

BoRROMEo,  Frederick,  was  cousin  to  the 
preceding,  and  like  him  a  cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Milan,  and  also  the  copy  of  his  ex- 
cellent character.  He  founded  the  Anibro- 
sian  library,  and  died  1632.  He  wrote  some 
theological  tracts. 

BoRROMiNi,  Francis,  an  architect  of 
Bissone,  who  acquired  much  reputation  at 
Rome,  though  in  his  rivalship  with  le  Ber- 
iiin,  he  deviated  from  that  simplicity  and 
those  received  rules  which  taste  and  judg- 
ment have  always  pronounced  the  basis  of 
the  beautiful.  He  died  in  consequence  of  a 
wound  Avhich  he  had  given  himself  in  a  fit  of 
madness,  16G7. 

BoRZONi,  Luciano,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
eminent  as  an  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
He  died  at  Milan  1645,  aged  55.  His  three 
sons,  John  Baptist,  Carlo,  and  Francis  Marie, 
Avere  equally  great.  The  two  first  died 
young,  and  the  last  showed  superior  genius 
in  the  representations  of  sea  pieces,  storms, 
Jxc.     He  died  at  Genoa  1679. 

Bos,  John  Baptist  du,  a  native  of  Beauvais, 
member  of  the  French  academy,  and  use- 
fully employed  under  Torcy  in  negotiations 
Avitii  Germany,  Holland,  England,  and  Italy. 
He  received  a  pension  for  his  services,  and 
<lied  at  Paris,  t23d  March,  1742,  aged  72. 
He  wrote  critical  reflections  on  poetry  and 
painting,  an  elegant  work,  in  3  vols.  12mo. 
—history  of  the  league  of  Cambray — history 
of  the  French  monarchy,  &c. 

Bos,  Lambert,  a  native  of  Workum,  Greek 
professor  at  Franeker,  where  he  died  6th 
January,  1717,  aged  47.  He  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  literature,  and  published  the 
septuagint,  2  vols.  4to.— the  antiquities  of 
Greece — and  other  learned  works. 

Bos,  Charles  Francis  du,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Lucou)  who  died  there  3d  October,  1724 
He  was  a  man  of  great  piety  and  extensive 
erudition.  He  published  some  -works  on 
theological  subjects,  besides  the  life  of  Baril- 
lon  bishop  of  Lucon. 

Bos,  Jerome,  a  Flemish  painter,  -whose 
devils,  spectres,  and  incantations,  though 
veil  represented,  had  a  most  ghastly  and 
disagreeable  appearcnce.     He  died  1500. 

Bos,  Lewis  Jausen,  a  F'lemish  painter. 
j\ot  only  his  leaves  and  flowers  wei'e  beauti- 
ful, but  the  dew  was  represented  upon  them 
BO  much  like  nature  as  to  deserve  universal 
ap]>robation.     He  died  1507. 

Bosc,  James  du,  a  native  of  Normandy 
intimate  with  d'Ablancourt,  and  author  of 
I'honnete  femme  &  la  femme  heroique. 

Bosc,  Pierre  do,  son  of  an  advocate  of 


Rouen,  %vas  horn  at  Bayeux  21st  February, 
1623.  He  Mas  made  protestant  minister  at 
Caen  at  the  age  of  23,  and  maintained  with 
spirit  and  success  the  doctrines  he  had  em- 
braced. When  Lewis  XIV.  published  some 
severe  proclamations  against  the  protec- 
tants, Bosc  obtained  a  I'oyal  audience,  and 
disarmed  the  rigor  of  the  catholics;  but  oa 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  re- 
tired to  Holland,  where  he  became  minister 
of  the  church  of  Rotterdam,  till  his  death, 
second  January,  1692.  His  sermons,  in  four 
vols.  8vo.  are  masterly  proofs  of  his  genius 
and  oratorical  eloquence.  Two  other  vols, 
in  8vo.  consisting  of  several  detached  pieces 
were  also  printed  after  his  death. 

Boscage R,  John,  a  native  of  Beziers,  the 
pupil  and  successor  of  his  uncle  la  Foret  as  a 
law  professor.  He  was  author  of  the  institute 
of  the  Roman  and  French  law,  4to.  and  of  a 
posthumous  work  de  justitia  <k  jure,  12mo^ 
He  died  1684,  aged  83. 

Bo  SCAN,  John  of  Barcelona,  by  his  resi- 
dence at  Venice,  introduced  the  Italian  rhyme 
into  the  poetry  of  his  country,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  elegance  of  his  diction 
and  the  majesty  of  his  lines.  He  -wrote 
Medina,  4to.  published  1544,  and  Salamanca, 
8vo.  1547,  two  poems,  besides  some  admired 
sonnets,  and  died  1543. 

BoscAWEN,  Edward,  a  celebrated  admi- 
ral, second  son  of  Hugh  lord  Falmouth.  He 
was  born  in  Cornwall,  and  early  devoted  to 
the  sea  service.  In  1740  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  Shoreham,  and  distin- 
guished himself  at  Porto  Bello,  and  also  at 
Carthagena,  where  at  the  head  of  a  few  sea- 
men he  took  a  battery  though  annoyed  by  the 
most  tremendous  fire.  In  1744  he  obtained 
the  Dreadnought  of  60  guns,  and  took  the 
Media  commanded  by  Hocquart,  who  again 
fell  into  his  hands  at  the  battle  off  Cape  Fin- 
isterre,  under  Anson  three  years  after.  He 
was  sent,  in  1747,  as  commander  of  an  expe- 
dition to  the  East  Indies,  with  the  rank  of 
rear  admiral  of  the  blue,  and  though  he  was 
unsuccessful  in  his  blockade  of  Pondicherry, 
on  account  of  the  monsoons,  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  take  Madras.  On  his  return, 
during  the  peace  which  followed,  he  was 
made  one  of  the  lords  of  the  admiralty,  and 
in  1755  he  Avas  sent  to  intercept  a  French 
squadron  in  North  America,  and  had  the 
suigular  fortune  of  again  taking  prisoner  for 
the  third  time  Hocquart  in  one  of  the  two 
ships  which  suiTendered  to  his  arms.  In 
1758,  he  was  joined  with  lord  Amherst,  and 
succeeded  in  the  capture  of  Cape  Breton, 
and  Louisburg.  In  1759  he  went  to  the  Me- 
diteranean,  and  upon  the  sailing  of  the  French 
fleet  through  the  straits  he  immediately 
left  Gibraltar  to  pursue  with  all  speed  the  ad- 
miral de  Clue,  ami  took  three  of  his  ships  and 
burnt  two  in  Lagos  bay.  These  great  servi- 
ces were  acknowledged  by  the  gratitude  of 
the  parliament  and  the  applauses  of  the  na- 
tion, the  admiral  was  in  1760  made  general 
of  marine,  with  a  liberal  salary  of  3000/.  a 
year,  but  he  did  not  long  survive  these  hon- 
ors.   He  died  10th  Jan.  1701,    He  married 


BO 


BO 


>n  1742,  the  dauj^liler  of  William  Evcl^-n 
Cilaiiville,  esq.  by  w  horn  lio  liucl  three  sons  and 
two  jhuigliters.  lie  w  as  for  some  lime  repre- 
sentative for  the  boroui^li  of  Truro. 

Bo  sen,  Balihasar  \  anden,  a  painter  of 
Antwerp,  whose  conversation  pieces  and 
portraits  are  liighly  admired.  He  died  1715, 
aged  iO. 

Bosch,  .lacol),  a  painter  of  Amsterdam, 
■whose  fruit  pieces  were  held  in  great  es- 
teem.    He  died  lO/T),  aged  39. 

B0SCIIA.EK  rs,  Thomas  Willebos,  a  Fle- 
mish painter  of  Berg,  born  in  1513.  ile  was 
pationised  by  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  allegory  and  coloring. 
He  died  16G7,  aged  54. 

BoscoLi,  Andrew,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
born  1553,  llie  disciple  of  Sarti  di  Titi.  His 
execution  and  coloring  were  much  admired. 

Boscov  I  cii,  Joseph  Roger,  a  geometri- 
cian and  Jesuit,  born  at  Ragusa,  ISth  May, 
1711,  and  professor  of  mathematics  at  Rouie, 
Pavia,  and  Milan.  Upon  the  suppression  of 
the  Jesuits,  he  came  to  France,  and  after- 
wards retired  to  Milan,  where  he  died  12th 
Feb.  1787.  As  his  knowledge  of  optics,  geo- 
metry, and  metaphysics  was  very  extensive, 
he  was  usefully  employed  by  some  of  the 
Italian  states,  in  measuring  a  degree  in 
Lombardy,  and  he  deserved  likewise  the 
patronage  of  the  public  by  his  elegant  poe- 
try. His  works  are  on  mathematical  sub- 
jects. He  travelled  over  the  greatest  part 
of  Europe,  and  greatly  improved  the  theory 
of  achromatic  glasses.  His  poem  de  solis  Sc 
lunce  defectibus  is  much  admired. 

Bosio,  James,  a  monk  of  Milan,  chiefly 
known  for  his  authentic  though  inelegant 
history  of  the  knigbts  of  Malta  in  three  vols, 
folio,  Rome,  1621,  29,  and  84. 

Bosio,  Anthony,  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, is  known  by  his  Italian  description  of 
the  tombs  and  epitaphs  of  the  early  Chris- 
tians at  Rome.  The  work  was  translated 
into  Latin  by  Aringhi,  and  is  valuable,  in  two 
vols.  fol.  1051. 

Boson,  count  of  Aries,  was  made  king  of 
Provence  in  879. 

BosQ_UET,  Francis,  hishop  of  Montpel- 
lier,  died  1670,  aged  71.  He  wrote  the  lives 
of  the  popes  of  Avignon,  and  the  history  of 
the  (iallican  church. 

BossE,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Tours  dis- 
tinguished as  an  engraver  and  an  architect. 
He  pubhshed  some  useful  treatises  on  the 
art  of  engraving,  Svo, — on  perspective,  Svo. 
— representations  of  human  figures,  from 
the  antiques  of  Rome,  &cc.  and  died  about 
the  year  1660. 

Bossu,  Rene  le,  was  born  at  Paris,  16th 
March,  1631,  and  after  studying  at  Nanter- 
re,  he  became  canon  of  St.  Genevieve.  He 
devoted  his  time  to  divinity,  and  particularly 
to  belles  lettres,  on  which  he  read  lectures  in 
several  religious  houses.  He  published  a 
comparison  between  Aristotle's  and  des 
Cartes'  philosophy,  and  a  treatise  on  epic 
poetry,  the  best  composition  ever  written  on 
the  subject  in  French,  according  to  Boilcau 
his  friend  and  favorite.  He  left  several  MSS. 


preserved  in  the    abbey   of  St.    John  dps 
Chartres,  and  died  March  1680. 

Bossu  ET,  .lames,  was  boi'u  at  13ijon,  27tli 
September  1027,  and  studied  in  the  college 
of  Navarre  at  Paris.  He  «listiiigui:sed  him- 
self as  a  preacher  at  Paris,  and  his  great 
erudition  recommended  lum  so  much,  that 
he  was  made  precejitor  to  the  Dauphin  in 
1069,  to  whom  he  dedicated  his  discourse  on 
universal  history,  in  1081.  His  merits  raised 
him  to  further  f)ffice3  of  honor  and  trust ; 
he  became  bishop  of  Condom,  and  after- 
wards of  ileaux,  and  in  1095  he  was  made 
superior  of  the  college  which  had  contribu- 
ted to  the  education  of  his  early  years. 
His  writings  gained  universal  admiration. 
As  a  catholic  he  displayed  firmness  and  mo- 
deration, and  it  is  said  that  his  strong  appeals 
to  the  protestants,  in  his  doctrines  of  the  ca- 
tholic church,  drew  away  many  back  from 
the  new  tenets  to  the  pale  of  the  Romish 
chnrch.  His  history  of  the  protestant 
churcbes — his  history  of  France,  &cc.  are 
well  known,  but  his  funeral  orations,  de- 
livered in  honor  of  the  memory  of  the 
princes  and  great  men  of  the  time,  possess 
peculiar  sublimity.  After  a  life  spent  hono- 
rably iff  the  defence  of  the  religion  which 
he  had  embraced,  he  died  at  Paris,  12th 
April,  1704,  and  was  buried  at  Meaux.  The 
learned  evinced  their  respect  lor  this  great 
man's  memory,  by  the  encomiums,  which 
were  publicly  delivered  to  crowded  au- 
diences, as  tributes  of  gratitude,  at  Meaux, 
Paris,  and  Rome.  His  life  has  been  pub- 
lished by  Burigny.  His  works  appeared  at 
Paris  together,  12  vols.  4to.  1743. 

Bossus,  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Verona,  and  employed  by  Sixtus  IV.  He 
died  at  Padua  1502,  aged  75.  He  wrote 
several  works  in  Latin  on  moral  subjects. 

Boston,  Thomas,  M.  A.  a  native  of 
Dunse  in  Scotland,  educated  at  Edinburgh, 
and  minister  of  Siraprin  and  afterwards  of 
Etterick,  where  he  died  of  a  scorbutic  dis- 
order, 20th  May,  1732,  aged  36.  He  wrote 
a  well  known  book,  *'  Human  nature  in  its 
fourfold  state,"  besides  other  pieces,  &c. 

Bo  SWELL,  James,  eldest  son  of  Alexan- 
der Boswell,  lord  Auchinleck,  one  of  the 
Scotch  judges,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  20tU 
October,  1740.  He  studied  civil  law  in  the 
universities  of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh,  and 
though  inclined  to  a  military  life,  he  followed 
at  last  the  advice  of  liis  father,  and  was  called 
to  the  Scotch  bar.  As  his  heart  was  warm, 
open,  and  generous,  he  cultivated  the  friend- 
ship of  men  of  worth  and  learning,  and 
among  those  whose  intimacy  he  courted 
were  lord  Somerville,  Mr.  Temple,  and 
particularly  Dr.  Johnson,  to  whom  lie  was 
introduced.  May  16,  1763.  A  desire  of 
acquiring  knowledge  by  observation,  and  of 
studying  men  and  manners,  induced  hira 
to  visit  foreign  countries,  and  after  crossing 
Germany  and  Switzerland,  and  paying  his 
respects  to  the  poet  of  Ferney  and  to  the 
philosopher  of  Geneva,  he  left  Italy  to  ex- 
amine Corsica,  and  the  kimlness  of  PaoH 
was  therefore  repaid  by  deserved  encomt- 


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urns  in  the  liistoi:*j'  -which  he  published  of 
that  island  ;  a  volume  which  has  to  add  to 
the  commendation  of  Johnson  the  labors  of 
Dutch,  German,  Italian,  and  French  tran- 
slators. He  returned  to  Scotland  in  1766, 
and  three  years  after  he  was  at  the  famous 
jubilee  at  Stratford  on  Avon,  where  he  sup- 
ported at  a  masquerade  the  favorite  cha- 
racter of  an  armed  Corsican  chief.  As  his 
hithnacy  with  Johnson  was  founded  upon  the 
basis  of  reciprocal  esteem,  it  is  a  happy  cir- 
cumstance that  he  began  early  to  collect  and 
digest  the  materials  for  the  life  of  this  ex- 
traordinary man,  and  therefore  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Avork  in  1790  was  received  with 
that  avidity  from  the  public  Avhich  is  the 
best  tribute  to  the  meraoi'y  of  an  illustrious 
character,  as  well  as  to  the  judicious  execu- 
tion of  the  biographer.  Besides  Ur.  John- 
son's life,  he  published  an  account  of  his  tour 
to  the  Hebrides  with  the  great  moralist — 
two  well  known  letters  to  the  people  of 
Scotland,  and  essence  of  the  Douglas  cause, 
when  it  so  much  engaged  the  public  atten- 
tion. Boswell  had  a  strong  predilection  for 
the  literar}'  enjoyments  of  London,  and  he 
not  only  visited  the  capital  frequently,  but 
at  last  settled  there  in  1785,  and  was  called  j 
I'egularly  to  the  English  bar.  He  did  not 
however  meet  with  great  success,  but  though  • 
he  did  not  possess  the  superior  powers  of 
eloquence,  he  Avas  distinguished  as  a  lawyer 
by  strong  sense  and  deep  penetration.  He 
•was  suddenl}'  on  his  return  from  Auchinleck 
seized  Avith  a  disorder  Avhich  proved  fatal. 
He  died  at  his  house  in  Portland-street,  19th 
June,  1795,  aged  55.  He  left  two  sons  and 
three  daughters  by  Miss  Margaret  Mont- 
gomery, a  lady  of  amiable  manners,  to 
Avhom  he  Avas  united  in  1769,  and  Avho  died 
June  1790.  Though  the  man  of  Avit,  the 
pleasing  and  lively  companion,  Boswell  was 
subject  to  moments  of  constitutional  melan- 
choly, and  it  Avas  during  those  depressions 
of  spirit  that  he  Avrote  his  hypochondriac, 
a  periodical  publication,  in  1782.  His  cha- 
racter is  painted  in  fluttering  colors  by  John- 
son, who  says,  in  his  tour  to  the  Hebrides, 
that  "  Boswell  would  help  his  inquiries,  and 
that  liis  gaiety  of  disposition  and  civility  of 
manners  Avere  suflicient  to  counterbalance 
the  inconveniences  of  travel,  in  countries 
less  hospitable  than  he  bad  passed." 

BoTAL,  Leonard,  physician  to  Henry 
III.  of  France,  recommended  frequent  bleed- 
ing in  fevers,  Avliich  other  medical  men  se- 
verely condemned.  His  works  appeared 
Ley  den  1G60,  8vo. 

BoTERO,  John,  secretary  of  Borromeo, 
Avas  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Savoy's  chil- 
dren. He  died  1088.  He  wrote  some  poli- 
tical tracts,  hic. 

Both,  .lohn  and  Andrew,  two  Flemish 
painters.  They  Avere  so  fond  of  each  other, 
that  their  pictures  Avere  genei'ally  executed 
in  common.  John,  who  Avas  the  disciple  of 
Abraham  Bloemart,  imitated  Claude  Lor- 
raine, and  his  brother  copied  the  manner  of 
Bambocbe.  John  Avas  drowned  1650,  in  the 
canal  of  Venice,  and  the  other  died  at 
Utrecht  1656. 


Bo  THLAN,  a  Christian  physician  of  Bag* 
dat,  Avho  visited  Egypt  in  1047,  to  be  ac- 
quainted Avith  his  rival  in  medicine,  called  Iba 
RodliAvan.  He  afterwards  Avent  to  Constan- 
tinople for  one  year,  and  died  unmarried. 
He  Avrote  some  medical  tracts,  &c.  Some 
saA*^  that  he  did  not  embrace  Christianity. 

BoTHAVELL,  James  Hepburn  earl,  is 
known  in  Scotch  history  for  his  marriage 
Avith  queen  Mary.  It  is  supposed  by  some 
historians  that  he  Avas  deeply  concerned  in 
the  murder  of  the  unfortunate  Darnley, 
Mary's  husband,  and  that  he  was  even  sup- 
I)orted  by  the  deluded  queen  ;  but  though 
suspected,  his  innocence  was  inferred  from 
his  acquittal  upon  the  trial.  If  the  death  of 
Darnley  did  not  seem  to  pave  the  way  to  his 
elevation,  he  made  himself  sure,  by  seizing 
the  queen  at  Edinburgh,  and  carrying  her  a 
prisoner  to  Dunbar  castle,  where  he  pre- 
vailed upon  her  by  violence  to  yield  to  his 
Avishes  and  to  marry  him,  alter  he  had  di- 
vorced his  own  Avife.  Though  seemingly 
thus  secure  in  the  possession  of  power,  and 
though  created  eai'l  of  Orkney  by  the  unfor- 
tunate queen,  he  soon  found  that  his  con- 
duct had  roused  the  indignation  of  the  king- 
dom. Mary  found  not  in  him  that  fond  hus- 
band she  expected,  and  Bothwell  became 
unkind  and  brutal.  A  confederacy  Avas 
formed  against  him  b)'  the  barons,  the  queen 
was  liberated  from  his  poAver,  and  the  dis- 
graced husband  escaped  to  the  Orkneys,  and 
afterwards  to  Denmark,  Avhere  he  died 
1577.  In  his  last  moments,  it  is  said,  that 
with  an  agonizing  conscience,  he  confessed 
his  OAvn  guilt  and  the  queen's  innocence  of 
the  murder  of  Darnley. 

BoTiCELLi,  Alexander,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, Avho  died  15!5,  aged  78.  His  Venus 
rising  from  the  sea,  and  his  Venus  adorned 
by  the  Graces  were  much  admired. 

BoTT,  John  de,  an  architect  born  in 
France,  of  protestaut  parents.  He  Avas  iu 
the  military  service  of  king  William  III,  and 
afterwards  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  of  the 
elector  of  Saxony,  king  of  Poland.  The  ar- 
senal of  Berlin,  the  fortifications  of  VVesel, 
and  several  public  edifices  at  Dresden,  are 
monuments  of  his  architectural  genius.  He 
died  at  Dresden,  1745,  aged  75. 

BoTT,  Thomas,  was  born  at  Derby  1688, 
of  a  i-espectable  family  In  Staflbrdshire.  He 
Avas  the  youngest  of  six  children,  and  the  at- 
tention of  his  mother  fully  supplied  the  neg- 
ligence of  his  father,  mIio  had  Avasted  away 
his  property  in  gaming.  He  Avas  brought 
up  among  dissenters,  and  Avas  minister  of  a 
congregation  ;  but  he  afterAvards  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  physic,  which  he 
however  abandoned  for  the  churdh  of  Eng- 
land. He  obtained  Winbiirgh  and  Edgefield 
rectories  in  Norfolk,  and  died  at  Norwich 
23d  September  1754.  He  Avrote  some  theo- 
logical tracts  besides  sermons.  His  son  Ed- 
njund  of  Christ  Church  in  Hants,  has  pub- 
lished some  cases  Avith  respect  to  the  poor 
laws. 

BovADiLLA  or BoBADiLLA,DonFran- 
ciso  de,  a  Spaniard,  raised  from  obscurity  to 


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he  governor  g-cncral  of  the  Innlts  in  IjOO. 
His  conduct  m  his  oHicc  vas  haut^lity  mid 
tyrannical,  but  when  lie  liad  tlic  prcsump- 
tion  to  load  with  irons,  and  to  send  as  jn-is- 
oners  to  Euroite,  Diego  (Jolunilms,  and  liis 
illnatriuus  l)rolhei',  to  wliosc  '/.t;al  the  <lisco- 
very  of  America  Avas  due,  Ferdinand  and 
Tsahclla  reiiented  of  their  choice.  '\'hv  no- 
ble suH'erers  Avere  tiealcd  m  ith  dislinction, 
Ovantlo  was  sent  to  supersede  I{ova«lilla, 
•who,  however,  never  reached  his  native 
liome,  as  the  flei;t  of  tw  cnfy-onc  sliips  on 
on  hoard  of  which  lie  was,  were  shipwreck- 
ed, and  with  an  ininieuso  ijuantity  of  gold 
sunk  to  the  bottom,  I50'2. 

BoucHAKU,  David,  a  famous  chieftain,  in 
the  service  of  Henry  IV.  of  Fraiu-e.  He 
■was  governor  of  I'erigord,  and  was  killed  b) 
u  shot  at,  the  siege  of  Lisle,  a  small  town  in 
liis  province,  9th  July  1.5U8. 

lioucHARDON,  Edniund,  a  native  ot 
Chaumont  in  Bassignl,  who  devoted  himself 
to  the  stutly  of  sculpture,  and  after  lie  had 
perfected  liimself  at  Home,  adorned  IVris 
with  various  monuments  of  his  genius.  He 
vas  highly  honored  by  tlie  king  and  bj^  the 
academy,  and  his  amiable  manners  and  his 
exalted  and  independent  spirit  deserved 
the  distinction.  Count  de  Caylus  wrote  his 
life.     He  died  1672,  aged  64. 

BoucHAUD,  Matthew  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Paris.  From  advocate  of  the  parliament, 
lie  became  professor  of  the  law  of  nature  in 
the  university,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
his  publications.  Besides  various  articles  in 
the  encyclopaedia,  he  wrote  a  commentary 
on  the  laws  of  the  12  tables  with  interest- 
ing notes,  &c. — poetical  antiquities — trans- 
lations of  Juliet  IMandeville  an  English  no^el 
— the  dramas  of  Apostolo,  Zeno,  inc.  He 
died  1804,  aged  85. 

BoucHE,  Honorius,  an  ecclesiastic,  au- 
thor of  an  ill  digested  though  useful  descrip- 
tion and  history  of  Provence.  He  died  1671, 
aged  73. 

Boucher  d'Argis,  Antoine  Caspard, 
horn  1708,  was  an  advocate  of  Paris,  coun- 
sellor of  the  council  of  Dombes,  and  author 
of  some  respectable  publications  on  law  sub- 
jects. He  wrote  all  tlie  articles  on  jurispru- 
dence in  the  encyclopuxlia  from  the  second 
volume. 

Boucher,  Francis,  was  painter  to  Lewis 
XV.  and  from  his  excellence  in  the  light  and 
agreeable,  he  was  called  tlie  painter  of  the 
graces,  and  the  Anacreon  of  painting.  He 
died  1770.  His  infant  Jesus  sleeping  is  much 
admired. 

-  Boucher,  John,  a  seditious  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne  during  the  French  civil  wars.  He 
severely  inveighed  in  his  sermons  and  wri- 
tings against  Henry  III.  and  afterwards 
against  Henry  IV.  and  when  Paris  submitted 
to  the  conqueror  he  retired  into  the  Nether- 
lands, Avliere  he  died  dean  of  the  chapter  of 
Tournay,  1644,  aged  94. 

Boucherat,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Paris, 
who  raised  himself  by  his  talents  and  integ- 
rity to  be  chancellor  of  P^rance.  He  died 
much  respected,  1699,  aged  85. 


Bough  FT,  John,  was  born  at  Poitiers,  of 
which  he  was  procureur.  He  wrote  curious 
annals  of  Atiuiljiine,  I'oiliers,  ivc.  besitles 
some  moial  poeli-y.  He  died  l.'ioO,  aged  74, 
Boucuii  1,  John,  a  niaitre  d'hotel  to  the 
king  of  France,  wh<»  wrote  the  genealogies 
of  several  noble  lainilics.     He  died  !084. 

BoucHEi,  (■uitlaume,  a  judge,  consul  of 
Poilier.s,  author  of  "  Serees,"  in  three  vols, 
a  woi'k  full  of  anecdotes,  both  humorous  and 
in(lelicut<*.     He  died  about  1607. 

IJo  ucii  r  r  I.,  .lubn  Joseph,  an  advocate  of 
Dorat,  author  of  some  commentaries  on  law, 
&tc.     He  died  1720. 

BoucHiEU,  I'homas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, is  known  as  the  first  person  who 
encouraged  printing  in  England.  He  sent 
two  persons  to  Ilaerlem,  where  the  art  was 
then  beginning  to  Jiorish,  and  they  were  art- 
ful enough  to  bribe  one  of  the  compositors 
of  the  press  to  embark  with  them,  and  to 
bring  with  liim  a  set  of  letters.  This  useful 
foreigner  was  settled  at  Oxford,  1464,  and 
thus  that  university  may  claim  the  honor  of 
])rinting  next  to  Mentz  and  Haerlem.  Bou- 
chier  has  been  accused  of  avarice,  but  it 
should  not  he  forgotten  that  the  persons  he 
sent  to  Holland  were  provided  with  a  thou- 
sand maiks,  300  of  which  were  his  own.  He 
died  1486. 

BouciCAUT,  marechal  de  France,  and 
viscount  Turenne,  surnamed  John  de  Slein- 
gue,  was  eminent  as  a  warrior,  and  went 
with  Nevers  against  Bajazet,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Nicopolis.  He 
was  for  some  time  governor  of  Genoa  for 
Charles  VI.  of  P'rance,  but  while  he  seized 
Milan,  all  the  French  were  massacred  at 
(Jenoa,  and  he  himself  was  defeated,  and 
escaped  with  dlHlculty  across  the  Alps.  He 
afterwards  distinguished  himsulf  against  the 
Turks  and  A^enetians.  He  was  taken  pris- 
oner at  the  battle  of  Agincourt,  and  died  ia 
England  l42l.  He  was  fond  of  music>  and 
some  of  his  ballads  are  still  preserved  as  pos- 
sessing merit. 

BouDEWiNS,  Michael,  a  learned  physi- 
cian of  Antwerp,  author  of  a  publication 
called  Ventilabrum  medico  theolog.  in  4to. 
1666,  useful  to  divines  and  medical  persons. 
He  died  in  his  native  town  of  Antwerp 
1681. 

BouDiER,  Rene,  a  native  of  Ti*elly  near 
Coutances,  was  remarkable  for  his  great 
mental  accomplishments,  and  the  voluptu- 
ousness of  his  manners.  He  wrote  a  Roman 
history,  &c.  He  died  November  1733,  aged 
nearly  90. 

Bo u DON,  Henry  Marie,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Evreux,  who  wrote  several  books  of  devo- 
tion, &c.     He  died  1702,  aged  78. 

BouDOT,  John,  a  learned  and  intelligent 
bookseller  and  printer  at  Paris,  author  of  a 
valuable  latin  dictionary  in  14  vols.  4to  which 
has  been  usefully  abridged  in  8vo.  He  died 
17.54,  aged  69. 

BovERiCK,  an  English  clock-maker  in 
tlie  17th  century,  know  n  for  his  ingenuity  ia 
mechanics. 

Bo  V Eu  1  us,  Zacharius,  a  Capuchin  known 


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«s  tlie  author  of  a  Latin  liistory  of  his  order 
in  two  vols.  I'olio.  He  died  al  Genoa  163S, 
^ge«l  70. 

BovETTE  de  Blemxtr,  Jacqueline,  em- 
braced early  a  religious  life,  and  died  at  C'ha- 
tillon  160G,  aged  78.  She  wrote  some  theo- 
logical works  not  devoid  of  merit. 

liovEY,  C^atliarine,  married,  at  tlie  age  of 
15,  William  Rovey,  a  gentleman  of  opulence 
and  respectability  in  Glocestcrshire.  To  the 
greatest  personal  charms  she  unitcil  the 
most  heticvolent  character,  aud  all  the  mild 
virtues  and  henign  charities  of  private  life, 
so  that  she  is  deservedly  extolled  by  sir  Rich- 
ard Steele  in  his  dedication  of  the  tw  o  vols. 
of  his  ladies'  library.  She  was  left  a  widoAV 
early,  and  died  at  Haxley,  in  Glocestershire, 
1726,  aged  37.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Riches. 

BouFLERS,  Louis  Francois  due  de,  was 
born  lOtli  Jan.  1644.  He  was  blessed  with  a 
stx'ong  military  genius,  and  early  distinguish- 
ed himself.  His  defence  of  Lisle  in  1708,  for 
nearly  four  months  against  prince  Eugene, 
gained  him  universal  praise.  **  I  am  vain," 
said  Eugene,  when  master  of- the  place,  to 
Bouflers,  *'  to  have  conquered  Lisle ;  but  1 
had  i-ather  enjoy  the  glory  of  defending  it 
like  you."  He  was  loaded  with  honors  by 
the  court,  ajid  made  a  peer  of  France.  He 
served  under  marechal  de  Villars,  and  at  the 
battle  of  Malplaquet,  in  1709,  he  displayed 
so  much  vigilance,  that  neither  cannon  nor 
prisoners  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  conque- 
rors, {n  his  private  character  he  was  gen- 
erous and  disinterested,  humane  and  virtu- 
ous, and  so  superior  a  general,  that  "William 
ni.  detaining  him  prisoner  at  Namur  for 
reprisals  on  the  Frencli,  who  had  dishonora- 
bly kept  back  the  garrison  of  Dixmude,  de- 
clared that  he  was  worth  more  than  1(»,000 
men.  He  died  at  Fontainbleau  22d  Aug. 
1711,  aged  68. 

Bouflers,  Louis  de,  a  native  of  Picardy, 
born  1534,  known  for  his  extraordinary 
strength  and  agility,  in  which  he  equalled 
the  famous  Milo  of  Crotona.  He  was  killed 
at  the  siege  of  Pont-sur  yone. 

Bougainville,  John  Peter  de,  was 
born  at  Pai*js  1st  Dec.  1722.  His  great 
learning  and  uncommon  application  procu- 
red him  many  friends,  and  a  respectable 
situation  in  the  literary  societies  of  the  ca- 
pital. His  ambition,  however,  was  disap- 
pointed ia  his  wish  to  be  admitted  into  the 
French  academy.  He  urged  the  precarious 
state  of  his  health,  and  the  probability  of  an 
early  vacancy ;  but  Duclos  tlie  secretary 
with  great  harshness  observed,  that  it  was 
jiot  the  business  of  the  academy  to  adminis- 
ter extreme  unction.  .  As  his  constitution 
was  greatly  weakened  by  intense  study,  he 
died  at  the  early  age  of  41,  June  22d  176.}. 
He  wrote  a  parellel  between  Thomas  Kouli 
Khan  and  Alexander, — a  translation  of  Po- 
lignac's  Anti-Lucretius,  two  vols.  8vo.  &cc. 

BouGAixy  1  LLE,  M.  U.  F.  a  Frenchman, 
whose  discoveries  in  his  navigation  round  the 
world,  procured  as  much  glory  to  his  nation, 
as  Cook  had  before  acquired  for  the  English 


name.  Neither  his  virtues  nor  his  services 
shielded  him  against  the  ferocity  of  a  Paris 
mob,  and  he  was  one  of  the  thousands  inhu- 
manly sacrificed  on  the  10th  of  August  1792. 

BouGEANT,  Guillaume  Hyacinth,  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Quimper,  4th  Nov.  1690.  He 
was  professor  of  humanities  at  Caen,  Ne- 
vers.  and  Paris,  but  for  a  little  time  fell  un- 
der disgrace  by  the  publication  of  his  amuse- 
ment philosophique,  in  which  he  supposes 
that  brutes  are  animated  by  demons.  He 
was  a  man  of  engaging  manners,  great  wit, 
and  pleasing  conversation ;  but  the  disap- 
])ointments  which  he  endured  shortened  his 
life.  He  died  at  Paris,  7th  Jan.  1743,  aged 
53.  His  publications  are  respectable,  espe- 
cially his  history  of  the  wars,  &cc.  during 
Richelieu's  and  Mazarin's  administration, — 
the  history  of  the  treaty  of  Westphalia,-— 
the  exposition  of  the  Christian  doctrine,  &c, 

BouGEREL,  Joseph,  an  ecclesiastic,  au- 
thor of  Gassendi,  and  of  memoires  pour 
riiistoire  des  hommes  illustres,  &cc.  He  di- 
ed at  Paris  1753. 

BouGOuiNE,  Simon,  a  poet  at  the  court 
of  Lewis  XII.  author  of  "  I'homme  juste,'* 
and  "  I'homme  pecheur,"  &c. 

BouGUER,  Peter,  was  born  at  Croisie 
10th  Feb.  1698.  He  early  distinguished 
himself  by  his  knowledge  of  mathematics. 
He  was  employed  with  Godin  and  de  la  Con- 
damine  to  goto  Peru,  the  better  to  ascertain 
the  figure  of  the  earth,  and  he  acquitted 
himself  with  credit  and  ability ;  but  his 
quarrel  with  his  associates  lessened  his  fame, 
and  drew  upon  him  the  character  of  a  rough, 
ferocious,  and  unforgiving  man.  He  died 
15th  August  1758,  aged  60.  His  publications 
are  respectable,  especially  la  construction  du 
navire,  4to. — la  figure  de  la  terre,  4to.-~ 
traite  de'optique,  4to. — la  manceuvTC  des 
vaisseux,  4to. 

BoHiER,  John,  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Dijon,  was  eminent  as  a  lawyer  and 
as  a  scholar.  He  was  member  of  the  French 
academy,  and  wrote  poetry,  translated  Pe- 
tronius  and  some  parts  of  Virgil  and  Ovid, 
besides  the  Tusculana  of  Cicero,  disserta- 
tions, ice.  He  died  much  respected  at  Di- 
jon 1746,  aged  73. 

BouHouRS,  Dominique,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Paris  1628,  and  celebrated  as  a  critic.  He 
first  gave  lectures  at  Clermont,  but  violent 
attacks  of  ihe  headach  prevented  his  suc- 
cess, and  he  became  preceptor  to  the  sons  of 
the  duke  of  Longueville.  He  afterwards  at- 
tended at  Dunkirk  the  popish  refugees  from 
England,  and  became  known  by  his  '*  en- 
tretiens  d'  Ariste  &  d'Eugene,"  an  elegant 
and  learned  work,  which  was  read  with  avid- 
ity, and  criticised  by  the  learned  in  every 
part  of  Eui^ope.  This  performance  so  pleas- 
ed Colbert,  that  he  made  him  tutor  to  his 
son,  the  marquis  of  Sequelai.  His  literary 
fame  was  not,  however,  without  attacks,  and 
Menage  iias  levelled  against  him  the  well  di- 
rected shafts  of  criticism.  His  remarks  and 
doubts  on  the  French  language  are  particu- 
larly worth  attention.  He  wrote,  besides 
dialogues  on   the   art  of  thinking  well — the 


hO 


iiO 


life  of  Francis  Xavier,  the  apostle  of  India— 
the  life  of  l{^nalius — ingenious  thoughts  of 
ancients  and  moderns,  &c.  liouhours  closed 
his  useful  life,  m  hicii  never  ceased  to  he  af- 
flicted with  the  headaolj,  at  Clermont  iJ7th 
May  1702. 

BouiLLARD,  Don  James,  a  learned  Be- 
nedictine, author  of  an  history  of  St.  fier- 
jnain-des-pres,  in  fol.  He  died  172G,  aged 
57. 

BouiLLAUD,  IsmacI,  was  born  at  Lon- 
don, 28th  Sept.  1605.  Though  born  of  pro- 
testant  parents,  he  embraced  the  popish 
faith,  and  soon  became  eminent  in  theology 
and  every  branch  of  science.  His  connec- 
tions with  tlie  learned  were  very  extensive  ; 
but,  in  the  midst  of  his  great  reputation,  he 
showed  himself  modest  and  diffident.  He 
died  25th  November,  1G94.  He  published  a 
discourse  on  the  reformation  of  some  reli- 
gious orders — an  edition  of  Ducas,  in  Greek 
and  Latin,  1649,  fol.— opus  novum  ad  arith- 
meticum  infinitorum,  1682,  fol, 

BouiLLE,  M.  le  marquis  dc,  a  French 
general  of  great  charactei*,  descended  from 
H  noble  and  ancient  family.  During  the 
American  war,  he  served  with  credit  in 
the  West-Indies,  and  was  oppointed  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  French  islands,  and 
for  his  services  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-general,  and  of  knight  of  the 
Holy  Ghost.  He  opposed  the  rise  of  the 
revolution,  and  particularly  the  plans  of 
Necker,  and,  as  a  friend  of  the  king  and 
monarchy,  he  repressed,  with  spirit  and  ef- 
fect, the  insurrection  of  the  garrison  of 
]VIctz,  of  which  he  was  governor,  in  August 
1790;  but  though  applauded  by  the  assem- 
bly for  his  active  conduct,  he  was  accused  by 
the  jacobins  as  a  shedder  of  blood  ;  and  the 
odium  thus  directed  against  him  was  fartlier 
increased  upon  the  llight  of  the  king  to  Va- 
rennes.  Bouille,  who  failed  in  his  attempts 
to  liberate  his  master,  boldly  defended  the 
measures  which  he  had  taken,  and  was  in 
consequence  pronounced  an  enemy  to  his 
country,  his  property  was  confiscated,  and 
a  price  fi.\ed  on  his  head.  An  exile  from 
France,  he  entered  the  Swedish  army  in 
1791,  but  soon  after  enlisted  under  tlie  ban- 
nei's  of  Conde,  and  shared  the  dangers  and 
the  fatigues  of  the  heroic,  but  unfortunate 
emigrants.  His  memoirs  of  the  revolution 
appeared  in  1797,  and  excited  great  interest 
by  their  impartiality.  He  died  in  London, 
14th  November,  1800. 

BouiLLET,  John,  a  physician,  who  was 
born  at  Servian  6th  March  1690,  and  died 
13th  August  1777.  Respected  as  a  profes- 
sional man,  he  was  equally  so  as  the  author 
of  elemens  de  medicine  pratique,  2  vols.  4to. 
■—■obserTations  sur  I'anasarque  &  les  hydro- 
pisies,  4to. — memoirs  pour  servir  a  I'histoire 
tie  I'academiedes  sciences  de  Beziers,  4to. 

Bouillon,  Emanuel  Theodosius,  an  ec- 
clesiastic, raised  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  by 
the  interest  of  his  uncle  Turenne.  He  ser- 
ved Lewis  XIV.  as  his  ambassador  at  Rome ; 
but  he  Mas  disgraced  and  exiled,  on  pre- 
tcTice  of  not  supporting  his  ma'^ter's  imteiccst 


with  suflicienl  energy.    He  died  at  Rome  24 

March  1715,  aged  72. 

Bo  u  LAI,  Ooisar  Egasse  du,  a  native  of  St. 
Ellier,  in  the  Lower  Alaine,  hisloriogiaphcr 
to  the  university  of  I'aris,  and  known  by  bis 
"  history  of  the  university  of  Paris,  G  vols, 
folio."     He  died  lOth  October,    1678. 

BouLAl.vvi  LLl  LU  J,  Henry  de,  a  native 
of  St.  Suise,  early  distinguished  for  his  great 
talents  and  extensive  knowledge  ol  historv. 
He  wrote  an  history  of  the  Arabians — 14 
letters  on  the  ancient  French  parliaments— 
the  state  of  France  to  the  time  of  Hugh 
Capet — a  history  of  France  to  the  reign  of 
Charles  A  Til.  &c.  He  died  at  Paris  ia 
1722  ;  and  after  his  death  his  nnfinisbcfl  life 
of  Mahomet  was  published;  a  woik\^hich 
shows  his  notions  of  religion  to  be  wavering 
and  indelicate,  since  he  defends  the  impos- 
tures which  it  Mas  his  duty  merely  to  re- 
cord. 

BouLANGER,  Nicholas  Anthony,  a  na- 
tive of  Paris,  mIio,  by  strong  application, 
overcame  the  difficulties  of  a  natural  stupidi- 
ty, and  became  eminent  as  a  mathematician 
and  architect.  He  was  engineer  in  the 
army  ;  and  being  afterwards  employed  in  the 
care  of  the  highways  of  Champagne,  Bur- 
gundy, and  Lorrain,  he  observed,  with  a 
curious  and  inquisitive  eye,  the  various 
strata  of  the  earth,  in  cutting  through  moun- 
tains to  alter  or  improve  the  direction  of 
rivers  and  canals.  His  conjectures  on  tiie 
formation  of  the  globe  were  curious  and  in- 
teresting. He  sought  for  new  light  in  an- 
cient languages  ;  but  death  cut  oft"  his  useful 
career  in  1759,  in  his  37th  year.  He  v  as  of 
a  mild  and  benevolent  temper,  and  resem- 
bled in  features  the  famous  Socrates.  His 
MOrks  are  I'antiquite  devoilee,  3  vols.  12mo. 
traite  du  despotisme  oriental,  2  vols.  &ic. 
besides  the  articles,  *'  deluge,  corvee  k  so- 
ciete,"  in  the  encyclopedia,  and  a  disserta- 
tion on  Elisha  and  Enoch,  Scc  It  is  to  be 
lamented  that  his  sentiments  Avere  wantonly 
hostile  to  the  Christian  religion. 

Bo UL ANGER,  a  fanious  Augustine  prea- 
cher, better  known  by  the  name  of  petit 
pere  Andre.  He  died  at  Paris  1G75,  aged  80- 

BouLANGER  or  BouLLEGER,  Claude 
Francois  Felix,  a  native  of  Amiens,  who 
was  for  some  time  an  advocate  at  Paris,  but 
he  became  better  known  as  a  man  of  exten- 
sive erudition  and  great  powers  of  memory. 
He  Mrote  treatises  on  electricity,  8vo  — 
historical  and  critical  researches  on  ancient 
plays,  12nio. — besides  fables  in  verse,  in- 
ferior to  la  Fontaine.  He  died  1758,  aged 
34. 

Ecu  LAY,  Edmund  du,  a  herald  at  arms 
to  the  duke  of  Lorrain  in  the  middle  of  the 
IGth  century.  He  Mrote,  besides  the  jour- 
ney of  duke  Anthony  to  Charles  V.  some 
books  in  verse  and  prose,  now  little  known. 

BoULLEGER.       Vicl.    BoUL ANGER. 

Bo  UL  LEND  IS,  Louis,  an  advocate  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  author  of  some 
valuable  dissertations  ou  law,  &c.  He  died 
at  Paris  1762,  aged  84. 

BouLLiEii,  Davidi  Reoaud,  was  born  at 


BO 


Bd 


Utrecht,  24th  March,  1609,  and  vas  minister 
of  Amsterdam  and  Leyden.  He  was  re- 
spectable for  liis  writings,  which  are  in 
French  and  Latin,  chiefly  on  theological  sub- 
jects, the  best  known  of  which  are,  a  disser- 
tation on  the  existence  of  God,  1716 — letters 
on  the  true  principles  of  religion,  ^2  vols. 
12mo.  1741 — bishop  Berkeley's  book  on  tar- 
water  translated,  &c.  lie  died  December 
24,  17511. 

Boui.  LONG N'E,  Louis,  a  Frcncli  painter  of 
great  merit.  His  picture  of  Augustus  shut- 
ting the  temple  of  Janus,  his  flight  into 
Figypt,  and  several  other  pieces,  preserved 
in  the  churches  of  Paris,  are  valuable  monu- 
ments of  his  genius.     He  died  at  Paris  1674. 

BouLLONGNE,  Bon,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Rome  and  Lombar- 
dy,  and  possessed,  with  his  father's  talents, 
a  greater  versatility  of  genius,  whence  he 
was  called  the  Proteus  of  painters.  He  died 
1G97,  aged  43.  His  younger  brother  Lewis 
was  equally  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  was 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  and  gained  univer- 
sal admiration.  He  died  1733,  aged  79, 
leaving  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 

Boulter,  Hugh,  D.  D.  was  born  in  or 
near  London,  and  educated  at  Merchant 
taylors'  school,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
He  was  chosen  demy  of  Magdalen  with  Ad- 
dison and  Wilcox ;  which  circumstance, 
from  the  respectability  of  the  three  students, 
is  called  the  golden  election.  His  merit  and 
his  learning  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  sir  Charles  Hodges,  secretary  of  state,  to 
Tenison,  the  primate,  and  to  the  earl  of 
Sunderland,  by  whose  patronage  he  was  libe- 
rally promoted,  and  made  chaplain  to  George 
I.  whom  he  attended  to  H.inover  in  1719,  and 
afterwards  English  tutor  to  prince  Frederick. 
He  was  raised  to  the  deanery  of  ChristChurch 
and  the  bishopric  of  Bristol  in  1719.  His 
moderation  and  firmness  were  so  conspicu- 
ous, that  when  the  primacy  of  Ireland  be- 
came vacant,  the  king  appointed  him  to  that 
liigh  station,  and  with  great  reluctance  he 
was  prevailed  upon  to  accept  of  the  situa- 
tion. Ireland  was  then  a  prey  to  faction  and 
clamoi',  in  consequence  of  Wood's  ruinous 
schemes  with  respect  to  the  coin ;  but  the 
primate's  efforts  were  strenuously  directed 
to  restore  tranquillity  and  comfort  to  the 
distracted  countiy.  Though  at  first  unpo- 
pular, his  plans  succeeded,  the  scarcity  of 
silver  was  remedied,  and  he  became  the  fa- 
vorite of  the  Irish.  His  munificence  to  the 
poor  was  indeed  unbounded,  during  the 
scarcity  of  1741.  Not  less  than  S.'iOO  souls 
were  daily  supported  at  his  expense,  hospi- 
tals were  nobly  endowed,  the  children  of  the 
indigent  clergy  were  educated  by  his  libe- 
rality, public  buildings  erected,  and  not  less 
than  30,000/.  were  devoted  to  improve  the 
small  livings  of  Ireland.  This  great  and  good 
man,  so  universally  and  deservedly  esteemed, 
visited,  in  June  1742,  his  native  country, 
and  died  in  London  the  September  follow- 
ing, and  was  interred  in  Westminster  abbey. 
Though  a  man  of  erudition,  he  left  nothing 
^nt  a  few  occnsional  serrnons;  but  his  bene- 


ficence and  clianty  have  gained  him  iramor-* 
tal  fame.  Some  of  his  letters  were  printed 
at  Oxford  in  1769,  2  vols.  8vo. 

BouQ_UERAXT,  a  negro  of  St.  Domingo, 
who  i)Ossessed  courage,  sagacity,  and  elo- 
quence, and  by  his  arts  raised  liimself  to 
consequence  among  his  fellow  sufferers  in. 
the  colony.  He  was  killed  November  1791, 
bravely  fighting  in  defence  of  liberty. 

BouQ_UET,  Don  Martin,  a  Benedictine  of 
St.  Maur,  born  at  Amiens.  He  assisted 
Moutfaucon,  and  made  an  useful  and  labori- 
ous collection  of  the  histox'ians  of  France,  as 
far  as  the  3d  volume,  to  which  four  more 
were  added  after  his  death,  which  happened 
at  Paris  1754,  in  his  69th  year. 

BouQ^UET,  Madam,  is  celebrated  for  her 
humanity  during  the  revolution,  in  conceal- 
ing some  of  the  proscribed  deputies,  though 
death  was  the  consequence  of  this  mark  of 
friendship.  After  supporting  these  unfortu- 
nate men  for  some  time,  and  seeing  their 
escape  from  her  aborle  but  to  perish  on  the 
scaftbld,  she  was  herself  dragged  before  the 
bloody  tribunal  of  Bourdeaux,  and  suffered 
death  with  truly  Christian  resignation. 

Bourbon,  Charles  due  de,  son  of  Gilbert 
count  of  Montpensier,  constable  of  France, 
was  born  148^,  and  early  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  valor  in  the  field,  especially  in  the 
battle  of  Marignano.  After  serving  Francis 
I.  he  was  disgraced,  through  the  intrigues  of 
Louisa  the  queen-mother,  whose  offers  of 
marriage  he  had  contemptuously  rejected, 
and  he  immediately  espoused  the  cause  of 
his  great  rival  Charles  V.  and  by  his  intre- 
pidity highly  contributed  to  the  victory  of 
Pavia.  He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
imperial  armies ;  but  the  murmurs  of  the 
soldiers  for  want  of  pay  would  have  proved 
destructive  to  his  interests,  had  he  not,  with 
bold  enthusiasm,  promised  them  riches  and 
victory,  and  immediately  led  them  against 
Rome.  The  attack  was  unexpected,  but  the 
valor  of  Bourbon  would  have  overcome  all 
obstacles.  He  placed  the  first  scaling  ladder 
against  the  wall,  and  as  he  was  mounting  at 
the  head  of  his  troops  he  received  a  shot, 
which  immediately  proved  fatal,  Oth  May, 
1527.  His  victorious  soldiers  buried  him 
with  great  funeral  honors. 

Bourbon,  Charles  de,  son  of  Chai'les 
duke  of  V'endome,  was  a  cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Rouen.  He  was  raised  to  the 
throne  of  France  in  1583,  on  the  death  of 
Henry  III.  and  after  enjoying  the  Y)hantom 
of  royalty  for  a  little  time,  he  died  1590, 
aged  67. 

BouRBONCoNDEjLouisducde,  a  French 
general,  who  gained  some  reputation  at  the 
battles  of  Steinkerque  and  Nerwindc,  and 
died  suddenly  at  Paris,  1710,  aged  42.  His 
son  Lewis  Henry  was  employed  during  the 
minority  of  Lewis  XV.  but  the  unpopularity 
of  the  measures  which  his  colleagues  in  office 
had  to  propose,  at  last  procured  his  exile,  in 
1726.    He  died  at  Chantilly,  1740,  aged  48. 

Bourbon,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Van- 
dreuves,  employed  in  the  education  of  Jeanne 
tl'Albert,  mother  of  Heary  IV.  of  France. 


BO 


BO 


He  retired  from  the  ijitrii^es  of  Uie  court 
to  literary  ease,  and  urotL*  eight  Looks  of 
epigrams,  wliich  he  called  Nujja:,  besides  his 
pocin  on  smiths  (ft-rrai-ia),  of  which  profes- 
sion his  father  was.  He  died  ahuuL  the  mid- 
dle of  the  iGth  century.  His  great  nephew, 
T|vho  was  horn  at  15ar-bur-auhe,  and  hon-  the 
same  name,  \vase(|ualiy  known  and  admired 
as  a  Latin  poet.  He  was  (.ireek  professor  at 
Paris,  and  canon  of  Orleans  and  of  Aiif^ers. 
His  works  were  pul)lished  1G51,  iu  liJino. 
He  died  1G44,  aged  70. 

BouRCiiENU  DE  V  Ai.BoNAis,  John  Pe- 
ter, became  known  as  a  magistrate  in  his  na- 
tive town  of  (irenoble.  He  was  attlicted 
with  blindness  in  his  old  age ;  but  (he  Tast 
powers  of  a  retentive  memory,  and  the  so- 
ciety of  faithful  friends,  relieved  in  some  de- 
gree the  horrors  of  his  solitude.  He  wrote 
a  liistory  of  Dauphine,  2  vols,  fol,  &ic.  and 

died  1730. 

BouRCHiER,  John  lord  Berners,  washy 
the  mother's  side  allied  to  the  Plantagenets. 
He  studied  at  O.xford,  and  afterwards  tra- 
yelled  abroad,  and  became  known  by  his 
spirited  conduct  in  repressing  the  insur- 
gents in  Devonshire  and  Cornwall  1495.  He 
was  chancellor  of  tiie  exchequer  for  life  un- 
der Henry  VHI.  and  made  governor  of 
Calais,  where  he  died  153'J.  He  was  author 
of  treatises  on  the  duties  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Calais — ite  in  vineam  meam,  a  comedy, 
acted  in  Calais  great  church — besides  trans- 
lations of  romances  and  of  Froissart's  chro- 
nicle into  English,  &tc. 

BouKDALOUE,  Lewis,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Bourges,  August  1G32,  deservedly  celebra- 
ted as  the  first  and  most  eloquent  preacher 
of  France.  His  powers  were  ex/iibited  be- 
fore the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  the  mo- 
narch so  strongly  felt  and  admired  the  effica- 
cy of  his  eloquence,  that,  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  sent  him  to  preach 
the  catholic  doctrines  to  the  new  converts  of 
Languedoc.  He  died  13th  May,  1704,  aged 
72.  His  sermons  have  passed  through  several 
editions,  the  best  of  which  is  that  of  Breton- 
neau,  in  IG  vols.  8vo. 

BouRDEiLLES,  Peter  de,  a  French  ab- 
bot and  courtier  in  the  service  of  Charles 
IX.  and  Henry  III  better  known  by  the 
name  of  Brantome.  The  best  edition  of  his 
memoirs  is  that  of  the  Hague,  in  15  vols. 
1741,  and,  though  irregular,  they  are  in- 
teresting, as  they  contain  the  private  histo- 
ry of  the  French  monarchs  of  his  age.  He 
died  5th  July,  I6l4,  aged  87. 

BouRDEiLLES,  Claude  de,  grand-ne- 
phew of  the  ])recedir)g,  was  in  the  service  of 
Gaston  of  Orleans  ;  but  he  retired  from  the 
intrigues  of  lords  and  courtiers  to  a  private 
station.  He  died  at  Paris  IGG3,  leaving  me- 
moirs known  under  the  name  of  Montresor, 
2  vols.  12mo. 

BouRDELOT,  John,  a  native  of  Sens, 
master  of  the  requests  to  Mary  of  Medicis, 
and  better  known  as  an  able  and  learned 
critic,  and  the  editor  of  Lucian,  Petronius, 
and  Heliodorus,  with  notes  full  of  taste  and 
erudition.      He  wrote,  besides  an  universal 

VOL.    T.  CO 


liistory,  commentaries  on  Juvenal,  &c.  and 
died  suddenly  at  Paris  1G3S.  liis  sisler'a 
son,  who  changed  the  name  of  Peter  .Miction 
to  tluit  of  lir)urdelot,  became  known  as  a 
[ihysician  at  Paris,  as  the  friend  of  C<jnde,of 
(xhristina  of  Sweilen,  and  as  the  author  of  4 
sensible  treatise  ou  the  viper,  12ino.  1G51, 
lie  wrote  also  a  tieatise  on  mount  yLtna, 
J^cc.  besiileB  a  MS.  catalogue  of  medical 
books,  with  lives  of  authors,  and  critical  ob- 
servations on  their  wcjrks.  He  died  Otli 
February  1G85,  aged  7G. 

BouRDiGNE,  Charles,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Angers,  author  of  the  amusing  poem  of 
"  la  legende  de  Pierre  Faifeu,"  in  49  chap- 
ters. He  died  about  the  middle  of  the  iGtU 
century. 

BouRDiN,  Maurice,  anti-pope  in  1118, 
under  the  name  of  firegory  VIII.  He  was 
taken  by  Calixtus  II.  his  more  successful 
rival,  and  died  in  prison  1121. 

Bourdon,  Ame,  a  native  of  Camhrai, 
who,  at  the  age  of  36,  began  to  study  physic, 
and  acquired  great  reputation  in  the  profes- 
sion. He  published  a  valuable  anatomical 
description  of  the  human  body,  12mo.  be- 
sides anatomical  lectures;  and  died  170G, 
aged  C8. 

Bourdon',  Sebastian,  a  native  of  Mont- 
pellier,  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  studied 
seven  years  at  Rome,  and  acquired  great 
reputation  and  consequence  on  his  return  to 
France.  His  powers  of  execution  were  so 
strong,  that  he  once  laid  a  wager  that  he 
could  paint  twelve  heads  after  life,  and  as 
big  as  life,  in  one  day ;  and  he  won.  His 
best  pieces  are,  the  martyrdom  of  St.  Peter, 
in  the  church  of  Notre  J)ame,  the  sevea 
works  of  mercy,  &c.  Ashe  was  a  protes- 
tant,  he  left  France  for  the  protection  of 
Chi'istina  queen  of  Sweden  ;  and  died  1662, 
aged  46. 

BouRDONTNAYE,  Bernard  Francis  Malie 
de  la,  a  native  of  St.  Malo's,  distinguished  as 
a  warrior  and  negotiator.  He  was  made 
governor  of  the  isles  of  France  and  Bourbon  ; 
and,  with  an  enterprising  spirit,  in  the  war 
of  1741,  he  armed  a  small  squadron,  aud  laid 
siege  to  the  English  settlement  of  Madras, 
which  he  took,  and  restored  to  the  conque- 
red for  a  ransom  of  about  9  miUioos.  His 
successes  created  him  enemies.  On  his  re- 
turn to  France,  he  was  accused  of  suffering 
himself  to  be  corrupted  by  the  enemy,  and 
sent  to  the  Bastille;  but  his  innocence  was 
revealed  before  his  judges,  and  in  the  eyes 
of  France.  This  persecuted  man  died  1754, 
iu  consequence  of  the  severe  imprisonment 
to  which  he  had  been  exposed. 

Bo UR DO  I,  Charles  Anthony,  a  learned 
advocate  of  Paris,  author  of  the  "  coutumier 
general,"  4  fols.  folio.  He  died  December 
11,  1735,  aged  46. 

BouRG,  Ann  du,  a  learned  counsellor  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  was  cruelly  put  to 
death,  and  burnt,  by  the  influence  of  Henry 
II.  for  embracing  the  doctrines  of  Calvin, 
1559,  though  several  prijices  interested  them- 
selves in  his  fate.  He  w  as  then  38  years  old. 
He  was  the  <lescendant  of  a  noble  family,  and 


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a  man  of  great  fortitude,  and  strong  presence 
of  mind. 

BouRGELAT,  Claude,  of  the  academy  of 
Berhn,  was  of  infinite  service  to  Prussia,  by 
promoting  the  establishment  of  veterinary 
schools.  He  wrote  some  useful  treatises  on 
the  subject,  Sec.  and  died  at  an  advanced  age 
January  3,  1779. 

Bourgeois,  Louis  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Coutances,  who  wrote  some  poetry  on  divini- 
ty subjects  at  the  latter  end  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. 

Bo  URGE  T,  dom  John,  a  Benedictine  of 
tht  diocese  of  Seez,  eminent  for  his  piety  and 
learning.  He  enjoyed  resi)ectab!e  offices  in 
the  churcli,  and  was  admitted  member  of 
the  London  antiquarian  society  in  1765.  He 
devoted  him.=eU'  to  the  study  of  antiquities, 
and  left  behind  him  a  curious  and  interesting 
account  of  the  abbey  of  Caen,  founded  by 
AVilliam  tlie  Conqueror,  and  of  that  of  Bee, 
so  -well  known  in  English  history  as  being  the 
nursery  of  several  archbishops  of  Canter- 
bury. He  died  1st  January,  1776,  universally 
respected. 

BouRGET,  Clemence  de,  a  lady  born  of 
respectable  parents  at  Lyons.  She  possessed 
so  much  merit  as  a  wx-iter,  a  musician,  and  a 
l)oetess,  that  she  was  presented  to  two  mo- 
narchs  who  passed  through  Lyons  as  the  most 
honorable  object  and  the  greatest  ornament 
of  her  native  city.  She  died  of  a  broken 
hearc,  in  consequence  of  the  loss  of  her  lover, 
Jobn  (je  Peyrat,  who  fell  at  the  siege  of 
Beaurepaire  1561. 

Bo  I'M  GOING,  Edmund,  an  ecclesiastic, 
•who  wirnily  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Gui- 
ses during  the  civil  wars  of  France,  and  was 
torn  to  pieces  by  four  horses  in  1590. 

Bo'RGOixG,  Francis,  a  native  of  Paris, 
author  of  some  homilies,  kc.  He  died  1662, 
aged  77,  and  bis  funeral  oration  was  pronoun- 
ced by  Bossuet. 

BouRGUET,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Nimes, 
•wlio  fled  to  Switzerland,  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  established  at  Zu- 
rich the  maimfacture  of  silk,  muslin,  and 
stockings.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy 
atNeufchatel,  anddied  31st  December,  1742, 
aged  64,  author  of  a  letter  on  the  formation 
of  stdtsand  crystals — la  bibliotheque  Italique, 
16  vols.  8vo. — a  journal,  of  which  the  first 
volume  appeared  at  Geneva  172.3,  &c. 

BouRGi'EviLLE,  (,'liarles  de,  lieute- 
nant-general of  Caen,  is  known  as  the  au- 
thor of  the  histor}'  of  that  ancient  town.  He 
died  1593. 

BouRiGNON,  Antoinette,  a  celebrated 
enthusiast,  born  at  Lisle,  in  Flanders,  13th 
JaniTAry,  1616.  She  was  so  deformed  in 
outward  appearance,  that  it  is  said  a  consul- 
tation was  held  in  her  family  to  destroy  so 
monstrous  a  birth.  Her  mind,  however, 
was  of  a  supei-ior  te.xture.  She  was  bold, 
ambitious  after  distinction,  and  strongly 
tinctured  with  superstition.  Under  the  af- 
fectation of  immaculate  chastity,  she  left  her 
father's  house,  when  he  wished  to  recom- 
mend a  husband  to  her  choice,  and,  in  the 
habit  of  a  hermit,  she  began  to  propagate 
her  principles,  and  to  form  a  society  of  fe- 


males, wliose  rule  of  conduct  was  the  love  of 
God  and  the  gospel.  Her  devotions  were 
not,  however,  without  interruption.  She  was 
exposed  to  the  rudeness  and  insolence  of  de 
Saulieu  and  others,  who  not  only  solicited 
her  in  marriage,  but  even  attempted  violence 
against  her  person.  After  enjoying  the  re- 
putation of  superior  sanctity  for  some  time 
in  Flanders,  she  came  to  Amsterdam,  where 
she  gained  the  friendship  of  de  Lort,  an  ec- 
clesiastic of  Mechlin,  who  rewarded  her 
confidence,  by  leaving  her  a  large  estate  at 
his  death.  She  afterwards  went  to  Holstein 
and  Hamburgh,  where  she  gained  herself 
proselytes,  by  her  writings,  and  her  preten- 
sions to  inspiration,  and  to  frequent  inter- 
views with  supernatural  beings;  but  she  also 
was  exposed  to  ridicule  and  to  persecution. 
She  died  at  Franekei',  in  the  province  of 
Frise,  the  30th  October,  1680,  in  her  64th 
year.  This  extraordinary  person  was  in  her 
principles  nearly  a  quietist.  She  excluded 
all  external  worship,  she  required  a  cessa- 
tion of  reason,  sense,  and  understanding, 
that  God  might  spread  his  divine  light  over 
his  devotees.  Her  birth,  her  introduction  to 
the  world  as  a  reformer,  and  her  death, 
were  accompanied  by  the  appearance  of 
three  remarkable  comets,  and  the  circum- 
stance operated  powerfully  on  the  minds  of 
her  deluded  and  bigoted  followers.  Extra- 
vagant as  her  conduct  and  her  tenets  were, 
she  had  many  proselytes  in  Scotland,  and 
among  them  m^n  of  learning  and  respecta- 
bility ;  and  it  required  the  abilities  of  Charles 
Lesley  and  Dr.  Cockburn  to  examine  and  to 
demonstrate  the  arts  of  the  enthusiastic  im- 
postor. It  is  remarkable  that  she  was  avari- 
cious in  her  conduct,  disobedient  to  her  pa- 
rents, and  severe  towards  her  domestics  and 
dependants.  Her  works  were  published  at 
Amsterdam  in  21  vols.  8vo.  1686,  and  her  life 
has  been  written  by  her  disciple  Poirct. 

BouRLET  DE  Vauxcelles,  Simon  Je- 
rome, a  French  writer  of  great  eminence, 
and  in  private  life  much  respected.  He  died 
at  Paris  1799,  aged  65. 

Bo  URL  IE,  Antoine  de  Guiscard,  a  native 
of  Perigord,  who  abandoned  his  country,  and 
af:er  visiting  Holland,  became  a  pensioner  of 
qneen  Anne  in  England.  He  was  accused  of 
treason  against  the  state  in  1711 ;  and  when 
examined  before  the  privy  council,  he  stab- 
bed lord  O.vford,  for  which  murderous  action 
he  was  sent  to  Newgate,  where  he  destroyed 
himself. 

BouR.v,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Birmingham, 
educated  at  Glasgow.  He  was,  in  1742,  mi- 
nister of  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Riving- 
ton,  Lancashire,  and  then  removed  to  Nor- 
wich as  assistant  to  Dr.  J.  Taylor.  He  was 
author  of  some  sermons,  and  had  a  dispute 
with  Dr.  Chandler  about  the  duration  of  fu- 
tui*e  punishments.  He  died  atNorwich  1796, 
aged  83. 

Bo  URXE,  Vincent,  an  amiable  writer,  fel- 
low of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  usher 
of  Westminster  scliool.  He  published  a  vo- 
lume of  elegant  poems,  in  12mo.  reprinted 
in  4to.  1772,  and  died  young. 


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150 


BouKEE,  Ed  me  Bernard,  an  ecclesiastic, 
-who  died  at  Dijon  I/'i'J,  aged  70,  author  of 
some  sermons,  and  otiier  works  ol"  theo- 
logy. 

Boi'iiSAULi ,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Mussi 
I'Eveque  in  Burgundy,  who   l>y   application 
remedied    the    detects    of  a    bud   education, 
and  gained    tlie   favor  of  the  criui-t   of  Lewis 
XI\  .  by  the  wit  of  his  conversation  and  tlie 
\ivacity  of  his  muse.     He  became  secretary 
to  the  dutchess  of  Ani;oiiIeine,   with  a   j)en- 
sion    of  i>U(K)    livres,    and    Ids    business    was 
cluefly  to  turn  the  gazette  into  rliyme.     His 
satire,    however,  directed    against  the  Fran- 
ciscans and  Capuchins,  |)roved  nearly  latal 
to  him,   and    the    powerful   intiuence  of  his 
patrons  alone   saved  him  from  tlie  dungeons 
of  the   Bastille.     He  was  dismissed  with  dis- 
grace,  and   again   received    into   favor,  and 
died   of  the   cholic,    oth    September,    17U1, 
aged    6J,  at    Monllucon,  where  he   v/as   ap- 
pointed receiver  ot  the   excise.     Boursault 
possessed  merit  as  a  poet.     Mis  ^sop  in  the 
city,  and  iEsop  at  court,  are  still  deservedly 
honored  with  the    public    applause   on    the 
stage,  for  the  various  and  interesting  scenes 
of  life  which   they   exhibit,  with  happy  sa- 
tire,  and    in  elegant  language.     He  wrote, 
besides  other  plays,  some  romances,  letters, 
and  fables,  inc.     In  his   private    character, 
he  was  amiable.     Thougli  he  was  in  acts  of 
political  hostility    vvith  Boileau,    he   visited 
him  at  Bourbon  with  the  oHer  of  liis  purse 
and  services  ;   and  this  liberality  produced  a 
reconciliation  and  the  closest  intimacy.     His 
theatre  appeared  in  3  vols.  12mo.  1746. 

BouRSiER,  Lawrence  Francis,  a  doctor 
of  the  Sorbonne,  who  died  at  Paris  in  1749, 
aged  70.  He  was  author  of  several  contro- 
versial books  in  divinity,  and  of  an  able 
treatise  called  Taction  de  dieu  sur  les  crea- 
tures, 2  vols.  4to.  or  6  vols.  rimo.  which 
•was  attacked  by  Malebranche.  He  Avrote 
also  an  address  to  Peter  the  great  when  he 
visited  Paris,  for  the  re-union  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin  churches. 

BocJusiER,  Philip,  an  ecclesiatic  of  Pa- 
ris, who  died  17G8,  aged  77.  He  was  the 
first  concerned  in  t!ie  nouvelles  ecclesias- 
tiques  in  1727,  in  wh'ch  he  was  assisted  by 
Berger,  d'Etemare,  de  Fernanville,  and 
others. 

BouRVALAis,  Paul  Poisson,  a  famous 
French  financier,  who  rose  from  obscurity 
to  opulence  and  consequence,  by  industry, 
and  afterwards  assisted  by  dishonest  means. 
He  was  accused  of  having  amassed  a  princely 
fortune  from  the  distresses  of  the  state  dur- 
ing the  Spanish  succession  war,  and  his  vast 
wealth  was  forfeited.  He  was  some  time 
after  indemr.ifii^d;  but  his  disgrace  had  broken 
a  heart  naturally  fierce  and  impatient,  and 
he  died  the  year  after,  1710. 

BouKZEis,  Amable  de,  an  ecclesiastic, 
■whose  pen  and  abilities  were  employed  for 
political  purposes  by  Richelieu  and  >iazarin. 
He  died  at  Paris  10 i2,  aged  60,  author  of 
some  theoligical  tracts,  kc. 

BousSAUD,  (iodfrey,  chancellor  of  the 
university  of  Paris,  wrote  some  tracts  on  di- 
vinity and  morality,  and  died  1520. 


BotssEAi',  James,  j^n  eminent  »culptor, 
who  died  at  NIadrid  in  1740.  Some  of  his 
pieces  arc  much  admired. 

BousSE'i ,  John  Baptist  de,  a  native  of  Di- 
jon, known  as  a  musician  of  superior  taleutft. 
He  died  1725,  aged  63. 

BoL'SSE'r,  Rene  Dronanl  de,  a  native  of 
i'aris,  who  died  there  1760,  agetl  57.  He 
was  eniinent  for  his  taste  and  genius  as  a 
musician. 

Bon  rAUD,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic,  re- 
commended to  the  notice  of  J^ewis  XIV.  by 
Bossuet.  He  wrote  several  Latin  jjoems 
without  genius  or  elegance  ;  and  died  1729. 

Bou  1  Aui,  Francis  de,  a  prolessor  of  lavr 
at  Toulouse,  where  he  died  1733,  author  of 
several  valuable  publications  on  his  profes- 
sion. 

BouTAULD,  Michael,  a  Jesqit  of  Parii, 
author  of  several  usefid  treatises  on  theology. 
He  died  1688,  aged  81. 

BouTEKONE,  Claude,  a  learned  antiqua- 
rian of  Paris,  author  of  a  curious  treatise  on 
the  court  of  France.     He  died  1690. 

Boui  HRAis,  Raoul,  a  native  of  Chateau- 
dun,  author  of  some  books  on  law,  kc.  He 
died  1630,  aged  78. 

BouvART,  Michael  Philip,  professor  of 
medicine  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Chartres,  and 
died  at  Paris  lyth  January,  1787,  aged  66. 
He  acquired  great  celebrity  in  his  proi'ession, 
and  wrote  some  tracts  on  medicine  which 
possessed  merit.  He  once  visited  a  banker 
who  was  seized  with  melancholy  at  the  pros- 
pect of  bankruptcy,  and  finding  that  the  dis- 
order of  his  patient  was  such  as  his  purse 
could  remove,  he  honorably  sent  him  20.000 
livres  to  enable  him  to  meet  his  creditors. 
His  eloge  was  pronounced  by  Condorcet. 

BowKR,  Archibald,  was  born  near  Dun- 
dee in  Scotland,  17th  January,  1685,  and  edu- 
cated at  Douay,  from  whence  he  passed  to 
Rome,  1760,  and  became  a  Jesuit.  P'ither 
his  dislike  to  the  cruelties  of  the  inquisition 
of  Alacerata,  to  which  lie  was  counsellor,  or, 
as  his  enemies  assert,  his  amorous  propensi- 
ties, shook  his  religious  principles,  and  after 
being  distinguished  as  a  preacher  and  a  pub- 
lic prolessor,  he  resolved  to  abandon  a  mode 
of  life  which  he  now  regarded  with  abhor- 
rence, and  made  his  escape  A\ith  great  diffi- 
culty, and  through  many  dangers,  from  Peru- 
gia to  England,  in  1726,  By  the  conversa- 
tion of  Dr.  Aspinwall,  Dr.  Clarke,  and  bishop 
Berkeley,  he  renounced  the  tenets  of  the 
catholic  church,  and  some  time  after  embra- 
ced those  of  the  church  of  England.  His 
learning  recommended  him  to  the  great,  and 
he  had  the  good  fortune  to  become  acquain- 
ted with  lord  Aylmer,  in  whose  family  he 
passed  several  years,  and  when  he  sufficient- 
ly understood  English,  he  began  to  labor  for 
the  booksellers  by  the  publication  of  the  His- 
toria  literaria,  which  he  abandoned  in  1734, 
for  a  large  share  in  the  composition  of  the 
L'niversal  History.  Unsteady  and  insincere 
in  his  piiticiples,  he  was  again  reconciled  to 
the  Jesuits  in  1745,  and  two  years  after, 
again  made  public  his  dissent  from  the  reli- 
gion of  those  within  whose  pale  he  had  late- 


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ly  been  received  as  a  penitent  refugee. 
About  this  time,  he  wished  to  convert  the 
money  which  he  had  acquired  into  a  life  an- 
nuity, but  the  manner  in  wliich  he  relates 
the  circumstance,  differs  so  much  from  the 
report  made  by  liis  antagonists  that  there  is 
reason  to  suppose  he  acted  unfairly.  The 
firm  patronage  of  lord  Lyttelton,  however, 
broke  the  asperities  of  his  fortunes,  he  was 
made  librarian  to  queen  Caroline  in  1748,  to 
Avhich  was  afterwards  added  the  clerkship  of 
buck  warrants.  His  history  of  the  popes 
■was  begun  and  continned  to  the  seventh  vol- 
ume a  little  before  his  death,  but  his  quar- 
rels with  the  Jesuits  rendered  his  principles 
suspected  both  as  an  historian  and  as  a  man. 
His  insincerity  was  discovered,  and  his  im- 
posture revealed,  l)y  the  keen  searching  eye 
of  Dr.  Douglas  afterwai'ds  bishop  of  Salisbu- 
ly,  and  from  a  favorite  writer,  he  became  a 
suspected  character,  and  he  saw  all  those 
■who  had  supported  and  patronised  him  ex- 
^•ept  Lyttelton,  turn  away  with  disdain  and 
indignation  from  him.  His  honesty  has  also 
teen  doubted  in  his  revision  of  the  second 
edition  of  the  universal  history,  for  though 
he  I'eceived  300^.  for  his  assistance,  he  abu- 
sed the  confidence  reposed  in  him,  and  made 
no  additions  to  the  work  intrusted  to  his 
care.  Bower  married  a  niece  of  bishop 
^'icholson  in  1749.  He  died  September  se- 
cond, 17GG,  aged  80,  v/ithout  an}"^  public  pi'o- 
fession  of  his  faith,  though  his  wife  soon  after 
attested  that  he  died  in  the  protestant  per- 
suasion. His  writings  were  not  devoid  of 
merit,  and  to  this  and  to  his  love  of  the  mar- 
vellous we  are  to  attribute  the  violence  of  the 
controversy,  now  so  deservedly  foi-gotten, 
^vhich  at  that  time  engaged  the  public  atten- 
tion. Not  less  than  22  pamphlets  were  pub- 
lished in  consequence  of  the  history  of  the 
popes,  and  while  scurrility  formed  the  otten- 
sive  weapons  of  some  of  his  adversaries, 
those  who  espoused  his  cause  were  not  less 
virulent  and  determined. 

BowLE,  John,  descended  from  a  bishop 
of  Rochester  of  that  name,  was  educated 
at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  and  died  on  his 
birth  day,  2Gth  October  1788,  aged  63.  He 
•was  the  first  detector  of  Laxxder's  forgeries, 
and  author  of  a  letter  to  Dr.  Percy,  and  edi- 
tor of  Don  Quixote  in  Spanish,  bcc.  besides 
Marston's  satires,  and  some  old  English  po- 
etry. 

BowYER,  William,  a  learned  English  prin- 
ter, born  in  London,  1 7th  Deceml)er  1(399, 
educated  at  Merchant  taylors'  school,and  af- 
terwards admitted  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge.  On  his  leaving  the  university, 
he  follow  ed  the  business  of  his  father,  who 
tvas  a  printer  of  great  eminence,  and  the 
first  publication  which  came  from  his  cor- 
recting hands,  was  Selden's  Avorks  by  Wil- 
kins,  three  vols,  folio.  He  was  mude  printer 
of  the  votes  of  the  house  of  Commons  in 
1729,  by  the  friendship  of  Onslow  the  speak- 
er, and  he  held  that  respectable  situation  for 
nearly  50  years.  He  was  admitted  into  the 
antiquarian  society  in  1736,  and  he  proved 
an  oruamcut  to  the  institution  by  the  num- 


ber and  value  of  his  communications.  In 
1761,  he  was  appointed  printer  to  the  royal 
society,  and  two  years  after  he  published  his 
excellent  edition  of  the  new  testament  two 
vols.  It  was  not  merely  in  printing  books  in 
a  superior  style  that  Bowyer  distinguished 
himself,  but  in  enriching  various  works  with 
notes,  prefaces,  and  dissertations.  He  took, 
in  1766,  Mr.  John  Nichols  for  his  partner, 
and  trusted  into  his  able  hands  the  business 
which  he  had  conducted  with  such  respecta- 
bility of  character  He  was  in  1767,  made 
printer  of  the  house  of  Lords,  and  for  the 
rolls  of  parliament.  His  literary  career  was 
finished  in  1777,  by  the  publication  of  Bent- 
ley's  dissertations  on  Phalariswith  additional 
notes.  He  died  18th  November  the  same 
year,  after  suffering  severely  for  two  years 
from  the  palsy  and  the  stone.  His  public 
character  Avas  the  theme  of  universal  admi- 
ration, and  his  private  virtues  proclaimed 
him  a  man  of  probity  and  the  friend  of  hu- 
manity. He  was  married  October  1728,  and 
by  his  wife  who  died  in  three  years,  he  had 
two  sons,  one  of  whom  only  survived  him. 
He  took  a  second  wife  in  1747,  and  she  died 
1771,  aged  70.  His  property  which  was  the 
honorable  acquisition  of  industry,  was  left  to 
his  son  except  some  legacies  to  a  few  friends, 
and  annuities  to  three  poor  printers  of  sober 
life,  and  well  versed  in  Greek  and  Latin. 
His  memoirs  were  published  by  Mr.  Nichols, 
and  they  are  interesting  and  valuable. 

BoXHORN,  Marc  Zuerius,  a  native  of 
Bergen-op-Zoom,  professor  of  eloquence, 
politics,  and  history,  at  Leyc'»?n.  He  wrote 
Historia  universalis,  4to.  a  useful  book,  ac- 
cording to  Mencke,  his  continuator,  be- 
sides poems,  and  editions  of  *'  Scriptores 
Latini  minores." — Poetse  Satyr,  minores, 
Stc. — Obsidio  Brodana,  fol. — virorum  illust. 
elogia,  fol. — Chronologia  sacra,  fol. — thea- 
trum  urbium  HoUandiae,  4to. — He  died 
1653,  aged  41. 

BoYCE,  William,  an  English  musician, 
born  in  London,  1710.  He  Avas  at  first  a 
singing  boy  at  St.  Paul's,  but  under  the  care 
of  Dr.  Greene,  the  organist  of  the  cathe- 
dral, he  made  such  a  proficiency  that  the 
highest  expectations  were  formed  of  him. 
His  master  at  his  death  intrusted  all  his 
MSS.  to  his  cai'e,  and  the  publication  of  his 
anthems;  but  an  incurable  deafness  came  as 
it  Avere  to  darken  all  the  prospects  of  the 
young  proficient.  Perseverance,  however, 
overcame  every  difficulty,  and  he  continued 
to  prove  so  excellent  a  master,  that  he  Avas 
honorably  made,  in  1749,  Mus.  D.  by  the 
university  of  Cambridge,  and  in  1757  master 
of  the  king's  band,  and  afterwards  organist 
and  composer  to  the  royal  cliapel.  This 
able  musician  died  1779,  and  Avas  buried  in 
St.  Paul's  cathedral.  His  songs  were  much 
admired  lor  elegance  and  taste,  and  his  an- 
thems, oratorios,  and  other  musical  compo- 
sitions, possessed  superior  merit.  Of  them 
however  but  i'cw  have  been  published. 

Bo  YD,  Robert,  a  natiA'e  of  Trochrig  in 
Renfrewshire,  educated  at  Saumur.  James 
I.  who  knew  his  merits,  Avished  to  appoint 


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him  principal  of  the  university,  but  as  he 
favorcil  the  puritans,  he  i)i'eferre<l  to  be- 
come the  minister  of  liis  nulive  purish,  of 
•which  he  was  the  patron.  He  wrotea  k-arncd 
commentary  on  the  epistle  of  the  Epiiesians, 
and  died  Ifi'iO,  aj?ed  50. 

Boyd,  Mai-k  Ah-xander,  a  native  of  Gal- 
loway in  Scotland,  eihicated  under  the  care 
of  his  unele,  who  was  archhishop  of  Cilas- 
gow.  He  was  however  of  such  a  bold  un- 
tractable  spirit,  that  he  early  lied  from  his 
instructors  to  Flanders,  and  engaged  in  the 
wars  of  the  united  provinces  and  of  Fi-ance. 
Ill  Paris  be  lost  all  bis  property  by  gaming, 
and  the  distress  to  which  be  was  reduced, 
roused  him  to  reflection,  so  that  he  applied 
himself  to  study  civil  law  under  Cujacius^ 
He  returned  to  Scotland,  where  he  died  of 
a  slow  fever  ICOl,  aged  39.  He  left  in  MSS. 
some  Latirj  poems,  much  adnnred  for  ele- 
g^ance  and  taste,  of  which  the  Epistol'.c  He- 
roidum,  and  the  hymns,  appeared  in  the 
Ueliciai  poetarum  Scotorum,  Amsterd.  two 
vols,  l'2m.o.  1637. 

Boyd,  Robert  lord,  a  Scotchman,  son  of 
sir  Thomas  Boyd  of  Kilmarnock.  He  be- 
came the  favorite  oi  the  court  and  of  the 
people,  and  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and 
on  the  death  of  the  second  James,  was  made 
judiciary  of  the  kingdom,  and  one  of  the 
regents  during  the  king's  minority.  Ambi- 
tious however  of  having  no  rival,  he  carried 
off  tlie  young  king  from  Linlithgow  to  Edin- 
burgh, and  declared  himself  sole  regent. 
Not  only  the  favors  of  the  crown  were  now 
distributed  to  his  family  and  adherents,  but 
the  king's  sister  was  married  to  bis  son,  af- 
terwards lord  Arran,  till  the  monarch,  ex- 
tricated from  the  power  of  his  guardian, 
ventured  to  call  a  parliament  in  1469,  to  in- 
quire into  his  conduct.  Afraid  of  bis  ene- 
mies, Boyd  fled  to  England,  and  died  at 
Alnwick  1470,  and  his  son,  divorced  from 
his  wife,  was  obliged  to  leave  the  kingdom 
for  Antwerp,  where  he  died  1474,  This 
family  are  the  progenitors  of  the  lord  Kil- 
marnock who  suffered  in  the  rebellion  of 
1745, 

BoYDELL,  John,  an  eminent  artist,  born 
at  Dorrington,  Shropshire,  and  brought  up 
to  the  business  of  land  surveyor  under  the 
care  of  bis  father.  The  accidental  meeting 
of  some  landscapes  so  captivated  bis  atten- 
tion, that  he  studied  engraving  under  an 
able  master,  and  determined  to  seek  reputa- 
tion and  opulence  in  this  new  profession. 
His  landscapes,  published  in  1745,  for  the 
use  of  learners,  pi'oved  the  source  of  profit, 
as  well  as  celebrity,  and  in  the  metropolis 
he  became  the  friend  and  the  patron  of  ar- 
tists of  genius  and  ability.  Eager  to  exhibit 
the  productions  of  his  countrymen  in  one 
pleasing  and  recommending  view,  he  nobly 
stood  forth  as  the  public  encourager  of  me- 
rit, and  by  opening  the  Shakspeai'e  gallery 
in  Pall-mail,  be  exhibited  the  beautiful  and 
highly  fmisbed  labors  of  the  English  school. 
His  virtues  and  popularity  had  so  powerfully 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the  citi- 
zens of  London,  that  he  was  elected  an  al- 


derman, and  in  1791,  served  the  distin- 
guished (iiricc  of  lord  mayor.  Sensible  of 
the  respect  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  citi- 
zens, he  perpetuated  their  kindness  and  bis 
own  merits,  by  Jtrescnling  to  the  corpoi  atiou 
some  valnahle  pictures,  which  are  pre- 
served as  monuments  of  bis  friendship  in 
the  council  cbamher  of  (iuiUlball.  Mr.  Boy- 
dell  disposed  of  all  his  property,  in  the 
prints,  pictures,  Jscc.  of  the  Shakspeare 
gallery,  hy  a  puMic  lottery,  a  circumstance 
which  some  have  attributed,  if  not  to  the 
enormous  expenses  which  bis  patriotic  con- 
«luct  as  the  patron  of  artists  drew  upori  him, 
at  least  to  the  losses  which  be  endured  iu 
bis  continental  connections  in  consequence 
of  the  French  revolution,  and  of  the  war 
which  was  kindled  in  1793,  between  the  two 
countries.  This  worthy  man  died  in  1804, 
aged  85, 

BoYENVAL,  Peter  Joseph,  a  wortldess 
character,  employed  as  the  agent  of  Fou- 
quier-Tainville  in  denouncing  the  wretched 
victims  confined  in  the  Luxembourg  and 
otiier  prisons.  After  shocking  scenes  of 
cruelty  and  insulting  barbarity,  this  bloody 
monster  suffered  on  the  scaffold,  with  his 
ferocious  employer,  1795,  aged  26. 

BoYER,  Abel,  was  born  at  Castre  in 
France,  1064.  The  edict  of  the  revocation 
of  Nantes  banished  him  to  Geneva,  from 
whence  he  came  to  FVaneker  and  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  spent  the  best  pai"t  of  his 
life,  and  died  at  Chelsea,  November  1729. 
He  is  chiefly  known  by  his  useful  French 
and  English  dictionary,  and  his  French 
grammar,  which  have  passed  through  seve- 
ral editions.  His  history  of  William  and 
Mary,  three  vols.  8vo. — bis  political  state  of 
Great  Britain,  a  periodical  Avork  like  the 
annual  register — liis  annals  of  (|ueen  Anne, 
11  vols.  8vo,  hi.c.  are  inferior  works. 

Bo  YER,  Claude,  was  born  at  Alby,  and  af- 
ter applying  with  little  success  to  the  elo- 
quence of  the  pulpit  be  became  a  player. 
He  wrote  22  dramatical  pieces,  but  as  they 
were  irregular  in  the  plan  and  inelegant  in 
the  composition  they  were  received  witli 
universal  disapprobation  on  the  stage.  He 
died  at  Paris,  22d  July,  1098,  aged  80, 

Bo  YER,  John  Baptist  Nicholas,  a  physi- 
cian, knight  of  the  order  of  St.  Michael,  and 
distinguished  for  the  zeal,  skill,  and  humani- 
ty, which  he  displayed  during  the  dreadful 
plague  at  Marseilles  in  1720.  His  success  in 
combating  the  violence  of  contagious  disor- 
ders recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the 
French  king  and  to  the  gratitude  of  Spain 
and  Germany,  He  gave  an  edition  of  the 
Pbarmacopieia  Parisiensis  4t©.  and  died  at 
Paris  second  April  1708,  aged  75. 

BoYLE,  Richard,  known  by  the  title  of 
great  earl  of  Cork,  w  as  born  at  Canterbury 
in  1560.  After  a  private  education,  he  en- 
tered at  Benet's  college,  Cambridge,  and  be- 
came a  student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  but 
as  be  lost  early  bis  parents,  and  as  bis  patri- 
mony was  slender,  he  abandoned  amanner  of 
life  which  was  attended  with  great  expense, 
and  no  immediate  advantage,    and   went  to 


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i)ublin  in  June  15S8,  in  quest  of  fortune, 
•with  fewer  pounds  in  his  pocket  than  he  af- 
terwards acquired  thousands  a  year.  Ills 
abilities  recoui mended  him  to  the  great  and 
powerful,  he  drew  meuiorials  and  cases  with 
precision  and  accuracy,  and  in  the  service  of 
the  government  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
public  affairs.  Me  married,  in  1595,  Joan 
Ansley  of  Pulborough  in  Essex,  who  died 
four  years  after  in  child-bed,  and  left  him 
without  diildren,  but  in  possession  of  5001. 
a  year  in  land,  which  proved  the  foundation 
of  his  future  pros\)erity.  He  was  not  howev- 
er without  enemies,  he  was  represented  to 
the  queen  as  a  traitor,  in  corresponding  with 
the  Spaniards,  but  he  was  permitted  to 
answer  his  accusers,  and  sir  Henry  Wallop, 
the  most  violent  of  his  persecutors,  was  dis- 
gi'aced  l.i}'  Elizabeth.  His  merits  were  too 
great  to  be  long  neglected,  he  was  appointed 
to  offices  of  trust  in  Ireland  under  his  friend 
sir  George  Carew,  afttrwards  earl  of  Tot- 
ness,  and  by  his  patronage  he  rose  to  conse- 
quence and  dignity.  He  Mas  knighted,  made 
a  privy  counsellor,  and  afterwards  advanced 
to  the  peerage,  first  by  the  title  of  lord 
Boyle,  afterwards  of  earl  of  Coi-k.  In  his 
elevated  situation  he  felt  the  storms  which, 
agitate  the  great,  and  received  many  morti- 
fications from  the  jealousy  of  Wentworth, 
earl  of  Stratford,  when  viceroy  of  Ireland. 
His  whole  life  v.  as  devoted  to  the  support  of 
his  country,  towns  Mere  built  on  most  eligi- 
ble spots,  and  improvements  were  introdu- 
ced on  his  estates  with  such  judgment  and 
success,  that  Cromwell  declared  if  Ireland 
had  a  Cork  in  every  county,  rebellion  could 
never  have  i-aised  its  head  there.  He  was 
Tery  active  in  the  rebellion  of  1641,  in  favor 
of  government,  and  four  of  his  sons  wei-e  en- 
gaged in  the  battle  of  Liscarrol,  the  eldest  of 
V'hom  was  slain.  He  died  15th  September 
1643,  aged  78,  and  so  desirous  did  he  sliow 
himself  even  in  his  last  moments,  to  publish 
to  the  world  the  vast  fortune  m  hich  he  had 
collected  by  industrious  application  from  an 
obscure  beginning,  that  he  caused  to  be  pla- 
ced on  his  toinb,  the  motto  of  his  family 
*'  God's  providence  is  my  inheritance."  'I'he 
most  memorable  circumstance  of  his  life, 
■written  by  himself,  have  been  published  by 
Dr.  Birch.  He  was  father  of  seven  sons  and 
eight  oau,u,hters,  by  his  second  wife  Catha- 
rine Eenton,  daughter  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  whom  he  married  '2.>th  July  lei^iS,  and 
he  had  the  singular  happiness  of  seeing  be- 
fore his  death  three  of  the  five  sons  who  sur- 
vived him,  \\z.  Lewis,  Roger,  and  Francis, 
raised  to  the  [)eerage. 

Boyle,  U(  g.-r,  earl  of  Orrery,  was  fifth 
son  of  Riciiard  earl  of  Cork,  and  born  April 
1621.  He  was  made  lord  Bioghill  when 
only  seven  years  old,  in  reward  ot  his  father's 
services,  ile  was  educated  in  the  college  of 
Dublin,  and  afier  making  the  tour  of  France 
and  Italy,  Mith  his  eldest  brother  lord  Kinel- 
meaky,  he  engaged  in  the  li-ish  wars,  and 
distinguished  himself  bv  his  courage  and 
bravery.  The  death  of  Charles  I.  proved  so 
very  dreadful  to  his  feelings  that  he  left  the 


army,  and  lived  in  retirement  ou  his  estate 
at  ^larston  in  Somersetshire,  but  so  appre*- 
hensive  was  he  of  the  jealous  tyranny  of  the 
parliament,  that  he  soon  prepared  to  join  in 
secret  the  royal  party  on  the  continent.  His 
views  were  discovered,  and  Cromwell,  who 
knev/  his  merit,  charged  him  with  the  re- 
solution of  abandoning  the  kingdom,  and 
proved  the  inutility  of  denying  the  charge, 
by  showii.g  him  copies  of  letters  that  had 
passed  between  him  and  his  most  confiden- 
tial friends.  Broghill  was  so  thunderstruck 
at  the  discovery,  tiiat  Cromwell  prevailed  on 
him  to  espouse  his  cause  rather  than  to  sub- 
mit to  tlie  horrors  of  a  dungeon,  and  m  heu 
he  was  informed  that  he  was  to  fight  only 
against  the  Irish  rebels,  whose  cruelties  he 
detested,  he  accepted  the  pledp:es  of  faith 
and  protection  offered  him  by  the  republican 
general.  In  this  new  engagement  he  dis- 
played so  much  coolness  and  activit}'  that 
Cromwell,  now  become  protector,  honored 
hira  with  his  friendship  and  confidence,  and 
sent  him  to  settle  the  affairs  of  Scotland  with 
absolute  aulhorit}'.  On  the  death  of  Crom- 
well, Broghill  supported  his  son  with  the 
same  zeal  that  he  had  served  the  father,  but 
-,vhen  the  pusillanimity  of  Richard  dropped 
the  reins  of  government,  he  looked  for  fu- 
ture protection  from  the  exiled  king.  His 
intentions  were  however  conjectured  by  the 
few  who  still  propped  the  republican  go- 
vernment, he  was  seized  in  Ireland,  but  his 
firmsiess  disarmed  his  persecutors,  and  he 
was  permitted  to  retire  unmolested  to  his 
estate  at  Munster.  But  his  thoughts  were 
turned  to  the  restoi'ati(;n  of  the  monarchy, 
and  he  prepared  measures  so  eftectually 
M'ith  sir  Charles  Coote  who  was  in  the  north 
<jf  Ireland,  that  the  whole  kingdom  declared 
for  Charles  II.  The  restored  monarch  paid 
those  marks  of  respect  to  Broghill  which  his 
services  deserved,  he  was  made  earl  of  Or- 
rer}",  and  president  of  Munster.  As  the 
supporter  of  the  cause  of  the  protestants 
against  the  papists  who  solicited  the  restitu- 
tion of  some  of  their  forfeited  property,  he 
displayed  eloquence,  patriotism,  and  a  bold 
disdain  of  bribery.  His  knowledge  of  law 
was  so  e.xtensive  that  he  was  offered  the 
seals  on  the  fall  of  Clarendon,  which  his  de- 
bility prevented  him  to  accept.  In  a  po- 
litical view  his  abilities  were  directed  to 
strengthen  the  sinews  of  the  state,  and  to 
add  vigor  to  the  govei'ument.  His  merits 
were  not  however  without  enemies,  the 
duke  of  Ormond  envied  his  j)opularity,  but 
all  his  efibrts  to  remove  him  from  the  con- 
fidence of  the  king  ])roved  ineffectual.  Af- 
ter a  splendid  display  of  the  character  of 
statesman,  general,  and  writer,  this  excel- 
lent man  died  October  1679,  aged  58,  leav- 
ing two  sons  and  five  daughters  by  lady  Mar- 
garet Howard  sister  to  the  earl  of  Suffolk. 
His  writings  were  numerous  and  respecta- 
ble, and  among  these  several  tragedies,  co- 
medies, hue. 

Rovj.E,  Robert,  seventh  son  and  four- 
teenth child  of  Richard  earl  of  Cork,  was 
born  at  Lismore  in  Munster,  25th  January, 


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l6'26-7.  He  was  intrusted  early  to  tlie  care 
of  a  couriHy  nurse,  tlial  lie  luij^lil  he  ti:>iii(<l 
to  a  hanly  mode  ol"  lile,  and  alter  receiving 
some  instruction  in  liis  fittlur's  iMniily,  lie 
was  sent  to  Kton,  where  for  three  or  four 
years  under  the  care  of  sir  Henry  Wotton 
his  ahilities  be<;:in  to  blaze  with  sujHjior 
splendor.  In  l(i3S  his  lather  sent  him  with 
his  brother  P'rancis  to  Geneva,  through 
Dieppe,  Paris,  and  Lyons,  and  in  this  peace- 
ful retieat  he  devoted  himself  to  a  severe 
course  of  study,  and  reipewed  his  ac(juaint- 
ance  with  tlie  mathematics.  After  stayiii';; 
about  21  months  at  (ieneva,  and  e.xamining 
with  a  curious  eye  the  wonders  of  that  ro- 
mantic country,  he  visited  Verona,  Venice, 
Florence,  liome,  Genoa,  and  Marseilles. 
He  T-eturned  to  England  in  1644,  but  uitli 
diflk'idty,  as,  from  the  troubles  of  Eng;land 
and  Ireland,  some  of  iiis  sup{)lies  had  been 
lost,  and  his  tutor  Mr.  Marcombes  was 
obliged  to  raise  money  upon  liis  jewels.  His 
father  died  before  his  return,  but  he  found 
an  ample  settlement,  which  however  tlie 
confusion  of  the  time  prevented  him  from 
immediately  possessing.  In  March  IG40  he 
retired  to  his  estate  at  Stalbridge,  and  in 
this  peaceful  solitude,  regardless  of  the  tu- 
mults which  agitatefl  his  unhappy  country, 
he  spent  his  time  in  litei-ary  Ial)Oi's,  particu- 
hirly  in  pliilosophical  and  chemical  studies. 
His  intimacy  and  corres[>ondence  witli  lear- 
ned men  promoted  the  cause  of  literature, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  first  who,  about  1645, 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  respectable  socie- 
ty which  courted  knowledge  by  reason  and 
experiment,  and  after  tlie  restoration  assu- 
med the  name  of  the  royal  society.  He  at 
last  fixed  his  residence  in  the  house  of  a  Mr. 
Crosse,  an  apothecary  at  Oxford,  about  16.54, 
where  the  philosophical  society  had  removed 
from  the  turbulence  and  faction  of  Lon- 
don, and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  record,  as  the 
friends  and  companions  of  his  studies,  the  re- 
spectable names  of  Wilkins,  Ward,  Waliis, 
Wren,  Willis,  Hooke,  Pccocke,  Hyde, 
Goddard,  Bathurst,  Barlow,  See.  About 
1678,  he  invented  the  air  pump,  an  engine 
which  has  thrown  new  light  on  the  works  of 
the  creation.  After  the  restoration  he  was 
tr.eated  with  the  respect  due  to  his  merit, 
both  by  the  king  and  h.s  ministers  Southamp- 
ton and  Clarendon,  liut  he  refused  the  high- 
est ecclesiastical  preferment  which  was  olTer- 
ed  to  him  if  he  entered  into  orders,  observ- 
ing Mith  becoming  firmness  and  independ- 
ence, that  whatever  he  did  or  wrote  in  sup- 
port of  religion  would  have  greater  weight  in 
coming  from  a  layman.  In  this  he  proved 
the  goodness  of  his  heart,  for  all  his  studies 
and  all  his  views,  both  as  a  man  of  letters 
and  a  man  of  influeiU'e  among  the  great. 
were  zealously  directed  to  the  promotion  of 
piety,  learning,  religion,  and  virtue.  His 
character  was  so  universally  known  and  re- 
spected, that  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
<1istinguished  for  the  most  amiable  manners, 
solicited  the  honor  of  his  correspondence, 
and  Charles  II.  unasked  bestowed  upon  him, 
in  1665,  as  the  reward  of  his  splendid  talents. 


the  vacant  provostship  of  Eton,  which,  how- 
ever, ajijuiiisi  the  adMce  of  ail  his  fiJL-nds,  he 
modestly  declined.  Honors  were  vain  in  hit- 
eyes.  I'or  tin;  same  reason  he  refused  to 
become  president  of  the  royal  society,  which 
his  name  and  services  had  so  much  dignified, 
lor  inde|»endence  was  the  object  nearest  big 
heart.  The  most  favored  public  office  he 
ever  held  was  that  of  governor  of  the  corpo- 
ration for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel,  anri 
this  he  at  last  I'esigned  when  he  found  the 
approaching  decline  of  his  health.    So  numc- 


<pproacl»ing  decline  ot  Ins  I 
■()us  were   his  friends,  and 


so  anxiously  ex- 
cited was  the  public  curiosity  with  respect  to 
him,  that  when  his  strengtji  faileil  he  pub- 
lished an  advertisement,  and  i)lace(l  an  in- 
scription over  his  door  to  inform  the  world 
that  he  declined  receiving  visits,  and  what  in 
another  might  have  appeared  vanity  or  os- 
tentation, must  be  considered  in  him  as  the 
preparation  of  a  man  of  sense  and  virtue  to 
withdraw  from  the  tumult  of  life,  and  to 
make  his  peace  with  his  Creator.  His  health 
now  rajjidly  declined,  so  that  he  made  his 
will  ISth  July,  IG'JI,  and  expired  on  the 
30th  of  December  following,  in  his  65th 
year,  one  week  after  the  death  of  his  be- 
loved sister  and  friend  lady  Ranclagh.  He 
was  buried  in  St.  Martin's  church  in  the 
fields,  Westminster,  and  a  funeral  sermon 
was  delivered  on  the  occasion  by  his  friend 
l>ishop  Burnet.  His  character  was  drawn 
by  the  prelate  with  the  pencil  of  truth  and 
friendship,  but  the  praise  of  Boerliaave  can- 
not be  taxed  with  adulation  or  partiality. 
"  Boyle,"  says  this  learned  man,  *'  the  orna- 
ment of  his  age  and  country,  succeeded  to 
the  genius  and  inquiries  of  the  great  Veru- 
1am.  Which,"  says  he,  "  of  all  Boyle's 
writings  shall  I  recommend?  all  of  them. 
To  him  we  ow e  the  secrets  of  fire,  air,  wa- 
ter, animals,  vegetables,  fossils,  so  that  from 
his  works  may  be  deduced  the  whole  system 
of  natural  knowledge."  In  his  person  Boyle 
was  tall,  but  slender,  his  countenance  was 
pale  and  emaciated,  and  his  constitution  so 
delicate  that  he  used  cloaks  when  he  appear- 
ed abroad,  and  always  regulated  himself  by 
the  state  of  his  thermometer.  For  40  years 
his  si)irits  and  his  strength  Mcrc  so  low  ard 
depressed  that  it  is  surprising  how  he  could 
find  sufficient  resolution  to  write,  and  to 
make  the  difficult  experiments  which  he 
performed.  He  was  never  married,  though 
it  is  said  that  he  once  courted  the  beautiful 
daughter  of  Carey  earl  of  Monmouth.  His 
disinterestedness  in  refusing  the  honor  of  a 
peerage  is  well  known,  his  zeal  in  the  propa- 
tion  of  Christianity  is  equally  noble,  and  it  is 
recorded  by  his  biographers  that  his  chari- 
ties annually  amounted  to  no  less  than  10t)0/- 
V.'hen  director  of  the  East  India  compimr 
be  not  only  exerted  himself  in  the  establish- 
ment oftheir  charter,  hut  Ite  sent  to  the  In- 
dies .'iOO  copies  of  the  gospels  and  acts  of  ihr 
apostles  in  the  Malay:>n  language,  as  he  had 
in  the  same  manner  three  years  before  con- 
veyed to  the  Levant  several  copies  of  Gro- 
tius'  treatise  on  the  Christian  religion,  trans- 
lated into  Arabic  by  Dr.  Pococke,     As  an*- 


BO 


BO 


ther  instance  of  his  wish  to  support  religion 
may  be  mentioned  the  lecture  which  he 
founded  at  St.  Paul's  in  defence  of  the  gos- 
pel against  unbelievers.  His  works  have 
been  published  in  5  vols,  folio,  and  in  C  vols. 
4to. 

Boyle,  Charles,  earl  of  Orrery,  was  se- 
cond son  of  Roger  earl  of  Orrery,  by  lady 
3Iary  Sackville,  and  born  August  1676.  He 
was  educated  at  Christ  Church,  under  the 
care  of  Atterbury,  afterwards  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester, and  Dr.  Friend,  and  in  1700  was 
chosen  member  for  Huntingdon.  On  his 
brother's  death  he  succeeded  to  the  earldom, 
and  afterwards  became  knight  of  the  thistle, 
major-general  in  the  army,  and  a  member  of 
the  privy  council.  He  was  envoy  from  the 
queen  to  the  states  of  Flanders  and  Brabant, 
and  he  displayed  firmness,  M'isdom,  and  dex- 
terity in  the  support  of  this  new  character, 
and  for  his  services  was  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  the  British  peerage.  His  disinterested- 
ness was  such,  in  his  political  career,  that  he 
frequently  voted  against  the  minister,  and 
the  apostacy  was  soon  after  punished  by  a 
privation  of  his  offices  of  honor  and  emolu- 
ment. In  September  1722  he  was  sent  to 
the  tower,  on  suspicion  of  being  an  associate 
in  Layer's  plot,  but  after  six  months'  impri- 
sonment he  was  admitted  to  bail,  and  his  in- 
nocence fully  asserted  upon  the  minutest  in- 
quiry. He  died,  after  a  short  illness,  21st 
August,  1731.  His  writings  were  Lysander's 
life,  translated  from  Plutarch — besides  his 
edition  of  Phalaris'  epistles,  which  produced 
the  celebrated  controversy  with  Bentley,  in 
■n'hich  he  was  assisted  by  his  friends  Aid  rich 
and  Atterbux'y.  The  astronomical  appara- 
tus, called  Orrery,  was  so  named  by  the  in- 
ventor Graham,  in  gratitude  for  marks  of 
favor  and  protection  which  he  had  received. 

Boyle,  John,  earl  of  Cork  and  Orrery, 
born  2d  Jan.  1707,  was  the  only  son  of  the 
preceding,  by  lady  Elizabeth  Cecil,  daugh- 
ter of  the  eai'l  of  Exeter.  He  was  for  six 
years  under  the  care  of  the  poet  Fenton, 
and  after  passing  through  Westminster 
school,  he  entered  at  Christ-church.  He 
was  married  in  1728  to  the  daughter  of  lord 
Orkney,  but  this  union  proved  the  source  of 
domestic  infelicity  by  the  quarrel  of  the  two 
earls.  This  lady  died  in  1732  at  Cork,  and 
six  years  after  he  married  Margaret  Hamil- 
ton, a  lady  of  Irish  extraction,  with  whom 
he  lived  in  the  enjoyment  of  domestic  tran- 
quillity, truly  sensible,  as  he  expresses  it 
himself,  that  *'  the  noise  and  Itustle  of  life 
are  despicable  and  tasteless,  when  we  have 
experienced  the  real  delight  of  a  fire-side." 
He  did  not  shine  as  a  public  orator,  his 
time  was  mostly  spent  at  his  seat  at  Marston 
in  Somersetshire,  where,  devoted  to  literary 
ease  and  retirement,  he  published  an  ad- 
mired translation  of  Pliny's  letters,  two 
vols.  4to.  addressed  to  his  sons,  17.51 — be- 
sides letters  on  the  writings  of  Swift,  his 
respected  friend,  in  8vo.  He  travelled  to 
Italy  in  1754,  with  the  intention  of  collect- 
ing materials  for  the  history  of  Florence, 
but  only   12  letters  on  the  subject  received 


his  finishing  hand.  He  returned  to  England 
through  Germany  and  Holland,  and  after 
sustaining  with  great  resignation  the  severe 
loss  of  his  wife  in  1758,  and  of  his  eldest  son 
the  following  year,  he  fell  a  victim  to  an  he- 
reditary gout,  16th  Nov,  176ii,  in  his  56tli 
year.  The  Gentleman's  magazine  for  782, 
pp.  f23,  286,  &c.  mentions  his  Florentine 
history.  His  letters  were  published  after 
his  death  by  Buncombe,  Avith  an  account  of 
his  life,  and  it  appears  that  he  M'rote  muchia 
the  periodical  works  of  the  day,  especially 
the  World  and  Connoisseur.  He  published 
his  great  grandfather's  dramatic  works,  two 
vols.  8vo.  1739,  and  his  state  papers  in  1742. 

Boys,  John,  an  English  divine  born  in 
Kent.  He  was  educated  at  Benet's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  in  1590  obtained  the  vica- 
rage of  Tilmanstone,  and  the  rectory  of 
Bettishanger  in  Kent,  and  afterwards  he 
was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Canterbury 
1619.  He  died  suddenly  1625,  aged  54.  His 
works,  chiefly  on  theological  subjects,  were 
published  one  vol.  fol.  1629. 

BoYSs,  Boys,  or  Bois,  John,  one  of  the 
translators  of  the  bible  under  James  I.  was 
born  at  Nettlestead  in  Suftblk,  1560,  and 
educated  at  Hadley  school,  and  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  After  studying  medi- 
cine for  a  little  time,  he  was  ordained  and 
succeeded  his  father  as  rector  of  West 
Stowe,  which,  however,  he  resigned  upon 
his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Holt, 
rector  of  Box  worth,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1596.  His  domestic  aifairs  were  conducted 
with  so  little  economy  that  to  relieve  his 
wants  he  sold  his  valuable  books.  He  how- 
ever was  reconciled  to  the  extravagance  of 
his  wife,  and  as  his  knowledge  of  classical 
literature  had  been  so  eminently  displayed 
at  college,  he  was  selected  to  translate  the 
bible,  and  was  afterwards  one  of  the  six  who 
met  to  revise  the  whole  at  stationer's  hall. 
He  assisted  sir  Henry  Saville  in  the  publica- 
tion of  St.  Chrysostom,  but  the  death  of  his 
patron  left  him  in  poverty,  and  instead  of 
succeeding  to  a  promised  fellowship  of  Eton, 
he  received  onlj'  one  copy  of  the  work  to 
which  he  had  so  much  contributed.  Andrews, 
bishop  of  Ely,  at  last  made  him  prebendery 
of  his  church  in  1615.  He  died  1643,  aged 
84,  leaving  several  valuable  MSS.  In  his 
studies  he  paid  particular  attention  to  the 
three  rules  given  him  by  Dr.  Whitaker,  he 
studied  always  standing,  never  in  a  window, 
and  never  went  to  bed  with  his  feet  cold. 

Boyse,  Joseph,  a  dissenting  minister,  born 
at  Leeds  in  Yorkshire,  l4th  Jan.  1660,  and 
educated  near  Kendal.  He  was  at  Amster- 
dam, where  he  sided  with  the  Brownists, 
and  afterwards  became  popular  as  a  preach- 
er in  London  and  Dublin,  and  had  for  his  co- 
adjutor Thomas  Emlyn,  so  well  known  for 
his  writings  and  his  sufferings.  A  long  and 
intimate  friendship  was  however  severed  by 
theological  disputes,  ana  instead  of  becoming 
the  defender  of  Emlyn,  Boyse  inflamed  his 
persecutor  by  publishing  a  book  against  him. 
He  died  about  the  beginning  of  December 
1728,  and  his  funeral  sermon  Avas  preached 


BO 


KR 


at  Dublin  on  the  8tli  of  the  same  month.  He 
was  eminent  for  his  Icaruinj^  and  piety,  as 
his  works  in  2  vols.  fol.  siiflicicnily  jtrovo. 

KoYSE,    Samuel,   son   of    the    precerjing, 
was  born  in  17US,  and  after  a  private  edu ra- 
tion at  Dul.'lin,  hr  entered  at  the  university 
of  (ilasgow,  will  re  he  married  a  tiadesnian's 
dauj^hter  before  he  had  attained   his  twen- 
tieth year.     .\  scanty  subsistence,  a  fondness 
for  dissipation,  and  want  of  economy  in  his 
domestic  affairs,  soon  rendered  his  situation 
dependent  and  uncr)mfortai)Ie,  and  he  came 
to  Edinburgh,  where  the  publication  of  some 
pieces  of  poetry,  which  possessed  both  £^e- 
iiius  and  judp;nient,  pitxhiced  him  presents 
from  the  opulent,  antl  the  patronage  of  lady 
Eglinton.     With  a  view  of  bettering;  his  con- 
dition, he  passed  to  London  ;  but  neither  the 
recommendation     of   lord     Storniont,    lord 
Mansfield,  and  the  diitchess  of  Cordon,  nor 
the  notice  of  Pope,  could  con-ect  his  low  and 
vulgar  opinions.      He  was  fond  of  the  mean- 
est companions,  and  so  poor  antl  imprudinit 
that  he  had  not,  says  Gibber,  a  shirt,  coat, 
or  any   kind  of  apparel,  so  that  he  sat  up 
v'liole  days  in  bed  wrapped  up  in  a  blanket 
and   by   the    most    fallacious    pretences    of 
sickness  and   distress,    procured   the   bene- 
factions   of   the   iiumane    and    compassion- 
ate.    In    17A5  he  was  engaged    at  Reading 
in    compiling    "  a    review   of   the    transac- 
tions of  Europe,  from  the   war  with   Spain 
in  1739,  to  the  insurrection  in    Scotland  in 
1745,  &c."  but  the  stipend  lie  received  from 
Mr.    Henry   was   small,   and  the  loss  of  his 
Avife  contributed  to  disturb  his  plans  of  set- 
tlement, and  to  exhibit  his  character  as  af- 
fected, frivolous,  and   volatile.    Experience, 
it  was  ho|)ed,  had  taught  him,  on  his  return 
from  Reading,  the  necessity  of  temperance 
and  regularity  ;  but  his  health  now  rapidly 
declined.     He  died  in  obscure  lodgings  near 
Shoe-lane,  May  1749,  and  was  buried  at  the 
expense  of   the    parish.      His   works   were 
chiefly  poetical,  and  it  is  said,  that  if  all  he 
wrote  were  collected,  it  Mould  form  six  mo- 
derate volumes.      Tlie   best    known   of  his 
poems  is  called  "  Deity,"  which  has  deserv- 
ed the  commendation  of  Hervey  and  Field- 
ing, and  which  shows  him  to  have  possessed 
great  powers  of  mind.   In  him  mankind  may 
read  tliat  awful  lesson,  that  the  best  talents, 
if  not  guided    by  virtue  and  industry,  mav, 
instead  of  producing  honor  and  distinction, 
degenerate   into  contempt,     vice,    and   vul- 
garity. 

RozE,  Claude  Gros  de,  was  born  at  Ly- 
ons, 2Sth  .Ian.  1680,  and  distinguislied  him- 
self by  Jiis  knowledge  of  antiquities  and 
medals,  which  gained  the  patronage  of  chan- 
cellor Pontchartrain,  and  other  illustrious 
characters,  and  the  honor  of  a  seat  in  the 
French  academy,  and  in  the  academy  of  belles 
lettres,  of  whicli  he  became  perpetual  sec- 
retary. He  was  respected  for  his  private 
character,  as  well  as  his  great  learning. 
His  works  Avere  on  medallic  subjects,  be- 
sides historical  panegyrics  on  the  members 
of  the  academy,  the  first  I.t  vols,  of  which 
he  published — and  a       "     ' " 

VOL.   I.  30 


a  valuable  catalogue  of 


his  own   librarj'.      Ho   died  at   Paris   lOlli 
Sept.  1753,  Hge<l  74. 

liuAccioi,!  .\i  i)£:ll'  API,  Franci3,  an 
Italian  po<t  of  Pibtoya,  who,  at  the  age  of 
4t>,  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  was  patro- 
nised by  po])e  Uiban  VIII.  and  by  cardinal 
Anthony  IJerberini,  with  whom  he  hail  been 
secretary.  He  wrote  several  tragedies, 
comedies,  and  pastoi-als — besides  *'  la  croce 
riacrjuistata,"  a  poem  whicli  the  Italians 
rank  next  toTasso's  Jerusalem — and  a  poem 
in  23  cantos,  on  the  jjojie's  election,  for 
which,  at  his  p.itron's  desire,  he  assumed 
the  surname  of  Delia  Api,  and  added  to  his 
arms  three  bees.  He  died  in  his  native 
country  at  the  age  of  80,  1045. 

JJuACTON,  Henry  de,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, who  studied  at  Oxford,  and  became 
eminent  as  a  lawyer,  and  in  1244  was  made 
one  of  the  judges  itinerant  by  Henry  HI. 
He  is  chiefly  known  by  his  excellent  work 
"  de  legibus  8c  consuetudinibus  Angliie,"  a 
most  finished  and  valuable  performance,  di- 
vided into  five  books,  and  containing,  in  good 
language,  a  curious  and  interesting  detail  ot 
the  legal  learning,  the  laws  and  customs  of 
our  ancesters.  Though  blamed  bv  Hcuard 
lor  mingling  teo  much  of  the  civil  and  cauou 
law  in  his  compositions,  he  has  long  been 
held  as  a  writer  of  the  first  authority,  and 
deservedly  esteemed  by  lord  Coke,  and  other 
great  lawyers,  as  the  first  source  of  legal 
knowledge. 

Bradbury,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  Clapham  in  company  with 
Dr.  Watts,  and  distinguished  among  the 
nonconformists  as  a  bold  and  eloquent, 
preacher  in  defence  of  Calviuistical  doc- 
trines and  revolution  principles.  He  M-rote 
some  theological  treatises — besides  three 
vols,  of  sermons — and  the  mvsterv  of  god- 
liness.  He  died  1757,  aged  85,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  Bunhill  fields. 

Bradford,  Samuel,  was  born  in  Black- 
friars,  20th  December,  1652,  and  after 
studying  at  St.  Paul's  school,  the  Charter 
house,  and  Benet's  college,  Cambri<lge,  lie 
went  abroad  on  account  of  some  scruples  of 
conscience,  and  applied  himself  to  physic. 
He  afterwards  was  reconciled  to  the  doc- 
trines of  the  church,  and  as  the  friend  of 
archbishop  Sancroftand  the  chai)lain  of  king 
AV  illiain,  he  rose  in  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ment, to  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary-le-bow,  a 
prebend  of  Westminster,  and  the  master- 
ship of  his  ov/n  college.  In  1718  he  became 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  in  1723  of  Roches- 
ter, w  l.ich  he  held  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
1 7th  March,  1731,  aged  79.  He  edited 
Tillotson's  sermons,  and  the  work  may  be 
considered  as  valuable,  as  he  had  been  in 
the  primate's  family,  as  tutor  to  his  chil- 
dren. 

Bradford,  John,  an  English  martyr, 
born  of  a  respectable  family  at  Manchester. 
He  was  for  some  time  clerk  to  sir  John 
Harrington,  the  treasurer  of  the  English 
forces  at  Calais,  but  afterwards  turned  his 
thoughts  to  the  study  of  divinity,  and  took 
his  master's  degree  at  Cambridge.     He  was 


BR 


33R 


eloquent  as  a  preacher,  and  his  ahililics  ex- 
posed him  to  persecution  in  Mary's  reign, 
so  tliat,  after  a  long  imprisonment,  he  was 
burnt  in  Smithfield^  1st  July,  1555.  Some 
of  his  letters  are  extant.  It  is  said  that  he 
was  so  struck  by  hearing  a  sermon  from  La- 
timer on  restitution,  that  he  made  a  restitu- 
tion of  some  of  the  king's  goods,  Avhich  he 
had  dishonest!}'  appropriated  to  his  own  use 
uhile  clerk  at  Calais. 

Bradford,  John,  a  Welcli  poet  of  me- 
i"it.  He  presi<Ied  in  1760,  in  the  bardic  chair 
of  Glamorganshire,  to  which  he  had  been 
called  30  years  before,  though  a  youth.  He 
Avrote  several  moral  pieces  of  great  merit, 
preserved  in  the  Evergreen,  a  magazine  in 
the  Welch  language.     lie  died  1780. 

Rradick,  Walter,  author  of  "  Chohe- 
letli  or  royal  preacher,"  a  poem  of  conside- 
rable merit,  was  a  merchant  of  Lisbon, 
Avhere  he  lost  all  his  property  by  the  earth- 
quake. On  his  return  to  England,  loss  of 
sight  was  added  to  poverty,  till  his  suffer- 
ings were  relieved  by  the  queen,  who 
placed  him  as  a  pensioner  in  the  Charter- 
house, wliere  he  died  31st  December,  1794. 

Bradley,  James,  D.  D.  was  born  1092, 
at  Shireborn  in  Glocestersliire,  and  educat- 
ed at  Nortlileach  and  Baliol  college,  Oxford, 
A\  hence  he  proceeded  into  orders,  and  was 
promoted  to  tlie  living  of  Bridstow,  Here- 
fordshire. His  talents  were  directed  to  ma- 
tliematical  pursuits,  in  the  company  and 
under  the  direction  of  his  maternal  uncle, 
i)r.  Pound,  rector  of  Wanstead,  Essex,  a 
man  of  singular  genius,  and  great  learning, 
and  from  his  own  accurate  observations  with 
the  sector,  he  settled,  upon  the  most  cor- 
rect basis,  the  laws  of  the  altei-ations  of  the 
fixed  stars  in  consequence  of  the  motion  of 
light,  and  also  the  nutation  of  the  earth's 
axis.  His  great  merit  did  not  pass  long  un- 
rewarded, he  was  chosen  Savilian  pi'ofessor 
•>.of  astronomy  at  Oxfoi'd,  1721,  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Keill,  to  which  was  afterwards,  in 
17.30,  added  the  lectureship  in  experimental 
philosophy,  and  with  these  honors,  a  distinc- 
tion equaliy  flattering  to  the  lover  of  science, 
the  friendship  of  the  great  and  the  learned, 
of  lord  ^Macclesfield,  sir  Isaac  Newton,  Dr. 
Halley,  &c.  In  1742  he  succeeded  Dr.  Hal- 
ley  as  astronomer  royal  at  Greenwich,  and 
in  this  important  appointment  his  attention 
Avas  directed  to  improve  and  increase  under 
the  royal  patronage,  and  the  gift  of  1000/. 
and  tlic  assistance  of  those  able  artists, 
George  Graham  and  Bird,  the  valuable 
instruments  which  enrich  this  celebi'ated 
observatory.  His  great  disinterestedness 
appeared  on  his  refusal  of  the  living  of 
Greenwich,  but  his  services  were  too  nu- 
mei'ous  to  be  neglected,  and  the  king  there- 
fore settled  a  pension  of  250/.  upon  him. 
J^Iis  laborious  studies  impaired  his  health  ; 
lie  long  apprehended  that  he  should  survive 
his  reason,  but  his  fears  proved  false,  and  an 
inflammation  of  the  kidneys,  followed  by  a 
suppression  of  urine,  carred  him  off  13th 
July,  1762.  He  left  only  one  daughter,  and 
was  buried  at  Minclunhamptou,  in  Glouces- 


tershire, lew  of  his  compositions,  besides 
papers  in  the  philosophical  transactions, 
vyere  published  ;  but  his  valuable  observa- 
tions on  astronomy,  &tc.  are  carefully  pre- 
served in  MS.  in  13  folio  and  two  quarto  vo- 
lumes. 

Bradley,  Richai'd,  F.R.S.  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  Cambridge,  1724,  by  the 
influence  of  Dr.  Bentley,  who  trusted  to  a 
pretended  verbal  recommendation  from  Dr. 
Sherard.  The  inabilities  of  the  new  pro- 
fessor to  read  lectures  was  soon  made  a]>pa- 
rent  to  the  university,  and  his  ignorance  of 
the  learned  languages  rendered  him  ridicu- 
lous. Mr.  J.  Martin  was  therefore  appoint- 
ed his  substitute  as  professor,  though  he 
himself  ventured  to  deliver  lectures  on  the 
materia  medica  at  the  Bull  Inn,  1729  ;  but 
his  conduct  was  regarded  as  so  offensive, 
that  the  heads  of  the  university  had  it  iu 
agitation  to  procure  his  removal,  when  he 
died  in  1732.  He  wrote  sonie  things  on  hus- 
bamlry,  natural  history,  Sec.  and  for  some 
money  permitted  the  booksellers  to  use  his 
name  in  a  traslation  of  Xenophon's  econo- 
mics. 

Bradshaw,  Henry,  a  Benedictine  monk 
of  Chester,  in  the  fourteenth  century,  author 
of  a  poeiical  chronicle,  called  the  life  of  St. 
Werbux'g. 

Bradshavv^,  John,  serjeant  at  law,  was 
born  in  1586,  at  Marple-hall  iu  Cheshii'e, 
near  Chapel  le  Frith,  where  his  ancestors- 
had  been  settled  for  many  generations.  He 
was  one  of  the  judges  of  the  sheriff^'s  court 
in  London,  and  on  the  trial  of  Charles  I.  he 
was  nominated  by  the  parliament,  president 
of  that  bloody  tribunal.  Though  he  beha- 
ved with  disrespect  and  audacity  to  his  so- 
vereign, some  have  imagined  that  Im  was  but 
the  tool  of  a  party,  and  that  his  private  sen- 
timents were  favorable  to  the  royal  cause. 
His  attachment  to  the  republican  form  of 
government,  however,  was  such  that  he  in- 
veighed against  the  usurpation  of  Cromwell, 
and  for  his  obstinacy  he  was  dismissed  from 
the  office  of  president.  He  died  1059,  but 
the  place  of  his  burial  is  unknown,  though 
some  have  mentioned  an  inscription  engra- 
ved on  a  cannon  near  Martha  bay,  in  Jamai- 
ca, which  intimates  that  his  ashes  were  de- 
posited there.  He  might  have  wished  like 
others  to  fly  the  insults  which  attended  the 
bones  of  those  who  sat  in  judgment  over 
Charles,  but  it  is  more  probable  from  papers 
preserved  in  the  British  museum  that  he 
died  in  England,  and  on  the  31st  October 
1659.  He  was  rewarded  by  the  parliament 
for  his  services  as  president,  with  the  estate 
of  Summer-hill,  belonging  to  lord  St.  Al- 
ban's,  w  orth  1000/.  a  year.  It  is  supposed  by 
some,  that  he  communicated  some  old  evi- 
dences to  Need  ham,  to  be  inserted  in  his 
translation  of  Sclden's  Mare  clausum. 

Buadwar DIN,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Hat- 
field in  Sussex,  educated  at  Merton  college, 
Oxforrl,  where  he  was  proctor  and  divinity 
professor.  For  his  great  merit  as  a  mathe- 
matician, philosopher,  and  divine,  he  was 
made  confessor  to  Edward  IU.  during  his 


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wars  iu  France,  Avherc  as  a  preacher  his 
eloquence  liad  great  inlluence  in  restrain- 
ing the  violence  and  lawless  conduct  of 
the  military.  He  Lecann"  arclibishop  ot" 
Canterbury  in  1348,  and  from  his  learning; 
was  called  the  proloiiud  doctor.  Anioni; 
fither  things  he  |)td)lishc(I  a  tract  called  Cau- 
sa Dei — besides  geonietria  specuhitiva — 
arithmetica  speculaiiva — tractalus  itropoitio- 
iium,  Venice,  1503.  He  was  consecrated  at 
Avignon,  and  died  I'ihO,  at  l/anibeth.  He 
Mas  buried  in  Cai>tcrl)iiry  cathedral. 

Ukauv,  Nicholas,  1).  U.  ivas  born  at 
Bandon  in  Ireland,  October  iJ8lh,  1659,  and 
at  the  age  f»f  1'2  hr  came  over  tol'ingland,  and 
■was  e«ku-ated  at  Westminster  college  and 
Christ  Church,  Oxforcl.  He  afterwards  rc- 
tuiiied  <o  Ireland,  where  his  lather,  who 
•was  i:i  the  military  line,  i-esided,  and  he  took 
Iiis  degrees  at  the  university  of  Dublin.  He 
showed  liimseU  ze  do-.is  and  active  during 
tlje  revolution,  and  thrice  successi\ely  by  his 
influence  ami  address  he  saved  his  native 
town  from  conflagration  agreeable  to  the  or- 
der's oi  king  James'  generals.  He  abandon- 
ed the  preferment  which  by  the  friendship 
of  AVt  •'enhal,  bishop  of  Cork,  he  held  in 
ilrela;i<i,  asid  as  chaplain  to  William  and 
M.iry  he  rose  to  consequence  in  the  church, 
and  heeame  rainister  of  Richmond  and  rec- 
tor of  Ciapham  in  Surrey.  He  died  !20th 
May  17!2ti,  aged  66.  He  wrote  three  vols, 
of  sere- OTIS  besides  a  translation  of  Virgil's 
JEneid.  and  his  Avell  known  version  of  the 
psalms  ill  conjunction  with  Mr.  Tate. 

l»RAu\',  liobert,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  edu- 
cated Hi  Jaius  college,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  beciiue  master  1660.  He  was  in  16ro,  ap- 
poiHteti  keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower, 
and  soon  utter  regius  px-ofessor  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  died  ITOU.  He  was  emi- 
nent as  a  physician.  His  letter  to  Dr.  Sy- 
denham has  been  published,  but  he  is  best 
Jtnown  as  the  author  of  an  history  of  Eng- 
land, three  vols.  fol.  in  which  he  zealously 
supports  the  royal  prerogative.  lie  also 
published  a  treatise  on  burghs,  folio. 

Br^vhe,  Tycho,  descended  from  an  illus- 
trious Swedish  family,  was  born  at  Knud- 
storp  in  Denmark,  1546,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  an  astronomer.  He  studied  rhe- 
toric and  philosophy  at  Copenhagen,  but  so 
great  was  his  admiration  of  the  skill  of  astro- 
nomers in  calculating  eclipses  to  the  preci- 
sion of  a  moment,  that  he  employed  all  his 
Tuonej'  in  purchasing  books  for  his  favorite 
pursuit,  and  often  spent  whole  nights  with  a 
small  celestial  globe  in  his  hands  in  learning 
the  names  of  the  stars,  and  in  the  acquisition 
of  a  science  which  he  called  divine.  His 
friends  in  vain  attempted  to  represent  astro- 
nomy as  beneath  his  rank  ;  he  continued  his 
.study  with  increasing  application,  and  gain- 
ed the  patronage  of  the  Danish  king,  at 
whose  request  he  read  some  popular  lectures 
on  the  theory  of  comets.  His  knowledge 
was  improved  by  visiting  Switzerland,  Italy 
and  Germany,  and  he  would  have  removed 
to  Basil,  if  the  king  of  Denmark,  with  a  mu- 
nificence truly  noble,  had  not  retained  li'im 


iu  his  dominions,  by  settling  upon  luia  for 
life  the  island  of  Kucn  in  the  Sound,  and 
buihling  a  commodious  observatory  and  ela- 
boratory,  which  he  called  Cranibui-gh,  and 
to  which  he  annexed  a  pension  of  two  thuu- 
sanil  crowns,  besides  preferment  of  equal  or 
superifU'  value.  Thus  tiattered  by  his  sove- 
reign and  honored  with  the  praises  and  the 
visits  of  the  noble  aiid  the  great,  especially 
of  James  H.  of  Scotland,  when  he  curiie  to 
Denmark,  to  marry  the  princess  Anne, 
Brahe  might  be  said  to  live  hajipy  and  re- 
spected. Malice  however  attacked  him  in 
his  retreat,  his  enemies  vilified  his  services, 
he  was  abandoned  by  the  king,  and  bidding 
ailieu  to  his  favorite  Uraniburgh,  he  found 
at  last  an  a.sylum  at  Prague,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  emperor,  an(l  with  a  pension 
of  3(M)0  crowns.  He  died  soon  after  of  a 
suppression  of  urine,  '24th  October  1601. 
(ireat  as  an  astronomer  and  chemist,  Braho 
was  superstitious,  too  much  given  to  credu- 
lity and  astrological  presages,  irritable  in  his 
temper,  and  not  always  respectable  in  his 
connections.  He  left  a  widow,  two  sons  and 
four  daughters,  with  little  to  inherit  but  his 
fame  and  his  misfortunes.  The  Rodolphine 
tables  and  the  historia  ccelestis,  are  the  best 
of  his  works,  but  the  wildness  of  his  opinions 
is  sufficiently  proved  by  the  absurdity  of  the 
system  which  he  endeavored  to  establish  in 
mere  opposition  to  the  Copcrnican. 

Braili.ter,  Peter,  an  apothecary  at 
Lyons,  author  of  a  curious  book  on  the 
abuses  and  the  ignorance  of  physicians,  in- 
scribed to  Claude  de  Gouffier,  15  57. 

Braint  Hir,  the  nephew  of  Cailwallon, 
king  of  North  Wales.  He  supported  brave- 
ly his  uncle  against  Edwin  king  of  England 
in  620,  and  when  defeated  he  went  privately 
to  England,  and  by  his  conciliating  conduct 
gained  such  a  number  of  adherents,  that  he 
was  enabled  to  make  head  against  the  enemy 
and  to  recall  his  uncle  who  had  fled  to  Ire- 
land, and  to  replace  him  on  his  throne,  C3.3, 
after  the  battle  of  Hatfield,  in  whicli  Edwiu 
fell. 

Brakenburg,  Keinicr,  a  painter  oT 
Haerlem,  who  died  1649.  Ilis  pieces  are 
generally  on  low  and  vtilgar  subjects,  hut 
always  display  elegance,  spirit,  nature  and 
interest. 

Bramante  d'Urbixo,  Lazarus,  was 
born  at  Castel-Duranti  in  Urbino  1444,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  an  architect  at  Na- 
ples and  Home,  It  was  in  conformity  to  his 
plan  that  pope  Julius  II.  was  persuaded  to 
rebuild  the  church  of  St.  Peter,  but  though 
the  Avork  was  conducted  with  great  expe- 
dition, the  artist  ditl  not  live  to  see  the  com- 
pletion of  his  noble  design.  He  died  1514, 
aged  70,  eight  years  after  the  foundations  had 
been  laid,  and  the  merit  of  fuiishing  the 
building  was  reserved  for  Micliael  Angelo. 
Bramante  was  amiable  in  his  private  charac- 
ter, and  as  a  poet  and  musician  he  was  also 
eminent.  His  poetry  was  published  at  Mi- 
lan, 1756. 

Bramer,  Leonanl,  a  disciple  of  Renx- 
brandtj  born  al  J^ellt,  151)0.    His  rcsurrec- 


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tioii  of  Lazai'us,  preserved  at  Uomc,  is  much 
admired. 

Bramhall,  John,  a  native  of  PontetVact 
in  Yorkshire,  who  was  educated  at  Sydney 
college,  Cambridge,  and  after  taking  orders 
succeeded  to  a  living  in  the   city  of  York, 
"where    he    married   a    clergyman's   widow, 
with  whom  he  received  a  considerable  for- 
tune, and  what  he  regarded  still  more,  a  very 
valuable  collection  of  books.    By  his  success- 
ful  controversy   on   religious  topics   with  a 
secular  priest  and  a  Jesuit,  he  recommended 
himself  to   the    notice  of   Matthews,   arch- 
bishop of  York,  by  whom  lie  Mas  promoted 
to  the  prebend  of  llippon.     About  the  year 
1633,  he  went  over  to  Ireland,  on  the  invita- 
tion of  lord  Wentworth,  and  for  his  services 
as  visitor  of  the  revenues  of  the  church  he 
obtained  the  archdeaconry  of  Meath,  and  in 
lf)3i  the   bishopric   of   Londonderry.      His 
authority  was  powerfully  exerted   in  uniting 
the  churches  of  Ireland  and   England,    and 
by   his   eloquence    the  two  sister  countries 
adopted  the  same  form  of  worship  and  the 
same  tenets  of  faith.     He  was  not  however 
without  enemies ;  he  was  not  only  chai-ged 
■with  arminianism  and  popery,  but  at  cused  of 
high  treason,  and  of  attempts  to   introduce 
an  arbitrary  and  tyrannical  government ;  and 
after  being  some  time  in  confinement  he  was 
liberated  by  the  influence  of  Usher  the  pri- 
mate, and  the  immediate  intei'ference  of  the 
king.     After  some  time  spent  at  Hamburgh 
and  Brussels,  he  ventured  to  revisit  Ireland, 
but  his  influence  was  considered   as  so  dan- 
gerous by  the   parliament,  that  his   person 
was  in    the   most    imminent    danger,     and 
Cromwell,  from  whose  vigilance  he  escaped, 
was  heard  to  declare  in  disappointment  that 
he  would  have  lavished  not  a  little  money  to 
secure  that  Irish   Cantei-bury,   as  he  called 
liim.    On  the  restoration  his  services  entitled 
him  to  the  highest  honors,  and  he  was  accord- 
ingly translated  to  the  see  of  Armagh,  18th 
January   IG60-1,  and  as  primate  of  Ireland, 
and  speaker  of  the  house  of  lords,  he  dis- 
played those  abilities  of  persuasion,  and  that 
patriotic  zeal  which  he  possessed  in  so  emi- 
nent a  degree.     His  constitution  now  began 
to  decline,  he  was  twice  struck  with  the  pal- 
sy, ami  a  third  attack  proved   fatal,   at  the 
end    of  June    1603,  in    his  70lh    year.     His 
works  on  theological   subjects   mostly  were 
reprinted    at   Dublin,    in    one   folio   volume, 
1 677.      The  most  valuable  of  his  composi- 
tions is  that  against  Hobbes,  on  liberty  and 
necessity. 

Bra?:,  son  of  Lyr,  was  father  of  Carracta- 
cus  king  of  Britain.  With  two  others,  Pry- 
dain  and  Dynwal,  he  is  said  to  have  estab- 
lished the  rights  of  an  elective  monarchy  in 
Britain.  He  was  carried  to  Rome,  where  it 
is  supposed  he  embraced  Christianity,  which 
he  contributed  to  spread  among  his  uncivi- 
lized countrymen.  He  died  about  80  A.  D. 
Brancas  Vii.LEXEUVE,  Andrew  Fj'an- 
cis,  abbe  d'Aulnav,  was  born  in  the  Venais- 
sin,  and  died  Apiil  Uth,  1758.  His  works, 
though  correct  in  matter,  do  not  recommend 
themselves  eitJier  by  elegance  of  style  or 


choice  of  ideas ;  they  are  a  system  of  modem 
cosmography  and  geography  in  general— 
ex])lanation  of  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  sea 
— letters  on  cosmography — ephemerides 
cosmographiques. 

BuANCKER,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  of  which 
he  was  electe<l  fellow.  He  afterwards  be- 
came rector  of  Tilston,  Cheshire,  and  mas- 
ter of  Macclesfield  school.  He  died  1676 
aged  40,  and  was  buried  at  Macclesfield.  He 
possessed  abilities  as  a  mathematician,  and 
wrote  the  doctrine  of  the  sphere,  in  Latin, 
Oxford,  1662 — introduction  to  algebra,  1668. 
Bran  DEL,  Peter,  a  painter,  born  at 
Prague,  and  educated  under  Schroeter. 
Though  Aveli  paid  for  his  portraits  and  his- 
torical pieces,  which  possessed  real  merit, 
his  extravagance  kept  him  in  continual  want, 
and  he  died  very  poor  at  Prague,  1739,  aged 
79. 

Brandi,  Hyacinth,  a  painter,  the  pupil 
of  Lanfrac,  born  at  Poll  near  Rome.  He 
possessed  great  merit,  and  his  pencil  was 
employed  in  beautifying  the  churches  and 
palaces  of  the  capital  of  Italv,  where  he  died 
1691,  aged  58. 

Brandmui.ler,  John,  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Basil,  was  born  at  Biberac,  and  died 
1596,  aged  63.  He  wrote  four  funeral  oi-a- 
tions  from  the  Old  Testament,  and  eighty 
from  the  New,  Sec.  His  son  James,  who 
died  1629,  wrote,  in  three  vols.  4to.  analysis 
typica  librorum  veteris  &  novi  testamenti, 
Basil,  1620.  The  son  of  James,  was  profes- 
sor of  jurisprudence  at  Basil,  and  died  1677, 
aged  50.  He  Avrote  some  valuable  works  on 
the  law,  besides  poems,  &c. 

Brandmuller,  Gregory,  a  painter  of 
Basil,  who  died  1691,  aged  30.  He  was  the« 
pupil  of  Lebrun,  and  obtained  a  prize  of  the 
Paris  academy.  His  historical  pieces  and  his 
portraits  were  much  admired. 

Braxdolini,  Aureho,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, eminent  as  a  poet.  He  was  for  some 
time  resident  in  the  university  of  Buda  un- 
der the  patronage  of  Matthias  Corvinus, 
king  of  Hungary,  and  after  his  death  he  en- 
tered among  the  Augustines  at  Florence. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  is  de  ratione 
scribendi,  in  which  he  gives  good  directions 
for  the  acquiring  of  a  good  style.  He  was 
also  eminent  as  a  preacher.  He  was  surna- 
med  Lippo  because  he  was  blind. 

Bkaxdox,  Charles  duke  of  Suffolk,  a 
favorite  of  Henry  "NTH.  of  England.  He 
was  valiant  in  the  field,  and  handsome  in  his 
person,  and  gained  the  public  esteem  by  his 
courteous  behaviour.  At  the  tournament  of 
St.  Denys,  in  honor  of  Mary  the  sister  of 
Henry  who  married  Lewis  XII.  of  France, 
he  was  attacked  by  a  strong  and  gigantic 
Cierman,  at  the  instigation  of  the  French, 
who  were  envious  of  his  reputation,  but  he 
repulsed  and  defeated  his  antagonist,  and  so 
noble  was  his  conduct,  says  Henault  the  his- 
torian, that  it  won  the  heart  of  the  youthful 
bride,  who  in  three  short  months  became  a 
widow,  and  soon  ottered  her  hand  and  her 
fortune  to  her  favored  champion.    The  mar- 


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ria>»e  accordingly  was  celebrated  vitli  the 
jiennlssioii  ol  Henry.  Sullblk  dicil  1545, 
Icavin}^  l»is  fourth  wife  a  widow,  and  lie  mus 
buried  lionoialjly  l»y  the  iiiiis;. 

Brandt,  Sebastian,  a  counsellor  of  Stras- 
bur{;!f,  and  professor  of  law,  was  aiitlior  of  a 
poem  called  "  Navis  stnltifera  niorlalium," 
1488,  8vo.  of  which  there  appeared  a  French 
translation  li'J7.     He  died  15t2U,  aj^ed  00. 

Brand  r,  Joim,  secretary  of  Antwerp, 
was  eminent  for  liis  erudition,  and  his  pa- 
tronatje  of  science.  He  is  author  of  "  eiot^-ia 
Ciceronia  Roman,  domi  militiieque  ilhistri- 
um."     Hcdied  163'J,  a.^'ed  80. 

Brandt,  Sebastian,  a  chemist  of  Germa- 
ny, who  employed  a  great  part  of  his  life  in 
search  of  the  philosopher's  stone,  in  the 
preparation  of  urine,  and  found  after  distil- 
lation that  shining  substance  since  called 
phosphorus.  He  made  the  discovery  public, 
but  concealed  the  process,  Avhich  however 
Kimckel,  chemist  to  the  elector  of  Saxony, 
easily  guessed.  He  died  '2d  May,  1521,  aged  03. 

Brandt,  Gerard,  a  minister  of  Amster- 
dam, author  of  the  life  of  de  Ituytcr  the  ad- 
miral, of  a  Flemish  history  of  the  reforma- 
tion of  th<?  Low  Countries  in  4  vols.  4to.  after- 
Avards  abridged  in  a  French  translation  of  3 
vols.  12mo.  The  work  was  so  popular,  that 
Fagel  said  once  to  bishop  Burnet,  that  it 
Avas  worth  learning  Flemish  to  read  the  ori- 
ginal.    He  died  at  Rotterdam  1085,  aged  59. 

Brantome.     Vid.  Bourdeili.es. 

Brasavoi-a,  AntoniusMusa,  a  physician 
of  eminence,  born  at  Ferrara,  where  he  was 
professor  of  medicine,  and  where  he  died 
1555,  aged  55.  His  abilities  recommended 
him  to  the  popes  and  the  other  princes  of 
Italy,  to  whom  he  was  physician,  and  also  to 
Francis  I.  of  France,  Henry  VHI.  of  Eng- 
land, and  Charles  V.  of  Germany.  He  wrote 
some  works  on  medical  subjects,  and  besides 
commentaries  on  Hippocrates  and  Galen. 

Br  asbridge,  Thomas,  a  native  of  North- 
amptonshire, educated  at  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  elected  fellow  1502. 
He  is  known  as  a  physician  and  a  divine,  and 
he  wrote  the  poor  man's  jewel,  or  a  treatise 
of  the  pestilence,  with  a  declaration  of  the 
herbs  cardius  benedictus  and  angelica,  k'c.  in 
8vo.  1578 — quiestiones  in  officia  Ciceronis,  in 
8vo.  Oxford  1615. 

Brasidas,  a  general  of  Lacedccmon,  who 
conquered  several  of  the  allied  cities  of  A- 
thens,  B.  C.  424.  When  besieged  in  Amphi- 
polis  he  defeated  Cleon  in  a  sally,  and  died 
some  time  after. 

Brathwayte,  Richard,  a  native  of 
Westmoreland,  known  as  a  poet.  He  enter- 
ed at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  1604,  and  thence 
removed  to  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  be- 
came captain  in  the  army,  and  a  justice  of 
peace  in  his  native  county.  His  works  are 
the  golden  fleece  and  other  \)oems,  1611, 
8vo. — the  poet's  willow,  or  the  passionate 
shepherd,  Svo.  1614 — the  prodigal's  tears, 
or  farewell  to  vanity,  1014,  Svo. — essays  on 
the  five  senses,  8vo.  1020 — the  English  gen- 
tleman, 4to.  often  edited,  kc.  l-fe  died  at 
Appleton,  Yorkshire,  about  1073. 


Rrauwer,  Adrian,  a  painter,  born  at 
Haerlem.  His  pieces  possess  great  merit; 
and  are  chiefly  on  vulgar  subjects,  pulilic- 
houses,  shows,  and  fairs,  Jncc.  He  died  of  in- 
temperance, 1038,  aged  30. 

BuAY,  Solomon  de,  a  native  of  Hat  ilem, 
eminent  as  a  poiU  ait  i);tinter.  Ue  died  1004, 
aged  07.  His  son  Jacob  excelled  in  iiistori- 
cal  re|)resentation.s,  and  died  at  the  end  of 
the  17th  century. 

Bray,  Sir  Reginald,  was  descended  fi-om 
a  family  which  c:tnn;  to  England,  with  tin- 
Con(|ueror,  and  settled  in  the  counties  ot 
Northampton  and  Warwick.  He  Avas  in- 
strumental in  raising  Henry  A  II.  to  the 
throne,  and  he  negotiated  with  the  duke  of 
Buckingham  and  others  that  prince's  mar- 
riage with  Elizabeth  daughter  of  Edward  IV. 
He  was  a  man  of  valor,  and  was  made  a. 
knight  baronet  at  the  battle  of  Bosworth- 
field,  or  as  some  say,  at  that  of  Black- 
heath,  and  he  received  as  the  reward  of  his 
services  the  forfeited  land  of  lord  Audley. 
St.  George's  chapel  at  Windsor,  and  that  of 
Henry  \TI.  at  Westminster  abbey,  are  men- 
tioned as  specimens  of  his  skill  in  architec- 
ture, as  he  contributed  to  the  raising  and 
embellishing  of  them.  He  died  5th  August, 
1501,  and  was  buried,  as  is  supposed,  in  the 
south  aisle  of  the  chapel  of  \Vindsor,  w  hich 
still  bears  his  name.  He  was  twice  married, 
but  had  no  issue.  His  estates  descended  to 
his  brothers,  whose  descendants  in  Surrey 
still  enjoy  part  of  the  land  which  once  be- 
longed to  their  great  relation. 

Bray,  Thomas,  D.  D.  a  native  of  Mars- 
ton,  in  Shropshire,  educated  at  Hart-hall, 
Oxford.  He  was  at  first  patronised  by  lord 
Higby,  but  his  abilities  soon  recommended 
liim  to  bishop  Compton,  by  whom  he  was 
sent  as  commissary  to  settle  the  church  af- 
fairs of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  In  this  em- 
ployment, which  engaged  the  best  part  of 
his  life,  and  obliged  iiiui  to  cross  tiie  Atlan- 
tic several  times,  he  behaved  with  all  that 
zeal  and  disinterestedness  which  characterise 
the  true  Christian.  He  instituted  libraries 
in  several  parts  of  America  for  the  informa- 
tion and  improvement  of  the  missionaries 
employed  in  preaching  the  gospel,  and  every 
method  was  pursued  by  his  example  and  re- 
commendation which  might  render  the  con- 
version of  negroes  and  pagans  to  the  gospel 
easy  and  certain,  and  increase  the  influence 
of  religious  ])rinciples.  It  was  not  only  the 
money  subscribed  by  individuals,  or  granted 
by  corporations,  for  those  charitable  pur- 
poses, which  was  economically  spent,  but 
I)r.  Bray  contributed  ths  whole  of  his  small 
fortune  to  the  support  of  his  liberal  plans, 
better  gratified  in  the  promotion  of  public 
happiness,  tlian  in  the  possession  of  ])rivale 
wealth.  To  his  great  and  indefatigable  ex- 
ertions many  of  the  societies  estabiished  in 
London  owe  their  institution,  especially  that 
for  the  relief  of  ])Oor  proselytes,  that  for  the 
reformation  of  manners,  and  that  for  the 
propagation  of  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts,  kc. 
This  great  and  good  man,  whose  whole  life 
was  thus   devoted  to   benevolent  purposes. 


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snd  -whose  higli  services  deserved  and  re- 
ceived the  gratitude  of  king-  and  parliament, 
died  15th  February,  1730,  aged  73,  leaving 
onl)'  one  daughter.  He  was  author  of  some 
useful  publications,  i)articu!arly  his  cateche- 
tical letters,  apostolic  charity,  bibliotheca 
parochialis,  &c. 

liREBEur,  Geoi-ge  de,  a  Freucli  poet, 
born  at  Thorigny  in  Normandy.  He  was  no- 
ticed, but  his  merits  were  not  rewai'ded  by 
INIazarinc.  He  travestied  the  first  book  fif 
Lucan,  an  attempt  which,  by  his  ingenious 
mode  of  raillerv,  and  bv  the  keenscveritv  of 


his  satire,  created  him  popularity  as   well  as 
enemies.     He  died  1G61,  aged  43. 

Brebeuf,  Jean  de,  uncle  to  tlje  pi'ecc- 
ding,  distinguished  himself  as  a  missionary, 
to  convert  the  wild  inhabitants  of  Canada  to 
Christianity.  He  was  cruelly  burnt  by  these 
infatuated  savages  in  1649,  in  his  5Gth  year. 

Brecourt,  Guillaume  Martourcau  do, 
a  French  poet,  better  known  also  as  an  ac- 
tor. He  died  in  consequence  of  his  extraor- 
dinary exertions  on  the  stage,  in  1G85. 

Breda,  Peter  Van,  a  painter  of  Antwerp 
•who  died  16S1,  aged  50.  His  landscapes 
were  much  admired, 

Breda,  John  Van,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
obtained  a  comfortable  independence,  by  ex- 
ercising his  profession  in  England.  His  land- 
scapes, fairs,  markets,  conversations,  Sec. 
Avere  particularh'  spirited.  He  died  on  the 
continent,  176U. 

Bredenbach,  Matthias,  a  controversial- 
ist writer  of  Kerpen,  who  died  in  1559,  in 
his  70th  year. 

Breenberg,  Barthol.  a  painter  of  some 
distinction,  born  at  Utrecht  in  1620.  He  di- 
ed aged  40.  His  views  of  ruins  are  particu- 
larly valuable. 

Bregy,  Charlotte  Saumaise  de  Chazan, 
comtesse  de,  a  maid  of  honor  to  Ann  of  Aus- 
tria. She  was  niece  to  Salmasius,  and  be- 
came known  for  the  ease  and  elegance  of  her 
conversation,  her  wit,  and  the  beauty  of  her 
person.  She  died  at  Paris  1G93,  aged  74. 
Some  of  her  verses  and  letters  w  ere  publish- 
ed in  1G88,  in  12mo.  abounding  in  metaphy- 
sical conceits,  and  occasionally  interesting  de- 
scriptions. 

Breitkopf,  John  Gottlieb  Emmanuel, 
a  native  of  Leipsic,  known  as  a  writer,  and 
as  a  printer.  He  wrote  treatises  on  the  ori- 
gin of  printing, — on  the  history  of  playing 
cards, — the  invention  of  paper  from  linen 
rags, — and  tlie  invention  oi"  engraving  on 
wood  in  Europe, —  and  on  bibliography.  As 
a  printer  he  acquired  deservcil  celebrity  af- 
ter his  father.  By  reading  a  treatise  of  Al- 
bert Durer,  he  was  induced  to  improve  the 
shape  of  types,  upon  scientific  and  mathe- 
matical principles,  and  he  also  found  out  a 
method  to  print  musical  notes,  cliarts,  and 
r.'iap".  with  tvpes,  and  witiiout  engraving. 
This  worthy  man  died  at  J-,eipsic  1794,  aged 


Bremont,  Francoisde,  a  Parisian,  made 
rccretaiy  to  the  lioyal  JiOndon  societ}',  in 
<'onseqnence  of  his  translating  their  philo- 
sophical transnc'ion^-  ll*'  'lie!  ;•;.  Parl.^  I~4'J, 


in  his  29th  year,  admired  for  Ids  laborious 
application  and  critical  discernment. 

liREXNER,  Henry,  a  native  of  Kronoby  in 
West  Bothnia,  who  in  1G97  went  with  Fab- 
ricius  the  Swedish  ambassador  to  the  Per- 
sian court.  On  his  return,  he  was  arrested 
at  Moscow,  in  consequence  of  the  Avar  with 
Sweden;  but  his  hours  of  confinement  were 
devoted  to  literary  pursuits.  He  translated 
into  Latin  the  history  of  Armenia  by  Moses 
Armenius  Choronensis,  printed  Stockholni 
1723;  and  also  wrote  observations  on  the 
Czar  Peter's  expedition  against  the  Persians 
Mith  a  map  of  the  Caspian  and  of  the  rivev 
Dwina.  He  was  made  keeper  of  the  royal 
library  at  Stockholm,  where  he  died  1732, 
aged  63. 

Brennus,  a  general  of  Gaul,  famous  for 
his  invasion  of  Thessaly,  and  his  attempts  to 
plunder  the  temple  of  Delphi.  Ho  killed 
himself,  B.  C.  278. 

Brennus,  a  general  of  Gaul,  celebrated 
for  his  irruption  into  Italy,  and  his  siege  and 
seizure  of  Home,  where  the  valor  of  Camil- 
lus  at  hist  defeated  him,  and  totally  destroy- 
ed all  his  army,  388  B.  C. 

Brext,  sir  Nathaniel,  a  nativd  of  Wool- 
ford,  Warwickshire,  educated  at  Merton 
college,  of  which  he  became  the  warden,  by 
the  influence  of  Abbot  the  primate  whose 
niece  he  had  married.  Among  other  things 
he  published  a  Latin  and  English  ti-anslation 
of  the  history  of  the  council  of  Trent,  a  copy 
of  Avhich  he  had  procured  at  Venice.  He 
was  knighted  by  Charles  I.  at  Woodstock  ; 
but  his  loyalty  gave  way  to  his  eagerness  to 
retain  his  oflices,  and  as  the  friend  of  the  pu- 
ritans, he  continued  at  the  head  of  his  col- 
lege, and  was  made  the  chief  visitor  of  the 
university'.  He  died  in  London  6th  Nov- 
1652,  aged  79. 

Brentius  or  Brextzen,  John,  was 
born  at  Wiel  in  Swabia,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  the  friend  and  follower  of  Luther. 
He  Mas  the  founder  of  the  ubiquists,  a  sect 
who  maintained  the  presence  of  the  body  of 
Jesus  every  where.  He  was  highly  honored 
by  the  duke  of  Wirtemburg,  and  deserved 
it,  if  Ave  reckon  the  ponderous  form  of  his 
controversial  writings  in  eight  folio  volumes. 
He  died  at  Tubingeu  1570,  in  his  71st  year, 
leaving  12  children  by  a  second  wife. 

Breq_uignv,  Lewis  George  Edward  de, 
author  of  the  lustory  of  the  revolutions  of 
Genoa,  three  vols.  l2mo. — lives  of  eminent 
Greek  orators,  with  occasional  translations, 
two  vols.  12mo. — (liplomata,  chartse,  ad  res 
Francisc.  spectautia,  4to. — chronological  ta- 
bles, &c.  relative  to  French  history,  five  vols, 
fol. — an  edition  of  Strabo,  &c. — was  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  of  that  of  in- 
scriptions, and  died  1775,  aged  80.  In  his 
searcli  after  materials  to  elucidate  French 
historv,  he  was  ."^ome  tin-»e  resident  in  Lon- 
don,  to  examine  the  records  of  the  Tower. 

Brerewood,  Edwai'd,  a  learned  anti- 
quary, born  at  Chester,  of  which  his  father 
was  three  times  mayor.  After  finishing  his 
education  at  Brazen-nose,  Oxford,  he  was 
elected  tlic   first  astronomical  professor  of 


BR 


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Gresham  college.  lie  ilied  in  London  of  a 
fever,  4th  November,  IG13,  aged  48,  luucli 
respected,  not  oiilv  tor  his  great  Icaruiug, 
but  his  highly  exemplary  \)rivate  character. 
His  works,  consisting  of  nine  treatises,  were 
published  after  his  ileath,  among  which  the 
most  esteemed  are  "  on  the  weight  and  va 
lue  of  ancient  coins,  in  Latin,  1 014,  in  4(o." 
— 'inquiries  touching  the  diversity  of  lan- 
guages and  religion  through  the  world,  1G14, 
'Ito.  &c. — elements  of  logic,  he. 

Bret,  Anthony,  author  of  the  life  of  Ni- 
non de  THnclos,  l'2mo. — Uie  four  seasons,  a 
poem — I'ecole  amoureuse  Sc  la  double  extra- 
vagance, two  vols.  8vo. — new  Cleopatra,  3 
vols. — eastern  fables — commentary  on  the 
works  of  Moliere,  8vo. — memoirs  of  Bussy 
Itabutiii,  two  vols.  12mo. — was  a  native  of 
Dijon,  and  died  at  Paris,  1702,  aged  75. 

Uretox,  Nicholas,  a  writer  of  ballads 
and  interludes  of  some  merit,  in  the  age  of 
Klizabeth.  His  Phillidc  and  Corydon  are 
preserved  in  Percy's  collection,  and  the  titles 
of  his  compositions  arc  mentioned  in  Win- 
stanley's  ames  tvpog.  and  Osborn's  Harl. 
Catal. 

Breton  NEAU,  Francis,  a  Jesu  it  of  Tours, 
who  died  at  Paris,  1741,  aged  81.  lie  is  au- 
thor of  a  life  of  James  II.  and  of  seven  vo- 
lumes of  sermons,  edited  by  Berryer,  and 
recommended,  if  not  by  the  eloquence,  yet  by 
the  more  excellent  example  of  the  preacher's 
virtuous  life. 

Bretonnter,  Barthol.  Joseph,  an  advo- 
cate in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  author  of 
some  useful  law  tracts.  He  died  at  Paris 
1727,  aged  71. 

Bretteville,  Etienne  du  Bois  de,  a 
Jesuit  of  Norn\andy,  author  of  some  theolo- 
gical tracts.     He  died  in  1688,  aged  38. 

Brettixger,  John  James,  a  native  of 
Zurich,  professor  of  Hebrew,  and  author  of 
an  edition  of  the  new  testament,  from  tho 
septuagint,  in  four  vols.  4to.  and  some  pieces 
on  painting,  poetry,  and  antiquities,  &c.  He 
died  IT7C},  aged  75. 

Breval,  John  Durant  de,  was  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow 
1702.  In  consequence  of  a  dispute  with 
Bentley,  the  master  of  his  college,  he  quitted 
the  university,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain under  the  great  Marlborough.  Besides 
poems  and  plays,  Breval  was  the  writer  of 
four  entertaining  volumes  of  travels,  and  by 
his  censure  of  Pope,  he  gained  immortality 
among  the  heroes  of  the  Dunciad.  He  died 
Jan.  1739. 

Breugei,,  Peter,  or  Old,  a  native  of 
Breugel,  near  Breda,  distinguished  as  a  pain- 
ter, and  celebrated  for  the  originality  of  cha- 
racter, and  truth  of  delineation  which  he  in- 
fused into  his  ])ieces,  especially  such  as  re- 
presented the  feasts  and  rustic  enjoyments 
of  Ids  countrymen.  He  died  at  Antwerp  in 
the  last  part  of  the  loth  century,  and  with 
his  dying  breath  consigned  to  the  flames 
those  ligliter  pieces  of  his  pencil  which  in 
unguarded  moments  he  had  painted,  often- 
sive  to  jnodesly  and  virtue,    lie  Avas  twice 


maj-ried.  Some  of  his  pieces  are  in  llie  pos- 
session of  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany. 

JiuEUGEL,  I'eter,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, surpassed  in  the  description  of  ma- 
gicians ami  devils,  whence  he  is  called  Hel- 
lish Breugel. 

Breugel,  John,  second  son  of  old  Pe- 
ter, surnamed  Velvet,  irom  his  mo<le  of 
dress,  chieily  excelled  in  painting  flowers 
and  fruits,  in  which  his  superiority  was 
inimitable,  so  that  l{u])ens  himself  solicited 
the  perfecting  strokes  of  his  pencil  in  the 
ilnishing  of  his  Verlumnus  and  Pomona. 
After  visiting  Italy,  and  resirling  long  at  Co- 
logne, respecte(i  and  beloved,  he  died  about 
1642,  remarkable  for  never  having  admitted 

a  pupil  near  his  person. Another  of  that 

name,  called  Abraham,  born  at  Antwerp, 
1672,  excelled  as  a  flower  and  landscape 
painter. 

Breul,  James  du,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
author  of  the  antiquities  of  Paris,  4to.  1612 
— les  fastes  de  Pierre  Bonfons  augmentes, 
a  work  of  singular  merit — supplementum 
antiquitatum,  Paris,  4to.  1714— the  life  of 
cardin.  Ch.  de  Bourbon,  4to. — a  chronicle  oC 
the  abbots  of  St.  Germain,  &c.  He  died 
1614,  aged  86. 

Brevix  r,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Jersey, 
who  studied  at  Saumur,  and  then  became 
fellow  of  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  after  the- 
foundation  of  three  fellowships  at  Jesus, 
Exetei',  and  Pembroke,  by  Charles  I.  for  the 
education  of  the  divines  of  Jersey  and 
Guernsey.  During  the  civil  wars  he  retired 
to  France,  and  after  the  restoration  he  was 
raised  to  the  enjoyment  of  a  prebendal  stall 
of  Durham,  and  in  1681  to  the  dignity  of 
dean  of  Lincoln.  He  died  May  5th,  1695, 
aged  79.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  Lord's 
supper,  and  other  theological  pieces,  in  La- 
tin, now  no  longer  remembered. 

Brewer,  Anthony,  author  of  the  country 
girl,  a  comedy — the  lovesick  king,  a  tra- 
gedy— and  otiier  pieces,  was  a  poet  of  ge- 
nius, and  highly  esteemed  among  the  wits 
and  the  courtiers  of  the  first  Charles'  reign. 
Little  is  known  of  his  iiistory. 

Breynius,  James,  of  Dantzic,  Avas  au- 
thor of  plantarum  exoticarum  centuria,  with 
plates,  fob  1678 — fasciculus,  plantarum  ra-. 
rior.4to.  1689.     He  died  1697,  aged  60. 

Bridjvine,  N.  a  famous  French  preach- 
er of  the  diocese  of  Uzes,  compared  by 
Maury,  in  his  principles  of  elntjuence,  to 
Demosthenes  and  Bossuet.  Hjs  powers  of 
delivery  were  sucli,  and  bis  address  so  com- 
moniling,  that  he  could  be  hcartl  distinctly 
by  10,000  people  in  the  open  air.  He  died 
1  767,  author  of  cantiques  spirituels,  printed 
lemo.  1748. 

Bridault,  John  Peter,  a  French  wri- 
tci',  who  died  24tli  Oct.  ^761.  He  wrote 
phrases  and  sentences  from  Terence's  co- 
medies, 12mo. — and  manners  and  customs 
of  the  Romans,  tw-o  vol^.  12rao. 

Bridge,  V»'illiam,  a  leading  preacher 
among  the  indepen<lents  of  England.  When 
expelhd  by  bi.shop  Wren,  he  became  a 
zealous  pastor  at  Rotterdam,  and  soon  after 


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returned  to  England,  and  resided  at  Yar- 
mouth. He  was  member  of  the  assembly  of 
divines  held  at  AVestmiuster.  He  wrote  21 
treatises,  in  two  vols.  4to.  besitles  sermons, 
ixc.  and  died  March  1670,  aged  70. 

Bridgewater,  Francis  Egerton  duke 
of.  Celebrated  as  the  first  person  who  planned 
sind  completed  the  cutting  of  a  navigable  ca- 
nal in  England,  was  born  21st  May,  1736. 
He  succeeded  to  his  titles  on  his  brother's 
death,  1748  ;  and  as  soon  as  he  was  master 
of  his  fortune,  he  began,  with  unwearied 
'/eal,  to  execute  the  plans  of  improvement 
which  he  had  early  meditated.  With  the 
assistance  of  Brindle}',  a  man  of  astonishing 
powers  of  mind,  but  without  the  polisli  and 
the  advantages  of  education,  he  surveyed  his 
estate  at  Worsley,  and  obtained  an  act  to 
open  a  communication  by  a  canal  between 
INIanchester  and  Worsley,  and  afterwards, 
under  the  power  of  another  act,  to  return 
over  the  river  Irwell  to  Manchester.  Though 
a  solid  rock  opposed  the  line  of  his  progress, 
all  difaculties  were  removed,  air  funnels 
were  made  through  the  hill  to  discharge  all 
dangerous  effluvia  from  below,  and  the  canal 
was  conveyed  not  only  more  than  a  mile  under 
the  ground,  but  over  an  arch  above  40  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  Irwell,  so  that  while 
vessels  pass  one  another  in  the  dark  and 
subterraneous  cavity,  others  sail  on  the  ca- 
nal above,  while  some  are  below  the  arch  in 
full  sail.  Thus,  by  means  of  these  stupen- 
dous works,  the  coals  which  were  found  in 
the  duke's  estate  were  conveyed,  with  great 
facility,  to  the  neighbouring  towns,  and  the 
commerce  of  Liverpool  was  thus  united  by 
tiie  Mersey  to  Manchester,  and  to  the 
southern  parts  of  the  kingdom.  Though 
the  sums  spent  on  these  astonishing  works 
•were  almost  beyond  calculation,  and  nearly 
ruined  the  noble  and  enterprising  projector, 
5'et  he  had  the  happiness  to  see  his  plans 
succeed  to  the  fullest  wishes  of  his  heart, 
and,  with  the  infinite  benefits  which  he  con- 
ferred on  the  national  commerce  ami  on 
provincial  intercourse,  he  had  the  satisfac- 
tion to  find  his  income  increase  in  a  most 
rapid  progression.  This  truly  great  and  il- 
lustrious character  died  March  1803,  leav- 
ing the  bulk  of  his  immense  fortune  to  his 
nephew,  the  earl  of  Bridgesvater,  the  mar- 
quis of  Stafford,  and  other  I'elations.  He 
never  was  married. 

Brtdgman,  John,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained 
the  mastership  of  Magdalen  college.  He 
was  chaplain  to  James  1.  who  gave  him  the 
rectory  of  Wigan,  Lancashire,  and  made  him 
bishop  of  Chester  1618.  He  Avas  stripped 
of  his  honors  in  the  civil  wars,  and  was  a 
great  suflcrer,  in  person  and  property.  He 
died  at  Morton,  in  Chesliire,  1642. 

Bridgm.\n,  sir  Orlando,  son  of  the  bisli- 
op  of  Chester,  was  made,  after  the  restora- 
tion, a  judge,  and  afterwards  lord  chancellor. 
In  his  elevated  situation,  he  showed  himself 
Aveak  and  (irresolute,  and  was  often  biassed 
in  his  decisions,  by  the  intrigues  of  his  wife. 
He  was  removed,  for  refusing  to  affix  the 


seal  to  tlie  declaration  for  liberty  of  con- 
science, in  1672.  He  Avrote  a  treatise  on 
conveyancing. 

Brienne,  Walter  de,  a  native  of  Cham- 
pagne, distiiiguished  for  his  courage  at  the 
siege  of  Acre  against  the  Saracens.  He  was 
afterwards  king  of  Sicily,  and  duke  of  Apu- 
lia; and  was  killed  in  1205,  in  defending  the 
invaded  rights  of  his  wife  Maria  Alberic,  by 
Avhom  he  obtained  his  dukedom.  His  son, 
and  successor,  of  the  same  name,  surnamed 
the  great,  distinguished  liimself  also  agamst 
the  Saracens,  by  Avhom  he  was  taken  prison- 
er, and  cruelly  put  to  death  1261. 

Brienne,  John,  Avas  made  king  of  Jeru- 
salem in  1210,  Avliich  he  resigned  in  favor 
of  his  son-in-law,  the  emperor  Frederick  H. 
He  Avas  afterwards  elected  to  fill  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  Avhere  his  bravery  repel- 
led the  attacks  of  the  Greeks  and  Bulgari- 
ans. He  died  in  1237,  as  much  censured  for 
his  aA'arice  as  he  is  extolled  for  his  courage. 

BniETius,  Philip,  a  Jesuit  of  Abbevdle, 
known  for  his  pai'allela  geographije  A'eteris 
et  novie,  3  vols.  4to.  1648,  a  useful  work, 
never  completed.  He  Avrote  r.lso  annales 
mundi,  7  vols.  12mo.  and  other  geographical 
and  chronological  works;  and  died  at  Paris 
160S,  aged  67. 

Briggs,  Henry,  a  native  of  Halifa.v,  in 
Yorkshire,  educated  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  made,  1596,  first  professor 
of  geometry  in  the  college  founded  by 
Gresham.  He  resigned  this  office  in  1619, 
Avhen  made  Saviiian  professor  at  Oxford, 
Avhere  he  devoted  his  time  to  study,  and 
rendered  himself  beloA'ed  by  his  unaffected 
manners,  great  goodness  of  heart,  and  hu- 
mility of  deportment.  His  Avritings  consist 
of  eleven  different  treatises  on  mathematical 
subjects,  and  also  arithmetica  logarithme- 
tica,  containing  logarithms  of  30,000  natural 
numbers.  The  science  of  logarithms  had. 
been  lately  discOAered  by  Napier,  in  Scot- 
land, whom  he  visited,  and  by  Avhom  he  Avas 
honored  with  many  friendly  communica- 
tions.    He  died  January  1630,  aged  74. 

Briggs,  William,  a  native  of  Norwich, 
a  city  four  times  represented  by  his  father 
in  parliament.  He  Avas  educated  at  Benet 
college,  Cambridge,  of  Avhich  he  was  chosen 
felloAV  in  1668,  and  as  a  student  of  medicine, 
ambitious  of  distinction  and  eminence,  lie 
travelled  through  France  in  search  of  knoAv- 
ledge  and  information.  On  his  return  he 
published  a  valuable  treatise  on  the  eye, 
and  Avas  made  physician  to  the  king,  and 
univei'sally  courted  for  his  skill  and  expe- 
rience. He  Avas  also  made  physician  to  St. 
'Fhomas'  hospital.  He  died  l4tli  Sept.  1704, 
leaving  one  son  and  two  daughters,  by  his 
Avife  Hannah,  daughter  of  Edmund  Hobart. 

Brigham,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  O.xford- 
shire,  educated  at  Hart-hall,  and  at  one  of 
the  inns  of  court.  He  Avas  eminent  not 
only  as  a  lawyer,  but  as  a  poet,  and  showed 
himself  so  partial  to  Chaucer,  that  he  re- 
moved his  remains  to  the  south  transept  of 
Westminster-abbey,  Avhere  he  erected  a 
monument  to  his  fame.    He  Avrotc  de  vena- 


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tibnibus  rerum  nicmorabiliiim,  or  memoirs 
ot  eraiiK'nl  persons — iniscillmit'ous  j»oeiiis — 
nuMuoirs  by  way  of  diaiy,  &c.  lie  died 
155<J. 

13k  iG  HTM  A  \,Tboraa.s,  rector  of  Ma  wnes, 
Bedfordshire,  was  educated  at  Queen's  col- 
lege, Cambridge;  and  wrote  I^atin  conimen- 
tiii'ies  on  the  canticles  :ind  apocalypse.  In 
this  last  book,  which  was  afterwai'ds  trans- 
lated into  I'.iii^lish,  and  became  very  popu- 
lar, he  calls  the  Hnnlish  church  the  church 
of  Laodicea,  and  the  angel  loved  by  God 
the  chui'ch  of  (Jeneva  and  ihe  Scotch  kirk. 
It  is  sai<l  that  he  prayed  foi-  a  sudden  doatli, 
and  as  if  his  wishes  were  fulfilled,  he  died  in 
a  coach  while  travelling,  with  u  book  in  his 
kand,  1607. 

Uuu^L,  Matthew  and  Paul,  two  lirothers 
of  Antwerp,  known  as  eminent  painters 
They  both  travelled  to  Rome,  where  Mat- 
thew died  in  1584,  aged  34,  and  Paul  in 
iri'if),  aged  72,  They  were  patronised  by 
the  |»ope,  and  painted  together  to  adorn 
the  Vatican  ;  but  alter  the  deatJi  of  his  bro- 
ther, Paul  studied  landscape,  in  which  he 
distinguished  iiinisclf  by  his  judicious  imita- 
tions of  Titian  and  Carrache.  He  painted 
for  poj)e  Clement  that  famous  piece  in  which 
the  saint  of  that  name  is  i-epresented  as  cast 
into  the  sea  with  an  anchor  about  his  neck. 

BiiiN'DLEY,  James,  was  born  at  Tunsted, 
in  AV^ormhill  parish,  Derbyshire,  and  early 
displayed  astonishing  powers  in  mechanical 
inventions,  and  the  planning  of  canals.  Af- 
ter being  engaged  in  the  hunible  oceupation 
of  mill-wright,  in  Cheshire  and  Staftbrdshire, 
he  was  caliecl  to  direct  and  complete  the 
▼ast  plans  which  the  duke  of  Bridgewater 
had  conceived,  in  the  conveying  of  a  canal 
over  the  Mersey  and  the  IJolian,  and  over 
many  wide  and  deep  vallies,  by  means  o:" 
elevated  aqueducts,  and  subterraneous  per- 
forations. Every  obstacle  was  surmounted 
by  the  genius  of  the  architect,  and  the  opu- 
lence of  his  persevering  employer,  ami  new 
triumphs  were  prepared  for  uoldness  of  me- 
chanism and  undaunted  ingenuity  in  the 
completion  of  the  grand  trunk  navigation, 
which,  in  uniting  the  Trent  and  the  Mersey, 
extended  93  miles,  and  which  hud,  at  Hare- 
castle-hill,  a  tunnel  2880  yards  long,  more 
than  70  yards  below  the  surface  of  the 
earth.  As  Brindley's  education  had  been 
neglected,  his  calculations  were  seldom 
communicated  to  pai)er.  When  immersed 
in  deep  meditation,  he  would  often  remain 
two  or  three  days  in  bed,  and  when  he  had 
unravelled  the  difficulties  of  his  plan,  he 
■would  rise,  a/id  hasten  to  execute,  without 
any  model  or  sketch  but  the  strong  sugges- 
tion of  his  own  head.  He  was  simple  in  his 
manners;  but  though  sensible  of  his  great 
abilities,  he  never  betrayed  insolent  supe- 
riority. To  Ins  friends  and  companions  he 
was  communicative  and  not  reserved  ;  and 
he  wisely  showed,  that  the  best  purposes  of 
creation  are  answered  by  giving  encourage- 
ment and  developing  the  native  instincts  and 
properties  of  the  mind.  He  died  at  Turn- 
liurst,  in  Staffordshire,  27l-li  September, 
VQL.  I.  :3] 


1772,  aged  5fi.  ITis  end  was  probably  ha«r 
tened  b\  the  intenseness  of  his  application, 
which  produced  a  hectic  fever,  which  for  a 
long  time  gradually  wasted  his  jtowtrs  of 
life.  His  other  more  i-emaikable  works 
were,  the  canal  which  joined  the  navigation 
of  Bristol  with  that  ol  I..iveri)OoI,  by  the 
union  of  the  grand  trunk  near  Haywood  in 
Staffordshire  to  the  Severn  near  Bewdlcy — 
his  [dan  to  clear  the  Liverpool  docks  from 
mud,  and  to  check  the  intrusions  of  the  sea, 
by  walls  built  without  mortar — an  engine  to 
raise  water,  kc.  His  attachnuHt  to  inland 
navigation  was  such,  that  when  asked  the 
use  of  rivers,  in  the  house  of  commons,  he 
bluntly  re]diod,  to  fee«I  navigable  canals. 

Bkinvilmeiis,  Maria  Margaret  d'Au- 
brai,  marchioness  of,  a  French  lady,  known 
for  her  intrigues  and  her  crimes.  She  was, 
when  very  young,  married,  in  1G51,  to  th» 
marquis  of  Brinvilliers,  and  for  some  time, 
maintained  a  character  of  prudence  and 
chastity.  The  introduction  of  a  young  of- 
ficer of  Gascony,  called  de  St.  Croix,  into 
Iier  house,  by  her  husband,  however,  proved 
the  beginning  of  her  misfortunes  and  her 
crimes.  She  loved  this  stranger  with  such 
aidor  that  she  sacrificed  her  honor  to  her 
guilty  passion  ;  hut  her  father,  who  was  sen- 
sible of  her  debauched  conduct,  confined 
her  lover  in  the  prison  of  the  Bastille,  whilst 
his  daughter,  as  if  penitent  for  her  inconti- 
nence, devoted  herself  to  religious  duties, 
and  assumed  the  appearance  of  sanctity. 
After  a  yeai-'s  confinement,  de  St.  Croix, 
who  had  in  the  prison  learned  the  art  of 
mixing  poison,  from  an  Italian  of  the  name 
of  Exili,  was  permitted  to  visit  his  guilty  fa- 
vorite. He  communioated  the  fatal  secret 
of  poison,  and  she  with  alacrity  received  it, 
and  unsuspected,  by  slow  degrees,  cut  off 
her  father,  her  two  brothers,  and  her  sister, 
in  1670 ;  and  if  she  spared  her  husband,  it 
was  because  he  looked  with  indifference  and 
without  jealousy  on  her  lewdness.  An  ac- 
cident brought  her  crimes  to  light.  St. 
Croix,  in  working  some  subtile  poison,  was 
suddenly  overpowered  by  its  effluvia,  and 
dropped  down  dead.  As  no  relation  ap- 
peared to  claim  his  pro])crty,  it  was  sealed  ;_ 
but  the  marchioness  insisted  with  such  im- 
portunity upon  obtaining  possession  of  a  par- 
ticuKir  box,  that  its  contents  were  examined 
upon  suspicion,  and  it  was  discovered  to 
contain  papers  with  directions,  full  of  slow- 
poison.  The  guilty  marchioness  escaped, 
liowevei',  her  pursuers,  and  fled  to  England, 
and  thence  to  Holland ;  but  she  w  as  seized 
at  Liege,  and  brought  to  Pans,  where  her 
crimes  were  laid  open,  and  she  was  con- 
demned to  have  her  head  cut  off,  and  then 
to  be  burnt.  She  underwent  the  dreadful 
sentence  of  the  law,  iGth  July,  1G7(),  with 
great  firmness,  and  with  the  appearance  of 
contrition  for  the  murder  of  her  relations, 
and  the  licentious  conduct  of  her  life. 

Briq_ue.maut  andCAVAGN^ES,  two  pro- 
testants,  cruelly  put  to  death,  with  tJieir 
children,  soon  after  the  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew,  in  France,  Srth  October,  1572. 


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The  cause  of  their  death  was  a  suspicion 
that  they  were  cnnccnied  in  the  conspiraey 
citColigii}  ;  but  tliey  fell  iiinocjnt;  and  their 
last  moments  displayed  resignation,  firmness, 
and  devotion. 

Brisso.vius,  Barnaby,  a  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence, Ijorn  at  Fontenay,  in  Poictoii.  He 
rendered  himself  serviceaMc  to  Henry  IH. 
of  France,  v.  hose  ambassador  he  was  in 
England,  and  he  was  elevated  to  the  (iignity 
of  ])resi;lent  of  parliament  by  tlie  gratitude 
of  his  sovereign.  During  the  siege  of  Paris 
by  Henry  IV.  he  «  as  dragged  to  prison  by 
the  friends  of  the  league,  and  cruelly  stran- 
gled, I5th  November,  151)1.  He  had  writ- 
ten some  valuable  law  treatises. 

Brissot,  Peter,  a  native  of  Fontenay  le 
Comte,  in  Poictou,  eminent  as  a  physician. 
He  warmly  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Ga- 
len and  Hippocrates,  against  the  prevailing 
fashion  of  the  times;  and  that  he  might  ap- 
pear with  greater  celebrity  in  the  school  and 
practise  of  medicine,  he  travelled,  to  im- 
prove his  understanding,  and  enlarge  his 
knowledge.  In  Portugal,  hy  insisting  upon 
the  necessity  of  hleeding  in  the  pleurisy,  he 
incurred  the  hatred  and  jealousy  of  his  me- 
dical opponents,  and  especially  of  Dcnys  the 
king's  physician,  whose  attacks  he  repelled 
by  a  well  written  apology.  He  did  not  live 
to  see  the  dispuie  settled  which  he  had  rai- 
sed in  Portugal,  and  which,  in  those  days  of 
superstition  and  error,  enlisted  even  the 
most  awful  truths  of  rehgion  in  its  defence  or 
opposition.     He  died  1.5'2'2,  aged  44. 

Brissot,  John  Pierre,  a  Frenchman, 
son  of  an  innkeeper  at  Chartres,  of  great  na- 
tural powers,  but  of  a  restless  and  ambitious 
soul.  Dissatisfied  with  the  political  servitude 
of  his  country,  he  for  some  time  ejigaged  in 
the  publication  of  the  courier  de  I'Europe, 
"ivhicli  might  disseminate  his  principles  under 
pretence  of  foreign  or  domestic  intelligence; 
and  when  this  failed,  he  turned  his  thoughts 
towards  criminal  jurisprudence.  His  theory 
of  criminal  laws  appeared,  in  tv/o  vols.  8vo. 
1780,  with  great  popularity,  and  was  soon 
followed  hy  two  discourses  which  gained  the 
public  prize  at  Chalons  sur  ?«iarne.  In  tlie 
prosecution  of  his  studies,  and  after  the  pub- 
lication of  his  philosophical  libi-ary,  he,  after 
going  to  Geneva  and  N'cufchatel,  visited 
England,  whose  language,  laws,  and  man- 
ners, he  regarded  with  affectionate  reve- 
I'ence,  as  diifusive  of  that  liberty  which  he  in 
vain  wished  to  discover  at  home.  On  his 
return  to  Paris,  1784,  he  v.as  committed  for 
a  few  weeks  to  the  Bastille;  and  this  proba- 
bly tended  to  inflame  his  rancor  against  the 
abuses  and  intrigues  of  monarchy.  He  was 
however  liberated  by  the  influence  of  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  to  whose  children  his  wife, 
of  the  name  of  Dupont,  had  been  governess, 
Under  the  direction  and  auspices  of  marlam 
Genlis.  Kager  to  promote  happiness  in  every 
part  of  the  earth,  he  instituted,  at  Paris,  a 
society  for  the  abolition  of  negro  slavery ; 
and  more  effectually  to  carry  his  plans  into 
c-xccution,  he  passed  over  to  America,  to 
examine  the  manners  and  the  constitution  of 


that  newly  emancipated  republic.  His  abode- 
beyond  the  Atlantic  was  of  short  duration. 
His  schemes  to  establish  a  colony  of  French- 
men, under  republican  laws,  totally  tailed  ; 
but  the  revolution  at  Paris  was  an  epocb  too 
fruitful  in  portentous  events,  and  too  attrac- 
tive for  his  ambitious  views,  to  detain  him  in 
America,  and  he  soon  appeared  in  the  capi- 
tal, where  he  display  ed  all  the  ability  of  a  states- 
man, a  demagogue,  and  a  factious  partisan. 
For  a  while  he  acquired  popularity,  support- 
ed by  the  gold,  the  arts,  and  the  intrigues  of 
the  infamous  Orleans,  and  as  the  lea(ier  of  a 
party  called  Brissotins  or  Girondists,  because 
composed  of  the  members  of  the  Gironde  ; 
and  though  violent,  he  is  to  be  commended 
for  the  mi'dness  which  he  displayed  toward.s 
the  unfortunate  Lewis,  whose  fate  he  wished 
to  be  suspended  till  the  final  consolidation  of 
the  I'epublic.  The  versatility  of  his  talents 
could  not,  however,  ensure  his  safety.  In 
the  midst  of  political  intrigue,  and  sangui- 
nary faction,  he  was  denounced  as  the  agent 
of  England  by  Robespierre  and  his  adherents, 
and  after  a  mock  trial,  guillotined,  the  30th 
November,  1793,  with  his  friends  and  asso- 
ciates. He  was  in  his  3'Jth  year.  Besides 
the  works  enumerated,  he  wrote,  thoughts 
on  the  means  of  attaining  truth — letters  on 
the  history  of  England — an  examination  of 
the  travels  of  Chattel!eux  in  America,  with 
an  account  of  the  country,  3  vols.  8vo. 

Britannicits,  son  of  Claudius  and  Mes- 
salina.  was  poisoned  by  the  artifice  of  Agrip- 
pina,  the  second  wife  of  Claudius,  who  wished 
to  raise  her  son  Nero  to  the  throne,  A.D.  55. 

Britannicus,  John,  an  Italian  critic, 
descended  from  British  parents.  He  was 
born  at  Palazzola,  near  Brescia.  His  notes 
on  Terence,  Juvenal,  Persius,  Ovid,  Statins, 
he.  were  greatly  esteemed.  He  died  at 
Brescia,  where  he  taught  grammar,  1510. 

Brito,  Bernardo  de,  a  monkof  Almeyda, 
in  Portugal,  author  of  a  large  historical  ac- 
count of  his  country,  in  7  vols,  folio,  1G12, 
besides  some  antiquarian  works.  He  died  in 
1617,  at  the  age  of  48. 

Britton,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Higham 
Ferrers,  in  Northamptonshire,  engaged  in 
London  as  a  small  coalman,  an  employment 
to  v.hich  he  afterwards  added  the  pursuits  of 
chemistry,  and  the  practice  olmusic.  Tiiongh 
eccentric  in  his  conduct,  yet  the  respectability 
of  his  private  character  recommended  him 
friends,  and  though  in  an  humble  station,  his 
musieal  meetings  wei'e  attended  frequently 
by  many  of  the  great  and  the  opulent  of  the 
town.  After  he  had  long  amused  and  enter- 
tained the  public,  a  ventriloquist  was  intro- 
duced at  one  of  his  concerts,  who  in  an  unu- 
sual manner  ])roc!aimed  the  sudden  and  ap- 
proaching death  of  the  musical  coalman. 
Britton  was  so  astonished  and  alarmed  by 
this  apparently  invisible  agent,  that  he  fell 
ill,  and  expired  a  few  days  after,  in  Septem- 
ber 1714.  His  curious  collection  of  manu- 
scripts, musical  instruments,  hue.  was,  after 
his  death,  sold  by  his  widow,  by  public  auc- 
tion, and  ])i-ocured  to  her  a  small  mttance 
for  the  remainder  of  her  life. 


CR 


nn 


JJRI7.ARD,  orBuiTAuD,  John  Haplisto, 
:i  i*'reuflj  artor,  cniiin.iit  in  coiiumI\.  IK- 
was  bora  ul  Orleans,  ami  died  al  I'aris,  JOlli 
January,  1790,  ajjed  fi'J,  uni\crsall,y  rcspec- 
ttd  tic  crowned  NoUairc  willi  tlie  poeti- 
cal laurel  on  tlic  I'rcncii  liieatre. 

Bitizio,  Francihco,  a  laiidsf.ai»e  painter  of 
eminence,  of  Bologna.     He  dietl  lG2j,  aj^ed 

Brocardl'S,  James,  a  wild  visionary  of 
Venice,  who  embraced  protcstanlism,  and, 
ill  Ids  retirenient  in  iiolland,  violently  at- 
tacked popery,  liis  y.eal  as  a  polemical  wri- 
ter probably  obscured  and  overturned  the 
powers  of  his  mind,  as,  from  a  warm  suppor- 
ter of  reli}j;ion,  he  entiiusiastically  pretended 
to  dive  into  future  events,  and  expl.tin  pro- 
phecies. His  woj'ks,  which  were  printed  at 
Le\den,  were  publicly  disavowed  by  the  se- 
nate of  MiddJeburg,  in  1581.  The  private 
chai'acter  of  lirocard  was  represented  as 
amiable,  and  liis  manners  inoffensive. 

JJrocki.esb  V,  Itichard,  a  native  of  Mine- 
Jiead,  Somersetshire,  en*inent  as  a  physician, 
and  known  as  the  friend  of  Wilkes,  of  John- 
sou,  and  of  Burke.  He  studied  at  Edinburgh 
and  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in 
1745  ;  and  acquired  both  opulence  and  fame 
in  his  professional  engagements  in  London  ; 
and  nobly  presented  Burke  with  lOUO/.  tliat 
he  might  thus  oblige  his  friend  in  bis  lifetime, 
rather  than  leave  him  that  as  a  legacy  at  his 
death.  He  was  admitted  at  Cambridge  ad 
eundem  1754,  and  thus  obtained  a  fellowship 
in  the  college  of  physicians,  and  afterwards 
served  in  Germany,  1758,  as  physician  to  the 
army.  He  died  in  December,  1797,  aged 
75,  and  left,  among  other  tinngs,  besides  an 
essay  on  the  mortality  of  horned  cattle,  Svo. 
1746,  cEconomical  observations  for  the  ini- 
])rovement  of  hospitals,  in  Svo.  from  1738  to 
1703,  and  various  papers  inserted  in  the 
philosophical  transactions. 

BuoDEAU,  John,  was  born  at  Tours,  in 
1500,  and  rose  to  such  eminence  as  a  scholar 
and  critic,  that  Scaligei',  Grotius,and  others, 
have  bestowed  on  his  merits  the  most  un- 
bounded encomiums.  He  studied  law  under 
Alciat,  and  afterv.  ards  applied  himself  to 
philosophy^  and  belles  Icttres,  of  which  he 
became  the  support  and  the  ornament.  Af- 
ter iraveUing  in  Italy,  he  returned  to  France, 
where  he  lived  in  literary  retirement,  and 
honorable  independence.  Pie  died  1503,  un- 
married. His  annotations  on  several  of  the 
classics  were  published  after  his  death. 

Brodeau,  Julian,  a  native  ofTours,  who 
•wrote  a  life  of  Chai-les  du  Moulin,  and  died 
1543, 

B  R  O  E  c i;  H  U  Y  £  E ,  or  B  R. O  U  K  H  U  S  I  L  s, .!  oh n . 
lit!.  B  It  o  i  K  n  u  s  I V  s. 

BuoEK,  Klias  Vandeen,  a  native  of  Ant- 
W'irp,  distinguished  for  the  masterly  numner 
in  V.  hich  he  iutroiiuced  reptiles  and  insects 
in  his  pictures  of  flowers  and  landscapes.  He 
died  1711,  aged  54. 

Brogl lo,  \'ictor  Maurice  count  de, 
marshal  of  France,  was  born  of  an  illustrious 
family  at  Quercy,  and  liistinguished  liimself 
in  tiie  service  of  l^ewis  Z'ilV.     He  died  17:27. 


I  aged  SO.  His  son,  Francis  Marie,  was  also 
marshal  of  I** ranee,  and  deserved  the  highest 
honors  by  his  warlike  conduct  in  it:.!},  anil 
in  the  campaigns  of  1733  and  1734.  lie  died 
1745.  His  son,  also  a  marshal,  was  tluf  « oii- 
queror  of  Bcriigen,  and  greatly  distinguisheil 
duriiig  the  seven  years'  war.  He  quilted 
France  in  1791,  and  retired  ti>  Russia,  where 
he  was  receive<i  with  lionorable  distinction, 
and  raised  to  the  same  rank  which  iic  huM 
in  the  emperor's  service  His  son,  C'laudius 
\'ictor,  piiiice  of  Hroglio,  eKjjoused  tije  parly 
of  the  republicans  at  the  beginning  of  the  re- 
volution, and  was  flattered  by  the  denta- 
gogues  with  the  title  of  marshal.  His  refu- 
sal to  receive  as  law,  while  commander  of 
tiie  army  of  the  Rhine,  the  decree  which 
suspended  the  king's  atithority,  proved  fatal 
to  him.  He  was  called  to  Faris,  and  con- 
demned to  dejith  by  the  revolutionary  tribu- 
nal. He  was  guillotined  2?th  June,  1794, 
aged  37. 

Brogni,  Jolin  dc,  a  swine-hcnl,  born  at 
Brogni,  in  Savoy.  From  his  obscurity  Ikj 
rose  by  application  to  pi-eferment,  under  the 
care  of  two  ecclesiastics,  w  ho  had  acciden- 
tally noticed  his  healthy  appearance.  He 
vtas  patronised  by  Philip  duke  of  Burgundy, 
and  by  pope  Clement  VII.  who  raised  him  to 
tiie  see  of  Yiviers,  and  lo  the  dignity  of  car- 
dinal. He  died  at  Rome  2oth  February, 
14>36,  distinguished  for  his  learning,  his  vir- 
tues, and  his  piety. 

Brokesbv,  Francis,  a  native  of  Stokes, 
in  Leicestershire,  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, (Cambridge,  and  promoted  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Rowley  in  Yorkshire.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Dodwell,  and  also  of  Nelson,  whom 
he  assisted  in  the  compilation  of  his  feasts 
aiid  fasts,  and  in  the  ho.spitable  re-itlence  of 
Mr.  Cherry,  at  Shotesbrook  ;  he  wrote  seve- 
ral treatises  on  moral  and  religious  subjects, 
such  as  history  of  the  government  of  the  pri- 
mitive church,  Svo.  1714 — life  of  Henry 
Doducli.     He  died  about  1718. 

Brome,  Adam  de,  a  favorite  of  Kdward 
n.  recorded  in  history,  as  the  founder  f)f 
Oriel  college,  Oxford.  He  died  in  133!^,  and 
was  buried  at  St.  Mary's,  in  Oxford  ;  but  the 
monument  over  his  remains  has  disappeared 
by  the  ravages  of  time. 

Brome,  Alexaiider  de,  an  attorney  of 
Loudon,  in  the  civil  wars,  better  known  for 
his  sonnets  and  little  poetical  pieces,  in  which 
!ie  attacked  the  ror.nd  heads  with  all  the 
keenness  of  ridicule  and  satire.  He  publish- 
ed also  a  version  of  Horace,  and  the  cunning 
lovers,  a  corned}'.     He  died  1000,  aged  40. 

Brome,  Richard,  a  menial  servant  in  the 
family  of  Ben  Jouson,  who  rose  by  the  native 
powers  of  bis  genius  t(»  great  literary  emi- 
nence, as  the  author  of  some  comedies,  15  r,£ 
which  still  exist.  His  Joviul  crow  was  lately 
revived  at  CoVi^iit-garden,  anil  mot  with 
great  success.     He  died  1G52. 

Brompton',  Jolin,  a  monk  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  111.  abbot  of  .lerevall,  near  H'wli- 
mond,  in  Yorkshire.  The  Chroniciuj,  w  hicit 
passes  under  his  name,  and  begins  at  tiie 
year  J8S  and  ends  ll^b',  is  probably  the  work 


BR 


BR 


of  some  unknown  author,  and  was  procured 
fbr  the  raonastery  of  Brompton,  who  gave  it 
liis  own  name. 

Bronchorst,  John  Van,  a  painter  of 
Fhinders,  in  the  17th  century,  three  of 
■whose  liistorical  pieces  on  oil,  and  three  on 
glass,  adorn  the  new  church  at   Amsterdam. 

Bronchorst,  John,  a  painter,  born  at 
Leyden,  wlio  excelled  in  the  representation 
of  animals  and  birds  in  water  colors.  He 
died  17-23,  aged  75. 

Bronchorst,  Peter,  a  native  of  Delft, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  judgment  of  So- 
lomon, and  his  Christ  driving  the  money 
changers  out  of  the  temple,  are  still  pre- 
served with  great  sanctity  in  his  native  town. 
He  died  16G1,  aged  7.^. 

Brong>'iart,  Augustus  Lewis,  an  emi- 
nent chemist,  who  died  at  Paris  ISOi-.  His 
papers  in  th«  public  journals,  and  his  ana- 
lytical table  of  the  combinations  and  decom- 
positions of  (lifi'erent  substances,  published 
8vo.  1778,  possessed  merit. 

Bronxino,  Agnolo,  a  painter  at  Flo- 
rence, who  died  there  1580,  aged  69.  A 
nativity  is  considered  his  chef  d'ccuvre. 

Brook,  Ralph,  York  herald,  is  known  for 
the  errors  which  he  discovered  in  Camden's 
popular  work,  Britannia,  and  which  he  pub- 
lished, with  severe  remarks,  when  treated 
with  harshness  and  contempt  by  the  anti- 
quarj'.  He  died  1 5th  October,  1625,  aged 
73  ;  and  in  1723  his  second  part  of  discovery 
of  errors  was  published,  with  a  head  of  the 
author. 

Brooke,  Sir  Robert,  a  judge  of  emi- 
nence in  the  reign  of  Mary,  born  atClaverly, 
in  Shropshire,  and  educated  at  Oxford  and 
the  Middle  Temple.  His  integrity  at  the 
bar  and  on  the  bench  have  been  deservedly 
celebrated.  He  died  chief  justice  of  the 
common  pleas,  155S,  and  was  buried  in 
Claverly  church,  where  a  monument  pre- 
serves his  memory.  He  is  author  of  an 
abridgment  containing  an  abstract  of  the 
year  books  till  the  time  of  Mary,  fol. — cer- 
tain cases  adjudged,  from  6  Henry  VHI.  to 
4  of  queen  ^Iary — reading  on  the  statutes  of 
limitations,  32  Hetny  VIII.  in  8vo.  A  per- 
son of  the  same  name  was  recorder  of  Lon- 
don, and  wrote,  readings  on  the  statute  of 
magna  charta,  c.  6,  London  1641. 

Brooke,  Frances,  a  woman  known  for 
her  light  pieces  of  poetry — translations — 
sonnets — Virginia,  a  tragedy,  1756 — and  a 
periodical  paper,  called  the  old  maid,  in  1 
vol.  12mo.  1755  and  1756.  Besides  these, 
she  wrote  the  history  of  Julia  Mandeville, 
a  novel,  1763 — memoirs  of  marquis  of  For- 
laix,  4  vols. — the  history  of  Emily  Monta- 
gue— letters  from  lady  Juliet  Catesby  to  lady 
Henrietta  Campley,  12mo. — the  excursion 
— elements  of  the  history  of  England,  from. 
Milton,  4  vols.  12mo. — the  siege  of  Sinope, 
H  tragedy,  acted  at  Coverit  Ciarden,  1781  — 
and  that  pleasing  and  very  popular  per- 
formance, Rosina — and  last  of  all,  but  not 
equally  respectable,  Maiian.  Her  maiden 
name  was  ^lonre,  and  she  married  the  re- 
verend John   Brooke,  rector  of  Colney,  in 


Norfolk,  and  chaplain  of  Quebec  garrison. 
She  died  January  26,  1789,  at  Sleaford, 
surviving  her  husband  only  five  days.  To 
the  character  of  learning,  genius,  and  taste, 
it  is  necessary  to  add,  that  she  was  amiable 
in  her  manners,  gentle  in  her  deportment, 
and  a  strong  supporter  of  all  moral  and  reli- 
gious duties. 

Brooke,  Henry,  a  writer  of  eminence, 
born  at  llantaven  in  Ireland,  and  educated 
in  the  school  of  Dr.  Sheridan,  and  in  Dub- 
lin college.  At  the  age  of  17  lie  entered  at 
the  Temple,  and  from  the  vivacity  of  his 
genius,  the  ex  ellence  of  his  heart,  and  the 
literary  powers  of  his  mind,  he  soon  be- 
came the  friend  and  favorite  of  Pope,  of 
Swift,  and  other  great  characters.  On  his 
speedy  return  to  Ireland,  he  was  called  to 
attend  the  dying  moments  of  a  favorite 
aunt,  who  with  her  last  blessings  recom- 
mended to  his  protection  and  kindness  her 
farorite  daughter.  This  young  lady,  pos- 
sessed of  gTeat  beauty  and  every  pleasing 
accomplishment,  soon  gained  the  heart  of 
her  youthful  guardian  ;  the  attachment  be- 
came mutual,  a  public  union  at  last  pro- 
claimed their  secret  marriage,  and  Mrs. 
Brooke,  before  she  had  completed  her  14th 
year,  became  a  mother.  For  a  while  the 
thoughts  of  future  prospects  were  lost  in 
domestic  enjoyments,  but  an  increasing  fa- 
mily called  aloud  for  immediate  exertions, 
and  Brooke,  unsuccessful  as  a  chamber 
counsel,  found  his  genius  the  best  support 
of  his  fame.  By  the  friendship  of  lords  Lyt- 
telton  and  Chatham  he  was  introdsiced  to 
the  prince  of  Wales,  and  promised  himself 
the  fairest  harvest  of  literary  labors  and 
poetical  exertions.  His  tragedy  of  Custavus 
Vasa  was  prepared,  but  unfortunatelj  the 
politics  of  the  time,  and  the  influence  of  go- 
vernment, forbade  its  introduction  on  the 
public  stage,  as  it  seemed  to  breathe  senti- 
ments too  warm  and  elevated  in  favor  of  li- 
berty. This  disappointment  however  was 
succeeded  by  a  rapid  sale  of  the  play,  and 
the  public,  by  a  most  uncommon  liberality 
of  subscriptions,  repaid  in  a  tenfold  degree 
the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  the  au- 
thor. Brooke  thus  patronised  by  the  prince, 
and  flattered  by  the  people,  purchased  a 
house  at  Twickenham  near  his  friend  Pope, 
but  a  dangerous  illness  rendered  it  necessary 
for  him,  by  the  advice  of  his  physicians,  to 
revisit  his  native  air.  His  gradual  recoveiy 
promised  his  s])eedy  return,  but  contrary  to 
the  general  expectation,  and  to  the  warm 
and  repeated  invitations  of  his  friends,  he 
determined  to  spend  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
the  retirement  and  obscurity  of  Ireland. 
The  political  ingratitude  of  the  times,  and 
the  violence  of  party  s])irit,  as  well  as  the 
influence  of  a  beloved  wife,  who  was  attached 
to  the  peaceful  scenes  of  privacy,  and  not  to 
the  tempestuous  revolutions  of  dignified 
life,  were  probably  the  causes  of  this  re- 
markable seclusion.  In  his  retirement 
Brooke  courted  the  muses,  and  though  he 
found  Garrick  unwilling  to  support  his  me- 
rit by  a  representation  on  the  London  stage, 


BR 


BR 


vet  he  met  with  some  success  in  DuMjn. 
Hut  titc  generosity  ol'  liis  limil  Mas  too 
^iHHt  loi"  :i  limitc<l  iiicnmo  ;  huwrts  id-ofusu 
ill  iiis  acts  ol  ti'i<'n(lslii|i  :uiii  iumiaiiily,  nint 
he  was  at  hist  ol)ligt'<l  to  sell  iiis  I'avorite  re- 
sidence. Tlie  (k'ciiiiin;^  lie:>lt!i  ot  liis  u  it'e 
loo  tended  to  Iisseti  his  conilorts,  and  the 
deulli  of  that  amiahle  woman,  alter  a  union 
of  near  50  \  ears  of  uninterrupted  doniesti*; 
hannonv,  put  an  end  to  his  enjoyments. 
Fr«)ni  the  sevcrily  of  this  hiow  liis  constilu- 
tion  could  never  recover,  he  sunk  into  a  slate 
of  imbecilily,  and  thoiii;li  naUire  soiriclinies 
recovered,  yet  the  [towers  of  his  mind  iiever 
ret::ained  their  wonted  In-illiancy.  He  how- 
ever bef;iiih:d  his  hours  of  ainiction  and  n\e- 
lancholy  by  the  sweets  of  literature,  and 
>vhile  at  lucid  intervals  lie  wrote  those  un- 
t(pnd  works  wliicli  are  occasionally  tinc- 
tured with  mystitisni,  the  fool  of  quality, 
and  Juliet  (iren\illc,  he  thus  gained  fresli 
O[)portunities  of  displaying  the  excellence  of 
his  moral  character,  and  the  pure  philan- 
thropy of  liis  heart.  He  died  at  Dublin, 
10th  October,  1783,  aged  77.  Besides  the 
works  alreaily  enumerated,  his  best  known 
pieces  are  universal  beauty,  a  poem  in  six 
books — the  earl  of  VV^estnujreland,  a  tra- 
gedy— fables — the  earl  of  Essex,  a  tragedy 
— retlemplion,  a  poem,  &c. 

Broome,  William,  the  poet,  was  born 
of  obscure  parents  in  Cheshire.  After  being 
superannuated  at  Eton,  and  thus  losing  the 
election  for  King's,  he  entered  at  St.  John's, 
Cambridge,  by  the  liberal  subscriptions  of 
his  friends,  where  his  application  and  rising 
talents  recommended  him  to  the  learned. 
He  was  engaged  by  Pope  in  furnishing  the 
notes  from  Eustathius  for  his  Iliad,  and 
when  the  Odyssey  was  undertaken,  Broome 
■was  not  thought  unworthy  by  his  poetical 
friend  of  sharing  his  labors  and  his  success. 
The  '2d,  f.th,  Sth,  11th,  l'2th,  Ifiih,  ISlh,  and 
^3i\,  together  with  all  the  notes,  were  writ- 
ten by  Broome,  who  for  this  laborious  con- 
tribution received  the  small  sum  of  500/.  and 
100  copies.  But  literary  iriendship  is  too 
often  of  short  duration,  and  while  Broome 
considered  his  services  as  ill  repaid.  Pope 
not  only  disregarded  his  discontent,  but 
meanly  exhibited  him  to  puldic  ridicule  in 
the  Dunciad  and  in  the  Bathos.  In  17'28, 
Broome  was  created  L.  L.  D.  but  though  he 
was  courted  by  the  great,  he  did  not  rise  to 
high  preferment  in  the  church,  and  remained 
the  humble  incumbent  of  Eye,  and  of  Oak- 
ley Magna  in  Suffolk.  He  died  at  Bath,  Ifith 
November,  1745,  and  was  buried  in  the  ab- 
bey church.  He  translated  some  of  Ana- 
creon's  odes,  besides  a  small  miscellany  of 
poems. 

BuoscHi,  Carlo,  a  celebrated  singer, 
born  at  Andria  in  the  Neapolitan  states, 
and  better  known  by  the  name  of  Farinello, 
which  he  received  from  the  patronage  of 
three  brothers  called  Farina.  A  fall  trom 
liis  horse  in  his  youth  rendered  castration 
necessary,  and  to  this  accident  he  was  in- 
debted for  the  celebrity  of  his  iame  and  the 
opulcucc  of  his  formne.    After  enrapturing 


the  crowded  audiences  of  tlie  thealrcs  ol' 
Naples,  Ivome,  Venice,  nnd  \'ienna,  Bros- 
ihi  was  inviti'd  by  lord  Essex  to  Lr>iir|on, 
where  for  (hi-et- )  cars  he  displayed  the  fu- 
periority  of  his  powers,  and  was  innnifi- 
cenlly  rewarded.  In  17.>7,  he  left  Lonrlon, 
and  |»assiiig  through  Paris  in  his  way  to  Mad- 
rid, he  drew  the  admirHtion  and  the  ap- 
plauses of  the  French  king  atid  of  his  court. 
In  Spain  be  was  (iLated  with  all  liie  distino- 
lion  which  his  talents  deserved,  so  that  king 
Philip  not  only  lavished  every  honor  upon 
him,  liiit  regarded  him  with  the  confidence 
and  .-lii'ection  of  an  intimate  friend,  lie  held 
the-  same  distinguibhcd  rank  of  honorable 
partiality  with  PliiIi|)'K  successor,  Feiflinand, 
and  till  his  death  and  that  of  his  cjueen  Bar- 
bara in  1759,  he  continued  the  favorite  of 
the  court,  and  deservedly  rcsjiected  by  the 
public  for  the  generosity  of  his  heart,  the 
benevolence  of  bis  conduct,  anfl  the  conde- 
scension and  aHabilily  of  his  manners,  not 
only  to  his  inferiors,  but  even  to  his  personal 
enemies.  On  the  succession  of  Cftftrles  to 
tiie  Spani.sh  throne,  Farinello,  though  ho- 
norably received  by  the  monarch,  hastened 
to  his  native  country,  where,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Bologna,  he  enjoyed  the  rest  of 
his  life  in  dignified  I'ctirement.  Though  oc- 
casionally haunted  by  melancholy,  yet  he 
continued  tranquil  ;  the  powers  of  iiis  voice 
remained  to  the  last,  strong,  clear,  and  me- 
lodious, and  for  three  weeks  before  his 
death,  like  the  dying  swan,  he  daih'  enter- 
tained his  admiring  friends.  He  died  16th 
September,  178'2,  in  his  7Sth  year,  leaving 
his  musical  books  and  lands  to  his  sister. 
His  great  readiness  to  relieve  distress,  and 
to  sweeten  the  cup  of  calamity  whenever  he 
found  it  possible,  i)rc vented  the  accumula- 
tion of  riches,  and  Farinello,  after  sharing 
the  favors  of  monarchs  without  feeling  his 
heart  biassed  by  flattery,  and  after  remain- 
ing unsullied  by  the  vices  and  extravagances 
of  a  theatrical  life,  lived  and  died  esteemed 
as  a  man  of  worth. 

Brossard,  Sebastian  de,  a  canon  of 
Meux,  who  died  17,30,  at  the  age  of  70.  He  ex- 
celled as  a  musician,  and  wrote  several  trea- 
tises on  the  science.  His  dictionary  of  mu- 
sic in  .Svo.  is  highly  valued,  and  proved  of 
great  service  to  Rousseau. 

Brosse,  Guy  de  la,  a  physician,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  virtues  of  plants,  &c. 
He  is  better  known  as  the  promoter  of  the 
royal  foundation  of  a  garden  of  medicinal 
plants  in  iCt'zC)  at  Paris,  of  which  he  was  the 
first  director,  and  which  he  enriched  by  a 
valuable  collection  of  -2000  plants.  Fie  pub- 
lished a  flescrijttion  of  tiic  medical  plants  in 
the  gai'den,  besides  a  book  de  la  nature  des 
plantes,  1028 — dessein  du  janlin  royal,  Svo. 
— S:  avis  defensif,  Ifi.ji — and  other  works. 

BtiossES,  Charles  de,  i>resident  of  the 
parlian^ent  of  Burgundy,  was  born  at  Dijon, 
and  died  at  Pai-is  7tb  Nf.^y,  1777,  aged  68. 
He  wrote  letters  on  the  discovery  of  Hercu- 
laneum,  besides  an  history  of  the  voyages 
towards  the  south  polr,  and  a  translation  of 
Sailust,  enriciied   with  valuable   notes — pa- 


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rallel  between  the  worship  of  the  negroes 
an<l  the  ancient  heatliens — on  the  mechani- 
cal formation  of  languages,  kc. 

Brossexte,  Claude,  an  advocate  of  Ly- 
ons, who  distinguislied  liimself  by  the  publi- 
cation of  an  history  of  his  native  town,  be- 
sides editions  of  Boileau  and  Regnier,  with 
valuable  notes.  He  was  the  correspondent  of 
Voltaire  and  Rousseau.  He  died  at  Lyons 
1746,  aged  75. 

Brossier,  Martha,  a  woman  who  by  the 
great  dexterity  with  which  she  distorted  her 
countenance,  imposed  upon  the  credulous 
multitude,  and  the  superstitious  clergy  in 
France.  Her  arts  were  detected  by  Henry 
IV.  who  was  apprehensive  lest  his  enemies 
of  the  league  should  take  advantage  of  the 
imposture  to  undermine  his  power,  and 
after  a  confinement  of  40  days,  she  was  per- 
mitted to  return  to  her  native  town  of  Ro- 
morantui.  The  avarice  of  the  father  how- 
ever, who  shared  largely  in  the  suras  be- 
stowed on  the  pretended  demoniac,  hui'ried 
lier  away  through  France  to  Rome,  where 
an  ample  theatre  was  expected  for  tlie  dis- 
play of  the  imposition  ;  but  s)ie  was  dis- 
missed with  disgrace  by  the  pope  in  1599, 
and  she  sunk  into  the  obscurity  of  an  hospi- 
tal, where  she  died. 

Brotier,  the  abbe,  a  Jesuit  born  at 
Tanay  in  the  Nivernois,  celebrated  for  his 
great  erudition  and  the  vast  powers  of  his 
miiid.  Well  versed  in  ancient  and  modern 
languages,  he  made  evei'y  branch  of  science 
and  literature  the  object  of  his  studies,  and, 
except  in  mathematics,  to  which  he  gave 
little  attention,  he  excelled  in  ail.  With  in- 
defatigable zeal  he  made  notes  of  every 
thing  which  he  read,  and  in  the  regular  ha- 
bit of  devoting  12  hours  of  each  ds'v  to 
study,  he  collected  treasures  of  valuable  in- 
formation for  criticism  and  for  historical 
■composition.  The  dissolution  of  the  order 
of  Jesuits  made  a  revolution  in  his  plans  and 
pursuits,  but  he  found  an  abode  of  friend- 
ship and  tranquillity  in  the  house  of  Mr.  de 
la  Tour,  a  printer  of  eminence.  In  this  re- 
lii'ement  he  spent  the  last  26  years  of  his 
life,  and  gave  to  the  public  those  editions  of 
Tacitus  in  four  vols.  4to.  and  in  seven,  12mo. 
and  of  Plinj'^,  which  derive  their  merit  not 
only  from  correctness,  but  most  valuable  and 
learned  dissertations  and  annotations.  Be- 
sides these,  Brotier  edited,  in  an  elegant 
manner,  Phajdrus,  and  Kapin  on  gardens, 
and  it  is  to  be  much  lamented  that  he  never 
-completed  the  history  of  France,  for  which 
he  had  in  his  younger  years  pi'ovided  ample 
materials.  His  other  works  were,  an  exami- 
nation of  the  apolcgy  of  Pradcs — a  treatise 
■on  the  money  of  the  Hebrews,  Greeks,  and 
Romans,  compared  with  those  of  France — 
memoii's  of  the  Levant — the  life  of  the 
abbe  de  Cailie,  &c.  This  worthy  man, 
equally  amiable  as  a  private  or  a  literary 
character,  died  at  Paris,  12th  Feliniary, 
178U,  nged  67.  His  nephew,  Andrew 
Charles,  was  eminent  as  a  botanist,  and 
«oudu(;led  for  some  time  tiie  journal  calli'd 
I'auuee  ijteraire.     During  the  revolution  he 


was  accused  of  attempts  against  the  powei* 
of  the  directory,  and  was  bauislied  to  Guy- 
ana, where  he  died  in  1798. 

Broue,  Peter  de  la,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
bishop  of  Mirepoix,  who  died  1720,  aged  77. 
He  wrote  some  pastoral  letters,  and  was  the 
friend  of  the  great  Bossuet. 

Broughton,  Hugh,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Oidbury,  Shropshire,  and  by  the 
friendship  of  Bernard  Gilpin,  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  wrote  against  the  Roman 
catholics,  and  severely  attacked  Theodore 
Beza,  and  the  whole  body  of  dissenters.  His 
application  was  intense,  so  that  he  always  de- 
voted to  study  12  hours  often  16  every  day. 
His  works,  which  were  numerous  and  on 
theological  sulyects,  are  not  held  in  high 
esteem.  Among  them  were  consent  of  scrip- 
tures, or  a  system  of  scripture  chronology 
and  genealogy,  which  was  attacked  by  Dr. 
John  Reynolds,  1588 — a  discourse  on  Christ's 
descent  into  hell,  answered  by  the  prelates 
Whitgift  and  Wilson.  Broughton  was  well 
skilled  in  Hebrew,  and  as  being  an  eloquent 
preacher,  he  settled  as  minister  of  the  Eng- 
lish congregation  at  Middleburg,  and  return- 
ed to  England  in  1011,  and  died  the  next 
year. 

Broughton,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine, 
born  in  London,  5th  July,  1704,  and  educa- 
ted at  Eton,  where  he  was  superannuated, 
and  at  Gonville  college,  Cambridge.  The 
patronage  of  the  duke  of  Bedford,  to  whom 
he  w  as  chaplain,  and  that  of  bishop  Sherlock, 
v/ho  gave  him  Bedminster  vicarage,  near 
Bristol,  raised  him  to  comfortable  indepen- 
dence, and  aftbrded  him  the  means  of  devo- 
ting himself  to  his  favorite  studies.  His  pub- 
lications were  numerous  and  valuable,  the 
best  known  of  which  were,  Christianity 
distinct  from  the  religion  of  nature — part 
of  Bayle's  dictionary  corrected — Dryden's 
poems — answer  to  Tindail's  Christianity  as 
old  as  the  creation — Demosthenes'  Olyn- 
thiacs  and  Philippics — Hercules,  a  musical 
drama — various  articles  in  the  biographia 
Britannica — an  historical  dictionary  of  all 
religions,  2  vols.  fol.  &fc.  He  died  on  his 
living,  21st  December,  1774,  leaving  six  chil- 
dren. Four  years  afterwards,  some  of  his 
sermons  were  published  by  his  son  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Broughton,  vicar  of  Tiverton,  near 
Bath. 

Broukhusius,  John,  or  Broekhui- 
ZEN,  a  learned  Dutchman,  born  20th  No- 
vember, 1639,  died  15th  December,  1707. 
The  premature  death  of  his  father  prevent- 
ed the  completion  of  his  studies,  and  he  was 
bound  to  an  apothecary,  whom  he  left  for 
military-  pursuits.  He  went  to  America  with 
his  regiment  under  de  Ruyter,  and  on  his  re- 
turn, by  being  engaged  in  an  unfortunate 
duel,  his  life  was  forfeited  to  the  laws,  but 
preserved  by  the  interference  of  his  learned 
friend  C^rcevius.  He  published  a  valuable 
edition  of  Tibullus,  and  Propertius,  and  also 
of  Aonius  Palearius,  and  Sannazarius,  besides 
some  elegant  poems  in  Latin  and  in  Dutch, 
4to.  1711,  and  a  Latin  translation  of  Rapin's 
parallel  of  Homer  and  Virgil. 


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l^ROUNCKEU,  William  Viscount,  a  na- 
tive of  Castle  Lyons,  in  Ireland,  cclcbi-ated 
•for  his  attacliment  lo  the  royal  cause  during 
the  civil  wars,  as  well  as  for  his  great  profi- 
ciency in  mathematical  knowledge.  Me  was 
engaged  in  a  learned  correspondence  with 
Dr.  Wallis  of  Oxford,  and  was  the  first  pre- 
sident of  the  royal  society,  an  oflicc  whicii 
he  adorned  by  his  polite  manners  and  exten- 
sive erudition,  lie  was  also  master  of  St. 
Catherine,  near  the  Tower,  after  a  severe 
contest  with  judge  Atkins.  He  died  5th 
Api'il,  1684,  aged  04,  and  was  buried  at  St. 
Ciithcrine's.  Some  of  his  essa3's  arc  pre- 
served in  the  philosophical  transactions,  be- 
sides des  Cartes'  compendium  of  music, 
translated  and  publislied  anonymously — let- 
ters to  archbishop  Usher,  published  by  Dr. 
Parr,  in  the  life  of  the  primate. 

Brousson,  Claude,  a  native  of  Nismes, 
known  as  an  eloquent  advocate,  and  as  a 
•warm  supporter  of  the  protestants  in  France. 
He  encouraged  in  his  own  house  a  private 
meeting  of  the  leadnig  members  of  his  sect, 
after  their  churches  had  been  demolished  by 
the  persecution  of  the  times;  but  though  an 
amnesty  was  oftered  to  him  and  his  fol- 
lowers  by  Lewis  XIV.  he  tied  to  Ceneva, 
Lausanne,  and  other  countries,  imploring 
the  assistance  and  compassion  of  strangers 
upon  his  suft'ering  brethren.  He  was  at  last 
seized  and  cruelly  broken  on  the  wheel  at 
Montpellier  1098,  in  his  51st  year,  on  pre- 
tence of  corresponding  with  the  king's  ene- 
mies. The  states  of  Holland  nobly  allowed 
his  widow  a  pension  of  OOO  florins,  besides 
the  400  granted  to  himseif.  Brousson  was 
author  of  some  tracts  in  French  in  favor  of 
the  protestants,  besides  remarks  on  amulets 
— a  translation  of  the  new  testament,  8cc. 

Bro  uwer,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Haerlem  1608.  His  chief  merit  was  ex- 
pressing with  great  success  the  companions 
of  his  dissipated  hours  in  the  midst  of  merri- 
ment and  in  the  noise  of  a  tavern,  and  for 
this  he  was  well  calculated  from  the  incem- 
peraoee  of  his  habits.  Though  poor  he  never 
used  his  pencil  but  when  previous!}'  called 
upon  by  want,  or  the  dread  of  a  gaol.  He 
hastened  his  death  by  his  constant  intoxica- 
tion, to  which  he  fell  a  victim  in  his  30th 
year,  lO.iS.  Rubens,  who  admired  his  ge- 
nius, paid  great  respect  to  his  remains, 
■which  had  been  obscurely  deposited  in  the 
ground  by  public  subscription. 

Biio-WN,  Robert,  a  man  of  turbulent  cha- 
racter and  wavering  disposition,  was  the 
founder  of  the  sect  of  the  Brownists.  He 
■was  educated  at  Cambridge,  but  either  from 
love  of  novelty,  or  from  fondness  for  cele- 
brity, he  sej)arated  himself  from  the  church, 
and  when  cited  by  the  bishop  of  Norwich,  to 
answer  for  the  eccenti-icity  and  depraved 
tendency  of  his  opinions,  he  offered  insolence 
instead  of  submission.  The  favor  of  Bur- 
leigh, to  whom  he  was  related,  saved  him 
fro.u  ecclesiastical  censures ;  but  when  he 
despised  the  reproof  and  the  counsel  of  arch- 
bishop Whitgift,  to  whom  his  noble  friend 
Ua4  recommended  him,  he  was  permitted  to 


withdraw  as  a  refractory  recusant  to  Hoi- 
land,  where  for  some  lime  he  esta')lished  a 
church  of  his  own  persuasion.  He  after- 
wards returned  to  England,  and  though  he 
continued  t()  abuse  the  church,  yet  we  find 
him  promoted  to  a  rectory  in  Xorthampion- 
shire,  no  douljt  by  the  influence  of  Burleigh  ; 
but  though  he  received  the  emolument  he 
(ie voted  the  care  of  the  parish  to  a  curate. 
In  hir.  80th  year  he  was  sent  to  Northamp- 
ton go:d,  for  ill  treatment  to  a  magistrate, 
and  there  he  soon  after  died  1C30,  boasting 
that  he  had  been  confined  in  no  less  than  3'i 
])risons.  Some  of  his  tracts,  all  on  theologi- 
cal subjects,  were  published  at  Middlcburg. 

Brown,  Thomas,  of  facetious  memory, 
was  educated  at  Newport  school,  Shropshire, 
and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  whore  his 
many  irregularities  soon  rendered  his  resi- 
dence improper.  From  Oxford  he  went  to 
London,  and  then  became,  through  interest, 
master  of  the  school  of  Kingston  on  Thames, 
an  office  to  v/hich  he  was  inadequate,  both 
from  habit  and  from  a  certain  levity  of  cha- 
racter. His  speedy  return  to  London  was 
greeted  by  his  old  companions  with  raptures, 
and  now  independent  in  principle  and  unfa- 
vored by  fortune,  he  had  recourse  to  scrib- 
bling for  bi'ead.  Various  pieces  issued  from 
the  press  under  the  form  of  poems,  letters, 
and  dialogues ;  but  though  tliey  were  popu- 
lar and  ingenious,  they  fiiled  not  the  pocket 
of  the  author,  nor  promised  future  relief. 
Brow  n,  indeed,  shut  the  door  against  lasting 
intinjacy,  as  he  always  preferred  his  joke  to 
his  friend,  and  considered  vvit,  even  when 
bordering  on  indelicacy,  superior  to  moral 
and  religious  precepts.  Though  so  lost  to 
serious  reflection,  and  often  to  every  virtu- 
ous exertion,  it  is  said  that  he  viewed  his 
approaching  end  with  hoi'ror  and  dismay, 
and  expressed  strong  s(5ntiments  of  remoi-se. 
He  died  1704,  and  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  V/estminster  abbey.  His  works  Mere 
printed  in  1707,  in  4  vols. 

Brown,  Moses,  a  man  who,  from  a  pen- 
cutter,  acquired  some  eminence  as  a  poet 
and  writer.  By  the  advice  of  Hervey  he 
took  orders,  and  was  promoted  to  the  vica- 
rage of  Olney,  Bucks,  and  the  chaplainship 
of  Morden  college.  '  He  published  two  dra- 
matic pieces,  Folidus  or  distressed  love,  a 
tragedy — and  all  he-devilled,  a  farce — besides 
Percy-lodge,  a  poem — Sunday  thoughts,  in 
blank  verse — an  edition  of  Walton's  Angler, 
and  piscatory  eclogues — and  some  poems  in 
the  Gentleman's  magazine,  when  first  under- 
taken by  Cave.  He  died  13th  Sept.  17S7, 
aged  84. 

Brown,  Ulysses  Maximilian  de,  a  gene- 
ral of  eminence  in  the  imperial  armies,  de- 
scended from  an  Irish  family,  and  born  at 
Basle,  24th  Oct.  1705.  His  intrepidity  and 
coolness  were  displayed  in  the  various  en- 
counters at  Belgrade,  in  Corsica,  Parma, 
Canstalla,  Banjaluca,  Veletri,  Placentia,  Ge- 
noa, and  Lobositz.  In  the  famous  battle  ot 
Prague,  May  6th,  1757,  he  was  mortally 
woundefl,  and  died  on  the  26th  June  follow- 
ing, aged  52,  leaving  beliind  him  the  charac- 


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ter  of  a  most  consummate  general,  and  an 
able  and  skilful  nei^otiator.  His  life  \vas  pub- 
lished in  two  separate  volumes  in  German 
and  French,  1757. 

Browx,  John,  D,  D.  an  Englisli  divine, 
born  at  Rothbury,  in  Northumberland,  5th 
Nov.  1715,  and  educated  at  St.  John's,  Cam- 


bridge. 


During  the  rebellion  in  17-15  he  be- 


haved with  great  spirit  as  a  volunteer  at  the 
siege  of  Carlisle,  and  dist  ngaished  himself 
as  a  popular  preaclier  and  as  an  elegant  wri- 
ter, so  that  he  gained  the  patronage  of  Os- 
baidiston  bishop  of  Carlisle,  who  obtained  for 
him  the  living  of  Moreland  in  Westmore- 
land, and  afterwards  great  Horkesley  in  Es- 
sex, and  on  the  resignation  of.it,  St.  Nicho- 
las, Newcastle  on  Tync.  A  spirit  of  inde- 
pendence strongly  marked  tb.e  character  of 
Dr.  Brown,  he  was  conscious  of  the  powers 
of  his  mind  as  a  writer,  and  indignantly  re- 
jected every  attempt  to  shackle  his  oi)inion3, 
or  influence  his  reason.  The  consequence 
and  authorit}'  which  he  had  acquired  in  the 
republic  of  letters,  introduced  him  to  the 
company  of  great  men,  and  even  procured 
him  an  invitation  from  the  empress  of  Russia 
to  come  to  Petersburg,  to  assist  and  direct 
the  establishments  v/hich  she  wished  to  form 
for  the  education  and  improvement  of  her 
subjects.  This  proposal,  Mhich  had  been 
made  by  means  of  Dr.  Dumaresqne,  the 
chaplain  of  the  English  factory  of  Peters- 
burg, and  which  was  so  honorable  to  the 
empress,  was  cheerfully  accepted  by  Dr. 
Brow  n  ;  but  while  prepai'ing  for  his  journey, 
a  sudden  attack  of  the  gout  and  rheumatism 
so  enfeebled  his  delicate  constitution,  and 
diminished  the  powers  of  his  raitid,  that,  in  a 
fatal  moment  of  dejection  and  melancholy, 
]je  cut  his  throat  with  a  razor,  Sept.  2.Sd, 
17G6,  in  his  51st  year.  Tiie  most  popular 
•works  of  this  ingeniofts  but  unfortunate  man, 
were  "  an  estimate  of  the  manners  and  ])rin- 
ciples  of  the  time,"  of  which  seven  editions 
were  printed  in  little  more  than  a  year,  1757 
— a  second  volume  of  the  estimate — honor, 
a  poem — essay  on  satire — essays  on  Shaftes- 
bury— characteristics — Carbarossa,  a  trage- 
dy, 1755,  and  next  year,  Athelstan,  a  trage- 
dy, both  acted  with  great  popularity  under 
Garrick— a  dialogue  of  liie  dead  between 
Aristides  and  Pericles — a  political  perform- 
ance to  defend  Mr.  Pitt's  character — history 
of  the  use  and  progress  of  poetry  and  music 
—a  letter  to  Dr.  Lowth,  who,  in  a  pamphlet 
on  the  divine  legation  of  Moses,  had  accused 
him  of  being  a  flatterer  of  Warburton — and 
sermons — besides  thoughts  on  civil  liberty, 
licentiousness,  and  faction — and  some  anony- 
mous tracts,  &c. 

Brown',  John,  a  painter,  born  at  Edin- 
burgh 1752,  died  1787.  He  improved  the 
native  powers  of  his  genius  by  travelling  in 
Italy  for  some  years,  and  visiting  the  pre- 
cious remains  of  antiquity  at  Rome  and  in 
Sicily,  patronised  and  befriended  for  a  while 
by  sir  Wm.  Young  and  Mr.  Townley.  He 
chiefly  excelled  in  the  expression  of  the  fea- 
tures ;  his  great  characteristics  were  deli- 
cacy, taste,  and  correctness ;  and  so  enrap- 


tured with  his  art  did  he  appear,  that  he 
often  presented  with  the  most  finished  pic- 
tures, any  jjerson  who  permitted  him  to  take 
a  sketch  of  whatever  struck  his  fancy,  as 
expressive  of  beauty,  dignity,  or  grace,  ei- 
ther in  the  human  countenance  or  in  the 
works  of  art.  Besides  eminence  as  a  drafts- 
man, he  possessed  all  the  abilities  of  the  ele- 
gant scholar  and  the  solid  philosoplier,  as  his 
letters  on  the  poetry  and  music  of  the  Italian 
opera  fully  evince.  These  were  not,  indeed, 
intended  for  publication,  but  his  fi-iend  lord 
Mouboddo,  to  whom  the}'  were  addressed, 
sensible  of  their  superior  excellence,  pub- 
lisheil  tliem  in  1789,  in  liimo.  for  the  benefit 
of  his  widow,  and  moreover,  bore  testimony 
to  the  taste  and  genius  of  t!ie  departe<l  pain- 
ter, by  making  honorable  nientiun  of  him  in 
the  fourth  volume  of  the  orighi  and  progress 
of  language. 

Brown,  John,  a  Scotch  physician,  bora 
at  Buncle,  Berwickshire,  author  of  a  systeia 
of  medicine,  translated  into  English,  two 
vols.  8vo.  a  work  ingenious,  valuable,  and  ge- 
nerally correct.  As  he  had  risen  to  medical 
distinction,  not  by  a  regularly  professional 
education,  and  as  he  quarrelled  with  his 
great  friend  and  protector  Cullen,  he  drew 
upon  himself  the  sneers  and  the  opposition 
of  the  iTictlical  world,  who  contemptuously 
called  his  followers  IJrunonists.  He  died  in 
London  7th  Oct.  1788,  aged  about  52,  a  vic- 
tim, it  is  said,  to  intemperate  habits  and  li- 
centious indulgences.  He  was  a  strong  sup- 
porter of  the  doctrine  of  stimulants,  which 
act  on  M'hat  he  calls  the  correspondent  ex- 
citability in  the  body. 

Browne,  George,  an  Augustine  monk, 
who,  by  embracing  the  tenets  of  Luther,  re- 
commended himself  to  Henry  VIIL  by  whom 
he  was  made  archbi==hop  of  Dublin  1535.  In 
this  situation  be  so  distinguished  himself  by 
his  zeal  in  favor  of  the  reformation,  and  to 
pi'f)mote  the  views  of  his  royal  master,  that 
Ireland  was  guided  by  his  councils,  and  her 
ecclesiastical  affairs  settled  agreeably  to  his 
directions.  Browne  was  made  primate  by 
Edward  YI.  in  the  room  of  Dowdal,  ejected  ; 
but  the  tyrannical  reign  of  Mary  stripped 
him  of  all  his  honors,  and  he  died  two  years 
after,  1556.  A  curious  sermon  by  him  is 
preserved  in  sir  James  Ware's  history  of 
Ireland,  and  in  the  Phoenix,  a  collection  of 
tracts. 

Browne,  William,  an  English  poet,  born 
at  Tavistock,  and  educated  at  Exeter  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  resided  for  a  little  time  at 
the  Inner  Temple,  London,  and  was  after- 
wards tutor  in  the  families  of  Carnarvon  and 
Pembroke.  He  published  Britannia's  pasto- 
rals, in  two  parts — and  the  shepherd's  pipe, 
in  seven  eclogues — works  of  great  merit,  and 
deservedly  recommended  by  Selden,  Dray- 
ton, and  other  judges  of  poetical  fame.  He 
died  in  his  native  county,  1045,  where  he 
ha<l  purchased  an  estate.  His  works  appear- 
ed together,  3  vols.  12mo.  1772. 

Browne,  sirThomas,  born  in  Cheapside, 
19th  October,  1005,  was,  though  abandoned 
by  the  second  marriage  ot  lus  mother,  an«l 


BR 


BR 


the  great  negligence  of  his  guardian,  educa- 
ted at  Winchester  school,  and  I'enilirfjke 
eollegCj.Oxroril.  He  early  turned  hi«  thoughts 
to  physic,  and  alter  taking  his  two  first  de- 
a;rces  at  Oxford,  he  travelled  through  I''r:ince 
and  Italy,  and  after  some  stay  at  radua  and 
Montpellier,  he  was  created  M.  U.  at  Ley- 
den.  Soon  after  his  return  to  London,  Ifi.Si, 
he  i»id)lished  his  religio  niedici,  a  hook  r«.-- 
plcte  with  sound  sense  and  great  information, 
and  which  with  deserved  popularity  exposeil 
him  to  the  virulence  of  critics,  ami  the  envy 
of  rivals.  In  iGSfi  lie  settled  at  Norwich, 
•where  he  actjuired  an  extensive  practice, 
an»l  where  he  married  a  lady  of  the  name  of 
Micham,  with  whom  he  hved  41  years,  and 
bv  whom  he  had  10  children,  one  son  and 
three  daughters  of  which  number  only  sur- 
vived him.  He  was,  in  1G71,  knighted  at 
Norwich  by  Charles  II.  and  conUnued  to 
maintain  his  high  reputation  as  an  excellent 
scholar  and  an  experienced  pliysician  till  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  happened  on  his 
birtli-day,  iCS'i.  lie  published,  besides  his 
*<  religio,"  a  treatise  on  vulgar  errors,  a 
work  of  great  and  acknowledged  merit,  be- 
sides a  discourse  on  sepulchral  urns,  kc. 
His  character  Mas  held  in  such  high  esteem, 
and  his  knowledge  so  very  extensive  in  every 
■walk  of  science  and  philosophy,  that  his  life 
has  been  published  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

Browxe,  Edward,  son  of  the  above,  was 
educated  at  Norwich  school,  at  Cambridge, 
and  Merton  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
the  desrree  of  M.  D.  1GG7.  He  visited  seve- 
I'al  parts  of  Germany,  Hungary,  Thessaly, 
and  Italy,  and  at  his  return  published  an  in- 
teresting account  of  his  travels,  and  became 
physician  to  Charles  II.  and  to  Bartholomew 
hospital.  He  bore  also  the  most  distinguish- 
ed offices  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
fully  proved  his  claims  to  the  high  character 
of  a  superior  scholar  in  the  learned  lan- 
guages, and  a  fluent  writer  in  most  of  the 
modern  tongues.  The  king  said  of  him, 
that  he  was  as  learned  as  any  of  the  college, 
and  as  well  bred  as  any  at  court.  He  died 
August  1708,  aged  C6,  at  Northfleet.  Be- 
sides his  travels,  he  wrote  several  lives  in 
the  translation  of  Plutarch,  published  in  his 
time. 

Browme,  Simon,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  at  Shepton-Mallet,  Somersetshire,  and 
early  appointed  pastor  of  a  congregation  at 
Portsmouth,  and  afterwards  at  the  Old  .Tew- 
vy,  where  for  many  years  he  was  admired 
for  his  eloquence,  and  respected  for  the  cor- 
rectness of  Wis  conduct.  The  death  however 
of  his  wife  and  his  only  son  in  1723,  had  such 
an  effect  upon  his  feelings  that  it  dcprivetl 
liim  of  his  reason,  and  at  times  exhibited 
liim  a  melancholy  monumeutofgi-eat  powers 
of  mind  departecl.  Unable  longer  to  officiate, 
he  retired  to  his  native  town,  where,  remote 
from  society  and  unwilling  to  associate  v/ilh 
his  dearost  friends,  he  considered  hir.  ^Ai'  as 
struck  by  the  Almighty,  deprived  of  his  ra- 
tional soul,  and  sunk  to  the  level  of  the  brufe 
creation.  He  died  about  the  end  of  1732, 
aged  52;  and  what  is  j-eraarkable,   he  com- 

voL.  I.  32 


po«ed  about  two  years  before  liis  death,  ia 
his  more  luminous  intervals,  two  works  in 
defence  of  (ylnisliaiiily,  against  the-  ultack-s 
of  \\  oolston  uiid  i'indal,  in  which  he  dis- 
|tla>ed  all  the  ]iowe!'s  of  a  sound  and  vigor- 
ous understanding.  He  wrote  a  de<iicali(»a 
to  queen  Caroline,  but  on  account  of  somn 
incoherent  expressions  it  wu'i  suppressed  by 
ihe  advice  of  his  friends,  but  afterwards  in- 
serte<l  in  the  Adventurer,  No.  88.  Sevei-al 
daughters  sui-vived  him. 

BiiOWNK,  Sir  Anthf)ny,  a  Judge,  born  in 
I'ssex,  and  educated  at  Oxford.  L'lidci- 
•Vlary  he  was  made  serjeant  at  law,  and  iu 
1558  promoted  to  the  oJlice  of  chiel  Justice  of 
the  common  pleas,  whnh  he  resigned  to  sir 
.lohn  Dyer  on  Klizabeth's  accession,  though 
he  bat  as  puisne  judge  of  the  same  court  til! 
his  death  in  1507.  He  was  a  violent  papist, 
and  wrote  arguments  for  Mary  queen  of 
Scots,  her  right  of  succession  to  the  I'.nglisU 
crown,  &CC.  publislied  by  Lesley  bishop  of 
Ross. 

Browne,  Peter,  a  native  of  Jrelanu,  pro- 
vost  of  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  after- 
wards liishop  of  Cork,  where  he  died,  1735. 
He  wrote  in  defence  of  Christianity  against 
Toland,  a  work  which,  as  Toland  obserrcd, 
raised  him  to  the  rank  of  bishop,  the  pro- 
gress, extent,  and  limits  of  the  human  under- 
standing— two  volumes  of  .sermons — besides 
a  tract  against  the  fasl.ionable  custom  of 
drinking  to  the  memory  of  the  dead. 

Browne,  Isaac  Hawkins,  an  English  jioet, 
born  21st  January,  1706,  at  Burton  upon 
Trent,  where  his  father  was  minister.  He 
was  educated  at  1-iichfield,  Westminster,  and 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  from  whence, 
after  taking  liis  degree  of  M.A.  he  removecl 
to  Lincoln's  Inn.  llere  lie  devoted  himself 
to  the  mtiscs,  ami  w  rote  sonje  poetical  pieces, 
especially  on  design  and  beauty,"  and  his 
"  pipe  of  tobacco."  He  served  in  the  par- 
liament of  1744,  and  1748,  for  Wenlock,  and 
died  I4th  Februaiy,  1700,  in  his  5.itli  year. 
His  most  popular  work  was  *'  de  animi  im- 
mortalitate,"  in  two  volumes,  a  composition 
which  displayed  his  great  classical  taste,  as  a 
happy  imitator  of  Virgil  and  Lucretius,  and 
which  so  much  commanded  the  approbation 
of  the  public,  that  several  translations  quick- 
ly appeared,  the  best  of  wliich  were  those  of 
Soame  Jenings  and  Mr.  Lettice.  The  poems 
of  tliis  excellent  scholar  and  trulv  amiable 
man  were  elegantly  published  by  his  son  in 
17G8,  in  a  large  8vo. 

Browne,  Sir  William,  a  pliysician  ofemi- 
nenoe,  who,  after  practising  with  great  suc- 
cess at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk,  came  to  settle  in 
London,  where  he  died  lOih  March,  1774, 
aged  82.  He  left  two  prize  med:ds  to  Cam- 
bridge, to  be  contended  for  by  the  rising 
poets  of  the  university.  He  is  known  not 
only  for  his  abilities  in  the  medical  line,  hut 
for  many  ingenious  and  entertaining  pieces 
both  iu  prose  and  verse,  in  Latin  and  in  Eng- 
lish, which  he  wrote,  besides  a  translation  of 
(Gregory's  elements  of  catoptrics  and  diop- 
trics. He  was  a  man  of  genuine  wit,  and 
had  a  great  commrftid  of  temper;  and  whC't* 


BR 


BR 


1JRU^',  Wniitun  le,  a  learned  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  Latin  and  French  dictionary  uni- 
versally esteemed.     He  died  1758,  aged  84. 

JBuuN,  Peter  Ic,  a  native  of  Provence, 
author  of  a  critical  history  of  the  supersti- 
tious practices  whic'ii  have  seduced  the  vul- 
gar and  embarrassed  the  learned,  three 
vols.  12mc. — and  on  the  unlawfulness  of 
<tramalic  entertainments  in  a  religious  view 
— and  on  liturgies — works  of  merit.  He 
Avas  an  erclesiastic,  and  died  1729,  aged  70. 

Brunck,  Ivicliard  Philip  Frederic,  a  ce- 
)ebrated  scholar  and  writer  of  Strasburg, 
jnembtr  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
and  of  the  national  institute  at  Paris,  died 
18U3,  aged  84.  He  is  particularly  known  in 
the  republic  of  letters  for  his  great  erudition 
and  liis  exten.Hive  reading,  lie  published, 
besides  other  works,  learned  editions  of 
iEsdiylas,  Anacrcon,  Sophocles,  Aristo- 
phanes, Apollonius  Khodius,  and  Virgil, 
carefully  com])ared  with  MS.  copies,  and 
rendered  vakiable  by  annotations— and  also 
analecta  veterum  poetarum  Griec.  4  vols. 
8vo.  repeatedly  edited — and  gaomici  poetie 
Graxci,  Svo. 

Rrunehaut,  a  daughter  of  Athanaglld, 
the  king  of  the  \  isigoths,  who  married,  in 
■MS,  Sigebert  I.  king  of  Austrasia.  After 
lier  Ijusband's  tieath,  she  married,  at  Rouen, 
■where  she  had  retired  with  her  two  daugh- 

of 


king 


ters,  Merovee,  son  of  Cliilderic, 
Soissons ;  but  this  union  was  displeasing  to 
her  father-in-law,  and  she  therefore  retired 
to  Austrasia,  where  she  assumed  the  re- 
gency, during  her  son  Childebert's  mino- 
rity. When  banished  from  Austrasia  for 
her  misconduct,  she  went  to  the  court  of 
Thieriy,  her  grandson,  king  of  Burgundy, 
•whom  she  persuaded  to  take  Paris  from 
Clotaire.  Ever  restless,  ambitious,  and 
vindictive,  she  is  known  in  French  history 
for  her  great  crimes,  her  debaucheries,  and 
cruelties.  She  was  publicly  accused  of 
causing  the  death  of  ten  kings,  and  her  death 
Vas  as  ignominious  as  her  life  had  been 
abandoned.  She  was  betrayed  into  the  hands 
of  her  enemy  Clotaire,  who  ordered  her  to 
he  dragged  at  the  tail  of  a  wild  horse,  and 
thus  she  perished  in  the  greatest  torments, 
013. 

Brunei. i.scHT,  Philip,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, oi'iginally  a  goldsmith  and  clockma- 
kcr,  and  afterwards  (jistiiiguished  for  his  great 
knowledge  of  architecture.  The  dome  of 
St.  Mary's  church  at  Florence  is  among  the 


monuments  oi 


li 


IS 


genius. 


He   was   patro- 


nised by  the  Medicis;  and  <lied  in  his  native 
city  in  1444,  aged  G7,  universally  regretted. 
He  was  also  an  engineer  ;  and  some  of  his 
verses  apjteared  with  those  of  Burchiello, 

Brun'e  r,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Aries 
ia  Provence,  born  in  1717,  and  known  as  an 
able  writer  on  ecclesiastical  affairs. 

Bruxetto,  Latini,  a  poet  and  historian 
of  Florence,  who  distinguished  himself  as 
an  ambassador,  an<l  perha])s  more  as  the 
master  of  Dante.  He  is  author  of  "  B  Te- 
Eoro,"  or  the  origin  of  all  things.  He  died 
V^'J5,  at  Florence 


Brijni,  Anthony,  an  Italian  poet,  in  tlic 
service  of  the  duke  d'Urbino.  He  was  uni- 
versally beloved  for  the  amiable  manners 
and  liveliness  which  distinguished  his  cha- 
racter. He  wrote  lyrics,  miscellaneous 
pieces,  &c.  His  heroic  epislles  were  much 
admired  for  the  beautiful  engravings  which 
accompanied  them,  executed  from  the  de- 
signs of  Uominichino.  He  died  24th  Sep- 
tember, 1635. 

Brunner,  John  Conrad,  a  learned  phy- 
sician of  Switzerland,  who  studied  at  Stras- 
burg and  Paris,  and  visited  Holland,  Eng- 
land, and  Germany.  He  died  at  Manheim. 
in  1727,  aged  74.  He  was  author  of  several 
treatises  on  medicine  in  Latin  ;  and  he  de- 
fended the  opinion,  that  the  pancreas  is  un- 
necessary to  the  support  of  animal  life,  in  a 
4to.  vol.  1083.  His  other  works  are,  de 
glandulis  in  duoden*  intestino  delectis,  4to. 
1087 — de  gland ula  pituitaria  dissertatio,  4to. 
1088. 

Bruno,  a  Romish  saint,  founder  of  the 
Chartreuse.  His  sanctity  recommended  him 
to  pope  Urban  U.  He  died  1101,  aged  41, 
at  a  monastery  which  he  had  founded  in  Ca- 
labria. 

Bruno,  Jordano,  a  native  of  Nola,  who 
visited  Geneva,  Lyons,  Toulouse,  Paris, 
and  London,  where  he  became  the  friend  of 
Philip  Sidney  and  Fulke  Greville.  His  opi- 
nions were  considered  as  heretical  and  im- 
pi.ous,  and  consequently  exposed  hira  to  the 
jealousy  and  persecution  of  the  times.  In 
various  cities  of  Germany  he  drew  ecclesi- 
astical censures  upon  him,  and  at  last  he  was 
apprehended  at  Venice,  where  he  was  sen- 
tenced by  the  inquisition  to  be  burnt  at  a 
stake,  on  the  17th  February,  lOOO.  Though 
an  atheist  at  heart,  he  yet  believed  the  ef- 
fects ef  magic  and  sorcerj-.  He  wrote, 
among  other  things,  a  curious  book  called 
Spaccio  della  bestia  triumphante,  dedicated 
to  sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  an  Italian  comedy, 
called  11  Candelajo,  besides  some  Latin 
poems. 

Brunsfeld,  Otho,  a  physician,  born  at 
Metz,  who  warmly  embraced  the  opinions 
of  Luther.  He  was  regent  of  the  public 
school  at  Strasburg,  and  took  his  medical 
degrees  at  Basil.  He  published  herbaruin 
vivic  icones,  in  fol.  3  vols.  1530,  and  a  bio- 
graphical catalogue  of  early  physicians, 
15S0,  4to.  He  was  appointed  public  phy- 
sician at  Bern,  and  died  there  1534. 

Brunswick,  Maximil.  Jul.  Leopold  duke 
of,  nephew  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  was  born 
20lh  October,  1722.  lie  served  in  the  array 
with  great  reputation  ;  and,  during  a  sudden 
inundation  of  the  Oder,  near  Frankfort,  he 
attem])ted  to  save  some  of  the  unfortunate 
inhabitants  from  the  waters,  and  fell  a  sa- 
crifice to  his  humanity,  24th  April,  1785. 

BRUSCiiivs,  Caspar,  a  Latin  historian 
and  poet  of  Egra  in  Bohemia,  born  in  1518. 
He  travelled  mr.ch,  and  ])ublished  various 
works  on  ecclesiastical  affaii-s,  which  pro- 
duced him  the  patronage  of  several  learned 
men,  and  of  some  princes,  who  munificently 
rewarded  his  labgrs.    He  was  at  las.t  muv- 


BH 


BR 


Uered  ia  a  forest  near  Rotterdaua,  1559. 
His  writings  are  very  numerous  ;  but  liis  ec- 
wlcsiastical  history  of  (ierinauy  iu  j)arti- 
cularly  esteemed,  thouf^li  he  is  accused  ol' 
lavoririg  too  strongly  the  doctriues  ot  Lu- 
thei-. 

BnusoNi,  Df)mitiuR,  author  of  a  face- 
tious treatise  called  Speculum  miuidi,  edited 
at  Rome,    518,  in  fol. 

Rkusoni,  Jerome,  a  Venetian  writer, 
born  at  Legnago,  of  a  iioMe  family.  He 
"was  a  member  of  the  Carthusian  fraternity, 
which  it  is  said  he  <|uitted  three  ditlerent 
times.  He  published  SO  different  works, 
and  die«l  ICSO,  aged  70.  His  best  known 
vorks  are  bis  history  of  Italy,  from  1628 
to  I  cry,  ia  fol.  and  elutidario  poetico, 
]2mo. 

Brutus,  a  brother  of  Ascanius,  said  by 
xnonkisli  chroniclers  to  have  settled  in  Al- 
bion, to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Britain, 
in  the  time  of  his  father  JT'^neas,  and  soon 
after  the  Trojan  war. 

Brutus,  Lucius  Junius,  a  Roman,  cele- 
brated as  the  author  of  the  e.xpulsion  of  tlic 
Tarciuins  from  liome,  after  the  suicide  of 
Ijucrelia.  He  was  made  first  consul,  and 
fell  in  the  war  against  the  Tarquins,  B.  C. 
509. 

Brutus,  Marcus  Jucius,  a  son  of  Jun. 
Brutus,  by  the  sister  of  Cato.  He  joined 
other  conspirators  to  cut  off  Julius  C'lesar, 
though  he  was  his  friend,  and  according  to 
others  his  father.  He  afterwards  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Philippi,  fighting  against  the  trium- 
▼irate. 

Brutus,  Decimus  Albinits,  a  relation  of 
Marcus  r.rutus,  who  with  him  also  conspived 
against  Julius  Ciesar,  though  he  was  his  par- 
ticular fi'iend  anil  benefactor.  He  was  after- 
■wards  besieged  in  Mutina  by  M.  Antony, 
and,  in  his  attempt  to  escape  into  Gaul,  was 
slain,  and  his  head  sent  to  the  conqueror. 

Brutus,  John  Michael,  a  learned  Vene- 
tian, wlio  travelled  over  Spain,  France,  Eng- 
land, Germany,  Poland,  and  Transylvania, 
and  aci^uired  an  e.\tensive  knowledge  of  the 
history,  politics,  and  manners  of  Kurope. 
He  was  invited  by  Stephen  king  of  Poland  to 
reside  at  Cracow,  to  compose  a  Wstory  of 
that  kingdom  ;  and  after  the  death  of  his  pa- 
tron, he  fixed  his  abode  at  Prague,  where  he 
•was  distinguished  by  the  title  of  imperial 
historiographer.  His  notes  on  Caisar,  Ho- 
race, and  Cicero,  display  his  great  abilities 
as  a  scholar ;  and  the  general  joy  which  was 
expressed  when  Mr.  Cromer  undertook  to 
publish  a  new  edition  of  his  writings,  evinces 
the  eminence  of  his  j)0wers  as  a  philosopher 
and  historian.  In  his  letters  to  great  men 
and  princes,  Brutus  laid  aside  the  pompous 
and  slavish  deference  which  modern  times 
have  introduced  in  correspondence,  and  he 
addressed  them  with  all  the  simplicity  of  an 
ancient  Roman.  His  history  of  Florence  was 
said  to  depreciate  the  merits  of  the  Medicis, 
and  tlierofoie  it  proved  offensive  to  the  duke. 
Tlie  time  of  his  ilqath  is  unknown.  He  w  as 
born  in  1518. 

Brutus,  John,  dri  eirclcsjastic,  of  Paris, 


who  died  there  l«t  July,  1702,  aged  84.  He 
wrote  a  difecourse  (ju  marriage,  and  othec 
works. 

Bhuyeke,  John  de  la,  a  native  of  Dour- 
dan,  member  of  tlie  French  ac.i(l(>my,  and 
appoitited  by  llossuel  preceptor  of  history  to 
the  dnk«  «)l  Hurgwiiily.  He  died  lOyO,  aged 
5'J.  He  is  th«'  author  of"  characters,"  after 
the  m.'innei'  of  'IbeophrastUH,  a  work  highly 
esteemed  in  Franri-,  as  descriptive,  not  of 
imaginary,  but  real  |)ersr)ns,  in  a  style  rapid, 
concise,  and  nervous.  This  book,  if  might 
be  expected,  procured  the  author  niany  ad- 
mirers, and  more  enemies;  but  its  merits 
are  so  great,  that  it  will  always  be  consider- 
as  a  composition  of  established  excellence.  "* 
The  best  editions  are,  of  Amsterdam,  1741, 
and  I'aris,  1705. 

Bruyn,  Cornelius,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
Hague.  He  travelled  tlirtnigh  Russia,  Per- 
sia, and  the  I'ast  Indies  for  several  years,  ot 
which  he  published  an  entertaining  and  in- 
teresting account.  The  be'st  edition  is  that 
of  Rouen,  in  1725,  in  3  vols.  4to.  as  it  has 
been  improved  and  corrected  by  the  labors 
of  the  abbe  Bannicr. 

Bruys,  Francis,  was  born  at  Scrrieres,  iu 
the  Maconnois,  and  died  at  Dijon,  in  his  30th 
year,  1738.  He  studied  at  Geneva  and  at 
the  H.lgue,  where  he  turned  Calvinist,  but 
after  visiting  Germany  and  returning  to 
France,  l:e  recanted.  He  published  an  his- 
tory of  the  popes,  in  5  vols.  4to.  1732 — a  cri- 
tique of  literary  journals,  besides  entertain- 
ing memoires  historiqucs  critiques,  feic.  two 
vols.  l2mo. 

Bruys,  Peter  de,  founder  of  the  sect  cal- 
led from  him  i'elro-Brussians,  was  a  native 
of  Languedoc,  He  maintained  that  churches 
were  of  no  use,  he  opposed  Infant  baptism, 
recommended  the  destruction  of  crucifixes 
and  other  church  ornaments,  he  forbad  the 
offering  of  prayers  for  the  dead,  and  tlecla- 
reu  that  the  body  of  Christ  was  not  in  the 
saci'ament.  After  committing  great  excesses 
with  tlie  view  of  establishing  his  tenets,  he 
was  seized  and  burnt  alive  at  St.  Gillcs, 
1150. 

Bruzex  de  la  Martinici.e,  Anthony 
Augustine,  was  born  at  Dieppe,  and  educa- 
tetl  at  Paris  under  the  famous  Richard  Si- 
mon, his  uncle.  He  was  patronised  by  the 
dukes  of  Mecklenburg  and  Parma,  and  af- 
terwards by  the  king  of  Naples,  who  granted 
liim  an  honorable  pension.  He  died  at  the 
Hague  I74y,  aged  83.  His  great  work  is  the 
grand  Dictionaire  Historique,  &cc.  1730,  ia 
10  vols,  folio,  reprinted  at  Paris,  0  vols.  170S, 
with  corrections;  a  pcrlormance  very  useful, 
though  not  elegantly  executed. 

Bry,  Theodore  de,  a  painter  a'ld  engra- 
ver, who  died  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine, 
1598,  aged  70.  His  miniature  figures  were 
universally  admired. 

Bryan,  Francis,  or  Briant,  an  English- 
man, educated  at  Oxff)rd.  He  attended,  ia 
1522,  lord  Surrey,  tlie  English  admiral, 
against  France,  and  was  knighted  for  his 
bravery.  His  abilities  were  afterwards  em- 
ployed   ift   variotiS  cniba"Tsics,    and   he   was 


BU 


BU 


made  gentleman  of  the  king's  privy  cham- 
ber, and  died  justiciarj  of  Ireland,  1548. 
His  songs  and  sonnets  liave  beei.  printed 
•with  those  of  iiis  friend  Surrey,  and  of  sir 
Thomas  Wyatt.  He  also  transhited  from 
tl)e  French  a  dispraise  of  the  hfe  of  a  cour- 
tier, 8cc. 

Bryant,    Jacob,    an    eminent    English 
scholar,   educated  at  Eton,   and  King's   col- 
lege, Cambridge,   where  he  became  M.  A. 
1744.     He  was  early  distinguished  as  a  po- 
lished   classical   scholar,   and   published   ob- 
servations and  inquiries  relating   to  vai-ious 
parts  of  ancient  history,  8vo.  IT6T,  and  a  new 
syslent  nr  analysis  of  mythology,  wlierein  an 
attempt  «s  made  to  divest  tradition  of  fable, 
and  to  reduce  truth  to  its  original  purity, 
S   vols.   4to. — a    work   of  great    merit.     He 
"wrote  besides  valuable  and  ingenious  disser- 
tations on  Balaam,  Samson,  Jonah — observa- 
tions on  disputed  passages  in  Josephus,  Jus- 
tin Martyr,  &cc. — a  treatise  on  the  authenti- 
city of  the   holy    scriptures — pamphlets   on 
the  Kowleian  controversy,  and  against  Priest- 
Icy  on  necessity — observations  on  the  plagues 
of  Egypt — dissertation  on  the  war  of  Troy, 
a  work  of  Singular  character,   which,   with 
all   the  weapons  of  classical  knowledge   and 
deep   ar.d   profound  erudition,   endeavors  to 
destroy  our  respect  for  the   authenticity  of 
the   iliad,  and  lo  represent  Homer,  not  as 
the  bard  of  Grecian  and  Trojan  heroes,  but 
as  the  builder  of  a  well  wrought  fiction      Mr. 
Bryant  was  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  late  duke 
of  Mariborongii,  and  in  consequence  of  the 
influence  of  bis  iiatron  he  obtained  a  lucra- 
tive appointment  in  the  or<lnance  oifice.     He 
■was  thus  enabled  to  spend  the  rest  of  life  in 
the  enjoyment  of  learnefi  ease,  and  in  his  fa- 
vorite retii-emeut  in  Bcrksliire,  near  Wind- 
sor.   This  venerable   scholar  died  in  1804, 
aged  89,  in  consequence  of  a  mortification  in 
his  leg,  occasioned  by  his  striking  it  violently 
against  a  chau'  whilst  attempting  to  reach  a 
book  i'vmn  a  shelf 

Eleven  AX,  son  of  Aulach,  the  son  of  Cor- 
mach  one  of  the  Irish  kings,  is  mentioned  by 
th :  Welch  historians  as  th"  father  of  one  oi 
the  three  holy  families  of  Britain,  from  whom 
Garthmatheia,  which  was  his  ])atrimony, 
Mas  called  Brecknock.  His  chiblren  were 
founders  of  various  churches  in  Wales.  He 
died  A.  D.  450. 

BuYENiu'S,  Nicephorns,  the  husband  of 
Anna  Comena,  refused  the  throne  of  Oon- 
stantinoplvi  at  the  death  of  Alexis,  his  father- 
in-law.  He  began  the  life  of  A!e.\is,  which 
he  left  nniinished  at  his  death,  1167.  It  was 
published  at  Paris  1661,  with  a  Latin  ver- 
aioti. 

Buc,  George,  a  learned  antiquary,  born 
in  Lincolnshire,  and  knighted  by  James  1.  lo 
whom  he  uas  master  of  the  revels.  He 
Avrote  the  life  of  llicir.ird  III.  in  five  books, 
and  supported  the  opinion  tliat  he  Mas  de- 
formed neitiu'r  in  body  nor  mind,  an  idea 
afterwards  maintained  by  Horace  ^yalpole 
— a  treatise  on  the  ancient  colleges,  and 
schools  of  learning  in  and  near  London — and 
&.  treatise  on  the  art  of  levels* 


BucER,  Martin,  a  Dominican,  born  m 
Alsace,  mIio  early  embraced  the  tenets  of 
Luther.  He  afterwards  inclined  more  to 
the  opinions  of  Zuinglias,  and,  in  his  zeal  for 
the  reformation,  attempted  in  vain  to  recon- 
cile these  tMo  powerful  leaders.  For  20 
years  his  eloquence  was  exerted  at  Strasburg 
to  establish  the  protestant  cause,  but  the 
turbulence  of  the  times,  and  his  opposition 
to  the  views  of  the  Catholics  at  Augsburg, 
rendei'ed  him  unpopular,  so  that  he  received 
with  pleasure  the  invitations  of  Cranmer  to 
settle  in  England.  He  was  received  with 
gratitude  by  the  nation.  Edward  VI.  treated 
him  with  great  kindness,  and  he  was  appoint- 
ed theological  professor  at  Cambridge,  iti 
154u,  where  he  died  two  j'ears  after.  Five 
years  after,  the  persecutions  of  Mary  were 
extended  to  his  remains,  which  M'ere  igno- 
rainiously  burned,  but  the  insult  was  repair- 
ed by  the  good  sense  of  Elizabeth.  In  lear- 
ning, judgment,  and  moderation,  Bucer  was 
inferior  to  none  of  the  great  reformers,  and 
with  Melancthon  he  may  be  considered  as 
the  best  calculated  to  restore  and  maintain 
unanimity  among  contending  churches,  and 
opposite  sects.  His  M'ritings  in  Latin  and 
German  were  very  numerous,  and  all  ou 
theological  subjects.  His  first  wife  was  a 
nun,  by  whom  he  had  13  children,  and  when 
she  died  in  consequence  of  the  plague,  he 
married  a  second,  and,  as  some  report,  z 
third  time. 

BucHAX,  Elspeth,  or  Elizabeth,  a  mo- 
dern fanatic,  -who  married  Robert  Buchan, 
a  common  workman,  in  the  service  of  Mr. 
Martin,  a  proprietor  of  the  Delft  works  ia 
Glasgow,  by  whom  she  had  several  children. 
Her  frequent  perusal  of  scripture,  and  a 
most  literal  interpretation  of  many  of  its 
mystical  passages,  so  worked  upon  her  pas- 
sions, that  she  considered  herself  as  a  new 
prophet  in  1779,  and  inculcating  the  imme- 
diate dissolution  of  the  world,  she  gained  to 
her  party  a  great  number  of  the  dissolute, 
the  unshiiiking,  atid  the  ignorant.  These 
Buchanites,  as  they  were  called,  travelled 
through  several  parts  of  Scotland,  and  as 
they  had  no  thouglit  for  the  morrow,  but 
considered  tliat  they  should  be  fed  like  the 
ravens  of  tlie  ail*,  aiul  clothed  like  the  lilies 
of  the  field,  their  doctrines  appeared  as  fas- 
cinating to  the  vulgar  as  they  were  wild  and 
extravagant.  The  ctTects  of  this  fanatical 
sect  might  have  been  fatally  felt  on  the  mo- 
rals and  happiness  of  the  ])eople,  but  Mrs. 
Buchan  died  in  May  1791,  aged  5;3,  and  her 
followers  were  soon  dispersed. 

Buchanan.  George,  a  learned  Scotchman^ 
born  near  Kellerne,  in  Lenox,  1506.  Though 
Ids  relations  v.ere  poor,  yet  he  was  veil  edu- 
cated by  the  advice  of  his  uncle  Heriot,  who 
foresaw  his  future  eminence;  and  at  Paris 
aiid  in  Sc(»lland,  he  acipured  that  learning 
which  contributed  so  naich  to  his  honor  ami 
the  honor  of  his  country.  He  early  embraced, 
from  conviction,  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and 
at  Paris  became  acquainted  with  the  earl  of 
Cussilis,  wiiij  V,  honi  for  five  years  he  was  en- 
gaged as  au  instructor  and  a  friend.    After 


BU 


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the  death  of  Cassills  he  was  appointed  by  the 
kinff,  preceptor  to  his  natural  .am  the  famous 
Moray,  hut  tlie  jeulotisy  of  the  papists  and 
the  severity  of  his  satire  ai^aiiist  the  monks, 
especially  in  his  ])iece  called  Francis  eanna, 
reritlered  his  situation  so  dangerous  that  he 
fled  to  Kngland,  ami  from  thence  to  France. 
For  three  years,    under  the  f'rjendly  patro- 
nuire  of  Andrew  (iovianus,  he  lived  in  obscu- 
rity  at  Bourdeaux,   and  taujjlit  in  the  ])ul)lic 
scliools  there,   and  wrote   four  Latin    traj^o 
dies,  to  draw  the  attention  of  Ins  [)U|iils  Irom 
the  allegories  of  the  moderns  to  the  imitation 
of  the  purer   models   of(ireecc  and  Home. 
The  jealousy  of  cardinal  lleaton,   however, 
who  had   persecuted  hin\  in   Scotland,   pur- 
sued iiini  in  hij  retirement,  and  he  left  Bour- 
deaux for  Coiuibra,  M-heix-,  till  the  death  of 
l»is  patron  Govianus,  he  was  respected  and 
admired  for  his  lectures  in   philosophy  and 
classical    learning.     Soon   his   opposition    to 
the  Catholic  tenets,  and  his  being  a  foreigner, 
rendered  him  suspected,  and  he  was  coniined 
hy  his  enemies  in  a  monastery,   where   he 
translated   the   psalms  of  Duvid  into  Latin. 
When  set  at  liberty  he  embarked  for  Eng- 
land, and  then  returned  to  France,  wliere,  in 
1554,  the  elegant  dedication  of  his  tragedy  of 
Jephtha    procured     him    the    friendship   of 
marshal  de  Cossi,  who  made  him   for  five 
years  preceptor  to  his  sou.    In  1566,  he  was 
made  principal  of  St.  Leonard's  college,  St. 
Andrews,  and   invited  by  Mai-y  of  Scots  to 
he  the  future  preceptor  to  her  son  ;  but  he 
forgot  his  gratitude  in  the  misfortunes  of  that 
unhappy  princess,   and  in   his  "  Detection" 
severely  arraigned  her  character  in  favor  of 
his  old  pupil  ^Ioray.  The  appointment  which 
Mary  destined  for  him  was  confirmed  by  the 
states,    and  from   him  James  VL   derived 
much  of  the  knowledge  of  literature  and  the 
critical  taste  which  he  afterwards  displayed 
on  the  throne.     In  the  thirteen  last  years  of 
his  life,  BuchauMu   M^as  engaged  in  wi-iting 
the  hisUirr  of  his  country,  but  though  ner- 
Tous,  elegant,  and  perspicuous,  it  is  or.  asion- 
ally  deficient  in   fidelity  and  accuracy.     He 
died  at  Edinburgh  28th  February,  158'2.  His 
character  is  painted  in  various  and  opposite 
colors,    according  to   the   partiality    of  the 
protestants  and  the  odium  of  the  catholics, 
hut  posterity  views  him  as  an  able  scholar, 
whose  mind  was  stored  with  all  the  fiie,  the 
elegance,  and  the  graces  of  ancient  litera- 
ture, and  who,  in  a  bai'barous  age,  revived 
the  beauties  and  the  sublimities  of  the  Ro- 
man  muse.     His  works  were  published   to- 
gether Edit\burgh,  2  vols.  fol.  1714. 

BucHNER,  Augustus,  a  native  of  Dres- 
den, professor  of  poetry  and  ehx^uence  at 
Wittemberg,  where  he  died  IGGl,  aged  70. 
He  wrote  preec])ts  of  literature,  &c. 

BtcnoLTZER,  Al)raham,  a  native  of  Sko- 
naw  near  "SVitten^berg,  who  died  at  Freis- 
tadt  where  he  was  pastor,  1584,  aged  55. 
He  wrote  a  valuable  index  chronolcc-icus 
utriusfpie  testamenti,  1616,  8vo.  often  repub- 
lished. 

PiUCKELDii  s,  William,  a  native  of  Voi- 
der, who  died  at  Biervliet  in  1449.    He  was 


publicly  honoj'cd  witli  n  superb  monument' 
i)y  the  JJutch,  who  gratefully  reme»ubered 
his  ingenious  invention  of  the  mode  oi  curing 
herrings  with  .salt. 

BucKEi!  1  DOE,  John,  was  born  at  Dray- 
cot  near  Mai'lborfiUgh.  His  worth,  learuiig 
and  elo«|uence,  rt.comrnendcd  hnn  to  king 
James,  belor  •  v.  honi  he  preached  at  Hamp- 
ton court,  to  bring  the  Melvins  and  other 
Sc<»tch  presbvlcrian.'i  to  u  true  knowledge  of 
the  diyi  trines  of  the  English  church.  Mo 
was  made  bisho])  of  Jiochester  in  101 1,  and 
of  Ely  ilk  lG'2S,  an<l  tiied  three  years  after. 
He  wrote  sontc  sermons,  but  his  chii  (  work 
is  de  potestate  papic,  kc.  adversiis  Beihir- 
minuni. 

Buck  HOLD,  John,  a  butcher  of  Leydtn, 
who  heailed  the  fanatical  raob  of  anabaptists 
at  Munster,  over  whom  he  had  the  art  to 
make  himsjtif  king.  After  an  obstinate  siege 
jNlunster  was  taken,  and  the  seditious  leader 
ignominiousiy  put  to  death  1530. 

Buckingham.     Vid.  Villiers. 

BucQ^UET,  John  Michael  Baptist,  a  pliy- 
sician,  born  at  Paris  where  he  died  1780, 
aged  34,  a  victim  to  e.xccssive  application. 
lie  was  early  noticed  for  his  abilities  iu  every 
bratieh  of  medical  knowledge,  and  made  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry,  and  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences.  His  lectures  were  very- 
popular,  and  particularly  interesting.  Se- 
veral of  his  treatises  are  published  in  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy. 

BuDiEus,  William,  was  horn  in  Paris,  in 
1407.  As  he  was  of  a  noble  family,  atid  heir 
to  a  splendid  fortune,  he  was  early  introdu- 
ced in  the  schools  of  Paris  and  the  university 
of  Orleans,  but  the  expectations  of  his  friends 
were  disappointed.  He  was  regardless  of 
study,  and  totally  attached  to  every  species 
of  extravagance  pnd  dissipation,  till  at  last 
the  follies  of  youth  subsided,  and  from  the 
most  debauched  he  became  tlie  most  stu- 
dious, regular,  and  virtuous  man  of  his  age. 
He  not  only  cultivated  ^literature,  but  pa- 
tronised it  with  all  the  warmth  of  friendship 
ancJ  interest  in  other.s,  and  to  his  advice  and 
influence  with  Fi-ancis  I.  France  is  inilebted 
for  the  foundation  of  her  royal  college.  He 
was  employed  by  tlie  king  as  ambrissador  to 
Leo  X.  and  died  at  Pr-ris  !540,  leaving  four 
sons  and  two  daughters.  His  works  which 
are  valuable  were  printed  at  Basil  1557,  in 
four  vols.  fol.  Budicus  was  the  frequent  cor- 
respondent of  Erasmus,  hut  the  eminence  of 
these  two  men  rendered  them  jealous  of 
each  other's  reputation. 

Bi'DD^us,  Jolm  Francis,  was  born  at 
Anclan  in  Pomei'ania,  and  was  successively 
professor  at  the  ujuversity  of  Cobourg,  Halle, 
and  Jena.  He  was  learned  and  indefatigable 
in  hisstiulies,  and  as  a  professor  popular  and 
eminent  for  clea^'ness,  judgment,  and  taste. 
He  died  at  Jena  1729,  aged  02.  He  wrote, 
elementa  pbilosophire,  &c.  three  vols.  Svo. — 
a  system  of  theology,  two  vols.  4to. — a  Ger- 
man historical  dictionary,  two  vols.  fol.  and — 
several  other  works. 

BuDGELL,  Eustace,  descended  from  » 
respectable  family  in  Uevonshirej  was  born 


BU 


BU 


made  gentleman  of  the  king's  privy  cham- 
ber, and  died  justiciary  of  Ireland,  1548. 
His  songs  and  sonnets  iiave  beei,  printed 
■with  tliosc  of  iiis  friend  Surrey,  and  of  sir 
Thomas  Wyatt.  He  also  transhited  from 
tlie  French  a  dispraise  of  the  life  of  a  cour- 
tier, kc. 

Bryant,    Jacob,    an    eminent    English 
scholar,   educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,   where  he  became  M.  A. 
1744.     He  was  oarly  distinguished  as  a  po- 
lished   classical   scholar,   and   publislied   ob- 
servations and  inquiries  relating   to  various 
parts  of  ancient  history,  8vo.  I76r,  and  a  new 
systen*  nr  analysis  of  mythology,  wlierein  an 
attempt  »s  made  to  divest  tradition  of  fable, 
and  to  reduce  truth  to  its  original  purity, 
S   vols.  4to. — a   work  of  great   merit.     He 
■wrote  besides  valuable  and  ingenious  disser- 
tations on  Balaam,  Samson,  Jonah — observa- 
tions on  disputed  passages  in  Josephus,  Jus- 
tin Martyr,  fUc. — a  treatise  on  the  authenti- 
city of  the  holy   scriptures — pamphlets  on 
the  Kowleian  controversy,  and  against  Priest- 
ley on  necessity — observations  on  the  plagues 
of  Egypt — dissertation  on  the  war  of  Troy, 
a  work  of  Singular  character,   which,   with 
all   the  weapons  of  classical   knowledge   and 
deep   ar.d   profound  erudition,   endeavors  to 
destroy  our  respect  for  the   authenticity  of 
the   iliad,  and  lo  represent  Homer,  not  as 
the  bard  of  Grecian  and  Trojan  heroes,   but 
as  the  builder  of  a  well  wrought  fiction      Mr. 
Br3'»i!t  was  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  late  duke 
of  MariiiOrongii,  and  in  consequence  of  the 
influence  of  his  patron  he  obtained  a  lucra- 
tive appointment  in  the  ordnance  ojfice.     He 
■was  thus  er.abled  to  spend  the  rest  of  life  in 
the  enjoyment  of  lea"ne<i  ease,  and  in  his  fa- 
■vcrite  retiremeiit  in  Berkshire,  near  Wind- 
sor.    This  venerable   scholar  died  in  1804, 
aged  89,  in  couijeq'dence  of  a  mortification  in 
his  leg,  occasioned  by  his  striking  it  violently 
against  a  chau'  whilst  attempting  to  reach  a 
book  fr^m  a  shelf. 

Bare II AN,  son  of  Aulach,  the  son  of  Cor- 
mach  one  of  the  Irish  kings,  is  mentioned  by 
th :  Welch  historians  as  thv  fnther  of  one  of 
the  three  holy  families  of  Britain,  from  whom 
Garthmathem,  which  was  his  ])atriniony, 
was  called  Brecknock.  His  chiblren  were 
founders  of  various  churches  in  Wales.  He 
died  A.  D.  450. 

BuYEXTU'S,  Nicephorns,  the  husband  of 
Anna  (jomena,  refused  the  throne  of  Con- 
stantinople at  the  death  of  Alexis,  his  father- 
in-law.  He  began  the  life  of  Alexis,  which 
he  left  unfinished  at  his  death,  1167.  it  was 
published  at  Paris  1661,  with  a  Latin  ver- 
sion. 

Bug,  George,  a  learned  antiquary,  born 
in  Eincolnshire,  and  knighted  by  James  I.  to 
whom  he  was  master  of  the  revels.  He 
Avrote  the  life  of  Iliciiard  HI.  in  five  books, 
and  supported  the  opinion  that  he  was  tie- 
formed  neitiuM'  in  body  i:or  mind,  an  idea 
afterwards  maintained  by  Horace  AValpole 
— a  treatise  on  the  ancient  colleges,  and 
schools  of  learning  in  and  near  London — and 
a  treatise  on  the  art  of  levels* 


BucER,  Martin,  a  Dominican,  born  in 
Alsace,  who  early  embraced  the  tenets  of 
Luther.  He  afterwards  inclined  more  to 
the  opinions  of  Zuinglius,  and,  in  his  zeal  for 
the  reformation,  attempted  in  vain  to  recon- 
cile these  two  powerful  leaders.  For  20 
3'ears  his  eloquence  was  exerted  atStrasburg 
to  establish  the  protestant  cause,  but  the 
turbulence  of  the  times,  and  his  opposition 
to  the  views  of  the  Catholics  at  Augsburg, 
rendered  him  unpopular,  .so  that  he  received 
with  pleasure  the  invitations  of  Cranmer  to 
settle  in  England.  He  was  received  with 
gratitude  by  the  nation.  Edward  VI.  treated 
him  with  great  kindness,  and  he  was  appoint- 
ed theological  professor  at  Cambridge,  in 
154y,  where  he  died  two  years  after.  Five 
years  after,  the  persecutions  of  Mary  were 
extended  to  his  remains,  which  were  igno- 
miniously  burned,  but  the  insult  was  repair- 
ed by  the  good  sense  of  Elizabeth.  In  lear- 
ning, judgment,  and  moderation,  Bucer  was 
inferior  to  none  of  the  great  reformers,  and 
with  Melancthon  he  may  be  considered  as 
the  best  calculated  to  restore  and  maintain 
unanimity  among  contending  churches,  and 
opposite  sects.  His  writings  in  Latin  and 
German  were  very  numerous,  and  all  ou 
theological  subjects.  His  first  wife  was  a 
nun,  by  whom  he  had  13  children,  and  when 
she  died  in  consequence  of  the  plague,  he 
married  a  second,  and,  as  some  report,  a 
third  tinie, 

BucHAK,  Elspeth,  or  Elizabeth,   a  mo- 
dern fanatic,   "who  married  Robert  Buchan, 
a   common  workman,  in  the  service  of  Mr. 
jMartin,  a  proprietor  of  the  Delft  works  iti 
Glasgow,  by  whom  she  had  sevei'al  children. 
Her   frecpient   perusal   of  scripture,   and   a 
most  literal  interpretation  of  many  of  its 
mystical  passages,  so  worked  upon  her  pas- 
sions,  that  she  considei'ed  herself  as  a  ne\r 
prophet  in  1779,  and  inculcating  the  imme- 
diate dissolution  of  the  world,  she  gained  to 
her  party  a  great  number  of  the  dissolute, 
the    unthinking,  and   the   ignorant.     These 
Buchanites,   as  they  v/ere  called,   travelled 
through  several   parts   of  Scotland,   and   as 
they  had   no   thought   for  the  morrow,    but 
considered  tliat  they  should  be  fed  like  the 
ravens  of  the  air,  aiul  clothed  like  the  lilies 
of  the  field,  their  tloctrines  appeared  as  fas- 
cinating to  the  vulgar  as  they  were  wild  and 
extravagnnt.    The   cflects  of  this  fanatical 
sect  might  have  been  fatally  felt  on  the  mo- 
rals and  happiiicss  of  the  ])eople,   but  Mrs. 
Buchan  died  in  May  1791,  aged  5;3,  and  her 
followers  were  soon  dispersed. 
Buchanan,  George,  a  learned  Scotchman^ 
bor:i  near  Kellernt,',  in  Lenox,  1506.  Though 
his  relations  were  poor,  yet  he  was  well  edu- 
cated by  the  advice  of  his  uncle  Heriot,  who 
foresaw  his  future  eminence;  and    at  Paris 
iiiid  in  Scotland,   he  acipiired    that  learning 
which  coiitri!)Uted  so  nuich  to  his  honor  ami 
the  honor  of  his  countiy.  He  early  embraced, 
from  conviction,   the  tenets  of  Luther,   and 
at  Paris  became  acquainted  with  the  earl  of 
Cas.silis,  M-itii  who'u  for  five  years  lie  was  en- 
gaged as  au  instructor  and  a  friend.    After 


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the  death  of  Cassllis  he  was  appointed  hy  the 
king,  preceptor  to  his  niitural  son  the  famous 
Moray,  but  tlie  jciilousy  of  the  papists  and 
the  severity  of  his  satire  ap^ainst  the  monks, 
especially  in  his  ])iece  called  Francis  canns, 
rentlered  his  situation  so  dangerous  that  he 
fled  to  Kngland,  aiul  I'rom  thence  to  France. 
For  three  years,    uralcr  the  iriendly  patro- 
nage of  An<lre\v  (jlovianus,  he  live«l  in  obscu- 
rity at  Bourdeaux,   and  taught  in  tlie  public 
schools  there,    and  wrote   four  Latin    trage- 
dies, to  draw  the  attention  ol'  his  [)U|tils  troin 
the  allegories  of  the  moderns  to  the  imitation 
of  the  purer   models   of(ii'eecc  and  lionie. 
The  jealousy  of  cRrdinal  Beaton,   however, 
who  had   persecuted  him  in   Scotland,   pur- 
sued him  in  liij  retirement,  and  he  left  Bour- 
deaux for  Coimbra,  M'here,  till  the  death  of 
his  patron  Govianus,  he  uas  respected  and 
admired  for  his  lectures  in    philosophy  and 
classical    learning.     Soon   his   opposition    to 
the  Catholic  tenets,  and  his  being  a  foreigner, 
rendered  him  suspected,  and  he  was  conlin.ed 
hy  his  enemies  in  a  monastery,   where   he 
translated   the   psatms  of  David  into  Latin. 
When  set  at  liberty  he  embarked  for  Eng- 
land, and  then  returned  to  France,  where,  in 
1S54,  the  elegant  dedication  of  his  tragedy  of 
Jephtha    procured    him   the   friendship   of 
marshal  de  Cossi,  who   made   Inm   for   five 
years  preceptor  to  his  sou.    In  I56«),  he  was 
made  principal  of  St.  Leonard's  college,  St. 
Andrews,  and   invited  by  Mary  of  Scots  to 
he  the  future  preceptor  to  her  son  ;  but  he 
forgot  Ids  gratitude  in  the  misfortunes  of  that 
unhappy  princess,   and  in   his  "  Detection" 
severely  arraigned  her  character  in  favor  of 
his  old  pupil  ^loray.  The  appointment  which 
Mary  destined  for  him  was  confirmed  hy  the 
states,    and  from   him  James  YI.   derived 
much  of  the  knowledge  of  literature  and  the 
critical  taste  which  he  afterwards  displayed 
on  the  throne.     In  the  thirteen  last  years  of 
his   life,   Buchanan    was   engaged   in  writing 
the  hisitsrr  of  his  country,  but  though  ncr- 
Tous,  elegant,  and  perspicuous,  it  is  or-,  asion- 
ally  deficient  in   fidelity  and  accuracy.     He 
died  at  Edinburgh  28th  February,  158^2.  His 
character  is  painted  in  varioiLS  and  opposite 
colors,    according   to   the   partiality    of  the 
protestants  and  the  odiuru  of  the  catholics, 
hut  posterity  views  him  as  an  able  scholar, 
whose  mind  was  stored  with  all  the  fii-e,  tlie 
elegance,  and  the  graces  of  ancient  litera- 
ture, and  who,  in  a  barbarous  age,  revived 
the  beauties  and  the  sublimities  of  the  Ro- 
man  muse.     His  works  were  published   to- 
gether Edinburgli,  2  vols.  fol.  171-i. 

BucHNER,  Augustus,  a  native  of  Dres- 
den, professor  of  poetry  and  eloquence  at 
Wittcmberg,  where  he  died  1C61,  aged  70. 
tie  Avrote  precepts  of  literature,  &c. 

Bi  CHOT.TiER,  Abraham, a  native  of  Sko- 
naw  near  "Wiltemberg,  who  died  at  Freis- 
tadt  where  he  was  pastor,  1584,  aged  55. 
He  wrote  a  valuable  index  chronolc;^icus 
utrius([ue  testamenti,  1616,  Svo.  often  repub- 
lished. 

BucKELDivs,  William,  a  native  of  Voi- 
der, who  died  at  Biervliet  in  li49.    He  was 


publicly  lionoi'ed  with  n  superb  monument' 
by  the  Dutch,  who  gratefully  remeiuLicri-ed 
his  ingenious  invention  of  the  mode  oi  cui-ing 
herrings  with  aalt. 

JiucKEi!  1  !K;e,  .)(»hii,  was  born  at  Dray- 
cot  near  Marlborough.  His  worth,  leariiUig 
and  elo>|tii'tiee,  recomrnendt  (1  hiin  to  kmg 
James,  belor  •  v.  Ijoni  he  pleached  at  Hamp- 
too  court,  to  bring  the  McUins  and  other 
Scotch  presbytcrians  to  u  true  knowledge  of 
the  ilwrtrines  of  the  I'ingliHh  churth.  He 
was  made  bisho])  of  iiocliester  in  lbll,and 
of  Ely  in  1028,  an<l  tlicd  three  years  after. 
He  wrote  some  sermons,  but  his  chit  i  work 
is  de  polestate  papie,  bcc.  uflversiis  Bellar- 
minuiu. 

BucKHOT.  n,  John,  a  butcher  of  Leyden, 
who  headed  the  fanatical  mob  of  anabaptists 
at  Munstcr,  over  whom  he  hud  the  art  to 
make  himself  king.  After  an  obstinate  siege 
Alunster  was  taken,  and  the  seditious  leader 
ignominiously  put  to  death  IjoG. 

Buckingham.     Vid.  Vii.liers. 

JiucQ^uET,  John  Micliael  Baptist,  a  pliy. 
sician,  born  at  Paris  where  he  died  1780, 
aged  34,  a  victim  to  e.\ccssive  application. 
lie  was  early  noticed  for  his  abilities  in  every 
branch  of  medical  knowledge,  and  made  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry,  and  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences.  His  lectures  were  very 
popular,  and  particularly  interesting.  Se- 
veral of  his  treatises  are  published  in  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy. 

BudjEits,  William,  was  born  in  Paris,  in 
1467.  As  he  was  of  a  noble  family,  and  heir 
to  a  splendid  fortune,  he  was  early  introdu- 
ced in  the  schools  of  Paris  and  the  university 
of  Orleans,  but  the  expectations  of  his  friends 
were  disapiiointed.  He  was  regardless  of 
study,  and  totally  attached  to  every  species 
of  extravagance  pnd  dissipation,  till  at  last 
the  follies  of  youth  subsided,  and  from  the 
most  debauched  he  became  the  most  stu- 
dious, regular,  and  virtuous  man  of  his  age. 
He  net  only  cultivated  Jiterature,  but  pa- 
tronised it  M'ith  all  the  warmth  of  friendship 
aiKJ  interest  in  other.s,  and  to  his  advice  and 
influence  with  Francis  I.  France  is  imlebted 
for  the  foundation  of  her  royal  college.  He 
was  employed  by  the  king  as  ambrissador  to 
Leo  X.  and  died  at  Pi>ris  !540,  leaving  four 
sons  and  two  daughters.  Mis  works  which 
are  valuable  were  piititcd  at  Basil  1557,  in 
four  vols.  fol.  Buda^us  was  the  frequent  cor- 
respondent of  Erasmus,  hut  th.e  eminence  of 
these  two  men  rendered  them  jealous  of 
each  other's  reputation. 

Bi'DDiEus,  John  Francis,  was  born  at 
Anclan  in  Pomernnia,  and  was  successively 
professor  at  the  uriversity  of  Cobourg,  Hallc; 
and  Jcnu.  He  was  learned  and  indefatigable 
in  his  studies,  and  as  a  professor  popular  and 
eminent  ftjr  elea^'ness,  judgment,  and  taste. 
He  died  at  Jena  1729,  aged  02.  He  wrote 
elementa  pbilosophiie,  &c.  three  vols.  Svo. — 
a  system  of  theologv,  two  vols.  4to. — a  Ger- 
man  historical  dictionary,  two  vols.  fol.  and — 
several  other  works. 

BuDGELL,  Eustace,  descended  from  a 
respectable  family  ia  Uevousliirej  was  born 


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at  St.  Tliomas  Hear  Exeter,  and  educated  at 
Christ  church,  Oxford,  from  Avhence  he  re- 
raoved  to  the  Inner  Temple.  Instead  Jiow- 
ever  of  studying  for  celebrity  in  the  law,  he 
cultivated  i)olitc  literature,  and  became  the 
associate  of  persons  of  rank  and  of  fashion. 
When  Addison,  wlio  was  cousin  to  his  mo- 
ther, was  appointed  secretary  to  lord  Whar- 
ton the  viceroy  of  Ireland,  Eudg^ell  was  pre- 
tailed  to  accompany  him,  1710,  in  tlie  hum- 
bler occupation  of  one  of  the  clerks  of  his 
office.  About  this  time  he  began  his  literary 
career,  and  with  Steele  and  Addison  divided 
the  public  favour,  as  a  writer  in  the  Specta- 
tor, where  his  numbers  were  marked  w  ith 
the  letter  X.  He  also  afterwards  contribu- 
ted largely  to  the  Guardian,  where  his  pa- 
pers are  designated  with  an  asterisk.  I'he 
elevation  of  Addison  to  Idgher  offices  in  the 
«tate  was  shared  by  his  friend,  who  now  be- 
came an  active  and  eloquent  member  of  the 
Irish  parliament,  and  was  appointed  accomp- 
tant  general  of  tlie  kingdom.  An  unfortu- 
nate dispute  however  with  Webster,  the  se- 
cretary of  the  duke  of  Bolton  the  succeeding 
viceroy,  destroyed  the  future  prospects  of 
Budgcll,  who  retorted  against  his  antagonist 
■with  great  severity,  and  did  not  even  spare 
the  character  of  his  patron.  The  lampoons 
were  too  scurrilous  to  be  forgiven,  Budgell, 
by  the  influence  of  the  duke,  was  removed 
from  his  office,  and  by  his  intemperate  con- 
duct in  publishing  his  viiidicatien,  he  drew 
upon  himself  notonly  the  ridicule  and  the  odi- 
um of  thepublic,  butthe  strongest  though  dis- 
regarded reprehensions  of  his  friend  and 
kinsman  Addison.  To  this  ruined  state  of 
public  character,  and  to  other  disappoint- 
ments, Budgell  had  to  add,  in  1720,  Ihe  fail- 
ure of  the  South  Sea  scheme,  in  which  he 
lost  above  20,000/.  and  his  discomfiture  in 
nis  attempts  to  gain  a  seat  in  parliament, 
■which  cost  him  more  than  50(X)/.  Thus  baf- 
fled in  his  pursuits,  and  ruined  in  his  for- 
tunes, he  began  to  look  for  support  in  the 
employment  of  his  pen,  but  his  libellous  at- 
tacks on  Walpole  and  the  ministry  left  little 
doubt  that  his  senses  were  occasionally  im- 
paired by  the  misfortunes  and  the  unkind- 
ness  which  he  had  met  ni  the  world.  lie 
was  engaged  in  the  Craftsman,  and  after- 
wards published  about  100  numbei's  of  a 
weekly  pamphlet  called  the  Bee  ;  butthougli 
the  duchess  of  Marlborough,  to  whose  hus- 
band he  was  distantly  related  gave  him  1000/. 
and  Dr.  Tir.dal  left  him  by  his  will  2000/.  yet 
he  continued  to  be  a  prey  to  want,  involved 
in  debts  which  he  could  not  discharge,  and 
exposed  to  law-suits.  To  the  bar,  the  desti- 
ned career  of  his  youth,  he  liad  recourse, 
but  this  also  failed,  and  in  the  midst  of  his 
despair  and  distraction  he  took  a  boat  at  So- 
merset stairs,  after  having  previously  filled 
his  pockets  with  stojtes,  and  directing  the 
watermen  to  shoot  the  bridge,  he,  when 
under  the  arches,  threw  himself  into  the 
river,  and  never  rose  more.  This  melan- 
choly event  happened  in  1756,  and  might 
have  been  appreliended  from  the  disordered 
State  of  mind  and  coiwluct  which  for  some 


days  preceded  it.    On  his  table  he  left  a  pa- 
per, containing  these  words, 

"  IVhat  Cato  did,  and  Addison  approved, 

*'  Cannot  be  wj-on^." 
Budgell,  as  a  writer,  was  ingenious,  lively, 
and  interesting,  scarce  inferior  to  the  elegant 
style  of  Addison,  and  rising  above  the  greater 
part  of  English  essayists.  In  his  conduct  be 
was  impetuous,  irascible,  and  X)roud,  in  his 
opinions  a  sceptic,  in  his  morals  a  profligate. 
Besides  the  works  mentioned,  he  wrote  the 
life  of  theBoyles,  and  translated  Theophras- 
tus'  characters,  dedicated  to  lord  HaUfax, 
and  by  some  he  was  supposed,  but  falsely, 
to  be  concerned  in  Tindal's  Christianity  as 
old  as  the  creation. 

BuFFAi.MACo,  Bonamico,  an  eminent 
historical  painter,  born  at  Florence.  He 
advised  his  friend  Bruno  to  represent  the  fi- 
gures of  his  paintings  with  labels,  so  as  to  in- 
troduce a  living  scene.  He  died  1340,  aged 
79. 

Buffet,  Margaret,  a  Parisian  lady,  who 
wrote  an  interesting  eulogy  on  learned  wo- 
men, besides  observations  on  the  French 
language. 

BuFFiER,  Claude,  a  French  writer,  born 
in  Poland.  He  died  at  Paris  1737,  aged  76. 
His  writings  were  ingenious  and  interesting. 
His  most  esteemed  work  is  a  course  of  sci- 
ences, on  principles  new  and  simple,  to  forna 
and  engage  the  understanding  and  the  heart, 
fol.  1732. 

Buffo N,  George  Louis  le  Clerc  count 
de,  a  learned  French  philosopher,  born  at 
Montbard,  in  Burgundy,  7th  September, 
1707.  His  father  destined  him  for  his  own 
profession,  the  law,  but  nature  had  marked 
him  for  the  stdjlimer  studies  of  philosophy. 
After  travelling  in  Italy,  where  the  works^of 
art  were  disregarded  by  his  inquisitive  mind 
for  the  more  attractive  charms  of  nature, 
and  after  visiting  for  three  short  months  the 
English  dominions,  he  fixed  his  residence  at 
home,  and  began  his  career  of  fame  by  devo- 
ting every  day  fourteen  hours  to  his  favorite 
.studies.  At  the  death  of  his  mother  he  in- 
herited a  princely  fortune  of  about  12,000^. 
per  annum,  but  neither  pleasure  nor  opu- 
lence diverted  the  train  of  his  learned  occu- 
pations. In  composition  he  exhibited  the 
severest  correctness  ;  his  works  when  finish- 
ed were  set  aside,  and  some  time  after,  the 
author  returned  to  the  task  with  all  the  im- 
partiality of  a  stranger,  butthe  scrutinizing 
eye  of  criticism.  Though  so  strongly  devo- 
ted to  the  sciences,  yet  he  was  fond  of  com- 
pany ;  his  table  displayed  hospitality,  and 
his  conversation  was  easy,  pleasant,  and  void 
of  all  aftectation  of  pedantry  and  superior 
knowledge.  His  favorite  authors  were  Mon- 
tesquieu, Fenelon,  and  Richardson.  He  lived 
to  a  good  old  age,  and  died  16th  April,  1788. 
His  death  was  hastened  by  the  violence  of 
disease;  5G  stones  were  found  in  his  bladder, 
which  his  medical  attendants  declared  they 
could  have  removed,  if  he  had  been  willing 
to  submit  to  the  operation.  His  funeral  was 
honorably  attended  by  the  learned  and  the 
great,  and  2!J,000  spectators  are  skid  to  havR 


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Bi; 


assembled  to  view  liis  remains  borne  to  the 
vault  of  Moiilbard,  where  he  m  ished  to  bf 
placed  near  hi.s  uile.  In  the  gartleiis  ol 
Mnntliard,  near  a  lui^h  tow  er,  was  erected 
by  his  only  son,  a  small  colunjn,  with  these 
words, 

ExcelSip  titrri 
Jlumilis  colnmna, 
J-'iivcii.ti  a  no 
Fil.  huj/'on. 
Btiffon  translated  Xe\\((Mi's  ilnxioiig,  and 
Hale's  staiics,  hut  liis  great  and  immortal 
•work  is  his  "  liistoii-e  nalui-elle,"  35  vols. 
4to.  :;r  O'J  l'3mo.  174'J — 17G5.  'I'hongh  his 
writings  are  so  deservedly  entitled  to  cele- 
brity, yet,  like  other  great  men,  he  is  not 
Aviihout  his  faults.  Some  critics  have  exjjo- 
sed  to  rnlicule  the  system  which,  in  divioiiig 
the  whole  animal  world  into  six  classes, 
ranks  in  the  same  order  men  and  quadru- 
peds, the  lion  with  the  bat,  the  horse  with 
the  hog,  as  beasts  of  burden,  and  the  crab 
and  the  oyster,  as  insects  with  lice  and  fleas, 
and  the  sheh-fish  as  a  worm.  De  la  Cejtede 
has  wrrtten  a  warm  eulogium  on  his  friend, 
and  with  equal  truth  and  flattciy  he  sus- 
pends in  the  temple  of  genius  the  four  lamps 
of  Montesquieu,  Voltaire,  liousseau,  and 
BufTon.  In  his  i)rivate  character  Bullbn  was 
a  libertine,  occasionally  vain  and  puerile. 
The  works  of  men  of  genius,  he  would  ex- 
claim, are  few,  only  those  of  Newton,  Mon- 
tesquieu, Leibnitz,  and  my  own.  His  son 
suffered  during  the  reign  of  terror,  and  was 
guillotined  in  1793,  exclaiming  triumphantly 
on  the  scaffold,  "citizens,  my  name  isHuf- 
fon." 

BuGENHACEN,  John,  a  native  of  Wollin, 
in  Pomerania,  the  adversary,  and  afterwards 
the  friend  and  missionary-  of  Luther.  He 
preached  the  new  tenets  over  Germany  with 
great  success,  and  died  at  Wittemherg  1558, 
aged  73.  He  wrote  commentaries  on  the 
scriptures,  Sec. 

BuGiARDiNi,  Juliano,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1556,  aged  75.  He  was 
highly  esteemed  by  .Michael  Angelo,  and 
excelled  chiefly  in  historical  paintings,  and 
in  landscapes. 

BuiSTER,  Philip,  a  sculptor  of  Brussels, 
who  died  at  Paris,  1G88,  aged  93.  His  sta- 
tues adorn  Versailles  anil  Paris. 

BuKERTOP,  Henry  de  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Antwerp,  who  died  at  L  mvain  '27lii  May, 
1716.  He  wrote  various  works  of  controver- 
sv,  Stc. 

Bi'LL,  John,  a  native  of  Somersetshire, 
admitted  15S0  bachelor  of  music  at  Oxford, 
and  doctor  at  Camhridge.  He  was  so  skilful 
in  music  that  he  was  appointed  organist  to 
the  Queen's  chai)el,  and  on  the  estal)lishiiicnt 
of  Gresham  college,  he  was  elected  professor 
of  music,  and  permitted  to  delivej-  his  lec- 
tures in  English.  He  travelled  aflerw  ards  in 
Germany  and  France,  and  at  last  w  ent  to  re- 
side in  the  Netherlands,  w  here  the  archduke 
patronised  him.  He  died  at  Lubec,  or  ac- 
cording to  Wood,  at  Hamburgh,  about  the 
year  1615,  aged  little  more  than  50.  His 
compositions  in  the  collection  entitled  "  Par- 


thenie,**  show  him  to  have  had  great  p©wei1? 
of  execi'.tiot.  on  the  haipsichoni. 

15  L  1,1-,  <ieorge,  bishfjp  of  St.  David's,  was 
born  at  \Vells  Zj{.\\  March,  163-i.     After  be- 
ing at  school  at  Wells  and    Tiverton,  he  en- 
t»r<(l  atLxetcr  colli  gc,  Oxford,  in  I(j*S;  but 
refusing  to  Lake  the  <<alh  of  allegiance  to  the 
commonwealth,    the    n»xt   year   he  left  the 
uiiivei-sity,    and  r-  tired  into  Somer.sctshii-e, 
where  the  good  sense  and   pious  dispositioa 
of  one  of"  his  sister-s  removed  evei'y  a|)[>ear- 
ancc    of  levity,    which    the    ifiexperience    oi' 
youth,  or  the  turbulence  of  the  times,  might 
have  di-awn  o\er  his  character.     Under  the 
care  of  Wdliani  I'homas,  a  puritan  of  exten- 
sive learning  and  aniiable  manner-s,  he  made 
l)rogress  in  divinity,  and,  at  the  age  of  U'.,  he 
was  ordained  by  Skinnei',  tlie  ejected  bishop 
of  Oxford,  and  soon  after  was  appointed  mi- 
nister of  St.  (Jeorge's,  near  UristM.     In  this 
capacity  he  gained  llie  esteem  aeid  reverence 
of  his  parishioners,  and  by  an  extempore  use 
of  the  prayei's  of  the  litni-gy,  which  were  at 
this  time  publicly  forbidclen,  he  recommend- 
ed himself  to  the  good  opinion  of  all  parties. 
Me  married  in  1658,  and  was  made  rector  of 
Suddington    in    (ilocestershire ;    and    ourin'>- 
the  27  years  of  his  residence  in  this  parish  he 
composed  the  greatest  part  of  his   valuable 
works.     His  excellent  defence  of  the  Aicene 
creed  procured  him,  in  1685,  the  honorable 
degree  of  D.I).  frora  the  gratitude  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford  ;  and  after  passing  through 
the   several   preferments   of  jjrebendary  of 
Glocester,  rector  of  Avening,  Glocestersliire, 
and  archdeacon  of  Landaff,  he  was  at  last  ele- 
vated to  the  see  of  St.  David's  in  1705,  where 
he  resided  in  pastf)ral  dignity,  and  died  l-'e- 
bruary  17,   1709.     Of  eleven  children  by  the 
daughter  of  Mr  Gregory,  minister  of  Ciren- 
cester,  only   tw  o   survived   him.     His   chief 
works,  besides  the  Defensiofidei  Xicente,  are 
his  liarmonia  apostolica — apologia — exaraen 
censurse — judicium  ecclesiie  catholica;,  a  work 
lor  which   he  was   thanked   by  Bossuet  and 
other  French  ecclesiastics — primitiva   apos- 
tolica  traditio  de  J.  C.   divir.atione,    besides 
various  discourses,  publisliei!  by  Nelson,  in  -i 
vols.Svo.  His  character  was  great,  am!  amiable 
in  private  as  well  as  in  public  life.     His  lear- 
ning, as  his  judicious  editor,  Nelson,  observes, 
was  tempered  w  itli  that  modest  and  humble 
opinion  of  it  that  made  it  shine  with  greater 
lustre     He    not   oidy  inculcated,    but  in    his 
conduct  displayed  all  the  meek  and  endear- 
ing virtues  of  benignity,  humility,  prudence, 
piety,    and  purify  of  the    primiti\e    ages  of 
(."hristianity  ;  and  in  his  last  mon)ents  exhi- 
bited  that  mild   resignation   which  was   the 
best  proof  of  his  hofjes  and  reliance  on  the 
great  Irullis  of  the  gospel.     Mis  Latin  works 
were  edited  by  Dr.  Grabc,  one  vol.  foiio 

BuLLER,  Francis,  an  English  judge,  de- 
scended from  a  I'espectahle  famil\,  long  set- 
tled in  Cornwall  and  Dex'onshire.  From 
Westniinster  school  he  entered  at  the  Tem- 
ple, and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1763.  As  a 
special  pleader,  and  at  the  bar  he  soon  ac- 
quired rejiutatioti ;  and  by  his  marriage  alli- 
ance with   I^d  But'uurst,   he  obtained   thv 


BU 


BU 


dimity  of  Welsh  judge,  and  soon  after  that 
of  justice  in  llie  king's  bench  His  aljilitics, 
his  knowledge,  anil  his  iiitegrit\,  eiiavired 
him  here  the  friendship  of  lord  .Mansfield, 
■who  wished  liirn  to  be  his  successor;  but  the 
interest  of  lord  Kenyon  ])revailed  over  Iiis 
recommendation;  in  conseqoence  of  wliich 
sir  Francis,  who  was  made  a  baronet,  re- 
movefl  to  the  common  pl'jas.  He  died  sud- 
denly, Jnne  4,  1800,  universally  respected  as 
a  gooil  lawyer  and  an  imparlial  judge.  He 
published,  in  1772,  an  inU'otluction  to  the 
}aw  of  nisi  prius,  a  work  of  acknowledged 
Tneril  among  lawyers. 

Bullet,  John  Baptist,  died  Ctli  Septem- 
ber, 1775,  aged  7G,  at  Btsancnn,  where  lie 
Avas  dean  uf  the  university.  He  pul)lishetl  a 
history  of  the  estabhshment  of  Christianity, 
taken  fi-om  Jewish  and  pagan  authors,  in  4to. 
—the  existence  of  God  demonstrated  from 
nature — dissertation  on  the  history  of  France, 
8vo. — answers  to  unbelievers — memoirs  on 
the  C'eltic  tongue,  3  vols.  fol.  &c.  He  pos- 
sessed a  most  retentive  memory  ;  but  though 
his  works  are  learned  and  useful,  th'-v  do 
not  display  cither  grace  of  diction,  or  ele- 
gance of  style. 

BuLLEVX,  AVilliam,  an  English  physi- 
cian, born  in  the  isle  of  Ely,  and  educated 
both  at  O.vford  and  Cambridge,  according  to 
historians.  He  travelled  on  the  continent 
for  ids  improvement  in  the  knowledge  of 
medicine  and  botany,  and  at  last  settled  at 
Durham,  v  here  he  practised  with  great  re- 
putation and  success.  Tanner  repoi-ts  that 
he  was  a  clergyman  as  well  as  a  physician, 
and  that  he  v.as  for  four  years  rector  of 
Blaxall  in  Sutiblk.  He  published  sevex'al 
medical  works,  which  are  no  longer  in  re- 
pute;  and  was  universally  esteemed  as  a  po- 
lished scholar  and  as  a  man  of  probity,  bene- 
volence, and  piety.  He  died  in  London  1570, 
ad  was  buried  at  St.  Giles,  Cripplegite,  in 
the  same  grave  w  here  his  brother,  Richard, 
a  divine,  had,  thirteen  years  before,  been 
deposited.  He  was  fa!?fely  accused  of  mur- 
dering Thomas  Hilton,  his  patient,  who  died 
of  a  malignant  fever;  and  thougb  honorably 
acquitted,  his  prosccut;)rs  imprisoned  him 
for  debt.  His  jiortrait  appears  in  his  go- 
Ttrnment  of  health,  and  in  the  bulwark  of 
defence. 

BuLLiALDUS,  Ismael,  an  astronomer, 
born  at  Laon,  in  the  isle  of  France.  He  tra- 
velled in  hib  joutb  in  pursuit  of  knowledge, 
and  in  a  more  advanced  j)eriod  he  visited  tlie 
famous  Hevelius  at  Dantzic,  whose  works, 
like  his  ow  n,  had  commanded  the  applause 
of  mankind.  He  died  at  Paris  1694,  aged  89. 
His  works  were,  de  natura  lucis — Philolaus, 
in  four  bf)oks,  with  tables  of  the  system,  re- 
vived by  Copernicus — opus  novum  ad  arilh- 
meticam  infinitoruin — treatise  on  spiral  lines 
— and  astronomite  et  philol.  fundamcnta, 
against  AV'ard,  the  learned  bi.ship  of  Sarum. 

Bllhaud,  N.  a  French  botanist  of  emi- 
nence, author  of  Flora  Parisiensis,  8vo. — tlie 
herbal  of  France,  13  vols.  fol.  1780 — dictio- 
naire  elementaire  de  botanique,  foi. — history 
of  poisonous  plants  in  France,  fol. — bistoire 


des   cliRmpignons   de   France.    He  died  at 
Paris  1793,  aged  41. 

BuLLiNGER,  Henry,  -was  horn  at  Ben- 
garten,  near  Zurich,  and  educated  at  Co- 
logne In  his  stutlies  in  theology,  he  ir.clined 
to  the  doctrines  of  the  Carthusians;  but  the 
si)irited  writings  of  Melancthon  fixed  hi* 
faith,  and,  instead  of  supporting  the  errors 
of  the  ciiurch  of  Home,  lie  became  a  warm 
advocate  for  the  tenets  of  the  pmtestants.  la 
15119  he  settled  as  protestant  minister  in  his 
native  town,  where,  by  his  wife,  who  died  ia 
1564,  he  had  six  sons  and  five  daughters. 
He  was  the  friend  and  tlie  pupil  of  Zuinglius, 
and,  after  the  death  of  that  famous  reff)rmer, 
w  ho  was  slain  in  a  battle  fought  in  1521,  iu 
consequence  of  tlie  religious  differences  of 
the  cantons,  he  succeeded  him  as  ])astor  of 
Zurich,  where  he  had  taken  refuge  with  his 
affrighted  family.  He  diecl  17th  September, 
1575.  His  works  are  numerous,  and  all  on 
polemical  subjects,  in  10  vols.  His  kindness 
to  the  English  divines  who  tied  to  Switzer- 
land from  the  i)ersecutions  of  Mary,  de- 
serves to  be  recorded  Mith  every  commen- 
dation. He  ably  confuted  the  pope's  bull 
whicli  excommunicated  queen  Elizabeth,  of 
which  a  translation  has  been  published,  Iw 
his  capacity  of  minister  of  Zurich,  he  exerted 
himself  much  and  successfully  for  the  benefit 
of  the  poor,  and  for  tbe  moral  and  religious 
education  of  his  parisliioners. 

BuLTEAu,  Louis,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
who  succeeded  his  uncle  as  secretary  to  the 
French  king,  and  afterwards  became  a  Be- 
nedictine monk  of  St.  Maur.  He  wrote  aa 
abridgement  of  the  histo;y  of  the  Benedic- 
tine order — essay  on  the  monastic  history  of 
the  east — besides  a  translation  of  St.  Gre- 
gory's dialogues.     He  died  loQS,  aged  78. 

BuLWEK,  John,  an  English  physician, 
author  of  several  works  on  pby^Jognomy — 
the  language  of  the  hand — and  instructions 
to  the  deaf  and  dumb.  His  most  curious 
book  is  Anthropometamorphosis,  in  which 
he  mentions  what  various  shapes  and  dresses 
men  have  assumed  in  the  different  ages  of 
the  world.  lie  wrote  also  Palhomyoamia, 
or  dissection  of  the  significative  muscles  of 
the  affections  of  the  mind.  He  lived  in  the 
16th  century. 

Bu  XEL,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse,  who 
distinguished  himself  as  a  correct  writer  of 
the  Latin  language.  He  improved  himself 
by  travelling  in  Italy,  and  was  patronised  by 
tbe  French  ambassador  at  Venice.  He  died 
of  a  fever  at  Turin  in  1546,  aged  47,  as  he 
was  making  the  tour  of  Italy  as  tutor  to  the 
son  of  his  friend  de  Faur.  The  magisti-ates 
of  Toulouse  erected  a  marble  statue  to  his 
memory,  as  a  tribute  to  liis  great  abilities, 
and  tbe  nnblemisbed  respectability  of  his  pri- 
vate character.  His  epistles  were  published 
by  Stevens  1581,  and  also  at  Toulouse  1687, 

BuXEL,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Blois,  1558, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  He  was  brought  up 
under  Zucchero,  aiid  executed,  among  other 
things,  that  finished  piece  representiiig  the 
descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  preserved  at 
Rome  in  the  church  of  the  Augustine^, 


BU 


15  U 


RuKEL,  William,  ft  pliysicinn  ofTonlouse, 
wlio  publJslicd,  ill  15 IJ,  a  treatise  on  ilic 
j)lai<iie. 

JJuNNiCK,  John,  ii  Flemish  painter,  born 
at  Utrecht,  who  iliieflv  exi-c-lled  in  histoii/al 
pieces,  ile  ilieil  1727,  aj^etl  73.  His  bro- 
ther Jacob  was  eciually  eminent  in  the  re- 
pi'cseiitalion  of  sea  hatlles.     Ho  (lie«l  1725. 

lit'NO.v,  Robert,  uii  eminent  dentist  at 
Paris,  wiio  pnhiished  some  learned  treatises 
on  his  ai-t.     He  died  17  iS,  aged  40. 

Hi  . WAN',  John,  son  of  a  linker,  was  horn 
at  Elslow,    near   JJedford.     The    trillin.^   in- 
slrticlicin  which  he  received  was  ([uickly  for- 
gotten,   by   tiie    indnli^ence   of  every  vicious 
propensity  ;  hut  his  i-areer  of  vice  was  sto[)- 
ped  by  the  sudden  darting  of  a  voice  from 
Fieavei\    into    his   soul,   say  his    biographers, 
which  bade  iiim  either  to  leave  his   sins,    or 
follow  them    and   [)erish  in  hell.     From  this 
circumstance  his   mode  of  liie  was  altered, 
and,  after  being  for  a  little  time  a  st)ldier  in 
the   jjarliament   army,    where    he   behaved 
bravely  at   the  siege    of  Leicester,  he   esta- 
blished himself  as  a  baptist  preacher  at  Bed- 
ford ;   but,  as  the  holder  of  a  conventicle,  he 
■was  adjudged  to  be  imprisoned  for  life.     Du- 
ring his  coiifmeiuent,  he  u  rote  several  of  his 
■works,   and   maintained   himself  by  making- 
long  tagged  tliread  laces,  till,  after  more  than 
twelve  long  years'  im]>risonment,  he  was  h- 
berated   by  the   conj passionate   interference 
of  Barlow,   bishop   of  Lincoln.     When    re- 
stored to  liberty,  lie  travelled  through  Eng- 
land to  visit  aiid  comfort  the  brethren  of  his 
persuasion ;   and   on  the   publication  of  tlie 
act   of  toleration   by   James  IL   he   built   a 
meeting  house  at  Bedford,   wlierc   his  doc- 
ti'ines  became  popular.     He  died  of  a  fever, 
in  London,   in   1688,   aged  60,    leaving  four 
children,   one   of  whom.   Alary,    was   born 
blind.     His  works  were   collected  and  pub- 
lished in  two  vols,  folio,  1736-7.     The  most 
celebrated  of  his  compositions  is  Ids  Pilgrim's 
progress,  a  work  which,  under  an  allegorical 
form,  conveys  and  recommends  the  sublimest 
truths  and  purest  virtues  of  morality  and  re- 
ligion.    It  was  written  during  his  imprison- 
ment, and  has  passed  through  more  than  50 
editions,   and   been  translated   into  various 
languages. 

BuoMMATEi,  Benedict,  an  ecclesiastic, 
born  at  Florence,  and  chiefly  known  for  his 
work  on  the  Tuscan  langunge,  in  which  he 
gives  very  useful  rules  for  the  writing  of  Ita- 
lian.    He  died  1647. 

Buo>:acorsi,  IMiilip,  a  native  of  Tus- 
cany, who,  after  the  fashion  of  the  times, 
called  himself  by  the  new  name  of  Callimaeo 
Esperiente.  He  removed  from  Rome  upon 
being  siispeoted  of  forming  a  conspir.icy 
against  Paul  II.  and  settled  in  Poland  as  tu- 
tor to  Albert  the  son  of  king  Casimir.  IJis 
abilities  were  also  employed  in  several  hon- 
orable embassies  and  as  ])rime  minister.  He 
died  at  Cracow  1496,  aged  59.  He  wrote  a 
life  of  Attila — of  Ladislaus  king  of  Polaml 
before  Casimir,  besides  other  works,  highly 
esteemed. 

BUONACORSI,  01"  PeRRIN  DEL  VaGO, 


I  a  painter  of  Tuscany,  suckled  by  a  she-goat. 
'Miougli  originally  poor,  and  engaged  in 
\):iitjting  cimrch  camlles,  yet  his  genius  raised 
him  to  eminence,  and,  after  stinlyingiit  iCome 
and  Florence,  he  <liilinguished  himself  as  a 
perfect  master  in  lini.shing  the  finest  works 
of  decoration.  He  died  suddenly  1547,  in 
his  47tli  ye:ir,  when  engaged  in  the  ceiling  of 
thf  hall  of  kings  at  the  \  alican. 

BuoN  AFEUE,  Appiano,  a  native  ofComn- 
cio.  Letter  knov.n  undi  r  the  names  of  A[)i)io 
ameo  de  faba,  and  ,\gaijisto  Crowiazanio. 
ile  was  known  as  a  jjoet  and  elegant  writer, 
and  was  ab!>ot  of  the  ("eleslines.  The  best 
of  his  poems  is  the  poetical  iconology  of  great 
men,  in  Italian,  r)fien  edited;  and  the  best 
prose  performr.nce  is  the  hibtoi-y  aiid  spirit 
of  eveiy  sort  of  jdiilosophy,  G  vols.  4to.  He 
died  at  Rome  1  792. 

BuoNAMici,  Lazaru.s,  a  native  of  Bas- 
sano,  educated  at  Padua.  He  was  tutor  in 
tlieCampeggi  family,  and  ai'terwards  became 
professor  of  belles  lettres  in  tiie  Sajiienza 
college  at  Ifome.  At  the  sacking  of  that 
city,  1527,  he  escaped  with  difficulty,  and 
with  the  loss  of  all  his  property,  and  three 
years  after  went  to  Padua,  where  he  read 
lectures  on  rhetoric  with  great  applause. 
His  letters  and  poems  were  published  at 
\  enice  1572.     He  died  1552,  aged  73. 

BuoxAMici,  Castrucio,  a  native  of  Luc- 
ca, who  studied  at  Rome,  and  devottd  him- 
self to  the  clerical  profession.  Not  meet- 
ing, however,  with  the  encouragement  which 
he  expected,  he  turned  his  attention  to  the 
military  life,  and  bore  arms  with  courage 
and  distinction  in  the  service  of  the  king  of 
Naples.  He  devoted  much  of  his  time  to 
study,  and  ])ublished  the  history  of  the  war 
of  Velletri,  in  4to.  1746,  and,  four  years  af- 
ter, the  history  of  the  last  war  of  Italy,  in  3 
vols.  4to.  which  proc'.ired  him  from  the  duke 
of  Parma,  the  hereditary  title  of  count,  and 
from  tiie  king  the  I'ank  of  commissary-gene- 
ral, and  a  i)eiision.  These  works  are  highly 
esteemed,  for  the  purity  of  llie  Latinity,  and 
tlie  accuracy  of  the  narration.  The  author 
died  in  his  ntiiive  city  in  1761,  in  his  5UtU 
year. 

BuoNAROTTi,  or  BuoxAROTA,  Mi- 
chael Angeio,  a  celebrated  painter.  Vid. 
A  x  G  E  I,  o . 

BuoNDELMONTE,  a  young  Florentine, 
in  the  beginning  of  tlie  loth  century,  who 
had  proniised  t<»  marry  a  daughter  of  the  fa- 
mily of  the  Amidei,  but  afterwards  espoused 
the  more  beautiful  daughter  of  the  Uonati. 
This  conduct  prijvcked  the  resentment  of 
the  slighted  fair  and  of  Jier  relations,  and  by 
their  intrigues  the  youthfu!  bridegroom  was. 
a.^jsassinated.  The  report  of  this  murder 
was  no  sooner  known,  than  the  whole  city 
was  in  commotion.  The  nobility  was  ilivided 
into  two  p.irts,  and  the  (piaiMel  became  ge- 
neral, so  tliat  the  friends  of  Buondelmonto 
took  the  name  of  Guelfs,  and  supporlcd  the 
power  of  the  pope,  and  tiieir  opponents  that 
of  Gibelins,  who  were  attached  to  the  inte- 
rests of  tlie  emperor.  The  animosity  thus 
excited  lusted  foi-  luany  ccoUries,  »u(l  caused 


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Bloodshed  and  devastation  in  the  city  of  Flo- 
rence. 

BuoNFlGLio,  Joseph  Constant,  a  Nea- 
politan, known  us  the  learned  author  ot"  two 
excellent  books,  the  ancient  and  modern 
historv  of  Sicily  and  Venice,  '2  vols.  4to. 
1604— ^and  the  liistory  of  Messina,  1606, 
4to. 

BuoNTALENTi,  Bei'nai'do,  surnamed 
Cirondile,  was  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge of  architecture,  of  sculpture,  of  hy- 
draulics, and  also  for  his  miniatures  and  his- 
torical pieces.  His  madonnas  Avas  g-reatly 
admired,  When  an  infatit,  the  house  of  his 
father,  on  the  Arno,  fell  down,  and  destroy- 
ed all  the  iidiabitants  besides  himself.  His 
distress  was  made  known  to  the  duke  of 
Florence,  who  nobly  supported  and  patro- 
nised him,  and  thus  enabled  him  to  become 
the  honor  of  his  country.  He  died  1608, 
aged  61. 

BuPALus,  a  sculptor  of  anti(|uity,  B.  C. 
540.  His  ueformed  statue  of  Hipponax  the 
poet,  was  noticed  with  such  severity  of  sa- 
tire by  the  angry  bard,  that  the  sculptor  and 
his  brother  Athenis  hanged  themselves  in 
despair. 

B ORCHARD,  tutor  of  Conrad  the  em- 
peror, was  made  bishop  of  Worms,  and 
died  10-26.  liis  canons  or  decrees  were  pub- 
lished at  Cologi^e  1548. 

BuRCHELLo,  Dominico,  a  harher  at 
Florence,  whose  wit  and  genius  rendered 
jbim  the  favorite  of  his  countrymen.  He 
"wrote  sonnets  and  lighter  pieces,  which 
have  gained  the  admiration  of  critics,  and 
rank  him  high  among  Italian  poets.  Occa- 
sionally obscure,  an<l  sometimes  enigmati- 
cal, he  is  censurable  for  the  little  respect 
vihich  he  paid  to  good  manners.  He  died 
at  Rome  1448,  aged  68.  The  best  edi- 
tion of  his  poems  is  that  of  Florence,  8vo. 
1568. 

BuRi?,  Williani  de,  a  bookseller  at  Paris, 
known  for  his  great  knowledge  of  old,  cu- 
rious, and  valuable  books.  His  bibliographic 
instructive,  7  vols.  8vo. — and  musceum  typo- 
grapliicum,  12mo.  are  much  esteemed.  He 
died  1782,  Jidy  15. 

BuRE,  Catharine,  a  learned  lady  of  Swe- 
den, whose  Latin  coirespondence  with  ano- 
ther Swedish  lady,  Vandela  Skylte,  has 
been  printed,  and  displays  elegance  of  lan- 
guage, correctness  of  style,  and  delicacy  of 
expression.    Slie  died  1679,  aged  77. 

Burette,  Peter  Joliii,  a  physician  of 
Paris,  who  diet!  there  1747,  aged  82.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  musician,  and  played  with 
his  father  before  Lewis  XIV.  but  at  the  age 
of  18  he  quitted  the  profession  for  litera- 
ture. He  became  an  elegant  and  polished 
scholar  ;  and  besides  his  many  valuable  con- 
tributions to  the  memoirs  of  the  academy, 
on  the  games  of  the  ancients,  and  other  cu- 
rious sul>jects,  he  was  engaged  in  the  journal 
des  savaiis.  His  treatise  on  the  s\mphony  of 
the  ancients  is  much  a<lmired.  He  was  also 
an  able  orientalist,  and  as  a  professor  of 
medicine  in  the  royal  college,  and  a  reader 
em  the  materia  lusdiea,  he  acquired  great 


applause.  The  catalogue  of  his  library  ift- 
contained  in  3  vols.  12mo. 

Burger,  Godfred  Augustus,  a  native  of 
Wolmerswende  in  Germany,  who  studied 
divinity  at  Halle,  and  afterwards  applied 
to  the  profession  of  law  at  Gottingon.  Poe- 
try, however,  was  his  favorite  pursuit,  and 
the  productions  of  Shakspeare  gave  him 
more  real  pleasure  than  any  other  employ- 
ment. He  was  for. some  time  engaged  ia 
the  periodical  publication  of  the  alma.iac  of 
the  muses  from  1770  to  1775,  and  of  the 
German  museum,  and  translated  witli  great 
spirit  the  tragedy  of  Macbeth,  which  was 
acted  at  Hamburgh.  His  l.eonora,  so  wild 
and  terrific,  is  well  known  in  England. 
Burgei',  who  was  fickle  in  his  pursuits,  was 
for  some  }  ears  engaged  as  a  steward  to  baron 
L^slar,  and  as  a  farmer  ;  and  in  the  latter 
part  of  hfe  he  was  jirofessor  at  Gottingen. 
He  was  three  times  married,  and  was  di- 
vorced from  his  third  wife,  who  was  herself 
a  poetess,  but  of  an  immoral  character.  He 
died  of  a  consumption  1794,  aged  46. 

BuRGES,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  took 
hi  degree  of  D.  D.  He  was  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  but,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  wars,  he  sided  with  the  parliament,  and 
enriched  himself  by  the  plunder  of  that 
church,  which  it  was  his  duty  to  support. 
At  the  restoration,  his  ill-gotten  wealth  was 
torn  with  difficulty  from  his  grasp.  He  died 
1665.  Some  of  his  sermons  and  other  tracts 
have  been  printed. 

Burgh,  Ulick  de,  marqnis  of  Clanri- 
carde,  was  know n  for  his  courtesy  and  loy- 
alty, and  was  author  of  memoirs  relative  to 
the  Irish  rebellion,  published  8vo.  17^2,  and 
improved  1757  in  fol.  a  work  instructive  and 
intei-esling,  from  the  character  which  judge 
Lindsey  has  given  to  the  writer.  He  died 
1657. 

Burgh,  James,  a  popular  writer,  born 
at  Madderty  in  Perthsire.  After  stud3ing  a 
little  time  at  St.  Andrew's  for  the  clerical 
profession,  which  his  health  did  not  permit 
him  to  pursue,  he  engaged  in  the  linen  trade, 
and  was  unsuccessful.  Disappointed  at  home, 
he  came  to  England,  where  for  one  year 
he  was  engaged  in  correcting  the  press,  in 
the  house  of  an  eminent  printer,  and  from 
thence  he  went  as  assistant  in  the  grammar 
school  at  Marlow,  whei-e  he  published, 
1746,  Britain's  remembrancer,  a  book  uni- 
versally read  and  admired,  and  considered 
as  the  finished  production  of  some  of  the 
bi.shops.  On  leaving  Marlow  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  same  laborious  employment  at 
Enfield,  and  afterwards,  in  1747,  he  opened 
a  school  on  his  own  account  at  Stoke  New- 
ington,  and  three  years  after  he  removed  to 
New'ngton  (ireen,  where  for  19  years,  with 
great  reputation  and  success,  he  trained 
many  respectable  pupils  to  the  knowledge 
of  literature,  and  the  practice  of  virtue  and 
morality.  In  1771,  he  retired  to  the  en- 
joyment of  competence  and  tranquillity  at 
Islington  ;  but  great  is  the  uncertainty  of 
life,  and  so  fleeting  its  pleasures,  that  he 


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found  himself  grievously  attacked  by  a  stone 
in  liis  bladder,  wliich  uliile  it  exposed  iiiiii 
to  exquisite  Jiaiii,  eiialjled  ijini  to  display  llie 
greatest  patience  and  resii;iiati(m,  till  lie  was 
hiip|>ily  released,  'JGth  All};.  1775,  in  his 
61st  year.  His  other  writings  were,  ihoiiglits 
on  education — poliiical  dis(piisitions,  A  vols. 
— Ciito  or  essays,  liJ  vols. — the  dignity  of 
liuniaii  nature,  &e.  fnie  vol.  4to.  or  two 
volh.  Svo. — the  ai-t  of  speaking,  8vo. — he- 
sides  other  treatises.  His  answer  to  Lind- 
sey's  apolof^fy  for  resigning  his  living  at  C'at- 
terick,  w  as  tonsidii-ed  so  popniar  and  mas- 
terly, that  tlie  university  of  Oxfcrd  honora- 
bly presented  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws 

BuuGOYNE,  John,  a  general  in  the  army, 
known  f')r  his  defetiee  of  Portugal  in  1762, 
H"ainst  the  invading  Spaniards,  tor  his  hrave 
seizure  of  I'iconderago,  and  for  the  fatal  day 
of  Saraioga,  17th  Oct.  1777,  in  which,  after 
two  baltks,  he  surrendereil  the  British  army 
to  general  (iates.  He  was  supposed  to  he 
the  natmal  son  of  lord  Bingley.  He  was 
nutlior  of  four  dramatic  pieces,  of  which 
the  Maid  of  the  oak,  a  comic  opera — Bon 
ton,  an  entertainment — and  the  Heiress,  a 
comedy,  written  in  sprightly  and  elegant 
iliah  gtie,  w  ere  received  with  great  applause 
on  the  public  theatres.  He  wi-ote  besides 
several  epilogues,  and  some  fugitive  pieces 
He  died  -ith  "Aug  1792,  and  nine  days  after 
Vas  privatelv  buried  in  the  cloisters  of  West- 
minster abbey. 

BuRiDAisi,  John,  a  French  philosopher 
of  Bethune  in  Artois,  in  the  14th  century. 
He  was  professor  and  afterwards  leclor  of 
the  univeisity  of  Paris,  from  which,  being 
expelled  by  the  realists  in  opposition  to  the 
nominalists,  he  retired  to  Germany,  where 
he  founded  the  university  of  Vienna,  f  e 
•wr^te  commentaries  on  .Xristotle's  bigic, 
ethics,  &;c.  Buridan's  ass  standhig  l;ctw  een 
two  bushels  of  wheat  was  proverbial  in  the 
schools  for  a  long  time,  but  of  this  the  origin 
is  little  known 

BiRiGNY,  Levesqne  de,  a  native  of 
llheims,  -vvho  died  at  Paris,  8th  Oct.  1785, 
aged  94  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  au- 
thority of  the  pope,  four  vols.  12mo.  1720 — 
a  learned  history  of  pagan  philosophy,  1724 
— general  history  of  Sicify,  two  vols.  4to. 
1745 — revolution  of  Constantinople,  three 
vols.  12mo.  1750 — Porphyry  on  abstinence — 
life  of  (irotius,  of  Erasmus,  of  Bossuet,  of 
Perron. 

Burke,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  statesman, 
son  of  a  respectable  attorney,  born  at  Car* 
low  in  Ireland,  1st  Jan.  1730,  and  educated 
nt  Bally  tore,  under  Abraham  Shackleton,  a 
i|uaker,  and  afterwards  at  Trinity-college, 
JJublin,  Avhere,  after  three  years  residence, 
he  took  his  bachelor's  degree,  174!t.  He  af- 
terwards ap{)lied  for  the  logic  professorship 
at  Clasgow,  and  w  hen  his  solicitations  were 
unsuccessful,  he  came  to  London,  and  in 
1753  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple.  But 
thovgh  possessed  of  great  powers  of  elocu- 
tion, he  paid  no  serious  attention  to  the 
lirn',  but  considered  titeratnre  and  politiss  as 


the  field  most  favorable  for  the  exerliou  of 
his  genius.  For  some  time  he  bubsisted  on 
the  labors  of  his  pen,  awl  the  remuneration 
(A  the  booksellers  ;  and  his  vin<Iication  of 
natural  society,  or  a  view  of  the  miseries  and 
e\ds  arising  to  mankind,  from  evei'y  species 

of  artificial  society,    in  a  h  tter  to   lord , 

by  a   late  noble  writer,  gained    him    reputa- 
tion,   for   the   general  admiration   which  re- 
garded Bolingi)roke  as  the    author,  soon  re- 
doiiinled   to   the    honor  of   the  anonymous 
writer.     His  essay  on  the  sublime   in    1757, 
increased     iiis   literary     fanic,    and    reconi- 
mended  him  to  the  notice  of  the   great  and 
the   learned,   especially   Johnson.      In   1758 
Dod.iley   began   at  his   suggestion  the  annual 
register,  which   owed  much  of  its  celebrity 
to  his  pen.     In  1761  he   visited   Ireland,  as  a 
C(mipanion  of  his  friend  Singlespeech  Ham- 
ilton, by  whose  interest  he   procured  a  pen- 
sion of  3U0/.  on  the  Irish  establishment,  and 
on    his   return    he    wt«8   introduced    by    Mr. 
Fitzhcrbert   to  the    notice  of  lord  Rocking- 
ham, first  lord   of  the    treasury,  who  made 
him  his   secretary,  and  had  him  returned  to 
parliament    for    Wendover.      Though    the 
Hockingham  administration  w  as  of  short  ex- 
istence,  Buike   retained   his   attachment  to 
his  friends,  and  during  the  American  war  he 
distinguished    himself  as    a   warm    advocate 
for  the  liberties  of  his  fellow  subjects  beyond 
the    Atlantic.      He    was   in   1774  honorably 
without  exjicnse  elected   member  for  Bris- 
tol ;  but  \)opularity  rests  on  a  fickle  founda- 
tion, and  an  unlucky  opinion  in  favor  of  the 
commerce  of  Ireland,    and   in  favor  of  the 
Koman    catholics,    brought    the    orator    into 
disgrace  with  his  constituents,  at  the  election 
of  17  80.     He    was   afterwards   member   for 
.Maldon,  and  durmg  the  little  lime  that  lord 
Rockingham  succeeded  lord  North  in  1782, 
he  was  made   pay-master  general,  and  held 
a  seat  in  the  privy  council,  and  afterwards  ia 
the   coalition  he   was  admitted  to  share  the 
triumphs   and   the   disgrace   of  his   friends. 
Thus  driven  from   power,   he   continued    a 
zealous  and   active   opponent  to  Mr.  Pitt's 
administration,  and  particularly  attacked  his 
conduct  during  the  d-'bates  on   the  regency 
bill.     The   destruction   of  the    French   mo- 
narchy,   however,  which  caused    such   satis- 
faction  among  his   friends,  created   uneasi- 
ness and  distrust  in  Mr.  Burke,  and  with  a 
prophetic  voice    he   proclaimecl   aloud,   the 
miseries  and   misfortunes  which   aw  ailed  his 
country,  if  they   followed    the   examples   of 
her  feiocious   neighbors,  in  attempts  to  al- 
ter or  new  model   her  constitution.     So  de- 
termined an  oj>posilion  to  the  then  popular 
opinion,    produced    a    sej)aration     between 
Mr.  Burke   and  his   former  associates,  and 
tlie  publication  of  his  famoas  reflections   on 
the  French   revolution,   roused   the  feelings 
and    divided  the    sentiments   of  the   nation. 
While    the    author   and    his   adherents    in- 
veigiied  with  becoming  severity  against   the 
disorders    and    n)ischiefs   of  anarchy,  Paine 
in  his  a:iswer,  in  tlie  rights  of  man,  and  other 
insidious  writers,  attempted  to  render  pala- 
table to  the  public,  docH*i«es,  which  tendeH 


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ish  I'epublican  ism  over  the  ruins  of  [demeanor.     He  died  Oct.  1703.     He -vvrofc 
property,  of  suborfiinatioii,  of  l>np-  '  some  books,    the  hest  known  of  which  is  his 

commentary  on  the  Aew  Testament,  wliich 
continues  to  be  a  popular  work. 

BuRLAM AQ_[Ji,  Jolm  James,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  professor  of  civil  law  there,  and 
afterwards  tutor  to  the  prince  of  iriesse 
Casseh  He  was  made  counsellor  of  state  on 
his  return  to  Geneva,  and  died  there  174.S, 
aged  54.  His  principles  of  natui-al  law,  and 
of  political  law,  three  vols.  l2mo.  are  two 
popular    works,    which    sliow    him    to    have 


to  estabi 
rank,  of 

piness  and  domestic  virtue.  These  literary 
services  aided  by  the  most  eloquent  language 
in  parliament  i-econciled  Mr.  Burke  to  the 
Pitt  administration,  and  a  pension  was  hon- 
orable bestowed  upon  him  by  the  king, 
which,  though  it  drew  upon  him  the  sar- 
casms and  reproaches  of  party,  was  ap[>laud- 
ed  by  every  fi'iend  of  virtue  and  true  loyalty. 
Thus  animated  by  a  spirit  of  enthusiasm, 
wliich   electrified  the    whole  nation,  and   as 


the  advocate  for  the  war,  he  was  considered  '  been  well  acquainted  with  his  subject,  and 
by  many  as  the  oi*acle  and  the  bulwark  of  1  all  the  arguments  of  Grotius,  Puft'endorf, 
the  country,  whilst  ot  lers  attributed  his  I  and  Barbeyrac. 
zeal  to  the  effects  of  a  frantic  and  heated  i  Burleigh.  f7t/.  Cecil. 
imagination.  Some  time  before  Ids  death  I  Burley,  Walter,  an  English  priest,  who 
Mr.  Burke  retired  from  public  life;  but  I  left  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  kc. — a  book, 
though  honored  witb  the  esteem  of  the  I  de  vita  &c  moribus  philosophorum,  printed 
great  and  good,  he  sunk  three  years  after  a  I  Cologne,  1472. 


m 


elancbolv  victim  to  the  recent  loss  of  his 


Burman,  Francis,  of  Tjeyden,  was  pro- 


only  and  favorite  son,  and  expired  at  his  seat  i  fessor   of  theology    at    Utrecht,    where   he 
near  Beaconsfieid,  .luly   Sth,  1797,  aged  67.    died,  1G79,   aged  51.     He  wi-ote  commenta- 


As  au  author  Mr.  Burke  distinguished  him- 


ries  on  the   Pentateucl),   and   the    historical 


self;  his  essay  on   the  sublime  and  beautiful  !  books  of  the  Old  Testament  in  Dutch — aa 


is  considci'ed  as  a  valuable  performaiice — 
and  his  vindication  of  natural  society,  is  a 
bappy  imitation  of  the  great  Boiingbroke. 
Tr»r  .'^ome  time  he  was  engaged  for  Dodsley 
in  writnig  in  the  animal  register,  and  gave 
to  thatpublic:^tion,  by  tixe  animated  language 
and  eleg'uit  diction  of  his  pen,  a  value  which 


>bi"idgment  of  theology — exercitationes  theo- 
logicie,  two  vols.  4to. — and  other  works. 

Burman,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  like  him  professor  at  Utreclit,   and  died 
1719,  aged  58.    He  wrote  on  the  persecutioa 
of  Dioclesian,  &c. 
Burmax,    Peter,    also    son   of  Francis, 


it  has  since  lost.  His  *'  reflections"  w  ere  so  ;  was  born  at  Utrecht,  and  became  professor 
interesting  in  the  public  opinion,  that  in  a  j  of  history  and  eloquence,  and  also  rector  of 
few  weeks  18,000  copies  were  sold.  Dr.  ;  the  university  of  Leyden.  He  was  in  his 
Parr  in  his  Bellendenus  has  paid  a  hand-  i  temper  so  quarrelsome,  and  in  his  manners 
some  and  des.  rved  compliment  to  the  me- ■;  so  intemperate  and  immoral,  that  his  con- 
rits  and  virtues  of  the  venerable  senator,  !  temporaries  regarded  him  with  contempt, 
whose  character  will  always  stand  high,  not-  !  and  at  his  death,  in  1740,  no  one  was  found 
withstanding  the  blemish  which  impartiality  j  who  could  honor  his  memory  witli  the  usual 
views  with  sorrow,  in  his  rancorous  conduct  ;  respect  of  a  common  eulogy.  His  chief  at- 
in  the  accusation  of  Mr.  Hastings.  His  other  ,  tacks  of  rancor,  of  severity,  and  ridicule, 
writings  were,  thoughts  on  the  causes  of  the  I  were  directed  against  Le  Clerc.  Benlley 
present  discontents — a  letter  to  a  member  i  thought  higldy  of  his  abilities.  He  wrote  a 
of  the  national  assembly — an  appeal  from  I  book  on  lioman  taxes,  and  edited  with  skill 
the  new  whigs  to  the  old — letters  to  a  noble  j  and  judgment  the  works  of  Virgil,  Ovid, 
lord  on  the  subjects  in  discussion  with  the  Petronius,  Quintilian,  Suetonius,  Justin, 
duke  of  Bedford — thoughts  on  a  regicide  ;  Velkius,  Phiedrus,  Valerius  Flaccus,  Lu- 
peace — letter  to  a   noble  lord,  in  which   he  i  can,  kc. 

sarcastically  inveighed  against  the  duke  of  Burm.4..n,  John,  of  the  same  ftimlly,  was 
Bedford,  for  his  remarks  on  having  ac-  |  professor  of  botany  and  medicine  at  Am- 
cepted  a  pension,  kc.  In  his  last  moments,  ,'  sterdam,  and  published  two  curious  and  va- 
it  is  said,  that  he  caused  Addison's  paper  ,  luable  books — rariorum  Afric.  plantaruim 
from  the  Spectator,  on  the  immoi-tality  of  decades  x.  4to.  with  plates  iti  4to.  I7.')i^ — 
the  soul,  to  be  read  to  him.  Buike  had  the  I  thesaurus  Zeylanicus,  4to.  1737. 
good  fortune  to  rise  from  an  inferior  station  Burn,  Richard,  was  born  at  Kirby  Ste- 
to  eminence  in  public  life,  and  had  the  merit  ;  phen,  near  Winton,  Westmoreland,  and 
to  support  his  elevation  by  the  most  affable  j  '>ducate(l  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where 
conduct,  by  benevolence  of  heart,  dignified  '  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  L.  L.  D. 
manners,  and  the  most  correct  notions,  and  !  in  lT(j-2.  He  died  at  Orton,  where  he  had 
exemplary  practice  of  moral  and  religious  been  vicar  49  years,  ';iOth  Xovember,  1789. 
duties.  ,  I  He  was  chancellor  of  Carlisle,  and  justice  of 

BuRKiTT,  W'illiam,  was  born  at  Hit-  the  peace  for  Westmoreland  and  Cumber- 
cham,  Northauiptonsliire,  'i5th  July,  1650,  land,  and  distinguished  himself  as  the  author 
and    educated    at     Stowmarket   school    and  |  of  the  office  of  justice  of  peace,  and  on  tlie 


Pembroke-hall,  Canibrifige.  He  was  made 
vicar  oi  Dedham  in  Essex,  where,  as  bffoi-e 
at  Milden  in  Suffolk,  where  he  was  curate, 
he  adorned  his  office  by  a  ])ious  atul  practical 
elQcutiou,  and  bjr  a  t'ricadly  and  chariUible 


ecclesiastical  laws,    two   works   of  great   re- 
pute and   respectability,   besides  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  Westmoreland   and  Cuiu- 
berland. 
Burn,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was' 


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educated  to  the  law,  but  did  not  pratico 
though  he  possessed  i^roat  :il)ilitiL'S.  He  is 
kiiovsnus  the  editor  ot  his  t';iihei-'s  works, 
Avhich  he  improved  wilh  vuluabh;  additions. 
He  died  1802,  ajjjed  68. 

BiKNEi,    Ciilbert,    bishop   of  Salisbury, 
ivas   borti   of  h   respectable   and    ancient   fa- 
milv  at    Kdinbiii'gii,    Ihth    Scpteitiher,    1743. 
lie  waseilucaled  in  the  college  ol  Aberdeen, 
and  under  the  watchful  eye  of  ids   fattier  he 
early  ac(piiretl    ii:d)its  of  mdustry  and  appli- 
cation \»  hich  attended  him  through  lile,  and 
never,  till   the  infirmities   of  age  compelled 
liini,  tliscontinueil  the  c"istom  of  rising  every 
morning    at    four    o'clock   to   prose  utc    his 
studies  with  ardor  and  etlect.     At  the  age  of 
18  lie  was  admiited  expectant  preacher,  but 
he    refused    the  oiler  of  a    benefice,  and   in 
IGG3,  two  years  after  his  father's  death,  he 
Tisited  O.xford  and  Candjri<ige  forsix  months. 
»nd    soon    after   passed    over    into    Hollaiul, 
■where   he  applied   to  the  study  of  Hebrew, 
and  by  an  indiscriminate  and  friendly  inter- 
course with   men  of  every  religious  persua- 
sion, he  fixed  his  principles  of  universal  be- 
nevolence and  toleration,  without  regard  to 
tribe  or  sect.     On  his  return  to  Scotland  in 
16C5,   he    was  ordained,   and  afterwards  ap- 
pointed divinity  professor  at  Glasgow;  but 
his   benevolent    attempts    to    reconcile    the 
contending    parties    in    ecclesiastical   affairs 
rendered  him  unpopular  and  suspected.     He 
afterwards   engaged    himself    to   write   the 
histor}^   of  the  dukes   of  Hamilton,  and   re- 
commended  himself  so  much  to  the  earl  of 
Lauderdale   and   to   the  king's  ministers  in 
London,    by   b.is    moderation  and    superior 
abilities,  that  he  was  several   times  offered  a 
Scotch  bishopric,  which  he  as  often  declined. 
His  interest  with  the  court  however  was  of 
short  duration  ;  he    -jccame  suspected,  and 
T'as   treated    with    harshness   by   the    king, 
Avho  ordered  his  name  to  be  erased  from  the 
list  of  chaplains.      To  avoid  the   enmity   of 
Lauderdale,  he   determined  to  settle  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  was   appointed   preacher  of 
the  Rolls'  chapel,   and  lecturer  of  St.  Cle- 
ments.    His  two  first  volumes   of  the   His- 
tory  of   the    Reformation   about    this   time 
commanded  the  public  admiration,  and   re- 
ceived as  an  honorable  testinmny   of  its  me- 
rits  the   thanks   of  both    houses    of  parlia- 
ment.    About  this  time  likewise  he  became 
acquainted   with   the    profligate    liochester, 
and  by   his  conversation    he  reclaimed  him, 
and  had  the  happiness  to  see  him   atone  for 
his  debaucheries  by  a  most  penetential  dealii. 
Upon  the  change  of  administration  in   1081.', 
Burnet's  conduct  gave  oflence,  and  his  atten- 
dance on   lord  Russcl  at  his  trial   created  so 
much    indignation  at   court,    that   he  was  by 
the  king's  command  discharged  from  his  of- 
fices  at  the    Rolls'   chapel   and    at  St.    Cle- 
ments.     His  character    was  so   Avell    estab- 
lished,  that,   in   his   travels  in   France   and 
Italy,  he  was  received   with   every  mark   of 
attention  and   respect  by  the   French  king, 
and  by  pope   Innocent  H.     The  accession  of 
James  U.  to  the  throne  formed  a  new  era  in 
the  life  of  Burnet,     Unwilling  t«  leturu  to 


his  native  country,  he  resolved  to  settle  ia 
Holland,  and  the  attention  which  was  paid 
to  him  b}  the  prince  and  [>riiicess  of  Oraiige, 
proved  so  olleiisive  to  the  Englibh  monarch, 
that  he  caused  his  ambassador  to  demand  his 
banishment  from  the  states,  a  t}  raiinical  in- 
terferi.nce  which  was  rijectcd,  as  he  v. as 
under  tlic  ])rotection  oi'  llie  laws  as  a  natu- 
ralized Hulijecl  and  the  husband  of  a  Hutch 
lady.  Some  time  alter  he  accompanied  as 
chaplain  ibe  prince  on  his  iii\ahion  of  Eng- 
land, and  so  /calously  active  did  he  sIkjw 
himself  in  his  cause,  both  by  his  pamphlets 
and  his  pu!j)it  eloquen<-e,  that  \V'illiam,  a  few 
days  after  he  was  seated  on  the  throne,  ad- 
vanced liim  to  the  see  of  Salisbury.  In  his 
new  office  he  was  moderate  but  dignified, 
though  his  assertions  in  a  pastoral  letter  that 
William's  title  to  the  crown  v.as  founded  on 
conquest,  proved  highly  disagreeable  to  both 
houses,  and  the  oH'ensive  pstper  was  pub- 
licly burnt  by  the  hands  of  the  hanguian. 
He  resided  in  his  (!i(icese  the  best  [uirt  of 
his  time,  and  though  he  was  engaged  as  pre- 
ceptor to  the  duke  of  Clocesttr,  yet  he  de- 
voted himself  as  much  to  improve  the  com- 
forts of  Ids  clergy,  by  augmenting  poor  liv- 
ings, as  to  advance  the  interests  of  religion 
by  his  writings.  He  died  ITth  March,  171.5, 
in  his  72d  year,  and  w;  s  buried  at  St. 
James's  Clerkenwell.  He  was  thrice  mar- 
ried, first  to  lady  Margaret  Kennedy, 
daugliter  of  earl  Cassiiis,  about  1G70  ;  se- 
condly to  a  Dutcli  lady  of  family  and  for- 
tune, who  died  of  the  small-pox  IfiOS,  and 
thirdly,  in  the  same  year,  to  Mrs.  Berkeley, 
a  woman  of  excellent  character.  Besides 
his  works  already  mejitioned,  and  a  third 
volume  of  the  reformation,  &cc.  he  wrote  the 
History  of  his  own  times — an  excellent 
treatise  on  the  pastoral  care — an  exposi- 
tion of  the  39  articles — and  sermons.  His 
son,  Thomas  Burnet,  published  an  account 
of  his  life  annexed  to  the  historv^  of  his  own 
times,  and  the  marquis  of  llallifax  has  drawn 
his  character  with  great  judgment  and  im- 
partiality. Of  his  three  sons,  the  eldest, 
William,  died  17£'J,  governor  of  iS'ew- 
England — tlie  second,  Cilbert,  was  chap- 
lain to  the  king,  and  warmly  engaged  in  the 
Bangorian  coiitroversy  as  the  cliampion  of 
Hoadly — and  Thomas  became  a  judge  of 
the  common  ])leas,  and  died  1753. 

BuuNET,  Eliziibeth,  third  wife  of  bisliop 
Burnet,  was  the  daughter  of  sir  i-iichard 
Blake,  knight,  and  was  born  in  London 
1G61.  At  the  age  of  IS  she  married  Robert 
Berkeley,  estjuire,  with  whom  she  went  to 
reside  in  Holland  till  the  revolution,  and 
after  being  a  widow  seven  years,  she,  in 
17(J0,  married  the  bishop  of  Salisbur}'.  The 
fortune  which  she  possessed  was  employed 
to  the  most  benevolent  jmrposos,  and  the 
goodness  of  her  heart  was  displayed  in  her 
maternal  attention  to  the  children  of  her 
last  husband.  She  published  a  mt.thod  of 
devotion,  a  book  of  merit,  which  showed 
her  great  knowledge  of  religion,  and  wlpeh 
was  again  reprinted  four  years  after  her 
death.     She  died  1709. 


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Burnet.  Dr.  Thomas,  a  writer  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Crott  in  Yorkshire,  antl  edu- 
cated at  North  Allerton   school  and   Chire- 
hall,  Cambridge,    under   the  care  of  Tillot- 
son,  and  the  patronage  of  Cudv/ortli.    Great 
abilities  and  a   cultivated    understanding  re- 
ccmiraended   him    to    the  notice  of  the  pow- 
erful :  and  as   tutor   to  the  son   of  the   mar- 
quis of  Winchester,  and   afterwards  to  lord 
Ossory,  grandson  of  the   duke  of  Ormond, 
he  gained  the  esteem  and  the  attachment  of 
men   of  rank  and   political   influence.      By 
means    of   his    noble    friends    he    was    ap- 
pointed, in    1G85,    to  the  mastership  of  the 
charter-house,  and  in   that  situation  he  dis- 
played  great  firmness,  and  a   conscientious 
regard  for   the  statutes  of  the  society   over 
which  he  presided,  by  refusing  to  admit  one 
Pophara    to  be  a   pensioner  of  the   house, 
•without  his  taking  the  oaths,  in  consequence 
of  the  dispensation   granted   hirn   by  James 
II.       The   revolution   seemed   to    open   the 
road  (or  future  preferment,  but  the  publica- 
tion   of   his    **   Archaioiogite    philosophicic, 
&C.'''  drew   upon   him    public   censure,   and 
his  attempt  to  allegorise  the    scripture   ac- 
count of  the  fall  of  Adam,    exposed   him  to 
the.   indignation    of   his   ecclesiastical   read- 
ers,  who   thought   the}''   viewed    in    him   a 
sceptical  and  infidel   writer.     Every   endea- 
vour to  vindicate  himself  appeared    unsatis- 
factory ;  he  was  removed  from  his  appoint- 
ment of  clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  king,   and 
it  is  said,  by  that  unfortunate   book,  lost  the 
sec  of  Canterbury   on   the   death   of  his  re- 
spected friend  and  patron  Tillotson.     Thus 
hanished  from  royal  favor,  and   regardless  of 
the  frowns   of  the  world,    he   retired  to   his 
favorite   pursuits   in   the  tranquillity  of  the 
charter  house,  where  he  died  27th  Septem- 
ber, 1715,  aged  about  80.     His  chief  work  is 
his  theory  of  the  earth,  wdiich  he   published 
originally   in  Latin,   and   afterwards  greatly 
improved  in  an  English  dress,  at  the  recom- 
mendation   of    Charles   II.      The   celebrity 
which  this   book  acquired,  directed  the    in- 
quiries of  philosophers  to  examine   its   me- 
rits, and  though  it  is  proved  fully  by  the  criti- 
cisms of  Flamstcad,  Warren,   and    particu- 
larly of  Keill,  to  be  a  system  built  on  wrong 
data,  and  moro.  the  effort  of  fanciful  inven- 
tion than  of  deep    reflection    and   mathema- 
tical precison,  yet  it  is   popular,   and    will  be 
admired,    as  it   possesses   uncommon    beau- 
ties,   elegant    diction,    and   interesting    de- 
tails.    He  wrote  besides  two  other   learned 
and  valuable  Latin  works — de  fide  he  officiis 
christianorum — &    de   statu  mortuorum,   &c 
resurgentium — besides  other  pieces,  in  which 
he  questions  the   eternity  of  future  punish- 
ments,  and  adopts  the  <loctrines  of  the  mil- 
lennium.    These    works    have   been   trans- 
lated into  English. 

BtTRNET,  Dr  Thomas,  a  Scotch  physi- 
cian, of  whose  birth,  life,  and  death,  nothing 
is  recoi-ded  except  what  is  mentioned  in  the 
title  of  his  books.  He  was  member  of  the 
medical  college  of  Edinburgh,  and  wrote — 
thesaurus  medicinuj  praiticte,  If)7;-J,  4to. 
London,    and    enlarged    IG'jy — Hippocrates 


contractus.  Sec.  Edinburgh  1685,    Svo.  ani 
Loudon  1743,  in  12mo. 

Burns,  Robert,  a  Scotch  poet  of  great 
merit,  born  29th  January,  1759,  at  Ayr. 
Though  originally  a  ploughman,  and  humbly- 
educated,  he  rose  to  high  poetical  fame  by 
the  untutoi-ed  powers  of  his  genius.  His 
writings  are  all  in  the  Scotch  dialect,  which 
undoubtedly  lessens  their  merit,  tiiough 
they  possess  uncommon  beauty  and  an  ele- 
gant simplicity,  which  cannot  be  sufficiently 
admired.  Burns  no  sooner  appeared  in 
print  than  he  was  noticed,  and  drawn  troni 
the  plougli  to  associate  with  men  of  letters 
and  opulence.  By  the  exertions  of  his 
friends,  and  Dr.  Blacklock  of  Edinburgh  in 
particular,  a  handsome  subscription  of  nearly 
1100/.  was  raised  for  hi...,  and  a  place  in  the 
excise  was  obtained,  and  a  farm  rented, 
where  he  might  exercise  his  genius  in  noble 
independence,  while  he  maintained  his  fa- 
mily. These  generous  efforts  however  were 
unavaihng ;  Burns,  transplanted  from  the 
plough,  was  a  withered  plant ;  he  contracted 
bad  habits,  which,  added  to  a  natural  pro- 
pensity for  licentious  pleasures,  shattered 
his  existence,  and  he  sunk  into  an  untimely 
grave  in  1796.  He  left  behind  him  a  widov/ 
and  four  children,  towards  whom  the  hand 
of  benevolence,  guided  by  the  kind  interfe- 
rence of  Ur.  Currie  of  Liverpool,  who  edi- 
ted his  poems  and  letters  in  four  vols.  Svo. 
1800,  has  been  humanely  extended  to  raise 
them  above  the  miseries  of  low  and  often 
vicious  indigence,  and  the  handsome  sum  of 
1000/.  has  been  obtained  as  the  profit  of  the 
publication. 

BuRRHus,  Afranius,  a  famous  lloman, 
commander  under  Claudius  and  Nero.  He 
attempted  in  vain  to  check  the  vicious  con- 
duct of  Nero,  who  was-  his  pupil,  and  died 
universally  regretted,  A.  D.  G2. 

Burro  UGH,  Edward,  a  n-ative  of  West- 
moreland, who  from  a  churchman  became  a 
presbyterian  and  afterwards  a  quaker.  As 
a  preacher  he  displayed  great  intrepidity, 
and  even  reprehended  Cromwell  for  his  se- 
verities. He  obtained  from  Charles  II.  the 
suspension  of  the  persecution  against  the 
quakers  of  New-England.  He  was  at  last 
imprisoned  by  an  alderman  of  London  for 
his  violent  preaching,  and  died  of  a  gaol 
distemper  in  Newgate,  1CG3,  aged  2'J.  His 
tracts,  &c.  were  collected  in  one  vol.  folio. 

BuRROUGHES,  Jeremiah,  a  nonconform- 
ist, educated  at  Cambridge,  which  he  left  on 
account  of  his  tenets.  After  being  shel-  • 
tered  in  the  house  of  lord  Warwick,  he  re- 
tired to  Holland,  and  during  the  civil  wars 
he  returned  to  London,  an<l  became  preacher 
of  Stepney  and  Cripplegate  churches.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  piety,  considerable 
learning,  and  of  irreproachable  manners. 
He  wrote  a  commentary  on  Hosea — ser- 
mons on  contentment  and  resignation — 
Irenicum,  or  in  favor  of  Christian  peace, 
&tc.  He  died  in  London  1646,  Novem- 
ber 14th. 

Burrow,  James,  master  of  the  crown 
office,    Mas  elected  1772,  president  of  the 


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l^oyal  society,  w!ii<h  he  rcsigne<l  the  uc\t 
Vf'ar  to  sir  John  l*:'iiigIo,  and  was  at  that 
tiuiii  kiii,!2;^at«(i  w  li<-n  lh«:  soficly  prescntid  an 
a<l(h"cs.s  to  the  king,  lie  published  lour  \(»ls. 
of  rcjiorts  hcsides  deciRiotis  of  the  court  of 
king's  l)LMnh, — an  essay  on  piincltiation, — an- 
ecdotes of  Oliver  (!r'<ni\vt  II  and  liis  family, 
lie.     Sir  James  dietl  5th  November  ITS-J. 

Burton,  Ihriry,  an  crcksiastic  boi-ii  at 
Birsail  in  Yorkshire,  and  edtuafed  at  St. 
John's  collei^e,  Canil)ri<l;^e,  where  h'»  took  his 
degrees  in  arts.  1  f e  was  niade  15.  I).  j:t  Ox- 
ford, and  afterwards  introduced  into  the  fa- 
mily of  lortl  Carey,  create<l  in  Ifi'i.'i  earl  of 
JNloninoulli,  to  whese  sons  he  was  ti;tor.  He 
vas  next  clerk  of  the  closet  to  prince  Henry, 
and  alter  his  «leath  to  (!ljarles,  vlio  on  ids 
accession  to  ihc  throne  (h.'^eai'ded  hiin  from 
his  faror.  This  afTiont,  \\  lu-llicr  merited  or 
not,  was  hij^hly  resented  liy  Jjiirlon,  who  was 
now  inflamed  willi  the  spirit  of  the  times, 
and  railed  with  vehemence  ai^ainst  tlie  epis- 
copal bench,  especially  Neil  and  Laud.  In 
his  office  of  rector  of  St.  Mattlicw's  in  Fri- 
day-street he  preached  and  published  two  sej-- 
mons,  which  were  considei-ed  as  libellous  and 
seditious,  and  for  them  he  was  summoned  be- 
fore the  star-chamber  and  condemned  to  pay 
a  fine  of  50001.  to  be  exposed  on  the  piliory, 
to  have  his  ears  cut  off,  to  be  degraded  from 
his  ecclesiastical  lioiiors,  and  he  imprisoned 
for  life,  without  the  permission  of  seeing  his 
■«  ife  or  relations.  After  enduring  tliis  severe 
punishment  for  12  weeks  in  Lancaster  gaol, 
he  was  for  greater  security  removed,  from  liie 
commiseration  of  tlie  populace,  to  Cornet 
castle  in  Guernsey,  in  October  16.17,  from 
which,  three  years  after,  he  was  lil»crated  by 
the  interfei'cnce  of  parliament.  His  sufler- 
ings  were  rewarded  by  tlie  compassion  of  pai-- 
liament,  who  voted  to  him  G0(;0/.  which  in 
consequence  of  the  turbulence  of  the  times  he 
never  received,  and  he  was  restored  to  ]iis  liv- 
ing and  his  degiees,  and  by  cmbrati!;;^  the 
prevalent  opinions  of  the  puritans  and  ir.de- 
pcndents  he  continued  to  rct;.!n  his  populari- 
ty till  his  death  in  l6iS,  aged  G9.  His  writ- 
ings were  all  controversial,  and  generally  full 
of  invectives. 

BuRTON^,  William,  nn  antiquarian,  born 
at  Lindley  in  Leicestershire,  and  educated  at 
Sutton  Coldfield  school,  a!id  Bra7.en-nn5;e  col- 
lege, Oxford.  1  le  afterwards  became  a  member 
of  the  Inner  Temple,  and  was  barrister  and 
reporter  in  tlie  court  of  common  pleas.  I'he 
law  however  did  not  long  engage  his  atten- 
tion ;  his  favorite  sttulies  were  genealogy, 
heraldry,  and  antiquities,  and  \ni  ler  the 
patronage  of  Yiilars  marquis  of  Bucking- 
ham, and  with  the  assistance  of  his  friends 
John  Beaumont  and  Augustus  Vincent,  he 
published  his  gi'cat  work  on  the  histoi'y  of  his 
native  county,  in  fol.  1622.  This  composi- 
tion is  valuable  on  account  of  its  antiquity, 
though  it  is  not  free  fi'om  errors,  and  th.ough 
it  is  often  too  overloaded  with  long  genealo- 
gies and  useless  digi-essions.  Burton  was  a 
man  of  property  as  well  as  of  education,  hut 
he  was  a  sufferer  by  the  civil  Mars.  He  chief- 
ly lived  at  Ids  favorite  .seat,  Faldc,  near  Tut- 

VOL.    1.  .54 


hury,  Stafford.shin-,  and  was  intimate  with  si^ 
Robert  (Jo;  ton,  wiiliSomner,  Michiiel  Dniv- 
ton,  arid  sir  W'liliam  Ongdale.  He  died  at 
Talde  Ei.xth  April  ir,/f5,  aged  70.  His  son, 
Caskibclnn,  iidieiite<l  hi.'-  virtues  and  harning. 
He  pnblisbed  a  j)oeiical  trau'ilation  of  .Martial 
in  lOaS,  ainl  died  i-'ei»ruary  2Stli  HiSl,  aged 
72.  He  left  his  father's  vjdnable  coliection  of 
anti(iuities  to  the  learned  Waller  Chetwynd, 
ot  Stalfurdshiiv. 

B  UK  TON,  Robert,  hi-otlier  to  the  ]>reced- 
ing,  was  born  Kth  Feljruary  lJ7fi,  and  idn- 
calcd  at  the  saine  school  and  c(»llege.  He  be- 
came afterwards  student  of  (Jiirist  church, 
and  obtainvd  the  livings  of  St.  Thomas,  0.\- 
for<l,  and  Segrave  in  Leice-tershire,  Mhich 
with  some  difliculty  in  those  tirbulcnt  times  he 
retained  till  his  death  in  Jan.  1039.  He  was 
a  man  of  extensive  learning  hut  of  a  melan- 
choly turn  of  mind,  and  extravagantly  adilict- 
ed  to  astrology.  His  anatomy  of  nielancholy, 
by  Democritus  junior  as  he  calls  him.xelf,  fully 
established  his  character  foi*  erudition  and  ec- 
centricity. The  work  continued,  in  a  4to. 
and  octavo  form,  long  a  favoi'iteof  tlie  public, 
and  his  bookseller  it  is  said  gained  an  hand- 
some estate  by  the  sale  of  it.  As  Burton  di- 
ed about  the  time  which  he  had  predicted  by 
calculating  his  nativity,  some  fooli.shly  suspect- 
ed tliat  to  give  celebrity  to  tlie  accuracy  of 
his  art  he  destroyed  himself.  He  was  buried 
in  the  cloisters  of  Chri  it  ciiurch  cathedral. 
Sterne  is  said  to  have  borrowed  much  from 
his  writing.s. 

BuKTOX,  Ezekias,  fellow  of  Magdaleu 
college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  preben- 
dai'y  of  Norwich,  was  eminent  for  his  learning 
;'.nfl  piety.  He  wr.s  a  strenuous  advocate  for 
toleration  in  support  of  the  plans  of  his  pat- 
ron lord  keeper  Bridgcman.  He  died  of  a 
malignant  fever,  1(381.*  His  discourses  were 
published  by  Tillotson  in  two  vols.  He  wrote 
also  the  preface  to  bishop  Cumberland's  lav.  s 
of  nature. 

Burton,  William,  was  born  in  Austin- 
friars,  Lon(^on,  educated  at  Gioccster-hall, 
Oxford,  and  alter  being  urj-.er  to  the  well 
know  n  Thomas  Fariiaby,  he  was  made  mas- 
ter of  the  grammar  school  of  Kingston  on 
Thames.  He  ^as  eminent  as  an  universal 
.scholar,  a  judicious  critic,  and  an  able  antiquti- 
ry.  He  v.as  intimate  with  many  ieaiMied  men, 
especially  Usher.  He  died  lo57.  He  wrote 
Cr^ca;  lingiuie  historia — A'eteris  linguae  Fer- 
.sicaj  historia,  published  with  the  preceding, 
— a  commentary  on  Antoninus' Itinerary,  re- 
lating to  Britain,  in  folio. 

Burton,  William,  born  at  Ripjion  in 
Yorkshire,  was  educated  at  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  w  here  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  D. 
Vv'ith  difficulty  he  was  di.ssuaded  l)y  his  friends 
from  join i p. g  the  pretender  at  Manchester  in 
1745.  He  practised  with  gi-eat  reputation  as  r 
a  ])hysician,  and  wrote  the  liistorv  of  York- 
shire, iu  two  vols.  fol.  He  died  at  Y'ork, 
1759,  aged  62. 

Burton,  John,  D.  D.  a  learned  divine 
born  at  Wembwoi-th  De\onshire,  and  educa- 
ted at  Okehamitton  and  Ely  schools.  He  ca- 
tered ;;fterwai-ds  at  Corpus  Christi  college. 


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Oxford,  where  he  soon  became  Greek  lec- 
turer, and  tor  near  15  years  a  respectable 
und  indefatigable  tutor.  His  abilities  -were 
exerted  uotoi.ly  to  render  his  pupils  learned, 
and  the  university  regular  and  correct  in 
discipline,  but  he  eii<leavored  to  smootli 
the  tiilTicuhies  which  attend  the  publication 
of  learned  and  im[)0itanl  works^  and  drew 
contributions  and  exemptions  for  such  books 
as  issued  from  the  Clarendon  press.  In 
1733,  he  was  honorably  elected  to  a  fellow- 
shij)  of  Eton  college,  and  about  the  same 
time  succeeded  Dr.  Littleton,  as  vicar  of 
Mapledurham,  Oxfordshire.  When  he  came 
to  reside  on  his  living  he  found  his  predeces- 
sor's widow  and  her  three  iid'ant  daughters 
in  an  helpless  unprotefted  state,  and  the  be- 
nevolence with  which  he  treated  the  mother 
soon  created  more  than  com'non  friendship, 
and  at  last  ended  in  marriage.  His  retirement 
here  was  employed  in  improving  and  embel- 
lishing his  neighl)ourhoo(l,  and  in  suggesting 
hints  for  the  removing  of  obstructions  in  the 
navigation  of  the  Thames.  The  death  of  his 
wife  in  174S,  greatly  afl'ected  him  ;  he  hon- 
ored her  memory,  by  the  tender,  affection- 
ate and  liberal  treatment  which  he  showed  to 
hei"  orphan  daughters,  and  afterwards  chief- 
ly spent  his  lime  at  Eton,  where  he  was  re- 
Tered  and  loved  by  thejjupils  of  that  respec- 
table foundation.  At  an  advanced  period  of 
life,  when  his  eyesight  began  to  fail,  he  pub- 
lished his  scattered  ])ieces  called  opuscula 
miscellanea  ;  but  soon  after  a  severe  attack 
of  an  erysipelous  fever,  destroyed  his  facul- 
ties and  rendered  him  a  melancholy  monu- 
ment of  fallen  greatness.  This  worthy  and 
truly  amiable  man,  died  11th  February  1771, 
aged  76,  and  was  buried  at  the  entrance  of 
Eton  chapel.  Besides  the  {)referment3  men- 
tioned, he  was  made  rector  of  AVorplesdon 
in  Surrey,  1766. 

Buiiv,  Arthur,  D.D.  a  natire  of  Devon- 
shire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  in  IO4H,  after  a 
residence  of  10  years,  by  the  parliamentary 
visitors.  At  the  restoration  he  obtained  a 
prebend  of  Exeter,  and  in  1665,  was  made 
rector  of  Exeter  college,  and  chaplain  to  the 
king.  His  "  naked  gospel,"  in  which  he 
defended  and  avowed  the  principles  of  the 
Socinians,  caused  his  ejection  from  his  pre- 
ferment, and  the  work  was  burnt  by  order 
of  the  university  of  Oxford.  He  vindicated 
his  conduct  in  some  pamphlets,  and  died 
about  the  end  of  the  17th  century,  nearEx- 
oter. 

liuRY,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Captain 
Lawrence,  was  born  at  Linton,  Cambridge- 
shire, and  mai'ried  Mr.  Lloyd  of  Hunting- 
donshire, and  after  his  death  Samuel  Bury 
a  dissenting  minister  of  Bristol.  She  was  a 
resjiectable  woman  in  private  life,  and  par- 
ticularly excelled  in  her  knowledge  of  divini- 
ty,  of  mathematics,  and  of  the  learned 
languages,  especially  Hebrew.  Her  life 
and  diai-y  were  published  by  her  last  hus- 
band, and  Dr.  Watts  honored  her  virtues 
with  an  elegant  elegy.  She  died  at  Bristol, 
1720,  aged  76. 


BuRZUiE,  alearned  Persian  philosopher 
and  physician,  in  the  reign  ofChosroes  sur- 
named  Nuschirvan  the  just,  by  whom  he 
was  employed  to  obtain  a  co])\  of  a  famous 
book  among  the  Indians,  called  the  wisdom 
of  all  ages.  He  with  some  difficulty  obtained 
the  valuable  composition,  and  after  transla- 
ting it,  dedicated  it  to  his  royal  master.  The 
translation  MJiich  is  descended  to  the  pres- 
ent times  is  greatly  altered  from  the  original. 

Bt'S,  Ctesar  de,  a  native  ofCavaillon,  who 
atoned  for  the  irregularities  of  youth,  by  a 
pious  life,  which  he  devoted  to  the  ref()rma- 
tion  of  the  clergy.  His  labors  were  approv- 
ed bvthe  pope,  he  was  made  general  of  his 
new  order  which  he  called  the  fathers  of 
the  christian  doclrine,  and  he  obtained  a  ca- 
nonry  for  his  services.  He  wrote  familiar  in- 
struction on  the  christian  doctrine,  once  very 
popular,  and  died  1607,  aged  03. 

BusBEQ^uius,  Auger  Gislen,  a  natural 
son  of  the  bjrd  of  Busbec,  was  born  at  Corn- 
mines  in  Flanders.  He  was  educated  with 
the  greatest  care  by  his  father,  w  ho  perceiv- 
ed in  him  the  prominent  features  of  a  man 
of  genius  and  talents.  He  visited  London  in 
the  suit  of  the  imperial  ambassador,  and  iu 
1554  went  himself  at  the  head  of  an  embas- 
sy to  the  capital  of  Turkey,  where,  besides 
examining  with  the  eyes  of  a  statesman,  the 
character  and  genius  of  the  inhabitants,  he 
made  a  curious  and  valuable  collection  of 
coins,  manuscripts,  and  inscriptions.  He 
published  an  interesting  account  of  histravels, 
pi-inted  by  Elzevir,  Leyden  1633,  which  is 
hiafhly  commended  bv  Thuanus  ;  and  so  res- 
pectable  and  useful  were  his  abilities  consid- 
ered, that  he  was  drawn  from  the  pi'ivacy  of 
retirement  to  attend  Elizabeth  when  she  es- 
poused Charles  IX.  of  France,  and  to  remain 
at  the  French  court,  as  imperial  ambassador. 
He  died  October  1592,  aged  70. 

Busby,  Kichard,  a  celebrated  schoolmas. 
ter,.born  at  Lutton  in  Lincolnshire,  2'2d  Sept. 
1606,  and  educated  at  Westminister  school, 
of  whiclu  after  taking  his  degrees  at  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  and  being  promoted  to  a  pre- 
bend of  Wells,  and  the  living  of  Cufhvortli, 
Somersetshire,  he  was  appointed  mastei-  13tk 
December  1640.  For  5.*)  years  he  presided 
over  that  respectable  institution,  and  had  the 
happiness  to  see  many  of  his  pupils  fill  the. 
higiiest  offices  of  the  church  and  state,  with 
credit  and  ability.  After  the  restoration  he 
was  made  prebendarj'  of  Wesminister  by 
Charles  II.  and  in  the  same  year  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.  D.  He  died  sixth  April  1695, 
in  his  89th  year,  and  was  buried  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey,  where  a  fine  monument  is  erect- 
ed to  his  memory,  w  ith  a  Latin  inscription  to 
commemorate  the  great  abilities,  useful  ser- 
vices, and  honorable  conduct  of  this  eminent 
scholar.  The  great  opulence  which  in  a  la- 
borious office  he  accjuired  was  liberally  disper- 
sed for  the  promotion  of  piety  and  learriing, 
or  for  the  rc-lief  of  virtuous  and  suftcring  in- 
digence. He  wrote  some  books  for  the  use 
of  his  school,  where  they  arc  still  retained  as 
a  monument  of  Uiserudition,  and  critical  dis- 
cernment. 


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BuSCHETTO  DA  Da  LICIT  TO,  RD  emi- 
nent architect  and  n)ccli;tnic  ol  llie  llll>  ii;ii- 
lury.  The  cathecli-al  of  Pisa,  one  of  tlie  fin- 
est of  tlio  bnililiiif^s  of  Il:ily,  is  a  lusliiif^  nion- 
unii-nt  of  his  gital  abilities,  in  a  harljitroiis 
and  it^norant  age. 

Brsciii  NG,  Dr.  Anthony  Frederic,  a  na- 
tive of  Stadliaj^en  in  l'rus-.ia,  ethif-atcd  at 
Ilalle,  and  made  pastor  of  t!>e  Lulhei'an 
churcli  at  Preshurg.  lie  was  anthor  of  a 
new  treatise  on  geography  in  German,  two 
Yols.  1754.  This  work  was  liherally  reward- 
«(|  on  tlie  continent,  and  its  merits  were 
made  knftwn  to  the  Knglish  in  a  translation 
in  six  vols.  4to.  1708-1/79.  Dr.  Busohing 
died  irO.3,  agc-d  fi'J,  at  Berlin,  where  Fre- 
deric 11.  had  placed  him  as  director  of  the 
college. 

BiscHius,  Herman,  a  German  scholar, 
known  for  some  commentaries  wiiich  he 
■wrote  on  classical  anthors  ami  for  some  Latin 
poems.  He  contributed  much  to  the  res- 
toration of  learning  in  Europe,  and  ahly  sec- 
onded the  doctrmes  of  Luther  1534,  aged 
66. 

CusHELL,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Worces- 
tershire, etlucated  at  Baliol  college.  He  was 
afterwards  in  the  service  of  Bacon  the  ehan- 
•ellor,  and  upon  his  disgract-  he  retired  to 
Oxforilshire,  to  reside  on  his  estate.  He 
was  in  his  principles  a  strong  royalist,  and 
had  the  honor  to  receive  (Miarles  L  and  his 
queen  at  his  seat,  and  for  his  attachment  to 
his  cause  he  was  made  master  of  the  royal 
mines  in  Wales.  In  this  new  appointment 
he  estahlished  a  mint,  and  coined  money, 
Avhich  he  sent  to  the  monarch  at  Oxford. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  j)ermiLtcd  by  an 
act  of  parliament  to  work  and  improve  the 
lead  mines  of  Mendip  in  Somtrsetshii'e.  He 
died  1C74,  u<J!;e(\  80,  and  was  buried  in  tlie 
cloisters  of  AV'estminster  abl)ey.  He  wrote 
speeches  and  songs  at  the  presentment  of  tlie 
rock  at  Euston  to  the  (jueen,  4to.  1030, — a 
remonstrance  of  his  majesty's  mines  in 
Wales,  IG+ti,  4to. — e.xtract  of  Bacon's  phi- 
losopliical  theory  of  mineral  prosecutions, 
4to.  1600. 

Busi.EinEN,  Jerome,  a  statesman,  in  the 
service  of  Charles  V.  who  employed  him  in 
various  embassies.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
and  the  friend  of  Erasmus,  sir  Thos.  More, 
&c.  and  he  founded  in  Lou  vain,  the  college 
of  the  thi-ee  tongues,  Hebrew,  Greek,  and 
Latin.  One  of  his  letters  appears  in  More's 
Utopia.     He  died  L'»17. 

BussiERE,  John  <Ie,  a  learned  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  an  hi.^tory  of  Franco,  'i  vols.  4lo. — 
an  abridgement  of  universal  liistory — Scan- 
derberg,  a  Latin  heroic  poem  in  eight  books 
•^and  other  pnums.     He  died  107S,  aged  71. 

BussY,  Roger  liabutin  count  of,  a  Frcncli 
■writer,  horn  3d  April  1018,  in  Normantly. 
He  devoted  himself  to  a  militai-y  life  for  sonu; 
time,  an<l  rose  to  high  rank,  but  his  pui)lica- 
tinn  of  les  amours  des  Gaules  proved  so  of- 
fensive on  account  of  the  liberty  which  Ik; 
took  v.  iih  the  character-  of  the  French  ladies, 
that  lie  was  deprived  of  all  his  honors,  an(l 
thrust  into  the  Bastille,  1GG5.    The  follow- 


ing year  he  w.^s  liberntcd,  hnt  on  cnnditlotj 
(*f  li\ingin  exile  on  his  estate  in  Burgundy. 
As  a  writer  he  is  eminent  for  his  wit,  the 
fire  and  ehgunce  of  his  diction,  and  the  in- 
teresting manner  of  his  narratives.  He 
wrote  be.sides  memoirs, — abridged  history  of 
Lewis  the  grerd, — letters,  in  hcven  rols. — 
po(  ins,  ^<c.      Me  died  lO'J.i. 

BuTLEU,  ^\'il!iam,  a  physician,  horn  at 
Ipswich,  and  cducaied  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
hriclge,  of  which  he  became  a  felhjw.  He 
practised  at  Cainbridge  without  a  <legree, 
but  the  oddity  of  his  manners,  and  the  bold 
and  irregidar  method  in  u  hich  he  tre.tted 
his  patients,  atid  often  successfully,  render- 
ed him  a  favoi-ite  in  his  profession.  Some 
anecdotes  of  him  are  recorded,  w  hich  exhib- 
it him  m<>re  as  a  capricious  ;tn<i  obstinate 
hoy,  or  a  madman,  than  as  a  man  of  soinid 
sense  and  sagaci(jU3  conduct.  He  died  21uh 
Jan.  1618,  aged  82,  and  was  huried  in  St. 
Mary's  churcii,  Cambridge.  He  left  no 
writings  behind  him. 

Butler,  Charles,  a  native  of  Hamp- 
shire, author  of  a  popular  hook  en  bees,  cal- 
led the  feminine  monarchy,  and  of  a  treatise 
on  music.  He  was  master  of  Basingstoke 
school,  and  vicar  of  Lawrence  A\'otton,  and 
died  1047. 

Butler,  Samuel,  the  poet,  -was  horn  at 
Strensham  in  Worcester; iiire.  After  being 
educated  at  Worcester  grammar-school,  his 
father,  who  Mas  a  farmer,  sent  him  to  C;am- 
hridge,  whore,  however,  he  never  was  ma- 
triculated, and  after  staying  six  or  seven  years 
there,  he  became  the  clerk  of  Mr.  Jefterys 
a  justice  of  the  peace.  In  tliis  employment 
he  devoted  himself  to  poetiy  and  other  litei*a- 
ry  pursuits,  as  well  as  to  music  and  painting. 
AfterMai'ds  he  was'in  the  iamily  of  the  count- 
ess of  Kent,  where  he  ucX  oidy  hati  aeceps  to 
a  valuable  library,  but  familiarly  conversed 
with  the  great  Selden,  wimse  amanuensis  he 
occasionally  was.  For  some  time  after  he 
was  in  Bedfordshire  in  the  house  of  sir  Samuel 
Luke,  one  of  Cromwell's  officers.  In  tins 
sitmition  no  doubt  he  ])lanned,  if  he  did  not 
write,  his  Hudibras,  as  the  knight  was  intend- 
ed for  tlie  hero  of  the  poem.  Upon  the  re- 
storation he  became  secretajy  to  lord  Carbe- 
ry,  by  whom  he  was  appointed  steward  of 
Ludlow-  castle,  and  some  time  after  married 
Mrs.  Herbert,  a  lady  whose  fortune  was  lost 
to  the  poet  by  being  laid  out  m  bad  securities. 
In  1663  Butler  a[<]Hared  in  anew  chnracter, 
by  the  publication  of  the  first  part  of  his  Hu- 
dibras in  three  caDtos,  and  the  merit  of  the 
poem  was  no  sooner  know  n  at  court  bv  the 
i-dluence  of  t!ie  ear!  of  Dorset,  than  the  king, 
and  the  whole  of  the  royalist  party  received 
it  with  enthusiastic  a'pplause.  The  next  vear 
the  second  part  was  published,  and  a  third  in 
1 07S  ;  but  the  golden  <lreams  of  the  poet  were 
rhsappointed  ;  and  tlioiej^^h  the  nation  expected 
it,  and  the  merit  ('f  the  poem  had  the 
strongest  claim  to  royal  patronage  and  public 
rennuieration,  yet  Bi.t'er  sunk  in  w  ant  and 
e.bsciu-ity.  In  vain  his  friends  interested 
them.sclves  in  his  favor,  the  monnrch  et'joye?^ 
the  w  it  of  Hudibras,  hut  forgot  his  merits  and 


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his  necessities,  in  (he  midst  of  his  flatterers  and 
concubines,  and  though  it  is  said  that  the  \ioet 
once  received    300  guineas   from   the   royal 
purse,  his  general  treatment  denies  the  asser- 
tion.    From  this  shametul  neglect  of  pining 
Airtue,  we  are  to  himent  the  discontinuation 
of  Iludibras.     Butlcv  wlio  did  more  by  the 
sarcastic  jjowcrs   of  his  m.use,  to    expose  to 
ridicule  the  fanatical    supporters  of  republi- 
canism, than  all  tlie  courtiers  wlio  sluu'ed  the 
smiles  of  Chai-les,  refused  to  write  more  for 
the  amusement  of  an  ungrateful  nation,  the 
author  was  uni'ewanlcd,  and  the  poem  I'e- 
mained   unfinished.     Butler   soon   after  died 
2jth  Sept.    16S0,  and   was   buried   in  Covent 
garden   church-yard,    at  the   expense  of  liis 
friend  Mr.  Longueviile,  who  had  in  vain  solici- 
ted a  subsci'iption  for  his  decent  interment  in 
"Westriiinster  abbey.     Sixty  years  after,  tlie 
memory  of  the  poet   was  rescued   from  se- 
pulchral oblivion,  and  a  monument  was  erect- 
ed to  him  in  Westniinstei'- abbey  by  Mr.  Bar- 
ber, a  printer,  max  or  of  London,  who,  from 
his  respect  to  departed  genius,  deserves  to  be 
recorded  as  tlie  best  and   most  disinterested 
friend  of  the  uidortunate  poet.     Mr.  Thyer 
of  Manchester  publislied  some  time  after  But- 
ler's  death   tliree   vols,  of  his    ])osthumous 
works,  and  afterwards  two  ;  but  they  throw 
no  light  upon  tlie  history  of  ihe  life  and  suf- 
ferings of  the  poet.     The  best  edition  of  his 
Ilnchbras,  is  by  Dr.  Zacharj'  Tirey,  2  vols.  Svo. 
Butler,  jos^^ph,  an  l-^nglish prelate,  born 
at  Wantage  in  1692.     His  father,  Avho  \\asa 
respectable  ti'adesman,    hut   a  presbyterian, 
intending  him  for  the  ministry  v)f  his  own  per- 
sua.sion,  placed  iiim  at  the  school  of  Jeremiah 
Jones  of  Tewksbury,  in  Glocestershire,  where 
he  had  tlie  famous  Isaac  AVatts  for  his  school- 
fellow.    Before  lie  left  this  place,  he,  though 

young,  wrote  some  remarks  on  Ur.  Samuel  July  1634.  He  was  confined  in  the  tower  for 
Clark's  firrt  sermon  at  Boyle's  lecture,  v>hich  eight  months  by  Cromwell ;  and  upon  his  lib- 
arc  annexed  to  the  treatise  on  the  being  of  eration  he  went  over  to  Flanders.  He  accom- 
God.     'I'he  pi-inciples  of  the  dissenters  were  I  panied  Charles  on  Ids   restoration,  and  was 


excellent  and  immortal  pubUcation,  entitled 
The  analogy  of  religion,  natural  and  revealed, 
to  the  coubtltution  and  course  of  nature,  in 
Svo.  173G.  This  \aluable  work  luis  been  ably 
analysed  h^r  Dr.  Ilaiilax,  and  the  objections 
raised  against  the  bishop,  and  the  imputatioa 
of  popery,  have  been  satisfactorily  removed. 
Me  published  also  some  sermons,  and  an  ex- 
cellent charge  to  the  clergy  of  his  diocese,  on 
external  religion,  for  wliicli  he  was  attacked, 
but  ably  defended  by  Seeker. 

Butler,  James,  duke  of  Ormond,  an  able 
statesman,  born  I'Jth  October  1610,  at  Clerk- 
enwell,    Lorulon.      He  succeedeil  his  grand- 
father as  earl  in  1G32,  and  early  distinguisi led 
himself  agair.stthe  rebels  of  Ireland,  for  Nxhich 
services  he  was  created  a  marquis.       During 
the  civil  wars  he  was  lieutenant  of  Ireland; 
but  upon  the  invasion  of  the  isiand  by  Crom- 
well,  he   retired   to  France,    where   he  was 
honorably  received  by  tite  French  nobility,  and 
afterwards  employed  by  (/harles  II.  in  various 
negotiations  with  the  royalists  in  England.  On 
the  rest(>ration,  to  which  he  had  so  much  con- 
ti'ibutcd  by  his  counsels  and   Ins  abilities,  he 
was,  with  other  honorable  appointments,  cre- 
ated a  duke,  and  nominated   viceroy  of  Ire- 
land.    In  this  (jfFice  he,  by  his  vigilance,  pre- 
vented Blood  from  seizing  his  person  and  the 
castle  of  Dublin  ;  and  some  years  after  he 
again  Avith  difficult}'  escaped,  by  the  interfe- 
rence of  his  servants,  from  the  violence  of  the 
same  assassin,  who  dragged hin^  from  his  coach 
in  St.  James's  street,   with  the  intention  of 
hanging  him  at  Tyburn.     The  duke  died  21st. 
July  168S,  in  his  78th  year,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey,  res])ected  not  more  as  a 
soldier  than  as  a  humane  and  benevolent  man. 

Butler,  Thomas,    earl  of  Ossory,    soii 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Kilkenny  9th 


now  examined  with  soberness  by  this  youthful  | 
but  able  scholar,  and,  after  mature  dcUbera- 
tion,  rejected,  for  the  more  genuine  doctrines 
of  the  established  church  ;  and  Butler,  pur- 
suing his  plan,  entered  at  Oriel  college,  Avliere 
he  formed  an  honorable  and  lasting  intimacy 
with  Edward  Talbot,  t!ie  son  of  the  bishop  of 
Durliam.  In  consequence  of  this  respectable 
connection,  and  by  the  recommendation  of 
his   own    great   abilities,    he    was  appointed 

freacher  at  the  Kolls,  and  made  rector  of 
laugliton  and  Stanhope,  and  prebendary  of 
Rochester.  In  1736  he  was  appointed  clerk 
of  the  closet  to  queen  Caroline,  and,  two  years 
after,  nominated  to  the  see  of  Bristol  and 
deanei'v  of  St.  Paul's.     In  1 746  he  was  made 


made  a  lieutenant-general  in  Ireland,  and  in 
1666  raised  to  tlie  honor  of  an  Enghsh  peer- 
age, as  lord  Butler  of  Moor-park.  He  serv- 
ed as  a  volunteer  against  the  Dutch,  and  shar- 
ed the  glories  of  loi'd  Albemarle's  victory, 
and  further  contrd)uted  to  the  honor  of  his 
countrv  in  the  engagement  off  Southwold 
bay.  In  consequence  of  these  services  he 
was  promoted  in  the  navy,  and  in  1673  was 
made  admind  of  the  whole  fieet,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  prince  Rupert.  In  1677  he  com- 
manded the  English  in  the  service  of  the 
])rince  of  Orange,  and  at  the  battle  of  Mons 
he  gathered  fresh  laui'els  against  the  French. 
In  the  senate  he  vindicated  his  father  so  ably 
against  loi-d  Shaftsbury,  that  the  veteran  ora- 
clerk  of  the  closet  to  the  king,  and,  four  years  1  tor  was  confounded  and  abaslied  at  the  exer- 
after,  he  was  translated  to  Durham,  a  dignity  {  tion  of  his  powers.  He  died  30th  July  1680, 
■which  he  did  not  long  enjoy,  as  he  (bed  at  ;  aged  46.  His  father  said  he  would  not  ex- 
Bath  16th  Jimc  1752.  He  was  bui'ied  in  Bris- '  cliange  his  dead  son  for  any  living  son  in 
tol  cathedral,  where  a  monument  is  erected  i  christendoTU,  so  respectable  and  popular  was 


to  his  meniory.  This  prelate  was  respectable 
in  private  as  well  as  in  public  Hfe.  The  pow- 
ers of  his  mind  were  great,  clear,  and  com- 
prehensive, and  from  his  deep  learning,  and 
pious  regard  for  virtue  and  religion,  arose  that 


his  character. 

Butler,  Aiban,  a  Roman  catholic,  bora 
at  London,  and  educated  at  Doway.  He  was 
dii-ector  of  the  English  college  at  St.  Omer's, 
and  wrote  the  Jives  of  the  fathers,  saints,  and 


BU 


BU 


martyrs,   in  English,    with  vukuiole  notes. 
He  (iiotl  l'8i2.  ... 

tiv  i  i»  <i«.-or,i;c,  D.  D.  an  En(jli?.h  (hviin-, 
l>orii  at  Lichlicht  'iOth  1)<jcciu1u  r  i  i\\.  i'roiu 
SiaJfunl  school  he  was  removed  to  VVcstniin- 
ster,  au;l  in  1700  lie  was  cho.scn  studiMit  of 
Christ  church,  O-xlord.  In  1 /().")  he  took  or- 
ders, ami  In  the  kindness  of  his  iriend  sir  Ed- 
ward Winnington  he  was,  in  1771,  iiresiiited 
to  the  hviiigs\ji"  Stanlnrd  and  Cliilon,  VVor- 
cestershiie,  and  in  1787  he  obtained  trom 
lord  l-'oley  the  valuable  vicarage  of  lvid«ler- 
minster.  lie  was  allacked  by  a  ])aral>Ue 
stroke  in  June  17ij5,  and  \icldcd  with  seren- 
ity and  composure  to  a  gradual  decay,  v.  Inch 
])r')ved  fatal  the  .K»lh  Sej)t.  loUowing.  He 
was  buried  in  blantord  ciiurcli,  where  a  short 
inscrii>uon  in  niodcst  language  records  his 
merits.  Ur.  Hutt  was  ihslinguished  as  a 
l)reaclier,  ardent  yet  meek,  pathetic  yet  un- 
ullected,  ilirecting  all  the  powers  of  his  elo- 
quence with  the  pure  spirit  of  devotion,  and 
the  mild  graces  of  benevolence  and  cluislian 
charity.  As  a  poet,  he  possessed  origlnaiity, 
force,  and  sublimity,  and  what  the  muse  in- 
bl)ired  was  expressed  with  ail  the  fire  ar.d  en- 
ergy of  li-ue  genius.  In  private  life  he  was 
deservedly  a(ln\ired  for  the  urbanity  of  his 
manners,  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  and  the 
fervor  and  ste;idiness  of  his  friendship.  Ills 
convei-sation  was  easy  and  cheerful,  often 
sparkling  with  wit,  but  never  offensive  for  il- 
liberality  of  reflection  or  coarseness  of  ideas. 
He  published  a  volume  of  sermons,  and  in 
1784  he  dedicated  to  the  king  his  versification 
of  Isaiah,  and  in  1793  he  collected  and  pub- 
lished his  poems,  in  "2  vols.  8vo.  An  interest- 
ins;  and  w  ell  w  ritteu  account  of  his  hfe  has 
appeared  from  the  classical  pen  ot  his  iriend 
Ur.  Valpy. 

J3uTTS,  sir  Wilham,  a  physician  to  Henry 
VHI.  educated  at  Gonvile  hall,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  a  fellow.  He  favored 
the  reformation,  and  was  the  friend  of  Cran- 
iner  He  was  knighted  by  the  king,  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  royal  college 
of  physicians,  Avherc  liis  name  is  mentioned 
Avith  high  commendation.  He  is  introduced 
by  Shakspeare  in  his  Henry  VHI.  as  the 
great  friend  of  Cranmer.  He  died  1545,  and 
was  buried  in  Fulham  church. 

Buxton,  Jedediah,  an  extraordinary  cal- 
culator, born  at  Elmeton,  near  Chesterfield, 
in  Derbyshire.  Though  the  son  of  a  schoolmas- 
ter, and  the  grand  son  of  a  clergyman,  h.e  was 
shamefully  neglected,  and  knew  neither  to 
w  rite  nor  read.  His  powers  of  meditation, 
and  his  command  of  thought,  were  so  aston- 
ishing, that,  in  the  midst  of  tlie  greatest  mui- 
titmles  and  the  most  confused  noises,  he  would 
reply  with  (juickness  and  accuracy  to  the 
most  dinicult  questions.  He  was  accidental- 
ly asked  by  a  stranger  how  many  cubical 
eighths  of  an  inch  there  were  in  a  body, 
wliose  three  sides  were  2o,l45,789  yards, 
5,64'2,732  yards, and  54,965  yards; and  tliough 
surrounded  by  a  lumdred  laborers,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  the  intricate  calculation,  and,  in 
five  hours,  gave  a  correct  answer  to  the  as- 
tonished incpiirer.  Other  instances  are  men- 
tioned of  his  puw  ei'fully  retoutivc  memory  ; 


and  it  is  said,  that,  by  walking,  he  coul '  mea- 
sure any  piece  of  land  with  as  much  exact- 
ness as  il  he  had  niarked  it  witU  a  chain. 
The  givat  f)l)ject  of  his  heart,  next  to  figuivs, 
was  to  see  the  rojal  family;  aiid  to  gratily 
this  strong  projiensity,  he  walked  to  London, 
in  1754,  but  returned  in  disappointment. 
While  ill  the  capital,  ho  was  introduced  to 
the  royal  .society,  and  he  visited  J)rurv-lane 
at  the  ixpix'seiilalioji  of  Uiciiard  111.  where 
it  was  expected  the  novelty  of  the  scene  and 
the  spLndor  of  the  exhibition  would  plerajc 
and  engage  his  attenti(yn,  jSiothing,  howev- 
er, struck  him;  but  he  employed  himself  in 
nnniLiei-ing  the  steps  of  the  dancers,  and  in 
counting,  with  great  nicety,  all  tlie  words 
which  Carrick  had  uttered  during  the  per- 
formance. He  died  at  the  age  of  7t>,  about 
the  }ear  1774,  and  left  beiiind  him  several 
children. 

BuXTORFF,  John,  a  leanicd  Hebrean, 
born  at  Camen  in  Wesipliaha,  professor  at 
Basil,  where  he  (lied  of  the  plague  1629,  aged 
65.  He  displayed  his  extensive  knowledge  of 
rabbinical  learning  as  the  author  of  some  val- 
uable books,  especially  an  Hebrew  gram- 
mar— a  lexicon  Chaldaicum  talmudicum  &c 
rabbinicum,  1639,  folio — a  Hebrew  bible — 
synagoga  Judaica,  or  the  religious  ceremonies 
of  the  Jews — a  small  Hebrew  and  Chaldaic 
lexicon,  I'Jmo.-institatio  epistolaris  Judaica — 
a  rabbinical  commentary — thesaurus  hnguce, 
Hebraicie,  2  vols.  8vo.  kc. 

BuXTORFF,  John,  son  and  successor  to 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Basil,  where  he 
died  in  1664,  aged  65.  He  translated  the 
moreh  nevocliim  of  Maimonides — the  book 
called  Cosri — a  va'uable  Hebrew  concoi-d- 
ance — a  defence  of  the  points  and  vowels  of 
the  Hebrew  text  against  Lewis  Cajtellus — 
anticritica,  likewise  against  Capeilus — be- 
sides some  dissertations  on  Jewish  liistoiy 
and  literature.  Like  his  father,  he  gained  the 
esteem  and  veneration  of  the  learned  for  his 
extensive  erudition.  Botli  indeed  received, 
as  they  merited,  the  most  flattering  marks  of 
respect  from  Gerard  Vossius,  Joseph  Scali- 
ger,  and  Isaac  Casaubon. 

BuxroKFF,  John,  was  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  and  succeeded  him  in  tiie  oriental 
chair  at  Basil,  a;i  honor  which  four  of  the 
family  enjoyed  during  a  whole  century.  He, 
hke  his  predeccssoi's,  ably  vindicated  the  use 
of  vowels  and  points,  and  published  sevei*al 
learned  dissertations  on  the  Hebrew  language, 
besides  verses,  sermons,  &c.  He  died  in 
1732,  leaving  a  son  who  has  not  degenerated 
from  the  learning  of  his  family. 

Buy  de  Mouxas,  Claude,  born  at  Ly- 
ons, died  at  Paris  1783.  He  is  author  of'a 
valuable  atlas  of  geography  and  history,  4 
vols.  4to.  1762-177U,  and  cosmography,  in 
8vo.  1770.  He  was  for  some  time  geogi-aphi- 
cal  tutor  to  the  royal  family. 

B  VZA N  V  A  L,  N  icliolas  Clioart  de,  a  French 
prelate,  born  at  Paris  1611.  He  quitted  the 
law  ar.d  its  honors  fur  the  church,  and  was 
macie  bi.shop  of  Beauvais  1652.  He  was  an 
excellent  diocesan,  and  constantly  resided 
among  his  ]>eople,  beloved  and  respected. 
He  died  1679. 


BY 


BY 


BuzoT,  Francis  Nicholas  Leonard,  one 
of  the  heroes  of  the  Frencli  i-evoUition,  was 
born  at  Evreux,  March  17G0.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  national  assembly  and  of  the  con- 
vention, where  he  was  snrnamed  the  evil 
prophet,  because  he  constantly  inveighed 
against  pretended  plots,  and  suspected  ma- 
cliinatioiis.  Ucgai'dlcss  of  the  cries  of  faction, 
he  ha<l  the  courage  to  attack  the  Orleans  par- 
ty, and  particularly  Danton  and  Ro.'jespierre, 
in  consequence  of  which  his  destruction  was 
decreed.  He  was  proscribed  31st  May  1793, 
but  escaped,  and  wandered  poor,  wretched, 
and  destitute  in  the  department  of  Calvados, 
-where  he  was  at  last  found  dead  by  the  side 
of  his  friend  Pcthion.  Some  have  attributed 
his  death  to  assassination,  and  others  to  sui- 
cide. His  enemies,  tlie  Jacobins,  to  render 
him  more  odious,  called  hiiu  king  Buzot. 

flvFiELD,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  War- 
wickshire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford. When  admitted  into  orders  he  settled 
at  Chester,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Isle- 
vorth,  where  be  died,  162Z.  In  his  princi- 
ples he  was  a  strong  calvinist  and  Sabbatarian, 
and  wrote  some  voluminous  tracts  on  divini- 
tv.  His  son  Adoniram  espoused  the  cause  of 
tiie  parliament  in  the  civil  wars,  and  was  clerk 
of  the  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster. 

BVN.EUS,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
the  pupil  of  Crifivius,  and  well  skilled  in  clas- 
sical and  historical  learning.  He  wrote  de 
calceis  Hebra*orum — Christus  crucifixus — 
explicatio  historiai  evangelicaj  denativ.  Chris- 
ti,  &c.  and  died  at  J)eventer  169S,  aged  i4. 

Byng,  (ieorge,  lord  Torrington,  was  born 
1663,  and  at  the  early  age  of  U  engaged  in 
the  naval  service  of  his  country.  He  gradu- 
ally rose  by  merit,  and  in  1704,  witli  the  rank 
of  rear  admiral  of  the  red,  he  greatly  contri- 
buted to  the  capture  of  Gibraltar,  under  sir 
Cloudesley  Shovel.  For  his  services  at  the 
battle  of  Malaga  he  was  knighted,  and  after 
bravely  protecting  the  borders  of  Scotland 
against  the  pretender,  and  maintaming  the 
honor  of  his  country  in  the  Baltic,  he  was  in 
1718  appointed  commander  in  chief  of  the 
fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  wliere  he  bravely 
protected  the  coasts  of  Italy  against  the  in- 
vasion of  the  Spanish  anus,  and  defeated 
some  of  their  formidable  armaments.  His 
merits  were  gratefully  acknowledged  by  the 
queen  of  Denmark,  and  by  the  emperor 
Charles  VI.  who  complimented  him  on  his 
valor,  and  presented  him  with  his  picture  set 
in  diamonds.  On  his  return  home  George  I. 
acknowledged,  in  the  handsomest  manner, 
the  length  arid  value  of  his  services,  made 
him  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  rear  admiral 
of  England,  and  raised  him  to  the  honors  of 
a  viscount,  and  in  1727  George  H.  made  him 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  a  place  wliich  he 
filled  with  honor  to  his  countrv  till  his  deatli, 
17th  Jan.  1733.  He  was  buried  at  Southhill, 
Bedfordshire. 

Byxg,  John,  son  of  the  above,  served  in 
the  glorious  expeditions  of  his  fathei',  and  by 
his  merits,  as  well  as  the  influence  of  his  name, 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  admiral.  His  at- 
terapb:  to  relieve  Fort  St.  Philip  in  Miuorcn, 


when  blockaded  by  a  French  fleet  imder  la6t- 
lissoniere,  proved  abortive,  and  his  hesitation 
in  engaging  the  enemy,  when  a  bold  attack 
might  have  perhaps  gained  him  the  victory, 
drew  the  clamors  of  the  nation  against  hira. 
The  ministry,  who  M-ished  to  avert  the  pub- 
lic odium  from  their  unsuccessful  measures, 
beheld  with  seeming  satisfaction  tiie  unj)opu- 
larity  of  the  admiral,  and  when  he  was  con- 
demned by  a  court-martial,  they  suffered  him, 
though  recommended  to  mercy,  to  be  sacri- 
ficed to  the  general  indignation,  and  he  was 
shot  at  Portsmouth  14th  March  1757,  meet- 
ing his  death  with  cairn  resignation. 

Bynkersuoek,  Cornelius  Van,  a  na- 
tive of  Middlebui'g,  who  studied  the  law  at 
Franeker,  and  became  president  of  the  coun- 
cil in  Holland,  and  law  professor  at  Leyden. 
He  is  author  of  observations  on  the  Itoman 
laws — an  admired  treatise  on  the  right  of 
ambassadors — besides  other  valuable  works. 
He  died  1743,  aged  SU. 

Byrge,  Justus,  an  ingenious  mathemati- 
cal instrument  maker  in  France.  The  in- 
vention of  logarithms,  and  of  the  com])ass 
of  proportion,  is  attributed  to  him,  but  cer- 
tainly on  very  indefensible  ground.  He  flor- 
ished  at  the  end  of  the  16th  century. 

BYROiM,  John,  a  poet,  and  the  inventor 
of  a  system  of  short-hand  writing,  was  borR 
at  Kersal  near  Manchester,  and  after  being 
educated  at  the  Charter-house,  he  entered 
at  Trinity -college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  a  fellow,  under  the  i)atronage  and 
friendship  of  Bentley.  His  talents  for  poetry 
were  displayed  while  in  the  university,  by 
the  publication  of  his  beautiful  pastoral  of  Co- 
lin to  Phcebe,  which  appeared  in  the  first 
volume  of  the  Spectator,  as  well  as  two  in- 
genious essays  on  dreams.  As  he  did  not 
take  orders  he  soon  lost  his  fellowship,  and 
with  it  the  comforts  of  independence.  He 
afterwards  went  to  Montpellic^r  for  the  re- 
covery of  his  health,  but  an  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  the  writings  of  Malebranche,  Bou- 
rignon,  and  Behmen  shook  his  religious 
principles  and  made  liim  imbibe  the  tenets  of 
wild  and  visionary  enthusiasm.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Loudon  he  wished  to  apply  himself  to 
physic,  but  he  had  not  sufficient  resolution, 
and  the  sight  of  one  of  his  cousins  soon  en- 
gaged him  in  thoughts  towards  matrimonial 
happiness.  Though  he  was  successful  in  Ids 
appeals  to  the  lady,  her  obdurate  parents  re- 
fused to  consent 'to  a  union  with  an  indigent 
man,  and  abandoned  their  daughter  who  at 
last  luid  given  her  hand  to  her  unfortunate 
lover.  Byrom's  little  property  was  soon  con- 
sumed, and  to  maintain  himself  he  began  to 
teach  at  Mancliestcr  a  new  method  of  short- 
hand M-riting,  which  he  had  invented  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  he  afterwards  removed  to  Lon- 
don, accompanied  by  his  wife.  His  industry 
was  rewarded,  he  obtained  a  handsome  com- 
petence, and  regularly  spent  his  summers 
with  his  increasing  family  at  Manchester,  till 
the  death  of  his  elder  brother  without  issue, 
and  his  succession  to  his  estiite,  restored  him 
to  his  long  Avished  for  independence.  He  spent 
ia  domestic  retirement  in  the  company  of  his 


BZ 


BZ 


worthy  wife,  the  remaining  years  of  his  life, 
ill  \uiiiiiija  variety  of  picccb  of  iiocli'),  which 
hf  composed  wilh  great  ease  and  fluchry,  anil 
whicii  very  injudiciously  he  employed  on  all 
subjects,  either  religious  or  chisnical.  lie  di- 
ed at  Mancluster  '2Mh  Sejit.  1703,  aged  72, 
leavinjj  behind  him  the  diarader  of  uii  inof- 
fensive man,  whf),  to  consi(lei:d)le  learning 
and  poetical  f^enius,  united  mild  and  amiahle 
manners.  liis  pen  Avas  nc\Lr  dipix-d  in  the 
gall  of  satire  or  ridicule,  lie  was  made  I'el- 
lou  of  the  royal  soeictN  in  17'ii. 

Uy THNEK,  ^  ictoi'inus,  a  native  of  I'oland, 
eminent  tor  his  knowh-dge  of  Hebrew,  lie 
came  vei-y  ycHing  to  Oxford,  and  read  lec- 
tures in  Hebrew,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
Cambridge  and  then  into  Cornwall,  vhere  he 
began  to  practise  jjliysic.  His  best  known 
work  is  Lxia  ])roi)lielica  l)a\iilis  regis,  five 
analysis  crilicopractica  psalmorum,  -ko.  He 
died  1664. 

Biovit'S,  Abraham,  a  learned  Polander, 
educated  firsl  at  Prosovitz,  uud  afterwards  at 


Cn'.cow.  He  visited  Italy,  and  piv?  lectures 
of  l^hilosophy  at  .Milan,  and  of  divinity  at  Ho- 
logna,  and  as  his  w  ritings  tended  to  support 
the  authorities  of  the  ecclesiastical  states,  he 
was  received  with  great  distinction  when  he 
was  introduced  to  ihe  po[)e,  and  lrMlg(<l  in  tlie 
\atican.  Hi;  afiei'wards  left  this  resilience, 
being  terrified  by  the  murder  of  one  of  his 
servants,  and  retireil  tf»  the  convent  of  .Min- 
erva, where  he  died  1017  aged  70.  His  uork.s 
are  represented  as  so  numerous  that  it  wouM 
re(|uiie  some  pages  to  enumei-atc  them,  but 
the  chief  are  the  Continuatirtn  of  liaronius* 
annals  of  the  church,  in  9  vols.  fol.  from  the 
year  II  IS — ami  lives  of  the  po[»e8,  3  vols. — 
lie  was  of  the  Dominican  order,  and  was  for 
some  time  yirincipal  of  a  college  of  Domin- 
icans at  Cracow  His  attack  on  the  empei'or 
Lewis  of  Bavaria  was  severely  resented  by 
the  duke  of  that  house,  and  he  was  obliged 
not  only  to  retract,  but  to  .submit  to  the  impu- 
t:ition  of  a  malevolent,  feeble,  injudicious, 
I  and  illiberal  historian. 


CA 

CAB,  Ben  Zohair,  an  Arabian  poet,  who 
died  in  the  first  year  of  the  hcgira.  He 
is  chiefly  known  as  the  o{)ponent,  and  after- 
wards as  tlie  friend  of  Mahomet,  whom  he 
assisted  m  the  ])ropagation  of  his  religion,  and 
iu  the  composition  of  the  Koran. 

Caqades  orCoBAD,  king  of  Persia  af- 
ter his  brother  Ralasch,  was  deposed  for  his 
improper  conduct,  but  recovered  his  power, 
which  he  left,  after  a  successful  war  with  the 
Romans,  to  his  son  Chosroes,  .531. 

Cabasilas,  IViilus,  archbishop  of  Thes- 
salonica,  wrote  against  the  claims  of  the  bish- 
op of  Rome  to  universal  supremacy,  and  to 
infallibility.  He  wrote  also  an  exposition  of 
the  liturgy,  8cc.  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
nepliew  Nicholas,  in  the  l4th  century. 

Cabassole,  Philip  de,  chancellor  and 
chief  minister  of  the  (pieen  of  Sicily,  was 
made  a  cardinal  by  Urban  V.  He  died  1372, 
metropolitan  of  Constantinople,  and  author 
of  a  treatise  on  the  life  and  miracles  of  Mary 
Magilalen,  and  de  nugis  curialium.  He  cor- 
responded ^\ith  the  poet  Petrarch. 

Cabassut,  John,  professor  of  the  canon 
law  at  Avignon,  was  born  at  Aix,  and  died 
1685,  aged  81.  He  is  author  of  juris  canoni- 
oi  tlieoria  8c  ^jraxis,  fol.  1G38 — nolitia  e.\clesi- 
ast.  consiliorum,  cajionum  veterumque  ec- 
olcs.  rituum,  1670,  in  fol. 

Cabel,  Adrian  Vander,  a  native  of  Rys- 
wick,  eminent  as  a  painter  of  I:. ndscapes,  cat- 
tle, Sec.     He  died  1095,  aged  64. 

Cabestan  or  Cabestaing.  William 
de,  a  provencal  poet  in  the  service  of  Tricline 
Carbonal,  witc  of  Raymond  de  Sci!lat»s.  He 
gained  so  m\ich  the  aft'ection  of  his  mistress 
that  the  husbiind,  jealous  of  the  favor,  mur- 
dered him,  an<l  pressed  his  lieart,  whicli  he 
placed  on  the  table  before  his  guilty  wife. — 
She  ate  of  the  horrid  food,  aud  when  inform- 
ed of  it  (^e4  of  griQf  1'213. 


CA 

Cabot,  Sebastian,  son  of  Jolm  C  aLof,  a 
Venetian,  Avas  born  at  Bi'istol  1467.     Under 
the  eye  of  his  father  he   learnt  mathematics 
and  cosmography,  and  by  accompanying  him 
in  several  voyages  he  became,  even  before  he 
was  20  years  old,  very  eminent  in  the  art  of 
navigation.     In  1497  he  was  engaged  with  his 
father  by  Henry  VII.  for  the  discovery  of  a 
north-west  passage  to  India,  and  after  touch- 
ing at  Prima  Vista  and  St.  John's  island  they 
sailed  as  far  as  Cape  Florida  before  their  re- 
tui'n  home.     Succeeding  voyages  completed 
the  discoveries  thus  begun  ;  a  settlement  was 
made   on    the   coast  of  Newfoundland,  and 
Sebastian,  by  being  the  first  among  Europe- 
ans who  touched  the  new  continent,  estab- 
lished a  greater   claim   to  give  his  name  to 
those  unknown  regions  than  either  Ameri- 
cus  Vespucius  or  even  Columbus  himself. — 
The  next  exertions  of  Sebastian  were  under 
Henry  VHI.  to  penetrate  to  the  East  Indies 
by  the  south,  hut  the  want  of  support  on  the 
part  of   sir   Thomas   Pert   vice-admiral  of 
ILngland,  disappointed  his  hopes,  and  he  re- 
turned home   after  penetrating   only  as  far 
as  the   Brasils  and   visiting  Hisnaniola    and 
Porto  Jiico.     In  1524  Cabot  was  employed 
by  the  king  of  Spain,  and  in  the  character 
of  chief  pilot  of  Spain  to  sail  to  the  Moluc- 
cas by  the  straits  of  Magellan,   but  the.  mu- 
tinous spirit  of  his  crew   checked    his  pro- 
gress, and  he    stijpped    at    Paraguay,  from, 
whence,  after  five  years*  residence,  he  re- 
turned to  Europe,  and  though  be  exhibited 
the  most  flattering  proofs  of  the  fertility  and 
opulence  of  the  countries  he  had  visited,  he 
was  treated  with  coldness  b)'  the  court  and 
by  the   mercantile   companies,  whose  avari- 
cious hope  he  had  in  vain  endeavored  to  re- 
alize.    Disgusted  with  the  ingratitude  of  the 
Spaniards,    Cabot  returned  and   settled  at 


CA 


CM 


Bristol,  -where  his  great  merits  soon  rccorii- 
nieuded  him  to  Edward  \l.  and  Somerset 
the  protector,  and  from  his  experier.ce  and 
great  knowledge  he  was  now  consulted  as  an 
oracle  on  commercial  affairs,  and  wit'ii  a  lib- 
eral pension  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
the  company  of  the  merchant  adventurers. 
In  1552  he  planned  a  ^o^age  for  the  discove- 
ry of  the  northern  parts  ot  the  world,  and 
to  him  therefore  England  owes  her  first 
mercantde  connection  with  Itiissia,  by  the 
establishment  of  tlie  Russia  company,  of 
vhioh  Cabot  was  honorably  appointed  gov- 
ernor for  life  by  tlie  charter  of  Philip  and 
Mary.  After  a  very  active  and  most  useful  \ 
life,  this  worth.y  and  pati'iotic  man  died  aged 
about  TO.  It  is  reinarked  of  him,  that  be 
first  observed  the  variation  of  the  needle. 
His  directions  vi'iih  respect  to  an  intended 
Toy  age  to  tJatbay  are  found  in  Haklujt's 
>oyages.  lie  jtubiished  a  map  of  the  world, 
besides  an  account  of  his  voyages  in  the 
southern  parts  of  the  world,  printed  ^  enice 
1583,   folio. 

Cabot,  Vincent,  author  of  "  les  politi- 
qnes,"  a  work  in  foui*  vols,  dedicated  to 
llichelieu,  and  finished  by  Capistron  the 
poet  and  his  executor,  was  a  learned  civi- 
lian of  Toulouse  in  the  16th  century. 

Cabral,  or  Cabrera,  Pedro  Alvares, 
a  Portuguese,  sent  in  1500  by  king  Emanu- 
el with  a  fleet  to  the  East  Indies.  A  storm 
drove  him  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  where  he 
called  the  place  Avhcre  he  landed  Santa 
Cruz,  and  he  afterwards  reached  his  destina- 
tion, and  compelled  the  chief  of  Calicut  to 
submit  to  his  arms.  He  returned  to  Europe 
in  1501,  loaded  with  the  treasures  and  curi- 
osities of  tbe  east.  An  account  of  his  voy- 
age was  published  in  a  collection  by  Kamu- 
sio,  Venice. 

Cadalous,  a  bisliop  of  Parma,  made 
pope  under  the  title  of  Honorius  II.  He 
•was  deposed  by  the  council  of  Mantuu,  and 
died  some  sime  after,   1064. 

Cadamosto,  Lewis,  a  famous  Venetian 
iiavigcitor,  born  1422.  He  was  engnged  in 
the  service  of  flenry  of  Portugal,  and  in 
1455  he  proceeded  to  Madeira,  and  visited 
the  Canaries  and  tlie  coast  of  Africa  as  far 
as  the  mouth  of  tbe  Gambia.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  prosecuted  his  discoveries  as  far 
as  liie  river  St.  Doniinic,  and  on  his  return 
to  Portugal  he  v.as  received  with  great  hon- 
or, and  during  his  residence  at  Lugos  treat- 
ed with  every  mark  of  respect  and  gratitude 
by  the  inhabitants.  He  returned  to  \'e!iice, 
where  he  died  1464,  and  an  account  of  his 
voyages  was  afterwards  published  and  trans- 
lated  into  Freuch  by  Redoner  in  the  IGth 
century. 

Cadmus,  the  founder  of  Thebes,  came 
to  Europe  about  1493  li.  C.  and  inti-oduced 
the  knowledge  and  the   use  of  the  alphabet. 

Cadmus,  a  Milesian,  the  author  of  an 
lustory  of  Ionia.  Another,  who  wrote  an 
history  of  Alliens. 

Cadog,  son  ofPirychan,  was  founder  of 
seme  »hurches  in  Wales  in  the  fifth  centu- 
ry, and  died  in  Prance. 


Cadog,  a  bard  of  the  sixth  century  cal 
led  the  wise.     He  first  collected  British  pro- 
verbs together. 

Cadogan,  William  Bromley,  second 
son  of  lord  Cadogan  by  Frances  daughter  of 
lord  Montfort.  From  Westminster,  where 
his  abilities  were  rewarded  with  several 
prizes,  he  went  to  Ciirist  church,  Oxford, 
and  afterwards  was  presented  to  the  livings 
of  St.  Giles'  Reading,  and  St.  Luke's  Chel- 
sea. In  the  discharge  of  his  religious  and 
ecclesiastical  duties,  he  was  indcfatigably 
zealous  and  ardent,  and  inclined  strongly  to 
the  tenets  of  the  methodisis,  though  he  re- 
tained tbe  forms  of  tlie  church  of  England. 
Some  of  his  sermons  have  been  published. 
He  died  ISth  January  179",  aged  46,  and 
his  parishioners  at  Reading,  in  respect  to 
his  memory,  all  put  on  movu-ning. 

Cadwaladyr,  king  of  Britain  in  660, 
had  tbe  misfortune  to  see  his  kingdom  over- 
run by  the  Saxons,  and  its  independence 
destroyed.  He  died  at  Rome  703,  and  was 
the  last  king  of  the  Britons.  He  is  called 
one  of  the  three  blessed  kings,  for  his  be- 
nevolence ni  the  relief  of  the  chrisiians. 

Cadwaladyr  Cesail,  a  Welch  bard 
of  sjme  merit  in  the  I6tii  century,  whose 
works  are  still  preserved  in  MS. —  There 
was  also  another  of  the  same  name  and  in 
the  same  age. 

Cadwallon,  son  of  Cad  wan,  was  prince 
of  North  Wales,  and  fled  to  Ireland,  on  be- 
ing defeated  by  Edwin  of  England  620. 
On  his  return  he  took  the  name  of  king,  i 
and  was  engaged  in  perpetual  war  with  the 
Saxons.  His  memory  has  been  highly  hon- 
ored by  the  bards,  whom  he  patronised. 

Cadwgan,  a  prince  of  South  Vv'ales. 
The  ill  conduct  of  his  son  Owen  in  carry- 
ing away  Nest  the  wife  of  Gerald,  proved 
the  ruin  of  his  family.  He  fled  to  Ireland, 
but  on  his  return  was  assassinated  by  his 
nephew  11 10. 

CiECiLiANus,  bishop  of  Carthage  311, 
was  expelletl  from  his  oflicc  by  a  council  of 
Numidia,  which  declared  his  election  void. 

C-SCiLius  Sta  TILS,  a  comic  poet  in  the 
age  of  Ennius. 

Cmlivs,  Anrelianus,  an  African  physi- 
cian, whose  age  is  unknown.  His  works  are 
extant. 

CiESAR,  C.  Jul.  a  Roman  general,  famous 
for  his  learning,  his  intrigues,  his  ambition, 
his  valoi",  his  military  successes,  and  his  tra- 
gical death.  He  compiered  (iaul,  and  was 
tlie  first  Roman  who  invaded  Britain,  which 
he  twice  reduced  to  apparent  submission. 
His  arms  were  equally  successful  in  Africa, 
in  Egypt,  and  in  Asia,  and  divided  the 
woi-l(i  with  two  other  triumvirs,  after  whose 
death  he  grasped  ut  the  sovereign  power  of 
Rome  under  the  title  of  emperor.  His  am- 
bitious views  were  defeated  by  the  jealousy 
of  his  enemies  as  well  as  of  his  friends,  and 
he  was  stabbed  in  the  senate-house  B.  C.  43, 
in  the  56th  year  of  his  age. 

CitSAR,  Julius,  a  learned  civilian,  born 
at  Tottenham  1557,  and  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen hall,  Oxford.    He  took  the  degree  of 


CA 


CA 


tJoctor  of  the  civil  law  at^l'arls  1581,  uiul  four 
years  after  became  lioctor  of  the  uanon  law 
?.t  Oxford.  He  was  master  of  the  coiut  of 
requests  under  Elizabelh,  judt;c  of  llie  ad- 
inii'alty,  and  master  of  St.  Catlierine's  uear 
the  Tower,  and  under  James  I.  he  was 
knigliled,  and  appointed  chancellor  of  the 
excliequer,  an  ottice  which  he  resigned  on 
succeeding  to  the  maslershii»  of  the  rolls 
1614.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning  and 
integrity,  charitable  antl  benevolent.  Ho 
died  '28lh  April  I03f»,  and  was  buried  in 
Great  St.  Helen's  church,  IJishopsgale,  Lon- 
don. His  manuscripts,  which  were  very 
valuable,  were  sold  by  Patterson  the  auc- 
tioneer in  17.i7,  for  more  than  ,'J'K)/.  and  they 
now  adorn  the  marquis  of  Landsdovvn's  li- 
brai'y. 

CiKSARALPiNus,  Andreas,  a  i)hiloso- 
pher  of  Arezzo,  physician  to  pope  Clement 
VhI.  He  was  a  man  of  great  erndition,  and 
from  some  passages  iu  his  writings  it  has 
been  conjectured  that  he  was  acquainted  with 
the  circulation  of  the  blood.  He  w^is  also 
•well  skilled  iu  botany,  but  the  regular  dis- 
tribution which  he  makes  of  plants  was  not 
adopted  till  100  years  after,  by  Uobert  Mor- 
ison,  professor  of  botany  at  Oxford.  He 
published  a  treatise  de  plautis,  &c  qusestiones 
peiipateticie,  and  died  at  Home  23d  Febru- 
ary 10O3,  aged  o4. 

Caff  A,  Melchior,  a  native  of  Malta, 
•whose  abilities  in  sculpture  were  usefully 
employed  iu  adorning  the  churches  of  Rome 
and  Italy.  He  was  compared  for  excellence 
and  genius  ^to  Bernini.  He  died  at  Rome 
1687,  aged'oO. 

CAFrARELLi  duFalga,  N.  a  French 
officer  employed  in  the  armies  of  the  Rhine 
in  1792,  and  afterwards  in  Italy  and  iu 
Egypt.  He  died  1801,  much  respected  for 
his  merit  and  courage. 

Caffiaux,  D.  Joseph,  a  native  of  Va- 
lenciennes, who  died  at  St.  German  des  pres 
1777,  aged  03.  He  was  a  Benedictine  of  the 
congregation  of  St.  Maur,  and  wrote  au  es- 
say towards  an  history  of  music  4to. — the 
liistory  of  Picardy,  with  the  assistance  of 
Gamier — and  the  genealogical  treasure,  a 
valuable  and  interesting  work. 

Caffieri,  Philip,  a  sculptor  of  Rome, 
born  1634,  invited  to  France  by  Mazarine, 
and  made  by  Colbert  inspector  of  the  ma- 
rine at  Dunkirk:  His  sou  Jauit  s  was  equal- 
ly eminent.  His  busts  in  bronze  were  much 
admired.  He  died  175.T,  and  his  sorj  John 
James  followed  his  i)rofcssion  with  equal  suc- 
cess. 

Cagliari,  Paul,  a  native  of  Vei-ona, 
son  of  a  sculj)tor,  better  known  by  the  name 
of  Paul  Veronese.  He  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  painter  ;  and  for  his  admirable  exe- 
cution, and  the  majesty  of  his  compositions, 
he  was  generallv  culled  by  the  Italians  "  the 
happy  painter.'  His  hrst  pieces  were  drawn 
at  Mantua,  but  after  adorning  many  of  the 
cities  of  Italy  with  the  fine  executions  of  his 
pencil,  he  settled  at  Venice,  where  he  en- 
tertained greater  hopes  of  celebrity.  In  his 
t'onduct  Paul  Veroiicsc  was  rcspecfahle,  he 

VOR.   I.  iicy 


not  only  rooommended  himself  lo  liic  pooil 
o\)inion  of  his  countrymen  and  competitors, 
but  rteciri-d  the  most  flattering  compli- 
menl.>5rrom  hcveral  crowned  heads,  who  ur- 
gently invitcMl  him  to  settle  in  their  domin- 
ions, a  distinction  which  he  rejected  with  all 
the  lirmness  of  a  man  attached  tf)  his  coun- 
try, and  eager  to  promote  her  glory  and  her 
fame.  ]*atd  died  of  a  fever  at  Venice  in 
i.^SS,  aged  5Ci,  and  had  a  tomb  and  brazen 
statue  erected  to  his  honor  in  the  church  ni' 
St.  Sebastian.  His  two  sons,  (iabi-iel  and 
Cliai-les,  were  likewi.se  painters,  and  to  the 
genius  of  their  father  joined  an  unusual  de- 
gree of  fraternal  affection,  (jharles  died 
Ij'jf),  when  '26  years  old,  and  Gabriel  fell 
a  victim  to  the  plague  1631,  aged  03.  Paul 
had  also  a  brother  Benedict,  eminent  asjt 
sculptor  and  painter.  He  assisted  his  ne- 
phews in  completing  their  father's  unfinished 
pictures,  and  as  his  style  resembled  that  of 
his  brother,  the  pieces  of  Benedict,  often 
])ass  for  the  tnore  celebrated  compositions  of 
Paul.  Benedict  more  frecjueutly  practised 
in  fresco,  and  chiaro-obscuro,  and  to  the- 
merits  of  a  painter  he  added  the  learnini^ 
and  genius  of  a  poet  and  satirist.  He  died 
1598,  aged  66. 

Cagliostro,  Count  Alexander,  an  im- 
postor of  some  celebrity,  born  at  Palermo 
eighth  of  June  1743.  His  real  name  Mas 
Joseph  Balsamo.  He  was  of  mean  parentagcj 
and  the  early  deathof  his  father  devolved  tne 
care  of  his  infant  years  to  his  mother's  rela- 
tions, by  whom  he  Avas  placed  at  the  semina- 
ry at  St.  Roche  in  his  native  town.  At  the 
age  of  13  lie  became  a  novice  to  the  friars  of 
mercy  at  Cartagirone,  where  his  many  irre- 
gularities and  a  constant  disposition  to  mis- 
chief exposed  him  so  much  to  severe  chas- 
ti.sement  that  he  threw  off"  the  cowl.  A  se- 
ries of  frauds,  of  impostures,  of  villany,  ai\d 
it  is  even  saitl  of  uuirder,  obliged  him  at  last 
to  fly  from  Palermo,  and  after  practising 
some  of  his  stratagems  at  Home  and  Messina, 
we  find  him  visiting  the  islands  of  tiie  Archi- 
pelago and  Alexandria,  and  afterwards  ex- 
hibiting his  artful  imi)ostures  in  almost  everv* 
city  of  Euroj)e.  He  was  at  last  arrested  for 
some  enormities  at  Rome,  and  died  in  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo  the  latter  part  of  the, 
year  1794.  A  c(jmpendium  of  his  life  froia 
the  documents  produced  against  him  has  been 
published  by  the  apostolical  chamber  at 
Rome,  and  contains  a  curious  account  of  a 
man  who,  by  a  versatile  genius,  a  superficial 
knowledge  of  philosophy  and  chemistry,  and 
a  pretended  intercourse  with  supernatural 
agents,  imposed  upon  the  credulity  not  only 
of  the  vulgar,  but  of  the  great,  the  learned 
aiul  opulent,  and  acquired  to  himself  celebri- 
ty and  an  independent  fortune. 

Cagmaci,  called  Gaulussi  from  his  de- 
foi'inity,  was  an  Italian  painter  of  the  ISth 
century,  disciple  to  Guido.  He  died  at  Vi- 
enna, aged  80. 

Cagnati,  Marsilio,  a  physician  of  Ve» 
rona,  who  studied  at  Padua,  and  settled  at 
Rome,  under  tlie  patronage  of  Clement 
A  IJl.  and  PiulT-  asj»rof(?ssorf)f  philosophy 


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and  mcdjcine.  He  -wrote  rariarum  observa- 
tioaum,  Svo. — de  sanitate  tuenda,  4to. — de 
aeris  Roniani  salubritate,  &c.  <ito. — opuscula 
?aria,  4to.  1603. 

Cahagnes,  James,  professor  of  medicine 
at  Caen,  died  161^2,  aged  64.  He  wrote 
Latin  treatises  on  fevers,  and  on  tlie  disor- 
ders of  the  head,  16 18 — besides  eenturie  des 
eloges  des  hommes  ceiebres  <ie  Caen,  1609, 
Svo. 

Cahusac,  Lewis  de,  a  French  writer, 
born  Jit  Montauban,  where  he  resided  for 
some  time  as  secretaiy  of  the  intendaiice. 
On  publishing  his  tragedy  of  Pharamond,  a 
piece  which  though  offensive  against  histo- 
rical truth  had  great  success,  he  came  to 
Paris,  and  became  secrotai-y  to  count  de 
Clermont,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the 
campaigns  of  1743.  He  wrote  some  roman- 
ces, besides  several  operas,  which  were  re- 
ceived witli  great  applause.  The  poet,  who 
possessed  abilities,  was  in  his  mannei'S  ari'O- 
gant,  and  so  tender  of  his  reputation,  that  it 
is  said  his  sensibility  turned  his  head.  He 
died  .Ht  Paris  June  1759. 

Caiaphas,  the  high  priest  of  the  Jews, 
before  whom  our  Saviour  was  carried,  and 
by  whom  he  was  condemned.  He  destroyed 
himself  when  dismissed  from  his  office  by  Vi- 
telliiis. 

Caiet,  Peter  Victor  Palraa,  a  native  of 
Montricliard  in  Touraine,  who  from  a  eal- 
rinist  became  a  catholic,  and  died  IGIO,  aged 
85,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  and  Hebrew  pro- 
fessor in  the  royal  college.  He  w  as  so  re- 
spected for  his  learning,  that  lie  was  highly 
feivored  by  Catharine  of  Bourbon,  and  Henry 
IV.  admitted  him  (o  court,  notwithstanding 
the  slovenly  appearance  of  his  dress.  He 
was  for  some  time  foolishly  employed,  as  many 
of  the  learned  men  of  the  times,  in  searching 
for  the  philosopher's  stone,  and  he  was  se- 
Tcrely  attacked  by  the  calvinists,  whose  ten- 
ets ho  had  abjured.  Most  of  his  woi-ks  are 
tjontrovcrsial,  but  his  chronologic  septennaire 
in  8vo.  from  the  peace  of  Vervins  lo'jS  to 
1604,  and  his  chronologie  novennaire,  from 
1589  to  1598,  in  three  vols,  are  valuable  and 
interesting  compositions. 

Caietax,  a  cardinal,  born  at  Caicta  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  1469.  His  proper 
name  was  Thomas  de  Vio.  He  was  of  the 
order  of  the  Dominicans,  and  displayed  his 
great  talents  as  professor  of  philosophy  and 
divinity  at  Paris  and  Home,  till  his  book  in 
support  of  the  power  of  tlie  pope,  raised  him 
to  tlie  rank  of  cardinal  and  to  the  archiepis- 
eopal  see  of  Palermo.  He  was  employed  by 
the  pope  in  several  imijortant  negotiations, 
but  especially  in  opposing  the  doctrines  of 
Luther,  which  he  found  it  impossible  either  to 
silence  or  check.  Hedied  1534,  aged  65.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning  as  a  logician,  and 
philosopher  and  divine.  Besides  some  com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle's  philosophy,  and 
Thon;as  Aquinas'  theology,  he  published  a 
literal  translation  of  the  greatest  part  of  the 
books  of  the  old  and  new  testaments,  which 
his  death  prevented  him  from  completing 
He  has  besa  attacked  by  cavUiiial  Pallavicini 


for  his  translation,  but  he  has  been  ably  de- 
fended by  father  Simon. 

Caietan,  Constantine,  a  Benedictine, 
who  died  at  Rome,  17th  Sep.  1650,  aged  85. 
He  edited  the  works  of  Peter  Uarien,  four 
vols  fol. — and  wrote  some  treatises  to  prove 
"  the  imitations  of  Jesus  Christ,"  to  have 
been  written  by  a  Benedictine,  &c. 

Cailler,  Nicholas  Lewis  de  la,  a  French 
mathematician  and  astronomer,  born  at  Ru- 
migny,  1714,  and  educated  at  the  college  of 
Lisieux  at  Paris.  He  became  the  triend  and 
disciple  of  Cassini,  and  w  ith  de  Thury  pro- 
jected the  meridian  line,  which  extended  from 
the  observatory  to  the  extremities  of  France, 
In  1739  he  was  named  professor  of  mathemat- 
ics of  the  college  of  Mazarine,  and  for  his 
great  knowledge  was  elected  honorary  mem- 
ber of  most  of  the  learned  academies  of  Eu- 
rope. In  1750  he  Avent  under  the  royal  pat- 
ronage to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  to  see  the 
stars  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  of  10,000 
of  which  in  the  course  of  two  years  he  deter- 
mined the  exact  position.  The  whole  of  his 
time  was  usefully  employed  in  the  serAice  of 
astronom)^,  mathematics,  and  navigation,  but 
unfortunately  a  malignant  fever  teiminated 
his  labors  in  1762,  in  his  48th  year.  He  pos- 
sesses the  great  character  of  clearness,  ac- 
curacy, and  precision.  His  works  contaia 
several  volumes  in  4to.  and  Svo.  besides  de- 
tached papers  in  the  collection  of  the  academy. 

Cain,  the  eldest  son  of  Adam,  devoted 
himself  to  agriculture,  hut  finding  the  obla- 
tions of  his  brother  Abel  more  propitiously 
received  than  his  OAvn,  he  slew  him  in  the 
year  130  after  the  creation.  He  was  cursed 
for  his  cruelty,  and  wandered  tov.  -.rds  the 
east  of  Eden,  and  built  a  city,  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  of  his  son  Enoch.  According 
to  Jewish  traditions  he  Avas  killed  by  Lamech. 
In  the  second  century  there  arose  a  sect  of 
Cainites  or  Gnostics,  who  paid  particular  re- 
spect to  Cain's  menioiy. 

Cairo,  Francisco,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
born  1598,  m  ho  studied  at  Rome  and  Venice. 
Amadeus  of  vSavoy  knighted  him,  and  great- 
ly patronised  him.  His  pictures  are  on  reli- 
gious subjects,  and  are  considered  as  of  supe- 
rior excellence. 

Caius  or  Kayes,  Dr.  John,  a  physician 
born  at  Norwich,  6th  Octobei',  1510,  edu- 
cated .'it  Norwich-school  and  GonAil-hall, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow, 
1533.  To  improve  himself  he  visited  France, 
Flander.%  and  Germany,  and  after  studying  at 
Padua  under  ^tlontanus,  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.  D.  1541,  and  three  years  after  return- 
ed to  England.  His  great  know  ledge  of  medi- 
cine I'endered  him  popular,  he  became  phy- 
.sician  to  Edward  VI.  and  to  his  two  sisters,  till 
a  suspicion  of  favoring  the  catholics  discarded 
him  from  royal  pati-onage,  1568.  He  died  at 
Candjridge,  1573,  and  by  the  munificent  do- 
nation of  some  estates,  he  erected  his  hall  int«* 
a  college,  jiow  called  Gonvil  and  Caius  col- 
lege. Ilis  monument  is  in  the  chapel  with 
these  two  woi-ds,  "  Fui  Caius."  He  wrote 
the  lijstory  of  Cambridge,  and  some  other 
learned  woi'ks. 


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Caius,  John,  a  poet  laarcfvt  to  Edward 
IV.  He  travelled  into  Italy,  mid  traiisbted 
the  history  of  the  siege  of  Khodes. 

Caius,  Thomas,  a  native  of  L'tncolnvliire, 
educated  at  AU-souls,  Oxford,  of  \vi»ii;h  he 
became  felloAv,  He  was  afterwards  prebenda- 
ry of  Sarum,  and  master  of  University  col- 
lege, where  he  died  May  157-.  He  was  a 
man,  as  Autliony  Wood  says,  eminent  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  learned  luni^uages,  in  [>o- 
ctry,  and  all  kinds  of  worth.  At  the  request 
of  Catherine  Parr,  he  translated  Erasmus' 
paraphrase  on  St.  Mark,  and  published  also 
a  book  on  the  antitjuity  of  tlie  university  of 
Oxford  to  wliieh Cains  of  Caml)ridge  replied — 
besides  a  translaU«)n  of  Aristotle's  de  mirabi- 
libus  mundi — Euripides'  tragedies,  kc. 

Caius,  a  Roman  saint,  made  bishop  of 
lioroe  283.  He  is  said  to  have  been  related 
to  the  emperor  Uioclesiun,  and  to  have  died 
296. 

Calaber,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  author 
of  the  paralipometia,  or  supplement  to  Ho- 
mer's lUad. 

Calabrois,  Matthias  Preti,  a  painter  of 
Calabria,  the  pupil  of  Lsmfranc.  His  Avoi'ks 
are  preserved  at  Modena,  Naples,  and  Malta. 
He  died  1699  at  Maita. 

Calamv,  Edmund,  a  presbyte^rian divine, 
born  at  l.,ondon  February  IGOO,  and  educated 
at  Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  fail- 
ed obtaining  a  fellowship  on  account  of  his  at- 
tachment to  anti-arminianism.  Dr.  Felton, 
bishop  of  Ely,  made  him  one  of  his  chaplains, 
and  gave  him  the  vicarage  of  St  Mary's, 
Swaffham-prior,  Cambridgeshire,  which  he 
resigned  on  being  appointed  lecturer  of  Bury^ 
Suffolk,  where  he  conliimed  ten  years. 
Though  here  he  conformed  to  the  churcli  of 
England,  he  soon  embraced  the  popular  par- 
ty, and  was  engaged  in  the  publication  of  the 
famous  treatise  against  episcopacy,  called 
Smectymnuus,  from  the  initials  of  the  five 
persons  engaged  in  the  work,  Stephen 
Marshal,  Edward  Calamy,  Thomas  Young, 
Matthew  Newcomen,  and  William  Spurstow. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  the  assembly  of 
divines,  and  in  his  sermons  before  the  parlia- 
ment, and  the  citizens  of  London,  he  dis- 
played the  character  of  an  eloquent  preacher 
and  a  zealous  partisan.  He  however  resisted 
the  usurpation  of  Cromwell,  and  promoted 
the  restoration  of  Chai'ies  II.  with  such  ear- 
nestness and  loyalty,  that  he  v/as  offered  the 
bishopric  of  Lichfield,  which  he  strenuously 
declined.  He  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
at  the  conference  at  the  Savoy,  and  was  soon 
after  ejected  from  his  living  of  St.  Maiy 
Aldermanbury  for  nonconformity,  though 
the  king  seemed  to  interest  himself  in  his 
favor.  An  occasional  sermon  in  his  late 
parish  cliurcb,  in  the  absence  of  the  then 
vicar,  in  IGG'2,  so  offended  his  liearers,  that 
he  was  sent  to  Newgate  by  the  lord  mayor, 
but  in  a  few  days  dischai'ged  by  the  king. 
The  sight  of  tlie  conflagration  of  London  is 
said  to  have  broke  his  heart.  He  died  '29th 
October  16G6.  He  was  twice  married.  Ry 
his  first  wife  he  had  a  sou  and  daughter,  and 
by  the  secoad   seven  children.    He  was  a 


man  of  a  bold  undaunted  spirit,  who  p3ssie»- 
sed  all  the  hluntness  and  ])uritanical  pnde  of 
the  times.  He  published  some  single  ser- 
mons, besides  coi)U'o\ersial  treatises. 

Calamv,  Ucnjamin,  f»on  of  the  j)rece» 
ding  by  his  secoixl  wife,  from  St.  Paul's 
school  enlei'ed  atCalha)"ine-h:dl,  Cambridf^'e, 
of  M  liich  he  becanic  telloNV  and  tutor.  He 
was  made  minister  of  St.  Mary  Alderman- 
bury ill  l67r,  cha[)lain  to  the  king, and  llirf-e 
years  after  took  his  degree  of  D.  i).  In  LOhS 
lie  publi.'.hed  a  sermon  which  he  had  preaih- 
ed  in  his  pari-sh  chnrth,  for  wliicli  he  was 
severely  attacked  b>  Delaunc,  a  warm  non- 
conformist, whom,  tor  his  virulence,  govern- 
ment seized  and  sent  to  Newgate.  l)r.  (ca- 
lamy interfered  with  Jeffries  the  chancellor 
for  the  unhappy  libeller;  but  all  applications 
were  unavailing,  and  Delaune,  fined  a  suni 
which  he  could  not  (lischarge,  died  a  victim 
to  the  o[»pressive  measures  of  the  times,  and 
his  wife  and  children  shared  the  same  fate  in. 
the  same  confinement.  After  the  resigna- 
tion of  St.  Mary  Aldermanbury,  Dr.  (Calamy 
succeeded  to  other  more  valuable  livings, 
and  the  prebend  of  Harleston,  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  St.  Paul ;  but  his  happiness  was  in- 
terrupted by  the  severe  sufterings  of  his 
friend  alderman  Cornish,  who  was  tried  and 
executed  for  high  treason.  The  repeated 
ajjplications  of  friendship  for  mercy,  could 
not  influence  the  inexorable  Jeft'ries;  and 
the  execution  of  Cornish,  it  is  said,  broke 
the  heart  of  his  surviving  friend,  who  died  in 
January  1686.  His  funeral  sermon  was 
preached  by  Dr.  WiUiam  Sherlock,  after- 
wards dean  of  St.  Paul's.  He  published 
seven  sermons  in  his  lifetime,  and  thirteea 
more  were  given  to  the  world  after  his  death. 

Calamy,  Edmund,  an  eminent  divine 
among  the  uoa-conformists.  He  wasgrandsoa 
to  Edmund  Calamy,  by  liis  son  Edmund, 
and  was  born  5th  .\pril  1671.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Merchant-taylor's,  where  .'ui  inti- 
mate friendship  was  begun  with  Dawes,  af- 
terwards archbishop  of  York,  and  Boulter, 
primate  of  Ireland  ;  and  after  studying  logic 
and  philosophical  knowledge  under  Mr. 
Craddockat  Wickam-brook,  Suffolk,  lie  pas- 
sed over  to  Utrecht.  Here  he  devoted  him- 
self with  unusual  application  to  the  study  of 
civil  law  and  philosophy,  and  acquired  such 
a  character  for  abilities  that  a  profcsaor's 
chair  at  Edinburgh  was  offered  to  him.  On 
his  return  to  England,  he  brought  letters  of 
recommendation  to  Drs.  Pocock  and  Ber- 
nard, two  celebrated  scholars  of '^>xfovd,  by 
whose  inflticnce  he  was  permittecl  admittance 
to  the  valuable  treasures  of  the  Bodlei.Tn  libra- 
ry. His  studies  were  now  directed  todivinity, 
and  as  he  inclined  to  the  non-conformists,  he 
eoon  became  an  active  minister  in  the  meet- 
ing-houses of  London,  a>id  succeeded,  ia 
1703,  Vincent  Alsop  at  Westminster.  He 
abridged  Baxter's  history  of  his  life  and 
times,  and  at'terwards,  in  future  editions, 
continued  the  work  by  a  copious  account  of 
such  ministers  as  were  ejected  for  their  re- 
ligious opinions  after  the  restoration  to  the 
time  of  onecn  Anae.    The  book  was  attackr 


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ed  by  Hoadly,  afterwards  bishop  of  Winches- 
ter, and  a  controversy  between  the  two  op- 
ponents, which  continued  for  some  time,  and 
produced  on  both  sides  replies  full  of  much 
learning,  not  however  without  the  bitterness 
of  party  zeal.  In  170'J,  Calamy  was  honor- 
ed, on  his  vi-;it  to  Scotland,  with  the  det^ree 
ofD.  D.  by  the  three  universities  of  Edin- 
bui*gh,  Glasgow,  and  Aberdeen.  He  pub- 
lished, in  1718,  a  vindication  of  his  grand- 
lather  and  others  against  the  reflections  of 
Echard  in  his  history  of  England.  Calamy 
died  3d  June  ir3'2.  lie  was  a  man  of  great 
erudition,  remarkable  for  the  candor  and 
benevolence  of  his  disposition,  and  the  mod- 
eration of  his  religious  opinions.  Uesides  the 
persons  mentioned,  he  was  intimate  with 
Henry  Dodwell,  the  earl  of  Sunderland,  and 
Trimnell,  bishoj)  of  Winchester.  His  writ- 
ings were  mostly  controversial,  besides  !2 
vols,  of  sermons,' and  4  of  Baxter's  history. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  was  the  father  of 
thirteen  children. 

Calaxdrucci,  Giacintho,  a  painter  at 
Rome,  pupil  to  Carlo  Maratti.  Many  of  his 
.pieces  adorned  the  churches  of  Rome.  He 
died  1707. 

C  A  I.  AX  us,  an  Indian  brahmin,  who  burn- 
ed himself  in  the  presence  of  Alexander  and 
his  army,  who  were  astonished  at  his  reso- 
lution and  composure,  B.  C.  325. 

Calas,  John,  an  unfortunate  merchant 
of  Toulouse,  of  the  prostestant  religion. 
When  his  son,  Mark  Anthony,  who  had  em- 
braced the  tenets  of  the  catholics,  had,  in  a 
moment  of  gloomy  melancholy,  committed 
ssuicide,  the  father  was  seized  by  the  suspi- 
cious government  as  guilty  of  trie  murder. 
No  proof  could  be  brought  against  him,  but 
the  jealousy  entertamed  against  his  religion  ; 
and  though  the  improbability  of  a  father,  an 
old  man  of  the  age  of  65,  murdering  his  own 
son,  a  robust  young  man  aged  29,  and  in  a 
house  where  his  family  were  then  resident, 
was  self-evident,  yet  he  was  condemned,  and 
broke  on  the  wheel,  9th  March  1762.  This 
treatment  was  reported  to  the  French  king 
by  tiie  agonizing  widow  and  her  family  ;  but 
the  wishes  of  the  monarch  were  frustrated  by 
the  jealousy  of  ministers,  wlio  thought  that 
they  granted  too  much  to  the  protestants  if 
they  allowed  the  revisal  of  the  bloody  sen- 
tence of  the  tribunal  of  Toulouse.  His  wid- 
ow died  in  1792,  aged  94.  His  son  Lewis 
practised  for  some  time  in  London  as  sur- 
geon, and  returned  to  France  1793. 

Calasio,  Marius,  a  Fr;'.nciscan  at  Rome, 
professor  of  Hebrew.  He  ])ublished  a  valuu- 
ble  concordance  of  the  Hebrew  bible,  in  4 
lajge  vols,  in  fol.  1621.  It  was  republished  in 
London  in  4  vols  1747,  by  Romaine,  Mores, 
antl  Luizena,  but  with  no  great  degree  of  ac- 
curacy. 

Calcagnixi,  Celio,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
employed  by  the  emperor  in  embassies  as  well 
as  in  ii.iiit:u-}  affairs.  He  died  at  J'errara,  pro- 
lessor  of  belles lettre.s,  154(i,  :>ge<I  61.  He  was 
eminent  for  his  erudition  ;ind  classical  kiuiw- 
ledge  ;  and  it  is  said  that  lu  supx  rte  the 
rotation  of  the  earth  before  Coperaitus  pub- 
i^ishedjiis  famous  system. 


Calcar,  John  de,  was  born  in  the  duchj 
of  Cleves,  and  died  young,  at  Naples,  1546. 
He  was  very  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  took 
for  his  models  the  finished  pieces  of  his  mas- 
ter Titian,  and  of  Raphael.  His  nativity  was 
so  admired  by  Rubens,  that  he  never  would 
part  M'ith  it.  To  Calcar  we  owe  the  anatom- 
ical figures  of  the  book  of  Vesal,  and  the 
portraits  of  painters. 

Calderixi,  Uomizzio,  a  native  of  To- 
ris,  in  the  Veronese  territory.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres  at  Rome,  where  he 
died  1478,  aged  32,  and  so  sincerely  regretted 
that  his  scholars  attended  his  funeral  in  deep 
mourning.  He  published  a  translation  of 
Fausanias' two  first  books  into  Latin,  besides 
some  commentaries  on  the  Latin  poets,  and 
some  original  poetry. 

Calderoxi  de  la  Barca,  don  Pe» 
dro,  a  Spanish  poet,  who  from  a  soldier  be- 
came an  ecclesiastic,  and  canon  of  Toledo. 
His  dramatical  pieces  were  published,  9  vols. 
4to.  16S9,  Madrid.  They  possess  all  the  ex- 
travagances of  Shakspeare's  muse,  with  oc- 
casionally sublime  and  pathetic  passages,  but 
all  throughout  devoid  of  correctness  and  reg- 
ularity.    He  florished  1640. 

Calderwood,  David,  a  Scotch  divine- 
He  applied  himself  with  uncommon  dili- 
gence to  the  study  of  divinity  and  of  the  writ- 
ings of  the  fathers,  and  became  an  active, 
zealous,  and  determined  opposer  of  episco- 
pacy in  Scotland.  He  was  minister  of  Crel- 
ling,  near  Jedburgli,  in  1604  ;  but  his  violent 
resistance  to  the  attempt  of  James  I.  to  unite 
the  churches  of  England  and  Scotland  drew 
down  upon  him  the  suspicions  of  the  court  ; 
and  when  he  headed  a  party,  and  protested 
against  the  measures  pursued  by  parliament 
and  the  ecclesiastical  convocation  for  the 
management  and  external  policy  of  the 
church,  he  was  summoned  to  answer  for  his 
rebellious  and  seditious  conduct.  His  obsti- 
nate refusal  to  submit  to  the  interrogatoi'ies 
of  James  occasioned  his  imprisonment,  and 
afterwards  his  banishment  from  the  kingdom. 
He  retired  to  Holland,  where  he  published 
his  celebrated  treatise,  Altare  Damascenum, 
feu  ecclesie  Anglicanoe  politia,  &cc.  1623.  iHe 
afterwards  returned  privately  to  Scotland, 
where  he  employed  his  time  in  collecting 
memorials  of  the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  Scot- 
land from  the  reformation  to  James's  dtath  ; 
a  valual)le  collection,  still  pi^eserved  in  the 
university  of  Glasgow.  Tile'  time  of  his 
death  is  not  precisely  known.  He  is  repre- 
sented in  the  ])reface  to  the  last  edition  of  the 
Aitare  as  being  minister  of  Pentcaitland, 
near  Edinburgh,  in  1638.  He  was  a  man  of 
quick  parts,  of  a  great  and  comprehensive 
mind,  and  of  tleej)  erudition,  and  much  es- 
teemed as  a  minister  by  the  nouconfoi-niists. 

Caldwai.l,  Richard,  a  ^diysician,  born 
in  Staffordshire  about  1513,  and  educa- 
ted at  Brazen-nose,  of  which  he  became  fel- 
low. He  was  so  eminent  in  the  knowledge 
and  practice  of  medicine,  that  he  was  elect- 
ed censor,  and  afterwanis  president  of  the 
college  of  physicians,  where  he  founded  a 
chirui  gical  lecture  with  a  handsome  salai-y. 


CA 


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He  wrote,  according  to  Wood,  several  trea- 
tises on  ph}  .sic,  besiiles  a  transiatiun  of  the 
table  of  sur};ery  by  Horatio  More  of  Flor- 
ence. He  (lied  1585,  arxl  was  buried  in  St. 
IJtiinet's  cburcb,  near  l^aul's  \vh:irl. 

Caleb,  h  Hebrew,  sent  bv  Moses,  with 
Joshua,  lo  examine  the  land  of  Canaaii.  He 
brought  back  a  faitli'ul  and  encouraging  ac- 
count, and  was  permitted  in  consetjiicnce  to 
share  the  victories  of  his  nation,  and  to  ob- 
tain the  lanil  of  Hebron.     He  died  aiyed  114. 

Caled,  orlvuALED,  oue  of  Maliomet's 
friends,  called  from  his  courage  the  sword  of 
God.  In  the  spreading  the  dcjclrines  of  the 
koran,  an«l  the  dominion  of  the  prophet,  he 
committed  atrocious  cruelties,  and  even  put 
to  death  the  garrison  of  i  )amascus  ufter  he 
had  granted  them  tiieir  liberty.  He  was  cut 
oft*  hv  the  i)lagiie  (J:Vj. 

(Iale.n  DAKio,  Pliilip,  an  architect  and 
sculpti^',  celebrated  for  the  beautiful  porti- 
cos which  be  erected  round  the  palace  of  St. 
Mark,  at  \  et»ice,  about  1354. 

Calentius,  Elisius,  a  native  r)f  xVaph>s, 
preceptor  to  Frederic,  son  of  Ferdinand  H. 
king  of  Naples.  He  was  a  man  of  great  tal- 
ents as  a  poet  and  philosophei",  and  in  his 
manners  he  was  mild,  humane,  and  benev- 
olent. His  imitation  of  the  battle  of  the  mice 
and  fi'ogs  by  Homer  was  reprinted  at  Kouen, 
in  1 738.  His  works  were  published  at  Rome, 
infolio,   1503,  the  year  after  his  death. 

Calepino,  or  daGalepio,  Ambrose, 
a  noble  native  of  Bergamo,  who  entered 
among  the  Augustines.  His  vocabulary  of 
the  Latit)  tongue  first  appeared  1503,  and 
with  such  celebrity,  that  it  has  been  often 
reprinted  and  improved,  and  enlarged  to  ii 
vols.  fol.  1G81.     He  died  blind  1511. 

Cai.iaviri,  Luca,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Udino.  He  died  ITIS,  aged  50.  He 
e.Kcelled  in  representing  sea  views,  land- 
scapes, and  sea  port  towns. 

Caligula,  Caius  Ciesar,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, son  of  Germanicus  and  Agrip])iiia. 
He  succeeded  Tiberius  A.l).  37,  and  after 
the  promising  virtues  of  a  happy  reign  dis- 
played tlie  most  ferocious  and  dissipated 
eharacter,  till  the  conspiracy  of  Chcerea  cut 
liim  off,  A.l).  41,  in  his  29th  year. 

Callard,  John  Baptiste,  professor  of 
medicine  in  the  university  of  Caen,  where  he 
died  1718.  He  established  a  botanical  gar- 
den there.  His  great  work  is,  lexicon  me- 
dicum  etymologicum,  1693,  I'imo.  of  wliich 
he  was  preparing  an  improved  folio  edition 
when  he  died. 

Calliach,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Candia, 
professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Padua,  wlieic  lie 
died  1707,  aged  62.  He  wrote  de  ludis 
scenicis,  in  4to. 

Callicratidas,  a  Spartan  general, 
who  succeeded  Lysander  in  Asia.  He 
defeated  Conon,  and  afterwards  perished  in 
a  naval  battle,  B.C.  405. 

CALLiEiiES,  Francis  dc,  an  eminent 
statesman,  born  at  Torigni,  near  Bavenx. 
He  was  engaged  in  several  embassies  un<Ier 
Lewis  XIV.  and  was  honorably  rewarded 
for  Ids  services,  lie  published  some  poetical 
ti-acts,  bic.  aud  died  1717,  aged  7'^. 


C.\LMMACHUS,  a  Greek  poet  in  the 
reign  of  Ptolemy  Evergetes.  His  works 
have  been  translated  into  English  by  Dodd. 

(J  A  I, :.  I  M  ACHL'S,  an  architect,  inventor  of 
the  Coi'intliian  capital,  Irom  seeing  an  acan- 
thus spreading  its  bi-anches  most  gracefully 
over  the  monument  of  a  Corinthian  lady  B. 
C.  540. 

Callistjienes,  a  philosopher,  who  at- 
tended Alexander  in  his  Asiatic  expedition, 
and  wa3»ruell\  mangled  by  him  on  .suspicifin 
of  a  conspiracy.  He  took  poison  given  him 
by  Lysimachus,  and  thus  put  an  end  to  his 
misery,  ii.C.  328. 

Callistus,  Johaimcs  Andronicus,  a 
native  of  Thessahinica,  and  profe.ssor  of 
peripatetic  jjliilosopby  at  Constantinople 
when  that  city  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
1453.  Like'tbe  rest  of  the  learned  men,  he 
lied  from  the  fury  of  the  enemy,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  revival  of  learning  in  the 
west  of  Eurojie.  He  first  settled  at  Rome, 
and  afterwards  at  Florence,  where  his  pu- 
pils were  numerous  and  respectable.  In  hia 
old  age  he  went  to  France  ;  but  died  there 
soon  after  his  arrival.  Some  manuscripts 
are  now  preserved  which  are  ascribed  to 
him. 

Callixtus  I.  was  pope  after  Zephyrin- 
us,  209,  and  suffered  martyrdom  four  years 
after. 

Callixtus  II.  Guy,  son  of  the  count  of 
Burgundy,  was  archbishop  of  Vienne  1083, 
and  made  pope  1119,  and  held  the  first  La- 
teran  council.     He  died  1124. 

Callixtus  III.  a  Spaniard  of  Xativa, 
elected  pope  1455.  He  wished  to  stir  up  the 
princes  of  Europe  against  the  Turks,  but 
without  success.  Ke  was  learned,  pious, 
and  good  ;  and  died  1458. 

Callixtus,  George,  a  Lutlieran  divine, 
born  at  Middleburg  in  Holstein.  He  was 
])rofLSSor  of  theology  at  Hemstadt  ;  and  died 
1656,  aged  70.  He  a\  rote  a  treatise  against 
the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  4to.  1631 — anti- 
moguntinus,  1644  in  4to — and  other  infe- 
rior works  ;  and  was  the'  founder  cf  a  sect 
among  tlie  Lutherans,  Mhich  was  called  Cal- 
lixtins,  whose  object  vas  to  reconcile  the 
discordant  opinions  of  all  the  protestants. 

Callot,  James,  a  famous  engraver,  honi 
at  Nancy,  1.SU3,  of  a  noble  family.  His  de- 
sire to  sec  the  capital  of  Italy,  and  her  val- 
uable monuments,  tempted  him  twice  to 
elope  from  his  family,  at  the  age  of  12,  and 
two  years  after,  when  at  last  permitted  by 
his  fatlier  to  reside  at  Rome,  he  applied 
himself  witli  such  assiduity  to  the  arts  of  de- 
signing am!  engraving,  tliat  lie  socn  became 
celebrated  for  the  boldness,  beauty,  and  ex- 
ecution of  his  pieces.  He  was  for  some 
lime  at  Florence  under  the  patronage  of  the 
gi-eat  duke,  after  whose  death  he  resided  at 
the  court  of  Lorrain,  and  in  162S  visited 
France,  -where  the  munificence  of  Lewis 
XIII.  invited  him  to  design  and  engrave  the 
scige  of  Rochelle  and  the  isle  of  Rlie.  When 
Nancy  was  rc^Iuced  by  the  arms  of  France, 
Callot  refused  to  employ  his  pencil  to  perpe- 
tuate the  misfortune  of  ills  country,  and  Lew- 


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IS,'  ^'ho  admired  his  superior  abilities,  fes- 
pected  a  patriotic  reluctance,  which  neither 
bribes  nor  promises  could  conquer.  He  died 
28th  March  1636,  aged  34,  when  he  was 
preparing  to  leave  Nancy  for  his  more  clas- 
sical residence  at  Florence.  It  is  said  that 
be  left  not  less  than  13S0  of  his  pieces  ;  an 
astonishing  number  tor  the  short  jjcriod  of 
his  life.  He  is  deservedly  commended  for 
the  sublimity  of  his  pieces,  not  only  in 
miniature  bat  in  the  great. 

Calme  r,  Augustin,  a  learned  French- 
man of  the  order  of  the  Bcnedictins,  made 
abbot  of  St.  Lepold  de  Nanci,  and  after- 
•warJb  of  Senones,  where  he  died  1757,  aged 
85.  He  was  well  acquainted  v.  itli  tl»e  ori- 
ental languages,  and  he  published  several 
learned  works,  which  at  the  desire  of  his 
friends  appeared  in  French  rather  than 
Latin.  He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the 
books  of  the  old  and  new  testament,  2'2 
Yols.  4to. — dissertations  on  the  commenta- 
ries, 3  vnl.s.  4to. — history  of  the  old  and  new 
testament,  4  vols.  4to. — historical,  critical, 
&e.  dictionary  of  the  bible, — universal  his- 
tory sacred  and  profane,  1.5  vols  4to.  of 
■which  only  eight  were  pnnted,  ecclesias- 
tical and  civil  history  of  Lorrain,  3.  vols, 
ibl.  Sec. 

Calmo,  Andrew,  a  Venetian,  famous  as 
an  actor  and  a  comic  writer.  The  best  of 
his  comedies  is  Kodiana.  A  volume  of  his 
letters  was  for  some  time  very  popular. 
He  died  at  Venice  1571,  aged  about  6i. 

Calo,  John  or  Joh.iunitz,  a  Bulgarian, 
raised  by  Innocent  f  H  to  the  title  of  indepen- 
dent king.  In  1205  he  conquered  and  put 
to  death  the  emperor  Baldwin,  and  after 
dreadful  raTages  over  Greece  he  was  himself 
assassinated. 

Calonne,  Charles  Alexander  de,  an  il- 
lustrious French  statesman,  born  at  Douay 
1734,  of  noble  parents.  He  was  educated  at 
Paris  and  intended  for  the  bar,  but  after- 
■wards  he  was  made  solicitor  general  to  the 
parliament  of  his  native  town,  master  of  re- 
quests, intendant  of  Metz,  and  in  1783  he 
succeeded  Necker  as  comptroller  general  of 
the  finances.  'I'his  last  office  required  great 
abilities  and  undaunted  firmness,  and  the 
new  minister  possessed  them  ;  and  though 
•when  he  came  into  power  he  found  an  empty 
treasury,  and  the  nation  discontented  with 
the  extravagance  of  the  court,  he  a<iopted 
such  vigorous  measures  as  restored  credit 
to  the  state,  and  rendered  the  expenditure 
subservient  to  the  resources  of  the  country. 
To  carry  his  schemes  of  reform  and  to  ex- 
onerate the  ptrople  of  some  burdens,  by  sup- 
pressing some  of  the  abusive  privileges  of 
the  higher  orders,  he  advised  the  king  to 
convene  the  notables  of  the  kingdom,  whose 
authority  and  consent  might  give  weight  and 
importance  to  his  measures.  The  plan  was 
grand,  and  might  hav:j  been  happily  pro- 
ductive of  good  in  another  age,  but  unfor- 
tunately the  nobles  and  the  elergy  Mere 
alarmed  at  the  thought  of  losing  their  privi- 
leges, and  the  minister,  opposed  by  the 
great,  and  not  ably  supported   by  the  timid 


monarch,  yielded  to  the  storm,  and  took 
refuge  in  England,  where  he  composed  his 
requete  au  roi,  and  his  reponse  a  I'ecrit  de 
M.  Necker,  which  proved  him  to  be  a 
good  scholar,  an  acute  politician,  and  a  loyal 
subject.  At  the  end  of  the  revolution  he 
revisited  his  country,  and  died  at  Paris  1802. 
He  wrote,  besides  an  essay  on  agriculture 
l^mo. — observations  sur  plusieurs  matieres 
de  droit  civil  &  coutumier,  4to. — de  I'etat 
de  la  France  present  Jk  a  venir,  1790, 
Svo.  a  work  of  great  merit, — de  finances 
publiques  de  la  France  Svo. — lettre  a  Tiiuteur 
des  considerations  sur  I'etat  des  affaires 
publiques,  1798.  Svo.  &c. 

Calovius,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Mo- 
rungen  in  Brunswick,  divinity  professor  at 
Ua(lstock,  which  he  quitted  for  IDantzic,  and 
afterwards  for  Wittemberg.  He  was  a 
strong  Lutheran,  and  opposed  with  great 
warmth  the  union  of  the  protestfmt  church, 
in  consequence  of  which  his  followers  were 
called  Calovians.  He  wrote  several  contro- 
versial tracts,  and  died  1086,  aged  74. 

Calprenede,  Gautier  de  la,  a  gentle- 
man in  ordinary  to  the  French  king,  who 
wrote,  it  is  said,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
prince  of  Conde,  some  curious  romances 
now  forgotten,  such  as  Cassandra,  Cleopatra, 
Pliai-amond,  &c.     He  died  in  1663,  aged  51. 

Calpurnius,  a  Sicilian  poetofthe  third 
century,  author  of  seven  eclogues,  &cc. 

Calvart,  Denys,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp who  opened  a  school  at  Bologna  and 
had  Guido,  Albano,  and  Dominichino  among 
his  pupds.  His  pictures,  admired  for  dig- 
nitv,    taste,  and  coloring,   are  preserved    at 

Rome,         '   ~ 
Bologna  1619,  aged  67. 

Calvert,  George,  descended  from  a 
noble  family,  was  born  at  Kipling  in  York- 
shire, 1585.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  and  after  his  return  from 
the  tour  of  Europe,  he  became  secretary 
to  Uobert  Cecil.  In  1605,  he  attended 
James  1.  on  his  visit  to  the  university  of 
Oxford,  and  was  there  with  other  respectable 
characters  made  M.  A.  and  afterwards  he 
was  made  clerk  to  the  privy  council,  was 
knighted  by  the  king  in  1617,  and  in  1619 
made  secretary  of  state,  and  the  next 
year  honored  M-ith  a  pension  of  1000/,  out  of 
the  customs.  In  1624  he  resigned  the  seals 
to  the  king,  confessing  himself  to  be  of  the 
Roman  catholic  persuasion,  but  notwith- 
standing this,  he  continued  in  favor  with  the 
monarch,  and  was  created  lord  Baltimore 
in  1625.  He  twice  visited  Newfoundland, 
where  the  king  had  granted  him  a  large 
tract  of  land,  but  finding  that  his  property 
in  that  remote  part  of  the  globe  was  ex- 
posed to  the  ])lunder  of  French  vessels,  he 
abandoned  it  for  the  neighbourhood  of  Vir- 
ginia when  Charles  I.  granted  him  a  pa- 
tent for  Maryland.  He  died  at  London  15th 
April,  1032,  and  his  son  who  inherited  his 
enterprising  spirit,  planted  there  a  colony 
of  aliout  200  families,  which  bore  the  name 
of  Baltim(U'e. 

Calvert,  James,  a  noueonforraist,  bora 


Bologna,  Rome,   and  Reggio.     He   died  at 


CA 


CA 


at  York,  and  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge, at  the  time  of  Tillotson.  After  be- 
ing silenced  at  Topcliffby  the  act  of  unifor- 
mity he  removed  to  York,  where  in  retire- 
ment lie  composed  his  learned  work  called 
Na[d»thali,  seu  colleclatio  theologica  de 
reditu  decern  trihuum  conrersione  Judajo- 
rum  &  lizekiei,  -ito.  He  also  for  some  time 
employed  himself  in  the  education  of  some 
of  his  opulent  neighbours,  and  died  De- 
cember 169S 

Calvi,   Lazaro,  u  famous  painter  of  Ge- 
noa, in  the  I Gth  century. 

Calvin,    John,    a    celebrated  reformer 
born  at    Noyon  in  Picardy   lUth  July  1509. 
He     studied    grammar  under   (yOrdelius    at 
Paris,  and   in  consequence   of  tiie  majiy  ex- 
traordinary  marks  of  his  early  piety  he  was 
intended  by  his  father  for  the  church,  and  in 
15'27  he  was    presented  to    the    rectory   of 
]Marteville,  which  two  years  after  he  resign- 
ed for  Pont  PEveque  near  Noyon.     His  ex- 
tensive   knowledge   of    the    holy   scriptures 
soon  disgusted  him    with   the    superstitions 
of  the  Komish  church,  and  with  the  appro- 
bation of  his  father  he  resigned  his  ecclesias- 
tical honors,  and  applied  him.self  to  the  study 
of  the  law.     Under  Peter    dc    I'Etoile  and 
Alciat,    he    made    great    progress    in    that 
science, and  further  improved  his  knowledge 
of  divinity.     Eager  to  defend  the   tenets   of 
the  reformation  he  displayed  his  zeal  against 
the  Sorbonne  at  Paris,  and  with  difficulty  es- 
caped from  the  vengeance  of  tiie  catholics. 
From  France  he  retired  to  Basil,  and  in  his 
obscurity    attracted    the    attention    of    the 
world,  by  his  celebrated  dedication  to  Fran- 
cis I.  in  his  apology  for  the  reformers,  a  com- 
position which  divides  the  applauses  of  the 
learned  with  that  of  Thuanus   to  his  history 
and  that   of  Casaubon  to  Polybius.    When 
the  malevolence  of  persecution  had  ceased, 
Calvin,  after  visiting  Italy  and  Finance,   set- 
tled at  Geneva,  and  yielding  to  the   strong 
and    awful    solicitation    of  Farel,   and    the 
choice   of  the  consistory  and  magistrates  of 
the  city,  he  consented  to  become  in  1536  their 
minister,    and   professor   of    divinity.     The 
speedy    check    however  which  he  wished  to 
impose  upon  the  immoralities  of  the  people, 
and  their  domestic  dissension  soon  rendered 
him  unpopular,  and   when  he  refused  to  ad- 
minister the  sacrament  indiscriminately,  the 
public    indignation    was  so  violently   raised 
against  liim,    that  he  was  desired    to  leave 
Geneva  in  two  days.      He  retired  to  Stras- 
hurg,  where    he  established  a   French    re- 
formed church,    and  two  years  after  he  ap- 
peared with  Bucer  at  the  diet  of  Worms  and 
Ratisbon    for    the    protestants,    and  had    a 
long  and  friendly   conference  ..with  the  cele- 
brated Melancthon.      But  though  flattered 
and  admired  in    Germany,  Calvin  had  a  se- 
cret affection  for  the  church  of  Geneva,  and 
no  sooner  did   the    people  earnestly  solicit  a 
reconciliation    than   he  returned,   in    l.')4l, 
and    prevailed    upon    them    to    establish  a 
I'hurch  discipline,  and  a  consistorial  jurisdic- 
tion with  the  power  of  inflictingcensures  and 
canonical  pur.ishmcnts,    The  power  thus  be- 


stowed into  the  hand  of  Calvin  was  great^ 
and  it  unfortunately  was  abused.  The  re- 
former, who  so  loudly  exclaimed  against  the 
tyranny  of  liome,  directed  the  whole  tor- 
rent of  his  persecution  against  Scrvelus,  a 
phjsician,  who  hud  in  an  ambiguous  style 
written  upon  the  trinity;  and  his  vengeance 
was  not  appeased  till  the  unfortunate  he- 
retic had  expired  ui  the  flames.  This  severi- 
ty raised  niany  enemies  to  Calvin,  but  his 
ardour  was  undaunted,  and  in  the  midst  of 
his  avocations  and  the  distractions  of  Ge- 
neva, he  directed  by  his  letters  the  many 
churches  of  Germany,  France,  England, 
and  Poland,  which  looked  up  to  him  as 
their  head  and  supreme  governor.  Disinter- 
ested in  his  conduct,  zealous  only  in  the 
cause  of  reformation,  possessed  of  a  clear 
understanding,  sound  judgment,  and  happy 
memory,  lie  exercised  his  great  and  exten- 
sive talents  in  the  support  of  truth,  and  ia 
the  propagation  of  the  genuine  precepts  of 
the  gospel.  His  creed  however  was  either, 
from  singularity  or  opposition,  contrary  to 
the  tenants  of  the  other  protestants,  and 
the  ui  tenable  doctrines  wh.ich  he  propa- 
gated about  an  absolute  predestination  have 
tended  to  render  his  followers,  not  only  during 
his  age,  but  in  succeeding  times,  gloomy,  pre- 
sumptuous, obstinate,  and  uncharitable.  He 
died  May  26,  1564,  and  though  he  had  longj 
enjoyed  a  high  reputation  and  exercised 
an  unbounded  authority,  he  left  only  300 
crowns  to  his  heirs,  including  his  library, 
the  books  of  which  sold  afterwards  at  a 
great  price.  By  the  advice  of  his  friend 
Bucer,  Calvin  married,  at  Strasburg,  Idolet- 
te  de  Bure,  widow  of  an  anabaptist  whom 
he  had  converted,  and  by  her  he  had  a  sor* 
v.ho  died  in  his  infancy.  The  death  of  hi? 
wife,  which  happened  in  1549,  afflicted  him 
greatly.  The  works  of  Calvi;i  were  printed 
in  12vo!s.  fol.  Geneva,  and  in  nine  Amster- 
dam, in  1667.  They  are  chiefly  on  theolo- 
gical and  controversial  subjects,  but  they 
display  his  great  erudition  ;  and  JosepU 
Scaliger  has  properl)'  observed  that  no  com- 
mentator has  better  hit  the  sense  of  the  pro- 
phets than  he  ;  and  he  commends  him  far- 
ther for  not  attempting  the  explanation  of 
the  book  of  revelations. 

Calvisius,  Sethus,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Grosivib  in  Thuringia  in  1559.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  learned  and  accu- 
rate chronoloq-er.  His  elenchus  calendarii  a 
papa  Gregorio  XIII.  comprobati,  was  pub- 
lished in  1611  ;  and  ia  1620,  three  years  af- 
ter his  death,  appeared  his  improved  chro- 
nology ;  a  work  in  which  he  has  employed 
20  long  years  of  laborious  study. 

Cai.xa,  Antonio,  an  Italian  painter  in  the 
17th  century,  pupil  to  Carlo  Cignani  at 
Rome,  whose  pieces  he  judiciously  imitated. 

Camarco,  Mary  Ann  Cupi  de,  a  cele- 
brated stage  dancer,  born  at  Brussels,  1710. 
Her  great  powers  were  exliibited  at  Brussels 
and  at  Paris,  an<l  it  is  said  that  she  main- 
tained a  respectable  chra'aater.  She  died 
28th  April  1770. 

Cama?;sei    or    Cam^ct.    Andreiv,    an 


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Italbin  painter  of  Bevagna.  He  studied  un- 
der Doraiuichino  and  Andrew  Sacchi,  and 
died  in  1057.  His  historical  paintings  are 
preserved  at  Rome,  but  one  of  his  pieces, 
Venus  and  the  Graces,  is  to  be  seen  at  Wil- 
ton. 

Cambaceres,  N.  a  native  of  Montpel- 
lier,  whose  eloquence  as  a  preacher  was 
much  admired  at  court,  and  was  at  last  re- 
warded by  the  archbishopric  of  llouen.  He 
died  Nov.  Cth,  1808,  aged  80.  His  nephew 
was  the  second  consul  with  Bonaparte,  after 
the  abolition  of  the  directory. 

Cambert,  a  French  musician  in  the 
service  of  Ann  of  Austria.  He  first  intro- 
duced with  Perrin  operas  in  France,  but 
when  his  labors  were  eclipsed  by  the  moi'e 
successful  performances  of  Lulli,  he  came 
over  to  England  in  1072,  where  Charles 
made  him  master  of  his  band.  He  died  1077. 
Besides  his  operas  and  musical  pieces,  he  is 
chiefly  known  for  his  great  skill  and  exqui- 
site taste  in  touching  the  organ. 

Cambis-velleron,  Joseph  Lewis  Do- 
minic, marquis  de,  a  French  nobleman, 
born  at  Avignon,  1706.  He  was  learned  and 
polite,  and  served  some  time  in  the  army  as 
a  captain  of  dragoons  and  a  colonel.  He 
died  1772.  He  published  a  valuable  cata- 
logue raisoune  of  the  MSS.  in  his  cabinet, 
two  vols.  8vo.—memoireshistoriqucsde  la  vie 
de  Roger  de  St.  Lary  de  Beilegarde,  12mo. 
1767.  His  library  was  very  valuable  and  se- 
lect, and  he  had  collected  some  important 
materials  for  the  history  of  his  province. 

Cambridge,  Richard  Owen,  a  learned 
Knglishman,  bora  in  London,  14th  Feb. 
1714,  and  educated  at  Eton  school  and  Ox- 
ford. After  three  years'  residence  in  the 
university,  he  in  1737  entered  at  Lincohrs- 
inn,  and  in  1741  married  Miss  Trenchard, 
with  whom  he  settled  at  Whitminster,  Glo- 
cestershire.  He  published  the  Scribleriad, 
a  poem,  1744 — and  in  1761  an  history  of  the 
M-ar  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel,  and  contri- 
buted some  valuable  papers  to  the  World. 
His  works  were  collected  and  printed  to- 
.gether  by  his  son  G.  O.  Cambridge,  M.  A. 
with  his  life,  two  vols,  4to.  1803.  He  died 
much  respected  in  private  life,  as  a  cheer- 
ful companion,  exemplary  in  his  conduct, 
and  virtuous  and  benevolent  in  practice, 
17th  Sept.  1802.  He  was  inventor  of  a  cu- 
rious double  boat,  which  is  said  to  possess 
jfreat  swiftness  in  sailing  with  equal  safety, 
ft  was  formed  with  tv.  o  distinct  boats,  50 
feet  lorig,  though  but  18  inches  wide,  con- 
nected together  by  a  deck  at  the  tlistance  of 
12  feet. 

CambvoES,  king  of  Persia,  after  his 
'father  Cvrns,  1).  C.  529,  made  war  against 
Egvpt  and  ^Ethiopia,  and  died  in  conse- 
quence of  a  wound  uliich  he  had  accident- 
Ally  given  himself  in  the  cigbth  year  of  his 
reign.  He  was  cruel  and  vindictive  in  the 
extreme. 

Cam  HEN,  Wil'.iafn,  a  celebrated  antiqua- 
rv,  was  born  at  London,  2d  iSIay  1551.  Af- 
ter studying  at  Christ's  hosjjital  and  St. 
Paul's  school,  he  enUjied  at   1  j  as  a  servitor 


at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  from  whenc'5 
he  removed  to  Broadgate-hall  now  Pembroke 
college,  and  two   years    and    a  halt  alter  to 
Christ  church  with  his  tutor  and  friend  Dr. 
Thomas  Thornton,  on  his   promotion    to  a 
canoniy.       The    prejudices  of  these  popish 
days  prevented  him  not  only  from  obtaining 
fellowship  at  All-souls,  but  from  being    ad' 
mitted  to  his  first  degree  in  arts,  and  ]t  was 
not  till  1573  that  he  was  made  li.  A.  an  honor 
long  due  to  his  learning  and  application.    By 
the  friendship  of  Dr.  Goodman  dean  of  West- 
minster, he  was  appointed  in    1575  second 
master  of  Westminster   school,  and    it  was 
during  his  relaxation  from   the  labors  of  this 
important  office,  that  he  applied    himself  ta 
the    compilation   of  his   valuable   work  the 
Britannia,  or  history  of  the  ancient  Britons, 
their  origin,    manners,  and  laws,  which  ap- 
peared in  Latin,  1586,  and    passed   rapidly 
through  several  editions.     His  abilities  were 
now  so  universally  acknowledged,  that  Piers 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  in  1588  conferred  on  him 
the  prebend  of  Iflfarcomb,  though   he  never 
was  in  holy  order3,  and  the  same  year  he  was 
admitted  to  the  degree  of  M.  \.     In    1593 
he  succeeded  Dr.  Grant   in   the  headship  of 
Westminster-school,  and  four  years  after  he 
published  a  Greek  grammar,  which  though 
judiciously  digested,  and  long  popular,  must 
be  considered  rather  as  an  epitome   of  the 
grammar   of  his   predecessors,  than    as  an 
original  work.      In    1597   Camden    was   re- 
moved from  his  laborious  office,  upon  being 
appointed  Clerencieux  king  of  arms,  an  em- 
ployment more  congenial  to  his  taste  and  his 
pursuits.     In  1600  he  published   an  account 
of  the  monuments  of  the  kings,  queens,  and 
nobles   in   Westminster    abbey,    and   three 
vears  after  at  Frankfort,  a  collection   of  our 
ancient  historians,    called    "  Anglica,  Nor- 
manica,    Hibernica,    Cambrica,  a   veteribus 
descripta,  &c.      In  the   following  year  he 
published  remains   of  a  greater  work  con- 
cerning Britain,  &c.  the   materials  of  which 
had  been   communicated   to  him  when    he 
wi'otc  his  Britannia.      He  published  in  1607, 
a  complete  edition  of  his  Britannia  in  folio, 
greatly  enlarged  and  adorned  with   cuts,  of 
which  an  able  translation   was   given  to  the 
world   in    1095  by   Dr.    Gibson,    afterwards 
bishop   of  London,  and   in    1017,    appeared 
his   Annales   rerum   Anglicanarum,   during 
queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  the  continuation  of 
which  was   finished  in    1617,  but   not  made 
public   in    his   life  time.     Camden    died  at 
Chisselhurst  in  Kent,  ninth  November  1023, 
and    though   he   had   directed   to  be  buried, 
where  he  died,  his  remains  where  <leposited 
in   great   pomp   in  Westminster  abbey    op- 
posite Chaucer,  where   on    a  white   marble 
monument  his  effigies  is  represented  as  hold- 
ing a  book,  on  the   leaves   of  which  are  in- 
scribed Britannia.      Camden  was  respected 
as  a    man    not  only   of  great  and   extensive 
learning,     and  just    taste,     but    of  amiable 
manners,  easy  and   candid  in  his  conversa- 
tion, and   the   friend   of  learned    men,   and 
eminent  scholars.      His   reputation    was   so 
well  established  on  the  continent,  tliat  fo» 


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reigiiers  considered  tlitir  travels  iiioomplete, 
it*  not  |>crniitted  t<»  sec  and  eonvcrse  willi 
the  iuitiiof  iiftlie  IJiitaniiia,  and  it  is  said  tiiat 
not  less  than  six  (ienniii  ii(j1>Ics  in  one  day 
visited  liini,  and  re(|U<.;sled  liiiu  to  write  his 
Ictiiiua  in  (lieir  hook.  Camden  t'oniidcd  a 
lectnreshipon  liistory  at  Oxford,  a  noljli-  and 
inuiiiliccnt  donation,  which  m  hile  it  rellecls 
the  hi'^iiest  iion<  r  on  his  memory,  enaljles  a 
learned  body  to  i-emnnerate  its  desci-vini; 
members  with  a  resi»i'et:d>lc  api'ointmcnl. 
His  books  and  piipirs  he  be<|Ueathetl  to  sir 
llt)bert  Cotton  <if  Conini;tnn,  but  tlie  great- 
est part  of  tluin  are  supposed  to  liavc  been 
destro>ed  durin^j  thi;ci\il  wars. 

Camekaiiius,  Joarhimns,  a  Gei-mun, 
born  at  lianibtrj^  in  l:.(tO,  and  eduealcil  at 
Lc-ipsic.  1 1  is  }^:-eat  application  in  the  ae.tiui- 
sitioii  of  Cirecian  and  ifoman  literature 
soon  made  him  known  to  the  literati  of  tlie 
age,  and  in  those  days  of  tlieological  dissen- 
tion,  lie  became  the  friend  of  Erasmus,  and 
also  of  iMelancthon,  whose  life  he  wrote  in 
a  very  cojiious  manner.  During  the  pohtical 
troubles  of  Germany  in  1525,  Camerarius 
visited  Prussia,  and  soon  after  was  made 
X)rofessor  of  belles  lettres  at  Nuremberg.  In 
152",  he  married  a  woman  of  very  respec- 
table connections,  with  whom  he  lived  40 
years,  and  by  whom  he  had  five  sons  and 
four  daughteis,  who  all  grew  up  to  be  an 
honor  to  their  family.  He  was  in  153G  drawn 
from  his  loved  retirement  by  Ulrlc  prince 
ofWirtemburg,  who  employed  liim  to  restore 
the  ancient  discipline  of  the  university  of  Tu- 
bingen, and  some  time  after,  at  the  request  of 
Henry  and  .Maui-ice  of  Saxony,  he  assisted 
in  the  establishment  of  the  Leipsic  univer- 
sity. During  the  various  rel'gious  disputes 
■wliich  took  place  in  consequence  of  the  re- 
formation, ('amerarius  was  consulted,  and 
his  opinion  respected,  especially  in  the  diets 
of  Nuremberg  and  Hatisbon.  He  died  at 
Leipsic  17th  April  1575,  full  of  yef^rs  and 
honor,  surviving  his  wife  not  quite  a  year. 
Besides  Melancthon,  he  was  intimate  with 
Carlowitch,  Turnebus,  Vietorius,  Wolfius, 
Baumgartner,  and  indeed  every  man  of 
learning  and  consequence  in  his  age.  His 
literary  labors  were  very  great,  as  he  trans 
lated  Herodotus,  Demosthenes,  Euclid,  Xe- 
nophon.  Homer,  Theocritus,  Sophocles, 
Lucian,  Theodoret,  Nicephorus,  and  othei-s, 
and  he  deservedly  was  called  by  Vossius  tlie 
phcenix  of  Germany.  Erasmus  however  has 
spoken  of  liim  with  some  degree  of  indifto- 
rence,  by  saying  that  Camerarius  showeil 
more  industry  than  genius  in  what  he  wrote. 

Camerarius,  Joachim,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, devoted  himself  particularly  to  tin 
study  of  medicine,  botany,  and  chemistry 
and  refused  for  his  favorite  pursuits  the  flat- 
tering and  advantageous  ofters  of  princes, 
who  solicited  to  have  him  about  their  person. 
He  wrote  some  treatises  on  botany,  and  died 
1598,  aged  68,  at  Nuremberg. 

Cameron,  John,  a  Scotchman,  profes- 
sor of  Greek  at  Glasgow,  anil  afterwards 
divinity  lecturer  at  Montauban,  where  he 
died  1C25,   in  consequence  of  some  severe 

VOL.    I.  36 


blows  which  he  had  received  in  the  strect.-i 
frimi  some  zealot  whom  !»<•  had  olVi-nd.ed. 
lie  published  "defence  of  grace,"  l624,  a 
w  oik  which  some  imagined  was  too  favora- 
ble to  the  catholics,  besides  uiv  rotheciuia 
evangelicum.  All  his  works  appeare«l  in 
tir.ee  vols.  4to.  1077,  at  Saumui-,  and  in  1 
vol.  fol.  Geneva. 

Camilla,  daughter  of  king  Metahus, 
and  the  ally  of  Turnus,  is  celebrated  by  Vir- 
gil, for  the  valor  she  di-.i)layed  against  JEuc- 
as  in  Italy. 

Ca.miL LI'S,  Marcus  Fucius,  an  illusfri- 
ous  Roman,  banished  by  hii  countrymen  on 
suspicion  of  peculation.  His  services  ari'l 
character  were  remcnihi  red  when  Rome 
was  taken  by  the  CJauls,  and  he  issued  from 
his  banishment  to  defeat  the  enemies  of  liis 
country.     He  died  B.  C.  Sf>5. 

Camoens,  Lewis,  a  Portuguese  poet,  de- 
servedly called  the  Virgil  of  his  country. 
He  was  born  at  Lisbon,  i!i\j.7,  and  studied  at 
Coimbra,  from  whence  he  went  in  the  ser- 
vice of  his  country  to  Ceuta,  where  he  lost 
one  of  his  eyes  in  a  campaign  against  the 
Moors.  He  afterwards  passed  to  the  East 
inilies,  in  hopes  of  bettering  his  fortunes, 
V.  here  he  began  the  composition  of  his  ce- 
lebrated Lusiad,  but  on  his  return  he  had 
the  misfortune  to  be  shipwrecked,  and  with 
difficulty  saved  his  life,  swimming  with  his 
right  hand,  aud  supporting  his  poem  wilh 
his  left.  VV^hen  restored  to  Portugal  in  1 5Cy, 
he  finished  his  poem,  and  dedicated  it  to 
king  Sebastian,  but  his  hopes  of  patronage 
and  of  honorable  remuneration  were  cruelly 
disappointed.  The  mei-ils  of  the  poet  were 
neglected  by  the  monarch  and  his  courtiers, 
and  Camoens,  feeling  all  the  miseries  of  in- 
digent and  despised  virtue,  expired  in  the 
midst  of  his  ungrateful  countrymen,  a  prey- 
to  poverty  and  the  deepest  wretchedness 
1579.  Admired  for  the  boldness  of  his  de- 
scriptions, the  unatt'ected  display  of  his 
learning,  and  the  happiest  flights  of  a  sub- 
lime iii»agination,  Camoens  is  yet  censured 
for  the  obscurity  of  some  of  his  verses, 
and  for  an  injudicious  mixture  of  heathen 
mythology  and  christian  truths.  The  Lusiad 
however  will  always  rank  high  in  tlie  list  of 
heroic  poems.  It  has  been  translated  into 
French  once,  twice  into  Italian,  four  times 
into  Spanisli,  and  into  Knglish  by  Fansliaw, 
besides  the  eleg.uit  version  in  which  Mr. 
Mickle  has  immortalized  his  name  with  the 
fame  of  his  favorite  author. 

Campanella,  Thomas,  an  Italian  phi- 
losopher belonging  to  the  Dominican  oriier, 
born  at  Stilo  in  Calabria,  September,  5th, 
1508.  His  great  and  extensive  know  letlge  of 
the  ancient  classics  soon  enabled  him  to  ex- 
amine with  accuracy  the  tenets  of  the  peri- 
patetic philosophy,  and  to  prove  them  built 
upon  false  and  untenable  foundations.  The 
superior  information  and  brilliant  elo- 
quence which  he  displayed  in  his  disputa- 
tions on  theology  w  ith  professors  of  long 
established  reputation,  increased  with  his 
fame  the  number  of  his  rivals  and  enemies, 
aud  he  was  accused  before  the  inquisition,  of 


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having  obtaiiici]  by  magic  that  vast  extent  of 
leai'iiiiig  uhich  he  possessed.  He  fled  mion 
this  from  Naples  to  Rome,  and  afterwards  V> 
Florence,  and  on  his  way  to  Bologna  his  pa 
pers  were  seizei!,  bui  his  person  remained 
unmolested.  Some  expressions  however 
■nhicli  he  dropped  some  years  after,  against 
the  Spanianls,  procured  his  arrest.  He  ap- 
jteared  in  15'J9  at  Naples  as  a  crimin,-.! 
against  the  state,  and  Mas  seven  times  put  to 
the  J'auk  and  condemiied  to  jierpetual  im 
piisoiiment.  The  weight  of  his  sufferings 
was  at  last  lessened  hy  tlie  interference  of 
the  pope  with  Philip  IV'.  of  Spain  in  1626, 
but  M  hen  restored  to  liberty,  to  avoid  the 
further  persecutions  of  the  Spaniards,  he  re- 
tii-cd  secretly  to  France,  v  iitre  the  fi-iend- 
bliip  of  Hichfclien  and  the  favor  of  Lewis 
Xhl.  procured  him  a  pension  of '2LM)0  livres. 
He  died  in  tiie  monastei'y  of  tha  Dominicans 
i2lst  March  16,59.  His  writings  were  nume- 
rous, the  best  known  of  which  are  de  recta 
t'atione  studendi, — aphorisiData  polilica, — de 
monarchia  Hispanica. 

Camp  A  NO,  John  Antonio,  a  native  of 
Campania,  of  obscure  origin.  ^Vhile  tend- 
ing sliecp  he  was  noticed  by  a  priest  who 
admired  his  promising  appearance,  and  who 
kindly  instructed  him  in  tlie  learned  langua- 
ges, and  enabled  him  to  become  professor  of 
j'hetoric  at  l*erugia.  He  was  raised  to  a 
bishopric  by  pope  Pius  U.  and  engaged  at 
the  congress  of  llatisbon,  and  made  gover- 
nor of  Citta  (le  Castello  by  Sixtus  IV.  His 
opposition  to  some  of  the  measures  of  the 
court  of  Rome  rendered  him  unpopular 
with  the  pope,  and  he  removed  to  his  see  of 
Terrj  no  where  he  died  1477,  aged  48.  He 
■wrote  the  life  of  the  famous  commander 
Ai.''rew  Bi'accio,  besides  orations,  letters, 
Latin  poenis,  moral  and  political  treatises,  kc. 
publislie*!  together  1707  and  1734  at  Leipsie. 

(Jampan'O,  Xovarese,  an  Italian  ecclesi- 
astic in  the  l.jth  century,  author  of  commen- 
taries on  Euclid,  and  several  treatises  on 
flslrononiy  still  preserved  in  MS. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  son  of  the  earl 
of  Argyle,  was  born  in  1598,  and  became 
known  for  his  strong  partiality  to  the  cove- 
nanters, though  he  retained  all  his  attach- 
ment to  Charles  I.  by  whom  he  was  created 
a  marquis.  Me  0])posed  Cromwell's  inva- 
sion of  Scotland,  and  placed  the  crown  on 
the  head  of  Charles  \i.  when  his  coronation 
took  place  at  Scone  in  1651.  But  not- 
v/ithst  riding  his  attacliment  to  the  king, 
and  the  display  of  an  undaunted  character  in 
political  life,  he  was  seized  in  London  when 
lie  came  to  congratulate  Charles  on  his  re- 
storation, and  upon  being  condemned  as 
guilty  of  high  treason  was  beheaded  as  a 
traitor  at  Edinburgh  cross,  '27tii  May,  l()6l. 
He  wrote  instructions  to  a  son,  and  defences 
against  the  grand  indictment  of  higii  treason. 

Campbell,  ArchiLiald,  earl  of  Argyle, 
son  of  the  jireceding,  distinguished  himself 
so  mtch  by  his  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Dun- 
bar, and  on  other  occasions,  that  Cromwell 
exempted  him  from  the  general  pardon 
{{I'autcd  in  1G54-.    In  consequence  of  the  in- 


terception of  one  of  his  letters,  in  which  he 
spoke  of  the  ingratitude  of  courts,  he  was 
ti  ied  before  the  parliament  of  Scotland,  foi* 
leasing,  making,  or  sowing  dissentions  be- 
tween the  knig  and  the  suljject  by  false  in- 
formation. He  was  condemnei!  to  lose  his 
head,  and  the  sentence  would  have  been  ex- 
ecuted had  not  the  great  Clarendon  interfe- 
red with  the  king.  Argyle  was  afterwards 
restored  to  ro}al  favor,  and  made  privy 
counsellor,  and  one  of  the  hn'ds  of  the  trea- 
sury, but  he  was  afterwai'ds  again  exposed 
to  persecution  and  most  iniquitously  con- 
demned to  sutler  death.  He  escaped  Iron* 
confinement  and  after  concealing  himself  in 
London,  he  v.ent  to  Holland,  and  soon  re- 
turned to  Scotland,  to  support  the  rebellion 
of  Monnaouth.  The  plans  which  he  pursu- 
ed were  not  however  well  concerted,  he 
was  abandoned  by  those  who  ought  to  have 
shared  his  dangers,  and  he  was  taken  and 
carried  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  suifered  in 
pursuance  of  his  former  sentence.  He  was 
beheaded  50th  June  1685. 

Campbell,  George,  D.D.  was  educa- 
ted at  St.  Andrew's  and  was  promoted  to  a 
small  living  in  the  Highlands.  He  was  made 
professor  of  church  history  at  St.  Andrew's 
1728,  and  published  a  discourse  on  miracles, 
besides  a  vindication  of  the  christian  religion, 
8vo.  an<!  a  treatise  on  moral  virtue.  He  died 
1757,  aged  61. 

Campbell,  George,  a  Scotch  divine, 
born  at  x\berdeen.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Marischal  college  of  w  hich  he  became  a 
principal  in  1759,  and  professor  of  divinity 
in  1771.  He  died  1796,  aged  77,  a  little 
time  after  resigning  his  office.  Among  his 
works  his  translation  of  the  four  gospels  are 
particularly  entitled  to  commendation.  His 
answei-to  Hume  on  the  miracles  was  much 
admired  ;  but  in  his  ecclesiastical  history,  a 
posthumous  work,  he  is  censured  as  partial 
and  bigotted  in  favor  of  the  presbyterians. 

Campbell,  Colin,  a  Scotch  architect, 
author  of  \  itruvius  Britannicus,  3  vols,  folio, 
and  surveyor  of  tlie  works  of  Greenwich 
hospital.  He  gave  among  other  things  the 
designs  of  Wanstead  bouse,  the  Rolls,  and 
Mereworth  in  Kent,  and  died  1734. 

Campbell,  John,  an  eminent  writer  on 
]>iograpiiy,  history,  and  politics,  born  at 
Edinburgh,  8th  .March  1708.  At  the  age  of 
five  he  left  Scotland,  which  he  never  saw 
again,  for  the  neighbourhood  of  Windsor  ; 
and  he  was  placed  as  clerk  to  an  attorney  at 
the  usual  age,  hut  the  occupation  was  irk- 
some to  his  feelings,  and  he  relinquished  it 
for  the  iiiore  laborious  life  of  an  author.  In 
his  30ih  year  he  first  appearetl  before  the 
])ublic  in  the  military  life  of  prince  Eugene 
and  of  Marlborough,  in  2  vols.  fol.  He  was  af- 
terwards engaged  in  the  ancient  universal 
history,  an<l  in  1739,  published  the  travels 
of  Edward  Brown,  esquire,  and  the  memoirs 
of  Itipperda,  and  two  years  after  the  con- 
cise history  of  Spanish  America.  In  1742 
the  two  first  volumes  of  his  history  of  Eng- 
lisTi  admirals  appeared,  to  which  two  years 
after  tw  o  volumes  more  were  added^  a  work 


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of  great  merit  and  csial)lislie<l  reputation, 
aiitl  wliic-li,  aftci- i)ussiiiy  llirtjLi.:;li  lluve  edi- 
tions in  tilt-'  :aillior's  lilc-linic,  lias  Ijcoh 
edited  wilii  inii»i(iV».MUeiils  by  Ur.  Herkcn- 
hout.  lie  piiljIJslicd  in  ir-i.i  Hennippusrcviv- 
ed,  wliii'Usix  years  aller  was  more  fully  i!u- 
proved,  and  in  174't  a|»i>eared  his  "  voyages 
and  travels,"  on  the  [)lan  (dDr.  liari-is.  Jic- 
fiides  olJier  pojHdar  publicalions  lie  was  en- 
gaged intlieiiiogr  jpiiia  IJiitannica,  which  lirst 
appeared  in  weekly  numbers  in  17i'),  and  to 
which  lie  I'ontribuled  some  of  the  niosl  in- 
teresting and  best  \vi-itleii  articles.  In  ITJO 
lie  published  his  \)reHent  state  of  Europe,  a 
\vork  extremely  pojiuJar  by  the  rapid  sale 
of  six  large  editions,  and  afterwards  he  was 
cmidoyed  in  tiie  modern  universal  history 
-u  hich  aiipe.sred  in  detaciied  parts  in  16  vols, 
fol.  His  last  work  was  "  a  political  survey 
of  Britain"  in  -l  vols.  4to.  irr4,  in  which  he 
displaced  extraordinai-y  labor,  great  judg- 
ment, and  extensive  knowledge.  These  gi'eat 
literary  porformaTices  did  not  pass  unre- 
warded wiih  tlie  apjilauscof  tlie  learned,  the 
author  was  honored  in  IT 54  l>y  the  universi- 
ty v)f  Glasgow  witli  the  degree  of  L.  L.  1). 
and  in  rrr4  the  empress  of  Itussia,  -a  ho 
never  failed  to  disingaish  merit  in  every 
nation,  presented  him,  in  testimony  of  her 
regard  for  his  great  al»iiities,  with  her  pic- 
ture. In  1730  our  aullior  married  miss 
Vobe,  of  Leominster,  with  whom  hj  lived 
happily  40  years,  and  by  whom  he  liad  sev- 
en children,  one  only  of  whom  witii  tlieir 
mother  survived  him.  He  lived  in  the  in- 
dulgence of  his  literary  pursuits  so  retired 
that  few  had  the  happiness  of  his  acquant- 
ance,  but  those  that  visited  hiai  found  him 
amiable  in  his  manners,  instructive  in  his 
conversation,  and  in  his  general  conduct 
mild,  humane,  and  religious.  He  was  ap- 
pointed in  ir().5  king's  agent  for  the  province 
of  Georgia,  an  oflice  which  he  held  till  Ins 
death,  a  meiancholy  event,  which  was  has- 
tened by  his  sedentary  mode  of  lite,  and  liis 
intense  application.  He  died  of  a  decline  at 
his  house,  Queen-square,  Ormond-f;treet, 
2Sth  JJecember  1775,  aged  nearly  6S,  and 
his  remains  were  deposited  in  the  new  bury- 
ing ground  behind  the  Foundling  belonging 
to  St.  George  t!ie  Martyr.  Besides  the  larg- 
er works  enumerrited  above,  Dr.  Campbell 
•wrote  other  smaller  ])!ib!ications,  wliicli  Ur. 
Kippis  has  mentioned  in  t'le  Biograpliia  Bri- 
tannica,  and  which  prove  further  the  great 
erudition,  the  comprehensive  knowledge, 
and  indefatigable  application  of  the  author. 

Gampbell,  John,2d  duke  of  Argyle,  and 
duke  of  Greenwich,  was  son  of  Archibald 
duke  of  Argyle,  and  Elizabeth  Tollemaehe. 
He  early  devoted  himself  to  a  nalitary  life, 
and  served  under  the  great  -Marll  orough. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  the  battles  of 
Ramilies,  of  Oudenardc,  and  Malidacjuet, 
and  assisted  at  the  siege  of  l.isle  and  of 
Ghent.  Such  services  were  honorablv  r.- ward- 
ed by  theking,  he  was  made  knight  of  the  gar- 
terin  1710,  and  the  following  year  seiit  ambas- 
dor  to  Charles  IH.  of  Spain,  with  the  com- 
laiand  of  thv^  English  forces  in  that  kingdomv 


His  8upi>ort  of  tlie  union  with  SooUand,  ren- 
dered iiim  for  a  while  unpopular  uuiong  his 
countrymen,  but  hi^  merits  were  acknow- 
ledged by  all  p.'u'lies.  iJeoigc  I.  on  hi/>  ac- 
cession restored  him  to  the  conuriand  oC 
Scotland,  of  whicfi  he  had  been  before  ca- 
priciously deprived,  and  in  1715  he  bravely 
attacked  lord  Mar's  army  at  l)uml)lain,  and 
obliged  the  pretender  to  retire  from  the 
kingdom.  In  1718  he  was  made  duke  of 
(ireenwich,  but  the  oppo-iiion  wliich  he 
showed  to  the  mea.sures  (jf  Walpole  procur- 
ed his  dismissal  from  all  the  ofiic(  s  of  honor 
and  profit  which  he  held,  thout^Ii  he  was 
a  terwarc^s  restore«l  on  the  minister's  dis- 
grace. He  died  1743,  and  was  buried  in 
\\'eslniinster  abbey,  where  a  handsome 
monumi'iit  records  his  virtues. 

Campbell,  .\rchi!>ald,  a  Scotdi  prelate 
of  tiie  noble  family  of  the  Campbells,  made 
in  17'2l  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  which  he  re- 
signed in  1724.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learn- 
ing, a'.id  intimate  with  the  most  famous  mea 
of  liii  time,  with  bishop  B.ill,  Uickes,  Grabe, 
Nelson,  and  otheis.  He  died  1 6th  J"ine 
1744,  author  of  the  doctrine  of  a  middle 
state  between  vleatii  and  the  resurreclioM, 
fol.  17-21,  a  woi'k  curious  ;ind  interesting,  full 
of  great  learning,  and  profound  observations. 

Campeggio,  Lorenzo,  a  Roman  cardi- 
nal, ijorn  at  Milan  1474.  He  was  profe.ssor 
of  civil  law  at  Bologaa  for  several  years,  and 
marrie<l,  but  on  the  death  of  his  w  if<-,  he 
embraced  the  ecclesiastical  profession,  and 
in  1512  was  made  a  bishop,  and  afterwards 
created  a  cardinal  by  Leo  X.  He  cauie  to 
England  1519,  as  nuncio,  to  settle  the  tenths 
for  the  crusade  against  Turkey,  and  was 
made  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  in  1524  passed 
into  Germany  toattempt  to  resist  the  torrent 
(>f  the  reformation.  He  afterwards  returned 
to  England  to  settle  the  affairs  about  the 
divorce  of  Henry  VHL  and  Catherine  of 
Arragon,  and  when  recalled  in  152'.)  by  the 
pope,  he  went  to  the  diet  of  Augsburg  again 
to  oppose  the  progress  of  Luther.'vnism.  He 
died  at  Rome,  1539.  He  was  a  man  of  learn- 
ing and  deep  political  knowledge,  and  ac- 
quainted with  Erasmus  anrl  most  other 
learned  men  in  Europe.  Some  of  his  letters 
are  published  in  the  collection  of  Basil  1550. 
He  had  a  brother  Thomas,  who  was  also  a 
bishop,  and  author  of  several  learned  works 
on  the  canon  law.     He  died  1564. 

Camper,  Peter,  a  celebrated  physiciao, 
and  naturalist.  He  was  born  at  Leyden,  and 
carefidly  educated  by  his  father  w  ho  was  a 
protestant  divine,  and  under  Boerhaave, 
Muschenhroek,  Gravesande,  and  otlier  fa- 
mous professors,  he  laid  (he  foiind.uion  of 
that  knowledge  in  wiiich  he  became  so  emi- 
nent. He  travelled  at  the  age  of  26  over 
England,  France  and  (Germany,  where  he 
was  received  by  the  learned  with  the  res- 
pect due  to  rising  merit,  and  in  Berlin  he 
was  particularly  noticed  by  Frederic  the 
great.  His  works  were  <s\\  philosophy  and 
natural  history,  in  6  vols.  8vo.  with  100 folio 
plates  beaulife.lly  engraved.  He  wrote,  be*, 
sides  a  treatise  on  the  physiognomies  of  luen 


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of  different  countries,  a  work  of  great  erudi- 
tion but  occasionally  fanciful.  He  had  also  a 
taste  for  the  fine  arts,  and  excelled  in  the 
use  of  the  pencil.  lie  died  1789,  highly  res- 
pected. 

Camphuvsex,  Dirk,  a  painter,  horn  at 
Dorcum  13SG.  He  is  eminent  in  liis  land- 
scapes and  moonlight  pieces. 

Campi,  Bernardin,  an  Italian  painter  of 
eminence,  author  of  an  interesting  book  on 
liisart,  called  parere  sopra  la  pittura,  print- 
ed at  Cremona  in  4to.  IjSO,  He  died  1584, 
aged  6'2. 

Campi,  Galeazzo,  an  Italian  painter, 
■who  excelled  in  minatures  and  in  history-. 
He  was  born  at  Cremona,  and  died  I53n. 

Campi  AN,  Edmund,  a  learned  writer, 
born  in  London  1540,  and  educated  at 
Christ's  hospital,  where  he  delivered  an  ora- 
tion before  queen  Mary  at  her  accession. 
He  was  afterwards  elected  to  St.  John's  col- 
lege, O.vford,  by  White  the  founder,  and  re- 
ceived great  applause  for  an  oration  which 
he  spoke  before  queen  Elizabeth,  when  she 
visited  the  university.  In  1568  he  went  to 
Ireland,  and  wrote  an  history  of  the  countrj- 
in  two  books,  but  the  suspicion  of  favoring 
the  catholic  tenets  rendered  him  unpopu- 
lar, and  he  fled  to  the  low  countries.  Here 
he  renounced  prostestantism  and  entered  in- 
to the  body  of  the  Jesuits  at  Douay,  and 
from  tlience  passed  to  Rome,  where  he  was 
received  as  a  true  and  useful  convert.  He 
wrote  a  tragedy  called  Nectar  and  Ambro- 
sia, which  was  acted  before  the  emperor  at 
Vienna,  and  for  six  j-earshe  taught  rhetoric 
and  pliilosophy  at  Prague,  till  he  was  com- 
missioned by  pope  Gregory  XIH.  to  pass 
over  to  England  in  1580.  In  this  delicate 
employment  he  used  all  the  arts  of  cunning 
and  insinuation,  but  though  he  seems  to 
have  challenged  the  English  clergy  to  a  trial 
of  skill,  yet  he  discovered  too  much  vehem- 
ence and  impetuosity,  and  when  discovered 
by  the  emissaries  of  Walsingham,  he  Avas 
dragged  to  the  tower,  and  being  found  guil- 
ty of  high  treason  for  adhering  to  the  pope, 
the  queen's  enemy,  he  was  hanged  and 
quartered  at  Tyburn,  first  December  1581. 
He  was  an\an  of  great  learning,  an  eloquent 
orator,  and  a  subtile  disputant.  His  writings 
•uere  on  controversial  subjects,  and  are  now 
forgotten.  His  chronologia  universalis  is 
however  a  learned  work. 

Campistron,  Jean  Calbert,  a  French 
poet,  born  at  Toulouse  in  1015.  He  became 
the  secretary  and  the  friend  of  the  duke  of 
Vendome,  and  mei-ited  to  be  ranked  little 
inferior  to  Racine  in  the  merit  of  his  dra- 
matic compositions.  He  diefl  of  an  apoplexy, 
11th  May  172.3,  at  the  age  of  67.  His  plays, 
three  vols.  12mo.  fir.st  published  in  1750, 
have  passed  through  many  editions. 

Campo,  Antonio,  an  Italian  author,  born 
at  Cremona,  of  which  he  wrote  an  interest- 
ing history  in  folio,  1585.  It  is  in  high  es- 
teem on  account  of  the  plates  by  Augustine 
Carachi. 

Cam  PR  A,  Andrew,  a  musician  of  Aix, 
born  4th  December,  1660.    He  was  greatly 


admired  for  his  superior  knowledge  of  music, 
and  for  the  many  popular  ballets  and  tragic 
operas  which  he  composed.  He  died  at  Ver- 
sailles 2yth  July,  1744,  aged  84. 

Camps,  Francois  de,  a  native  of  Amiens, 
putroniscd  by  Ferroni  bishop  of  Mende, 
and  made  abbot  of  Signy.  He  wrote  disser- 
tations on  Medals — on  the  history  of  France, 
kc.  He  died  at  Paris,  1723,  aged  81,  and 
'by  his  labors  contributed  to  the  more  easy 
elucid.ation  of  history. 

Campson,  Guuri,  an  able  and  humane 
sultan  of  Egypt,  i*aised  to  that  dignity  by  the 
Mamelukes,  1504.  He  was  slain  in  a  battle 
fought  against  the  emperor  of  the  Turks, 
1516,  aged  70. 

(.Iamus,  John  Peter,  a  French  prelate, 
born  at  Paris.  He  was  made  bishop  of  Bel- 
lay  by  Henry  IV.  and  consecrated  by  St. 
Francis  de  Sales  1609.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
particularly  elo<|uent,  but  at  the  same  time 
indulged  an  ironical  turn,  especially  against 
the  monks,  which  caused  them  to  complain 
of  his  conduct  to  Richelieu.  He  resigned 
his  see  after  an  enjoyment  of  20  years,  and 
though  offered  two  others  afterwards  he 
preferred  the  retirement  of  a  monastery, 
and  died  in  the  hospital  of  incurables  at  Paris, 
1652,  aged  70.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are  mentioned,  pious  romances  to  suppress 
the  licentious  productions  of  his  age. 

Camus,  Stephen  la,  a  native  of  Paris, 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne  1650  and  bisliop  of 
Grenoble  1571.  He  was  an  exemplary  pre- 
late, attentive  to  his  episcopal  duties,  and 
in  his  private  conduct  very  austere,  always 
sleeping  on  straw,  and  wearing  a  hair  shirt. 
He  was  made  a  cardinal  by  pope  Innocent 
II.  1686,  and  died  1707,  aged  75,  leaving  his 
property  to  the  poor,  and  to  some  schools 
which  he  had  founded.  He  was  author  of 
some  pastoral  letters, — a  treatise  on  the  per- 
petual virginity  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

Camus,  Antoine  le,  a  physician,  born  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  1772,  at  the  age  of  50. 
In  the  midst  of  a  respectable  practice,  he 
found  time  to  write  physic  for  the  mind,  2 
Tols.  12mo. — Abdeker,  the  art  of  presei'ving 
beauty,  a  romance,  4  vols.  12mo.  on  various 
subjects  of  medicine,  &c. 

Camus,  Charles  Stephen  Lewis,  a  learn- 
ed P'rench  mathematician,  who  died  1768, 
aged  58.  He  was  member  of  the  royal  acad- 
emy of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  of  the  royal 
London  society,  and  wrote  a  course  on  ma- 
thematics, 4  vols.  8vo. — besides  treatises  oti 
arithmetic,  &c. 

C.AM  USA  T,  Nicholas,  a  learned  French- 
man of  Troyes,  of  which  he  was  canon. 
He  died  1655,  aged  80.  He  wrote  histo- 
ria  Albigensium,  1615 — Melanges  histori- 
ques,  1619 — promptuarium  sacrarum  anti- 
quit.  Tricassinajdiocesis,8vo.  1610 — and  oth- 
er works. 

Canani,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Fer- 
rara,  professor  of  medicine  and  anatomy 
there,  and  physician  to  the  duke.  He  wrote 
humani  corporis  picturata  dissectio,  now  ve- 
ry rare,  and  is  said  to  hare  discovered  the 
valves  of  the  reins.    He  died  1590,  aged  75. 


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Canavf.,  Philip  sicur  du  fresne,  a  ua- 
live  of  I'aris,  wlio  piiblisheil  an  accoimt  of 
n  jouriicv  to  (;onstaiiliiio|>lc.  lie  wasafltr- 
Avaiils  employed  by  Henry  IV.  in  several 
cii»l>assies,  ai.d  fioni  a  calvinist  became  a 
Jlonian  catUolic,  at  the  conference  of  du 
Perron  and  de  I'lessis  Mornay.  He  died 
lOlO,  aged  Cl.  He  wrote  besides  an  ac- 
count of  Ids  embassies,  J  \ols.  fol. 

Canuaules,  king  of  Lydia,  was  mur- 
dered by  (ivges,  who  ascended  bis  tbrone, 
U.  (J.  718.  " 

Candiac,  John  Ijcwis  Eliz.  de  Mont- 
calm, a  child  of  aslonisliing  [towers,  brother 
to  llie  manpiis  of  Montcalm.  At  the  af;e 
of  four  he  Icariieii  Latin,  and  when  six  he 
could  read  Greek  and  Hebrew  to  the  as- 
tonishment of  the  learned.  This  prodi;j;y 
of  premature  superiority  in  the  knowledi^e 
of  literature  and  of  science,  was  cut  off  by 
a  complication  of  diseases  at  I'aris,  Sth  Oct. 
1720,  aged  seven  years. 

Candi  ro,  Peter,  an  historical  painter, 
born  at  IJriiges  1548.  His  real  name  was 
said  to  be  W  bite. 

Caneaii  or  Canghah,  an  Indian  phi- 
losoj)her,  i)hysician,  and  astronomer.  He 
wrote  on  the  secret  of  nativities — the  con- 
junction of  planets — a  manual  of  medicine — 
jthysiognomy,  de  mansionibus  lunse,  bic. 

Cange,  Charles  du  Fresne  du,  a  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  born  at  Amiens,  and  made 
treasurer  of  France.  He  early  applied  liim- 
self  to  the  study  of  ancient  and  modern  his- 
tory, and  published  some  valuable  works. 
He"  died  1GS8,  aged  78.  Lewis  XIV.  pre- 
sentetl  a  pension  to  his  children,  in  memory 
of  their  father's  learning  and  his  services  to 
literature.  The  most  valuable  of  his  works 
are  history  of  the  eastern  empire  under  the 
French  emperors  of  Constantinople,  fol. — 
Latin  Glossary,  3  vols.  fol. — a  Greek  glos- 
sary of  the  middle  ages,  2  vols.  fol. — aimals 
of  Zonaras,  &c. — liistoria  Byzantina  illus- 
trata  in  fol.  &cc. 

(/ANGiAGO  orCAMBisi,  Levvis,  a  pain- 
ter of  Genoa,  whose  works  were  in  high 
repute  in  Spain  and  Italy.  He  became  en- 
amored of  his  deceased  wife's  sister,  and 
solicited  in  vain  a  papal  dispensation  to  mnr- 
rv  her,  and  died  of  melancholy  in  Spain, 
1585,  aged  58. 

Can  INI,  Angelo,  a  learned  Italian,  au- 
thor of  observations  on  the  Greek  tongue — 
institutiones  Linguse  Syriacte  Assyr. — Tlial- 
niud.  ^thiop.  Arab,  collatione,  died   1557. 

Canisius,  Henry,  a  native  of  Nimegu- 
en,  professor  of  canon  law  at  Ingolstadt,  died 
in  lOUO.  He  left  some  learned  works  on  his 
profession,  and  on  anti((uities. — His  uncle 
Peter  was  a  learned  Jesuit,  author  of  some 
theological  works.     He  (iied  1597,  aged  77. 

Canitt,,  Baron  of,  a  German  poet  and 
statesman,  born  at  Berlin,  1054,  five  inftnths 
after  his  father's  fleath.  He  travelled  through 
Eui'ope,  and  was  engaged  in  important  ne- 
gotiations by  the  king  of  Prussia.  He  took 
Horace  for  his  model  in  his  German  compo- 
sitions, and  w  as  so  popular  a  poet  that  his 
works  wei'e  published  lor  the   10th  time  in 


1750   in    8vo.      He  died   at   Berlin,    1C99, 
aged  45. 

Cann,  John,  an  Englishman  of  original- 
ly huntble  occupation,  w  ho  lied  to  Amster- 
dam at  tiie  restoration,  arid  became  u  great 
leader  antong  the  HriiWhibls.  He  published 
u  bible  with  mai'ginal  notes,  which  was  uetl 
received  by  the  public,  and  passed  through 
be\eral  editions. 

Cannamakes,  John  a  peasant  of  Cata- 
lonia, who  in  a  tit  ol  insanity  attacked  king 
Ferdinand,  and  nearly  killed  him.  He  was 
seized,  an«l  though  the  monarch  wisheil  to 
pardon  him  he  was  strangled  in  prison  I4y2. 

Cano,  Alonzo,  a  native  of  (irenada,  em- 
inent as  u  painter,  scul|)tor,  and  architect. 
He  Mas  patronised  by  the  duke  of  (Jlivai'cs, 
and  made  director  general  of  the  king's 
works  at  ]VJadi-id,  and  preceptoi-  to  the 
prince  Balthazar  (Jarlos.  The  palaces  and 
churches  of  Madrid  were  adorned  witli  tbe 
elegant  labors  of  his  chisel,  as  well  as  of  his 
pencil.  He  had  the  singular  misfoitune  of 
finding  on  his  return  home  one  evening  his 
house  i)limderedj  his  wife  murdered,  and 
his  Italian  servaut  fled  ;  and  while  he  had 
reason  to  suspect  the  treachery  of  his  do- 
mestic, in  consequence  of  his  jealous  and 
resentful  temper,  he  was  himself  seized  as  a 
l»erpetrator  of  the  horrid  deed  and  tortured, 
hut  no  jjunishment  could  force  hiui  to  con- 
fess a  crime  of  whicli  he  was  not  guilty.  He 
afterwards  entered  into  tbe  church  to  escape 
further  persecution,  and  died,  676,  aged  76. 

Cano  or  Can  us,  Melchior,  a  native  of 
Tarancon,  in  the  diocese  of  Toledo.  He 
was  of  the  Donnnican  order,  and  professor 
of  theology  at  Salamanca,  and  in  1552,  he 
became  bishop  of  the  Canaries,  which  he 
resigned  to  enjoy  the  favors  of  the  court  of 
Philip  II.  He  died  at  Toledo  I.tSO,  author 
of  some  works,  especially  locorum  theologi- 
corum,  bic. 

Can  r ACUXENUS,  Johannes,  a  Byzan- 
tine historian,  born  at  Constantinople,  and 
nearly  related  to  the  imjterial  family.  His 
knowledge  in  literature  and  in  arms  was  so 
great,  that  he  became  the  favorite  of  the 
court  and  people,  and  was  made  first  lord  of 
the  bedchamber  to  the  emperor  Andronicus. 
He  retained  his  offices  under  his  grandson  of 
the  same  name,  who  made  him  generalissi- 
mo of  his  forces,  and  would  have  admitted 
him  to  the  throne,  if  he  had  been  willing  to 
consent.  At  his  death  the  emperor  left  the 
guardianship  of  his  son  John  Palaiologus  to 
the  integi'ity  of  Cantacuzenus  ;  but  the  jea- 
lousy of  tlie  empress  and  of  her  favorites, 
thwarted  his  l)enev(<lent  schemes,  till  at  last 
he  assumed  himself  the  imperial  puri»le,  at 
the  request  of  the  nobles  at  Adrianople, 
1342.  The  new  moiiarch  was  victorious 
over  his  enemies,  and  with  unparalleled  mod- 
eration, he  adopted  the  conquered  PaliEolo- 
gus  for  his  associate  on  the  throne,  and  gave 
him  his  daughter  Helen  in  marriage  to  ce- 
ment their  reconciliation.  Jealousy,  how- 
ever, still  prevailed,  and  Cantacuzenus, 
wearied  with  the  troubles  of  sovereignty, 
retired  to  a  monastery  accompanied  by  his 


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uife.    In  that  tranquil  retreat  he  devoted  » 
hiiuseU"  to  study,  anU   wrote  an   history   in  i 
Greek  of  his  own  times,  in  four  books,  from  i 
13'M  to  13o3.     This    worK.  is  very  valuabie. 
He  wrote    besides  some  theological  works. 
Tiie  Instory  was  iranshited  into  l^atin  at  In- 
goistadt,  m  1(30J  by  Fontanus,  and   in  1045 
the  original  Greek  v.as  splendidly  edited  at 
Paris  in  3  vols.  fol.     The   time  of  his  death 
is  unknown,  though  it  is  supposed   that   he  | 
lived  till  about  the  >  ear    I4ll,  and  reached  i 
his  iOtitii  year.     He  wrote  also  a  defence  of 
cliristianily  against  the  Mahometans. 

CANTAiiixi,  Simon,  a  painter,  born  at 
Pezaro,  and  thence  surnamed  Pezarese. 
He  was  the  pupi!  and  friend  of  Guido, 
wiiose  excellence  lie  so  successfully  imita- 
ted, that  his  pieces  wei*e  often  ascribed  to 
his  master.  He  died  at  V^erona  164S, 
aged  06. 

C A  N  TEL,  Peter  Josepli,  a  Jesuit  of  Caux, 
vhose  extraordinary  application  to  litera- 
ture shortened  his  days  at  the  age  of  35, 
1579.  He  wrote  de  Uomana  repubhca,  liJmo.  1 
1707 — metropoiitarum  urbiuin  historiie  civil 
&  ecciesiast.  primus — besides  editions  of 
Justin  and  V^alerius  Maximus. 

CA>JTEMii{,  Demetrius,  a  Tartar  of  il- 
histrious  birth.  He  visited  Constantinople 
early  in  life,  and  promised  himself  to  suc- 
ceed his  fatiier  as  governor  of  Moldavia; 
but  he  was  supplanted  by  a  rival ;  and  when 
at  lust  sent  to  defend  the  province  against 
the  Russians,  he  betrayed  it  to  the  Czar  Pe- 
ter, whose  fortunes  he  followed,  and  by 
whom  he  was  amply  rewarded.  From  Mol- 
davia, over  which  he  presided,  he  retired 
to  Ukraine,  where  he  died,  much  lamented, 
1728,  aged  50.  He  wrote  a  Latin  history 
of  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  Ottoman  empire 
in  Russia,  dedicated  to  the  Czar — the  sys- 
tem of  Mahomet's  religion — the  state  of 
Moldavia,  in  Latin,  with  a  map  of  the  coun- 
try. 

Cantemir,  Antiochus,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, displayed  the  advantages  of  a  well 
finished  etlucation  in  several  embassies  at 
London  and  Paris.  On  his  return  to  Peters- 
burg, he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  and 
■was  the  first  who  introduced  the  graces  of 
poetry  among  the  llussians.  He  was  author 
of  some  odes,  satires,  and  fables,  besides  a 
translation  of  Anacreon  and  of  the  epistles 
of  Horace.  His  life  was  written  by  Guasco. 
He  died  1744,  aged  .34. 

Caxterus,  William,  an  eminent  scho- 
lar, born  at  Utrecht  1542,  and  educated 
chiefly  at  Louvaiu,  under  Cornel.  Valeri- 
us, and  afterwards  at  Paris,  under  Auratus. 
The  civil  wars  of  France  afforded  him  an 
opportunity  to  visit  Germany,  Italy,  and 
Venice,  where  he  purchased  some  valua- 
ble manuscripts;  and  on  his  return  to  Lou- 
vain  he  devoted  himself  with  indefatigable 
tiiligence  to  his  favorite  studies.  An  appli- 
cation so  intense,  which  regularly  began  at 
7  in  the  morning,  and  continued  till  mid- 
night, with  the  intervention  of  scarce  four 
hours  for  exercise  and  retVeshment,  was 
not  calculated  to  insure  longerity,  and  con- 


sequently Canterus  fell  a  sacrifice  to  his  stu- 
dious retirement,  and  died  in  his  3od  vear, 
1575,  His  mind  was  stored  wiin  vast  erudi- 
tion, and  from  his  famdiar  acquaintance 
with  six  languages,  besides  that  of  his  coun- 
try, viz.  L.atin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  French, 
Italian,  and  German,  the  greatest  expecia- 
tions,  as  Thuanus  observes,  might  have 
been  formed  from  him.  His  works  were 
purely  philological,  such  as,  novarum  lec- 
tioaum  libri  octo — syntagma  de  ratione 
eraendandi  Grsecos  autores — not«,  scholia, 
&CC.  ill  Euripiil,  Sophocl.  iEschyl.  (Jic.  Pro- 
pert.  Auson.  Arnob — besides  various  read- 
ings on  some  of  the  septuagint  MSS.  and 
translations  of  several  Greek  authors. 

Canto  n,  John,  an  ingenious  philosopher, 
born  at  Stroud,  in  Glocestershire,  31st  July 
1718.  He  was  early  initiated  in  the  know- 
ledge of  mathematics,  in  which  science  he 
displayed  astonishing  powers  ;  but  soon  af- 
ter he  became  engagud  in  the  bu.siness  of  his 
father  as  a  broadcloth  weaver.  His  leisure 
hours  were,  however,  devoted  to  his  favor- 
ite pursuits,  and  he  eluded,  with  successful 
perseverance,  the  vigilance  of  his  father, 
who  forbade  him  to  study  by  candle-light ; 
and  at  last  constructed,  in  secrecy,  and  by 
the  help  of  a  common  knife  alone,  a  stone  di- 
al, which  besides  the  hours  of  the  day,  show- 
ed the  sun's  rising,  and  his  place  in  the  eclip- 
tic, with  other  particulars.  The  ingenuity 
ot  the  son  thus  procured  the  encourage- 
ment of  the  father,  who  placed  on  the  front 
of  his  house  the  favorite  dial.  This  was 
seen  and  admired  by  the  curious  and  the 
learned  in  the  neighborhood;  and  Canton 
was  invited  to  the  undisturbed  use  of  some 
valuable  libraries.  Martin's  grammar,  and 
a  pair  of  globes,  then  first  seen  by  the  untu- 
tored youth,  raised  his  genius  to  noble  ex- 
ertions. He  was  invited  to  London  by  Dr. 
Miles  of  Tooting,  and  he  engaged  himself 
with  Mr.  Watkins  at  an  academy  in  Sj)ital- 
square.  In  this  situation,  with  all  the  ad- 
vantages to  be  derived  from  a  comfortalile 
independence,  he  pursued  his  studies,  and 
at  last  succeeded  AVatkins  in  the  manage- 
ment of  his  school;  and,  in  3744,  married 
Penelope,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Colbrooke.  In  1745,  the  discovery  of  the 
Lcyden  phial  in  electricity  attracted  his  at- 
tention to  the  improvement  of  a  science  for 
v.hich  he  had  always  shown  great  pai'tiality. 
In  1750  he  was  elected  member  of  the  roy- 
al society  for  his  method  of  making  artificial 
magnets,  for  which  he  was  honorably  re- 
warded with  the  gold  medal.  He  was  also 
honored  with  a  degree  by  the  university  of 
Aberdeen,  and  chosen,  in  1751,  one  of  the 
council  of  the  roval  society.  He  was  the 
first  person  in  England  who,  on  July  20, 
1752,  ascertained  the  truth  of  Ur.  Frank- 
lin's hypothesis  of  the  similarity  of  light- 
ning and  electricity,  by  attracting  fire  from 
the  clouds;  and  this  circumstance  recom- 
mended him  strongly  to  the  notice  and 
friendship  of  the  American  philosopher. 
His  discoveries  and  improvements  in  philo- 
sophy continued  to  be  great  and  important, 


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and  his  opinions  were  communicated  to  the 
iv>\  al  -lOcit  ty  III  various  papirs,  on  tlit-  slioot- 
iiig  ol  the  stars,  the  tUctiii.al  properties  of 
the  tourniMJiii,  llie  varmtioii  of  liie  needle, 
the  transit  ot  \  enus  in  irfil,  llie  compres- 
siljilitv  of  water,  the  making  ol  [lijn^phoi-iis, 
the  fixing  of  eleetricul  eondui-tors  on  hiiihl- 
ings,  (lie  inmiiiousiiess  of  the  sea  occasion- 
ed hy  tile  putrefaction  of  its  animal  sul)- 
slances,  &cc.  Jicbides  these  <litl'erent  sub- 
jects, he  treated  of  some  others,  not  oni\  in 
"llie  transactions  of  the  society,  but  in  the 
Gentleman's  magazine,  with  a  laudable  zeal 
for  exi»eriiiiental  Iciiowledge,  and  tlie  ci-tah- 
lishineiit  of  truth.  lie  died  of  a  dropsy  in 
liis  chest,  'J'^il  March  177'2,  in  his  54th  year. 
In  private  life  he  vias  an  pmialile  and  sensi- 
ble man,  mild  in  his  manners,  and  affable  in 
liis  conduct.  He  was  succeeded  in  his  school 
by  his  ehlest  son,  William,  who  inherited 
much  of  his  love  ibr  science.  His  wife  sur- 
Tived  him,  and  seven  children. 

Cantwell,  Andrew,  a  physician  ofTip- 
perary,  who  died  lliltJuly  1704.  lie  ac- 
quired celebrity  by  his  practice,  and  more 
by  his  publications.  He  wrote  Latin  tiisscr- 
tations  on  medicine,  fevers,  and  secretions 
—new  experiments  on  Mr.  Stephens'  reme- 
dies— history  of  remedy  for  weakness  of  the 
eyes — account  of  the  small-pox — disserta- 
tion on  inoculation,  &c. 

Canus,  or  Caxo,  Sebastian,  a  Spaniard 
\vho  accompanied  Magellan  in  his  voyage 
round  the  world, and,  after  his  death,  pursued 
his  course  to  Sunda,  and  round  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  He  returned  to  Spain  152-2, 
after  sailing  round  the  world  in  three  years 
and  four  weeks.  There  was  another  Canus, 
James,  a  Portuguese,  who  discovered  the 
kingdom  of  Congo,  in  1484. 

Canute,  a  king  of  Denmark  and  Nor- 
way, sovereign  also  of  England.  He  resign- 
ed his  crow  n,  and  retired  to  a  monastery, 
Tvliere  he  died  1U26. 

Canute,  or  Knud,  surnamed  the  Great, 
succeeded  his  father  Sweyn  as  king  of  Den- 
mark, and  afterwards  undertook  an  ex{)edi- 
tion  against  England.  He  attacked  Edmund 
Ironside  with  such  boldness  and  success, 
that  the  two  rivals  agreed  to  divide  the  coun- 
try between  them,  and  while  Edmund  was 
satisfied  with  the  land  at  the  south  of  the 
Thames,  his  opponent  claimed  the  north  as 
his  own.  When  Edmund  was  murdered  hy 
Edric,  1017,  Canute  seized  the  whole  king- 
dom, and  endeavoured  to  establish  himself 
by  the  punishment  of  Edric  and  of  the  no- 
bles, and  by  the  laying  of  a  heavy  tax  on  the 
people.  His  reign,  though  severe,  was  im- 
partial, and  he  regarded  bfith  nations  equally 
as  his  subjects,  and  distributed  justice  with- 
out favor.  He  showed  himself  also  superior 
to  the  flattery  of  his  courtiers  on  the  sea- 
shore at  Southampton,  and  whilst  they  wish- 
ed to  extol  him  as  more  than  a  mortal,  he 
showed  them,  that  as  the  sea  refused  tooht.y 
his  summons,  and  retreat  back  at  his  word, 
so  is  every  thing  on  earth  subservient  to  the 
Avill  of  him  w  liom  the  winds  and  the  sea 
obey.    He    repressed    the    invasion  of  the 


Swedes,  and  killed  their  kinp;  in  battle  ;  and 
afti-rwards,  in  his  old  age,  he  ma«le  a  ]»il- 
grim;ige  to  Home.  He  died  at  Shaftshury 
10;J5. 

Canute    IV.    king    of    Denmark    after 

Harf)l«|,  lOSO,  was  surnamed  the  I'iou.s,     His 

great  partiality  and  li!>ei"al    donations  to  the 

!  church  raised    an  insurrection   against   him, 

I  ill  uhich  he  was  slam  by  one  of  his   subjects, 

i  1087.     He  was  canonized  by  pope  Alexander 

HI.  in  1164. 

Canuti,  Dominieo,  an  Italian  painter  of 
eminence,  instructed  hy  the  sole  powers  of 
his  genius.  His  pieces  are  preserved  at  Home 
i  and  Bologna.  He  died  10." 8,  aged  55  yearii. 
I  CAPACCio,JnlioCa;sare,  a  learned  Italian, 
I  author  of  a  histoiy  of  Naples,  ami  other 
'  works.  He  was  tutor  to  prince  Urbino,  and 
I  secrctarv  to  the  city  of  Naples ;  and  died 
'  1C31. 

Capasso,    Nicholas,  a  native   of  Fralta, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  professor  of  civil 
law  at  Naples.      He  was  eminent  as  a  poet, 
I  and    he  spent,  it  is  said,   more    than  twenty 
■  years  in  translating    Homer  into  tlie  Neapo- 
I  litan    patois;  a    work    much    esteemed    by 
judges  of  this    vulgar   idom.      Mis  poetical 
;  pieces  were  printed   at  Naples  1780,  1   vol. 
I  4to,  and  possess  merit.      His  prose  composi- 
tions are  not  much  esteemed.     He  died  at 
Najiies  1743,  agc<l  75. 

Capecio,  Scipio,  a.NeapolItan  Eatin  poet 
of  the  16th  centur}',  wlio  successfnlh  imita- 
ted Lucretius'  book  de  rerum  natura,  pritited 
1542,  and  elegantly  1754.  Ha  wrote  besides 
elegies,  epigrams,  &c.  highly  esteemed.  He 
was  I'-iw  professor  at  Naples. 

Capel,  Arthur  lord,  a  virtuous  noble- 
man, whose  attachment  to  the  cause  of 
Charles  I.  proved  fatal  to  him.  At  first  he 
favored  the  ])9rliament,  nnd  voted  for  the 
death  of  Strafford,  of  which  he  sincerely  re- 
pentecl ;  and  when  he  saw  the  violent  mea- 
sures of  the  republican  chiefs,  he  sided  with 
the  king,  and  was  created  lord  Ca])el  of 
Hadham.  He,  with  lord  Norwich  and  sir 
Charles  Lucas,  boldly  defended  Colchester; 
hut  upon  the  surrender,  he,  in  violation  of  a 
solemn  promise  of  quarter,  was  l>elieaded  on 
the  scaftbld,  March  9,  104n.  While  in  pri- 
son, he  wrote  some  beautiful  and  elegant 
verses,  which  have  frequently  appeai'ed  be- 
fore the  public. 

Capel,  Arthur,  son  of  tlie  preceding,  was 
made  earl  of  Essex  by  Charles  II.  and  em- 
ployed as  ambassador  to  Denmark,  and  as 
viceroy  of  Trcland.  He  was  first  lord  of  the 
treasury  1079,  and  supported  the  exclusion 
singly  of  the  duke  of  Yoi-k,  for  which, 
though  his  former  services  were  acknow- 
ledged, and  the  merits  of  his  family  known, 
he  was  dishonorably  struck  oHT  the  list  of 
privy  counsellors,  and  in  1683  accused  by 
lord  Howard  as  an  accoro]>lice  in  the  Rye- 
house  plot.  He  was  soon  after  found  with 
his  throat  cut  with  a  razor,  but  though  it 
was  evident  that  he  was  murdered,  the  coro- 
ner's jury  pronounced  a  verdict  of  felo  de  se. 
Capei.l,  Edward,  was  born  at  Troston, 
near  Bury,    Suffolk,  lUh  June    1713,   acd 


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educated  at  Bury  school.  Upon  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  office  of  inspector  of  plays, 
by  the  patronage  of  the  duke  of  Grafto-i,  he 
turned  his  thoughts  to  an  immaculate  edi- 
tion of  Shakspeare's  phiys.  Three  and 
twent}-  years  were  employed  in  searching 
old  manuscripts,  and  in  examining  various 
readings,  before  the  puhlication  appeared  ; 
but  after  all,  the  public  were  disappointed 
in  their  expectation  of  illustrative  notes  and 
commentaries  to  adorn  an  edition  of  10  vols. 
8vo.  The  labors  of  Malone,  Steevens,  Far- 
mer, Percy,  and  others,  checked  the  ardor 
of  Capell  to  finish  what  he  had  so  long  pro- 
mised, and,  after  forty  years,  the  annota- 
tions appeared  as  posthumous,  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  C'ollins,  the  editor,  in  .3  vols. 
4to.  This  publication  is  in  itself  valuable, 
and  throws  great  light  on  the  characters  of 
Shakspeare,  and  tlie  various  sources  from 
whence  the  fables  were  derived.  Capell 
died  24th  January  ITSl.  He  wrote  besides 
Prolusions,  &;c.  and  his  altered  play  of  Anto- 
ny and  Cleopatra  was  acted  at  Drury-lane 
1758. 

Capella,  Marcianus  Minius  Felix,  a 
Latin  poet  in  the  5fh  century,  whose  poem 
de  nuptiis  Philologiaj  et  Mercurii  has  been 
published. 

Capello,  Bianca,  a  Venetian  lady,  who, 
after  marrying  a  person  of  inferior  rank,  re- 
tired to  Florence,  where  she  had  the  im- 
prudence to  become  the  mistress  of  Francis 
the  grand  duke  Cosmo's  son.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband,  she  had  the  art  to 
prevail  upon  her  lover  to  marry  her,  and 
she  was  formally  recognised,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  embassy  to  the  Venetian  states, 
as  a  true  daughter  of  Venice.  Though  pos- 
sessed of  great  powers  of  mind  and  strong 
resolutions,  she  showed  herself  odious  and 
tyrannical  at  Florence,  so  that  her  memory 
is  still  held  there  in  abhorence.  The  sudden 
death  of  her  husband  and  of  herself,  within 
a  few  days  of  each  other,  m  October  1587, 
was  justly  attributed  to  poison  administered, 
it  is  said,  by  cardinal  Ferdinand,  their  bro- 
ther. 

Capellus,  Lewis,  a  French  protestant 
divine,  born  at  Sedan,  and  profesor  of  divinity 
and  oriental  languages  at  Saumur.  He  was 
engaged  in  a  long  and  learned  controversy 
■with  the  younger  Buxtorff  concerning  the  an- 
tiquity of  the  Hebrew  points;  and  whilst 
his  adversary  maintained,  that  they  were 
coeval  with  the  language,  he  supported,  that 
they  were  unknown  before  the  dispersion  of 
the  Jews,  and  that  they  were  invented  by 
the  Masoreth  rabbis  of  Tiberias,  about  6U0 
years  after  Christ.  The  learned  were  oti 
this  occasion  divided.  The  Germans  sup- 
ported the  opinion  of  their  favorites  the 
Buxtorffs,  while  Capellus  was  seconded  by 
all  the  powers  and  abilities  of  the  protes- 
tants,  by  Luther,  Calvin,  Zuinglius,  and  af- 
terwards, by  Scaliger,  the  (^asaubons,  the 
Heinsii,  Grotius,  Krpenius,  Salmasius,  and 
ethers.  .  Besides  his  controversial  books,  he 
•wrote  critica  sacra,  in  which  he  was  engaged 
ftir  thirty  six  years ;  a  work  of   merit,   but 


such  as  displeased  some  of  the  protestants 
for  the  liberty  of  his  criticisms  on  the  bible. 
Capellus  died  at  Saumur  1G58,  aged  nearly 
80.  He  wrote  some  account  of  himself  in 
his  "  de  gente  Capeilorura." 

Capilupus,  Camillus,  an  Italian  writer, 
who  published  the  stratagems  of  Charles  IX. 
against  the  Hugonots,  with  an  account  of  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew. 

Capilupus,  Laelius,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  author  of  some  Latin  poems, 
preserved  in  the  delicia;  poetarum  italico- 
rum.  He  died  1;>60,  aged  G2.  His  brother 
Julio  was  equally  distinguished  as  a  man  of 
letters;  and  llippolito,  another  brother,  be- 
came bishop  of  Fauo,  and  died  at  liome 
168(1. 

Capistrax,  John,  a  famous  preacher  ia 
the  Romish  church,  lie  declaimed  against 
the  Turks  and  infitlels,  and  was  so  successful 
in  a  discourse  against  guming,at  Nuremberg, 
that  his  auditors,  with  eager  zeal,  burnt  all 
their  cards  and  dice  in  his  presence.  He 
headed  a  crusade  against  the  Hussites,  and 
for  his  services  to  the  church  was  canoniz- 
ed in  1690,  '234  years  after  his  death.  His 
writings  have  long  since  sunk  into  oblivion. 

Capisucchi,  Blasius,  marquis  of  Alon- 
tei'io,  was  in  the  service  of  the  pope,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Poitiers 
against  the  Hugonots  15C9. 

Capisucchi,  Paul,  a  canon  of  the  Vati- 
can, and  bishop  of  Neocastro,  employed  by 
the  pope  in  several  embassies,  and  particu- 
larly in  the  celebrated  divorce  of  Henry  VIH. 
and  Catharine  of  Arragon.  He  died  at 
Rome  1539,  aged  60. 

Capito,  AVolfgang,  a  German  protestant 
divine,  author  of  a  Hebrew  grammar,  and 
other  works.  He  died  of  the  plague  in  his 
native  city  Haguenau  in  1542, 

Capitolinus,  Julius,  a  Latin  historian 
in  the  3d  century,  author  of  the  lives  of  the 
emperors,  &c. 

Caporali,  Ctesar,  an  Italian  writer, 
born  at  Perugia,  He  was  governor  of  Atri, 
and  died  at  Castiglione  in  1601.  He  posses- 
sed great  vivacity,  and  an  inexhaustible  fund 
of  genuine  wit.  He  wrote  two  comedies, 
besides  the  life  of  Mectenas,  and  some  bur- 
lesque poems,  in  12mo.  1656. 

Cappe,  Newcome,  a  dissenting  minister, 
who  died  1801,  at  York,  where  he  was  set- 
tled. He  was  a  native  of  Leeds,  and  was 
educated  under  Doddridge  and  Leechman. 
He  was  author  of  some  sermons  on  the  go- 
vernment and  providence  of  God,  8vo.  1795 
— illustrations  of  some  scripture  passages, 
he. 

Cappeli.o,  Bernardo,  a  native  of  Ve- 
nice, banished  from  his  country  for  the  free- 
dom with  which  he  expressed  his  sentiments 
on  the  affairs  of  the  state.  He  was  the  friend 
of  Bembo,  and  was  eminent  as  a  poet. 

C  A  PP  ERG  N I  ER,Claude, a  learned  French- 
man of  Montdidier  in  Picardy.  Though 
brought  up  to  tlie  business  of  a  tanner,  he  de- 
voted himself  earnestly  to  the  study  of  the 
learned  languages,  and  made  such  a  proti- 
cieacy  tJiat  he  was  offered  the  chair  of  pro- 


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fesSor  of  tlie  Greek  language  in  tlie  iiniver- 
sity  of  Hasil.  He  died  ut  Paris  in  1744,  aged 
73,  in  tlie  house  of  M.  Crozat,  whose  three 
sons  he  hud  educated.  IJe  published  an 
edition  of  Qiiintiiian  ;  and  after  his  death  his 
edition  of  autient  Latin  ilit-toricians  was 
made  public  at  Strasburg,  ito.  His  relation 
John  succeeded  him  as  professor,  and  pub- 
lished editions  of  Cxsar  and  Plautus,  and 
died  1774. 

Capranica,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Italian, 
made  secretary  to  pope  Mai'tin  V.  and  raised 
to  a  hishoi)ric,  and  to  the  i-ank  of  cardinal. 
'J'iiis  last  honor,  however,  was  not  confnnj- 
ed,  in  consequence  of  the  death  of  the  pope  ; 
and  fjapranica,  refused  a  seat  in  the  conclave 
and  plundered  of  his  property  by  Eugenius 
1\'.  ap[)lied  to  the  council  of  liasil,  which 
confirmed  all  his  claims.  He  was  afterwards 
employed  by  Eugenius  in  various  embassies, 
and  commanded  the  Koman  army  against 
J-'rancis  Sforza,  by  whom  he  was  defeated 
and  wounded.  He  directed,  by  his  will,  that 
his  palace  at  Rome  shoulil  he  turned  into  a 
college.     He  died  1458,  aged  58. 

Capuiata,  Peter  John,  a  Genoese,  au- 
thor of  a  history  of  the  aRairs  of  Italy  dur- 
ing his  time,  from  1G13  to  IG60. 

Caracai.la,  Marcus  Aurel.  Antonin.  a 
Jloman  emperor  after  his  father  Scverus, 
211.  He  disgraced  himself  by  wantonness 
and  cruelty,  and  was  at  last  assassinated  by 
one  of  his;  guards  at  Edessa,  1317. 

Caracci,  Lewis  Augustine,  and  Hanni- 
bal,   celebrated    painters  of   the  Lombard 
school,  all  natives  of  liologna.     The  two  last 
were   brothers,   sons  of  a  taylor,  and  Lewis 
was    their   cousin,    and   son   of   a   butclier. 
Lewis,  discouraged  at  first  in  his  profession, 
yet  persevered  by  the  advice  of   Tintoret, 
and  by  studying  the  pieces  of  the   greatest 
masters,  he   soon    excelled    in    design    and 
coloring  and  infused  grace  and  elegance  into 
his  figures.     He  had  the  satisfaction  of  hav- 
ing his   two  cousins  in  the   number    of   his 
friends  and  pupils,  and  with  them  he  united 
in  laying  the  foundation  of  that  school,  which 
has  become    so    celebrated    for    the  great 
genius  of  its  students.      A  choice  collection 
was  made  of  antique   statues,  and  valuable 
books  on  the  profession,  and  a  skilful  anato- 
mist  exerted  his  talents  in  describing:  and 
explaining  the  motions  and  the  power  of  the 
muscles  and  the  limbs  of  the  human  frame. 
'Ihe    fame    of   the     Caracci    soon    spread 
through  Italy,  and  Hannibal,  wliese   powers 
of  memory  were  so  retentive  that  he  never 
1  ailed   to  recollect   what  he   once  saw,  was 
liberally  invited  by  cardinal  Farnese  to  paint 
and  adorn   the   gallery   of  his   palace.     He 
■was  soon  followed   by    Augustine,  but  on  an 
unexpected  quarrel  between   tlie   brothers, 
Augustine    retired    to  the  court  of  Parma, 
where,  after  some  years  spent  in  <lissipation 
and   in  consequent    remorse,  he    died  1602, 
aged  45.     The  labors  of   Hannibal  however, 
which   render  the  Farnese   gallery  sucli  an 
object  of  delight  and  admiration  to  the  curi- 
ous,  were  unlianUsomely  rewarded    bv  his 
VOL.    T.  "37 


enaployer,  and  for  the  immortal  executions 
of  his  pencil   during  eight  long  years  he  re- 
ceived a  sum  scarce  ecjuivalent  to  200/.  This 
ill    Ireatment  (piite  overpowered   liis    facul- 
ties, and    in   his  agony  of  rage   and  des[)air, 
he  vowed    never  to  touch    again  his  pencil,  h 
resolution   which    his    wants  made    him  vio- 
late.     Though   occasionally   deprived  of  his 
senses,  yet  he  proved  licentious  in  his  morals 
:uid  hastetved  his   own  death  by  his  debauch- 
eries, at  Naples    ICOO,    in    hLs    49th    year. 
\V'hile     Hannibal    was    engaged    at    Rome, 
Lewis  remained  at  Hologna,  admired  by  the 
neighbouring    clergy,    whose    churches   he 
adorned    by    his    pieces   and    designs.       He 
died  at  Rologna  in  H)l[),  aged  03.    The  most 
admired   piece  of   Augustine,  is    the   com- 
munion  of    St.   Jerome,  in   JJologna.     The 
works  of  Hannibal    are   chiefly  admired   as 
possessing  all  the   sweetness  and  purity,  the 
judicious    distribution    of    coloring,  and  the 
delicate    correctness  of   the  most  approved 
masters.     He    had    so  much  veneration   for 
the  labors  of  Raphael,  that  he  ordered  him- 
self to   be  buried  in  the  same  tomb,  and  hit 
remains  were   accordingly  deposited    in   tlie 
rotunda  at  Rome.     Augustine  had  a  natural 
son  Antonio,  who   studied  under   Hannibal, 
and   who  displayed  such  taste  and  judgment 
in   his    pieces,   that  had  he  lived  he  might 
have  surpassed  the  fame  of  his  immortal  re- 
lation.    He   died   1618,  at  the  age  of  35.— 
From    the    school  of  the    Caracci   sprung 
tliose  illustrious  painters,  who  have  done    so 
much  for  their  ow  n  glory,    and  the   reputa- 
tion of  their   instructors,   Guido,   Domiui- 
chino,  Lanfrancho,  inc. 

Caraccio,  Anthony,  a  Roman  nobleman 
of  the  I7th  century.  He  wrote  tragedies, 
besides  an  admired  epic  poem,  40  cantos, 
called  Imperio  Vendicato,  in  1090,  in  4to. — 
This  work,  though  praised  by  many,  is  yet 
far  inferior  to  the  finished  poems  of  Ariosto 
and  Tasso.  His  tragedy  II  Corradino  is  ad- 
mired. 

Caraccio  LI,  John,  the  secretary  and 
favorite  of  Joan  II.  queen  of  Naples.  She 
raised  him  to  great  honors,  and  afterward 
caused  him  to  be  assassinated. 

Caraccioi.i,  Robert,  a  noble  ecclesias- 
tic patronised  by  Callixtus  III.  and  Sixtus  V. 
and  made  bishop  of  Aquino,  and  afterwards 
ofLecce.  He  Avas  eloquent  as  a  preacher 
and  eminent  as  a  politiciam  His  sermons 
appeared  at  Lyons  1503.  He  died  1495, 
aged  70. 

Caraccioli, Lewis  Anthony,  a  native  of 
Paris,  of  a  noble  family.  He  was  for  some 
time  in  the  army  in  the  service  of  the  king 
of  Poland,  and  on  his  return  to  France  de- 
voted himself  to  literature,  and  died  1803, 
aged  80.  He  published  letters  4  vols  12mo. 
w  hich  were  imposed  upon  the  world  as  the 
correspondence  of  Ganganelli,  pope  Clement 
XTV.  A  nearer  examination  howeverproved 
the  deceit,  when  Ganganelli  was  represented 
as  speaking  of  Herculaneum,  before  it  was 
discovered,  and  of  the  writings  of  Gesner  be- 
fore they  were  published.  These  letters  poi- 
sess  notwithstanding  meritj  and  are  written 


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in  an  elegant  style,  and  abound  with   morali- 
ty, and  pleasing  hiscoricul  relations. 

Carac  fACUs,  a  king  of  Britain,  celebra- 
ted for  his  heroic  conduct  and  his  firmness 
wlten  carried  before  the  Emperor  Claudius, 
A.  D.  52. 

Caradog,  a  British  historian  who  wrote 
the  chronicle  of  Wales,  from  fi86  to  his  own 
times,  which  has  been  continued  to  1 1 06,  and 
by  anotl)er  hanil  to  liSO,  still  in  >IS.  He 
die*!  11 50. 

Carafi,  a  Mahometan  doctor,  who  died 
the  year  684  of  the  hegira.  He  is  the  author 
rjf  some  books  in  defence  of  his  religion,  and 
on  other  subjects. 

Caramuel  de  LoBKoviTSH,  John, a 
native  of  Madrid,  who,  from  a  monk  and 
bishop,  became  a  soldier  and  a  general,  and 
again  exchariged  military  honors  for  the  cro- 
sier. He  dieil  at  Vigevano  16S!2,  aged  76. — 
He  was  possessed  of  great  powers  of  mind, 
and  was  said  to  be  endowed  M'ith   genius    to 


the  eighth  degree,  with  eloquence  to  the 
fifth,  and  with  judgment  to  the  second.  His 
■works,  nli  on  coiitri)versial  subjects,  were 
published  in  seven  vols.  fol. 

Caravagio,   ^Nlicliael  Angelo  Amerigi 
da,  son  of  a  mason  nt  Caravagio   in    the   Mi- 
lanese, was  born  1560.     Without  the  assist- 
ance of  a  master,  he  acquired  deserved  ce- 
lebrity as  a  painter,  but   his  temper  was  so 
quarrelsome  that  he  found  few  friends,  many 
rivals,  and   more   enemies.     After  a   life  of 
misfortunes  increased   by  licentiousness   of 
conduct,  in  the   Midst  of  poverty  and  perse- 
cution, he  at   last  expired  on  the  common 
road    1609,  in  his  40th  year.     From  his  ser- 
vile and  correct  adherence  to  nature,  he  was 
surnamed  the  naturalist;  but  though  Rubens 
himself  acknowledged  him  as  his  superior  in 
the  clear-obscure,  yet  he  failed  in  large  com- 
positions, and  represented  his  figures  all  on 
the  same  plan  without  gradation,   and  per- 
sjKJctive.     When  once  shown  a  fine  collec- 
tion   of  antique  figures,  he   pointed  to  the 
living  forms  about  him   as  superior  models, 
and  immediately  painted  a  gipsy  in  the  street 
with  such  exactness  of  delineation  that  criti- 
cism was  silent.    Unable  once  to  pay  his  reck- 
oning  at  an  ale-house  he  painted  the   sign 
afresh,  and  so  highly  finished  was  the   piece 
that  afterwards  it  brought  the  owner  a  very 
considerable  sum. 

Car  A  LSI  us,  a  native  of  Flanders,  era- 
ployed  by  the  emperor  Probus  and  his  suc- 
cessor, to  protect  the  coasts  of  Caul  against 
the  invasion  of  the  Saxons.  He  acquired  in 
this  office  such  skill  and  popularity,  and  so 
much  property,  that  when  threatened  by  the 
emperor  Maximian,  he  fled  into  Britain 
where  he  proclaimed  lumself  independent 
>  emperor  287.  All  attempts  to  reduce  him 
to  obedience  proved  unavailing,  and  after  an 
arbitrary  reign  he  was  at  last  assassinated  by 
one  of  his  soldiers  named  Allectus'2y3.  Some 
of  his  coins  are  still  preserved. 

Cardan,  Jerome,  an  Italian  of  extraor- 
dinary character,  natural  son  of  an  advocate 
of  Milan,  and  born  at  Pavia  24th  September 
1501.     He   was  born  after  three  days  labor. 


when  cut  fi'om  his  mother,  who  had  taken 
some  potion  to  procure  an  aboition,  and  he- 
came  into  the  world  witii  his  head  covered 
with  black  curled  hair.     He  studied  at  Pavia,. 
and  after  taking  his  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Pa- 
dua, he  was  engaged  as  a  professor  of  medi- 
cine and  of  mathematics  in  several  universi- 
ties of  Italy.     In  1552  he  visited  Scotland  ab 
the  request  of  the  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's, 
whom  he  cured  of  a  violent  asthma  that  had 
baftied  the  skill  of  the  most  expert  physicians. 
He    afterwai'ds  travelled   through    London, 
where  he  calculated  the  nativity  of  Edward 
VI.  and  passing  through  the  Low  Countries 
France  and  Germany,  he  returned  after  an 
absence  of  10  months  to  Milan.     Here  and  at 
Pavia  he  continued  his  lectures,   but   some 
oftence  procured  his  imprisonment  at  Bolog- 
na, 1571,  from  which  he   extricated  himself 
with  difiiculty  and  passed  to  Home,  where  he 
lived  in  private  retirement,   and   where  he 
died  21st  September,  1575.     Cardan  was  iu 
his  conduct  fickle  and  eccentric,  when  i'ree 
from  pain  he  usually  excited   the  most  disa- 
greeable sensations  by  biting  his  lips,  squeez- 
ing his  fingers  or  whipping  his  legs,  that  thus 
he  might  obtain  relief  from  those  violent  sal- 
lies of  the  imagination    and  lively   impres- 
sions on  the  brain  which  disturbed  the  tran- 
quillity and  the  serene  composure  of  his  mind. 
Though  poor  he  never  disgraced  himself  by 
any  mean  or  immoral  action,  but  he  was  too 
often  pleased   to    speak  on   subjects   which 


might  give  uneasiness  to  his  hearers,  and  he 
was  immoderately  attaclied  to  gaming.  When 
he  had  cast  his  nativity  and  fixed  on  the  day 
of  his  death,  it  is  said  that  he  abstained  from, 
food,  and  thus  he  destroyed  nature  that  he 
might  exactly  fulfil  his  prophecy.  He  wrote 
various  things  wliich  displayed  the  eccentri- 
city of  his  character  and  the  wildness  of  his 
opinions.  His  works  were  printed  at  Lyons 
1663,  in  10  vols,  folio. 

Cardi,  Ladovici,  apaiiiter  born  at  Cigoli, 
the  disciple  of  Andrew  del  Sarto  and  Cor- 
regio.  He  died  IGl.l,  aged  54.  His  Ecce 
homo,  and  a  dead  Christ  vith  the  virgin  and 
Nicodemus,  in  the  Pitti  palace  at  Florence, 
are  much  admired. 

Car  DO  NNE,l)ionis  Dominic  de,aFrenchs: 
man,  keeper  of  the  MSS.  in  the  royal  libra- 
ry of  Paris,  and  professor  of  the  Turkish 
and  Persian  languages  in  the  royal  college, 
(lied  December  1783.  His  works  were  an 
history  of  Africa  and  Spain  under  the  Arabs, 
three  vols.  12mo. — miscellanies  of  oriental 
literature,  four  vols.  12mo. — Indian  tales  and 
fables,  8vo. — &c. 

Carew,  George,  a  native  of  Devonshire, 
educated  at  Broadgate  hall,  Oxford.  He 
however  abandoned  his  literary  pursuits  for 
a  military  life,  and  behaved  with  great  spirit 
in  Ireland,  and  in  the  voyage  to  Cadiz.  He 
M'as  made  president  of  Monster  by  Eliza- 
beth, and  James  appointed  him  governor  of 
Guernsey,  and  created  him  baron  Carew  of 
Clopton.  Charles  raised  hiiu  afterwards  to 
the  dignity  of  earl  Totness.  He  died  inthe 
Savoy  1029,  aged  72,  and  was  buried  at  Strat- 
ford-upon-Avons      He    was    universally   cs- 


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T/5cmed  ns  a  man  of  worth,  the  Hivoritc  of 
The  prince  and  tlM>  friend  of  the  pcnjili'.  lie 
■wrote  the  history  of  f  lie  late  wars  in  Ireland, 
])iiblished  folio,  London  IfiSS. 

Cak  E  \v, 'I'homas,  :»  niitive  of  Glocester- 
ahire,  educated  at  (jorpns  Christi,  Oxford. 
His  Mit  recomnuMideU  him  to  the  notice 
not  only  of  13en  .loiison  and  Davenan',  hnt 
of  Charles  I.  who  made  him  a  gentleman  of 
lus  privy  cham!)er  and  sewer  in  ordinary. 
He  died  about  Ih.)'.),  leavinij;  several  poems, 
and  a  masf[ue  called  Cu'ltini  Hritannicum, 
performeil  at  Whitehall  hy  the  kinjj  and 
some  of  his  favorites,  in  IftoJ. 

Carew,  Uiehurd,  author  of  the  survey  of 
Cornwall,  was  born  at  Anthony  in  ('ornwall, 
ancl  edncateil  at  Christ  church,  Oxford. — 
From  thence  he  removed  to  the  Middle 
Teni[)le,  atid  after  travelling  abroail  he  set- 
tled in  his  native  county,  where  he  became 
a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  high  sheriff  in 
1686.  In  his  retirement  he  devoted  himself 
to  antiquarian  pursuits,  and  was  intimate 
M'ith  some  of  the  learned  men  of  his  time, 
especially  sir  Henry  Spelman.  He  died  No- 
vember sixth  l'>20,  aged  G5,  and  an  exLi'ava- 
gant  inscription  on  his  tomb  described  him  as 
another  Livy,  another  Maro,  another  P«pi- 
rian.  His  survey,  though  praised  by  Cam- 
den, is  not  regarded  by  Gough  as  a  valuable 
performance.  It  was  reprinted  in  1723,  and 
next  in  1769. 

Carew,  George,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  after 
heina:  called  to  the  bar  became  secretary  to 
chancellor  Hatton.  Elizabeth,  who  knew  his 
merits,  knighted  him,  and  ap\)ointed  him  as 
her  ambassador  to  Polan<l.  In  the  following 
reign  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
the  union  of  the  two  kingdoms,  antl  after- 
wards he  resided  as  ambassador  in  the  French 
court  for  four  vears,  where  he  gained  the 
friendship  of  T huanus,  and  furnished  him 
%vith  some  useful  information  for  the  com- 
pletion of  the  121st  book  of  his  history.  On 
his  return  from  France,  he  was  made  mas- 
ter of  the  court  of  wards,  an  honorable  situa- 
tion which  he  did  not  long  enjo)%  as  he  died 
161.3.  He  wrote  a  relation  of  the  state  of 
France,  with  the  characters  of  Henry  IV. 
and  of  the  principal  persons  of  the  court,  a 
work  (>f  great  merit,  m  hich  long  remained  in 
MS.  till  Dr.  Birch  gave  it  to  the  world  in 
1749.  Sir  George  Carew  had  two  sons  and 
three  daughters  by  his  wife  'I'homasina, 
daughter  of  sir  Francis  (Jodolphin. 

Carew,  Banipfylde  Moore,  an  eccentric 
character,  son  of  a  clergyman  at  Bickley, 
Devon.  He  was  educated  at  Tiverton  school, 
hut  he  disappointed  the  expectations  of  his 
parents  by  withdrawing  himself  from  their 
protection  antl  associating  with  gipsies.  A 
wandering  life  and  all  the  adventures  of  a 
mendicant  had  greater  charms  than  all  the 
splendors  of  imlished  society,  and  Carew," 
the  friend,  the  companion,  the  hero  of  the 
gipsies,  was  unanimously  elected  their  king, 
an  honor  which  he  continued  to  deserve  the 
whole  of  his  life.  It  is  said  that  he  was  twice 
transported  from  Exeter  to  Xovth  America, 


for  enticing  dogs  to  follow  him,  but  so  ar.tful 
were  his  expj.iliiMits  that  he  both  times  re- 
turned before  the  ship  which  conveyed  him 
from  Europe.  In  his  wanderings  with  his 
assori.'itcs  it  was  his  glory  to  extort  charity 
under  various  assumed  characters,  either  as 
the  shattered  sailor,  the  unfortunate  trarlefl- 
man,  the  broken  soldier,  or  the  distressed 
and  ruined  clergyman,  so  versatile  and  impo- 
sing were  his  talents  whether  disguised  as  a 
beggar  or  a  gentleman.  He  died  about  1770, 
aged  77. 

C/Akew,  sir  Alexander,  a  Cornish  gentle- 
man, member  for  his  county  in  1640.  lie  vo- 
ted for  the  death  of  Strailford,  and  for  his 
attachment  to  the  cause  of  the  republicans 
he  was  made  governor  ofSt.  Nicholas'  island 
and  fort,  at  Plymouth.  In  this  office,  either 
through  disaft'ection  or  the  fear  of  seeing 
his  estates  plundered  hy  the  royalists,  he 
made  overtures  to  deliver  up  the  garrison, 
hut  his  intentions  were  discovered,  and  he 
was  dragged  to  London,  and  by  the  sentence 
of  a  court  martial  beheaded  on  Tower  hill 
1644. 

Carey,  Henry,  a  man  who,  to  poetical 
and  musical  talents,  joined  the  more  danger- 
ous power  of  wit  ami  malevolent  satire.  He 
wiHjte  some  dramas  for  Goodmanfields  thea- 
tre and  ridiculed  the  bombast  of  modcrft 
tragedies  in  his  clirononhotonthologos  in 
17 3i.  He  was  a  great  enemy  to  the  Italian 
operas  and  Italian  singers,  and  distinguished 
his  zeal  and  loyalty  by  tlie  composition  of  the 
popular  song  of  "  God  save  great  George  our 
king."  His  satirical  vein  procured  him  ene- 
mies, and  like  most  men  of  genius  he  was 
persecuted  by  indigence,  which  unfortunate- 
ly aided  by  melancholy  dejection,  incited  him 
to  commit  suicide.  He  destroyed  himself 
in  1744.  His  songs  were  published  by  him 
in  1740,  and  his  dramatic  pieces  in  174.3. 
Though  the  author  of  so  many  ballads  it  is 
remarkable  that  none  offend  against  morali- 
ty and  virtue,  a  strong  proof  of  the  goodness 
and  integrity  of  his  heart.  His  son  George 
Savilo,  who  at  one  time  was  on  the  Covent 
garden  stage,  wrote,  besides  a 'lecture  ou 
mimicry,  some  liglit    dramatic  pieces. 

Caribeu T,  or  Char iREUTjkingof  Pa- 
ris after  his  father  Clotaire  I.  561,  was  a- 
mild  monarch,  and  in  his  government  popu- 
lar and  just.  He  was,  however,  licentious  ia 
his  manners;  au<l,  after  putting  away  his 
cjueen,  he  ninrried  two  of  her  servants  xt'ho 
were  of  the  meanest  condition,  daughters  of 
\i  •  ol-combers,  and  the  third  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  shepherd.  During  his  n^ign  the 
mayors  of  the  palace  acquired  that  gi'eat 
power  which  afterwards  proved  so  fata'  to 
th.i  monarcy.  He  left  only  daughtex's  be- 
hind him,  and  died  567. 

Carixus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  son  of  th<i 
emperor  (Jams,  was  investeil  with  the  pur- 
ple by  his  father,  and  tiiree  years  after  was 
slyiu  by  a  tribune. 

Car  I.ETON,  sir  Dudley,  was  born  at  T5:d- 
don  Brightwell,  in  Oxfordshire  and  educa- 
ted at  Christ  church.  When  he  had  finished 
his  travels,  he  attended  sir  Rotph  WJiiwood 


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as  liis  secretary  into  Hie  Lov,-  Couutries,  and 
soon  alter  he  was  himself  employed  as  am- 
bassador, and  for  twenty  years  served  his 
sovereign  at  Venice,  Savoy,  France,  and  ihe 
United  Provinces.  Charles  rewarded  the 
fidelity  of  his  services  by  creating  him  baron 
Imbercourt,  viscount  Dorchester.  He  died 
secretary  of  state  16.31,  aged  58,  and  was 
buried  in  Westrainster-abbey.  In  those 
days  of  political  scepticism,  and  approaching 
revolution,  he  used  to  say,  that  there  will  be 
mistakes  in  divinity  while  men  pi'each,  and 
errors  in  government  while  men  govern. 
He  wrote  various  pamphlets,  besides  letters 
from  Holland  during  his  embassy,  from  IGIG 
to  1620,  Mhich  were  printed  at  lord  Hard- 
■wicke's  expense  in  1757,  and  again  in  1775, 
in  4to. 

Carleton,  George,  a  native  of  Nor- 
ham,  Northumberland,  maintained  at  Ed- 
mund-hall, Oxford,  by  the  northern  apostle, 
Bernard  Gilpin.  In  1580  he  was  elected 
fellow  of  Merton,  and  in  1617  was  appointed 
bishop  of  LlandafF.  He  was  sent  by  vTames, 
with  three  other  divines,  to  the  synod  of 
Dort,  where  he  ably  maintained  the  cause 
of  episcopacy.  On  his  return,  he  was  trans- 
lated to  Chichester,  and  died  nine  years  af- 
ter, 1628,  aged  69.  He  wrote  several  theo- 
logical tracts,  besides  the  life  of  his  patron 
Gilpin ;  and  in  his  character  he  displayed  a 
great  aversion  to  popery,  whilst  he  strictly 
supported  the  rigid  tenets  of  the  calvinists. 
Carlini,  Agostino,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
who  settled  earl}^  in  England,  and  became 
keeper  of  the  royal  academy  in  London. 
He  was  an  artist  of  celebrity,  and  was  chiefly 
admired  for  his  draperies.  He  died  14th 
August  1790. 

Carloman,  eldest  son  of  Charles  Mar- 
tel,  succeeded  him  in  the  kingdom  of  Aus- 
trasia,  741.  After  defeating  the  Germans 
vith  great  slaughter  he  retired  from  the 
helm  of  government  to  the  obscmnty  of  a 
cloister,  and  died  at  Vienne  in  Dauphine 
17th  August  755.  ■  Another,  son  of  Lewis 
the  German,  who  shared  the  kingdom  of 
Bavai'ia  with  his  brothers  Lewis  and  Charles 
and  became  kitig  of  Italy  and  emperor.  He 
died  880,  without  issue. Another,  son  of 


Pepin,    and    brother  of  Charlemagne,   was 
king  af  Austrasia  and   Burgundy.     At  his 
death,   in  771,  his  brother  Charlemagne  be- 
came king  of  the  whole  French   monarchy. 
■  Another,  brother  of  Lewis  III.  who  ob- 
tained Aquitain  and  Burgundy  as  his  portion. 
On  his  brothei-'s  death  in  88'2,  he  beci.'ne 
sole  king  of  France,  and  died  in  consequence 
of  a  wound   received  from  a  wild  boar  in 
6th  December  884. 
Carlone,  John,  a  Genoese  pamtcr,  who 
excelled  in  the  art  of  foreshortening.     He 
died  at  the  early  age  of  40,  in  1630,  and  his 
imperfect  pieces  were  finished  by  his  bro- 
ther John  Baptist.     The  family  were   long 
eminent  as  sculptors  and  painters. 

Carlos,  don,  son  of  Philip  king  of  Spain, 
■was  deformed  in  his  person,  and  violent  and 
irrascible  in  his  temper.  He  showed  himself 
rudely  disobedient  to  his   faUier,   and  at- 


hunting. 


tempted  to  excite  in  Holland  an  insurrec- 
tion, that  he  might  place  himself  at  the 
head  of  it.  The  violence  of  his  conduct,  and 
his  determined  opposition  to  the  measures 
of  his  fathei-,  at  last  proved  his  ruin,  and 
Philip,  incensed  by  the  ingratitude  of  his  son, 
caused  him  to  be  seized  and  thrust  into  a 
prison,  Avhere  he  was  condemned  to  death, 
lie  died  24th  July  1568,  it  is  supi)Osed,  by 
poison,  or,  according  to  others,  by  being 
strangled,  or  by  opening  his  veins  in  a  bath. 
It  is  imagined  by  some  authors,  that  Philip 
treated  him  with  all  this  cruelty  from  jealous 
motives,  because  he  attempted  to  gain  the 
affections  of  his  mother-in-law,  Elizabeth  of 
France,  whom  formerly  lie  had  courted,  but 
whom  Philip  had  himself  married. 

Carlyle,    Joseph    Dacres,   a    learned 
orientalist,  born  at  Carlisle,  where  his  father 
practised  as  a  physician  of  eminence.     He 
was  educated  at  Carlisle  school  and  Christ- 
college,  (Cambridge,  and  in  1777   obtained  a 
fellowship  at  Queen's.    At  the  univei'sity  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  Arabic  and 
the   oriental   languages,  in  which   he  made 
great  progress,  with  the  assistance  of  David 
Zabio,  a  native  of  Bagdad,  who  was  resident 
at  Cambridge.     After  ten  years'  residence 
at  college,  he  married,  and  settled  at  Car- 
lisle, and  in  1794  he  succeeded  Dr.  Craven 
as  Arabic  pi'ofessor,  and  in  1705  was  made 
chancellor  of  Carlisle.     In  1799  he  went  to 
Constantinople  in  lord  Elgin's  embass}-,  and 
not  only  obtained  admission  into  the  libraries 
of  that  celebi-ated  city,  but  he  made  excur- 
sions into  Asia  Minor,  examined  the  site  of 
Troy,  visited  Egypt,   Syria,  fjnd  the  Holy 
Land,  and  after  examining  every  thing  with 
the  eye  of  a  divine,  a  philosopher,  and  an 
antiquarian,    returned    by    Constantinople, 
through  Italy  and   Germany,  and  reached 
England  in  September  1801.      The  services 
which   he  had   rendered    to  literature  and 
oriental  science  were,not,  happily,  forgotten. 
He  was  made  rector  of  the  valuable  living 
of   Newcastle-upon-Tyne ;    but     while    he 
promised  himself  long  life,  his  constitution, 
undei'mined   by   the  severities  of  travel  in 
foreign  climates,  hastened  to  a  rapid  decay, 
and  he  expired,  deservedly  and  universally 
lamented,  l'2th  April  1804.     At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  employed  in  the  publication 
of  a  bible  in  Arabic,  and  in  completing  his 
observations   on  t!ic  Troad,  and  the  various 
places  which   he  had  visited  in  the  cast ;  a 
valuable  performance,  which  will  be  grate- 
fully received  by  the  public  from  the  hands 
of  his  friends* 

Carmath,  an  impostoi*,  who  in  the  year 
891,  began  to  oppose  the  doctrines  of  Ma- 
homet, and  by  his  austerity,  gained  numer- 
ous adherents.     He  declared,  that  God  had 


commanded  him  to  pray,  not  five  times  a 
day,  as  the  Mussulmans,  but  fifty  times. 
His  sect  declined  by  degrees,  when  no  longer 
supported  by  his  eloquence,  and  is  now  un- 
known. 

Carmichael,  Gerrhom,  a  native  of 
Glasgow,  educated  at  the  university  there, 
in  which  he  becarac  professor  of  moral  phi- 


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Josopliy.  He  «lied  I'.SS,  :\<;ct\  50.  lie  wrote 
notes  oil  I'll  lit  iidorl",  J)cbnles  a  systfiii  of 
jnoral  philosophy,  uhicli  lie  d'd  not  live  to 
complete. 

Cahmichael,  Frederic,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  educated  at  Aberdeen,  and  be- 
came at  lasl  one  of  the  nunisters  of  Hdin- 
l)ur|;h.  He  died  of  a  fever  1751,  ai^'d  k).  lie 
published  one  volume  of  sermons,  much  ad- 
iniretl  for  their  elej^ance  and  neatness. 

(JARNEADKS,  founder  of  the  third  aca- 
demy, was  an  African.  He  was  at  iiome  as 
"ambassador   from   Athens,   and   died   U.  C. 

Cauo,  Hannibal,  an  Italian  poet  and  orator 
of  CJvila  Nuova,  who  served  tlie  duke  of  Par- 
ma and  Cardinal  J'arncsc  as  secretary,  an<l 
afterwards  was  made  knight  of  Malta.  He 
tiiuislated  the  iEneid,  in  blank  verse,  2  vols. 
Uo.  17G5,  i)ublished  at  Paris,  with  so  much 
spirit,  that  some  judges  have  declared  the 
composition  scarce  infei-ior  to  the  original. 
His  poems  and  sonnets  were  much  admired, 
and  appeai'ed  at  Venice  15G4,  4to.  He  pub- 
Jished  also  letters,  printed,  Padua,  174U,  3 
vols.  8vo. — a  translation  of  Aristotle's  rheto- 
ric— and  orations  of  Gregory  Nazianzen.  He 
tlied  at  liome  I5C6,  and  was  buried  in  the 
ohurcli  of  St  Lawrence  of  Damascus. 

Caroline,  daughter  of  John  Frederic 
margrave  of  Brandenburg  Anspach,  by 
Eleanor  Louisa  his  second  wife,  was  born 
1st  March  IGS'J.  Her  hand  w  as  solicited  by 
Charles  HI.  of  Spain,  afterwards  emperor  ; 
but  she  refused  him,  and  soon  after,  in  1705, 
married  the  son  of  the  elector  of  Hanover, 
by  whom  she  had  four  sons  and  five  daugh- 
ters. She  was  crowned  queen  of  England 
11th  October  l7!27  ;  and  during  the  reign  of 
her  husband  displayed  great  dignity,  mode- 
ration, and  sagacity,  as  regent  of  the  king- 
dom, and  as  the  patroness  of  learning  and 
learned  men.  She  died  !2()th  November 
1837.  Her  character  is  drawn  in  flattering 
terms  by  Dr.  Clarke,  in  his  corrcspoudeucc 
with  Leibnitz. 

Carolostaut,  or  Carlostadius, 
Andrew  Bodenstein,  a  native  of  Carlostadt 
in  Franconia,  made  dean  of  Wittemberg, 
1512,  in  the  year  when  Lutlier  took  his 
doctor's  degree.  He  espoused  all  the  great 
reformer's  tenets;  but  a  dispute  unfortu- 
nately led  him  into  extremes,  so  that  he 
ventured  to  deny  transubstantiation.  He 
was  professor  of  divinity  and  minister  of 
Basil ;  and  was  the  first  protestant  divine  who 
raarriod.     He  died  at  Basil  1541. 

Cauo  i  o,  John  Francis,  an  Italian  jjainter 
who  died  1516,  aged  76.  He  was  disciple  to 
Andrew  Mantis^na. 

Caroto,  John,  brother  and  pupil  to  the 
preceding,  settled  at  Venice.  Paul  Vero- 
jiese  and  Anselmo  Canneri  were  in  the 
number  of  his  pupils. 

Carpen'Teu,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of 
Hathcrleigh  in  Devon,  educated  at  Edmund 
Iiall,  Oxford,  and  Exeter  college,  of  whicli 
lie  became  a  fellow,  1G07.  He  was  after- 
wards promoted  to  a  deanery  in  Ireland, 
and  died  at  Dublin  1035,    He  was  eminent 


for  his  leai'ning,  particularly  his  knowledg;e- 
of  inathematit;s ;  and  he  ably  opposed  tlie 
Aistotelian  philosophy.  He  wrote  geogra- 
phy, in  2  books,  besides  Arcfiitophcl,  or  the 
wick(*d  politician,  and  philosophia  libera,  inc. 
C.MiPENTEU,  Peter,  a  Frenchman,  born 
at  (Jharlcville.  He  was  eminent  for  his 
learning,  and  assisted  in  the  edition  of  the 
glossary  of  Ducange,  in  G  vols,  folio,  and 
wrote,  besides,  alphabettnn  tN  ronianum,  fol. 
1747.  He  was  patronised  by  the  French 
ministry,  and  was  of  the  order  of  Cluni.  He 
died  at  Paris,  December  17G7,  aged  70. 

Carpen  riEii,  N.  a  native  of  Beauvais, 
esteemed  as  a  calculator,  and  a  great  arith- 
metician. He  wrote  some  valuable  treatises 
on  liis  profession,  and  died  1778. 

Carpi,  Ugo  da,  a  painter,  celebrated  for 
tlie  discov«;ry  of  painting  in  chiaro-obscuro. 
This  he  performed  by  means  of  two  pieces 
of  waxwork,  one  of  whicli  delienatcd  the 
outlines  and  shadows,  ami  the  other  impres- 
sed the  colours.     He  died  15U0. 

Carpi,  Girolarao,  an  Italian  painter  of 
Ferrara,  who  died  1556,  aged  55.  He  imi- 
tated (Jorregio's  manner  with  gi-eat  success. 
Carpone,  Julio,  a  Venetian  painter, 
who  died  1674,  aged  C3.  He  was  admired 
for  the  great  correctness  of  his  bacchanals, 
triumphs  and  sacrifices. 

Carpo  CRATES,  a  heretic  of  Alexandria, 
about  the  year  130.  He  revived  and  im- 
proved the  gnostic  heresy,  and  the  antino- 
mian  doctrines,  that  actions  are  indifferent, 
as  the  passions  are  implanted  in  us  by  the 
divinity.  His  son,  Epiphanius,  followed  and 
supported^  h.is  opinions. 

Carpzo  VI  us,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Bran- 
denburg, known  as  an  able  professor  of  law  at 
Witteinbeig.  He  died  1624,  aged  .li'J,  and  left 
four  sons;  Conrad,  his  successoj'in  the  univer- 
sity of  Wittemberg;  Benedict,  an  able  profes- 
sor of  law,  and  aftei-wards  of  divinity,  who 
(lied  at  Leijjsic  in  IGGG,  aged  71 ;  David  Bene- 
dict, a  Lutheran,  author  of  a  dissertation  on 
tlie  dress  of  the  Hebrews;  John  Benedict,  a 
Lutheran  also,  professor  of  divinitv  at  Leip- 
sic,  Avhere  he  died  1657,  author  of  the  peni- 
tence of  the  Ninevites,  and  of  some  contro- 
versial tracts,  &c.  John  Benedict  had  a  son 
of  tlie  same  name,  who  died  at  Leipsic 
1699,  sged  60,  author  of  some  dissertations 
on  the  scripture,  besides  translations  from 
rabbinical  books.  His  brother,  Frederic 
Benedict,  was  a  learned  counsellor  of  Leip- 
sic, where  he  died  1699,  aged  50.  The 
famous  journal  Acta  Eruditorum,  begun 
1632,  was  greatly  enriched  by  contributions 
from  bis  pen. 

Carr,  Robci-t  a  Scotchman,  first  intro- 
duced to  the  notice  of  James  I.  in  1609.  The 
monarch  condescended  to  tcacii  Latin  to  his 
favorite,  and  raised  him  to  the  lionors  of  the 
peerage,  by  the  title  of  duke  of  Somerset ; 
but  though  he  saved  him  afterwards  from 
the  punishment  he  di served  fi;r  the  murder 
of  sir  Thomas  Ovcrbnry,  he  discarded  him. 
from  his  favor,  so  that  he  died  forgotten  and 
abandoned,  IG.IS. 
Carra,   John  Lewis,  a   French  deina- 


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goj^ue,  born  at  Pout  de  Vesles  in  1743,  an(i 
brought  up  to  the  law.  He  afterwards  de- 
voted hiiuselt'  to  literature,  and  was  also 
secretai'v  to  the  hospodar  of  Moldavia.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution,  he  came 
to  Paris,  where  he  published  les  annales  po- 
litiqucs  8c  literaires,  a  popular  journal ;  and 
in  consequence  of  his  ser\ii'es  in  the  cause  of 
tlie  republic  he  was  made  keeper  of  the  na- 
tional libi'ary,  and  member  of  the  conven- 
tion. Jiestless  and  ambitious  in  this  assem- 
blv  of  blood,  lie  favored  tlie  cause  of  the  Gi- 
rondists,  and  for  some  time  w  as  employed  as 
commissioner  with  the  army  ;  but  the  cla- 
mors of  his  enemies  at  last  prevailed  against 
him.  He  was  accused  of  being  in  the  pay  of 
England,  and  of  plotting  the  exclusion  of  the 
Boux'bons,  with  the  intention  of  raising  the 
duke  of  York  to  the  throne.  When  his  par- 
ty was  proscribed  by  Robespierre,  he  was 
■«ith  them  hurried  to  the  guillotine,  51st 
October  179.^.  He  was  author  of  new  pi-in- 
ciples  of  philosophy,  C  vols,  4to. — an  history 
of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  12rao. — an  essay 
on  aerial  navigation — examinations  of  animal 
magnetism — historical  memoirs  of  the  Bas- 
tille»  &c, 

Carracci.     Vid.  Caracci, 

CARRAN'z,A,Bai'lholome\v,  a  Spanish  Do- 
minican priest,  who  accompanied  Philip 
■when  he  married  Mary  of  England.  He 
distinguished  himself  at  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  was  made  archbishop  of  Toledo.  He 
■was  accused  of  heresy  afterwards,  and  sent 
to  Rome,  where,  after  experiencing  great 
harshness  of  treatment,  he  died  in  the  con- 
Tent  of  Minei'va  1570.  He  was  very  re- 
spectable for  his  learning,  as  well  as  for  his 
private  life,  and  the  innocence  of  his  con- 
duct. He  wrote  a  collection  of  councils, 
some  theological  tracts,  &c. 

Carre-,  Lewis,  a  member  of  the  French 
academj'  of  sciences,  tlie  discijde  and  parli- 
zan  of  Malebranche.  He  died  1711,  aged 
48.  He  wrotesome  mathematical  treatises — 
on  measuring  surfaces  and  solids — on  iinding 
the  center  of  gravitation,  percussion,  and 
oscillation — besides  papers  in  the  memoirs  of 
the  academy. 

Carrera,  Peter,  a  priest  of  Sicily,  au- 
thor of  an  ingenious  treatise  on  chess,  a  game 
in  which  he  was  very  expert,  in  4to.  1GI7. 
He  died  at  Messina  1647,  aged  76.  He 
wrote,  besides,  a  history  of  Catana,  2  vols, 
fol. 

Carrier,  John  Baptist,  an  infamous  re- 
publican, born  near  Aurillac,  1756.  He 
was  bred  up  to  the  law,  and  at  last  was  cho- 
sen deputy  to  the  national  convention,  by 
Avhich  he  was  sent  as  an  able  missionary  to 
la  Vendee,  with  a  number  of  as.>Jassins.  In 
this  office  he  became  known  for  his  refined 
cruelty.  At  Nantes,  the  scene  of  his  barba- 
rities, he  often  in  one  day  caused  twenty - 
four  persons  to  be  put  to  death,  though 
young  and  innocent,  and,  by  a  new  mode  of 
"torment,  phiced  them,  male  and  female  to- 
gether, in  the  most  indecent  posture,  in  bar- 
ge§,  on  the  Loire,  and  then  sunk  the  vessels 
^ia  the  middle  of  tlie  river.     After  perpetra- 


ting every  crime  of  cruelty,  lust,  and  tyran- 
nical avarice,  he  was  recalled,  on  the  fall  of 
his  friends  of  the  roounUiin  ;  and  when  the 
public  indignation  called  vengeance  on  his 
head,  he  was  condemned  by  the  revolution- 
ary tribunal  to  a  deserved  death,  and  was 
guillotined  15th  December  1794. 

Carriera,  Rosa  Alba,  a  Venetian  por- 
trait painter  in  crayons.  Her  father  was  a 
drawing  master :  and  she  acquired  by  the 
labors  of  her  pencil  deserved  celebrity  in  It- 
aly, and  afterwards  came  to  Paris,  Avhere 
she  was  admitted  member  of  the  academy  of 
painting  I7lii0.  Alter  painting  the  royal  fa- 
mily, she  went  to  A^ienna,  and  died  at  Ven- 
ice 1761. 

Carrieres,  Lewis  de,  a  priest,  whodi- 
ed  at  Paris  in  1717,  in  an  advanced  age.  He 
published  a  French  commentary  on  the  bible, 
24  vols.  l2mo.  1716. 

Carrouages,  an  ingenious  clockmaker 
of  Pavia.  He  made  for  Alciat  a  clock,  whose 
hammer  in  sti-iking  kindled  a  fire,  by  means 
of  a  flint,  and  lighted  a  lamp. 

Carstares,  William,  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, born  at  Cathcart,  near  Glasgow.  He 
was  educated  at  Utrecht,  and  became  the 
confidential  friend  of  the  prince  of  Orange 
before  his  invasion  of  Britain.  At  the  revo- 
lution, William  appointed  him  his  chaplain 
for  Scotland,  and  consulted  him  without  re- 
serve on  every  occasion  with  respect  to  the 
political  affairs  of  that  kingdom.  Queen  Anne 
on  her  accession  continued  him  chaplain  for 
Scotland  ;  but  he  soon  retired  from  court, 
and  was  elected  principal  of  the  college  of 
Edinburgh,  and  one  of  the  ministers  of  the 
city.  He  died  universally  respected,  in  1715. 
His  state  papers,  letters,  &c.  were  published 
in  1774,  in  a  4to.  vol.  by  Dr.  M'Cormick. 
He  was  in  his  character  benevolent  and  pa- 
triotic, liberal  and  humane.  He  supported 
the  union,  but  he  also  oppose<i  the  bill  for 
the  tolerating  of  the  episcopal  clergy  in  Scot- 
land. 

Carsughi,  Rainer,  a  Jesuit  of  Citerne 
in  Tuscany,  who  died  provincial  of  his  order, 
1709,  aged  62.  He  is  known  for  an  elegant 
poem,  in  Latin,  on  the  art  of  writing  well, 
printed  at  Rome,  8vo.  1709. 

Carte,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  liis- 
torian,  born  at  Clifton,  AV'arwickshire,  April 
1686.  lie  was  educated  at  University  col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  took  his  first  de- 
gree, but  afterwards  proceeded  M.  A.  at 
Cambridge.  He  then  took  orders,  and  of- 
ficiated as  reader  of  the  abbey-church  liatb, 
where  in  a  sermon  he  ably  vindicated  the 
memory  of  Charles  L  and  there  published 
his  first  composition,  the  Irish  massacre  set 
in  a  clear  light.  On  George's  accession,  as 
he  refused  to  take  the  oaths,  and  as  he  as- 
sumed the  lay  habit,  he  has  been  accused  of 
being  concerned  in  the  rebellion  of  1715. 
lie  however  continued  his  attachment  to  the 
Stuarts,  and  became  secretary  to  bishop  At- 
terbury,  a  circumstance  which  re.ndered 
him  suspected  to  government,  so  that,  on  the 
imprisonment  of  the  prelate,  1000/.  were  ot- 
fercd  for   the   appi'ehenaion  of  Carte,  who 


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escaped  by  flying  into  France.    Here  lie  rc- 
inaiufil  in  exile,  under  the  assume<l  tiaino  of 
Phillips,  for  six    or  seven   years,  seiluoiisly 
cmpluyed  in  literary  j)ursuiis,  till  f|iiecn  (Ju- 
rolirie,  who    knew  and  rcspccteil  Ids  iiurit, 
procured  his  recall.      Soon  atter  his  returr. 
he   published   hia    history  of  Janjcs  dulvc  of 
Orinf)inl,  in  3  vols,  folio,   1735  ami   50.       li> 
1738  he  issued  propcmals  for  a  new  history  of 
Kiif^land,  and    whilst    he    was   employed    in 
r.ollecting  materials  in  public   and  [trivate  li- 
braries, so   great  was  the   popularity  of  his 
name    that   subscriptions  upon  suhscriptions 
appeared     for    his    eneoura};enjent     to   the 
amount  of  Goo/,   a-ycar.     Nol  only  individu- 
als, but   many   of  the    public  Companies    of 
I.ondon,  antl    the    city    itself,  honorably  ap- 
peared to  support  and  animate  Ih*  labors  of 
the  national  historian.  'I'he  1st  vol.  was  pub- 
lished in  1747,  the  second  in  1750,  the  third 
in  1752,  and  the  fourth,  which  extends  the 
history   to    the   year   1654,    and  which  was 
posthun\ous,  iu  1755.      Tlie  work  is  a  com- , 
position  of  R;reat  merit,    which  displays  the 
author's  al)ilities  in  a  very   respectable  view. 
That  there  are  prejutlices  and  partialities  in 
the  narrative  cannot  be  denied  :  but  the  his- 
tory is  valuable  for  infoi-rnaLion  on  many  cu- 
rious, important  and  interesting  facts.      It  is 
worth  while  to   remark   the  temper  of  the 
times,  for  no  sooner  did  the  first  volume  ap- 
pear than  a  violent  outcry  was  raised  against 
the  author,  for  inserting,   in  a   note,  that  a 
certain  Christopher  Lovel   had  been  healed 
of  the  evil  at  Avignon  by  the  holy  touch  of 
the  pretender,  and   even  the  corporation  of 
London,  yielding  to  the    general  prejudice, 
hastily  withdrew  their  very  liberal  subscrip- 
tion.    Carte   died   at   Calcedot-house,  near 
Abingdon,  Berks,    2d  April  1754.     liis  pa- 
pers were  left  to  his  widow,  Avho  afterwards 
married  a  catholic  of  the  name  of  Jernegan, 
and  they  were  deposited  in  the  Bodleian  li- 
brary in  1778,  for  a  valuable   consideration. 
These  manuscripts   were  esteemed    so   im- 
portant, that    lord  Hard  wick  obtained    the 
perusal  of  them  for  'iUO/.  and  Mr.  M'Pher- 
son    for   SOU/.     Besides  the   works   already 
mentioned.  Carte  wrote  the   history  of  the 
revolutions  of  Portugal — a  collection  of  ori- 
ginal letters  and  papers  on  the  aftairs  of  En- 
gland, '2  vols.  8vo — catalogue  des  roUes  Gas- 
cons, &c. — and  other  historical  pieces.     In 
manners  Carte  was  friendly    and  convivial, 
and  m  his  conversation  easy  and  entertain- 
ing. 

CarteTL,  Christopher,  a  naval  officer, 
in  the  service  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  born 
in  Coruwall.  He  commanded  a  fleet  which 
sailed  from  Holland  to  .Niuscovy,  and  he  was 
sent  by  queen  Elizabeth  in  company  with 
Drake  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  dis- 
played courage  and  intrepidity,  at  the  taking 
of  St.  Jago,  Carthagena,  and  St.  Augustin. 
He  died  in  London  159'2,  aged  43. 

Cari  tR,  Francis,  an  English  writer,  who 
died  first  August  17  S3.  He  published  a  jour- 
ney from  Malaga  to  Gibraltar,  2  vols.  Svo. 
with  plates,  177C,  reprinted  1778,  valuable 
for  the  engraved  coins  it  cx5ntains,   collected 


from  the  cabinet  of  the  Spanish  medallis* 
I'lores.  He  began  an  interesting  account  of 
the  earliest  printed  Spanish  hooks,  and  as  he 
unfortunately  died  as  soon  as  the  first  sheet 
was  [irintcd,  the  work  iiiusl  ever  remain  iii- 
comi»letc. 

(Jakter,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady  of 
learned  celebrity,  Ijorn  at  Deal,  where  her 
father,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Carter,  was  minister. 
The  superior  talents  Mbich  she  early  display- 
ed were  arih.'ritly  oullivated  by  her  father, 
who  iustructed  her  in  the  learned  languages, 
and  stored  her  mind  with  the  ciioicest  trea* 
hures  of  ancient  literature.  As  a  specimen 
of  her  extensive  erudition,  she  published  all 
tiie  works  ofEpictetns  with  an  elegant  trans- 
lation, ami  with  notes  and  a  learned  intro- 
duction ;  a  performance  which  was  received 
in  the  most  flattering  manner  by  the  learned 
world,  and  has  since  been  lepiinted.  Her 
poems  on  several  occasions  were  published 
in  17G2,  and  appeared  under  the  recommen- 
dation of  luid  Itatli,  and  lord  Littleton.  She 
also  contributed  two  papers  to  the  Rambler, 
i<os.  4i  on  religion  and  superstition,  and  100, 
on  modish  pleasure,  in  wjiich  she  shows  her- 
self  a  wortliy  coadjutor  of  the  great  moral- 
ist. She  wrote,  besides  somv'  scattered  pie- 
ces, an  ode  to  wi.sdom  inserted  in  Richard- 
son's Clarissa,  &Jc.  and  as  a  poetess  she  dis- 
played great  simplicity  of  sentiment,  min- 
gled with  melodious  sweetness  of  expres- 
sion, sublime  ideas,  and  the  purest  morality 
Mrs.  Carter  was  never  married.  She  died 
in  very  good  circumstances,  and  re.'^pect.ed 
by  a  very  numerous  circle  of  friendi?,  in 
Clarges street  Piccadilly,  I'Jth  P'ebruary  1806, 
aged'^Sy. 

C.\RTERET,  John,  earl  of  Granville,  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  George  Lord  Carteret,  at 
the  age  of  5,  and,  after  a  respectable  edu- 
cation at  Westminster  and  Christ  cliuroh, 
Oxford,  he  took  his  seat  in  the  house  of  lords 
1711.  The  zeal  and  activity  which  he  dis- 
placed in  supporting  the  Hanoverian  succes- 
sion recouimended  him  to  (^corge  I.  by 
whom  he  was  employed  m  various  ofiicea, 
and  in  1719  sent  to  Sweden,  Avlicre  he 
brought  about  a  recoucilialion  between  the 
kings  of  Sweden  and  Denmark.  In  17'2l  lie 
was  ma<ie  secretary  of  state,  and  went  m 
1724  to  Ireland  as  viceroy,  and  again  filled 
the  same  higli  ajipointnicnt  with  equal  cre- 
dit and  honor  at  tlie  accession  of  George  IL 
till  1730.  He  warmly  opposed  W'alpoie,  and 
on  his  removal  from  office  he  obtained  tlie 
place  of  secretary  of  state,  174'2;  and  tliougli 
before  he  had  blamed  continental  alliances, 
he  pursued  them  with  the  same  alacrity  as 
his  predecessor.  In  1744  he  SHCceeded,  ou 
his  mother's  death,  to  the  title  of  viscouu*, 
and  earl  Granville,  and  died  1763,  much  re- 
spected as  a  man  of  learning,  and  the  friend 
and  patron  of  learned  men. 

Cart  EROMACO,  Scipio,a  native  of  Pis- 
toia,  who  studied  (ireek  under  Politian,  and 
was  made  Greek  professor  at  Venice.  He 
died  at  Rome  1513,  much  respected  as  a 
scholar  and  as  a  man.  Besides  an  edition  of 
Ptolemy's    geography,  he  published  a  Latin 


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oration  of  Aristides'  Greek  oratiou  in  praise 
of  Rome — a  Latin  oration  in  praise  of  Greek 
learning  1504,  &c. 

Cartes,  Renedes,  a  celebrated  French 
philosoplier,  born  at  la  Haye  in    Touraine, 
Sist  March  1590,  and  educated  by  the  Jesu- 
its of  la  Flechc.     His   father,   wlio  was  of  a 
no])le  family,  urged  him  early    to  pursue  a 
military  life,  and  heat  last  complied  by  en- 
tering into   the    service    of    the    prince   of 
Orange  1616.      Literature  and   pliilosophy, 
however,  stdl  continued  his  favorite  pursuits 
amidst  the    dissipation     and   bustle    of   the 
camp,  and  during   the    truce   between  the 
Spaniards  and  the  Dutch  whilst  in  t.lie  garri- 
son at  Dreda,  he  displayed  his  great  superi- 
ority of  mathematical  knowledge,   and   pub- 
lished a  Latin  treatise  on  music,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  future  works.     In  1619  he 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia, and  two  years  after,  upon  the  death  of 
his  general,  count  Bucquoy  in  the  Hungarian 
campaign,  he  quitted  the  army,  and   travel- 
led through  tlie  various  countries  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Baltic.     Upon  his  return  to  Pa- 
ris, and  after  visiting  Switzerland  and  Italy, 
he  applied  liimself  to  the  study  of  philosophy 
with  uncommon  ardor,  but  he  seemed  to  be 
in  an  unsettled  wavering  state  by  frequently 
changing  his  habitation,   and  fixing  his  resi- 
dence sometimes  at  Amsterdam,  sometimes 
near  Franeker,  and  sometimes  at  Deventer. 
In  1637  appeared  his  four  treatises  concerning 
naethod,  dioptrics,  meteors,  and  geometry, 
and    about  this    time  he  received  a  friend- 
ly  and  pressing  invitation  from  sir  Charles 
Cavendish  to   come  and  settle  in  England, 
which  a  few  years  before  he  had  visited,  but 
the  troublesofthe  times,  and  the  approaching 
civil  wars  prevented  his  wishes.     The   invi- 
tations of  Louis  XIIl.  v/ere  not  more  success- 
ful, and  Descartes  refused  to  quit  his  retire- 
ment, though  the  Frensh  monarch  liberally 
settled   upon   him  a   pension  of  3000  livres. 
His  reputation  Avas  now   so  well  established 
that  princes  were  anxious  to  court  his  good 
opinion,  and  to  refer  their  literary  disputes 
to  his  arbitration.      He   corresponded  in   a 
friendly  manner  with  Elizabeth  the  daughter 
of  the  elector  palatine,  king  of  Bohemia  ;  and 
Christina  the  celebrated    queen   of  Sweden 
not  only  paid  the  most  flattering  testimony  to 
his  abilities,  but   pressetl   him    m   the   most 
earnest   terms  to   settle   in  her  dominions. 
Descartes  did  not  refusi-  the  liberal  invitation, 
he  came  to  Stockholm  in  October  1648,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  confidence  of  the  queen, 
whom  he  attended    every    morning   at   five 
o'clock,     to  instruct    her    in     philosopliical 
knowledge.       Sensible  of  the    merit  of  the 
learned  sti-anger,  Christina  formed  the  most 
generous  platis   for  the   instruction  and  im- 
provement of  her  subjects,  and  in  rewai'ding 
the  philosopher    with   an    handsome   estate, 
and  an   annual   pension  of  3000  crowns,  slie 
meditated   the    establishment   of   a  learned 
academy  under  Ids  ijuidancc  as  directoi-,   but 
death  prevented  these  munificent  intentions. 
Descartes  died  11th  February  1650,  aged  54. 
m=;  bodv  wa^  interred  at  Stockholtii,  but  17 


years  after  it  was  removed  to  Paris  and  de- 
posited in  the  church  of  Genevieve  du  Mont. 
He  never  was  married,  but  by  a  woman  who 
cohabited  with  him,  he  had  one  daughter, 
who  died  when  five  years  ob'.  Descartes  is 
deservedly  esteemed  as  a  man  uf  genius, 
well  acquainted  with  mathematics  and  philo- 
sophy, possessed  of  a  strong  mind  capable  of 
profound  meditation,  of  patient  inquiry,  but 
not  devoid  of  great  warmth  of  imagination. 
His  treatise  of  the  world  is  an  ingenious  X)er- 
formance,  but  the  doctrine  of  vortices  can- 
not stand  the  examination  of  trutii  and  the 
clear  demonstrations  of  the  Newtonian  phi- 
losophy. He  advanced  far  beyond  his  pre- 
decessors, ami  if  he  had  done  nothing  be- 
sides introducing  a  spirit  of  inquiry  and  a 
wish  of  examining  the  mysterious  operations 
of  nature,  he  would  have  labored  much  for 
the  benefit  of  mankind.  Piesides  the  works 
mentioned  already,  he  puljlished  a  treatise 
on  mechanics,  besides  letters,  Sic.  For  some 
of  his  improvements  in  algebra  and  geome- 
try, he  is  said  to  be  indebted  to  Thomas 
Harriot's  artis  analyticca  praxis. 

Cartier>  James,  a  Frencli  navigator, 
born  at  St.  Maloes,  who  under  the  (lirec- 
tion  of  Francis  I.  discovered  in  1  534  the  best 
part  of  Canada,  of  which  lie  published  an  ac- 
curate account. 

Cartismandua,  queen  of  the  Brigan- 
tes  in  Britain,  is  known  in  history  for  treach- 
erously betraying  Caractacus  to  the  Ro- 
mans, and  for  discarding  her  husband  Yeri- 
usius  to  marry  his  armour-bearer  "N'elocatus. 
When  her  subjects  revolted  against  her,  she 
solicited  the  assistance  of  the  Romans,  who 
thus  obtained  possession  of  the  whole  coun- 
try. 

Cartwright,  Chri.stophcr,  an  English 
divine  well  skilled  in  Hebrew.  He  was 
born  at  York  and  died  1652,  aged  50  years. 
He  wrote  Electa  Rabbinica  in  Gcnesim  &; 
Exodum  8vo.  1048  and  1653. 

Cartwright,  Tliomas,  a  puritan  of 
eminence,  born  in  Hertfordshire,  and  ed- 
ucated at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  He 
devoted  himself  so  rigorou.sly  to  study  that 
he  did  not  allow  himself  more  than  five 
hours'  sleep  in  the  night,  a  custom  from 
which  he  never  departed  through  life.  A- 
bout  1553,  he  left  Cambridge  to  be  articled 
as  a  clerk  to  a  counsellor  butin  1560  he  again 
returned  to  the  seat  of  the  mutes,  and  be- 
came fellow  of  his  own  college,  and  after- 
wards of  Trinity.  AV'hen  queen  Elizabeth 
visited  the  university,  Cartwright  wa.s  among 
the  few  men  of  learing  an<l  eloquence  Avho 
were  selected  to  dispute  before  their  sove- 
reign, but  his  popularity  as  a  preacher  and 
a  sch(,lar  was  soon  assailed  when  he  ventur- 
ed to  inveigh  against  the  ecclesiastical  gov- 
ernj-ncnt  of  the  church.  The  chancellor  of 
the  univei-sity,  sir  WiHian\  Cecil,  was  di- 
rected by  archbisliup  Grindal  to  proceed 
against  him,  and  he  was  not  only  forbidden 
to  propagate  his  doctrines,  but  deprived  of 
the  divinity  IMargarct  professorship  which 
he  held,  and  of  his  fellowship  at  Trinity 
Thus  disgraced  and  exiled  he  travelled  into 


CA 


CA 


Germany,  and  after  cstablishlnj?  a  corres- 
pondeiice  with  some  of  the  learned  men  of 
llie  times,  l»e  was  cliosen  luiuistur  of  the 
Knglish  nicrciiants  at  Aiilweri),  and  after- 
wards at  Mi(hllehurg.  Ahoiit  t\io  years  af- 
ter he  returned  to  Eiij^land  l)y  tlie  solicita- 
tions of  his  friends,  and  he  boldly  undertook 
the  defence  of  the  puritans,  by  publish- 
ing admonitions  to  the  parliament.  'Hiis 
pamphlet  became  popidar,  and  received 
li  spirited  reply  from  Dr.  Whitgift;  but 
after  a  paper  war  continued  with  more  ac- 
rimony than  moderation,  Cnrtw right  found 
it  safer  to  leave  the  kingilom,  wliilst  his 
victorious  opponent  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  ^Vorccster.  During  the  five  years  of  his 
absence,  he  officiated  as  minister  to  tlie 
English  factories,  and  he  received  a  strong 
invitation  from  James  ^'I.  of  Scotland  to  fill 
a  professorshi[»  at  St.  Andrew's,  which  he 
declined.  "When  he  ventured  to  return  to 
his  country  he  was  sent  to  prison,  but  lil)er- 
ated  by  the  interference  of  lord  Burleigh 
and  of  the  earl  of  lieicester,  the  last  of 
whom  made  him  master  of  his  newly  found- 
ed hospital  at  Warwick.  After  many  per- 
secutions on  account  of  his  tenets,  and  re- 
peated imprisonments,  which  James  of  Scot- 
land endeavored  in  vain  to  alleviate  by  ap- 
plication to  Elizabeth,  Cartwright  died  'J/th 
Dec.  1603,  in  his  G8th  year,  and  was  buried 
in  the  hospital  at  Warwick.  His  publica- 
tions were  mostly  theological,  and  displayed 
Lis  character  as  a  man  of  great  perseve- 
lance,  e.\tensive  learning,  genuine  piety, 
great  eloquence,  and  ot  a  generous,  disinter- 
ested, and  benevolent  spirit.  His  practical 
commentary  0!i  the  four  gospels,  and  his 
commentary  on  the  proverbs,  were  much 
esteemed. 

Cartwright,  William,  a  native  of 
Northway  near  Tewksbury,  educated  at 
Cirencester  and  Westminster  schools,  and 
Christ  church,  Oxford.  He  was  an  eloquent 
and  popular  preacher,  and  was  patronised 
by  bishop  Duppa.  He  was  esteemed  by  Ben 
Jonson  and  the  wits  of  the  times.  He 
•wrote  4  plays — besides  poems — sermons, 
&cc.     He  died  1644,  aged  3.1. 

Cartwright,  Thomas,  a  prelate,  born 
at  Northampton,  and  educated  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fel- 
lowship. At  the  restoration  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  and  was  made  chaplain  to  the 
king,  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  and  on 
Pierson's  death  raised  to  the  see  of  Chester. 
He  greatly  favored  the  proceedings  of.lames 
II.  whom  he  accompanied  on  his  flight  to 
France,  and  afterwards  to  Ireland.  He  di- 
ed at  Dublin  1G.S9,  aged  55,  and  was  buried 
in  great  pomp  in  Christ  churcli  there.  His 
sermons,  &c.  have  been  ])ublished. 

Carvajal,  Lawrence  de,  a  Spaniard, 
■who  Avrote  the  life  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabel- 
la, in  whose  court  lie  was  counsellor. 

Carvalho  d'acosta,  Anthony,  a  na- 
tive of  Lisbon,  eminent  for  his  knowledge 
of  mathematics,  Iiydrography,  and  astrono- 
my ;  but  more  as  tlie  author  of  a  topogra- 
nhioal  description  of  Portugal,  in  3  vols. 
VOIv.    1.  Pj^ 


folio.  To  give  accuracy  to  his  work,  he 
climbed  mountains,  traced  the  sources  of 
rivers,  an<l  exhibited  every  thing  with  dis- 
criminating judgment.  JIc  wrote  besides  a 
complete  compendium  of  geography,  and 
a  method  of  studying  astronomy.  He  died 
1715,  aged  65,  so  poor,  that  his  funeral  ex- 
penses were  publicly  defrayed. 

Carver,  Jonalban,  a  native  of  New- 
England,  who  during  the  American  war  had 
the  command  of  an  indepentlcnt  company 
of  pi'ovincials  in  the  attack  against  Canada. 
Before  that  time  he  had  visited  the  interior 
parts  of  North-America,  of  which  he  pu]>- 
lished  an  interesting  account  in  London, 
irrO.  He  was,  however,  abandoned  by  his 
friends,  because  he  lent  his  name  to  a  cer- 
tain comi)ilation,  and  for  some  time  sup- 
ported himself  and  his  family  in  the  hum- 
ble appointment  of  clerk  to  the  lottery. 
He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  the  culture  of 
tobacco.  He  died  in  1780,  it  is  said,  for 
want  of  the  common  necessaries  of  hfe, 
aged  48. 

Carus,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror after  the  death  of  Probus,  283.  He 
defeated  the  Persians  and  Sarmasians,  and 
was  killed  in  his  tent  by  lightning,  or,  as 
some  assert,  his  tent  was  set  on  fire  by  his 
servants. 

Cary,  Robert,  was  born  at  Cookington, 
Devon,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  wliere  he 
became  L.L.D.  1644.  He  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  Porllemouth  in  Devonshire, 
and  for  some  time  inclined  to  the  tenets  ot* 
the  presbyterians,  of  whose  provincial  meet- 
ings he  was  chosen  moderator.  Upon  tlie 
restoration  he  congratulated  Charles  II.  and. 
was  made  archdeacon  of  Exeter;  but  he 
was  ejected  in  1664,  by  the  influence  or  in- 
trigues of  some  of  his  enemies,  and  continu- 
ed afterwards  in  retirement  at  his  rectory 
where  he  died  in  1688,  aged  73.  He  pub- 
lished a  chronological  account  of  ancient 
times,  in  fol.  1677. 

Cary,  Lucius,  eldest  son  of  Henry  first 
viscount  Falkland,  was  born  at  Burford, 
Oxfordshire,  1610,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  andSt.  John's,  Cam- 
bridge. After  visiting  the  continent  he  set- 
tled within  ten  miles  of  Oxford  ;  but  though 
master  of  a  most  ample  fortune  by  the  lib- 
erality of  his  grandfather,  he  did  not  devote 
his  time  to  frivolous  or  intemperate  pur- 
suits; but  to  improve  the  powers  of  his 
mind,  he  courted  the  company  and  the  cou- 
versation  of  the  most  learned  men  of  the 
university.  So  laborious  were  his  studies, 
that  before  he  reached  his  23d  year,  he  had 
read  all  the  Greek  and  Latin  fathers.  He 
did  not,  ho.\ever,  neglect  public  atfairs,  he 
served  in  tJie  army  of  Essex  as  a  volunteer 
against  the  Scots,  and  in  1640  was  chosen 
member  of  parliament  for  Newport,  Hants, 
a  place  which  he  again  represented  in  the 
next  parliament.  In  this  new  scene  the  can- 
dor of  the  commons  seemed  so  fair  and 
plausible,  that  the  unsuspecting  Falkland 
ihveighed  against  the  arbitrary  measures  of 
the  courts  and  declared  himself  a  warm  ati- 


CA 


QA 


oration  of  Aristides'  Greek  oratlou  in  praise 
of  Rome — a  Latin  oration  in  praise  of  Greek 
learning  1504,  &c. 

Cartes,  Renedes,  a  celebrated  French 
philosopher,  born  at  la   Haye  in    Touraine, 
31st  March  159fi,  and  educated  by  tlie  Jesu- 
its of  la  Fleche.     His   father,   wlio   was  of  a 
iio])le  family,  urged  liini  early    to  pursue  a 
military  life,  and  heat  last  complied  by  en- 
tering into   the    service    of    the    prince   of 
Orange  1616.      Literature  and   pliilosophy, 
however,  stdl  continued  his  favorite  pursuits 
amidst  the    dissipation     and   bustle    of   the 
camp,  and  during   the    truce   between  the 
Spaniards  and  the  Dutch  whilst  in  the  garri- 
son at  Dreda,  he  displayed  his  great  superi- 
ority of  mathematical  knowledge,   and   pub- 
lished a  Latin  treatise  on  music,  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  future  woiks.     In  1619  he 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia, and  two  years  after,  upon  the  death  of 
his  general,  count  Bucquoy  in  the  Hungarian 
campaign,  he  quitted  the  army,  and   travel- 
led through  tlie  various  countries  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Baltic.     Upon  his  return  to  Pa- 
i"is,  and  after  visiting  Switzerland  and  Italy, 
lie  applied  liimself  to  the  study  of  philosophy 
with  uncommon  ardor,  but  he  seemed  to  be 
in  an  unsettled  wavering  state  by  frequently 
changing  his  habitation,   and  fixing  his  resi- 
dence sometimes  at  Amsterdam,  sometimes 
near  Franeker,  and  sometimes  at  Deventer. 
In  1637  appeared  his  four  treatises  concerning 
method,  dioptrics,  meteors,  and  geometiy, 
and    about  this    time  he  received  a  friend- 
ly and  pressing  invitation  from  sir  Charles 
Cavendish   to    come  and   settle  in  England, 
which  a  few  years  before  he  had  visited,  but 
the  troubles  of  the  times,  and  the  approaching 
civil  wars  prevented  his  wishes.     The   invi- 
tations of  Louis  XIII.  were  not  more  success- 
ful, and  Descartes  refused  to  quit  his  retire- 
ment, though  the  Frensli  monarch  liberally 
settled   upon   him  a   pension  of  3000  livres. 
His  reputation  was  now   so  well  established 
that  princes  were  anxious  to  court  his  good 
opinion,  and  to  refer  their  literary  disputes 
to  his  arbitration.      He   corresponded  in   a 
friendly  manner  with  Elizabeth  the  daughter 
of  the  elector  palatine,  king  of  Bohemia  ;  and 
Christina  the  celebrated   <iueen   of  Sweden 
not  only  paid  the  most  flattering  testimony  to 
his  abilities,  but   presse<l   him    m   the   most 
earnest   terms  to   settle   in  her  dominions. 
Descartes  did  not  refuse  the  liberal  invitation, 
he  carae  to  Stockholm  in  October   lOiS,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  confidence  of  the  queen, 
whom  he  attended    every    morning   at   five 
o'clock,     to  instruct    her    in     philosoplncal 
knowledge.       Sensible  of  the   merit  of  the 
learned  stranger,  Christina  formed  the  most 
generous  plans   for  the   instruction  and  im- 
provement of  her  subjects,  and  in  rewarding 
the  philosopher   with  an    handsome  estate, 
and  an   annual  pension  of  3000  crowns,  slie 
meditated   tlie    establishment   of   a  learned 
academy  under  his  guidance  as  directoj-,   bnt 
death  prevented  these  munificent  intentions. 
Descartes  died  11th  February  1650,  aged  54. 
His  body  wa3  interred  at  Stockholm,  but  17 


years  after  it  was  removed  to  Paris  and  de- 
posited in  the  church  of  Genevieve  tlu  Mont. 
He  never  was  married,  but  by  a  woman  who 
cohabited  with  him,  he  had  one  daughter, 
who  died  when  five  years  o^'.  Descartes  is 
deservedly  esteemed  as  a  man  of  genius, 
well  acquainted  with  mathematics  and  philo- 
sophy, possessed  of  a  strong  mind  capable  of 
profound  meditation,  of  palient  inquiry,  but 
not  devoid  of  great  warmth  of  imagination. 
His  treatise  of  the  world  is  an  ingenious  per- 
formance, but  the  doctrine  of  vortices  can- 
not stand  the  examination  of  truth  and  the 
clear  demonstrations  of  the  Newtonian  phi- 
losophy. He  advanced  far  beyond  his  pre- 
decessors, ami  if  he  had  done  nothing  be- 
sides introducing  a  spirit  of  inquiry  and  a 
wish  of  examining  the  mysterious  operations 
of  nature,  he  would  have  labored  much  for 
the  benefit  of  mankind.  Piesides  the  works 
mentioned  already,  he  published  a  treatise 
on  mechanics,  besides  letters.  Sec.  For  some 
of  his  improvements  in  algebra  and  geome- 
try, he  is  said  to  be  indebted  to  Thomas 
Harriot's  artis  analyticcs  praxis. 

Cartier>  James,  a  French  navigator, 
born  at  St.  Maloes,  who  under  the  (lirec- 
tion  of  Francis  I.  discovereil  in  1534  the  best 
part  of  Canada,  of  which  he  published  an  ac- 
curate account. 

Cartismandua,  queen  of  the  Brigan- 
tes  in  Britain,  is  known  in  history  for  treach- 
erously betraying  Caractacus  to  the  Ro- 
mans, and  for  discarding  her  husband  Yen- 
usius  to  marry  Ids  armour-bearer  Velocatus. 
When  her  subjects  revolted  against  her,  she 
solicited  the  assistance  of  the  Romans,  who 
thus  obtained  possession  of  tlie  whole  coun- 
try. 

Cartwright,  Christoplicr,  an  English 
divine  well  skilled  in  Hebrew.  He  was 
born  at  York  and  died  165'2,  aged  50  years. 
He  wrote  Electa  Rabbinica  in  Genesim  &c 
Exodum  8vo.  1648  and  1653. 

Cartwright,  Tliomas,  a  puritan  of 
eminence,  born  in  Hertfordshire,  and  ed- 
ucated at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge.  He 
devoted  himself  so  rigorously  to  study  that 
he  did  not  allow  himself  more  than  five 
hours'  sleep  in  the  night,  a  custom  from 
which  he  never  departed  through  life.  A- 
boutl553,  he  left  Cambridge  to  be  articled 
as  a  clerk  to  a  counsellor  but  in  1560  he  again 
returned  to  the  seat  of  the  mutes,  and  be- 
came fellow  of  his  own  college,  and  after- 
wards of  Trinity.  When  queen  Elizabeth 
visited  the  university,  Cartwright  wa.s  among 
the  few  men  of  learing  and  eloquence  who 
were  selected  to  dispute  before  their  sove- 
reign, but  his  popularity  as  a  preacher  and 
a  sch(-lar  was  soon  assailed  when  he  ventur- 
ed to  inveigh  against  the  ecclesiastical  gov- 
ernment of  the  church.  The  chancellor  of 
the  Tiniversity,  sir  William  Cecil,  was  di- 
rected by  archbisliup  Grindal  to  proceed 
against  him,  and  he  was  not  only  forbidden 
to  propagate  his  doctrines,  but  dcpi-lved  of 
the  divinity  ^Margaret  professorship  which 
he  held,  and  of  his  fellowsliip  at  Trinity 
Thus  disgi'aced  and  exiled  he  travelled  into 


CA 


CA 


Germany,  and  after  establishing  a  corres- 
pondence  with  some  of  the  learned  men  of 
llie  tiroes,  lie  was  cliosen  minister  of  the 
Englisli  mcrcliants  at  Antwerp,  and  after- 
wards at  Middleliurej.  About  two  years  af- 
ter he  returned  to  England  hy  the  solicita- 
tions of  his  friends,  antl  ho  boldly  undertook 
the  <lefence  of  tin;  puritans,  by  publish- 
ing admonitions  to  the  parliament.  This 
pamphlet  became  popular,  and  i-eceived 
a  spirited  reply  from  Dr.  Whitgift;  but 
after  a  paper  wai'  cotitinued  m  ith  more  ac- 
rimony than  moderation,  Cnrtw right  found 
it  safer  to  leave  the  kingdom,  whilst  his 
victorious  opponent  vas  raised  to  the  see 
of  AVorcester.  During  the  five  years  of  his 
.Mbsence,  he  officiated  as  minister  to  the 
English  factories,  and  he  received  a  strong 
invitation  from  James  \l.  of  Scotland  to  fill 
a  professorshi[)  at  St.  Andrew's,  wliich  he 
declined.  "When  he  ventured  to  return  to 
his  country  he  was  sent  to  prison,  but  liber- 
ated by  the  interference  of  lord  Burleigh 
and  of  the  earl  of  lieicester,  the  last  of 
whom  made  him  master  of  his  newly  found- 
ed hospital  at  Warwick.  After  many  per- 
secutions on  account  of  his  tenets,  and  re- 
peated imprisonments,  which  James  of  Scot- 
land endeavored  in  vain  to  alleviate  by  ap- 
plication to  Elizabeth,  Cartwright  died  '2rth 
Dec.  1G03,  in  his  G8th  year,  and  was  buried 
in  the  hospital  at  Warwick.  His  publica- 
tions were  mostly  theological,  and  displayed 
Lis  character  as  a  man  of  great  perseve- 
lance,  extensive  learning,  genuine  piety, 
great  eloquence,  and  of  a  generous,  disinter- 
ested, and  benevolent  spirit.  His  practical 
commentary  on  the  four  gospels,  and  his 
commenlai'y  on  the  proverbs,  were  much 
esteemed. 

Cautwkight,  William,  a  native  of 
Northway  near  Tewksbury,  educated  at 
Cirencester  and  Westminster  schools,  and 
Christ  church,  Oxford.  He  was  an  eloquent 
and  popular  preacher,  and  was  patronised 
by  bishop  Duppa.  He  was  esteemed  by  Ben 
Jonson  and  the  wits  of  the  times.  lie 
wrote  4  plays — besides  poems — sermons, 
ice.     He  died  1644,  aged  5:3. 

Cartwright,  Thomas,  a  prelate,  born 
at  Northampton,  and  educated  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxfoi'd,  where  he  obtained  a  fel- 
lowsiiip.  At  the  restoration  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.  D.  and  was  made  chaplain  to  the 
king,  and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's,  and  on 
Pierson's  death  raised  to  the  see  of  Chester. 
He  greatly  favored  the  proceedings  ofJames 
II.  whom  he  accompanied  on  his  flight  to 
France,  and  afterwards  to  Ireland.  He  di- 
ed at  Dublin  1G!^9,  aged  55,  and  was  buried 
in  great  pomp  in  Christ  church  there.  His 
sermons,  &c.  have  been  ])ublished. 

Carvajal,  liawrcnce  de,  a  Spaniard, 
who  wrote  the  life  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabel- 
la, in  whose  court  he  was  counsellor. 

Carvalho  d'acosta,  Anthony,  a  na- 
tive of  Lisbon,  eminent  for  his  knowledge 
of  mathematics,  hydrography,  and  astrono- 
my ;  but  more  as  the  author  of  a  topogra- 
nhioal  description  of  Portugal,  in  .3  vols. 
VOJ-..    I.  3^ 


folio.  To  give  accuracy  to  his  work,  he 
climbed  mountains,  traced  the  sources  of 
rivers,  and  exhibited  every  thing  with  dis- 
criminating judgment.  He  wrote  besides  a 
complete  compendium  of  geography,  and 
a  method  »)f  studying  astronomy.  He  died 
1715,  aged  G5,  so  poor,  that  his  funei'ul  ex- 
penses were  publicly  defraye<l. 

Carver,  Jonathan,  a  native  of  New- 
England,  who  during  the  American  war  hail 
the  command  of  an  independent  company 
of  pi'ovincials  in  the  attack  against  Canada. 
Before  that  time  he  had  visited  the  interim- 
parts  of  North-America,  of  which  he  pul>- 
lished  an  interesting  account  in  London, 
irrG.  He  was,  however,  al)a»idoned  by  his 
IVienJs,  because  he  lent  his  name  to  a  cer- 
tain compilation,  and  for  some  time  sup- 
ported himself  and  his  family  in  the  hum- 
ble appointment  of  clerk  to  the  lottery. 
He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  the  culture  of 
tobacco.  He  died  in  1780,  it  is  said,  for 
want  of  the  common  necessaries  of  hfe, 
aged  48. 

Carus,  ^Marcus  Aurelius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror after  the  death  of  Probus,  '283.  He 
defeated  the  Persians  and  Sarmasians,  and 
was  killed  in  his  tent  by  lightning,  or,  as 
some  assert,  his  tent  was  set  on  lire  by  his 
servants. 

Cary,  Kobert,  was  born  at  Cookington, 
Devon,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  wliere  ho 
became  L.L.D.  IG44.  He  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  Portlemouth  in  Devonshire, 
and  for  some  time  inclined  to  the  tenets  of 
the  presbytei'ians,  of  whose  provincial  meet- 
ings he  was  cliosen  moderator.  Upon  the 
restoration  he  congratulated  Charles  II.  and. 
was  made  archdeacon  of  Exeter;  but  he 
was  ejected  in  1G64,  by  the  influence  or  in- 
trigues of  some  of  bis  enemies,  and  continu- 
ed afterwards  in  retirement  at  his  rectory 
where  he  died  in  IG88,  aged  73.  He  pub- 
lished a  chronological  account  of  ancient 
times,  in  fol.  1677. 

Gary,  Lucius,  eldest  son  of  Henry  first 
viscount  P'alkland,  was  born  at  Burford, 
O.xfordshire,  1610,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  andSt.  John's,  Cam- 
bridge. After  visiting  the  continent  he  set- 
tled within  ten  miles  of  Oxford  ;  but  though 
master  of  a  most  ample  fortune  by  the  lib- 
erality of  his  grandfather,  he  did  not  devote 
his  time  to  frivolous  or  intemperate  pur- 
suits; but  to  improve  the  powers  of  his 
mind,  he  courted  the  company  and  the  con- 
versation of  the  most  learned  men  of  the 
university.  So  laborious  were  his  studies 
that  before  he  readied  his  23d  year,  he  had 
read  all  the  Greek  an<l  Latin  fathers.  He 
did  not,  however,  neglect  public  affairs,  he 
served  in  tl)e  army  of  Essex  as  a  volunteer 
against  the  Scots,  and  in  1640  was  choseu 
member  of  jjarliament  for  Xewport,  Hants, 
a  place  which  he  again  represented  in  the 
next  parliament.  In  this  new  scene  the  can- 
dor of  the  commons  seemed  so  fair  and 
plausible,  that  the  unsuspecting  Falkland 
ihveighed  against  the  arbitrary  measures  of 
the  courts  and  declared  himself  a  warm  atj- 


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Yocatc  for  the  prosecution  of  Strafford,  and 
of  Finch,  and  for  the  exclusion  of  the  bish- 
ops from  the  house  of  peers.  But  reflection 
Avroughta  change  in  liis  pohtical  sentiments, 
and  the  next  time  that  the  disquaUfication  of 
the  bishops  -h  as  mentioned  in  the  house,  he 
opposed  it  >viLh  firmness  and  dignity.  On 
this  occasion  indeed  his  sincerity  was  suspect- 
ed, hut  the  goodness  of  his  heart  forbad 
the  aspersion  of  liis  character,  and  when  he 
received  Avith  indifference  the  compliments 
Cjf  the  court  to  his  loyalty,  and  manfully  re- 
jected the  honors  and  offices  v.hich  the  sove- 
reign proposed  to  confer  upon  liim,  it  then 
became  evident  that  his  conduct  was  the  ef- 
fect of  principle  and  not  of  party.  To  re- 
peated solicitations  he  at  last  however  yield- 
e<l,  and  became  secretary  to  the  king;  but 
in  this  high  office,  he  refused  to  follow  the 
practice  of  his  predecessors,  in  encouraging 
and  maintaining  spies,  and  in  opening  sus- 
pected letters.  Eager  to  support  the  cause 
of  loyalty,  he  not  only  signed  with  other 
lords  a  declaration,  that  the  king's  intentions 
were  friendly  to  the  parliament,  but  he  le- 
vied some  soldiers  for  his  service.  When 
he  was  at  Oxford  with  the  king,  he  accom- 
panied him  to  the  public  library,  and  Charier., 
desirous  to  make  a  trial  of  his  fortune  by  the 
Soi'tes  Virgiliauie,  opened  a  Virgil,  where 
he  read  that  passage  in  the  615th  and  follow- 
ing lines  of  the  4th  book  of  the  iEneid  which 
contains  the  dreadful  imprecation  of  Dido 
against  JEneas.  The  words  were  so  awful- 
ly striking,  and  painted  the  king's  fate  so 
f'athetically,  that  he  felt  the  application,  and 
"alkland  to  divert  his  attention  expressed 
liis  wish  to  try  his  fortune  too,  and  show 
liow  pueiTJe  it  would  be  to  dwell  too  much 
upon  such  accidental  things.  The  passage 
upon  which  he  fixed  his  eyes  began  at  tlie 
15iM  line  of  the  11th  jEneiO^  and  in  the  la- 
mentations of  Evander  on  the  untimely  fall 
of  his  favorite  son  Pallas,  was  remarkably 
prophetic  of  the  melancholy  fate  which  a- 
■waitcd  him.  The  kindling  of  the  civil  wars 
and  the  violence  of  party  seemed  to  operate 
poAverfuUy  upon  Iiia  mind  ;  instead  of  a  se- 
rene, ])lacid,  and  lively  countenance,  he  now 
betrayed  gloominess,  inward  sorrovv-,  and 
dejection.  Reserve  succeeded  to  an  affable 
behaviour;  the  negligence  of  his  dress  and 
person  fully  evinced  the  great  perturbation 
of  his  soul,  and  often  in  the  midst  of  the 
deepest  silence  he  would  in  agonizing  accents 
exclaim  peace  peace!  Though  obliged  by  his 
oflice  to  be  near  the  king's  person,  yet  he 
frequently  exposed  himself  in  the  thickest  of 
the  battle,  and  observed  to  his  fi'iends,  who 
wished  to  check  his  ardor,  that  his  impa- 
tience for  peace  proceeded  not  frojn  pusillan- 
imity. In  the  morning  of  the  battle  of  New- 
bury, it  is  said,  that  with  a  cheerful  counte- 
nance he  assured  his  followers,  that,  weary 
of  the  times,  he  probably  would  leave  them 
before  night.  He  dressed  himself  in  a  clean 
shirt,  obsernng  that  should  he  be  slain,  his 
body  shmdd  not  be  found  in  foul  linen  ;  then 
putting  himself  in  the  first  ranks  of  IoimI  By- 
i'On's  regiment,  he  rushed  on   the  enemy. 


and  was  soon  alter  shot  with  a  musquet  in 
tlie  lower  part  of  the  belly,  and  falling  from 
his  hoi'se  remained  under  heaps  of  slain  till 
the  next  morning.  This  illusti'ious  charac- 
ter, who  thus  fell  in  liis  34th  year  in  the  de- 
fence of  his  king,  was  univei'sally  respected 
as  one  of  the  brightest  ornaments  of  the  age. 
His  mind  was  amply  stored  with  all  the  rich- 
es of  ancient  and  modern  literature,  and  the 
goodness  of  his  heart  was  equal  to  the  vast  re- 
sources of  his  mind.  Mild  and  gentle  in  his 
manners,  pious,  virtuous,  charitable,  and  re- 
ligious in  his  conduct,  he  was  admired  evea 
by  his  enemies.  He  was  so  attached  to  jus- 
tice and  probity,  that  lilie  Epaminondas,  he 
turned  with  abliorrence  from  every  appear- 
ance of  deceit  and  falsehood,  and  so  constant 
and  pertinacious  in  his  purposes  that  neither 
threats  norintreaties  could  change  him  from 
what  he  considered  as  becoming  his  dignity 
and  the  cause  which  fronr  conviction  he  had 
espoused.  In  his  person  he  Avas  small  and  of 
no  great  strength,  his  hair  was  blackish  and 
somewhat  flaggy,  and  his  eye  black  and  live- 
ly. He  was  buried  in  great  Tew  church, 
Oxfordshire.  His  saying  was,  that  he  pitied  un- 
learned gentlemen  in  a  rainy  day.  He  is  the 
author  of  some  poems — speeches  in  parlia- 
ment— a  discourse  on  episcopacy — on  the 
infallibility  of  the  church  of  llome — and 
other  pieces. 

Gary,  Henry,  earl  of  Monmouth,  grand- 
son to  lord  Hunsdon,  Avas  cousin-german  to 
Elizabeth,  and  Avas  educated  with  Charles 
I.  He  suffered  greatly  by  the  civil  Avars. 
He  translated  from  various  authors  sevea 
folios,  tAvo  octavos,  and  a  12mo.  and  died. 
13th  June,  1661,  aged  65. 

Cary,  Felix,  a  learned  French  writer,  of 
the  academy  of  INlarseillies.  He  Avrote  aa 
history  of  ^j^larseilles,  of  Thrace,  and  the 
Bosphorus  by  medals.  He  died  1754,  aged 
55. 

Caryl,  Joseph,  a  learned  nonconformist, 
who  wrote  a  tedious  commentary  on  Job,  iii 
three  vols.  4to.  He  was  for  some  time  mem 
ber  of  Exeter  college,  and  was  a  popular 
preacher  at  Lincoln's-inn,  and  some  j'ears 
after  at  St.  ]Magnus,  London-bridge.  He 
Avas  in  favor  Avith  CromAvel!,  whom  he  at- 
tended as  chaplain  in  Scotland,  Avith  Dr. 
OAven.  He  published  several  sermons,  and 
died  1673. 

Caryl L,  John,  a  Roman  catholic,  proba- 
bly born  in  Sussex.  He  Avas  secretary  to 
Mary,  queen  of  James  II.  and  he  followed 
the  fortunes  of  his  fugitive  master,  by 
whom  he  was  knighted,  and  created  earl 
Caryll,  baron  Dartford.  He  was  in  Eogland 
in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  and  Avas  inti- 
mate Avith  Pope,  to  whom  he  I'ecommend- 
ed  the  subject  of  the  Rape  of  the  Lock,  a 
poem  Avhich  the  poet  inscril)cd  to  his  catho- 
lic friend.  He  wrote  two  plays,  besides  a 
translation  of  the  psalms  of  David,  Sec.  He 
was  living  in  1717. 

Casa,  John  de,  an  Italian  Avriter  of  the 
16th  century,  born  at  Florence.  He  Avas 
engaged  in  various  negotiations  under  the 
Iiopes,  at  A'"enice  ant:!  other  place?,  and  Avar 


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Piadc  archbishop  of  Benevcnto  1544'.  His 
Morks,  in  Laliii  and  llalian,  were  niuch  es- 
teemed, and  parliciilarly  amunf;;  these  his 
— Galateus,  stu  do  moi-inn  elcf^antia,  a 
poem  printed  at  Hanover  with  notes  in  8vo. 
1G03.  He  wj'ote  besiiles  some  beantiiul  Ital- 
ian pocins,  llie  lives  of  canlinals  Coiitarini 
and  iJeml)0,  and  various  otlier  works,  col- 
lected together  at  N'eniccin  5  vols.  4to.  17'28. 
Thongh  a  cardinal  lie  was  dissolute  in  his 
manners,  and  had  a  natural  son  whom  he 
calleil  ^inirino.  He  was  suspected  of  being 
concerned  with  cardinal  Farnese,  lor  which 
lie  was  disgraced  by  i)ope  Julius  IH.  but  af- 
terwards restored  to  favor  by  Paul  IV.  and 
made  secretary  of  state.  He  died  at  Uome, 
1556,  aged  5;). 

Casanova,  Mark  Anthony,  a  Latin 
poet  of  Home,  who  in  liis  imitations  of  Mar- 
tial displayed  great  keenness  of  satire,  and 
severity  of  wit.  He  also  imitated  Catullus 
in  the  illustrious  characters  of  ancient  Rome. 
His  poems  are  in  the  Dcliciie  poctarum  Ital- 
orum.     He  died  1527. 

Casas,  Bartholomew   de  las,  a  native  of 
Seville,  who  at   the  age  of  19   accom])anie<l 
his  father  in   the  expedition  of  Columbus  to 
the  West-Indies,  in  1493.     On  his  return  to 
Europe  he   became   an   ecclesiastic,  and  in 
his  future  api>ointments  in  (^uba,  he  began  to 
display  that  humanity   and  those  benevolent 
feelings  which  do  such  honor  to  his  heart  as 
the  friend  and  advocate  of  the  poor  Indians 
■whom  the  cruelty  of  his  countrymen  oppres- 
sed and  murdered.     INIore    fully  to    plead 
their  cause  he  appeared  before  Charles  V. 
and  unfolded  such  a  tale  of  misery  and  per- 
secution, that  the   commiserating  monHrch 
made  severe  ordinances  to  punish  the  cruel- 
ty of  his   governors,  and  protect  the   inno- 
cence of  his  Indian  subjects.     These  scenes 
of  horrors  however   were  too  far   removed 
from   Europe,  to  be    effectually    checked, 
and  in  spite  of  the  remonstrances  of  las  Ca- 
sas, and  the  decrees  of  Charles,  the  Indians 
were    tortured,    plundered,    and   wantonl)' 
put  to   death.     Even   a  doctor,   Sepulvedo, 
■was  found  to  defend  the  conduct  of  the  Span- 
iards, l)y   the  example   of  the  Israelites  to- 
wards the  people  of  Canaan.     But  this  hor- 
I'ible   book,  tljough    printed   at  Itome,  was 
proscribed  in  Spain,  and  ably  refuted  by  las 
Casas  now  made  bishop    of  Chiapa.      Soto 
the  king's  confessor  was  at  last  appointed  W^ 
examine  the   alleg.nlions  of  las  Casas  against 
the   Spaniards,    but  multiplicity    of   .affairs 
prevented  Charles  from  'adopting  that  system 
of  humanity    which  becomes  the  father  and 
guardian  of  a  people.     After  more  than  50 
years  spent   in  alleviating  the    distresses  of 
the  Indians,  las  Casas  at  last,  worn  out  with 
infirmities,  left  America   in  1551,  and    re- 
turned  to   Madrid,    where    he  died    1566. 
This  benevolent   and    truly   good    christian 
did  not  escape  the  jealousy  and  persecution 
of  his  ungrateful  country  ;  though  engaged 
at  rU  times   in   every   act  of  charity  he  was 
represented  in  odious  colors  to  the   court, 
by  the  malace  of  those  tyrannical  governors 
u'hcse  (iPUcUr^s  he  ^n-posed   to  public  view. 


His  "  destruction  of  the  Indians"  ii.is  heeii 
translated  into.scveval  languages, and  together 
with  his  rights  of  sovereigns  and  subjects, 
and  his  other  writings,  it  shows  him  to  have 
been  a  most  pious  and  amial>le  character. 

(!asaii,  Paul,  a  native  of  Placentia, 
who  dieil  at  Parma  1707,  aged  90.  He  was 
one  of  the  .lesnits,  an<l  his  great  learning  re- 
commended him  to  (piec.n  Christina  of 
Sweden,  whom  he  i)ersiiaded  to  abjure  her 
religion  and  (urn  ratholic.  His  writings  are 
mostly  on  mathematical  subjects,  besides  a 
valuable  treatise  on  o[>tics,  which  he  wrote, 
when  8S  years  old,  and  bliuil. 

Casaubon,  Isaac,  a  learned  critic,  horn 
at  Ceneva  18tli  Februsiry  1559.     He  studied 
at   (Geneva,    and    displayed   such   powers  of 
mind  that,  at  the  age  of  25,  he  succeeded 
his   master   Poi-tius  in   tlie    chair  of  Greek 
professor.     He  published  in  1583,  his  notes 
oTi  ]3iogcnes  Laertius,   which   he  dedicated 
to  his  father,  and  the  next  year  appeared  his 
lectures  on   Theocritus,  inscribed  to  Henry 
Stephens  the   printer,   m  hose  daughter   he 
married  in  15 SO.     In  1587  he  puljlished  his 
coiTimentary   on  Strabu,  and  his  new  testa- 
ment ;  the  next  year  his  notes  on  Dionysius 
Halicarnassus  ;  and  the  next  year   notes  on 
Polyxnus  ;  and  the  ye;ir  aiter,  his  edition  of 
Ai'istotle.     The  following  years  were  equal- 
ly prolitic  in  learned  labors,   till  in  1596,  he 
exchanged  his  situation  for  a  professorship 
at  Montpelicr,  but  here  he  was  disappoint- 
ed, till  after  visiting  Paris,  and  being  intro- 
duced  to  Henry  IV".  he  was  promised  pat- 
ronage from  the  coui't.     The  monarch  how- 
ever was  thwarted  in  his  wishes  to  provide 
for  Casaubon,  by  the  jealousy  of  the  literati  of 
Paris,  and  unsble   to  give  him  a  professor- 
ship, he  appointed  him  one  of  the  protestant 
ju<lges  at  the   conference    between    bishop 
Perron  and  du  Pl^ssis  Mornay.     Some  time 
after  he  was  made  librarian  to  tlie  king,  with 
a   liberal    pension,  and  while   he  employed 
himself  in  writing  annotations  on  the  classics, 
he  devoted  some  of  his  time  to   the  Arabic, 
language,    and    acquired     such    proficiency 
that  he   completed    a  dictionary,  and  trans- 
lated some  of  the  authors  into   Latin.     Hen- 
vy,  who  admired   the  leai-ning  of  Casaubon, 
wished  him  to  become  a  catholic,  and  recom- 
mended hira  to  hold  a  conference  w  ith  T*er- 
ron,    which,  instead  of  shaking,   established 
more  iirmly  his  faith  as  a  protestant.     Cas- 
aubon, who   had    published    at    Lyons    his 
Athenaius  under  the  patronage  of  his  friend 
de  A  icq,  now    gave  to  the  world  his    Poly- 
biiis  in  1609,  with  a  dedication  to  the  king, 
much  admired  as  a  master  piece  of  its  kind. 
The  death  of  his  patron  from  whom  he  ex- 
pected a  more  liberal  remuneration,  and  at 
the  same  time  liis    religion,  induced  him  (o 
abandon    France  for  a  residence  in  England. 
His  reputation  preceded   him,   he  reached 
England  in  October  1610,  and  was  honorably 
I'cceived   by  James,    who  admitted   him    to 
Ids  table,  granted  him  a  pension  of  ;>00/.  and 
made  him  prebendary    of  Westminster  and 
of    Canterbury.      He    did   wot     long  enjoy 
these  miirks  ofi'oyal  favor,  he  fell  a  "victim 


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to  a  violent  disorder  in  the  bladder  July  1st, 
1614,  in  his  55th  year,  and  -was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey.  He  was  father  t)(  20 
children  by  his  vife. 

Casavbo-N,  Meric,  sonofthe  precedi«ig, 
was  born  at  Geneva  14th  August  1599.  lie 
■was  educated  first  at  Sedan,  and  afterwards, 
when  his  father  came  to  England,  at  Chi  ist 
church,  vhere  he  became  student,  and  took 
his  degrees.  His  defence  of  his  father  against 
the  catholics  in  162 J,  made  him  known  to 
king  James,  and  sometime  after  he  was  pre- 
sented to  the  living  of  Bledon  in  Somerset- 
shiie  Lv  bisho;;  Andrews,  and  1628  to  a  pre- 
bend of  Cantcrburj-,  and  afterwards  to  other 
benefices  by  the  patronage  of  his  friend 
IjHud.  The  vi(;lence  of  the  civil  wars,  how- 
ever, robbed  him  of  all  his  prefei'raent,  and 
he  v.HS  not  only  persecuted  as  a  suspicious 
person, batimprisoned.  Cromwell, who kncM 
his  abilities,  wished  to  engage  him  to  write 
an  account  of  the  civil  wars,  but  though  he 
was  poor  and  distressed  he  not  only  x-efused 
the  employment,  but  rejected  with  disdain 
the  oifers  of  a  present,  and  the  promise  of  a 
lib.°ial  pension.  He  was  also  solicited  by 
Christina  of  Sweden  to  come  and  preside 
ov?r  her  univei'sities,  with  a  handsome  sala- 
ry, but  he  declined  the  honorable  offer,  and 
chjse  rather  to  live  in  England,  though 
without  the  prospect  of  future  independence 
At  the  restoi'ation,  Casaubonwas  reinstituted 
in  all  his  ecclesiastical  preferments,  which 
he  enjoyed  till  his  death,  July  4th,  1671,  in 
his  72d  year.  He  had  several  children,  but 
none  of  them  became  known  in  the  world. 
His  talents  were  very  great  as  a  scholar  and 
a  critic,  as  liis  editions  of  the  classics  and  his 
many  other  publications  fully  pi'ove.  It  is 
however  singular  that  he  should  defend  the 
existence  of  witches,  in  a  relation  of  what 
passed  between  Dr.  John  Uee  and  some 
spirits. 

Caschi,  a  learned  Mahometan,  known 
as  an  eloquent  preacher  at  Medina,  and  as 
the  author  of  some  commentaries  on  the 
Koran. 

Caschiri,  a  Mahometan,  author  of  the 
lives  of  mussulman  saints,  and  some  ingenious 
fictions  and  spiritual  allegories — There  is 
another  of  the  same  name,  who  died  in  the 
year  of  the  hegira  261. 

Case,  Thomas  A.M.  a  nonconformist, 
during  the  civil  wars,  who  wrote  and  preach- 
ed against  the  royalists.  He  was  born  at 
Boxley  in  Kent,  and  educated  at  Christ 
church.  He  was  at  one  time  minister  of  St. 
Mary  Magdalene,  Milk-street,  and  after- 
wards of  St.  Giles'  in  the  fields,  and  was  im- 
prisoned six  months  in  the  tower  for  con- 
spiring in  Love's  plot  against  the  indepen- 
dent government.  He  waited  with  other 
ministers  on  Charles  in  1660,  at  the  Hague, 
and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  at  the  Sa- 
voy. He  died  30th  May  1682,  aged  84  years. 
His  works  are  chiefly  sermons. 

Case,  John,  a  native  of  Lyme  In  Dor- 
setshire, known  as  an  empyric  and  astrologer 
and  as  the  successor  of  Lilly.  He  wrote  the 
angelical  g'lide,  showing  men  and  women 


their  lot  and  chance  in  tliis  elementa"y  life 
1697,  Svo.  But  his  celebrity  arose  from  the 
success  of  his  pills,  which  were  recommend- 
ed to  his  customers  with  this  elegant  distich, 

"  Here's  fourteen  pills  for  thirteen  pence 

*'  Enough  in  any  man's  own  conscience.'* 
His  door  was  pointed  out  to  the    inquiring 
patients  by  these  two  lines  which  are  said  to 
have  procured  moiT  money  than  all  the  ver- 
ses wliich  Dryden  ever  wrote. 
"  Within  this  place 
**  Lives  doctor  Case." 
Once  at  a  tavern  doctor  Kadcliffe  in  a  jocu- 
lar mood  pledged  him  with  "  here,  brother 
Case,  I  drink  to  all  the   fools  your  patients." 
"  Thank  you,    replied  the  empiric,  let   me 
have  all    the   fools,  and   you  may  take  the 
rest." 

Casel,  John,  a  native  ofGottingen,  the 
pupil  of  Melancthon  and  Camerariu.s.  He 
took  his  degrees  at  Pisa,  and  was  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  philosophy  at  Helmstadt, 
where  he  died  1613.  He  wrote  some  learn- 
ed works.  His  collection  of  lettei's  appeared 
at  Frankfort  1687,  Svo. 

Casexeuve,  Peter,  a  native  of  Tou- 
louse, who  died  there  1652,  aged  61.  He 
wn)te  in  French  the  life  and  miracles  of  Ed- 
mund king  of  England,  480. — French  ety- 
mologies,— le  franc  Aleu  do  Languedoc,  8 
vols.  fol.  &c. 

Cases,  Peter  James,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris  where  he  died  June  1754,  aged  79. 
His  genius  and  the  correctness  of  his  style, 
and  excellence  of  his  drapei'ies,  make  him 
rank  as  one  of  the  first  painters  of  the  French 
school.  Some  of  his  works  are  preserved  irf 
Notredame  church,  in  the  Jesuits'  college, 
abbey  St.  Martin,  and  particularly  in  St. 
Gei'main  des  Pres. 

Casimir  Matthias  Sarbieuski,  a 
Jesuit  of  Poland,  professor  of  philosophy  and 
theology  at  Wilna,  whose  Latin  odes,  epodes, 
and  epigrams,  are  little  inferior  to  the 
delicate  and  elegant  productions  of  the  best 
poets  of  Greece  and  Kome.  Grotius  and 
others  have  indeed  set  his  fame  above  that 
of  Horace,  but  many  ci'itics,  though  fully  sen- 
sible of  his  great  merit,  do  not  elevate  his 
compositions  to  so  high  a  rank.  He  was 
preacher  to  king  Ladislaus  V.  and  died  at 
Warsaw,  second  April  1640,  aged  45,  and 
unfortunately  before  he  had  completed  his 
Lesciade,  a  heroic  poem  in  12  books,  ifi 
imitation  of  Virgil.  His  poems  have  been 
frequently  edited.  The  best  edition  is  Bar- 
bou's  1759,  12mo. 

Casimir  L  a  king  of  Poland,  son  and 
successor  of  Micislas,  1034.  The  revolt  of 
the  Poles  disgusted  him,  and  he  privately 
retired  to  a  monastery  at  Paris,  from  w  hijeh- 
he  was  at  last,  by  the  affection  of  the  Poles, 
drawn  to  civilize  his  country  and  improve 
his  kingdom.  He  married,  with  a  dispensa- 
tion from  the  pope,  the  daughter  of  the  duke 
of  Russia,  and  died  1058,  in  the  24th  year  of 
his  reign. 

Casimir,  XL  king  of  Poland,  was  the 
youngest  son  of  Boleslaus  HI.  and  deserved 
the  surname  of  the  just,  by  his  humanity  to- 


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wanls  the  peasrints,  whom  he  In  some  th;- 
grec  delivered  iVom  the  onpression  and  vio- 
lence of  their  mastei's.  He  succeeded  his 
brother  Mieczlaus,  Avhen  deposed  for  cruel- 
ty 1177,  and  died  1104,  aged  77. 

Casimiu,111.  surnained  Great,  succeeded 
Lad islaus  1333.  He  wns  a  liumane  moiiarcli 
■AS  well  as  a  great  w  arrior.  He  defeated  JoJiu 
of  Bohemia,  and  conquered  Russia.  It  is 
said  tlxat  he  Avas  too  iTinoh  addioled  to  vi  ine 
and  women.  He  died  by  a  fall  from  his 
horse  1370. 

Casimir,  IV.  son  of  Jagellon,  was  grniul 
duke  of  Lithuania,  and  raised  to  the  Polish 
throne  1447.  He  made  war  with  success 
against  the  Teutonic  knights,  and  against  the 
vaivode  of  Wallachia,  and  by  an  edict  com- 
manded that  the  Latin  tongue  should  become 
the  vernacular  language  of  the  kingdom, 
which  continues  to  be  observed  to  this  d:iy. 
He  died  1492. 

Casimir,  John,  sou  of  Sigismund  III. 
from  a  cardinal  became  a  king,  and  married 
the  widow  of  his  brother  and  ])re«lecessor 
liadislaus  VH.  He  was  defeated  by  Charles 
Gustavus  of  Sweden,  whom  afterwards  Avith 
the  assistance  of  Leopold  of  Germany  he 
conquered.  He  also  defeated  the  Russians 
in  Lithuania,  but  the  ingratitude  of  his  sub- 
jects made  him  resign  the  crown,  and  retire 
to  France,  where  lie  died  at  Nevers  167'i. 

Caslon,  William,  an  eminent  letter 
founder,  born  in  1692,  at  Hales  Owen  in 
Shropshire.  He  was  originally  apprentice  to 
an  engraver  of  ornaments  on  gun- barrels,  a 
business  which  he  carried  on  in  Vine  street 
near  the  Minories,  and  to  which  he  added 
the  making  of  tools  for  book  binders,  and  for 
chasiiig  of  silver  plate.  The  neat  lettering 
of  a  book  exposed  to  sale  in  a  bookseller's 
shop,  accidentally  recommended  him  to  the 
friendship  of  Mr.  Bowyer,  who  not  only  en- 
couraged him  in  undertaking  a  letter  founde- 
ry,  but  liberally  Avith  two  others  lent  him 
5001.  to  make  a  respectable  beginning.  His 
ingenuity  soon  procured  a  large  and  increas- 
ing concern,  he  was  engaged  to  cut  the  fount 
for  the  printing  of  the  new  testament  in  Ara- 
bic, for  the  use  of  the  poorer  christians  in 
the  east,  and  he  executed  his  fount  of  En- 
glish letters  with  such  neatness  and  elegance 
that  types  Avere  no  longer  imported  from 
Holland,  but  by  exceeding  the  productions 
of  the  best  artificers,  large  demands  for  ex- 
portation to  the  conrtnent,  evinced  the  great 
superiority  of  English  Avorkmanshij).  After 
residing  for  some  time  in  Helmet-row,  Old- 
street,  he  settled  in  1735  in  Chiswell-street, 
where  his  foundery  became  the  largest  in  the 
knoAvn  Avorld.  He  retired  from  business, 
and  settled  at  Bethnal-green,  Avherc  he  died 
'J3d  June  1766,  aged  74.  He  Avas  buried  in 
St.  Luke's  church  yard,  Middlesex.  His 
eldest  son,  William,  succeeded  him  in  his 
business.  Sir  John  Hawkins  has  celebrated 
iiis  hospitality  and  the  goodness  of  his  heart. 

Casnodyx,    a  Welch  poet  Avho  florished 
at  the  beginning  of  the  l4th  century. 

Cassagnes,  James  abbe  de,    a   French 
poet,  made  librarian  to  the  king,  and  mem- 


ber of  the  French  academy  by  the  patroa- 
agj  of  Colbert.  His  wish  to  distingui^.!i  him- 
self as  a  pulpit  orator,  it  ia  said,  w-as  so  fatal- 
ly checked  by  Boileau,  Avho  in  the  sameline 
associated  him  with  Colin,  one  of  the  most 
unpopular  and  ineloquent  preachers  of  tlie 
age,  that  he  fell  into  a  melancholy  deiinim, 
and  actually  dieil  in  a  madhouse  1679.  He 
translated  Sallust  and  someof  Cicero's  works 
into  l-'rench,  but  his  poetical  pieces  arc  now 
dejcrvedly  Ibigotten. 

Cass  AN,  a  christian  who  renounced  his 
religion  to  become  king  of  Persia.  He  was 
Avarlike,  and  conquered  Syria,  and  defeated 
the  sultan  of  Egypt.  He  afterwards  profes- 
sed again  Christianity,  and  died  1S04. 

Cassana,  Nicholo,  a  painter,  born  at 
Venice.  His  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  contain- 
ing nine  figures  as  large  as  life,  and  his  [mr- 
trait  of  his  patroness  queeo  Ann,  are  ^eatly 
admired.     He  died  in  London  1713,  aged  54. 

Cassana,  Giovani  Agostino,  brother  to 
the  preceding,  Avas  born  in  1664,  and  Avas  emi- 
nent in  draAving  beasts,  birds,  &cc.  He  died 
poor  at  (ienoa. 

Cass.\nder,  king  of  Macedonia,  after 
Alexander,  was  severe  against  the  Greeks, 
and  died  of  a  dropsy  B.  C.  30*. 

Cassander,  George,  an  eminent  divine 
born  near  Bruges,  Avho  Avas  long  engaged  in 
the  fruitless  labor  of  reconciling  the  catholics 
and  protestanls.  He  died  1.S66,  aged  53. 
His  Morks  Avere  printed  at  Paris  1616,  folio. 

Cassander,  Francis,  a  Frenchman,  Arho 
was  an  able  translator  of  the  Greek  and  La- 
tin classics.     He  died  poor  in  1695. 

Cassandra  Fidele,  a  Venetian  lady 
Avho  Avas  Avell  acquainted  Avith  the  learned 
languages  and  philosophy.  Her  letters  and 
discourses  Avere  published  at  Padua  by  To- 
masini.  She  Avas  respected  by  the  popes  Ju- 
lius 11.  and  Leo  X.  She  died  1567,  aged 
102. 

Cassentino,  Jacoho  di,  an  eminent 
painter,  the  founder  of  the  Florentine  aca- 
demy. He  died  1356,  aged  80.  His  pieces, 
scattered  about  Italy,  Avere  deservedly  ad- 
mired. 

Casserio,  Julio,  a  native  of  Placentia. 
Though  of  poor  parentage  his  employment 
as  domestic  in  the  family  of  Fabricius  ab 
aqua-pendente  proved  the  beginning  of  his 
fame.  He  Avas  instructed  by  his  master,  and 
proved  so  able  an  assistant  that  he  afterwards 
succeeded  him  as  professor  of  anatomy  and 
medicine  at  Padua.  He  wrote  de  vocis  audit- 
usque  organis  historia,  fol.  1600 — anatomical 
tables, — and  other  Avorks,  and  died  1616. 

Cassian,  a  monk  in  the  middle  of  the 
fifth  century.  He  founded  a  monasteiy  near' 
Marseilles,  and  was  the  author  of  the  sect 
of  the  semipelaglans,  Avhose  tenets  Avere  se- 
verely censured  by  some  synods.  He  wrote 
institutio  monachorum,  &c. 

Cassibelan,  or  Cassi velauxus,  a 
king  of  Britain  at  the  invasion  of  J.  Caesar. 
It  is  said  that  he  fixed  his  residence  at  Ve- 
rulam,  now  called  St.  Alban's. 

Cassini,  Johannes  Dominicu.s,  a  cele- 
brated   astronomer  born  in   Pied  moat  8th 


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3"une  163^5.  He  studitd  at  Genoa,  and  dis 
played  such  poetical  powers,  that  some  of 
his  pieces  were  published  when  he  was  only 
11  years  old.  He  accidentally  met  a  book  on 
astronomy,  and  he  devoted  himself  with  such 
application  and  success  to  that  science,  that 
at  the  age  of  15  he  was  invited  by  the  senate 
to  teach  mathematics  at  BoIog;na.  The  ap- 
pearance of  a  comet  in  1652  enabled  him  to 
make  observations  on  those  eccentric  bodies, 
and  to  establish  the  doctrine  that  they  were 
£)0t  meteors,  but  governed  by  regular  laws 
like  the  planets,  lie  afterwards  determined 
the  apogee  and  eccentricity  of  a  planet  from 
its  true  and  mean  place,  a  problem  which 
Kepler  and  Builialdus  are  said  to  have  given 
iip  as  insolvable.  His  reputation  became 
now  so  great  that  he  Avas  employed  in  settling 
differences  that  had  arisen  in  consequence  of 
the  immdations  of  the  I*o,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed inspector  general  of  the  fortifications 
of  the  castle  of  Urbino,  and  of  all  the  rivers 
in  the  ecclesiastical  states.  But  still  devoted 
to  astronomy,  lie  made  various  important 
discoveries  concerning  the  planets,  and  he 
settled  the  theory  of  Jupitei"'s  satellites, 
which  he  published  at  Rome  166G.  So  high 
an  opinion  was  entertained  of  his  abilities  by 
tire  French  academicians,  that  Lewis  XIV. 
obtained  the  pope's  permission  to  allow  him 
to  absent  himself  for  six  years  from  his  offices 
at  Rome  and  Bologna.  He  visited  in  conse- 
quence tlic  capital  of  France  in  1669,  and 
■was  made  royal  astronomer,  but  when  his 
six  years  were  expired,  the  pope  made  him 
forfeit  all  his  emoluments  as  he  did  not  re- 
turn ;  and  Colbert,  who  knew  the  greatness 
of  his  powers,  therefore  prevailed  upon  him 
to  become  a  naturalized  subject  of  France. 
As  the  first  occupier  of  the  new  built  obser- 
vatorj'  at  Paris,  patronised  by  the  king,  and 
admired  by  the  nation,  he  proceeded  with 
rapid  strides  in  liis  accurate  examination  of 
the  heavens.  The  revolution  of  Jupiter 
round  its  axis  was  determined,  four  satel- 
lites more  were  added  to  Saturn,  and  the 
meridian  line  in  161)5  Avas  proved  not  to  have 
varied  since  it  had  been  fixed  40  years  be- 
fore, at  Bologna.  This  great  man,  and  in- 
comparable astronomer,  after  continuing 
the  meridian  line  through  France,  and  en- 
riching science  with  a  thousand  discoveries, 
died  l4th  September  1712,  and  was  succeed- 
ed in  the  observatory  by  his  son  John  James. 
Cassini,  John  James,  son  and  successor 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris,  and 
educated  in  the  Mazarine  college  under  Va- 
rignon.  He  inherited  the  talents  of  his 
father,  and  described  with  great  labor  the 
perpendicular  of  the  meridian  of  France, 
i'rom  St.  Maloes  through  Paris  to  Strasburg. 
He  asserted,  contrary  to  Newton's  opinion, 
that  the  earth  was  an  oblong  spheroid ;  an 
opinion  which  was  proved  to  be  false  by  the 
report  of  the  mathematicians  who  were  sent 
by  the  French  king  to  measure  a  degree  of 
the  meridian  at  the  equator,  and  at  the  po- 
lar circle.  He  also  turned  his  thoughts  to, 
electi'icity,  in  which  he  made  some  curious 
ejcpCJL'imelits.    He  died  at  the  age  of  84»,  in 


1756,  at  Thuri  near  Clermont.  His  works, 
greatly  esteemed,  were  elements  of  astron- 
omy, with  astronomical  tables,  two  vols. 
4to. — magnitude  and  figure  of  the  earth, 

Cassini  deThury,  Csesar  Francis,  sec- 
ond son  and  successor  at  John  James,  wa.s 
born  at  Paris,  17th  June  1714.  His  progress 
in  science  was  so  rapid,  that  at  tlie  age  of 
ten  he  calculated  the  phases  of  the  sun  in  a 
total  eclipse.  He  was  engaged  afterwards 
in  the  verification  of  the  meridian  passing 
through  the  observatory  at  Paris,  and  he  with 
great  assiduity  devoted  himself  to  the  com- 
pletion of  a  geometrical  description  ofFrance, 
with  very  minute  and  exact  particulai's.  His 
labors  were  warmly  supported  by  the  assist- 
ance of  the  learned,  and  the  munificence  of 
the  court.  He  died  of  the  small-pox,  4th 
Sept.  1784,  leaving  behind  him  an  amiable 
and  respected  eharacter.  He  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  John  Dominic.  Several  of  his 
pieces  are  in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of 
sciences. 

Cassiodorus,  Marcus  AureUus,  an 
Italian  author,  who  died  577,  aged  96.  He 
was  noticed  at  the  court  of  Tlteodoric  king 
of  the  Goths,  and  employed  in  some  offices 
as  governor  of  Sicily,  and  as  a  privy  counsel- 
lor. He  afterwards  retired  to  solitude,  and 
built  a  n)onastery  in  Calabria,  where  he  in 
the  midst  of  religious  devotion  amused  him- 
self  in  making  sun-dials,  water-clocks,  &c. 
He  wrote  commentaries  on  scripture,  &c. 
The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that  of  Rou- 
en, two  vols.  fol.  1G79. 

Cassius,  Cuius,  brother-in-law  of  Bru- 
tus, was  one  of  Caesar's  murderers,  tliough 
his  life  had  been  spai-ed  at  Parsalia  by  the 
dictator.  At  the  battle  of  Phillipi  he  caused 
one  of  his  slaves  to  run  him  tlirough,  not 
to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  42 
B.C. 

Cassius,  Longinus  Lucius,  a  Roman 
magistrate  of  great  integrity,  B.  C.  115. 

Cassius,  Avidius,  a  Roman  general  un- 
der M.  Antoninus.  He  conquered  the  Par- 
thians,  Syrians,  and  Egyptians,  and  after- 
wards proclaimed  himself  emperor.  He  was 
soon  after  assassinated  by  one  of  his  soldiers. 

Cassius,  Parmensis,  a  Latin  poet,  said 
to  have  been  a  conspirator  against  J.  Csesar. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Augustus. 

Cassius,  Severus  Titus,  aRoman  orator 
in  the  age  of  Augustus,  eloquent,  but  violent 
in  liis  accusations  against  individuals. 

Castagno,  Andrew  del,  a  painter  of 
Tuscany.  He  obtained  the  secret  of  paint- 
ing in  oil  from  Dorainico  de  Yenise,  and  af- 
terwards conceived  such  hati-ed  against  him, 
that  one  evening  he  assassinated  him.  L)omi- 
nico,  who  knew  not  his  murderer,  hastened  to 
the  house  of  his  perfidious  friend,  and  ex- 
pired in  his  arms.  The  bloody  deed  remain- 
ed undiscovered,  till  Castagno  revealed  it  on 
his  death  bed,  and  drew  upon  his  memory 
the  execration  of  his  country.  He  finished 
in  1478,  at  the  request  of  the  Florentine  re- 
public, the  execution  of  the  conspirators 
against  the  Medicis. 

Castaldx, -Cornelius,  a  native  of  Fe?- 


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frjj  eminent  as  a  poet,  lie  executed  with 
success  an  embassy  to  the  republic  of  \'cii- 
ice,  and  founded  a  coUej^e  at  I'adua,  where 
he  died  1537,  aged  57.  His  poems,  consist- 
ing of  Latin  and  Italian  pieces,  are  much  es- 
teemed, and  were  edited  by  abbe  Conti  in 
1757  in  4to. 

Castalio,  Sebastian,  b6rn  at  Chatillon 
on  the  Rhone,  v.as  the  friend  of  Calvin,  by 
whose  influence  he  became  regent  in  tiie 
college  of  Geneva.  lie  translated  tht;  bible 
into  elegant  L«tin,  and  displayed  his  various 
and  extensive  knowledge  of  tb.c  Greek  and 
Hebrew  by  several  other  publications.  His 
opinions  with  resi>ect  to  Sglomon's  song  and 
Christ's  descent  into  hell,  and  about  predes- 
tination and  grace,  procured  him  many  ene- 
mies ;  and  he  at  last  incurred  the  displeasure 
of  Calvin  and  of  Theodore  Beza,  who  re- 
viled him  as  a  papist.  He  was  very  poor, 
and  his  circumstances  were  still  more  un- 
comfortable for  the  maintenance  of  a  wife  and 
eight  children.  His  colloquia  sacra,  in  ele- 
gant Latin,  appeared  in  four  vols,  12mo. 

Casteels,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
who  died  at  Richmond  in  Surrey,  1749,  aged 
65.  He  was  settled  at  Tooting,  and  he  pub- 
lished in  172G,  12platesof^»irds  designed  and 
etched  by  himself. 

Castel,  Lewis  Bertrand,  a  Jesuit  and 
geometrician  of  Montpelller,  who,  through 
his  abilities,  became  the  friend  of  Fontenellc, 
and  other  learned  men.  He  published  some 
very  ingenious  works,  but  his  vi'ai  system  de 
physique  generale  de  Newton,  in  4to.  1745, 
gained  him  universal  and  deserved  reputation 
as  a  philosoj)her  and  a  man  of  science.  His 
optic  of  colors,  12rao. — histi'eatise  on  gravi- 
ty, 2  vols.  12mo. — and  his  system  of  mathe- 
matics, 4to.  were  also  much  esteemed.  He 
died  757,  aged  69. 

^Castell,  Edmund,  D.  D.  a  learned  di- 
vine, born  in  1G06,  at  Hatley,  Cambridge- 
shire, and  educated  at  Emanuel  college.  He 
was  afterwards  removed  to  St.  John's  for  the 
convenience  of  the  library  in  the- compilation 
of  his  lexicon  heptaglotton,  a  valuable  work, 
in  the  completion  of  which  he  was  assiduous- 
ly engaged  for  17  years,  and  upon  which  he 
expentk-d  upv.ards  of  1 '2,000/.  Such  saeri- 
Sees  in  the  cause  of  learning  deserved  high 
and  liberal  patronage,  but  his  pi'cfermcnt 
was  at  first  onlv  the  small  vicarage  of  Hat- 
field Paverellin  Essex,  afterwai'dsthe  recto- 
ry of  Wodeham  Walter,  and  then  that  of 
Higham  Gobion,  Bedfordshire.  Some  time 
after  he  became  king's  chaplain,  professoi* 
of  Arabic  at  Cambridge,  and  prebendarv  of 
Canterbury.  The  lexicon  was  published  1609, 
but  the  work,  though  much  commended,  re- 
mained almost  entirely  unsold  upon  his 
hands.  Though  thus  discouraged,  he  vet  de- 
voted himself  to  the  cultivation  of  oriental 
4iterature,  and  assisted  in  a  very  extensive 
degree  the  labors  of  Dr.  Walton,  in  the  pub- 
lication of  his  polyglott bible.  Dr.Castell  (Tied 
1685,  aged  79,  and  was  buried  in  his  parish 
church,  Higham  Gobion,  where  he  had  pre- 
viously erected  a  monument.  He  bequeath- 
edhis  orJGnt!^!  manuscripts  to  the.  public  li- 


brary of  Cambridge,  and  several  of  hir.  books 
to  some  of  the  colleges,  and  to  particular 
friends. 

Castei.li,  Bernard,  a  Genoese  painter, 
who  died  1629,  aged  72.  JJesides  painting 
the  \>ortraits  of  eminent  poets,  he  engraved 
some  of  the  plates  for  Tasso's  .Jerusalem. 

Castf:li,i,  ^'alc^■io,  son  of  tiic  preced- 
ing, died  in  1659,  aged  34.  He  was  particu- 
larly eminent  in  painting  battles. 

Castei.li,  lienedici,  a  native  of  Brescia, 
who  became  a  Benedictine,  anil  assisted  Gal- 
ileo in  the  progress  of  his  a«tronomical  obser- 
vatitjus.  He  was  afterwards  professor  of 
mathematics  at  Pisa,  and  then  at  itome,  and 
died  1044. 

C.vstei.nau,  ^Michael,  a  Frencliman,  en- 
gaged as  ambassador  in  the  service  of  Charles 
IX.  and  Henry  HL  Ho  was  five  times  in 
England.  He  died  1592.  The  memoirs  ol 
his  embassies  wero  printed  in  2  vols,  folio, 
16G9,  and  again  Brussels,  17ol,  in  three  vols, 
folio. 

Castel  N a  u,  Hcnriette  Julia  de,  wife  o.f 
tount  de  Murat,  wrote  in  an  elegant  and 
pleasing  style  les  lutrins  de  Kerno^i  12mo. — 
de.s  contes  de  fees,  two  vols. — le  voyage  de 
Campagne,  two  vols.  12mo.  She  died  1716, 
aged  45. 

Casi  r.vETRO,  Lewis,  a  learned  Italian 
of  IModeua.  It  it  said  that  he  was  eng.sged 
the  h^lf  of  his  life  in  his  commentary  on  Ar- 
istotle's poetics.  As  he  had  travelled  in  Ger- 
many he  Avas  suspected  of  having  embraced 
the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  being  brought  be- 
fore the  inquisition  at  Rome,  he  nuule  his  es- 
cape from  the  punishment  which  awaited 
him,  and  fled  to  Basil,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  liteiSiture,  and  died  20th  Feb.  1571  > 
aged  66. 

tjASTijl'abbe,  an  Italian  poet  of  considera- 
ble merit.  His  chief  poem  is  gli  animali 
parlanti,  or  speaking  animals.  He  wrote  •vTt- 
rious  other  poems,  ajid  died  at  Paris,  Feb. 
1803. 

Castiglioxe,  Joseph,  a  native  of  An- 
cona,  made  governor  of  Corneto  1598,  and 
distinguislied  as  a  poet  and  critic.  He  was 
author  of  an  history  of  his  own  times  in  Latiu 
verse,  and  wrote  besides  varite  iectioncs  & 
opusoula,  1694,  4to.  ^c.     I[e  died  1616. 

Castiglione,  Balthaz.'uvan  Italian  no- 
bleman, born  Dec.  6th,  1478,  at  Casatico  in 
the  dud'.y  of  Mantua.  After  receiving  a 
very  liberal  education,  he  served  in  the  arv- 
my,  under  Sforza  duke  of  Milan,  and  after- 
wards was  engaged  by  duke  Urbino,  ar.  his 
ambassador  to  pope  .Julius  II.  and  afterwards 
to  Lewis  XII.  of  France,  and  Houry  VII.  of 
England.  He  published  at  Rome  1516  his 
celebrated  "  Courtier,"  a  work  highly  ad^ 
mired  for  its  moral  ami  })olit!cnl  instructions, 
and  for  the  elegiinoe  of  Iho  Italian.  He  mar- 
ried in  his  36th  year  the  daughter  of  the  fa- 
mous Bentivoglio,  who  died  four  years  after, 
leaving  him  a  sou  and  t^o  daughters.  The 
abilities  of  Castiglione  proved  veiy  serviceable 
to  the  holy  see,  and  m  ere  employed  in  several 
negotiations  w  ith  Charles  V.  und  Francis  L, 
He  fired  at  Toledoj^ed  Feb.  15*29>  aird  by  or- 


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tier  of  Charles  V.  who  admired  and  respected 
him,  his  funeral  was  solemnized  with  the 
greatest  pomp.  Sixteen  months  after  the 
body  was  removed  by  his  mother  from  Tole- 
do, to  a  church  at  Mantua  which  he  himself 
luid  built,  and  an  epitaph  was  inscribed  on  a 
sumptuous  monument  by  cardinal  Bembo. — 
Besides  the  Courtier,  Castighone  wrote  some 
very  elegant  Latin  and  Tuscan  poems,  inser- 
ted in  the  deliciie  poet.  Ital.  His  letters  ap- 
peared at  Padua,  in  2  vols.  1769. 

Castiglione,  Giovani  Benedetto,  an 
Italian  painter,  of  Genoa,  who  died  1670,  aged 
54.  He  was  very  great  in  the  representa- 
tion of  landscapes  and  cattle. 

Castiglione,  Francisco,  son  and  pupil 
to  the  preceding,  was  equally  respectable  in 
the  execution  of  his  pieces. 

Castille,  Alphonsus   X.  of,     Vid.  Al- 

PHONSUS. 

Castillo,  Ferdinand de,  a  Dominican  of 
Spain,  who  wrote  an  account  of  his  oi'der,  2 
vols.  fol.  1584.     He  died  1593. 

Castilld-y-saavedra,  Antony  del,  a 
Spanish  painter  of  Cordova,  w  here  he  died 
1667,  aged  64.  He  chiefly  excelled  in  his- 
torical and  landscape  painting  ;  but  his  coloi^ 
ing  is  deficient  in  grace  and  in  taste.  It  is 
said  that  he  died  of  grief,  for  being  surpassed 
■by  the  pencil  of  Murillo. 

Castries, N.  Marshal  de,  an  ableFrench 
general,  who  served  with  distinction  in  the 
seven  years  war.  He  was  called  to  the  as- 
sembly of  the  notables  in  1787,  but  disap- 
proved of  the  violent  conduct  of  his  colleagues, 
and  left  France.  He  died  at  Wolfenbutel  in 
Brunswick,  Jan.  1800. 

Castro,  Alphonso  de,  a  Spanish  Francis- 
can friar,  who  came  into  England  with  Philip 
II.  and  was  appointed  bishop  of  Compostella, 
very  soon  after  which  he  died  at  Brussels 
1558.  He  was  an  able  preacher^  and  wrote 
a  popular  book  against  heresies. 

Castro,  John  de,  a  native  of  Lisbon,  Avho, 
after  serving  against  the  Mooi*3,  went  with 
Gama  to  the  east,  and  published  a  desci'ip- 
tion  of  the  Red  sea-  When  he  returned  to 
Europe  he  was  appointed  over  a  fleet,  and 
went  with  Cliarles  V.  against  Tunis,  and  af- 
terwards was  sent  as  governor  of  the  East 
Indies  by  the  Portuguese  government.  He 
died  at  Diu,  which  he  hud  rendered  almost 
impregnable  1548,  aged  48. 

Castro,  Paul  de,  a  native  of  Castro,  pro- 
fessor of  law  at  Florence,  Bologna,  Sienna, 
and  Padua.  His  works  possessed  great  mer- 
it, and  were  edited  in  8  vols.  fol.  He  died 
1437.  It  became  proverbial  to  say  of  him  af- 
ter the  words  of  Cujas,  qui  non  habet  Pau- 
lum  de  Castro,  tunicam  vendat  &:  emat. 

Cas TRUCio,  Castraeani,a  celebrated  gen- 
eral, who  was  a  foundling,  discovered  by  the 
monk  Antonia,  and  his  sister  Dianora,  in  a 
■heap  of  leaves  in  a  vineyard,  at  Lucca  in 
Tuscany,  in  12S4.  He  was  tenderly  brought 
up  by  the  humanity  of  his  preservers,  and  in- 
tended for  the  cliui'ch  ;  but  his  fondness  for 
bold  exertions  and  military  exercises  made 
him  prefer  the  pi'ofession  of  arms.  He  en- 
tered in  his  18th  year  as  a  lieutenant  in  the 


army  oT  the  Gliibelins,  whom  the  party  of  the 
Guelfs  had  just  driven  from  Pavia.  The 
valor  and  coolness  which  he  displayed  recom- 
mended him  to  the  good  opinion  of  Guinigi 
the  general,  and  he  soon  rose,  though  op- 
posed and  even  imprisoned  by  his  enemies, 
to  the  highest  honor,  r.nd  was  at  last  declar- 
ed by  the  people  of  Lucca  their  sovereign 
prince.  Beloved  at  home  and  respected  a- 
broad,  lie  now  meditated  the  extension  of 
his  power  over  the  neighboring  states,  and 
though  flattered  by  the  pope  he  did  not  dis- 
solve into  effeminate  luxury,  or  betray  ty- 
rannical o])pression.  The  Florentines,  how- 
ever, viewed  his  elevation  with  jealous  enmi- 
ty, and  30,000  foot,  and  10,000  horse  appear- 
ed in  the  field,  22,000  of  which  the  active 
general  destroyed,  with  the  loss  of  only  1600 
of  his  own  men.  But  here  fortune  checked 
the  career  of  his  greatness,  fatigued  after  the 
bloody  contest,  and  regardless  of  a  chill 
north  Avind  which  blew  upon  him,  he  was 
seized  with  an  ague,  whicli  carried  him  off 
in  a  few  days,  when  he  expected  to  rise  tQ 
the  sovereignty  of  Italy.  lie  died  in  his  44th 
year  1328,  admired  in  his  life -time,  and  re- 
gretted after  his  death.  Machiavel  has  writ- 
ten liis  life,  and  represented  him  as  a  most 
extraordinary  character,  of  great  presence  of 
mind,  benevolence  of  temper,  and  undaunt- 
ed firmness,  not  less  in  prosperity  than  adver- 
sity. He  always  went  bare  headed  in  rain 
or  hail,  as  w^ell  as  in  the  most  serene  sky. 

Cat,  Claude  Nicholas  le,  a  native  of 
Bleraucourt  in  Picardy,  intended  for  the 
church,  but  finally  educated  as  a  surgeon.  In 
1725  he  published  a  letter  on  the  aurora 
borealis  of  that  year,  and  in  1731  he  be- 
came the  surgeon  of  the  hotel  Dieu  at 
Rouen,  where  five  years  after,  he  formed 
a  public  school  of  anatomy,  and  a  literary  so- 
ciety of  which  be  became  the  secretary. 
He  was  pensioned  with  2000  livres  by  the 
French  king  in  1759,  and  seven  years  after 
raised  to  the  rank  of  nobility.  He  wrote  on 
the  theor_v  of  hearing  1758,  8vo. — on  the 
nervous  fluid,  1765,  8vo. — on  astrology,  1767, 
8vo. — on  the  senses,  2  vols.  12ino.  &c.  and 
died  1768,  aged  68. 

Catel,  William,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
counsellor  of  the  city,  and  author  of  an  his- 
tory of  the  courts  of  Toulouse,  fol. — and  of 
memoirs  of  tlie  province  of  Languedoc,  fol. 
He  died  1620,  aged  57. 

Catellan,  Maria  Claire  Priscilla  Mar- 
guerite de,  a  lady  of  Xarbonne,  who  died  at 
'I'oulouse  1745,  aged  83.  Her  odes  were 
admired  by  the  French,  and  were  crowned 
by  the  Toulouse  academicians. 

Catesby,  Mark,  an  English  naturalist, 
lie  resided  for  seven  years  in  Virginia,  And 
made  such  a  collection  of  natural  curiosities, 
that,  at  the  request  of  sir  Hans  Sloane,  and. 
other  friends,  he  visited  the  Carolinas,  an<t 
the  Bahama  islands,  for  the  improvement 
of  knowledge.  On  his  return  to  England, 
1726,  he  gave  to  the  public  his  natural  his- 
tory of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  the  Bahamas, 
2  vols.  fol.  with  colored  plates,  of  his  own 
execution.     He  was  honorably  made  fellow 


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of  the  royal  society,  wliosc  transactions  he 
curiclicd  uilli  a  paper  ou  the  migrauon  ot 
).hds  He  (lied  in  London,  I/4'J,  a};cd  09. 
His  great  work  was  again  edited  in  175*  and 

*"c  '\.'t1i  AKiNE,  a  danghtcr  of  Charles  VI. 
of  France,  mIio  married  Henry  V.  ot  hng- 
Uiu\,  and  atier  liis  death  Owtn  'f  udor  a 
Welchuian,  by  Mlx.ni  blio  l.a.l  IMn.und,  the 
liUher  of  Henry  VH.     bi.c  died  Hoo. 

CvTHAUiNE  of  Anu.VGON,  daughter  el 
Ferdinand  V.  of  Castillc,  married  Arlhnr, 
son  of  Henry  VH.  in  1501,  and  (.n  h.s  »leall., 
five  months  after,  Henry  altera  anls  the 
Vlllth  Her  conduct  :is  a  wde  was  most  e\- 
Jn^plary,  and  her  many  rirtnes  place  her 
character  in  the  mosl  an.-able  l'"'''\'^  '^^j 
Her  divorce  Iro.a  Henry,  who  had  alien  in 
love  with  Anna  Hc.leyn,  produced  the  relor- 
malion  of  England.  She  wrote  some  reh- 
^ml  pieces,  and  died  at  Kimbolton,  umver. 
sallv  respected.  ^ 

C.vTUA.<iNK  DE  McBlCiS  queen  of 
France,  daughter  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis, 
duke  of  Urhino,  married,  m  15o4,  Henry 
duke  of  Orleans,  son  of  Francis  1.  I  hough 
at  first  she  had  no  children,  afterwards  slie 
had  ten,  three  of  whom  became  successively 
kings  of  France,  and  a  daughter,  «iueen  ot 
Na?arre.  Her  husband  died  155U  ;  and  dur- 
ing the  short  reign  of  her  son  ^V^^^Vnm 
oMained  no  influence  '" /^^^.^^^'f  *V  .V"" 
the  superior  power  of  the  Guises  ;  but  on 
the  elevation  of  Charles  IX  then  onl>  1 
years  of  age,  the  queen-mother  became  the 
regent,  and  showed  the  infamous  leauues 
of  her  n.ind  by  the  dreadtul  '"^"'^^^  ,^^^.f^^: 
Bartbolomew.  Despised  for  I'^r  ^^"^'t  ^« 
aud  perfidy,  and  the  slave  ol  lust,  this  worth- 
less and  too  powerful    wQU^an    died    lob9, 

""^cVthauine  of  Sienna,  a  Romish 
saint,  who,  at  the  age  of  \^' '^'^J^J'^"^ 
vowed  perpetual  celibacy.  .  As  a  pretended 
prophetess,  acquainted  with  futurity,  she 
advised  pope  Gregoiy  to  remove  the  seat  of 
the  ecclesiastical  government  trom  Av  gnon 
to  Rome,  for  a  continuance  ot  s'^^-'^"^;^;^ 
years :  fol-  which  concession,  however,  the 
pope  expressed  sorrow  on  his  '  eat»i-bed. 
She  wrote  several  things  in  a  fanatical  st^  e 
]ier  letters  have  been  printed.  She  die  1 
1380,  aged  33,  and  was  canonized  Ubl. 
-Another  saint  of  the  same  name  toundcd 
a  convent  in  her  native  town  ot  Bologn:,, 
and  died  1403.  She  wrote  also  some  theo- 
logical books  of  little  value. 

Catharine  of  Portugal  was  daugh- 
ter of  John  IV.  and  wife  of  Charles  H.  ol 
England,  whom  she  married  iGbl.  She  was 
treated  with  unkindness  by  the  licentious 
Charles,  and  after  his  death  she  reti  rne.l  to 
Portugal,  where  she  was  ma.le  regent  dunng 
the  inrbe'cile  state  of  her  brother  ^'-^<;^-  ^f 
conquered    the  Spaniards,    and  died    LUo, 

^^cItharine  of  Boun^oN,  sister  of 
Henry  IV.  married,  1599,  Henry  ot  Loi- 
"aine,^duke  de  Bar.    This  union,  as  being 

vol..   I.  '^'^ 


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political,  was  not  i)roductlre  of  mncli  happi- 
ness. She  died  without  ciuUlren,  at  Nanci, 
13th  Februaj-v  I6u4,  aged  40. 

Caihahine  Ai.EXiEVNA,  empress  of 
Russia,  a  native  «.f  Uingen,  in  Livonia,  bont 
of  obscure  parents.    She  wa.  early  instructed 
in  thehMse  ..f  a  Lnlluran  clergyman  ;    but 
his  death,  and  that   of  her  mother,  lelt  her 
destitute,  anil    she   retin-d   to    Maiienburg 
There    in    1701,  she  csixmsed  a  dragoon  ot 
the  Swedish  fnitressin  that  city;  but,  on  the 
day  of  her  nuptials,  and  befcne  then- consum- 
in:ai.)n,  the  unhappv  bridegroom  lell  in   the 
field  of  battle,  and  the  captive  Catharine  be- 
eamethe  property  of  gem^ial   La»er,    «ho 
saw  and  adniire.l  her  beauty.     She   was  a- 
lerw.aids  in  the  service  of  pnnce  Mentshicot, 
and,  in  her  i7th  year,  she  became  the  mis- 
tress of  Peter  the  great,  and  so  much  capti- 
vated  him  that,  on   the  '29th  ot  >  ay     LU, 
he  privately  married  her,  and  on  the  I'iih  ot 
the  followhig  February  announced  her  as  his 
empress   in  his  capital.      On  his   deatn,  m 
17'i5,  she  was  proclaimed  as  sovereign  o    a  1 
the    Ritssias:    and    she  deserved    tlie     higl» 
di-nltv.     The  grand  designs  of  the  czar  were 
completed  bv   her  extraordinaiy  gc-nius,  and 
a  mild  svstcm   of  government   insured   her 
tlie  aftection  and  respect  of  her  subjects.  She 
dieil   17th  May,    1727,  aged  38.    Notwitli- 
8landing  the  noble  qualities  ot  her  character, 
and  the  great  services  which  she  retidered  to 
lier  husband,  especially  at  the  affair  ot  Pruth, 
she  was  suspected  of  being  faithless  to  hi.s  bed, 
and  a  French  favorite,  de  la  Croix,  the  cham- 
berlain of  the   court,  was  beheaded  by  the 
irritated  husband,  and  his  body  exposed  to 
public  view  with  great  ignominy. 

Catharine  H.  empress  ot  Russia,  was 
daughter  of  Christian  Augustus  of  Anhalt- 
Zcrbst,  in  Upper  Saxony,  and,  at  the  age  of 
14  she  married  the  duke  of  Holstein,  atter- 
wards  Peter  HI.     After  some  years  she  be- 
came  the  mother   of  a  son  and  daughter  ; 
but  tlie   mental  imbeciUty  of  her  husband 
rendered  Catharine  dissatisfied  and  faithless, 
and,  on  the  death  of  the  empress,  in  1  /  Oi2,  the 
voun^   monarch    soon   found    an   ambitious 
rival,''instead  of  a  submissive  consort.     By  a 
well   managed  plot  she  seized  hef  husband, 
.luly  14,  1762,  and  after  three  davs   confine- 
ment he    expired  in  the  castle  of  Robscha, 
whilst  his  murderer  proclaimed   herseit  as 
sole  sovereign  empress,  and  uisured  the  sta- 
bility of  her  government  by  the  wisest  and 
mo<=t  popular   measures.     To  remove  ever)' 
obstacle,  prince  Iwan,  grandson  ol  I'eter   an 
inoffensive  youth,  was  secretly  cut  off;  at^^d 
,.e  empress,   sure  of  tl^  tranquilhtj^  oM^ 

ame  of 


dominions,  imposed  on  Poland  her  ta> 
prince  Poniatowski,  as  king,  by  the  na 
Stanislaus  Augustus,  in  ^'^^-  ';''%, ^^^ 
sovereign,  but  dissolute  as  a  woman,  Catha- 
Hne  was  engaged  for  ten  years  m  a  Turkish 
war  and  l^tlv  with  the  Swedes,  whdst  at 
hom'e  she  indulged  herself  in  the  most  sen. 
sual  gratifications,  in  the  companj  of  ta^o i- 
ites,  whom,  however,  she  rewarded  wit^ 
rofusc  liberality.    The  patronage  which  she 


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extended  to  genius  and  literature,  and  the 
beneTolcnt  motives  Avhich  influenctsd  her  go- 
vernment in  all  internal  afiairs,  -will  always 
appear  as  illustrious  features  in  the  chai*actcr 
of  Catharine.  The  bloody  capture  of  I&mael, 
however,  and  the  partition  of  Poland,  must 
excite  indignation  against  her  conduct,  as 
proceeding  from  the  same  coiTupted  heart 
■which  Avaded  to  the  throne  over  the  carcass 
of  a  murdered  husband.  She  died  suddenly 
of  an  apoplectic  fit  lOtli  November  17'J7, 
and  was -succeeded  by  her  son  Paul,  who  in 
1800  was  succeeded  by  Alexander.  Catha- 
rine introduced  inoculation  into  Russia,  and, 
to  recommend  it  to  her  subjects,  she  herself 
first  submitted  to  the  operation,  and  most 
liberally  rewarded  the  Englibh  physician  who 
attended  her. 

Catharinus,  Ambrose,  a  native  of 
Sienna,  who  attended  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  attacked  Luther  and  Ociunus.  He  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Minori,  and  afterwards 
to  that  of  Canza,  and  died  1553,  aged  66. 

Cat  I  LI  X  A,  Liacius  Sergius,  a  noble  Ro- 
man, famous  for  his  debaucheries,  his  in- 
trigues, and  the  dangerous  conspiracy  which 
he  formed  against  the  happiness  and  the  ex- 
istence of  his  country.  Cicero,  who  was 
then  consul,  happily  discovered  the  whole 
plot ;  and  Catiline,  mad  with  revenge,  left 
Home,  and  repaired  to  the  army,  which  was 
assembling  under  his  auspices.  This  was 
soon  attacked,  and  defeated,  by  the  consular 
forces;  and  Catiline  fell  in  the  number  of 
the  slain,  B.  C.  6!2. 

Catinat,  Nicholas,  was  born  at  Paris 
first  September  1637,  and  left  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law  for  a  military  life.  He  soon 
distinguishedhimself  in  thisnew  career,  and 
at  Maestricht,  Besancon,  Senef,  Cambray, 
Valenciennes,  St.  Omer,  Ghent,  and  Ypres, 
he  displayed  such  acts  of  bravery,  that  he 
•was  promoted  to  the  highest  offices.  As 
lieutenant  general  he  defeated  the  duke  of 
Savoy  in  1688,  and  took  the  best  part  of  his 
dominions,  and  at  \th  in  Flanders,  he  ga- 
thered fresh  laurels  against  the  Germans.  In 
the  war  of  1701,  he  was  put  at  the  head  of 
the  French  army  to  oppose  Eugene,  Avho 
commanded  the  Germans  in  Italy.  The 
highest  expectations  were  formed  from  his 
generalship,  and  even  Eugene  bore  testimo- 
ny to  his  greatness  by  saying,  on  the  indeci- 
sion of  the  Freneli  court,  in  appointing  either 
Catinat  or  Vendome,  or  Villeroi,  "  If  Vil- 
leroi  commands,  I  shall  beat  him  ;  if  Ven- 
dome, the  struggle  will  be  great;  but  if  it  be 
Catinat,  I  shall  be  beaten."  Misfortunes, 
however,  attended  this  campaign,  the  army 
was  not  well  supported,  disunion  reigned 
among  the  generals,  and  Catinat  to  this 
probably  owed  his  ill  success.  He  was 
■wttunded  at  Chiari,  and  retreated  behind  the 
Oglio,  and  in  disgrace  but  with  gi'eat  com- 
posure submitted  to  serve  as  second  to  Vil- 
leroi. After  being  raarescbal  of  France,  and 
esteemed  by  the  king,  this  gi'ea?  general 
died  at  his  estate  at  St.  Gratian,  i^Hh  Febru- 
ary 1712,  aged  74,  lea\ing  behind  him  a  most 
i-espectable  character  for  cooiucss  in  the  day 


of  battle,  presence  of  mind,  and  benevoleiice 
of  heart. 

Catineau,  N.  a  native  of  Beauprcau, 
who  in  the  revolution  boldly  took  up  arms, 
and  headed  the  Vendeans  in  1793.  He  af- 
terwards resigned  the  command  to  Bon- 
champ,  and  soon  after  fell  at  the  siege  of 
Nantes. 

Cato,  Marcus  Porcius  Censorius,  an  il- 
lustrious Roman,  known  for  his  temperance, 
virtue,  and  valor.  He  served  his  country  in 
various  provinces  and  in  various  offices,  and 
disX'layed  his  hatred  against  Carthage,  by  the. 
fatal  exclamation  of  "  delenda  est  Cartha- 
go." He  was  distinguished  n(»t  only  as  a  sol 
dier,  but  as  an  historian,  and  died  about  150 
years  B.  C. 

Cato,  Marctis  Portius  Uticensis,  was 
great-grandson  of  the  censor,  and  possessed 
the  same  integrity,  the  same  heroic  firm- 
ness, and  the  same  attachment  to  his  coun- 
try. He  boldly  opposed  the  conspiracy  of 
Catiline,  and  the  ambition  of  Ciesar,  and 
moved  the  thanks  of  the  senate  with  the 
appellation  of  father  of  his  country,  to  Ci- 
cero for  his  public  services.  Defeated  Avith 
the  republicans  at  Pharsalia,  he  fled  to  Afri- 
ca, and  rather  than  fall  into  the  hands  of  his 
enemy  Caesar,  whose  power  he  could  no 
longer  oppose,  he  destroyed  himself  at  Utica, 
after  reading  Plato's  treatise  on  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul,  B.  C.  45. 

Cato,  Valerius,  a  Latin  poet,  in  the  age 
of  Sylla.  His  Dii'se  is  the  only  one  of  his 
poems  extant.     He  died  B.  C.  30. 

Catrou,  Francis,  a  learned  Jesait  bora 
at  Paris  1659,  and  died  1737.  Besides  his 
translation  of  Virgil,  and  a  share  in  the 
journal  de  Trevoux,  and  an  history  of  the 
Mogul  empire,  he  wrote  an  history  of  the 
fanaticism  of  the  protestants,  quakers,  &c. 
and  a  Roman  history  with  notes  continued 
by  Rouille. 

Cattho,  Angelo,  a  native  of  Tarentum, 
in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  and 
of  Lewis  XI.  as  astrologer  and  physician. 
He  pretended  to  foretell  future  events,  some 
of  which,  it  is  said,  were  truly  fulfilled.  He 
died  at  Beneventum  1407. 

Catullus,  Caius  \'a!erius,  a  Roman 
poet  of  Verona,  who  died  about  40  B.  C 
His  poems  are  elegant,  but  occasionally  li- 
centious. 

Catt.,  James,  a  native  of  Zealand,  known 
as  a  politician  but  more  as  a  poet.  During 
"Cromwell's  usurpation  his  abilities  were  cm- 
ployed  by  his  countrymen  as  ambassador  to 
London.  On  his  return  he  retired  to  his  fa- 
vorite studies  in  one  of  his  country  houses 
where  he  died  1660,  aged  83.  His  poems^ 
which  are  in  Dutch,  are  higl^ly  esteemed  by 
his  countrvmen.  The  last  edition  was  in 
1756,  '2  vols,  folio. 

Cavalcanti,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian, 
Avho  served  pope  Paul  HI.  in  a  military  as 
well  as  a  political  capacity,  and  died  at 
Padua  156-2,  aged  59.  He  wrote  excellent 
treatises  on  rhetoric,  and  on  tlie  best  forms 
of  a  republic.  Another  Italian  of  the  same 
name,  wrote  some  poems  of  merit,  printed 


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la^T.    lie  was  of  riorciice,  and  lived  in  the 
13lh  century. 

Cavalier,  John,  son  of  a  peasant  at 
Ccveiincs,  is  lainons  for  his  bravery  in  the 
wars  of  tlie  Camisaids,  or  prolcslant  insur- 
gents aijainst  Lc\vis  XIV.  At  tlic  head  ol 
an  entlmsiaslic  laultiUidc  lie  defeated  the 
bravest  of  the  king's  troops,  though  coin- 
maudcd  by  the  greatest  ^enei-als.  ^'illars,  at 
last  coiKluded  a  truce  with  him,  and  he  m  us 
received  into  the  pay  and  protection  of  the 
king,  but  fearing  treachei-)',  he  (piitted 
France,  and  went  to  England.  He  greatly 
distinguished  himself aflevwards in  Spain,  es- 
]iecialiy  at  tlie  battle  of  Almanza,  and  was 
made  governor  of  Jersey,  w  here  it  is  sup- 
posed that  he  died  about  1705. 

CwAMERi,  Bonaventure,  an  Italian 
mathematician,  disciple  to  Galileo,  and  pro- 
fessor at  Bologna,  ■where  he  died  1047.  He 
wrote  on  geometry,  logarithms,  trigonome- 
try, conic  sections,  &c. 

Cavallini,  Pietro,  a  painter  horn  at 
Rome.  His  pieces  which  were  in  high  es- 
teem and  were  on  religious  subjects,  are 
chiefly  preserved  at  Rome.  His  mosaic  over 
the  entrance  of  St.  Peter's  is  much  adnured, 
as  Avell  as  the  Virgin  and  child  in  one  of  the 
churches  of  iiome.  He  died  13G4-,  aged  85. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Giotto. 

Cave,  Ui\  William,  was  born  in  1637, 
and  educated  at  St.  John's,  Cambridge.  He 
was  successively  minister  of  Hasely  Oxford- 
shire, Great  Alhallows,  and  Islington  near 
London,  and  afterwards  chaplain  to  Ciiarles 
11.  and  in  IG84  canon  of  \\  indsor.  Among  his 
Avorks  were  an  history  of  the  lives,  acts, 
deaths,  kc.  of  the  christian  fathers  during 
the  tiiree  first  centuries  of  the  church,  and 
his  historia  literaria,  published  in  1088,  con- 
taining an  account  of  all  writers  either 
against  or  in  favor  of  Christianity  to  the 
14th  century,  two  works  which  engaged  him 
in  a  controversial  and  imi)ortant  dispute 
with  Le  Clerc.  He  died  1713,  and  was 
buried  at  Islington. 

Cave,  Edward,  known  as  the  first  editor 
of  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  was  born  at 
Newtcn  in  Warwickshire,  1691,  and  educa- 
ted at  Kugby,  under  the  care  of  Mr. 
Holyock.  In  this  seminary  he  gained  at 
first  tke  go(xl  opinion  of  his  master  by  his 
abilities,  hut  wlien  the  mischievous  follies  of 
liis  school  fellows,  more  wealthy  and  there- 
fore more  iiidei)endent  than  himself,  as  ere 
unhandsomely  attributed  to  his  unsubmissive 
disposition,  he  left  Rugby,  an»l  after  being  in 
the  employment  of  a  collector  of  excise,  and 
of  a  timber  merchant,  he  becanie  appren- 
tice to  Mr.  Collins,  a  respectable  printer. 
By  his  assiduity  he  soon  rose  to  consequence 
in  his  profession,  and  by  the  interest  of  liis 
wife's  relations  he  obtained  a  small  place  in 
the  post  oIKce,  vhilst  still  h.e  continuetl  to 
print  pamphlets,  or  contributed  to  the  po- 
pularity of  journals  and  newspapers.  He 
was  engaged  also  by  the  slationer.s  tu  correct 
the  gi'ailus  ad  parnassum,  and  was  hand- 
somely rewarded  for  his  trouble,  and  gained 
soxue  addition  to  his  income  by  editing  a 


criminal  calendar,  and  other  perio«liial  pub- 
lications. As  clerk  of  the  franks  in  the  pust 
otiice,  he  used  his  privileges  of  e.vamining 
the  right  of  franking  with  more  freedom 
than  [ileased  the  members,  and  he  was  cited 
before  the  house,  and  alterwards  discharg- 
ed, though  nolbing  wascverad\anee«l  against 
bis  honor  or  integrity.  In  I7.}.i  he  liegaii 
the  (Gentleman's  .Magazine,  a  ])ublicalion 
which  by  great  and  unexpceted  success,  con- 
tributed to  the  indepcn«lence  of  his  fortune, 
and  which  still  maintains  its  re|»atatif.n  as  a 
valual>lc  repository  of  whatever  is  curious  in 
antitjuitien,  in  history,  or  biogi-aphy.  He 
died  lUth  January  1754.  He  had  lost  his 
wife  three  years  before  by  an  asthma.  He 
Ava.s  a  man  of  great  perseverance  antl  appli- 
cation, but  in  his  manners  he  was  cold  and 
reserved  ;  his  heart  however  was  warm  and 
charitable,  and  the  money  which  his  dili- 
gence had  laboriously  procured  was  liberally 
imparted  to  the  necessitous.  He  was  burieil 
in  St.  James'  church,  Clerkenwell,  and  an 
inscription  is  erected  to  Ids  honor  in  the 
church  of  Rugby,  by  the  pen  of  Dr.  Hawkes- 
worth.  Dr.  .lohnson,  Aviio  sliared  his  friend- 
ship and  pati-onage,  has  given  a  short,  bnl 
entertaining,  account  of  his  life. 

Cavedone,  Jacomo,  an  Italian  painter, 
Avhose  misfortunes,  it  is  said,  ovcrpowed  his 
intellects,  so  that  he  died  poor,  in  a  stable,  at 
Bologna,  1600,  aged  8().  His  pieces  are  said 
to  be  equal  to  those  of  his  master  Annibal 
Caracci. 

Cavendish,  Thomas,  was  born  at  Frim- 
ly,  in  Sullolk,  and  allied  to  a  noble  family. 
He  determined  to  repair,  at  the  expense  of 
the  Spaniards,  his  fortune,  which  youthful 
e.\travagaiicehad  ruined,  and  with  two  sJiips 
which  he  built,  one  of  I-JO  and  the  other  of 
Go  ton.s,  with  a  bark  of  40  tons,  lie  sailed  from 
Plymouth  iilst  July  1586.  After  crossing 
the  straits  of  Magellan,  he  began  to  enrich 
himself  by  the  many  prizes  w  hich  he  made 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  especially  by  an 
Acapuico  ship,  which  he  burned,  after  tak- 
ing 60,000/.  of  gold  from  her  cai-go.  Having 
thuH  surrounded  the  globe,  lie  returned  to 
Plymouth  on  the  9th  Seiiteinber  15  88;  but 
tiie  many  riches  which  he  brought  home 
were  soon  quickly  wasted  away,  and  three 
years  after  he  again  embarked  in  ])ursiiit  of 
new  adventures  and  fresh  prizes.  He  reach- 
ed the  straits  of  Magelhui  April  S,  1592, 
but  the  lemi»estuous  weather  obligcfl  him  to 
return,  and  the  ill  success  of  his  expeditiou 
so  preyed  upon  his  heart  that  he  died  of  grief 
on  the  coast  of  BraziJ. 

Caven'dish,  sir  William,  a  gentleman  of 
Suffolk,  known  as  gentleman  usher  in  the 
si)lendid  estaljiislmient  of  cardinal  Wolsev's 
household.  His  attachment  to  his  [)atron 
was  so  sincere,  that  he  refused  to  abandon, 
him  even  in  his  disgrace;  and  this  jiroofnf 
fidelity  was  observed  by  Heni-v-  ^  III.  who 
took  him  under  his  protection,  knigiited  him, 
and  c<)nferred  upon  him  several  im[)ortant 
aiid  lucrative  ofhees.  He  contmued  in  favor 
at  the  court  of  Edward  VI.  and  with  his  sue- 
ces-ior  Mary,  and  died  15:17.  ag':'d  about  5'2. 


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He  was  three  times  married,  and  b}'  his  last 
Avife,  who  was  a  widow,  lie  left  three  sons 
and  three  daughters.  'J'his  last  wife  was  a 
lady  of  great  eliaracter,  and  deservedly  es- 
teemed as  tlie  njost  famous  woman  ot  her 
times.  She  was  four  times  married,  and  hap- 
pily, and  died  a  widow,  13th  February  1007, 
leaving  issue  by  one  husl»atid  onh'.  Sir  Wil- 
liam was  tlie  progenitor  of  tiie  dukes  of  De- 
vonshire.and  Newcastle.  He  published  a 
life  of  his  patron  Wolsey,  in  which  he  extols 
him  as  a  great  and  perfect  character.  It 
■was  printed  in  1667,  and  again  in  1706. 

Cavendish,  AVilliam,  duke  of  Newcas- 
tle, grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
I.tO'jJ.  His  person  and  elegant  manners  re- 
commended him  to  the  favor  of  James  F.  by 
•whom  he  was  made  knight  of  the  bath,  and 
baron  Ogle,  and  viscount  Mansfield,  Charles 
I.  likewise  patronised  him,  and  created  him 
^arl  of  Newcastle-on-Tyue,  and  appointed  him 
governor  to  the  prince  of  Wales.  Bucking- 
ham envied,  but  could  not  prevent,  the  king's 
partiality,  for  Cavendish  displayed  not  only 
the  courtier  but  the  loyal  subject;  and  he 
not  only  entertained  Charles  at  Welbeck  on 
his  march  agakist  the  Scots,  but  he  presen- 
ted him  with  10,000/.  and  a  body  of  '2o0 
ki)ights,  serving  at  their  own  charges,  and 
commanded  by  himself.  The  disastrous  event 
of  the  royal  cause  at  last  alarmed  Cavendish, 
and  after  the  battle  of  Marston-moor  he  fled 
to  Scarborough,  from  whence  he  passed  to 
Hamburgh,  and  afterwards  to  Amster<iam 
and  Pai'is.  Though  an  exile,  he  early  fore- 
saw the  fall  of  the  commonwealth ;  and  he 
returned  with  the  king,  by  whom  he  was 
created  duke  of  Newcastle.  He  died  on 
Christmas-day,  1676,  aged  84.  Besides  a 
treatise  on  government,  he.  written  while 
in  exile,  he  published  several  plays  and 
poems,  and  a  celebrated  treatise  on  horse- 
manship, of  which  an  elegant  edition  was 
some  years  ago  printed  His  second  wife, 
Margaret,  sister  to  lord  Lucas,  was  a  woman 
of  great  wit,  and  many  literary  accomplish- 
ments. She  wrote  the  life  of  her  husband, 
besides  various  poems  and  plays,  and  she 
■was  buried  in  the  same  vault  in  Westmin- 
ster-abbey. The  title  became  extinct  in 
I6yi,  by  the  deatli  of  Henry,  the  son  of  the 
first  daice,  without  issue. 

Cavendish,  William,  first  duke  of  De- 
vonshire, was  born  25th  .January  1640.  He 
sat,  when  of  age,  in  the  long  parliament,  for  j 
Derbyshire,  and  in  1665  he  accompanied  the  ; 
Duke  of  Yoi-k  as  a  volunteer  in  the  fleet. 
Four  years  after,  he  was  in  the  suite  of  Mow-  \ 
tagne,  the  ambassador  to  France  ;  and  when 
at  the  opera  at  Paris,  he  was  rudely  insulted, 
and  severely  wounded  by  three  of  the  king's 
oflicers;  a  heinous  ofTence,  which  was  par- 
(loned  only  by  his  earnest  intercession  for 
the  culprits.  In  his  conduct  in  parliament, 
Cavendish  was  bold,  manly,  and  patriotic  ; 
he  promoted  the  inquiry  into  the  m\irdcr  of 
sir  Edmonbury  Godfrey  ;  he  supported  the 
impeachment  of  Danby  and  of  Scraggs;  and 
not  only  appeared  at  the  trial  of  lord^Russcl 
personally,  to  vindicate  his  character,  but, 
alter  his  coiulerauatiou,  he  olfcred  to  ex- 


change clothes  with  him  ;  a  proposal  which 
Avas  generously  refused.  In  the  arbitrary 
reign  of  Jan»cs,  he  preserved  the  same  un- 
yielding spirit ;  and  when  personally  insulted 
by  colonel  Culpepper,  the  favorite  of  the 
king,  he,  though  in  the -presence  chamber, 
took  him  by  the  nose,  and  dragged  him  out 
of  the  room.  This  insult  offered  to  the  roy- 
al residence  was  denounced  in  the  king's 
bench,  and  the  ofl'euder  was  fined  30,000/. 
and,  tliough  a  ])ecr,  imprisoned  till  the  mulct 
was  discharged.  He,  however,  escaped  to 
Chatsworlh;  and  when  seized  by  the  sherift' 
of  the  county,  he  gave  him  for  the  faithful 
payment  a  bond,  which  AVilliam  III.  after- 
wards cancelled.  The  tyranny  of  James  now 
induced  Cavendish,  with  other  peers,  to  in- 
vite the  prince  of  Orange  to  invade  the  king- 
dom ;  and  on  his  landing,  he  joined  him  Avith 
a  respectable  number  of  followers,  and  evet* 
after  deserved  and  enjoyed  his  fullest  confi- 
dence. At  the  coronation  of  W^illiam  and 
Mary  he  acted  as  lord  high  steward ;  and, 
161)1,  he  attended  the  monarch  to  the  Hague, 
where,  Avith  all  the  magnificence  of  an  English 
nobleman,  he  entertained  several  sovereign 
princes  at  his  table.  In  1694  he  was  created 
duke  of  Devonshire,  and,  during  the  king's 
absence,  he  Avas  always  nominated  one  ot  the 
lords  justices.  Under  Anne,  he  Avas  enga- 
ged in  the  settlement  of  the  act  of  union  Avith 
Scotland.  He  died  18th  August  1707,  and 
Avas  succeeded  by  his  son,  the  marquis  of 
Hartington.  Cavendish  was  an  elegant  scho- 
lar, as  well  as  an  able  statesman  ;  and  Chats- 
Avorth  reniiiins  a  noble  specimen  of  lus  taste 
and  genius.  He  wrote  poetry  w  ith  great  ease, 
and  Ms  ode  on  the  death  of  queen  Mary,  and 
his  allusion  to  tlie  archbishop  of  Cambray's 
supplement  to  Homer,  ai-e  still  deservedly- 
commended. 

Cavendish,  lord  John,  son  ofthefoiulh 
duke  ot  Devonshire,  Avas  distinguislied  as  au 
able  politician,  and  as  the  friend  of  lord  liock- 
ingham,  and  the  determined  opponent  of  lord 
North's  measm-es  in  the  American  Avar,  He 
Avas  twice  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  He 
(bed  lyth  December  1796,  of  an  apoplectic 
stroke. 

Cavendish,  lord  Frederic,  of  the  noble 
family  of  DeAonshire,  was  born  1729.  He 
chose  a  mihtary  life,  and  by  gradual  steps 
rose  to  the  rank  of  field  marshal.  He  Avas 
re])rescntativeforDerln  shii-e,  and  afterwards 
for  Derby,  in  several  parliaments,  till  he  re- 
tired from  pubUc  life.  In  the  action  of  St. 
Cas,  on  the  French  coast,  September  1758, 
he  Avas  taken  prisoner;  and  Avhen  permitted, 
with  the  other  oflicers,  to  return  to  his  coun- 
try, on  his  parole,  by  the  duke  d'Aiguillon, 
he  at  first  refused  him,  It'St  his  voting  in  the 
house  of  commons  should  be  considered  as  a 
violation  of  his  parole.  He  Avas  one  of  those 
ofiicers  Avho,  v  ith  ^Volfe,  Monkton,  and  Kep- 
pel,  united  in  an  agreement  together,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  seven  years'  war,  not  to  mar- 
ry till  the  return  of  peace,  that  their  military 
cai-eer  might  not  be  interrupted  by  domestic 
concerns.  He  died  atTAvickenhsm  '2Ut  Oc- 
tober 1 803. 


CA 


CE 


Caulet,  Francis  Stephen  ile,  a  French 
prelatt",  who  strongly  opposed  the  rcf^ali',  or 
».hc  right  nssuiiKtl  l>y  ihc  ki  iij  olcU.sposin^  ot" 
vacant  ecclesiastifjil  lientfices,  for  which  lie 
\v»H  dismissed  IVoni  liis  see.  He  died  lOSU, 
uniTersally  respected  as  a  Jfood,  Ijeiievolent, 
and  virtuous  prelate. 

('aumac,  Ciiy  <h',  a  Frem  !i  aiinlDUiist  ol 
Alonlliilliei',  physiciitn  to  the  popes  (Jlenienl 
YI.  and  Urban  V.  I  lis  system  of  surgery  was 
published  at  Venice  l4yO.  He  \u-ote  also  a 
compendium  of  surgery. 

Cavoye,  Lewis  marquis  dc,  a  French 
military  olhcor,  who  dihitinu^uished  himself  in 
Holland,  by  bra\ely  removing;  an  English  fire 
ship,  which  threatened  the  destruction  of  a 
■w hole  Heel ;  for  which  he  was  honorably  re- 
warded. He  was  the  frienil  of  Turenne,  of 
Racine,  Gencst,  and  other  learned  men  ;  and 
died  1710,  a<;ed  7G. 

Caussix,  Nicholas  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
at  Troyes,  counsellor  to  Lcm  is  XHI.  He  op- 
posed liichetieu,  by  -s^hom  he  Avas  dismissed 
from  attendance  on  t!\e  king's  person,  and 
banished  to  a  town  of  Lower  Biilany.  He 
V  as  permitted  to  return  to  Pai'is  after  the 
carduial's  deall* ;  and  he  died  in  tlie  Jesuits' 
convent  July  16.51,  aged  71.  He  published 
several  works  in  French  and  Latin.  His  book 
de  sacra  et  proi'ana  eloquentia,  is  w  ell  known 
in  England,  and  his  "court  sainte"  has  been 
translated  into  almost  every  language  of  Eu- 
rope. 

Cawdrey,  Daniel,  a  nonconformist,  edu- 
cated at  Petex--house,  Cambridge,  and  eject- 
ed from  his  living  of  Hilling,  Northami)ton- 
shire.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Westmin- 
ster assembly  of  divines,  and  wrote,  besides 
sermons  and  treatises,  some  strong  pieces 
against  the  established  church.  He  died  1664. 
C  AWT  ox,  Thomas,  born  at  Colchester, 
w  as  educated  at  Rotterdam  and  Utrecht,  and 
afterwards  at  Merton  college,  Oxford,  and 
declaring  himself  a  nonconformist,  he  began 
to  preach  to  a  dissenting  congregation  at 
Westminster.  He  died  of  a  consumption  in 
1677,  aged  about  40.  He  v.as  a  good  Hebrew 
scholar,  on  which  language  he  wrote  a  dis- 
sertation, besides  a  treatise  on  divine  provi- 
dence— a  discourse  on  4.he  Syriac  version — 
and  the  life  of  his  father,  who  was  minister 
of  St.  Railholomew,  behind  the  Exchange, 
who  had  been  accused  of  being  concerned  in 
Love's  plot  agiunst  Cromwell,  and  who  had 
therefore  lied  to  Holland,  where  he  died,  at 
Rotterdam,  1659.  The  fatlier,  who  bore  tJie 
same  name,  was  a  good  Hebraist,  and  gave 
assistance  to  the  compilation  of  the  polyglott 
bible,  and  to  Castel's  polyglott  lexicon. 

Caxton,  William,  the  first  English  i)iin- 
ter,  was  born  at  ^\'eald,  in  Kent ;  and  after 
receiving  the  common  education  of  the  times, 
he  Avas  bound  to  Mr.  Robert  Large,  a  mer- 
cer, afterwards  lord  mayor  of  London.  His 
conduct  was  so  commendable,  that  his  master 
at  his  dnath  loft  him  a  liandsome  legacy.  Ho 
nfterwai'ds  went  as  agent  to  the  mercers'  com- 
pany into  Holland,  and  was  empowered  by 
Edward  IV.  to  make  a  treaty  of  commerce 
M'ith  the  duke  of  Biu'guady.    During  his  rcsi- 


cU'nce  abroad  he  became,  with  some  expense, 
ac(|u:iinted  with  the  newly  discovered  art  of 
printing;  and  at  the  re(|Ue8t  of  Margaret  of 
York,  duchess  of  Burgundy,  from  whom  he 
n-ceivfd  a  pension,  he  pHblished  his  "  recuy- 
ell  of  the  history   of  Trove,"  the   first  book 
ever  printed  in   i'.nglisli,  translated  by  him- 
self, 1471.     In  1474  he  pul)lished,  in  English, 
his  game  of  chess  ;  ii  work  which,  for  ita  cu- 
riosity,  was  purchased  for  40  guineas,  by  the 
earl  of  Fembroke,  of  .Mr.  (J ranger.    In  1477 
he    publislied   t!ie     dictcs    Jt  sayengis    of  the; 
l»bilosophers,    translated  out  of  French   by 
Anlone  erie  ltyv\  res,  lord  Seerh  s,  ^:c.     His 
last  work  was,  "  the  holy  lives  of  the  fathers 
hcrmiteslivingiu  the  deserts,"  1491,  in  whic!^ 
year  he  died,  leaving  beliind  him  the  respoct- 
able  cbaracter  of  an  industrious,  honest,  wor- 
thy man,  eager  to  promote  learning  and  reli- 
gion among  his  countrymen. 

Caylus,  jVnne  Claude  count  de,  a  French, 
writer,  born  at  Paris  169'-'.  Distinguished  as 
a  soldier  in  Catalonia  and  at  Friburg,  he  left 
the  army  at  the  jieace  of  llastadt,  and  travel- 
led to  Italy  and  the  Levant.  His  "  relics"  of 
Egyptian  and  other  antiquities,  in  7  vols.  4to. 
17j'2-67,  is  a  most  valuable  work.  He  wrote 
also,  besides  a  description  of  the  gerasin  the 
royal  cabinet,  tlie  Hves  of  celebrated  painters 
and  engravers  of  the  French  academy  ;  and, 
from  a  passage  in  Pliny,  discovered  the  an- 
cient mode  of  encaiistic  painting,  and  of  ting- 
ing marble.     He  died  1765. 

C  azes,  Peter  James,  a  French  painter,  who 
studied  under  IJouasse  and  Boullogne,  and, 
for  his  great  excellence,  was  honorably  admit- 
ted into  the  academy  170;5.  His  woman  with 
an  issue  of  blood,  m  the  churcli  of  Notre 
i)ame,  is  regarded  as  a  most  perfect  and  val- 
uable piece.  This  ingenious  artist,  whose 
works  are  numerous,  and  in  high  esteem, 
died  1754,  aged  78. 

Cazotte,  James,  a  native  of  Dijoti, mayor 
of  Pierry,  near  Epernay.  He  was  for  his 
loyaltv  to  the  king  dragged  to  the  abbaye  pris- 
on, in  1 791:3;  and  when  the  fatal  month  of 
September  came,  his  daugbtcr,  aged  17,  who 
had  shared  his  confinement  and  misfortunes, 
accompanied  him  to  the  bloody  tribunal, 
where  assassins  mocked  the  forms  of  justice. 
The  blows  aimed  at  the  father  were  repelled 
by  the  heroic  daughter,  and  with  such  eftect, 
that  the  murderers,  astonished  at  her  con- 
duct, permitted  her  and  her  trembling  parent 
to  escape.  A  few  days  after,  however,  Ga- 
zette was  again  arrested,  on  suspicion,  and 
condemned  to  die.  He  was  guillotined  i25th 
September  1792,  aged  7-2.  He  wrote  some 
things  in  iirose  and  verse,  which  have  appear- 
ed in  6  vols.  12mo.  and  2  vols.  8vo. 

Ceba,  Ansaldo,  a  Genoese,  who  acquired 
reputation  as  a  politician,  historian,  orator, 
and  poet.  His  treatise  on  epic  poetry  is 
more  valued  than  his  poems.  He  died  1623, 
aged  58.  He  wrote  also  r^sther  and  Camilla, 
two  heroic  poems,  besides  Alcippo  and  Ge- 
malla  Capoane,  two  tragedies,  and  an  his- 
tory of  Rome,  S:c. 

Cebf.s,  a  Theban  philosopher,  pupil  to 
Socrates.    He  wrote  the  table  of  human  life. 


CE 


CE 


Cecco  ue  Ascolt,  ov  Francis  de  Gl) 
Stiibill  of  Ascoli,  professor  of  astrology  and 
philosophy  at  Bologna,  from  which,  on  an 
accusation  of  magic,  he  removed  to  Flo- 
rence, where  he  became  physician  to  the 
duke  of  Calabria.  His  knowledge  here 
again  exposed  him  to  the  suspicion  of  magic, 
and  he  was  seized  by  the  inquisition,  and 
condemned  to  be  burnt.  This  cruel  sen- 
tence was  executed  i327.  His  poem  called 
I'acerta  was  for  some  time  popular. 

Cecil,  William,  lord  Burleigh,  was  born 
at  Bourn,  Lincolnshii-e,  1521,  and  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
married  the  !?istcr  of  sir  John  Cheek,  tutor 
of  Edward  VI.  From  Cambridge  he  re- 
moved to  Gray's  iim,  and  applied  himself 
with  such  great  assiduity,  that  he  soon  be- 
came distinguished  at  the  bar.  Upon  the 
death  of  his  wife,  he  married  a  daughter  of 
sir  Anthony^  Cooke,  a  lady  of  great  learning 
and  so  far  advanced  his  reputation  and  his 
fortunes  by  his  matrimonial  connections, 
that  he  was  made  master  of  requests  by  the 
pi'otector  Somerset,  and,  by  gradual  ad- 
vancement, knighted,  and  created  secretary 
6f  state,  and  chancellor  of  the  garter.  In 
jNlary's  reign,  his  abilities  were  respected, 
and  though  he  had  favored  the  cause  of  Jane 
Gray,  yet  (lie  queen  often  consulted  him, 
though  not  in  office,  and  he  retained  the 
good  opinion  of  her  ministers.  Under  Eliza- 
beth, he  became  again  secretary,  and  be- 
sides master  of  the  court  of  wards,  and 
chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  in  1571  was 
created  lord  Burleigh.  He  died  August 
1598,  aged  78,  leaving  a  son  by  each  of  his 
wives.  Tliough  twenty-seven  years  high 
treasurer  of  England,  he  yet  died  not  opu- 
lent, and  Avhile  he  managed  with  honest 
frugality  the  revenues  of  the  kingdom,  he, 
•with  inflexible  integrity,  disdained  to  en- 
rich himself  by  base  and  dishonorable  means. 
Besides  Latin  poems  on  the  death  of  lady 
Nevil,  and  on  sir  Thomas  Chaloner,  he 
vrote  some  pamphlets  in  defence  of  the 
queen  and  of  her  government,  and  on  other 
treatises.  His  state  papers  were  published 
by  Haynes  1740,  and  a  continuation  by  Mur- 
din  17G0. 

Cecil,  Robert,  earl  of  SaHsbury.  Yid. 
Salisbury. 

Cecrops,  an  Egyptian,  founder  of  the 
Athenian  monarchy,  about  1556  B.  C. 

Ceduenus,  George,  a  Grecian  monk  of 
the  11th  century,  author  of  an  abridged  his- 
tory from  the  creation  to  the  year  of  Christ 
1057 ;  a  work  collected  from  various  au- 
thors, and  entitled  to  little  esteem.  It  was 
printed  at  Paris  1647,  with  the  Latin  version 
of  Xylander. 

Celesti,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter, 
"who  died  1706,  aged  69.  His  views  about 
Venice  are  highly  admired. 

Celestin  I.  poj)c,  after  Boniface  II. 
condemned  the  doctrines  of  Xestorius,  and 
died  432,  after  filling  the  chair  ten  years. 

Celestin  II.  pope,  after  Innocent  II. 
died  1143,  after  being  elected  only  five 
xponths. 


Celestin  III.  succeeded  Clement  III. 
1191,  and  died  seven  years  after.  He  claim- 
ed the  kingdoms  of  Sicily  and  Naples  as  ap- 
pendages to  the  holy  see,  and  gave  the  for- 
mer to  Frederic,  son  of  the  emperor  Henry 
VI.  on  his  paying  regular  tribute  to  the  holy 
sec. 

Celestin  IV.  was  pope  only  eighteen 
days,  and  died  1241. 

Celestin  V.  was  elected  pope  1294,  but 
with  difficulty  could  be  prevailed  upon  to 
leave  his  humble  cell  for  a  throne.  He  was 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  Celestin,  sup- 
pressed in  France  1778.  Celestine  resigned 
the  tiara,  by  the  insinuations  of  Cajetan, 
who  succeeded  him,  by  the  title  of  Boniface 
A  HI.  He  was  imprisoned  by  his  artful  suc- 
cessor in  a  castle  in  Campania,  and  died  there 
1296.  He  was  canonized  in  1313  by  Cle- 
ment V. 

Cellari  us,  Christopher,  a  learned  man, 
born  at  Malcalde  iu  Franconia.  He  applied 
himself  to  classical  learning  and  the  oriental 
languages  at  the  university  of  Jena,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  1666,  The 
following  year,  he  became  professor  of  He- 
brew and  moral  philosophy  at  Weissenfels, 
and  in  1673  he  Mas  appointed  rector  of  Wei- 
mar college,  and  three  years  after  removed 
to  Zeits  and  in  1678  he  accepted  the  rectory 
of  Mersbourg  college,  where  his  fame  soon 
drew  around  him  a  respectable  number  of 
students.  Though  extremely  partial  to 
Mersbourgh,  yet  he  was  prevailed  upon 
by  the  king  of  Prussia  to  become  professor 
of  eloquence  and  history  in  the  newly  found- 
ed college  of  Halle,  in  1693,  and  here  he 
composed  the  best  part  of  his  works,  till  un- 
ceasing application  hastened  the  imbecilities 
of  old  age,  and  carried  him  off  in  1703,  aged 
69.  His  works  were  very  numerous  and 
valuable,  and  chiefly  on  geography,  history, 
grammar,  and  the  oriental  languages,  besides 
learned  editions  of  more  than  tv.enty  Latin 
and  Greek  authors.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  are,  atlas  ccelestis,  fol. — notitia  orbis 
antiqua,  2  vols.  4to. — historia  antiqua,  12mo. 
— de  Latinitatc,  &c. 

Cellier,  ilemi,  a  Benedictine  of  Bar 
le  due.  He  wrote  a  general  history  of  sacred 
and  ecclesiastical  authors,  23  vols.  4to. — an 
apology  for  the  morality  of  the  fathers,  against 
the  Barbeyrac,  kc.  and  died  1761,  aged  73. 

Cellini,  Benevento,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor and  engraver  of  Florence.  He  was  ori- 
ginally apprentice  to  a  jeweller  and  gold- 
smith, and  besides  a  great  taste  for  drawing 
and  designing,  he  was  an  excellent  musician, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  became  the  fa- 
vourite of  pope  Clement  VII.  as  his  gold- 
smith and  musician,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  great  ingenuity  in  making  medals 
and  rings.  The  pope  had  so  high  an  opinion 
of  his  valor,  that  he  intrusted  to  his  care  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo,  when  Rome  was  be- 
sieged by  tiie  duke  of  Bourbon,  and  Cellini 
supported  the  character  of  an  able  general, 
and  yielded  to  his  assadantonly  after  a  vigor- 
ous resistance,  and  by  an  honorable  capitu- 
lation.   Tlrc  temper  of  Cellini  did  not,  how- 


CE 


CE 


ever,  nccord  with  his  other  {,'rcnt  jjUfilitit^s. 
Fickle  an<l  capricious,  he  was  »-vcr  cinlnoilrd 
iiKjUarrels;  and  (lissatistifd  with  liis  connti^', 
fie  traveUtMl  through  I'adiia,  S \vit/.(  riainl, 
Geneva,  and  Lyons,  to  I'aiis,  tii  scrk  <  ni- 
ployment  and  patronage  under  the  auspices 
of  Fiancis  I.  but  soon  returned  lu  Italy. 
From  iioine,  wliere  he  was  Inr  '.oine  time 
imprisoned,  on  a  charge  of  having  lornu  riy 
robbed  the  castJe  of  St.  Angelo,  lie  wi.shed 
10  revisit  Pari.s ;  but,  upon  some  unexpected 
disgrace,  he  determined  to  travel  on  a  pil- 
grimage to  Jerusalem,  tillllic  l;rt-ge  promises 
of  the  French  king  altered  bis  purp(»s(;,  an<l 
engaged  him  to  settle  in  his  capital.  Flattex"- 
<:d  and  liber;illy  jialronised  at  Paris,  Cellini 
vas  otlcnded  with  madame  d'Estampes  the 
king's  favorite,  and  abandoned  the  kingdom, 
for  the  protection  of  Cosmo  de  JMcdici,  at 
Florence;  where  a  fresh  insult  dismissed 
him,  but  again,  after  a  short  absence,  to  re- 
turn. He  died  at  Florence,  1570.  His  life, 
with  curious  anecdotes,  was  translated  irom 
the  Tuscan  language  into  English,  in  2  vols. 
Svo.  1771. 

Celsus,  Aurclius  Cornel,  a  physician  at 
Rome,  under  I'iberiu-s,  author  of  books  on 
medicine,  besides  tracts  on  agriculture,  rhet- 
oric, fccc. 

Celsus,  an  epicurean  philosopher, known 
in  the  2d  centuiy,  tor  his  treatise  against 
Christianity,  which  was  refuted  by  Origen. 

Celtes,  Conrad,  a  Latin  poet  of  Swein- 
iiut,  near  Wertzburg^died  at  Vienna  1508, 
aged  4y,  after  having  obtained  thehonor  of  the 
poetic  laurel.  He  was  patronised  by  the  em- 
peror Ma-ximilian.  His  works  are  elegiac 
verses,  odes,  epigrams,  besides  an  account  of 
the  city  of  Nuremburg,  published  1513,  and  a 
poem  01*  the  manners  of  the  Germans.  His 
style  is  not  inelegant,  nor  devoid  of  wit; 
though  from  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  he  is 
not  to  be  expected  to  be  a  correct  writer. 

Censor  IN  us,  Appius  Claudius,  a  Uoman 
senator,  raised  to  the  imperial  purple  by  his 
soldiers,  who  seven  days  after  assassinated 
him,  270. 

Censouinus,  a  Roman  grammarianj  in 
the  3d  century,  author  of  a  work  de  die  natali, 
Centi.ivre,  Susannah,  a  celebrated 
comic  writer,  born  at  Holberch,  in  Lincoln- 
shire- Her  maiden  name  was  Freeman. 
To  a  handsome  person  she  united  the  i)owers 
of  great  genius  and  a  creative  fcancy;  and 
ihoufjh  some  anecdotes  are  related  concern- 
ing the  imprudent  gaieties  of  her  youth,  as 
the  mistress  of  Anthony  Hammond,  with 
whom  she  lived  at  Cambri((ge  disguised  in 
men's  clothes,  yet  her  mind  was  elegantly 
cultivated  attd  improved.  She  wrote  fitteen 
jjlays,  besides  little  poems,  &cc.  which  pro- 
cured hei",  with  the  approbation  of  the  pub- 
lic, the  protection  of  some  high  and  respect- 
able patrons.  Her  plots  and  incideiits  are 
peculiarly  hap])y,  and  the  "  busy  body,"  and 
**  a  bold  stroke  for  a  wife,"  have  long  con- 
tinued to  command  the  applause  of  every 
liberal  and  discerning  audience.  She  was 
roarricd  three  times;  first  to  the  nephew  of 
sir  Stephen  Fo.x,  who  died  soon  after ;  and 
secondly  to  an  officer,  who  fell  in  a  duel  tMO 


years  auer.  Her  last  husband  was  cook  to 
queen  Anne,  and  fell  ih  love  with  her  as  she 
was  performing  Alexander  the  Great  at 
^Vinds()^,  1700.  She  died  in  very  respecta- 
ble ciicunislanccs,  1st  iJecembei'  1723,  and 
was  buried  iu  the  church  of  St.  Martiu-in- 
t he-fields.  'She  had  been  for  many  years 
the  corrcsponiieiii  of  llie  wits  of  the  limes; 
of  Steele,  Rowe,  liudgell,  Sewelt,  &:c.  ami 
she  was  honored  with  a  place  in  f'ope's 
liuntiad  Her  Dramatic  pieces  have  ap- 
peared in  3  vols.  12mrt. 

CExroKio,  Ascaiiiiis,  a  n:itive  of  Milan, 
in  the  Hith  century,  emiiient  as  a  soldier 
and  philo.sopher.  He  published  some  valua- 
ble military  and  hibtorical  memoirs  of  the 
wars  of  his  own  time,  and  those  of  Transyl- 
vania, in  2  vols.  4to.  15G'J. 

Ceratinus,  James  or  Teyng,  of  Horn, 
in  Holland,  a  name  which  he  rendered  into 
Greek,  for  his  own  appellation.  He  obLnincd 
the  Greek  professorship  by  means  of  his 
frien<^  Erasmus,  and  died  at  Louvain  1530. 
He  published  a  translation  of  Chrysostom  on 
the  priesthood,  into  Latin,  and  a  Graeco-La- 
tin  lexicon,  besides  a  treatise  de  souo  litera- 
rum  Grajcarura. 

Cerceau,  John  Anthony  du,  a  Jesuit, 
born  at  Fjiris,  who  became  known  as  a  Latin 
poet.  His  Latin  poems  were  published  in 
1705,  and  gained  him  reputation;  but  his 
French  verses  in  imitation  of  Marot,  were 
little  above  mediocrity.  He  died  at  Veret, 
near  Tours,  1730,  aged  60.  He  w  rote  also 
some  comedies  for  the  pupils  of  the  college 
of  Lewis  le  grand. 

Cerda,  John  Lewis  de  la,  a  Spani.sh  Jc- 
suit  of  Toledo,  esteemed  for  his  learning 
and  great  candor.  His  eommeutaries  oii 
Virgil  are  very  valuable  ;  but  those  on  Tcr^ 
tullian  do  not  possess  great  merit.  He  wrote 
also  ad  versa  sacra,  fol.  1G26.  He  died  in 
1643,  aged  above  80. 

Cerdon,  a  heretic,  of  the  2d  oeutury, 
who  asserted  that  Christ  had  not  a  real  body, 
and  that  there  were  two  principles,  one 
good,  ci'eator  of  heaven,  the  other  bad,  crea- 
tor of  tlie  earth.  He  rejected  the  old  testa- 
ment, and  considered  only  a  part  of  the  new 
as  authentic. 

Cereta,  Laura,  a  lady  born  at  Brescia, 
eminent  for  her  knowledge  of  philosophy 
and  of  the  learned  languages.  She  became 
a  widow  early  iu  life,  and  then  devoted  her- 
self entirely  to  literary  labors.  Her  Latin 
letters  appeared  at  Padua  in  16S0.  She  died 
1498,.  aged  29. 

C  ERIN  I,  Giovanni  Dominicf),  an  Italian 
painter  of  Perugia,  disciple  of  Guido  and 
J)ominchino.  He  died  IGSl,  aged  75.  ilis 
historical  pieces  are  esteemed. 

Cehinthus,  disciple  of  Simoa  Magus^ 
about  54  A.  D.  was  a  heretic,  who  attacked 
the  divinity  of  Christ.  It  is  reported  that 
St.  John,  (»nce  going  to  the  bath,  saw  (Jerin- 
ihus,  and  retired  from  his  neighborhood  with 
the  strongest  indignation. 

Cerisantes,  Mark  Duncan  de,  son  oi 
a  Scotch  physician,  settled  at  Saumur,  was 
preceptor  to  the  son  of  the  marquis  of 
^'igeaI^,  anil,  by  hio  a-dtlVess  and  karninrg. 


CE 


CE 


Cbcco  de  Ascoli,  ov  Francis  de  Gl) 
Stsibiii  of  Ascoli,  professor  of  astrology  and 
philosophy  at  Bologna,  fi-om  which,  on  an 
accusation  of  magic,  he  removed  to  Flo- 
rence, where  he  became  physician  to  the 
duke  of  Calabria.  His  knowledge  here 
agriin  exposed  him  to  the  suspicion  of  magic, 
and  he  was  seized  by  the  inquisition,  and 
condemned  to  be  burnt.  This  cruel  sen- 
tence was  executed  1327.  His  poem  called 
I'acerta  was  for  some  time  popular. 

Cecil,  William,  lord  Burleigh,  was  born 
at  Bourn,  Lincolnshire,  1521,  and  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
married  the  sister  of  sir  John  Cheek,  tutor 
of  Edward  VI.  From  Cambridge  he  re- 
moved to  Gray's  inn,  and  applied  himself 
"with  such  great  assiduity,  that  he  soon  be- 
came distinguished  at  the  bar.  Upon  the 
death  of  his  wife,  he  married  a  daughter  of 
sir  Anthony,  Cooke,  a  lady  of  great  learning 
and  s«  far  advanced  his  reputation  and  his 
fortunes  by  his  matrimonial  connections, 
that  he  was  made  master  of  requests  by  the 
pi*otector  Somerset,  and,  by  gradual  ad- 
vancement, knighted,  and  created  secretary 
of  state,  and  chancellor  of  the  garter.  In 
Mary's  reign,  his  abilities  were  respected, 
and  though  he  had  favored  the  cause  of  Jane 
Gray,  yet  the  queen  often  consulted  him, 
though  not  in  office,  and  he  retained  the 
good  opinion  of  her  ministers.  Under  Filiza- 
beth,  he  became  again  secretary,  and  be- 
sides master  of  the  court  of  Arards,  and 
chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  in  1571  was 
ci'eated  lord  Burleigli.  He  died  August 
1598,  aged  78,  leaving  a  son  by  each  of  his 
wives.  Though  twenty-seven  years  high 
treasurer  of  England,  he  yet  died  not  opu- 
lent, and  Avhile  he  managed  with  honest 
frugality  the  revenues  of  the  kingdom,  he, 
with  inflexible  integrity,  disdained  to  en- 
rich himself  by  base  and  dishonorable  means. 
Besides  Latin  poems  on  the  death  of  lady 
Nevil,  and  on  sir  Thomas  Chalonei",  he 
vrote  some  pamphlets  in  defence  of  the 
queen  and  of  her  government,  and  on  other 
treatises.  His  state  papers  were  published 
by  Haynes  1740,  and  a  continuation  by  Mur- 
din  17G0. 

Cecil,  Robert,  earl  of  Salisbury.  Vid. 
Salisbury. 

Cecrops,  an  Egyptian,  founder  of  the 
Athenian  monarchy,  about  1556  B.  C. 
.  Ceduenus,  George,  a  Grecian  monk  of 
the  11th  century,  aiithor  of  an  abridged  his- 
tory from  the  creation  to  the  year  of  Christ 
1057;  a  work  collected  from  various  au- 
thors, and  entitled  to  little  esteem.  It  was 
printed  at  Paris  1647,  with  the  Latin  version 
of  Xylander. 

Celesti,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  painter, 
"who  died  17(]6,  aged  69.  His  views  about 
Venice  are  highly  admired. 

Celestin  I.  pope,  after  Boniface  II. 
condemned  the  doctrines  of  Nestorius,  and 
died  432,  after  filling  the  chair  ten  years. 

Celestin  II.  pope,  after  Innocent  II. 
died  1143,  after  being  elected  only  five 
iponths. 


Celestin  HI.  succeeded  Clement  III. 
1191,  and  died  seven  years  after.  He  claim- 
ed the  kingdoms  of  Sicily  and  Naples  as  ap- 
pendages to  the  holy  see,  and  gave  the  for- 
mer to  Frederic,  son  of  the  emperor  Henry 
VI.  on  his  paying  regular  tribute  to  the  holy 
see. 

Celestin  IV.  was  pope  only  eighteen 
days,  and  died  1241. 

Celestin  V.  was  elected  pope  1294,  but 
with  difficulty  could  be  prevailed  upon  to 
leave  his  humble  cell  for  a  thi'one.  He  was 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  Celestin,  sup- 
pressed in  France  1778.  Celestine  resigned 
the  tiara,  by  the  insinuations  of  Cajetan, 
who  succeeded  him,  by  the  title  of  Boniface 
VIII.  He  was  imprisoned  by  his  artful  suc- 
cessor in  a  castle  in  Campania,  and  died  there 
1296.  He  was  canonized  in  1313  by  Cle- 
ment V. 

Cellarius, Christopher, alearned  man, 
born  at  Mxlcalde  in  Franconia.  He  applied 
himself  to  classical  learning  and  the  oineutal 
languages  at  the  university  of  Jena,  Avhere 
he  took  his  degree  of  D.  U.  1G66,  The 
following  year,  he  became  professor  of  He- 
brew and  moral  philosophy  at  Weissenfels, 
and  in  1673  he  was  appointed  rector  of  Wei- 
mar college,  and  three  years  after  removed 
to  Zeits  and  in  1678  he  accepted  the  rectory 
of  Mersbourg  college,  where  his  fame  soon 
drew  around  him  a  respectable  number  of 
students.  Though  extremely  partial  to 
Mersbourgh,  yet  he  was  prevailed  upon 
by  the  king  of  Prussia  to  become  professor 
of  eloquence  and  history  in  the  newly  found- 
ed college  of  Halle,  in  1693,  and  here  he 
composed  the  best  part  of  his  works,  till  un- 
ceasing application  hastened  the  imbecilities 
of  old  age,  and  carried  him  off  in  1703,  aged 
69.  His  works  wei'e  very  numerous  and 
valuable,  and  cliiefly  on  geography,  history, 
grammar,  and  the  oriental  languages,  besides 
learned  editions  of  more  than  tv.enty  Latin 
and  Greek  authors.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  are,  atlas  ccelestis,  fol. — notitia  orbis 
antiqua,  2  vols.  4to. — historia  antiqua,  12mo. 
— de  Latinitatc,  &cc. 

Cellier,  Uemi,  a  Benedictine  of  Bar 
le  due.  He  wrote  a  general  history  of  sacred 
and  ecclesiastical  authors,  23  vols.  4to. — an 
apology  for  the  morality  of  the  fathers,  against 
the  Barbeyrac,  8cc.  and  died  1761,  aged  73. 

Cellini,  Benevento,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor and  engraver  of  Florence.  He  was  ori- 
ginally apprentice  to  a  jeweller  and  gold- 
smith, and  besides  a  great  taste  for  drawing 
and  designing,  he  was  an  excellent  musician, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  became  the  fa- 
vourite of  pope  Clement  VII.  as  his  gold- 
smith and  musician,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  great  ingenuity  in  making  medals 
and  rings.  The  pope  had  so  high  an  opinion 
of  his  valor,  that  he  intrusted  to  his  care  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo,  when  Home  was  be- 
sieged by  tiie  duke  of  Bourbon,  and  Cellini 
supported  the  character  of  an  able  general, 
and  yielded  to  his  assailant  only  after  a  vigor- 
ous resistance,  and  by  an  honorable  capitu- 
lation.   Tht;  temper  of  Cellini  did  not,  how- 


CE 


CE 


ever,  nccorJ  with  bis  othcv  ;?rcnt  quciUtles. 
Fickle  ami  capricious,  ho  was  tvcmnlnoilrd 
iinjuarrels;  and  dissafisticd  with  his  coiinlpj', 
he  tniveUtMl  through  I'adua,  Swit'/.ciiaud, 
Geneva,  and  Lyons,  to  I'aris,  to  scrk  em- 
ployment and  patronage  under  the  auspices 
of  Francis  1.  but  soon  returned  lo  Italy. 
From  Uoine,  where  he  was  t'ov  some  time 
imprisoned,  on  a  charji^c  of  Iiaving  formerly 
robbed  the  castle  of  St.  Augclo,  he  wi.shed 
10  revisit  Fari.s ;  hut,  upon  some  uneiipected 
Hisgrace,  he  delerniined  lo  travel  on  a  pil- 
grimasjje  to  Jerusalem,  lill  ihc  lin'ge  promises 
of  the  French  king  altered  his  i)urp<)st;,  and 
engaged  him  to  settle  in  his  ca]iital.  Flatter- 
ed and  liberally  jialronised  at  Paris,  Cellini 
vas  ollcnded  with  madame  d'Kstampes  the 
king's  favorite,  and  abandoned  the  kingdom, 
for  the  protection  of  Cosmo  dc  JNJcdici,  at 
Florence;  where  a  fresh  insult  dismissed 
him,  but  again,  after  a  short  absence,  to  re- 
turn. He  died  at  Florence,  1570.  His  life, 
Avitli  curious  anecdotes,  was  translated  from 
the  Tuscan  language  into  English,  in  2  vols. 
Svo.  1771. 

Celsus,  Aurclius  Cornel,  a  physician  at 
Rome,  under  Tiberiu-s,  author  of  books  on 
medicine,  besides  tracts  on  agriculture,  rhet- 
oric, ^c. 

Celsus, an  epicurean  philosopher, known 
in  the  2d  centuiy,  for  his  treatise  against 
Christianity,  which  was  refuted  by  Origen. 

Cel,tes,  Conrad,  a  Latin  poet  of  Swein- 
iiut,  near  Wertzburgj^died  at  Vienna  1508, 
aged  4y,  after  having  obtained  thehonor  of  the 
poetic  laurel.  He  was  patronised  by  the  em- 
peror Maximilian.  His  works  are  elegiac 
verses,  odes,  epigrams,  besides  an  account  of 
the  city  of  Nuremburg,  pablished  1513,  and  a 
poem  o»  the  manners  of  the  Germans.  His 
style  is  not  inelegant,  nor  devoid  of  wit; 
though  from  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  he  is 
not  to  be  expected  to  be  a  correct  writer. 

Censouinus,  Appius  Claudius,  a  Itoman 
senator,  raised  to  the  imperial  purple  by  his 
soldiers,  who  seven  days  after  assassinated 
him,  270. 

Censorinus,  a  Roman  grammarianj  in 
the  3d  century,  authorof  a  work  de  die  natali. 
Centmvre,  Susannah,  a  celebrated 
comic  writer,  born  at  Holberch,  in  Lincoln- 
shire- Her  maiden  name  was  Freeman. 
To  a  handsome  person  she  united  the  jtowers 
of  great  genius  and  a  creative  tancy;  and 
though  some  anecdotes  are  related  concern- 
ing the  imprudent  gaieties  of  her  youth,  as 
the  mistress  of  Anthony  Hammond,  with 
whom  she  lived  at  Cambridge  disguiscnl  in 
men's  clothes,  yet  her  mind  was  elegantly- 
cultivated  and  improved.  She  wi'Ote  fiftceTi 
plays,  besides  little  poems,  &cc.  which  pro- 
cured her,  witii  the  approb.ition  of  the  pub- 
lic, the  protection  of  some  high  and  respect- 
able patrons.  Her  plots  and  incidents  are 
peculiarly  happy,  and  the  "  busy  body,"  and 
**  a  bold  stroke  for  a  wife,"  have  long  con- 
tinued to  command  the  applause  of  every 
liberal  and  discerning  audience.  She  was 
Tiiarried  three  times;  first  to  the  nephew  of 
sir  Stephen  Fox,  who  died  soon  after ;  and 
sEJfondly  to  an  officer,  who  fell  in  a  duel  two 


years  after.  Her  last  hnshand  was  cook  lo 
queen  Anne,  and  fell  ih  love  with  her  as  she 
was  performing  Alexander  the  Great  at 
Windsor,  17(irj.  She  dii-d  in  very  respecta- 
ble ciirumslances,  1st  Decembei»  1723,  and 
was  buried  iu  the  church  of  St.  Martiu-in- 
flu'-fields.  ''SIk;  had  been  for  many  years 
the  conespouiliMii  of  the  wits  of  the  limes; 
of  Steele,  Howe,  liudgell,  Sewell,  &c.  and 
she  was  honoriMl  with  a  place  in  Fope's 
liunciad  fler  Dramatic  pieces  have  ap- 
peared in  3  vols.  12mrt. 

Ce.v  loHTo,  A.scanius,  a  riative  of  Milan, 
in  the  IGth  century,  emiiicnt  as  a  soi«Iier 
and  philosopher.  iJc  published  some  valua- 
ble military  and  historical  memoirs  of  the 
wars  of  his  own  time,  and  those  of  Trausyl- 
vania,  in  2  vols.  4to.  15G'J, 

Cekatinus,  James  or  Teyng,  of  Horn, 
in  Holland,  a  name  which  he  rendered  into 
Greek,  for  his  own  appellation.  He  obtained 
the  Greek  professorship  by  means  of  his 
frieny^  Erasmus,  and  died  at  Louvain  1530. 
He  publishe<l  a  translation  of  Chrysostom  on 
the  priesthood,  into  Latin,  and  a  Graeco-La- 
tin  lexicon,  besides  a  treatise  de  souo  litera- 
rum  Graecarura. 

Cerceau,  John  Anthony  du,  a  Jesuit, 
born  at  Ftiris,  who  became  known  as  a  Latin 
poet.  His  Latin  poems  were  published  iu 
1705,  and  gained  him  reputation;  but  his 
French  verses  in  imitation  of  Marot,  were 
little  above  mediocrity.  He  died  at  Vcrct, 
near  Tours,  1730,  aged  CO.  He  wrote  also 
some  comedies  for  the  pupils  of  the  college 
of  Lewis  le  grand. 

Cerda,  John  Lewis  dc  la,  a  Spani.sh  Je- 
suit of  Toledo,  esteemed  for  his  learning 
and  great  candor.  His  commeutaries  on 
Virgil  are  very  valuable  ;  but  those  on  Ter- 
tulljan  do  not  possess  great  merit.  He  wrote 
also  ad  versa  sacra,  fol.  1G26.  He  died  in 
1643,  aged  above  80. 

Cerdon,  a  heretic,  of  the  2d  oeutury, 
who  asserted  that  Christ  had  not  a  real  body, 
and  that  there  were  two  principles,  one 
good,  creatoi-  of  heaven,  the  other  bad,  crea 
tor  of  the  earth.  He  rejected  the  old  testa- 
ment, and  considei'cd  only  a  part  of  the  new 
as  authentic. 

Cereta,  Laura,  a  lady  born  At  Brescia, 
eminent)  for  her  knowledge  of  philosophy 
and  of  the  learned  languages.  She  became 
a  widow  early  iu  life,  aTid  then  devoted  her- 
self entirely  to  literary  labors.  Her  Latin 
letters  appeared  at  Padua  in  16S0.  She  died 
1498,.  aged  29. 

Cerini,  Giovanni  Dominico,  an  Italian 
painter  of  Perugia,  disciple  of  Guido  and 
J)ominehini>.  He  died  1G81,  aged  75.  iU$ 
historical  pieces  are  esteemed. 

CsRiNruus,  disciple  of  Simon  Magu.'v^ 
about  54  A.  D.  was  a  heretic,  who  attacked 
the  divinity  of  Christ.  It  is  reported  that 
St.  John,  (mce  going  to  the  bath,  saw  (Jerin- 
thus,  and  retired  from  his  neighborhood  with 
the  sti'ongest  indignation. 

Cerisantes,  Mark  Duncan  dc,  son  ol 
a  Scotch  physician,  settled  at  Saumur,  was 
preceptor  to  the  son  of  the  marquis  of 
Vigeaiv,  and",  by  his  adirress  and  learning. 


CE 


CH 


gained  the  notice  of  Richelieu,  who  sent 
him  ambassador  to  Ccmstantinople,  aiui  af- 
terwards to  Sweden,  from  which, tlirough  his 
ill  conduct  and  quarrelsome  temper  in  chal- 
lenging a  p'rcneh  nobleman,  he  was  recalled. 
From  Paris  he  went  to  Naples,  and  assisted 
the  dukeof  (luise  in  the  support  of  the  Nea- 
politan insurgents,  lie  died  during  tlje 
siege  of  Naples  1648.  He  wrote  a  Latin  ac- 
count of  his  journey  to  Constantinople,  and 
two  Latin  odes  by  him  are  also  preserved  in 
the  Menagiana. 

CerMexati,  John  de,  an  Italian  histo- 
rian, who  published  in  Latin  an  elegant  ac- 
count of  his  native  city  Milan,  from  1.307  to 
1313,  printed  in  Muratori's  collection  of 
Italian  historians,  172C. 

Cerrato,  Paul,  a  native  of  Alba  in 
Montserrat,  1485.  He  wrote  a  Latin  poem 
iu  three  books,  de  virginitate,  and  other 
poems  preserved  iu  the  deliciui  poet.  Italo- 
rum. 

Ceruti,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Verona, 
brought  up  by  the  friendship  of  the  bishop 
of  Agen  to  the  church.  This  profession 
however  did  not  agree  with  his  feelings,  he 
left  France  and  his  nation  and  settled  at  Ve- 
rona, where  lie  married  and  took  pupils. 
He  died  1579,  aged  38.  He  wrote  in  Latin 
a  dialogue  on  comedy, — another  de  recta 
adolescentulorum  institutione,  besides  po- 
ems, letters,  Sec. — and  a  paraphrase  of  Ho- 
race, Juvenal,  and  Persius. 

Ceruiti,  Joseph  Antony  Joachim,  a 
native  of  Turin,  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  of 
whose  society  he  became  a  member,  and  al- 
so a  professor  at  Lyons.  His  abilities  as  a 
scholar  were  very  respectable,  and  when 
young,  he  obtained  two  prizes  from  the  acad- 
emies of  Dijon  and  Toulouse.  When  his  or- 
der was  abolished  he  wrote  an  apology  for 
the  Jesuits,  but  on  such  terms  as  ofiended 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  he  was  obliged 
to  make  a  public  recantation.  He  afterwards 
lived  for  15  years  under  the  protection  of 
the  duchess  des  Brancas,  and  at  the  revolu- 
tion, through  the  interest  of  Mirabeau,  ob- 
tained a  seat  in  the  national  assembly.  He 
Avas  the  editor  of  the  feuille  viliageoise,  a  re- 
volutionary paper,  and  the  year  after  his 
death,  which  happened  in  1792,  his  pieces 
and  miscellaneous  works  were  published  in 
one  vol. 
Cervantes,  Fu/.  Saavedra. 
Cervetto,  father  to  the  violincello  per- 
former of  that  name,  came  late  in  life  to 
England,  and  was  engaged  to  play  the  bass  at 
Drury-lane.  He  died  l4th  June  1783,  aged 
103.  When  once  Ciarrick  was  ])erforming 
sir  John  Brute,  and  the  audience  in  the  most 
profound  silence  fixing  tiieir  eyes  on  the  in- 
comparable actor,  poor  Cervetto  from  tlie 
orchestra  uttered  a  loud  yawn,  which  by  its 
suddenness  and  odity  excited  a  violent  laugh- 
ter through  the  house.  Garrick,  offended, 
sent  for  the  musician,  who  assuaged  the  rage 
of  the  hero,  by  saying  with  a  shrug,  "  I  beg 
ten  thousand  pardons,  but  T  always  do  so  ven 
I  am  ver  much  please." 
Cesalpinus,  Andrew,   an  Italian  phy- 


born    at    Arezzo,    about 


tne 


yea; 


sician 
1159. 

Cesarixi,  Julian,  a  Roman  ecclesiastic, 
employed  by  Martin  V.  as  a  nuncio,  and 
raised  by  him  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  I42f), 
and  sent  to  oppose  the  Hussites,  in  Bohemia. 
Under  the  succeeding  pope,  Eugcnius,  he 
was  sent  to  the  council  of  Ba.sil,  and  after- 
wards to  that  ofFerrara,  where  his  .-.bilities 
were  advantageously  displayed  against  the 
Greek  schismatics.  He  went  afterwards  to 
Hungary,  and  by  his  persuasion  the  king 
liadi.slaus  broke  his  treaty  with  the  Turks, 
and  in  consequence  of  it'fell  at  the  battle  ot" 
Varna  1444,  where  the  cardinal  was  also 
slain.  Some  of  his  orations  and  letters  have 
been  published. 

Cesarixi,  Virginio,  a  learned  Roman, 
made  chamberlain  to  Urban  VIH.  His  learn- 
ing was  so  great  and  his  abilities  so  respecta- 
ble, that  a  medal  was  struck  to  his  honor, 
on  which  he  appeared  with  Pico  de  Miran- 
duhi  crowned  with  laurel.  His  poems,  in 
Italian  and  in  Latin,  are  much  admired  for 
their  elegance  and  vivacity.  He  died  when 
Urban  meditated  his  elevation  to  the  rank 
of  cardinal  1624,  aged  29. 

Cespedes,  Paul,  a  vSpanish  painter, 
known  also  as  a  Avriter.  His  treatise  on  an- 
cient and  modern  painting  possessed  merit, 
and  his  last  supper  in  the  cathedral  of  Cordo- 
'vahas  Ions:  been  admired.     He  died   1608, 


aged  above 


'0. 


Cexeli,  Constance  de,  wife  of  Barride  St. 
Aunez,  governor  of  Leucate  under  Henry 
IV.  is  distinguished  for  her  bravery.  Her 
husband  being  taken  prisoner  by  the  Span- 
iards 1570,  she  put  herself  at  the  head  of  her 
bi-ave  neighbors,  and  though  the  besieging 
enemy  threatened  to  put  to  death  her  hus- 
band, she  heroically  refused  to  give  up  the 
garrison.  The  cowardly  Spaniards,  irritat- 
ed with  her  opposition,  put  her  husband  to 
death  and  raised  the  siege  ;  but  when  the 
indignant  garrison  wished  to  make  reprisals 
on  some  Spanish  captives,  the  courageous 
widow  stepped  as  an  advocate  for  their  lives, 
and  they  were  spared.  She  Avas  honored 
for  her  conduct  by  Henry  IV.  as  well  as  by 
the  whole  nation. 

Chabanes,  James  de,  a  Frenchman, 
who  displayed  great  bravery  under  Charles 
VIII.  and  Lewis  XII.  After  signalizing 
himself  in  Italy,  and  in  Spain,  he  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Pavia,  1525. 

Chara>:on,  N.  de,  member  of  the  acad- 
em)'  of  belles  letters,  died  at  Pai'is  1792, 
aged  60.  He  wrote  a  translation  of  Pindar, 
praised  by  Voltaire,  and  of  Theocritus — 
besides  a  dissertation  on  Homer — the  life 
of  Dante — a  treatise  on  music,  two  vols. 
8vo. — eulogies  of  Rameau,  See. — his  own 
life — dramatic  pieces,  &c. — His  brother  de 
iMangris  wrote  Alexis  and  Daphne,  an  ope- 
ra, and  other  dramatic  pieces,  and  died  1780. 

Chad  or,  Francis,  a  capuchin,  who  at 
the  revolution  became  a  violent  jacobin,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  convention  as  a 
bold  innovator,  cruel  in  his  sentiments,  and 
sanguinary  in  his  measures.    He  was  guil-i 


Cli 


ClI 


lolined  on  tlie  accusation  of  being  an  accom- 
jilice  of  Dantoti,  fith  April  1794,  a^cd  S.'i. 

Chabkias,  an  Atlicni:in  {general,  who 
fought  against  Agesilaus  and  took  Cyprus 
for  tlie  king  of  Kg}  pt.  He  died  about 
355  B.C. 

C H  A  B R I T,  Peter,  an  advocate  in  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  who  died  17S5.  lie  wrote  a 
book  called  "  of  the  Preneh  monanliy,  and 
its  laws,"  2  vols.  I'iino.  1785,  in  which  he 
displays  great  erudition,  but  copies  closely 
the  style  and  manner  of  iMontescjuieu.  He 
vas  recommended  to  the  empress  of  Rubsia 
by  Diderot,  but  died  before  her  determina- 
tion was  known. 

CuABRV,  Mark,  a  painter  and  sculptor, 
who  died  at  Lyons  17'27,  aged  67.  He  was 
bculptor  to  Lewis  XIV.  and  his  statue  of 
that  monarch  at  Lyons,  with  other  speci- 
mens of  liis  art,  perislied  during  the  revo- 
lution. His  son  of  the  same  name  was  equal- 
ly eminent  as  a  sculptor,  and  his  works  also 
perished  during  the  revolution. 

CuAis,  Cljarles,  was  born  at  Geneva 
1701,  and  educated  for  the  church.  He 
possessed  such  eloquence  that  he  was  cho- 
sen pastor  at  the  Hague  1728,  where  he  ex- 
erted himself  by  unceasing  diligence  and 
great  purity  of  life  in  the  defence  and  sup- 
port of  religion.  He  died  there  1786,  aged 
85,  leaving  behind  t!ie  character  of  a  be- 
nevolent man,  a  zealous  preaclier,  and  an  ele- 
gant scholar.  Besides  publishing  the  bible 
with  a  valuable  commentary  in  6  vols.  4to. 
he  wrote  some  divinity  tracts,  an  apology 
for  inoculation,  and  assisted  in  the  publica- 
tion of  Hainault's  history  of  France,  and 
the  bibliotheque  historique. 

CuATSE,  Father  de  la,  a  French  Jesuit, 
born  at  Forez  near  Lyons.  He  was  early 
patronised  by  cardinal  Mazarine,  and  re- 
commended to  Lewis  XIV.  whose  confessor 
and  favorite  he  soon  became.  After  the 
cardinal's  death,  he  increased  and  support- 
ed with  great  dexterity  his  influence  with 
the  king,  and  not  onlf  prevailed  upon  him  to 
marry  Madame  de  Maintenon,  but  advised 
him  in  the  management  of  his  aifairs  in 
church  and  state.  In  spite  of  the  intrigues 
of  the  court,  he  maintained  his  situation  of 
favorite  to  the  last,  and  was  even  consulted 
on  his  death  bed  by  the  king  about  the  choice 
of  his  successor.  He  died  January  1709, 
aged  83. 

Chalcidius,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  au- 
ihor  of  a  commentary  on  the  Timieus  of  Pla- 
to ^tc.  in  the  third  century. 

Chalcondyles,  Demetrius,  a  native  of 
Athens,  disciple  to  Theodore  Gaza.  At 
the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  the  Turks, 
he  escaped  into  Italy,  and  at  Florence  un- 
der the  patronage  of  the  Medicis,  and  at 
Milan  under  Lewis  Sforza,  he  established 
his  reputation  by  teaching  tlie  Greek  lan- 
guage. He  diecl  at  Milan  1510,  aged  above 
80.  Besides  a  learned  edition  of  Suidas, 
Florence  1499,  he  published  a  Greek  gram- 
mar and  other  tracts. 

Chalcondyles,  Laonicus,  a  native  of 
Athens,  in  the  15th  century,    author  of  a 
VOT..    T.  40 


Greek  history  of  the  Turks,  in  10  books, 
from  129S  to  14C2.  It  was  published  with  a 
Latin  translation  1650,  folio,  and  it  was 
translated  into  French  by  Vigenere,  and 
continued  by  Meztrai  1662,  two  vols.  fol. 

Ciiai.es,  Claudius  Francis  de,  a  native 
of  Chandicri,  brought  up  among  the  Jesuits, 
and  made  royal  professor  of  hydrography  at 
Marseilles,  and  of  mathematics  at  l^yons. 
He  was  afterwards  professor  of  tlieology, 
l"or  which  he  was  little  calcidaled,  and  then 
removed  by  Emanuel  of  Savf)y  to  the  ma- 
thematical chair.  He  was  author  of  a  com- 
plete course  of  matbemalics,  4  vols.  8vo. — 
a  treatise  on  navigation  and  researches  on 
the  center  of  graxity — «n  history  of  niathe- 
matics  from  I'bales  to  1680 — and  died  at 
Turin  1C78,  aged  57. 

Chalier,  Marie  Joseph,  a  French  re- 
volutionist, bom  in  1747,  at  Beautard  in 
Dauphine.  From  an  ecclesiastic  he  became 
a  traveller,  and  at  last  settled  at  Lyons  as  a 
n\erchant.  At  the  beginning  of  the  revolu- 
tion he  admired  the  sanguinary  conduct  of 
Marat,  and  determined  to  imitate  it  at  Ly- 
ons, by  sacrificing  to  suspicion  eveiy  man  of 
probity,  virtue,  and  opulence.  At  the  head 
of  the  jacobins  he  proposed  to  erect  a  guillo- 
tine for  the  destruction  of  900  persons,  whom 
he  had  marked  for  slaughter,  and  he  him- 
self was  accused  and  guillotined  17th  July 
1793.  When  Lyons  was  taken  by  the  jaco- 
bins from  the  royalists,  the  body  of  the  bloody 
incendiary  was  dug  up,  and  his  ashes  plac- 
ed in  a  silver  urn,  and  carried  in  triumph  to 
the  convention. 

Challe,  Charles  Michael  Angelo,  pro- 
fessor in  the  Paris  academy  of  painting,  was 
ennobled  for  his  great  abilities,  and  had  the 
patriotism  to  prefer  his  irative  country  to  the 
liberal  invitations  of  the  kirig  of  Prussia  and 
of  the  empress  of  Kussa.  He  w  as  a  success- 
ful imitator  of  Guido  and  Salvator  Rosa,  an<l 
translated  the  works  of  Piranese,  and  tra^ - 
elled  into  Italy.     He  died  1778,  aged  60. 

Chaloxer,  sir  Thomas,  was  born  in 
London  1515,  and  educated  at  Cambridge. 
He  was  in  the  suite  of  sir  Henry  Knevet  as 
ambassador  to  Charles  V.  of  Germany,  and 
he  was  so  pleased  w  ith  the  character  of  the 
emperor  that  he  attended  him  in  the  fatal 
expedition  to  Algiers  1541,  Avhere  he  wa;* 
shipwrecked,  and  with  difliculty  saved  his 
life  by  clinging  to  a  cable.  On  his  return  to 
London  he  was  made  clerk  to  the  council, 
and  from  his  valor  he  was  knighted  by  Som- 
erset, on  the  field  of  the  battle  of  Mussel- 
burg.  Elizabeth  w  ho  knew  his  abilities  em- 
ployed him  as  her  ambassador  in  Germany, 
and  afterwards  at  the  court  of  Spain,  where 
he  conducted  himself  with  singular  address 
between  the  opposite  factions  of  Gomez  and 
of  the  duke  of  Alva.  He  died  soon  after  his 
return  to  London,  October  7th,  1565,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  He  wrote 
some  Latin  poems  besides  a  translation  of 
Morise  encomium  by  Erasmus — de  ropublica 
Anglorum  instauranda,  10  hbr.  &C.  and  he 
was  the  frirad  a.ij  admirer  of  sir  "William 
Ceci! 


CH 


CH 


Chai.o'N'ER,  sir  Thomas,  son  of  the  above 
was  eduoated  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford. 
Oa  his  return  from  his  travels,  he  married 
the  daughter  of  sir  W.  Fleetwood  recorder 
of  Loudon,  and  in  1591,  was  knighted,  and 
afterwards  nppointed  tutor  to  Henry  prince 
of  Wales  till  the  death  of  that  promising  per- 
son. On  his  estate  at  Gisborongh,  Yorkshire, 
he  discovered  alum  mines,  the  first  known 
in  England,  which  were  seized  by  the  crown, 
but  durhig  the  civil  wars  restored  to  his 
family.  He  died  IG15,  and  his  son  was  cre- 
ated a  baronet  1G21,  but  the  title  became 
extinct  in  1680. 

Chajloner,  James,  son  of  sir  Thomas 
was  boi'n  in  London  and  educated  at  Bra- 
zen-nose, Oxford.  IJe  studied  at  one  of  the 
inns  of  court,  b'lt  in  the  rebellion  he  warm- 
ly espoused  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  and 
was  even  appointed  one  of  the  unfortunate 
king's  judges.  He  was  afterwards  made  gov- 
ernor of  Peel-castle  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and 
at  the  restoration  he  poisoned  himself  when 
he  found  that  his  person  was  going  to  be  ar- 
rested. He  was  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
Isle  of  ^lan,  generally  joined  to  King's  vale 
royal  of  Cheshire,  fol.  I60G.  HFs  brother 
Thomas  was  also  one  of  the  king's  judges, 
and  fled  to  Middieburgh  in  Holland  at  the 
restoration,  where  he  died  1661.  He  was 
author  of  a  treatise  in  which  he  pretended 
to  have  discovered  tlie  tomb  of  iMoses  on 
mount  Nebo,  1657,  in  8vo.  which  for  a  while 
astonished  the  rabbies  and  presbytcrians, 
says  Wood,  but  was  soon  proved  to  be  an 
imposition. 

Chaloner,  Edward,  fellow  of  All-souls 
in  1611,  became  head  of  Alban  hall,  Oxford, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  a  good  preach- 
er, an  able  disputant,  and  a  learned  divine. 
He  died  of  the  plague  at  Oxford,  July  25th, 
1625,  aged  35,  and  was  buried  at  Chiswick. 
His  sermons,  13  in  number,  were  greatly 
admired. 

'  Chalotais,  Lewis  Rene  Caradeue  dela, 
author  of  a  spirited  work  on  the  Jesuits,  2 
vols.  1762,  was  attorney  in  the  parliament  of 
Rennes,  and  Mas  afterwards  imprisoned  for 
his  opposition  to  the  measures  pursued  by 
the  commandant  of  the  province.  He  died 
1715,  author  of  an  essay  on  national  educa- 
tion Svo.  His  son  and  successor  in  his  of- 
fices was  guillotined  at  Paris  1794. 

Chamberlaixe,  Robert,  a  native  of 
Lancashire,  educated  at  Exeter  college.  He 
Avrote  besides  nocturnal  lucubrations  or  med- 
itations divine  and  moral,  with  epigrams 
and  epitaphs  12mo.  1631 — the  swaggering 
damsel,  4to— 'a  comedy  1640 — Sicelides  a 
pastoral,  and  died  about  the  middle  of  the 
t7th  century. 

Chamberlayne,  Edward,  born  at  Od- 
ington,  Glocestershire,  was  educated  at  Glo- 
cester  school,  and  Edmund-hall,  Oxford. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  made  the  tour  of 
Europe,  and  after  the  restoration  he  accom- 
j;)anied  lord  Carlisle  as  secretary  to  Stock- 
holm, and  afterwards  became  the  tutor  of 
Henry  duke  of  Grafton,  Charles'  natural 
sun,  an^  some  time  ^ftcr  of  George  prince 


of  Denmark.  Though  he  took  his  degrees 
in  arts  at  Oxford,  he  was  complimented  at 
Cambridge  with  the  degree  of  L.L.D.  He 
died  at  Chelsea  1703,  aged  87,  and  at  his 
death  ordered  some  of  his  books  to  be  cov- 
ered with  wax  and  deposited  in  his  grave 
that  they  might  be  useful  to  future  ages. 
Of  the  six  books  which  his  monumental  in- 
scription by  Dr.  Harris  has  mentioned,  the 
best  known  is  Anglixe  Notitia,  or  the  pre- 
sent state  of  England,  which  has  passed 
through  34  editions. 

Chamberlayne,  John,  son  of  the  pi'e- 
ceding,  was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  continued  his  father's  present  state 
of  England.  He  wrote  besides  various 
other  books,  but  though  reported  to  be  well 
skilled  in  16  languages,  and  a  man  of  great 
excellence  of  character,  he  never  rose  high- 
er than  to  the  office  of  gentleman  usher  to 
prince  George  of  Denmark.  He  died  1724, 
highly  respected  as  a  good  christian  in  pro- 
fession and  in  practice.  He  also  translated 
Nieuwentyt's  religious  philosopher,  &c. 

Chambers,  Ephraim,  author  of  a  valua- 
ble dictionary,  was  born  at  Milton  in  West- 
moreland. His  parents  were  presbyterian 
dissenters,  and  his  education  was  intended, 
to  prepare  him  for  trade,  and  accordingly  he 
was  placed  as  an  apprentice  with  Mr.  Senex 
the  globe  maker.  In  the  house  of  this  ingen- 
ious mechanic  Chambers  applied  Jiimsclf  to 
literary  pursuits,  and  formed  the  whole  plan 
of  his  dictionary,  which  after  many  years' 
labor  made  its  appearance  in  1728,  in  2  vols, 
folio.  Long  before  that  time  he  had  retired 
to  chambers  in  Gray's  inn.  The  work  was 
published  for  four  guineas,  with  a  most  res- 
pectable list  of  subscribers,  and  so  flattering 
was  the  reception,  that  the  author  was  hon- 
orably elected  F.  R.  S.  In  ten  years  anoth- 
er edition  was  called  for  by  the  public,  and  in 
the  next  year  1731),  the  third  edition  ap- 
peared, the  fourth  in  1741,  and  the  fifth 
five  years  after.  So  rapid  a  sale  of  so  volum- 
inous a  work,  is  a  very  striking  proof  of  its 
utility,  and  the  abilities  displayed  in  the  ex- 
ecution. Besides  the  Cyclopedia,  Cham- 
bers wrote  some  of  the  pieces  in  the  literary 
magazine,  and  he  was  engaged  with  Mr.  J, 
Martin,  to  abridge  and  ti'anslate  the  philo- 
sophical memoirs  of  the  French  academy  of 
sciences,  a  work  which  appeared  in  5  vols. 
Svo.  1742.  When  in  declining  health,  in 
consequence  of  close  application,  Chamber.=> 
passed  to  the  south  of  France,  and  died  on 
his  return  to  Canonbury-house,  Islington, 
15th  May  1740.  He  was  buried  in  West- 
minster-abbey, where  an  inscription,  writ- 
ten by  himself,  marks  his  grave  on  the 
north  side  of  the  cloistei's.  The  Cyclopse- 
dia  after  the  author's  death,  was  enriched 
with  two  supplementary  folio  volumes  by 
Mr.  Scott  and  Dr.  Hill,  and  afterwards  the 
whole  was  digested  into  an  alphabetical 
form,  with  new  improvements  by  Dr.  Rces, 
in  four  vols.  fol. 

Chambers,  sir  William,  F.R.A.S.S.  an 
eminent  architect,  who  became  surveyor 
general  of  the  board  of  worksj  treasurer  of 


CH 


ClI 


tpJie  royal  academy,  and  knight  of  the  pohr 
star  in  SwedcT).  He  was  ol' Scotch  extrac- 
tion, and  was  born  at  Stockhohu  wlierc  his 
father  was  resident  tor  some  years.  He 
went  at  the  aj<e  of  IS  to  tlie  I''..ist  Indies,  in 
the  service  of  Sweden,  and  hronj^ht  Imck  to 
Enropc  that  taste  for  (Miinese  and  Asiatic 
architecture,  whicli  under  tlu;  kinf^'s  pat- 
ronaj(e  became  so  popuhir  in  linj;hind.  He 
settled  in  this  country,  and  as  an  architect 
liianned  the  ma.^nificient  buildings  of  Som- 
erset-house, whicli  display  his  genius  and 
taste  to  threat  advantaj^e.  His  stair-cases, 
and  his  designs  i'uv  the  interior  ornaments  of 
buildings,  are  said  to  be  particularly  admir- 
ed. He  wrote  a  treatise  on  civil  architec- 
ture much  applauded,  and  dieil  in  London, 
5th  March  1  79fi. 

Chambers,  sir  Robert,  a  learned  judge, 
born  at  Ncw-castle-upon-Tyn(.'  1737.  From 
tlie  school  of  Mr.  Moyscs  in  his  native  town, 
wliere  he  had  the  two  Scots  for  school-fel- 
lows, he  removed  in  IZ.'i'lto  Lincoln  college, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  became  fellow  of 
University  college.  In  17G0  he  succeeded  sir 
"William  Blackstone  as  Vincrian  professor, 
and  as  head  of  New-inn  hall,  and  in  1773  he 
•was  appointed  second  judge  in  the  Bengal 
supreme  court  of  judicature.  He  was  knight- 
ed by  the  king  in  1778,  and  in  1791  lie  be- 
came chief  justice  on  the  resignation  of  sir 
Elijah  Impey,  and  in  1797  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Asiatic  society.  He  returned 
two  years  after  to  England,  but  the  climate 
proved  too  rigorous  for  his  delicate  constitu- 
tion, and  in  tlie  latter  end  of  1802,  lie  pas- 
sed on  the  continent  for  the  benefit  of  his 
health,  and  died  at  Paris  9th  May  1803.  His 
remains  were  conveyed  to  England,  and  de- 
jiosited  in  the  Temple  church.  IJefoi-c  his 
departure  for  India  in  1773  he  married  the 
dauglrter  of  Mr.  Wilton  the  statuary.  As 
a  judge,  a  scholar,  and  a  man,  sir  Rob- 
ert w as  highly  lespectcd.  That  integrity 
whicli  should  mark  the  public  character  was 
particularly  eminent  in  Jiim,  and  the  benev- 
olence of  his  heart  ennobled  all  his  other  vir- 
tues. He  was  a  zealous  friend  to  the  reli- 
gious establisliment  of  his  country,  and  blend- 
ed a  fleep  sense  of  religion,  and  of  a  retribu- 
tion to  come  in  all  the  actions  of  liis  life.  He 
wrote  little  though  he  possessed  powers 
whieh  might  have  instructed  and  improved 
mankind  in  the  walks  of  litei'aturc.  The 
Latin  epitaph  which  adorns  the  monument 
of  sir  \V'^illiam  Jones  at  All-souls,  O.Kford, 
reflects  high  honor  on  his  feelings,  as  the 
long  tried  friend  of  the  deceased,  and  on  his 
taste  as  a  classical  scholar.  The  collection 
of  oriental  books  and  MSS.  which  he  made 
was  very  valuable,  and  was  disposed  of  after 
his  death. 

Chamier,  Daniel,  a  protcstant  of  cmi- 
nencc,  hqrn  at  Montelimar  in  Dauphine. 
He  was  professor  of  divinity  at  Montaiiban, 
where  he  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  the  place 
by  a  cannon-ball  iC'il.  He  was  a  waiMii  ad- 
vocate for  the  protestants,  and  according  to 
Varillas,  it  was  he  that  drew  up  the  famous 
■edict  of  Nantes.     As  a  ^^-riter  his  defiance  of 


the  reformed  church  against  th'»  attacks  of 
Bellariuine  in  four  vols,  folio,  is  much  es- 
teemed, besides  his  epistola:  Jesuiticic— his 
treatise  de  o'cumeniro  jtontific,  S*lC. 

(.'h  AM  I  i.L.\  KD,  Stephen,  a  Jesuit,  horn 
at  Bourgcs,  eminent  as  a  scholar  and  anti- 
quary. He  «Iied  at  Paris  if 30,  aged  70. 
He  published  an  edition  f»f  Pru<icntin3  for 
(he  use  of  the  I)au[ilMn — besides  disserta- 
tions on  med;ds,  gems,  fccc.  4to.  l7ll.  His 
conjectures  in  medals  c.'initd  him  often  be- 
yond jtrobability,  hnd  exposed  him  to  cen- 
sure and  to  ridicule. 

CiiAMi  I.  LA  iir,  Michael  dc,  a  native  of 
Caen.  His  father  was  master  of  recjucsts, 
and  lie  hiinscli'  became  counsellor  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  antl  ^^  as  accidenily  in- 
troduced to  Lewis  XIV.  as  an  excellent  bil- 
liard player.  The  monarch,  who  was  par- 
tial to  this  game,  made  Chamillait  his  favor- 
ite, and  appointed  him  comptroller  general 
of  the  linances,  and  minister  at  war.  Though 
an  excellent  character,  the  new  ruinister 
was  unfit  for  these  difficult  employments, 
and  had  the  good  sense  to  resign  them  1709. 
He  died  17'2l,  aged  70,  and  universally  es- 
teemed for  his  facetiousncss  goodness  of 
heart    and  genei-osity. 

Ch/ MOUSSE  r,  Charles  Horabert  Pier- 
ron  de,  was  born  in  Paris,  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  judge  in  the  parliament  of  the 
city.  C^niversal  benevolence  was  the  prom- 
inent feature  of  his  character.  That  he 
might  be  serviceable  to  the  poor,  he  studied 
medicine,  and  liberally  gave  his  advice  with- 
out the  expectation  of  rcM-ard.  He  wrote 
a  plan  of  reform  for  the  great  hospital  of 
Paris,  called  Hotel-tlieu,  and  in  the  pursuit - 
of  his  humane  schemes,  he  was  recommend- 
ed to  Choiseul,  who  procured  him  the  r.]i- 
pointmcnt  of  intendaut-gcneral  of  tlie  miii- 
tary  hospitals  of  France,  with  the  approba- 
tion and  good  w  ishes  of  the  king.  He  sug- 
gested the  establishment  of  a  penny-post  of- 
fice at  Paris,  besides  plans  for  the  abolition 
of  beggars,  the  bringing  of  good  w  ater  to  Pa- 
ris, the  association  for  a  subscription  among 
the  poor,  by  which  they  might  be  sujiport- 
ed  during  illness,  &c.  This  woithy  and 
amialilc  man  died  1773,  at  the  early  age 
of  50. 

Champagxe,  T'liilip  de,  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Brussels  1C02.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Poussin  and  du  Chcsnc,  and  sue- 
ceedcd  the  latter  as  a  painter  to  ISIary  of 
Medicis  fjueen  of  France,  w  ith  a  hr.nd.^ome 
salary,  and  apartments  in  the  palace  of  Lux- 
emburg. His  works  were  numerous,  and 
decorated  the  churches  and  palaces  of  Pa- 
ris; but  perh:jps  his  best  ]»iece  is  the  cicling 
of  the  king's  apartment  at  \"incennes.  Chain- 
paigne  v.as  a  man  -of  great  integrity,  v  ith- 
out  ambition  and  jealousy,  and  ho  refused 
to  quit  the  service  of  his  ro}  al  mistress  for 
a  more  lucrative  appointment  under  Riche- 
lieu.    He  died  107  i. 

Champagne,  John  Ihijitistc  de,  nvphew 
to  the  preceding,  under  whom  ho  .studied, 
and  by  whom  he  was  patronised.  He  was 
Ixirii  at  Brussels,  and   died  it   Paria  l&^S^ 


Cii 


CH 


aged  4"2,  where  he  was  professor  of  the  acad- 
enjy  of  psiinting, 

Champeadx,  ^^  illiam  de,  or  Campel- 
lensis,  a  native  of  Cliampeanx  in  the  pro- 
Yince  of  Brie,  professor  of  pliilosophy  at 
Paris,  vhtre  he  had  Ahelard  among  Iiis 
pupils,  and  afterwai'ds  as  his  rival.  He  was 
in  1113  made  hishop  of  Chalons,  and  died 
eight  years  after.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  origiji  of  the  souL 

Champfort,  N.  a  native  of  Paris,  at  fiist 
clerk  to  an  attorney,  and  afterwards  tutor 
in  the  family  of  Vaneck  a  rich  citizen  of 
Liege.  He  devoted  himself  to  literature, 
and  published  tfie  journal  eneyelopedique, 
and  the  elogies  of  Moliere  and  la  Fontaine, 
which  were  rewarded  with  the  prize  at  the 
Prer.ch  academy,  and  at  Marseilles.  Thus 
raised  to  notice  under  the  patronage  of  the 
duke  de  Choiseul,  and  Mad.  Helvetius,  he 
applied  himself  to  the  completion  of  the 
French  vocabulary,  and  the  dictionary  of  the 
theatres,  and  this'  last  work  induced  him  to 
turn  his  thoughts  to  dramatic  composition, 
in  which  he  happily  succeeded.  His  Mus- 
tapha  and  Zeangir,  a  tragedy,  and  his  young 
Indian,  and  his  merchant  of  Smyrna,  two 
comedies,  obtained  deserved  applause,  and 
his  fables,  epistles,  stories,  and  lighter  pieces 
of  poetry  were  all  equally  admired.  His 
labors  were  praised  by  Voltaire,  and  procur- 
ed him  the  friendship  of  Mirabeau,  whom 
he  assisted  in  his  treatise  on  the  order  of 
Clncinnatus.  He  was  hke  other  literary 
men,  the  friend  of  the  revolution;  biitAvheu 
he  saw  himself  imprisoned  by  Robespierre, 
and  with  difficulty  liberated,  and  again  threat- 
ened, he  in  a  fit  of  melancholy  destroyed 
himself,  April  1794..  His  works  were  pub- 
lished together,  in  4  vols.  8to.  Paris  1795. 

Cham  PIER,  Symphorien,  Camperius,  or 
Campegnis,  a  native  of  Lyons,  educated  at 
Pavia.  He  was  physician  to  Anthony  duke 
of  Lorraine,  and  was  knighted  for  his  milita- 
ry courage  in  the  v/ars  of  Italy.  He  wrote 
various  works  on  his  profession,  and  was  the 
founder  of  the  college  of  physicians  at  Ly- 
ons. He  died  about  1540.  His  son  Claude 
at  the  age  of  18  wrote  a  curious  book  on  the 
singularities  of  the  Gauls.  His  cousin  John 
was  also  a  physician  at  Lyons,  and  published 
some  medical  tracts. 

Champion,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Chat- 
ham, irOO,  eminent  as  a  penman.  He  kept 
a  boarding  school  in  St.  Paul's  church-yard, 
and  afterwards  in  Bedford-street,  where  his 
pupils  where  numerous  and  respectable.  His 
■works  are  practical  arithmetic,  1733 — tu- 
tor's assistant  with  40  plates — comparative 
penmanship,  24  folio  plates,  a  curious  per- 
formance— besides  alphabets  in  various  lan- 
guages and  characters,  copy  books,  kc. 
The  exact  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Cham  PLAIN,  Samuel  de,  a  native  of 
Saintonge,  sent  by  Henry  IV.  on  a  voyage  of 
discovery  to  America.  He  established  a 
colony  in  Canada,  and  built  the  town  of  Que- 
hec,  of  which  he  was  the  first  governor. 
One  of  the  American  lakes  bears  his  name. 
He  died  about  1635.  He  Avrote  voyages  de 
la  Nouvclle,  France,  or  Canada,  4to.  163'?. 


Champmesle,  Mary  Desmares  de,  a 
French  actress,  born  at  Rouen.  From  the 
obsRiuiiy  of  a  strolling  comi)any,  she  rose 
to  be  a  popular  actress  at  Paris,  and  gained 
the  friendship  of  Racine,  who  instructed  her 
in  the  character  of  some  of  his  tragedies. 
She  died  greatly  respected  1098,  aged  54., 
Her  htisba\id  was  also  an  actor,  and  wrote 
some  dnmiatic  pieces,  whith  were  publish- 
ed in  two  vols.  I'imo.    1742.     He  died  1701 . 

CHAXcni-i.OR,  Ri'diiird,  an  English  na- 
vigator, lie  was  engaged  in  sir  Hugh  Wil- 
loughhy's  voyage  to  discover  a  north-west 
I>assagetoC  ina  in  1553,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Sebastian  Cabot;  but  whilst  his  compan- 
ions, with  sir  Hugh,  unfortunately  perished  on 
the  coast  of  La])l;ind,  where  they  had  stopped 
to  winter,  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  reach 
the  Russian  shores,  wlicre  by  means  of  the 
letters  of  introduction  in  various  languages 
which  he  had  witii  him,  the  grand  duke 
John  Basilovitz  received  him  with  kindness, 
and  permitted  liim  a  free  trade  with  the  in- 
habitants of  the  country.  On  his  return  to 
England,  Chancellor  found  his  patron  Ed- 
ward dead;  but  Mary  the  next  successor 
was  sensible  of  the  advantages  of  commerce, 
and  a  company  w^as  establi&lied  with  the 
most  liberal  patronage,  and  the  lucky  ad- 
venturer again  permitted  to  revisit  Russia. 
He  was  again  successful,  but  on  his  return, 
accompanied  by  a  Russian  ambassador,  he 
unfortunately  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of 
NorAvay,  and  while  he  endeavored  to  pro- 
vide for  the  safety  of  the  illustrious  foreign- 
ers with  him,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  fall 
a  victim  to  the  severity  of  the  climate.  The 
Russians  safely  reached  London,  1557,  and 
brought  the  sad  tidings  of  their  companion's 
fate. 

Chandler,  iSIary,  an  English  poetess, 
born  at  Malmsbury  1087.  She  was  brought 
up  to  the  business  of  a  millinei*,  which  she 
carried  on  at  Bath,  but  her  mind  was  natur- 
ally stored  Avith  the  treasures  of  poetry,  and 
she  derived  pleasure  and  assistance  from  the 
perusal  of  the  best  poets  of  the  nation.  She 
preferred  Horace  to  Virgil  or  Homer,  as  be- 
ing more  natural  and  less  overloaded  with 
fables.  Her  poem  on  the  Bath,  was  particu- 
larly applauded  by  Pope.  She  was  deformed, 
but  her  countenance  was  pleasing.  She  nev- 
er Avas  married,  though  she  had  suitors.  She 
died  11th  Sept.  1745,  aged  57. 

Chandler,  Samuel,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  at  Hungerford,  Berks,  1693.  As 
he  discovered  great  partiality  for  learning, 
he  was  educated  at  Bridgewater,  and  after- 
M'ards  at  Clocester  and  Tewksbury,  with  an 
intention  of  entering  upon  the  ministry.  In 
this  last  residence  under  the  great  care  of 
Mr.  Jones,  he  made  himself  perfectly  ac- 
quainted with  the  classics,  and  with  oriental 
literature,  and  had  the  singular  felicit)'  of  ha- 
ving as  his  fellow  pupils,  Butler  afterwards 
bishop  of  Durham,  and  Seeker  the  primate. 
In  I71G  he  was  chosen  minister  of  a  dissent- 
ing congregation  at  Peckham,  and  soon  ac- 
([uired  popularity  by  his  pHlpit  eloquence; 
but  unfortiinatelv  his  circiimstances  were  re- 


Cil 


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<]uce«I  to  til'"  lo\vo«;t  cbl)  Ity  tho  south  sen 
scheme,  wliicli  swalluwifl  up  the  wliolcof  his 
wife's  property,  and  obliged  him  to  maintain 
Jiimseh  lor  t.vo  or  tlirei'  ye:»i's  :is  :i  Iiookseller 
in  the  Poultry.  In  17'^;")  he  piiljlishcd  liis  \\n- 
dication  of"  the  Christian  rehf^ion,  which  in  a 
series  ol  discourses  he  ha<l  dchvered  ni  tlie 
pulpit  at  the  01<l  Jewry.  Tliis  woik.  was  ap- 
])lau(1ed  by  Seeker,  and  not  a  little  increased 
tlje  reputation  of  llie  autlior.  Some  time  af- 
ter, when  on  a  visit  in  Scothmd,  he  was 
complimented  with  the  dei^ree  of  1).  13.  hy 
the  universities  of  Edinbur.u;h  and  <ilaH_e;o\v, 
and  afterwards  he  was  elected  F  It.  and  A. 
S.  S.  The  death  of  tieorge  11.  brought  liim 
again  before  the  public,  in  a  sermon,  in  which 
lie  compared  that  kini;  to  Davit),  a  compaii- 
son  ■which  procured  a  severe  attack  upon 
Jiim  in  a  paiiiphlet  called  the  liistory  of  the 
iiian  of  (iod's  own  heart.  Dr.  (Chandler,  in 
<lefence  of  liis  discourse,  wrote  an  elaborate 
Avork,  which  was  swelled  to  Iwo  volumes  8vo. 
eontaining  a  critical  account  of  David's  life, 
and  a  refutation  of  his  opponent's  sentiments. 
He  died  May  8th,  17G0,  aged  73,  and  was 
buried  in  Bunhill-fields  burying-ground. — 
Chandler  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  elo- 
quent as  a  preacher,  and  universally  respect- 
ed, not  oidy  by  people  of  his  own  persuasion, 
but  by  many  of  the  established  church.  He 
■was  very  instruinental  in  establishing  a  fund 
for  the  widows  of  dissenting  ministers.  He 
wrote  besides  commentaries  on  Joel, — his- 
tory of  the  persecution  and  vindication  of 
the  old  testament, — kc.  His  sermons  were 
printed  in  4  vols.  Svo. 

Chandler,  Edward,  an  English  prelate, 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge. 
In  169;>  he  was  chaplain  to  Lloyd  bishop  of 
Lichfield  and  Coventry,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  his  see  1717,  and  13  years  after  he  was 
translated  to  Durham,  where  he  died  1750, 
aged  about  80.  He  published  a  chronologi- 
cal dissertation  jirefixed  to  Arnold's  com- 
mentary on  Ecclesiasticus — a  biographical 
preface  to  Cud  worth's  treatise  on  morality 
— single  sermons,  ^c. — but  his  best  work  is 
his  defence  of  Christianity  from  the  prophe- 
cies of  the  old  testament,  with  a  refutation 
of  objections,  hi.c.  which  passed  rapidly 
through  three  editions. 

CiiANTEREAu  LE  Fevke,  Lewis,  a  na- 
tive of  Paris,  author  of  an  history  of  the 
duchies  of  Bar  and  Lorraine,  of  which  he 
was  the  intendant.     He  died  1658,  aged  70. 

CliANUT,  Peter,  a  Frencliman,  sent  as 
ambassador  to  Christina  queen  of  Sweden, 
and  afterwards  to  Holland.  He  died  lGG-2, 
and  his  memoirs  were  published  after  his 
death. 

Chapelain,  John,  a  French  poet,  who 
wa.s  born  at  Paris,  and  died  there  'i-id  Feb. 
1G74,  aged  79.  As  the  successor  of  .Malherbe 
in  epic  poetry,  he  was  respected  by  hii;  coun- 
trymen ;  but  his  Pucelle,  a  heroic  poem,  dis- 
appointed the  Avarmest  expectations  of  his 
friends,  who  in  vain  souglit  for  the  display  of 
tho3e  abilities  which  they  had  ranked  with 
Virgil  himself.  He  was  very  rich,  but  lived 
«s  a  tnost  sordid  miser,  and  neither  the  re- 


finements of  learning,  nor  tlie  frieiuNhip  and 
ll.itlei-y  of  Balzac,  Menage,  and  itichelieu, 
could  banish  that  avarice  wliich  so  much  dis- 
graced the  man. 

Cii.M'Ei.KE,  Claude  Emanuel  Lullier,  a 
French  poet.  He  studied  philo.sopliy  under 
(iasscndus,  but  he  seemed  born  for  the  mu- 
ses. He  was  intimate  with  Mfiliere,  and  some 
have  not  scrupled  to  attribute  the  finest parl.s 
of  his  comedies  to  the  refined  taste  of  his 
friend.  Flattered  as  a  mau  of  genius,  and 
adnjired  not  only  by  the  wits  of  the  age,  but 
the  king,  Chapclle  was  voluptuous  and  ex- 
tra\agant,  and  more  given  to  intoxication 
than  became  his  character  or  fortune.  He 
died  1G8G,  aged  G.j.  He  wrote  besides  po- 
ems that  ingenious  work  called  A'ovage  de 
Bachaumont.  His  works  were  reprinted 
with    a<lditions  at  Amsterdam  1708. 

Ch  A  PELL  E,  John  de  la,  a  native  ofBour- 
ges,  member  of  the  Fi-ench  academy,  and 
secretary  to  the  prince  of  Conti.  Besides 
the  life  of  his  i)atron,  he  wrote  plays  and 
other  pieces,  and  died  1723,  aged  G8. 

Chapellieu,  Isaac  Rene  (iuy  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Rennes,  who  distinguislied  himself  in 
the  constituent  assembly  as  a  zealous  advo- 
cate  for  the  liberty  and  the  privileges  of  the 
people.  He  became  too  late  sensible  of  his 
precipitate  measures  in  pulling  down  all  the 
bulwarks  of  the  monarchy,  and  when  he  at- 
tempted to  repair  by  moderation  the  injuries 
which  his  measures  had  causetf,  he  was  ac- 
cused, and  guillotined  2'2d  April  1792,  aged 
39. 

Chapman,  George,  an  English  poet,  who 
after  receiving  an  u«iversity  education  set' 
tied  in  London,  where  the  great  luminaries 
of  the  times,  Shakspearc,  Jonson,  Sidney, 
Spenser,  and  Daniel,  became  his  familiar 
friends.  He  exjjccted  preferment  from  the 
jiatronage  of  the  Walsingliams,  and  of  Som- 
erset and  prince  Henry ;  but  all  his  hopes 
ended  in  (lisappolntment.  Besides  17  dra- 
matic pieces,  one  of  wliich  was  the  famous 
mask  called  the  Temple,  he  translated  Ho- 
mers Iliad  and  Odyssey,  and  attempted  Hc- 
siod  and  Musaius.  Pope,  who  has  borrowed 
much  from  hini  without  acknowledgment, 
calls  him  an  enthusiast  in  poetry,  but  the 
remark  is  invidious,  as  Chapman  possessed 
respectable  poetical  powers,  and  was  a  man 
of  some  genius.  He  died  lG3i,  aged  77, 
and  was  buried  at  St.  Giles's  in  the  fields, 
where  a  monument  was  erected  over  him 
by  his  beloved  friend  Inigo  Jones. 

Chapman,  John,  D.  D.  a  learne<I  divine, 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, foi-  tlie  provostsliip  of  which  he  was 
an  unsuccessful  catididate.  He  obtained  the  li- 
vings of  Mersliam  and  Adlinglon,  Kent,  from 
archbishop  Potter,  to  whom  he  was  chaplain, 
and  at  the  death  of  this  prelate,  as  his  execu- 
tor he  presented  himself,  as  one  of  the  pri- 
mate's ojitions,  to  the  precentorship  of  Lin- 
coln, an  :ip[)ointment  which  was  confirmed 
by  chancellor  Heidey,  but  set  o'-ide  by  the 
house  of  lords.  He  died  1  Uh  Ocl'-ber  1784, 
in  his  SOlh  year.  In  compliment  to  his  abili- 
ti 's  the  university  of  Oxford  presented  hiria 


CH 


CH 


the  degree  of  D.  D.  His  writings  were  re- 
marks on  Dr.  Middleton's  letter  to  Water- 
land — Eusebius  two  vols.  8vo.  in  which  he  de- 
fended Christianity  against  Morgan  and  Tin- 
dal — History  of  ancient  Hebrews  vindicated 
— two  tracts  relating  to  Phlegon  in  answer  to 
Dr.  Skyes — besides  sermons  and  other  things, 
and  a  joint  edition  of  Cicero  de  officiis  with 
bishop  Pearce. 

Chapoxe,  Mrs.  Sarah,  an  English  wri- 
ter, boiTi  of  respectable  parents  in  North- 
amptonshire, of  the  name  of  Mulso.  Her 
marriage  pi'ored  unhappy,  but  the  comforts 
■which  she  was  denied  in  domestic  life,  she 
acquired  in  the  cultivation  of  literature.  One 
of  her  first  pi'oductions  was  Fidelia,  a  simple 
interesting  story  in  the  Adventurer,  and  af- 
"wards  she  rose  to  deserved  celebrity  by  a 
poem  perfixed  to  Mrs.  Carter's  Epictetus, 
and  by  her  valuable  letters  on  the  imprison- 
ment of  the  mind,  addressed  to  a  young  lady 
1775.  She  wrote  also  miscellanies  in  prose 
and  verse,  essays,  &c.  and  died  at  Hadley  in 
]Middlese.x,  December  25th,  1801,  aged  75. 
She  was  noticed  by  the  learned  and  great, 
and  among  her  friends  once  reckoned  Rich- 
ardson, Johnson,  kc. 

Chappe    d'Auterociie,  John.      Vid. 

Al'TEROCHE. 

Chap  PEL,  William,  a  learned  divine, 
born  of  poor  parents  at  Lexington  Notts. 
10th  December  1572,  and  educated  at  Mans- 
field grammar  school,  and  Christ  church  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  whiclrhe  became  fellow 
1607.  When  James  visited  the  university  in 
1624,  Chappel  disputed  before  him,  and 
■when  he  had  defeated  his  opponent  Dr.  Ro- 
berts, the  monarch,  who  attempted  to  sup- 
ply his  place,  was  equally  discomfited.  In 
1633,  he  was  made  dean  of  Cashel,  by  the 
influence  of  his  friend  Laud,  who  iflsisted 
soon  after  on  his  becoming  provost  of  Trini- 
ty college,  Dublin,  an  arduous  office  which 
he  in  vain  declined.  In  1638  he  was  elevated 
to  the  bishoprics  of  Cork,  Cloyne,  and  Ross, 
and  two  years  after  he  resigned  the  pro- 
vostship  of  the  college.  His  situation,  liow- 
ever,  Avas  now  exposed  to  the  malice  and 
persecution  of  those  troublous  times  ;  he  was 
impeached  in  the  commons,  on  pretence  of 
perjury  and  treason,  and  for  favoring  the 
catholic  cause,  though  when  at  Cambridge, 
he  was  accused  of  puritanism.  He  escaped 
from  the  impending  storm  by  obtainijig  leave 
to  cross  to  Wales,  but  here  he  was  seized  as 
a  fugitive  culprit  and  imprisoned  for  seven 
weeks  by  the  mayor  of  Pembroke.  Liberat- 
ed with  difficulty  by  the  friendship  of  sir 
Hugh  Owen,  he  went  to  Bristol,  and  thence 
to  Derby,  where  he  ended  his  days  in  inno- 
cent but  studious  retirement.  He  died  Whit- 
sunday 1649.  He  was  the  author  of  Metho- 
dus  concionandi,  whicli  was  translated  into 
English  and  became  very  popular,  besides 
memoirs  of  his  own  life.  The  whole  duty  of 
man  has  also  been  attributed  to  him. 

CHAPU2.EAU,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, preceptor  to  ^Villiam  IH.  of  England. 
He  (lied  at  Zcli,  1701,  governor  of  the  pages 
to  George   duke  of  IJrunswick-Lunenburg 


He  wrote  a  description  of  Lyons,  an  account 
of  Savoy,  besides  the  political  state  of  Eu- 
rope, and  an  edition  of  Tavernier's  travels. 

Char  AS,  Moses,  a  native  of  Usez,  who 
practised  in  the  medical  line  at  Paris.  He 
acquired  celebrity  by  his  treatise  on  ti'cacle, 
and  by  his  pharmacopoeia,  in  '2  vols.  4to- 
which  had  been  pai'tly  delivered  in  a  course 
of  lectures,  and  which  was  translated  not 
only  into  the  langoages  of  Euroi>e,  but  into 
the  Chmese.  At  the  i-evocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  Charas  left  France,  and  came  to  Eng- 
land, and  afterwards  visited  Spain,  to  ad- 
minister to  the  infirmities  of  Charles  U. 
Here  his  religion  was  made  the  object  of 
persecution,  and  in  the  hands  of  the  inquisi- 
tion, Charas  soon  changed  his  creed  at  the 
age  of  72,  and  now  become  a  zealous  catho- 
lic, he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  died  1698, 
aged  80. 

Chardin,  sir  John,  son  of  aje-sveller,  ■was 
born  at  Paris,  but  came  to  England  upon  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  Charles 
H.  knighted  him.  He  travelled  into  Persia 
and  the  East  Indies,  not  only  as  a  iiierchant 
in  jewels,  but  as  an  inquisitive  observer  of  the 
customs  and  manners  of  mankind.  His  voya- 
ges, which  have  been  translated  into  English, 
German,  and  PMeraish,  are  iiiuch  esteemed. 
He  died  at  London  171^,  aged  70. 

Charenton,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a  French 
Jesuit,  missionary  in  China,  who  after  fifteen 
years'  residence  returned  to  Europe,  and 
died  at  Paris  1735,  aged  86.  He  translated 
Mariana's  history  of  Spain  into  French,  with 
valuable  notes. 

Chares,  a  Gi'ecian  statuary,  famous  for 
the  raising  of  the  celebrated  Colossus  of 
Rhodes,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Sara- 
cens. 

Charette  de  la  Cointrie,  Francis 
Athanasius  de,  a  French  royalist,  celebrated 
for  the  vigorous  ar.d  flible  resistance  which  he 
made  in  la  Vendee  against  the  republican 
forces.  He  was  originally  a  lieutenant  in  the 
French  navy,  and  took  up  arms  at  the  head 
of  the  Bretons,  who  like  himself  resented  the 
cruelties  practised  daily  against  loyalty,  vir- 
tue, and  innocence.  He  was  so  successful  in 
the  struggle,  that  the  republicans  agreed  on 
a  cessation  of  ai'ms  with  him,  and  he  might 
have  been  persuaded  to  remain  a  peaceful 
citizen,  had  not  his  blood-thirsty  enemies 
violated  the  treaty.  In  a  second  engagement 
Charette  was  overpowered  by  numbers,  and 
after  being  dangerously  wounded  in  the  head 
and  losing  three  of  the  fingers  of  his  left  hand 
with  the  cut  ef  a  sabi'e,  he  escaped  from  the 
field  of  battle,  but  soon  to  perish.  He  was 
seized  in  a  wood,  where  he  had  concealed 
himself,  and  was  dragged  to  Nantes,  where  he 
Avas  shot  9th  March  1796.  When  desired  to 
kneel  at  the  fatal  moment  he  refused,  but 
baring  his  breast,  gave  with  a  most  firm 
voice  the  word  of  command  to  the  soldiers  to 
fire. 

Chariton,  a  native  of  Cyprus,  in  the 
fourth  century,  author  of  the  loves  of  Chaj- 
ras  and  Callirhoe,  a  pleasing  romance,  edit- 
ed by  Reiske  1750,  2  vols. 


CH 


CJl 


Charke,  Charlotte-,  youngest  daughter 
of  Collcy  CJibbcr,  was  educated  in  :i  maimer 
more  fitting  the  cliaracter  of  a  Ijov  than  :i 
o-irl.  She  early  married  Kichard  tjharke,  a 
violin  ;)erformer,  whose  debaucheries  socjn 
produced  a  separation,  and  threw  a  liiought- 
less  imprudent  wife  into  the  vortex  of  ihssi- 
pation  and  poverty.  'I'he  stag**  for  a  while 
supptjried  Mrs.  Ctiarke,  and  Irom  the  luim- 
hle  part  of  Mademoiselle  in  tiie  Provoked 
AVife,  she  rose  to  the  capital  characters  of 
Alicia  in  Jane  Sluue,  and  Andromache  in 
the  Distressed  Mother.  Unfortunately  how- 
ever her  temper  proved  the  source  of  many 
calamities,  she  quarrelled  with  Fleetwood  tin; 
manager,  and  though  forgiven  and  reooncil- 
ed,  she  again  transgressed,  and  at  last  luui 
recourse  tor  subsistence  to  tiie  scanty  pit- 
tance of  a  heroine  in  a  strolling  company. 
In  1755  she  published  a  narrative  of  her  own 
life,  but  perhaps  w  ith  no  great  success  sufh- 
cie-nt  to  administer  to  her  indigence.  She 
died  four  years  after  in  great  distress. 

C H  A R  I- k M  A c  N E,  or  C H  A R L E s  the  great, 
and  hrst,  king  of  Fi-aucc,  and  first   emperor 
of  the  West,  was  son  of  Pepin  and  Bertrade, 
lie  succeeded,  on  the  death  of  his  lather,  to 
some  GermaH  provinces,  and   after   the  de- 
cease of  his  brother   Carloman,  741,   he  was 
aeknov\ledged  king  of  France.     The  milita- 
ry abilities   which   he   possessed  vvei-e   soon 
displayed    in  his  war    against    the    Saxons, 
-^vhom    he   defeated  ;  and   after  he  had  ren- 
dered himself  by  repeated   victories   master 
of  Germany  and   of  Italy,    and   dreaded  in 
Spain  by  his  conquests  near  Barcelona,  he 
•went  to  Rome,  and  in  the  year  800  renewed 
in  his  person  the  empire  of  the  Caesars,  and 
Avas  crowned  by  Leo  111.   emperor  of  the 
AVest.     This  new  and  extensive  power  wns 
acknowledged    by  neighboring  princes,  and 
Charles   displayed  his   pride     and  magnifi- 
cence in    his  pompous  reception  of  the  am- 
bassadors   of  Nicepliorus    emperor   of  the 
East.     Great  in  war,  he  became  equally  il- 
lustrious   in   peace,  he    protected  and    en- 
couraged the    arts,  and  made  his  palace  the 
nsylura   of  learned  men.     Bc-sides  monaste- 
ries he  erected  academies  and  schools  at  Pa- 
ris and  in  various  parts  of  his  dominions,  and 
directed  the  powers   of  his  genius  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  salutary  laws,  and  to  the  pro- 
motion of  commerce  and  industry  among  his 
subjects.     This  illustrious  prince  died   814, 
aged   71,    after    reigning     4-7     years    over 
"France,  and    14  over  the  Empire,  and  lie 
Avas  buried  in  the    cathedral  of  Aix-la  Clia- 
pellc.     He  appointed  his  only   surviving  son 
Lewis  emperor  and  king,  and  bestowed  the 
crown  of  Italy  on  Bernard,   the  illegitimate 
ion  of  his  son  Pepin. 

Charles  11.  surnamed  the  bald,  son  of 
Lewis  the  Debonnaire,  succeeded  to  the 
Fi-ench  crown  840.  He  Avas  elected  empe- 
ror by  the  pope  and  the  Roman  people  in 
875,  and  he  distinguished  his  reign  by  the 
victory  which  he  obtained  over  his  brother 
Lcthaire,  at  Fontenay  in  Burgundy.  Pru- 
dence howevc»r  did  not  mark  his  conduct, 
and  hr  foiuid  at  last  his  enemies  too  power- 


ful, and  whilst  he  fled  into  Italy  lie  ^as  poi- 
Sf)ned  at  Briord,  Cth  October,  877,  by  one 
of  his  servants.  The  feudal  government 
may  be  sai<l  to  have  begun  under  his  weak 
reign  . 

Charles   Ul.   or  simple,  was  born  879, 
and  succeeded  to    the  throne  of  France  893. 
His  abilities  were  nneqnal  to  the  arduous  la- 
bor of  govcriiiiig  a  kiiigtlom  already  di.slracl- 
by  the  rebellious  spirit  of  the   nobles,  and  by 
the  invasions  of  the  XormaiiR,  anil   instead  ot 
mounting  ill'.- imperial  thionc,  which  a  little 
art  might  have  secured,  he    was   obliged  to 
resign  aomeofhis  {irovinces  to  his  vi^-torious 
eneniies.     The  haughty   conduct  of  his  min- 
ister Haganon,  a  man  of  obscure   birtli,   but 
(jf  intriguingabilities,   at  last  totally  alienated 
the  hearts  of  his  hubjecis,  and  soon  an  army 
headed  by    Robert  of  the   blooil  royal,  ap- 
peared in  the  Geld.     Charle.?,  notwithstand- 
ing the   feebleness  of  hib   conduct,   ohtiiined 
the  victory  and  killed  his  rival  ;  but  another 
battle,  fought  by  Hugh  the  great,  son  of  the 
fallen  prince,  pro\<'d  fatal  to  the  fortunes  ot 
Charles.     Hu  escaped   to  the  ]»alacc  of  the 
count  of  Vermandois,  where  he  died   after 
scvon  years  of  cruel  confinement  in   the  cas- 
tle of  Peronne,  7th  October  9'29,  aged  50. 

Charles  IV.  the  fair,  was  third  .son  of 
Philip  the  fair,  and  succeeded  to  the 
French  throne  on  the  death  of  his  brother 
Philip  the  tall  15'22.  His  reigo  was  disturb- 
ed by  quarrels  with  England,  aud  peace  was 
at  last  re-established  by  the  intercession  of 
Isabella,  who  had  married  the  English  mo- 
narch, and  by  the  cession  of  Guienno.  He 
died  31st  January  13'28,  aged  34,  after  a 
weak  and  inglorious  reign. 

Charles  V.  or  wise,  was  son  of  Johii, 
and  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France  13G4. 
By  his  abilities  and  courage  and  the  succes- 
ses of  his  famous  general  du  Guesclin,  he  re- 
paired the  losses  which  the  monarchy  had 
suffered  under  the  feeble  administration  of 
his  father,  an<l  the  English  were  gradually 
dispossessed  of  the  provinces  which  they 
had  before  conquered  in  France.  After  :i 
short  reign  of  IG  years  Charles,  who  ha<i 
made  the  happiness  of  his  people,  and  the  im- 
provements of  commerce  and  naval  aftairs 
the  particular  object  of  his  cares^  died  l6th 
September  liSSCi,  aged  4.1.  He  founded  the 
library  of  Paris,  and  was  the  fii'st  who  bore 
the  title  of  dauphin. 

Charles  \'I.  or   well-beloved,  was  son 
,  of  Charles  V.  whoni  he  succeeded  io   1380, 


at  the 


age 


of  I'J.     His    inexperience,    and 


the  ambitious  views  of  his  three  uncles 
the  dukes  of  Anjou,  Berri  and  Britany, 
unfortunately  tended  to  disturb  and  weak- 
en the  kingdom,  when  unanimity  and  vigor 
were  so  ne*;essary  to  Avithstaiid  the  attacks 
of  the  victorious  English.  An  unhappy  deli- 
rium Avith  which  the  monarch  was  seized  fol- 
lowed by  mental  imbecility,  completed  the 
ruinof  the  nation,  while  the  civil  war  on  one 
side  depopulated  the  coiuitry,  and  the  succes- 
ses of  the  English,  and  tlie  glorious  victory  of 
Ajjincourt,  on  the  other,  left  the  unfortu - 
nat-e  Charles  tittle  beside  the  empty  title   ot 


CH 


CH 


king.  Henry  V.  of  England  -was  crowned 
at  Paris,  and  ruled  tlxe  kingdom  at  his  plea- 
sure; but  his  death,  in  1422,  and  that  of 
Charles  soon  after,  on  the  20th  October  of 
the  same  year,  produced  a  change  in  affairs, 
and  restored  to  France  the  benefit  of  her 
own  native  sovereigns. 

Charles  VII.  surnaraed  the  victorious, 
succeeded  his  father  Charles  VI.  and  was 
crowned  at  Poictiers  1422.  He  possessed 
great  vigor  and  activity,  and  though  at  first 
a  king  more  in  name  than  in  power,  he 
bravely  resisted  theini'oads  of  his  victorious 
enemies,  and  though  conquered,  he  still 
sought  for  more  certain  opportunities  of  an- 
noying his  invaders.  IMisfortunes  however 
proved  too  great  for  his  resources.  Orleans 
the  last  important  place  of  his  dominions, 
"Was  already  besieged  and  ready  to  fall  into  the 
hands  of  the  English,  and  Charles  in  despair 
prepared  to  retire  to  Provence,  when  Joan 
of  Arc,  Avas  presented  to  him  as  the  future 
deliverer  of  his  country.  Superstition  thus 
Mas  enabled  to  finish  what  valor  could  not 
do,  and  Joan,  as  the  pretended  missionary 
of  Heaven,  quickly  drove  the  English  before 
her,  retook  all  the  conquered  provinces, 
and  saw  her  monarch  crowned  under  her 
victorious  standard  in  the  cathedral  of 
llheims.  Thus  wonderfully  restored  to  his 
dominions  and  supported  by  the  valor  of  his 
generals,  of  Dunois,  Sacritrailles,  Arthus, 
and  Culant,  Charles  too  often  forgot  his  du- 
ties in  the  arms  of  his  mistress,  and  suffered 
his  people  to  be  plundered  by  worthless  fa- 
vorites.    He  died  22d  July  1461,  aged  58. 

Charles  VIII.  called  the  afiable,  was 
son  of  Lewis  XI.  and  ascended  the  throne 
1483.  He  married  Anne  of  Britany,  but 
■whUe  in  this  union  he  enlarged  his  domin- 
ions, he  determined  to  acquire  military  glo- 
ry by  the  invasion  of  Italy,  and  his  successes 
were  so  rapid  that  he  found  himself  almost 
all  at  once  master  of  Florence,  Rome,  Cap- 
ua, and  Naples.  Proud  of  his  successes,  and 
flattex'ed  by  the  pope,  he  caused  himself  to 
be  crowned  emperor  of  Constantinople  and 
king  of  Naples  ;  but  the  submissive  princes 
of  Italy  rose  against  their  invader,  and  six 
months  after  Charles  escaped  with  diflicul- 
ty  into  Prance,  and  only  after  the  famous 
battle  of  Fouroua,  in  which  his  ariuv  of  8000 
men  routed  a  force  five  times  more  nume- 
rous than  his  own.  Whilst  he  meditated  re- 
venge and  formed  plans  of  fresh  conquests, 
he  was  suddenly  cai-ried  off"  by  an  apoplexy, 
at  Araboise,  7th  April  1498,  aged  27. 

Charles  IX.  was  born  1.550,  and  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne,  after  the  death  of  his 
brother  Francis  II.  1500.  His  minority  was 
guided  by  his  mother  Catherine  de  Medicis, 
but  as  the  kingdom  was  divided  by  factions, 
■which  assumed  the  names  of  Papists,  Lu- 
therans, and  Huguenots,  nothing  for  the 
happiness  of  the  x»euplc  or  the  glory  of  the 
throne  could  be  expected.  In  the  midst  of 
these  political  struggles  between  the  leading 
men  of  the  times,  the  Condes,  Colignis,  and 
Guises,  Charles  maintained  a  conduct  full  of 
dissimulation  aud  hypocrisy  ;  and  while  he 


pretended  friendship  and  protection  to  all 
his  subjects,  he  was  cruelly  meditating  that 
fatal  massacre  of  St.  BartholomeAv  in  1572, 
which  leaves  so  indelible  a  stigma  of  barba- 
rous cruelty  on  his  name.  Though  some 
have  considered  the  bloody  deed  as  the  ma- 
chination of  his  mother  and  of  her  ecclesias- 
tical counsellors,  yet  Charles  deeply  parti- 
cipated in  the  crime,  and  the  encourage- 
ment wliichhe  gave  to  a  band  of  murderers 
in  his  own  palace,  leaves  him  little  clairr* 
to  the  forgiveness  of  outraged  humanity. 
These  horrid  scenes,  it  is  said,  presented 
themselves  in  dreadful  array  to  his  terrified 
imagination,  and  on  his  death-bed  produced 
the  appalling  exhibition  of  a  tortured  con- 
science and  an  avenging  Heaven.  He  died 
30th  May  1574,  aged  24. 

Charles  the  fat,  son  of  Lewis  the  Ger- 
man, was  elected  king  of  Italy,  and  empe- 
ror 881.  Though  he  had  the  art  of  obtain- 
ing all  the  crowns  which  once  adorned  the 
head  of  Charlemagne,  he  did  net  possess 
sufficient  abilities  to  support  their  glory, 
but  by  the  intrigues  of  his  prime  minister 
Luidward,  Avhom  he  had  banished  from  the 
court,  and  by  the  invasion  of  Arnold  tluke 
of  Carinthia,  he  was  driven  from  his  throne. 
Reduced  to  privacy,  and  dependant  on  the 
bounty  of  the  victorious  Arnold,  he  at  last 
dieil  of  grief  near  Constance,  13th  January 
888. 

Charles  IV.  son  of  John  of  Luxemburg, 
and  grandson  of  the  emperor  Henry  VH. 
ascended  the  imperial  throue  1347.  His 
reign  is  famous  for  the  golden  bull,  enacted 
at  the  diet  of  Nuremberg  1356.  This  cele- 
brated agreement  was  ushered  forth  into 
the  world  with  curious  reasons  drawn  from, 
prejudice  and  superstition,  and  while  it  gave 
Germany  a  long  admired  constitution,  it 
proved  the  necessity'  of  seven  electors,  by 
the  seven  gifts  of  the  hoi}'  ghost,  and  the  sev- 
en branchesof  the  holj' candlestick.  Charles, 
who  was  more  fond  of  the  pomp  of  roy- 
alty than  the  prosperity  of  his  kingdom,  yet 
deserved  the  respect  of  the  learned  by  the 
protection  which  he  extended  to  literature, 
and  the  university  which  he  established  at 
Prague.  He  died  at  Prague  29th  November 
1378.     He  was  four  tinies  married. 

Charles  V.  eldest  son  of  Philip  arch- 
duke of  Austria,  and  Jane  of  Castille,  wa.? 
born  at  Ghent,  25th  February  1500.  He 
was  prochiimed  king  of  Spain  1516,  and 
two  years  after  elected  emperor  of  Germa- 
ny, on  the  death  of  his  grandfather  Maxi- 
milian. His  elevation  to  the  imperial  throne 
was  disputed  by  the  intrigues  and  the  gold  of 
Francis  1.  of  France,  who  aspired  to  the 
san)e  honors,  and  a  fierce  war  was  conse- 
quently kindled  between  the  two  powers. 
Charles,  supported  by  the  aid  of  Henry  VIII, 
of  England,  by  Adrian  VI.  by  the  Floren- 
tines and  Venetians,  proved  successful  in 
his  attacks  against  the  French,  who  were 
driven  from  Italy.  Even  Marseilles  was  be- 
sieged by  the  imperial  troops  under  Bour- 
bon, and  at  the  fatal  battle  of  Pavia  1525, 
Francis  fell  into  the   hands  of  his  enemv 


*l'Lis  advantageous  conciuest  did  not  improve 
the    fdiiiifs  of  (Jlmrles  ;  instead  of  ni;ir«-liiii^ 
into  tlic  hcartof  France,  lie  negotiated  witli 
Ills  jn-isoner,  aiul  w  }>en    attLMwanIs  tlic    I'ati; 
of  war   placed    Uoiiie  and  the    pojtc    in    liis 
power,  he    found   that  his  successes   armed 
the  prine-es  of  Europe  aj^aiuirt  him,  and  ren- 
dered his  power  rather   suspected    than  for- 
midable.    The  peace  of  Canibrai  in   15'2'j, 
[»ut  an  end  to  the    dissentions  of  the  conti- 
nent ;  but  diaries,  restless  ami  ambitious  of 
military  g;lorv,  crossed  in  15.'5;)  the  Mediter- 
ranean, to  {gather  laurt-ls  on  the  oast  of  Atri- 
«"a.     He  took  (Jouletta,    defeated    iJurbaros- 
sa,  and  after  enterinj^  victorious  into  Tunis, 
and    restoring;    iiberlv    to    'J'2,C».0<>    christian 
slaves,  he    replaced     Mulei-llassen    on    the 
throne.      lieturnt-d  to   Europe  Charles,    in 
JSofi,  aj^ain  turned  his  arms  ap^ainst  Francis; 
lie  ravaged  Champagne  and  Ficardy,  but  ill 
success  obliged  him  soon  to  seek  a  reconcili- 
ation, and  the  jieacc  of  Nice  in  I'l.iS  restor- 
ed tranquillity  between  the    rival  monarchs. 
After  suppressing  an  insurrection  at  Ghent 
1539,  Charles  in  toil    mcdittited    tlic   con- 
quest ot  Algiers  ;  but  the  expedition  proved 
unfortunate,  and  a  war  with   France  in  154i2 
seemed   to   promise   more  important    con- 
quests to  his  gigantic  ambition.     But  tliough 
leagued  with  the   En^;;lish,  he  found  himself 
disappointed  ;  his  army  uas  defeated  at  Ce- 
risoles,  and  he   made  peace  at   Crepy  1545. 
His   attempts  against  some  of  the  Cerman 
states  were  equally  unsuccessful,  and  whilst 
lie  endeavored  to   oppose  the  dissemination 
of  the  principles  of  Luther,  he  found  himself 
obliged  by  the  power,  the  intrigues,  and  the 
perseverance  of  Maurice  elector  of  Saxony, 
and   Joachim    elector    of    Brandenburg,  to 
sign   the  treaty  of  Passau  in  1552,  and  to  ac- 
cord liberty    of  conscience  to    the   protes- 
fants  of  Germany.     The  defeat  of  his   army 
liefore  Metz,  by  the  duke  of  Guise,   under 
Henry  II.  of  France,  afterwards   tended   to 
check  his  pride  ;  and  at  last,  worn  out  by  in- 
ftrmities,   dissatisfied   with  t!ie    world,   and 
fully  sensible  of  the  vanity  of  al!  human  gran- 
deur, he  formed  the  resolution  of  resigning 
liis  pri.ieely  honors.     He  placed  tlie   impe- 
rial crown  on  the  head  of  his  brother  Ferdi- 
nand, and  appointed  his  son  Piiilip  his    suc- 
cessor as  king  of  Spain,  25th    Octobc-r  1 555, 
and,  to  the   astonislimcnt  of  the   world,  re- 
tired to  the  privacy  of  a    monastic  life.     In 
the  monastery  of  St.  Juste,  on   the  borders 
of  Castille  and  Portugal,  Charles  attempted 
to  forget  the  temptations  of  sovereign  pow- 
er, and  the  cares  of  government  ;  but  wliilst 
his  hours  were  passed  in    the  cultivation  of 
his  garden,  in  mechanical  pursuits,  in  rcli- 
jjious  duties,    and  monastic  dicipline,   .some 
huve  imagined  that  he   siglied  for   th<idigni-, 
ties,  which  in  a  moment  of  weakness  he  had  ) 
superstitiously  abandoned.     That,  hcjwever, 
he  evinced  his  contempt  of  mortal   honors, 
j*pi>ears  by  his  celebrating  his  own  obsequies 
in  his  lifetime,  and  wishing  thus   to  be  for- 
gotten by  the   world.     This  farce   of  sepul- 
ture soon  became  real,  the  following  day   he 
was  attacked  by  a  violent  fever  v,  liich  proved 
VOL.    I.  41 


faUd  the  '22d  September  1558.  AVith  some 
wenknesses,  Charles  possessed  great  vij*- 
ttie.s,  and  his  reign  is  become  intei  esting  in 
the  history  (jf  F.ui()pe,  by  the  schism  which 
shook  the  power  of  Koine,  arid  cstab)i>hed 
the  protestant  tenets,  and  by  the  revolution 
in  commerce,  science,  and  navigation,  Mhich 
the  discuvei-ies  of  (Jolumlnis    ett'ected. 

Ch.vhi.es  VI.  fifth  son  of  the  emperor 
Leopold,  was  L-orn  1085,  and  proclaimed  by 
his  father,  in  170.5,  king  of  Spain,  under  the 
title  of  Charles  III.  Tliough  bravely  ojipo- 
sed  by  Philip  V.  he  was  eiiidjled  to  cf)ijtinue 
the  war  of  succession;  and  wJien  elected 
emperor  of  Germany,  1711,  he  still  main- 
tained his  claim,  by  the  \alorofhis  generals 
and  the  fidelity  of  the  Barceloncsc.  The 
treaties  of  Uadstadt  and  liaden,  iu  1714,  at 
last  put  an  end  to  the  tumults  of  the  conti- 
nent, and  Charles  had  the  good  fortune  to 
obtain,  in  exchange  for  Sjjaiii,  the  kingdoms 
of  Naples  and  Sardinia,  the  Netherlands, 
and  the  duchies  of  Milan  and  .Mantua.  In 
1716  a  new  war  was  undertaken  against  the 
Turks,  and  by  the  abilities  and  successes  af 
prince  Eugene,  Belgrade,  I'emeswar,  and 
all  Servia  were  added  to  theimpei-ial  domin- 
ions. The  intrigues  of  Aiberoni,  the  Span- 
ish minister,  rekindled  unfortiuiatelv  tlic 
war;  but  the  quadrujile  alliance  signed  in 
London  1728,  between  the  courts  of  Sienna, 
England,  France,  and  the  States  general, 
enabled  the  emperor  to  obtain  an  equivalent 
for  Sardinia,  wliich  the  Spaniai-ds  had  ra- 
pidly conquered,  and  at  last,  after  the  dis- 
grace of  Aiberoni,  Pliilip  V.  acceded  to  the 
tei-ms  offered  by  his  opponent,  and  abandon- 
ed his  claims  on  Sicily  and  Sardinia.  By  thv 
pragmatic  sanction,  Charles  was  empower- 
ed to  make  his  Austrian  states  descend,  in 
default  of  male  issue,  to  his  daughters;  and 
he  might  have  closed  his  reign  in  honorable 
l)eace,  had  he  not  interfered  in  the  all'airs  oT 
Poland,  and  supported  the  exclusion  ofStan'- 
islaus  from  the  tlwone.  His  territories  were 
afterwards  attacked  by  the  Turks;  and  he 
had  the  misfortune  to  see  his  armies  defeat- 
ed, and  wasted  away  by  disease  and  famine; 
and  at  last  he  resigned"  by  treatv,  17;59,  his 
preten.sions  to  Belgrade.  Servia, 'Sabach,  and 
Wallachia.  He  died  2()ih  September  1740, 
aged  55,  and  was  the  sixteenth  and  last  em- 
peror of  t!ie  house  of  Austria  in  the  male 
line. 

Charles  Yll.  son  of  Maximilian  Eman- 
uel, elector  of  Bavaria,  succeeded  his  father 
as  elector  172G;  and  upmi  the  death  of 
Charles  \T.  he  laid  claim  to  Bohemia,  Aus-. 
tria,  and  the  Tyrol,  and  refused  to  acknow- 
ledge the  pragmatic  sanction,  and  the  rights 
of  Maria  Theresa  to  the  imperial  throne. 
Supported  by  the  arms  of  Lewis  XV.  he 
was  crowned  king  of  Bohemia,  at  I'rygue, 
and  emperor  at  Frankfort,  1742;  but  Maria 
Theresa,  though  for  a  moment  stri|)ped  of 
her  (lominions,  found  powerful  allies  in  the 
English,  and  the  French  and  BavariaTi  for- 
ces were  d«;featcd  Avith  great  rapidity,  and 
Charles  in  his  turn  found  himseif  possessed 
only  of  the  empty  title  of  emperor.  He  died 
soon  after,  20t"h  Janyary  1745,  aged  -13, 


CH 


CIt 


•Charles  I.  king  of  Spain,  was  Cliavles 
V.  eioperor  of  Germany. 

Chahles  II.  son  and  successor  of  Philip 
JV.  as  king  of  Spain  lGt)5,  wns  twice  mar- 
ried, but  had  no  issue.  By  his  last  will,  made 
Ifi'jS,  he  called  to  the  Spanish  throne  the 
prince  of  Bavaria,  the  nephew  of  his  queen  ; 
but,  in  1700,  he  declared  Philip  duke  of  An- 
jnu  liis  successor.  He  died  the  same  year, 
10th  November,  aged  39;  and  the  unsettled 
succession  proved  the  source  of  civil  discord. 
(Jhnrles  was  the  last  of  the  eldest  branch  of 
the  Austrian  princes  who  reigned  in  Spain. 

Charles  III.  king  of  Spain,  was  son  of 
T'hilip  V.  and  on  the  death  of  his  brother, 
Ferdinand  VI.  1751),  he  e.xchanged  his  king- 
ilom  of  Sicily  for  the  Spanish  dominions, 
ile  possesse<l  tibilities  as  a  monarch,  and 
virtues  as  a  man;  but  his  attemi)ts  to  raise 
tlie  Spaniards  from  their  natural  indolence 
provcfl  abortive,  and  though,  in  the  war 
with  England,  he  retook  Minorca,  lie  saw  his 
commerce  ruined,  and  his  treasures  at  Ha- 
vauna  fall  into  the  bauds  of  his  eneniies.  He 
died  1789. 

Charles  I.  king  of  England,  sou  of 
James  I.  and  Anne  of  Denmark,  was  born  at 
Dumferiing  19th  Nov.  16U0.  On  his  lather's 
accession  to  the  English  throne,  he  was  cre- 
ated duke  of  York,  and  on  the  death  of  his 
brother  Henry  he  became  prince  of  Wales. 
He  succeeded"  his  father  in  1625,  and  that 
year  married  Henriet) a,  daughter  of  Heni-y 
the  great  of  France,  whom  he  had  seen  and 
admired  at  Paris  during  the  romantic  excur- 
sion which  he  took  to  pay  his  addresses  to 
the  infanta  of  Spain,  accompanied  by  his 
favorite,  Buckingham.  The  fair  prospects 
•which  a  new  reign  and  a  virtuous  monarch 
might  pi'omise  to  tlie  nation,  were  soon  ob- 
scured by  the  storms  of  popular  discontent 
and  ])arty  prejudice.  The  Spanish  war  in 
■which  the  kingdom  "was  engaged,  -was  con- 
ducted with  ill  success  by  Buckingham  ;  and 
when  the  parliament  inveighed  against  the 
haughtiness  and  mal  administration  of  this 
hapless  favorite,  Charles,  instead  of  dismis- 
sing, resolved  to  support  him.  Another 
parliament  proved  equally  unruly,  and  was 
dissolved  with  e([ual  inrlignation  by  the  of- 
fended monarch,  who  now  began  to  raise 
supplies  by  his  own  authority,  under  the 
name  of  loai»s,  benevolence,  and  ship  money. 
This,  instead  of  strengthening  his  power, 
ren«lered  him  more  impopular;  and  when 
Bucklnj»ham  failed  in  his  attempt  to  relieve 
the  protestants  of  Ilochelle,  in  iG'i',  the 
clamors  of  tlie  people  were  L)ud  and  violent, 
and  the  exhausted  state  of  the  treasury  ren- 
ilered  the  calling  of  a  new  i)arliamcnt  ne- 
cessary. From  tijis  turbulent  asscndjly 
Charles  obtained,  with  difiiculty  indeed,  some 
supplies;  but,  in  return,  he  was  attacked 
with  representations  of  grievances,  and  was 
obliged  to  assent  to  the  petition  of  right, 
■which  explained  and  more  fully  settled  the 
rights  of  the  subject.  The  progress  of  his 
favorite's  impeachment  was  stopped  by  his 
^^ssa.ssination  at  Portsmouth  by  the  dagger  of 
the  fanatic  FcltOB ;  and  the  conclusioji  of  the 


war  with  Prance  and  Spain  rendered  CUavley- 
less  dependent  on  his  i>arliament,  Avhich  he 
dissolved,  with  the  resolution  ot  never  calling 
another.  After  Buckingham's  death,  the 
king  placed  his  confidence  on  no  minister 
witii  equal  satisfaction ;  but  whilst  from  hi^ 
better  judgment  more  mild  measures  were 
expected,  the  spirit  of  dissatisfiiction  was 
kindled  in  the  most  violent  detjree  by  the 
raising  of  ship-money  for  the  defence  of  tlic 
nation.  The  measure  was  sufficiently  sup- 
ported by  the  practice  of  former  reigns,  and 
the  unanimous  opinion  of  the  judges ;  but 
the  arbitrary  ])r(>ceedings  of  the  reign  of 
Ilenr}-,  or  of  Elizabeth,  were  ill  calculated 
to  insure  obedience  in  times  when  the  divine 
right  of  kings  was  disputed,  and  the  necessity 
of  parliamentary  control  loudly  proclaimed. 
Hampden  opposed  the  unpopular  tax  ;  and. 
though  condemned  by  the  court  of  exchequer, 
he  rejoiced  in  the  struggle  which  his  single 
arm  had  waged  against  the  oppi-essive  mea- 
sures of  the  government.  'I'he  attempt  of 
Charles  to  enforce  the  reading  of  the  English 
liturgy  in  the  churches  of  Scotland  excited 
the  same  ferment  in  the  north  which  unhap- 
pily prevailed  in  the  south  ;  and  when  tire 
Scotch  had  bound  themselves  by  the  oath  of 
the  solemn  league  and  covenant  to  defend 
their  jiresbyterian  principles,  which  they  de- 
clared to  be  the  cause  of  Christ,  and  had 
assembled  an  army  to  support  their  claims, 
Charles  had  the  weakness  to  propose  a  nego- 
tiation, instead  of  giving  battle ;  and  while 
he  consented  to  withdraw  liis  forces,  he  had 
the  mortification  to  observe  that,  by  the  in- 
trigues of  llichelieu,  his  enemies,  instead  of 
disbanding  their  followers,  were  increasing 
their  means  of  offence.  In  1640  another 
parliament  was  called,  but,  from  its  clamors' 
for  the  redress  of  grievances,  was  as  soon 
dissolved;  yet  such  were  the  distresses  ot 
the  monarch  for  want  of  mone}',  that  he  was 
again,  the  same  year,  persuaded  b)*  his  coun- 
cil of  peers,  assembled  at  Itippon,  to  have 
recourse  again  to  a  popular  election.  This 
parliament,  called  the  long  parliament,  met 
in  November  1640;  and  tlity  did  not  sepa- 
rate till  they  had  eftected  t!ie  ruin  of  the- 
king  and  of  his  government.  Instead  of 
listening  to  the  rcpreseiitaliona  of  the  mon- 
arch, they  exclaimed  against  the  arbitrary 
measures  of  the  court;  and  that  they  might 
strip  the  throne  of  ail  its  ornaments,  and, 
the  monarch  of  all  the  wisdom  and  integrity 
of  fiiithful  advisers,  impeachment  and  per- 
secution were  denounced  against  the  minis- 
ters. Strafford  was-tried,  and  condemned,, 
though  Charles  opposed  the  unavailing  shield 
of  royalty  to  save  him,  and  I..aud  soon  after, 
on  pretences  as  frivolous  as  they  wei'e  cruel, 
was  <lraggcd  to  the  scaffold.  To  serve  the 
king  seemed  now  to  be  a  crime  ;  and  Charles, 
stripped  of  the  assistance  of  his  wisest  min- 
isters, was  unable  to  stem  against  the  torrent 
of  fanatic  zeal  and  popular  fury,  M'hich  de- 
creed the  abolition  of  the  court  of  the  star 
chamber,  the  high  commission,  and  other 
oflices  which  were  the  bulwark  of  the  mon- 
archy.     While    faction   thus  prevailed  at 


CII 


CH 


4ion^,  tl»e intrigues  of  tlie  puritans Mcre  not 
ill  vain  in  Irilaiid,  ami  the  most  Itorrid  nius- 
•iacfes  ami  uiitrugt-i  of  i^vcr}  kind  w  crc  per- 
petrated, iti  the  name  of  religion,  wliilt:  ihe 
uidiappy  monarch  was  \)id)lic.ly  branded  as 
the  author  of  national  n»i.scTi(.ii,  uhieli  he 
could  neither  foresee  nor  pi-cvent.  In  the 
meantime,  tlic  vioienci-  of  the  pivbb}  terian 
iaction  accpiired  slreht;lii  in  Kngiand  ;  epis- 
copacy was  declared  tube  unnecessary;  ami 
the  thirteen  bishoits  who  preiunuMJ  to  make 
representations  against  the  conducl  of  tlieir 
persecutors  were  sent  in  disgrace  to  the 
Tower,  as  '^nillv  of  treason.  Instead  olcon- 
cifiating  popularity,  if  indeed  any  st(![>  of 
tlic  devoted  monarch  couhl  conciliate  popu- 
lai-ity,  diaries  increased  the  virulence  of 
the  commons,  by  api)eariiig,  agreeable  to 
the  advice  of  some  of  his  counsellors,  in  the 
house,  and  from  the  speaker's  cliair  im- 
peaching five  of  the  members.  This  bohl 
step  ought  to  have  been  supported  or  never 
adopted  ;  but  Charles,  retiiing  in  ciisappoint- 
jnent  to  Windsor,  wrote  a  letter  to  the  par- 
liament to  excuse  his  conduct,  and  thus  to 
render  liimself  ridiculous  iu  the  eyes  of  tlie 
nation.  The  parliament  in  the  mean  lime 
had  calleil  upon  the  militia  of  the  city  for  the 
defence  of  their  privileges,  and  the  king, 
who  found  that  nothing  but  force  could  now 
restore  him  to  his  dignity  and  to  his  conse- 
quence in  the  nation,  retired  to  Notting- 
ham, where,  August  25,  1042,  he  erected 
the  royal  standard.  This  was  a  declaration 
of  war,  which  the  iiarliament  were  not  back- 
ward to  acknowledge.  Various  batllcs  were 
fought  at  Edgchill,  Marston  Moor,  and 
Newbury,  with  various  success,  but  all  the 
advantages  which  the  monarch  liad  gained 
by  the  valor  of  his  troops,  and  the  loyalty  of 
his  adherents,  were  unhappily  lost  in  tlie 
fight  of  Naseby,  4th  June  Ibl.i,  wlicre,  after 
displaying  all  the  coolness,  prudence,  and 
intrepidity  of  the  ablest  general,  Cliarles 
■was  obliged  to  fly  with  the  loss  of  his  artille- 
ry, his  baggage,  and  his  cabinet  of  letters, 
•which  the  republicans  published  Avith  every 
oftensivc  remark  of  insolence  and  vulgarity. 
Thus  left  without  resources,  and  shut  up  at 
Oxford,  ignorant  whom  to  trust,  and  unal)le 
to  increase  the  number  of  his  adherents, 
Chai'les  formed  the  fatal  resolution  of  throw- 
ing himself  upon  the  niercv  of  the  Scotch 
arm3^  He  left  Oxford  in  disguise,  and  after 
■wandering  nine  days,  he  appeared  in  the 
Scotch  ai-my  at  Newark,  but  instead  of  be- 
ing received  as  a  monarch,  and  of  finding  his 
ini.sfortunes  respected  as  they  deserved,  he 
saw  himself  a  prisoner,  and  soon  learnt  that 
his  expected  friends  with  unparalleled  bar- 
barity had  sold  him  to  the  English  jiariia- 
nienl  for  the  sum  of  200,()U0/.  Chaiies  was 
conveyed  a  prisoner  to  Holmby-castle,  and 
to  Hampton  court,  but  though  here  he  could 
not,  as  he  hoped,  restore  himself  to  power 
by  interfering  between  the  jarring  factions  of 
the  puritans  and  the  independents,  he  had 
the  art  to  etlect  his  escape  to  the  isle  of 
Wight.  But  while  he  nitnlitated  passing  into 
Frjincei^  he  sooa  found'himself  a  prisoner  in 


the  hands  of  Hammond  the  governor  of  C»- 
risbroiike  castle,  and  wIhmi  removed  to  Hurst 
castle  and  to  \\  indsoi-,  he  uidiappily  disco- 
vered that  the  rudeness  with  »hicbhewas 
ti-eated  was  the  prelude  to  a  melancholy 
tragerly.  'I'hc  republicans  were  sensiblr 
that  their  [lower  could  never  he  consolidattil 
till  the  king  w  ;is  lU)  mf)ri;,  .and  therefore  an 
tmiverHal  clamor  was  raised  to  pass  sentence 
upon  him.  IJrought  before  this  sc-r^created 
high  cniiit  of  ju.'itice,  over  which  lirndshaw, 
a  worthb.ss  lawyer,  presiutil,  ('haihs  dis- 
played the  usual  independence  of  his  charac- 
ter. ^Vhile  be  refused  to  acknowledge  the 
autboiit_>  of  his  Judges,  he  betrayed  no  vio- 
lent emotions  ofturj-  or  bursting  indignation  ; 
he  was  the  m«'ok,  the  paii(  nt,  the  resigned 
christian,  who  yi.  Ided  witii  all  the  dignity  of 
conscious  innocence  to  the  power  which 
usurpaJicui  and  tyranny  had  erected  for  his 
destructirni.  He  heard  the  sentence  of 
death  jironounced  against  him  with  compo- 
sure, a!id  the  three  tiays  Avliich  ie'  was  allow- 
ed to  pre[iare  for  anothci'  world,  were  pas- 
sed in  the  alfeclionale  duties  of  recomuitnd- 
ing  foi'gi  veness  of  ininiies,  modciratioji,  and 
the  praclice  of  every  vii-tue  to  his  childreu- 
and  in  the  becoming  offices  of  a  tlevout  and. 
penitent  christian.  On  the  scaflohl,  Avhich 
probably  to  insult  him,  was  eiecteil  iu  the 
front  of  his  palace  of  Whitehall,  he  preserv- 
ed his  usual  composure,  and  after  convcr.sing 
with  Juxon  bisf.op  of  London,  who  Jittend- 
cd  ium,  and  witnessed  his  heroic  rosigna - 
tion,  he  gave  the  signal  to  tlte  masked  exe- 
cutioner, who  ci-.t  off  his  head  at  one  biow, - 
;50th  .lannary  1048.  Tiic  remains  of  the- 
martyred  monarcii  were  removed  to  Wind- 
sor, I)Ut  were  rudely  interred  by  order  of 
the  parliament  without  the  bui'iai  service  be- 
ing read  o\er  them.  'i'hough  inradtcd  by 
repubUcan  malice,  and  tliough  mi.sreprei^cnt- 
cd  by  political  opponents,  Charles  mu.st  be 
considered  as  a  great  man;  and  whoever 
wishes  to  foi-m  an  accurate  ji.ulgmcnt  of  his 
character,  must  view  him  as  the  successoV 
to  an  almost  arbitrary  power,  as  the  monarch 
of  a  turbulent  nation,  as  the  bulwark  of 
what  he  considered  as  the  constitution  and 
the  happiness  of  his  countrv,  and  as  the 
steady  and  prudent  opposer  oi  bold  unprin- 
cipled innovators,  whose  conduct  was  sehlora 
guided  ])y  any  but  selfish  and  personal  views. 
As  a  domestic  <;haracter,  ho  was  amiabk 
and  exemplary,  and  as  a  man  of  letters,  his 
abilities  were  respectable.  In  his  intercnurse 
with  the  parliament,  he  often  alone  wasop- 
])Osed  to  the  insinuating  language  and  sophis- 
tical arguments  of  numerous  rielegates,  but 
none  ever  left  his  presence  witliout  admiring 
his  hrmness,  the  acuteness  of  l:is  remarks, 
the  readiness  and  prnjiriety  of  his  ansuei'S, 
and  the  gener.al  inteiligonce  and  powerfiU 
elocution  wi4.h  which  he  supported  and 
ad<)rned  his  coitversalion.  'I'hough  his  ene- 
mies have  attempted  to  mb  him  of  the  me- 
rit of  writing  the  Icon  llasilike,  a  pat-iolJc 
composition  which  operated  iu  his  lavrrr like 
the  testament  of  Caesar  at  Rcune,  and  v.hieb 
rctiuired  tkc  gigantic  ^biiiUes  oi"  M^ilioa  tw 


CH- 


CH 


Tiiify  it,  yet  he  is  now  gcncraHy  imagined 
to  be  the  author  of  it,  and  not  Gauden. 
Charles  left  two  sons,  wlio  succeeded  after 
him  on  the  i^rone.  One  of  Ifis  daugltlcrs 
married  the  duke  of  Orleairs,  brother  to 
Lewis  XIV.  and  another  tlie  prince  of 
Orange. 

Charles  II.  king  of  England,  after  hisf^ith- 
erthe  first  Cliarles,  was  born  -29lh  May  lOJO. 
He  heard  at  the  Hague  of  tbe  tragical  death 
of  his  father;  and  soon  after,  at  the    invita- 
tion of  the  Scotc-h,  who  wished  in  this  early 
proof  of  loyalty  to   wipe  away  their  former 
treachery  to  his  predecessor,   he  came  pri- 
Tately  to  Scotland,  and  was  crowned  at  Scone 
in    1G51.      Though   with  the   title   of  king, 
Charles  felt   himself  surrounded  hj  all  the 
jealousy  of  the  republicans,  and  the  fanati- 
cism of  the  presbytcrians,  and  perhaps  might 
rejoice  in  the  defeat  of  his  followers  at  Dun- 
bar, as  it  set  him  free  from  oppressive  and 
suspicious  advisers.     From  Scotland  Charles 
proceeded  to  Worcester,  where  he  was  to- 
tally defeated  by  the  superior  valor  of  Crom- 
•weli,   and  he  escaped  from  the  field   of  bat- 
tle  with  great  difficult)'.     After  concealing 
himself  in  the  branches  of  an  oak  in  Bosco- 
hel  wood  wliere  he  saw  his  enemies  in   full 
pursuit  of  him,  and   after  di.sguising  himself 
under  the  various  characters  of  a  wood  cut- 
ter, a  peasant,   a    servant,   he.   he    at   last 
reached  Brighton,  and  embarked  for  France. 
The  death  of  Cromwell  and  the  inabilities  of 
his  successor,  paved  the  way  for  his  return, 
femd  when  Monk,  at  the  liead  of  tlie  army  in 
Scotland,  had  the  boldness  and  loyalty  to  de- 
clare in  his  favor,  he  was  hailed  by  universal 
slmuts  of  approbation  from  the  nation;  and  on 
his  birth-day  1660  was  restored  to  the  throne 
of  his  ancestoi'S.     But  unhappily,   while  the 
gloom  and  fanaticism  of  the  republicans  were 
deservedly  exposed  to  ridicule,  neither  vir- 
tue nor  tempei'ance  accompanied  the  return 
•of  the  new  monarch.     Charles  did   not  pos- 
sess the  amiable  qualities  which  adorned  the 
character  of  his  father;  though  affable  and 
good-natured,  he   was  licentious  and  immor- 
al, and  the  debaucheries  which  he  had  seen 
practised  in  France,  he  permitted  to  florish 
at  his  own  court.     The  merits  of  tho.se    who 
had  suffered  in  the  cause  of  his  father  were 
disregarded,  while  infidelity  was  countenan- 
ced, and   patronage   extended  to  the  worth- 
less and  the  proffigate.     Though  Charles  had 
married  in  1662  the  princess  of  Fortugid,  he 
kept   several    mistresses  by  whom  lie   had 
childrcii,  on  whom  he  lavished  the  treasures 
and  the  honors  due  only  to  the  sons  of  virtue 
and  merit.     As  a  monarch  lie  was   httle  at- 
tached to  the  interests  or  the  glory  of  Eng- 
land.     Dunkirk,   so  long  the    pride    of  the 
English  was  sold  to  France  to  sup])ly  his  ex- 
travagance, and  war  was  imprudently  under- 
taken iu  166.3  against  the  Dutch,  the  Danes, 
and  the  French.     Long  accustomed  to  vic- 
tory, the  English  were  terrified  at  tlie  .sight 
of  a  Dutch  fleet,  Avhich  sailed   up   the   Me<l- 
vay  ;  and  while  the}  reflected  on  the  weak- 
ness of  their  government,  a  dreadful   plague 
tame   to  tlcstroy  thousands  of  the  inhabit- 


ants of  London,  in  166^,  and  the  ue'xtyelar  * 
most  tremendous  conflagration  laid  the  fair- 
est part  of  their  city  in  ruins.  Peace  withtliP 
Dutch,  in  1067,  Avas  soon  after  followed  by 
the  disgrace  of  the  virtuous  minister  Claren- 
don, and  the  elevation  of  those  unprincipled 
favorites  called  the  f^/Z^ai?  to  power.  Charles, 
regardless  of  the  complaints  of  his  people, 
scrupled  not  to  receive  a  pension  fiom  the 
French  king  ;  and,  in  virtue  of  that  disgrace- 
ful alliance,  he  undertook  a  new  war  against 
the  Dutch.  Whilst  the  peace  of  Nimeguen, 
in  1678,  restored  tranquillity  to  thecontinenl, 
the  English  were  alarmed  by  rumors  of 
treasonable  plots,  and  the  arts  and  malignity 
of  Outes,  Bciiloe,  and  others,  were  called 
forth  to  give  ])Opiilarity  to  the  monarch,  by 
sacrificing  some  innocent  individuals,  Rus- 
sel  and  Svdnev,  to  the  cries  of  faction.  The 
whole  of  the  reign  of  this  Hcentious  mon- 
arch contains  little  to  recommend  him  to  the 
respect  of  posterity ;  though  it  is  to  be  ob- 
served, that  the  habeas  corpus  act,  and  the 
bill  to  exclude  the  duke  of  York  from  tho 
throne,  because  he  was  a  papist,  were  pas- 
sed into  law  by  the  parliament.  Charles 
died  suddenly  of  an  apojilexy,  6th  February 
10.S5,  leaving  no  issue  by  his  queen.  It  i.s 
said,  that  in  his  expiring  moments  he  re- 
ceived the  sacrament  from  the  hands  of  a 
popish  priest,  and  thus  convinced  the  world 
that  in  suppoiling  the  churcli  of  England  he 
had  acted  the  part  of  a  false  and  hypocriti- 
cal frioid. 

Charles  Gustavus  X.  king  of  Swe- 
den, Avas  son  of  John  Casimir,  count  Pala- 
tine of  the  Rhine,  and  born  at  Upsal  1622. 
On  the  abdication  of  Christina,  he  ascended 
the  Swedish  throne  1654,  and  showed  him- 
self prudent  and  warlike.  He  attacked  the 
Poles,  and,  in  consequence  of  his  famous 
victory  at  Warsaw,  he  found  himself  master 
of  the  Avhoie  country,  from  Dantzic  to  Cra- 
cow. F'ortune,  however,  proved  incon- 
stant, and  Casimir  king  of  Poland,  Avith  the 
assistance  of  the  emperor  Leopold,  Avas 
soon  enabled  to  I'ecovcr  all  his  lost  provin- 
ces, aiul  to  drive  his  enemy  back  to  Swedert. 
Charles,  expelled  trom  Poland,  turned  his 
arms  against  the  Danes,  and  marched  to  the 
gates  of  Copenhagen ;  but  soon  after  found 
his  victories  checked  by  the  misfortune;* 
wliich  befel  his  flag.  He  died  at  Gofteid>urg 
13lh  February  1660,  aged  only  37.  An  ac- 
count of  his  life  has  been  written  by  Puffen- 
dorf,  2  vols.  fi)l. 

Charles  XI.  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  Avas  born  25th  December  165.5. 
The  war  Avith  Denmark,  which  was  ended 
soon  after  his  accession,  Avas  renewed  by  the 
.ambition  of  Christiern  V.  in  I67't;  but 
though  Charles  proved  victorious,  and  ob- 
tair.ed  possession  of  Melmstadt,  Lunden, 
Landscroon,  bic.  he  lost  hh  province  of  Po- 
merania;  Avbich,  however,  tbe  peace  of  Ni- 
meguen restored  to  hin\  in  1676.  He  died 
15th  April  1697,  aged  42,  at  a  time  Avhen  Jiis 
Avisdom  had  marked  him  as  the  mediator 
and  umpire  of  the  peace  of  llyswick.  He 
Aviscly  zefoimed  thtt  abuses  of  his  coUilS  of 


Cil 


CH 


5u:dicalAirc,  ami  cnforci-d  ihc  quick  .ant]  im- 
nnrtial  (Ifrisioii  ol  nil  disimlcs  iinioiiii;  liis 
Milijccls.  'riit»ii;;li  i\s|icclt«l  as  a  t;(>()(l  prince, 
he  yet  showi-il  llilu^'('lt'  in  boinu  iiistaiu-cs  ty- 
i-aniiic:il,  and  ahii<l;^t(l  llic  i»iivilc}^es  of  llie 
senate  and  «!'  llie  i»L<)|)le. 

<JiiARl.ES  XII.  of  Sweden,  was  horn 'J7th 
.Imur  1082.  J''j"f>in  liis  tarliesl  years  lir 
jrluwcd  to  ijuilal*;  llic  liiroic  cliaraiter  ot 
Alexander  ;  ami,  in  Ids  eagerness  lo  rc-i};;n, 
lie  raiised  liiniselflo  l)e  declared  king  at  the 
age  of  1;"),  and  al  Itis  contnalion  l)oldly  seized 
the  crown  tVom  the  Ijands  of  the  archhislioj) 
of  U|)sal,  and  sel  it  on  his  owr»  head.  His 
youth  seemed  to  invite  tiie  attacks  of  his 
iicighhors,  of  Poland,  Denmark,  and  Rus- 
sia;  hut  Charles,  nnaweil  by  tiie  prospect  of 
hostilities,  and  I  hough  scarce  IS,  wis(;ly  de- 
tennined  to  assail  his  enemies  one  after  tlie 
"othei".  He  hesieL;ed  Copenltagen,  and  hy  hi.-, 
vigorous  measures,  so  terrified  the  Danish 
monarch  that,  in  less  than  six  weeks,  lie 
obliged  him  to  sue  for  peace.  From  hum- 
bled Denmark,  (lliarles  niarclied  against  the 
'llussians;  and  though  at  the  head  of  only 
StXIO  men,  he  attacked  the  enemy,  who  were 
besieging  N'avarre  with  100,000  men.  The 
conflict  was  dreadful,  30,000  were  slain, 
20,000  asked  fui-  ([uarter,  and  the  j-est  wei-c 
taken  or  destroyed;  while  the  Swedes  had 
only  I'iOO  killed,  and  800  vvounded.  From 
^avaiTe,  the  victorious  monarch  advanced 
ir.to  Fohuul,  defeated  the  Saxons  who  op- 
posed his  march,  and  obliged  the  Polish 
king,  in  suitig  for  Yjeacc,  to  renounce  his 
crown,  anil  to  acknowledge  Stanislaus  for  liis 
successor.  Had  Charles  been  now  reconci- 
led to  the  Russians,  he  might  have  become  a 
great  monai-ch,  as  he  was  a  successful  war- 
rior, but  the  hope  of  future  triumphs  flat- 
tereti  his  ambition,  and  as  if  determined  to 
dethrone  the  czar,  he  advanced  into  Ukraine, 
whilst  his  enemies  lied  on  every  side  before 
him.  The  battle  of  Pultowa,  however, 
proved  unfortunate,  July  170y,  Charles  de- 
feated and  wounded,  fled  from  the  field,  and 
?;ought  protection  at  Bender  from  the  Turks. 
His  affairs  were  now  desperate,  the  banished 
Augustus  was  restored  to  the  Polish  throne, 
and  the  grand  seignor  tired  of  his  guest, 
wished  him  to  remove  from  his  dominions. 
Charles  vviih  only  40  domestics  opposed  for 
some  days  a  Turkish  army,  and  when  obliged 
to  submit,  he  sullenly  feigned  sickness,  and 
during  ten  months  he  lay  in  l»ed.  At  last  he 
Jcft  his  confinement  with  only  two  taitliful 
attendants,  and  travelling  post  reached  in 
eleven  days  Stralsund,  from  which  he  cros- 
.sed  to  Sweden.  Untamed  by  misfortunes, 
lie  immediately  invaded  Norway,  with  an 
army  of  -'0,000  men,  but  at  the  siege  of 
Frcderick'-ihall,  Avhile  visiting  the  works,  he 
■was  struck  by  a  cannon  ball,  and  expired  on 
the  spot,  I'itii  December  1718.  Charles,  in 
his  imitation  of  Alexander,  converted  liis 
iirnmess  into  obstinacy,  his  courage  was 
rashness,  and  his  sev^erity  was  cruelty.  He 
possessed  nothing  of  the  great  qualities  or 
the  amiable  virtues  of  the  hero,  though  he 
'was  bold  cvin  to  madness,  ajid  persevering 


eveii  to  his  ruin.  At  the  battle  of  Narva, 
when  five  (»f  his  horses  were  sli«)t,  he  ex- 
claimed as  he  mounted  a  fresh  charger, 
"  these  people  find  me  exercise."  When 
one  ilay  dictating  to  his  secretary  at  Stial- 
.suikI,  a  homh  fell  on  the  roof  of  the  house, 
and  crushed  the  room  next  the  place  where 
lliey  were  sitting.  I'nt  while  the  secretary 
dropped  his  pen,  all  lerrilled,  the  monarcji 
asked  calmly  uhat  was  the  matter:  "The 
homi)!"  replies  the  secretary.  "  The  bomb! 
cries  the  monarch,  what  has  the  bomb  to  do 
with  what  I  am  dictating;  write  on." 

Charles  I.  king  of  .Naples,  was  count 
of  Anjou,  and  brolher  lo  St.  Lewis  king  of 
France,  whom  he  accompanied  on  his  Fgyp- 
tian  expedition,  when;  he  shared  his  fortunes 
and  his  captivity.  On  his  return  to  Furope, 
he  as  the  husband  of  lieatrix  the  heiress  ot" 
Provence,  assumed  the  rights  of  a  sovereign, 
and  coiuiuered  Aries,  Alarseilles,  and  Avig- 
non, and  afterwards  at  the  request  of  pope 
Url)an  I\'.  he  marched  against  Manfroi  tlie 
Sicilian  usurper.  His  expedition  was  suc- 
cessful, Manfroi  was  defeated,  lii65,  an<l  the 
year  after  cruelly  put  to  death,  and  the  con- 
queror assumed  the  title  ol"  king  of  Naples 
and  Sicily.  The  widow  of  Manfroi  and  his 
son  shared  also  his  untimely  fate,  and  Con- 
radin  duke  of  Swabia  grandson  of  tlie  em- 
peror Frederic  H.  who  had  ventured  to  lay 
claim  to  the  Sicilian  crown,  was  seized,  and 
aftei*  the  mockery  of  a  trial  expired  under 
the  hands  of  the  public  executioner.  Though 
success  followed  the  monarch  in  his  expedi- 
tions against  Tunis  and  the  Chibelines,  yet 
his  arbitrary  and  cruel  massacres  exciteil  the 
indignation  and  the  hatred  of  liis  subjects. 
An  insurrection  was  formed,  and  the  rebel- 
lious Sicilians  on  Easter  monday  1282  sacri- 
ficed 81KJ0  Frcnch)nen  to  their  fuiy,  on  the 
ringing  of  the  bells  for  the  evening  service, 
which  bloody  catastrophe  is  still  handed 
«lown  to  execration,  under  the  name  of  Sici- 
lian Vespers.  Charles  died  7th  Jan.  1^85, 
tortured  by  the  sad  reflection,  that  his  cru- 
elty had  occasioned  so  much  dissatisfaction, 
and  such  dreadful  bloodshed.  Charles, 
thougii  an  arbitrary,  was  an  able  and  politic 
prince,  his  power  was  acknowfedged  all 
over  tlie  Mediterranean,  and  to  his  do- 
minions in  Italy  and  in  France  he  added  the 
sounding  title  of  king  of  Jerusalem. 

Charles  11.  king  of  Naples,  surnamed 
the  lame,  was  a  prisoner  at  Messina  in  the 
hands  of  the  Sicilians,  who  wished  in  his 
death  to  avenge  the  cruelties  which  his  father 
liad  exercised  against  their  favorite  Conra- 
din.  The  execution  of  the  sentence  was 
stopped  by  the  interference  of  Constance 
«pieen  of  Arragon,  whose  husband  Peter 
HI.  had  laid  claim  to  the  Sicilian  crown,  and 
Charles,  thus  saved  from  death,  directed  all 
the  powers  of  his  mind  to  the  recovery  of 
his  father's  dominions.  He  prevailed  ngainst 
his  rivals,  and  was  crow  ned  king  at  Home, 
and  he  employed  himself  zealously  in  pro- 
moting the  arts  of  peace  and  of  commerce, 
and  the  practice  of  religion  among  his  sub- 
jects,   lie  died   at  Naples  1309,  aged  (31, 


CH 


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leaving  by  his  •wife,  Maiy  of  Hungary,  seve- 
ral children.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
liobert. 

Oharles  III.  king  of  Naples,  was  grand- 
son of  (lie  preceding,  and  by  his  marriage 
ivitli  Margaret  the  niece  of  Joan  queen  of 
Xapies,  lie  obtained  the  kingdom,  1.380,  on 
the  excommunication  of  that  princess.  He 
showed  himself  infamous,  by  cruelly  putting 
the  <le{)Osed  queen  to  death,  and  he  after- 
vards  quarrelled  with  the  pope  who  had 
supported  his  claims  to  the  crown.  He  was 
killed  in  his  attempts  to  obtain  the  crown  of 
Hungary  1386,  aged  41. 

Charles  H.  king  of  Navarro,  son  of 
Philip  count  d'l'Lvcreux,  was  surnamed  the 
bad.  He  M-as  horn  133"2,  and  as  the  son  of 
the  daughter  of  LcAvis  Hutin  of  Franco, 
he  on  his  mother's  death,  though  only  18, 
succcedecl  to  the  throne  ot  Navarre.  Cru- 
elty and  artifice  marked  his  conduct,  he 
caused  to  be  assassinated  Charles  of  Spain, 
constable  of  Trance,  and  when  arrested  by 
the  order  of  king  John,  his  father-in-law,  he 
not  onlv  contrived  to  retvaiu  his  iiberlv,  but 
with  horrid  vengeance  caused  slow  poison 
to  be  administered  to  the  dauphin,  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, after  he  had  seduced  him  fi*o)u 
his  aftection  and  allegiance  to  his  father. 
tJnable  to  place  himself  on  the  throne  of 
France,  he  espoused  the  interests  of  the 
English  who  invaded  the  kingdom,  and 
where  he  could  not  succeed  by  open  force, 
he  effected  his  purposes  by  the  instruments 
of  poison  or  assassination.  His  death,  which 
happened  1st  Jan.  1387,  in  his  55th  year, 
was  extraordinary.  His  physicians  had  or- 
dered him  to  be  wrapped  up  in  clothes  dip- 
ped hi  brandy  and  sulphur,  to  support  and 
re%'ive  a  constitution,  weakened  by  leprosy 
and  by  debauchery,  and  while  the  operation 
was  performing,  his  servant  dropped  a  taper 
on  the  inflanimable  linen,  which  caught  fire 
and  consumed  to  the  very  bones  the  unhap- 
py man  befoi-e  he  could  be  extricated. 

Charles  Martel,  sou  of  Pepin  He- 
ristal,  by  a  concubine,  obtained  great  power 
as  duke  of  Au.strasia,  and  by  defeating 
Childeric  H,  of  France,  he  made  himself 
master  of  the  kingdom.  Instead  of  ascend- 
ing the  throne,  he  remained  satisfied  with 
the  title  of  mayor  of  the  palace,  whilst  the 
government  was  conducted  agreeable  to  his 
will.  He  waged  war  against  the  Saxons; 
and  in  a  battle  near  Poictiers  against  the 
Saracens,  in  which  he  slew  Abderam  the 
chief,  it  is  said,  that  not  less  than  SZ.'ijOOO  of 
the  enemy  were  destroyed.  So  much  valor, 
accompanied  with  the  most  consummate 
prudence,  rendered  him  poptdar,  and  at 
the  death  of  Thierri  the  king  I'ol ^  Charles 
retained  in  his  hands  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment, under  tlie  title  of  the  duke  of  the 
Franks.  He  died  'il(S.  Oct.  741,  respected 
as  a  lather,  and  a  benevolent  prince.  His 
sons  Carloman  and  Pepin  inherited  his  do- 
minions, and  Pejiin  thus  became  the  first 
king  of  the  CarlovingiaJi  race. 

Charles,  duke  of  Hurgundy,  surnamed 
the  wai'rior,  and  tl>c  i-ash,  was  son  of  Philip 


the  good,  and  born  at  Dijon  1433.  Early 
inured  to  war,  he  conquered  the  people  of 
Liege  and  Ghent,  and  carried  his  arms 
against  Lewis  XI.  of  France  whom  he  took 
prisoner,  and  obliged  to  make  peace  on  his 
own  terms.  His  attacks  against  the  Low 
Countries,  Guelderland  and  Zutphen,  were 
attended  with  success;  but  he  met  a  severe 
check  in  Switzerland,  and  when  he  at- 
tempted to  re]>uir  his  losses,  another  defeat 
ruined  his  army,  and  drove  him  awaj'  in  dis- 
grace. He  was  slain  5th  Jan.  1477,  as  he 
was  endeavoring  to  escape  from  the  siege  of 
Nanci.  He  had  four  wives,  the  second  of 
Mliieh  was  Margaret  of  York,  sister  to  Ed- 
ward IV. 

Charles,  count  of  Flanders,  was  son  of 
Canute,  king  of  Denmark,  and  succeeded 
Baldwin  1119.  By  his  benevolence  and 
virtues,  he  became  popular  among  his  Flem- 
ish subjects;  but  the  goodness  of  his  heart 
could  not  avert  the  dagger  of  an  assassin,  by 
which  he  perished  1124,  while  engaged  IH 
dev«)tion  in  a  church  at  Bruges. 

Charles  I.  duke  of  Lorraine  laid  claim 
to  the  crown  of  France  on  the  death  of  his 
nephew  Lewis  the  indolent;  but  M-as  defea- 
ted and  taken  prisoner.  He  died  in  the 
fourth  year  of  his  confinement  994,  aged  41. 

Charles  H.  duke  of  Lorraine,  son  of 
duke  John,  was  a  prudent  and  warlike 
prince,  and  died  1430. 

Charles  IV.  duke  of  Lorraine,  son  of 
Francis  count  of  Vaudemont,  and  grandson 
of  Charles  III.  was  born  1603.  He  was  fond 
of  military  glory,  and  was  engaged  in  fre- 
quent disputes  with  Lewis  XIIl.  whose  arms 
were  too  powerful  for  him  to  oppose.  Though 
twice  stripped  of  his  dominions  by  the  French 
his  restless  ambition  refused  to  enjoy  tran- 
quillity, and  by  embracing  the  cause  of  the 
Spaniards,  he  exposed  himself  to  new  trou- 
bles. He  was  seized  by  the  duke  of  Condd, 
and  imprisoned  at  Antwerp  and  Toledo,  and 
not  restored  to  liberty  till  the  signing  of  the 
Pyrenean  treaty.  In  1G62,  by  the  treaty  of 
Montmartre,  he  resigned  his  dominions  to 
Lewis  XIV.  provided  he  was  acknowledged 
in  France  as  prince  of  the  blood  xwal ;  but 
afterwards  he  revoked  the  agreement.  De- 
prived again  by  tbe  fortune  of  war  of  his 
provinces,  he  united  his  forces  to  those  of 
the  emperor,  and  though  defeated  by  Tn- 
I'enne  1674,  he  repaired  his  military  reputa- 
tion, and  after  routing  the  French,  he  took 
the  marshal  of  Crequi  at  Treves.  He  died 
soon  after  at  Birkenteld  1675,  aged  72.  He 
had  married  the  princess  of  Cantecroix,  but 
before  her  death  he  took  another  wife, 
whom,  however,  the  king  of  France  con- 
fined in  a  convent. 

Charles  V.  of  Lorraine,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  son  of  duke  Francis,  and  was 
born  at  Vienna,  1043.  He  early  entered  into 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Leopold  and  ac- 
fpiired  great  militaiy  glory  in  his  campaigns 
in  Hungary.  In  1674,  he  declared  himseh" 
a  candidate  for  the  crown  of  Poland,  but 
neither  his  intrigues  nor  his  vahu-  could  se- 
cure his  election.     He  touk  Philip:sliurgh  in 


(At 


CH 


IG/'6,  and  the  following  year  married  the 
(jiiecn  dowafjer  of  Poland,  sister  to  the  cm- 
j»uror.  Afterwards  lie  was  engaged  against 
the  Turks  at  the  head  of  tlie  imperial  armies, 
and  tliougli  partially  «Ufi'ated  he  was  soon 
ena'ded  with  llie  powerful  assistance  of  ,l(dui 
Sobieski,  to  drive  them  from  hei'ore  the  walls 
of  "N'ieima.  Various  successes  followed  this 
glorious  campaign,  anil  Jluda  t\ ould  have 
fallen  had  not  the  duke's  progress  been  ar- 
i*estcd  by  a  violent  fever,  but  he  recovered 
to  defeat  the  'I'urks,  in  the  dreadful  baltle 
of  Mohatz  in  1087,  and  to  over-run  all  'l"ran- 
sylvania.  His  services  wore  afterwards  ein- 
ployed  against  the  French  in  Klanders,  but 
his  career  of  glory  was  cut  short  by  death, 
after  taking  Alentz  IG'JO,  in  his  4'Jth  year. 
Lewis  XIV'.  said  of  him  that  he  Mas  the 
•uisest  and  the  most  generous  of  his  enemies. 
He  was  father  of  Leopold  the  father  of  the 
emperor  Francis  1. 

Chari.es  Alexander,  of  Lorraine, 
•grandson  of  the  preceding,  was  governor  of 
the  Low  Countries,  and  general  of  the  im- 
perial armies.  He  was  opposed  to.  the  king 
of  Prussia,  and  in  liis  campaigns  against  the 
French  in  Hohemia  and  in  Cermany,  he  ac- 
quired great  glory.  Though  defeated  by  the 
king  of  Prussia,  he  had  the  good  fortune  to 
rout  his  generals  in  two  engag<iments.  He 
died  4th  July  1780,  aged  CS,  universally  re- 
h'pccted  as  a  brave  warrior  and  an  amiable 
man, 

Charles,  Emanuel,  duke  of  Savoy,  snr- 
named  the  great,  uas  born  1502.  1^1  e  early 
signalixed  himself  in  the  battles  of  Vigo, 
Ast,  Chatillon,  &c.  and  not  only  seized 
Provence  and  Dauphint^,  hut  hiid  claims  to 
the  throne  of  France,  on  the  death  of  Hen- 
ry ni.  With  the  most  ardent  ambition  he 
next  aspired  to  the  kingdom  of  Cyprus,  to 
the  province  of  Macedonia,  and  at  last  he 
attempted  to  seize,  in  10U2,  the  town  of  Ge- 
neva, in  the  mi»lst  of  a  profound  peace. 
This  violent  measure  was  resented  by  the 
Cenevese,  who  hanged  as  public  robbers  a 
:e*-  of  his  Avretched  followers  whom  they 
had  taken  prisoner.*;.  He  ne.xt  laid  claim  to 
ihe  dominions  of  .Mantua,  on  the  death  of 
ihc  duke  Francis,  hut  to  little  effect,  and  by 
the  insi<lious  ailvice  of  tlie  French,  he  at- 
tacked tienoa,  but  desisted  through  the  in- 
terference of  the  Spanish  monarch.  On  the 
death  of  the  emperor  Matthias,  he  became 
%  candidate  for  the  imperial  crown,  and 
next  by  attempting  to  seize  Montserrat,  he 
drew  upon  himself  the  hostilities  of  France, 
Spain,  and  Germany.  He  died  at  Savilion 
'^Gtli  July  1630,  aged  7S,  it  is  said  of  a  bro- 
Tcen  heart,  because  he  had  lost  Pignei-ol. 

Charles  Emanuel,  H.  son  of  Victor 
Amadeus  I.  succeeded  to  the  dukedom  of 
Savoy  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Franci.s, 
1638,  though  only  four  years  old.  The 
weakness  of  his  minority  induced  the  Span- 
iards to  attack  his  dominions,  hiit  the  inter- 
ference of  the  king  of  France,  and  the 
J)eace  of  the  Pyrenees,  restored  him  to  all 
his  possessions.  He  was  an  amiable  and  be- 
ncvoleot  prince,  vho  regarded  the  Ijappi- 


nfss  of  his  peojilc  as  of  greater  value  than 
foreign  coucjuesls.  Jn  cultivating  the  arts  of 
peace,  and  in  improving  the  commerce  of 
his  sul)jeets,  he  made  a  large  and  <-omnio- 
(lions  mad  through  an  arch  »)f  .')(H)  pai-es 
long  in  a  rock  at  Mc^ntevisa,  between  l)au- 
phiiie  and  Savoy,  and  embeliifJied  'I'urin 
and  other  places  in  his  dominion.s  with  noble 
and  uselid  ttlifues.  'I'lie  last  part  of  his  lile 
was  unfortunately  imbillered  by  ihe  revolt 
of  his  protest  ant  subjects  in  the  V.iudf>i»«, 
who  cfuiiplained  of  the  opj)rc8sion  of  his  go- 
vernors,    fie  died   107.1. 

Chaklfs,  Emanuel,  HT.  son  of  A'irtor 
Amadeus  il.  -n'as  born  1701,  and  succeeded 
on  the  \ (limitary  abdic.ttion  of  his  father, 
1730.  He  ardently  embraced  the  projects 
of  J-'rancc  and  Spain  to  humble  the  Atis- 
trians,  and  after  the  celebrated  victory  of 
Guastalla,  he  oljtained  the  cession  of  some 
valuable  teri'itories  in  the  Milanese.  \V'ith 
political  inconsistency  he  afterwards  in  1742, 
joined  his  forces  and  innucnce  to  the  quei'ii 
of  Iliingary  against  his  two  former  allies, 
and  though  he  was  often  unsuccessful,  yet 
he  had  the  courage  to  defend  iiimself  in  the 
held,  even  against  sui)erior  numbers,  and  at 
the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  lost  norte  of  his 
former  possessions.  The  return  of  peace 
now  aiforded  him  opportiuiities  to  display 
his  patriotism  and  humaa»'y.  He  was  mild, 
prudent,  and  economical  m  his  administra- 
tion, abuses  were  corrected  in  every  de- 
partment, salutary  reforms  were  intro- 
duced, vice  and  luxury  were  checked,  anch 
a  new  code  of  laws  mru'c  humane  and  more 
decisive  was  established.  He  died  20th 
February  1773,  ageil  72.  He  was  three 
times   married. 

Charles,  Edward,  grandson  of  James 
n.  king  of  England,  is  known  in  history  by 
the  name  of  the  pretender.  In  1745,  at  the 
age  of  25,  when  the  Scotch  seemed  inclined 
to  resist  the  government  of  the  Hanoverian 
family,  he  landed  in  Scotland,  and  suppor- 
ted hy  the  adherence  of  some  of  the  disaf- 
fected nobles  he  proclaimed  his  father  kin,?, 
and  fixed  his  residence  at  Edinburgh,  v  ith 
all  the  pomp  and  parade  of  royalty.  By  a 
sudden  and  masterly  attHck,  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  defeat  at  I'restonpans,  the  forces 
which  had  marclied  to  oppose  him  under  sir 
John  Cope,  but  by  delaying  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  terrors  of  his  enemies,  he  con- 
tributed to  his  own  ruin,  and  though  he  af- 
terwards advanced  as  far  as  Manchester  and 
Derby,  he  soon  found  that  the  people,  re- 
covered from  their  panic,  were  unanimou* 
against  him.  On  liis  rapid  return  tn  Scot- 
land, he  routed  geneiai  Hav.ley  at  i'alkirk, 
but  tlie  approach  of  the  duke  of  Cumlxn*- 
land,  put  an  end  to  his  triumph,  lit  re- 
treated before  the  royal  army,  and  at  lasl 
the  hostile  troops  met  in  the  fiehl  of  Cullo- 
den,  to  decide  the  fate  of  the  kingdom.  The 
Scotch  fought  with  acoistomed  bravery,  but 
the  English  prevailed,  and  the  unfortunate 
youth  esca])ed  with  difficulty  from  the  bat- 
tle where  he  left  dead  3000  of  his  misguided 
aJhercDts.    Though  a  large  rewani  was  of- 


CH 


CH 


fer'ed  fhr  the  head  of  the  ilUistrious  fugitive, 
■vvlio  had  thus  to  combat  against  v/ant  and 
temptation,  yet  the  peasants  of  Scotland 
pitied  his  misfortunes,  and  even  those  of  his 
enemies,  who  were  acquainted  with  his  re- 
treat, kept  inviolate  the  fatal  secret,  and 
while  they  condemned  his  ambition,  com- 
miserated his  distresses.  He  at  last  escaped 
to  St.  Maloes  and  never  again  revisited  the 
British  dominions.  He  died  at  Florence 
178S.  He  had  married  a  German  princess 
of  the  house  of  Stolberg  Guendern.  His 
brother,  Henry  Benedict,  cardinal  York, 
■when  plundered  by  the  ravages  of  the  French 
revolution,  w-as  honorably  relieved  by  the 
English  monarch,  and  derived  from  his 
bounty  a  liberal  pension  to  sooth  the  mis- 
fortunes which  had  overwhelmed  his  old 
age. 

Carletov,  Walter,  a  physician  horn 
at  Shepton  -Mallet  2d  February  1019,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  where 
lie  took  his  degrees.  He  became  a  man  of 
eminence  in  his  profession,  published  sev- 
eral respectable  works,  and  was  physician 
to  both  the  Charles'.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  royal  society,  and  in 
1689,  became  president  of  the  college  of 
physicians.  As  his  circumstances  were  not 
prosperous,  he  retired  to  Jersey,  where  he 
died  1707,  aged  87.  The  best  known  of  his 
•works  is  his  Stonehenge  restored  to  the 
Danes  4to.  1603. 

Charleval,  Charles  Faucon  de  Rey 
lord  of,  a  French  writer  of  great  genius  and 
of  amiable  mannei'S.  Though  of  a  very 
■weak  constitution,  yet  by  strictly  adhering 
to  the  regimen  prescribed  by  his  medical 
friends,  he  attained  the  extraoi-dinary  age 
of  eighty,  and  died  1693.  His  Avorks  ap- 
peared 1759  in  12mo.  though  his  nephew 
objected  to  the  publication.  The  epigrams 
and  the  other  poems  are  much  admired. 

Charlevoix,  Peter  Fr.  Xarier  de,  a 
learned  Jesuit,  born  at  St.  Quentin,  famous 
for  his  travels,  and  his  authentic  historical 
compositions.  He  died  1761,  aged  78.  He 
Avrote  the  history  of  Japan,  2  vols.  4to.  and 
6  vols.  12mo. — History  of  St.  Domingo  2 
vols.  4to. — History  of  New  France,  3  vols. 
4to. — and  of  Paraguay,  6  vols.  12mo. 

Charmis,  a  physician  at  Rome,  under 
Nero,  whose  celebrity  arose  more  from  the 
singularity  of  his  prescriptions,  than  his  skill 
in  the  profession. 

Charnace,  Hercules  Girard  baron  de, 
a  native  of  Dritany,  who  served  in  the  ar- 
my, and  was  afterwards  sent  by  Richelieu 
as  ambassador  to  Sweden,  to  engage  Gusta- 
vus  Adolphus  to  make  a  war  against  Ger- 
many. He  was  also  ambassador  at  other 
courts,  and  a\  as  killed  at  the  siege  of  Breda, 
at  the  head  of  a  troop  of  horse,  1637. 

Charn^ock,  Stephen,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, and  studied  at  Emanuel,  Cambritlge, 
from  wliencc  he  removed  to  Oxford.  He 
became  an  eloquent  presbyteriau  preacher 
in-  Ireland,  and  was  chaplain  to  Henry 
Cromwell,  but  on  the  restoration,  he  was 
unwilling  to   conform  to  the  articles,  an<l 


therefore  preaclied  only  in  private  meetings; 
He  died  1680,  aged  62.  His  works  are  in 
2  vols,  folio.  His  discourse  on  providence 
is  admired. 

Charnois,  N.  Vacheur  de,  a  native  of 
Paris,  known  as  the  editor  of  the  journal 
des  theatres,  and  as  the  author  of  some  pop- 
ular romances.  He  afterwards  conducted 
the  -Modernteur  paper,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  revolution,  and  being  arresled  on  sus- 
picion, he  became  one  of  those  unfortunate 
victims  so  barbarously  murdered  at  the  Ab- 
baye,  September  2d,*  1792. 

Charon  das,  a  legislator  bora  in  Sicily. 
He  Qorishcd  about  400  years  B.  C.  and 
made  a  code  of  laws  for  the  people  of  Thu- 
rium. 

Charpentier,  Francis,  dean  of  the 
French  academy,  was  born  at  Paris,  Feb- 
ruary 1620.  His  learning  and  abilities  re- 
commended liim  to  Colbert,  for  whom  he 
wrote  a  discourse  to  prepare  the  full  estab- 
lishment of  an  East  India  company.  He 
was  afterwards  inade  a  member  of  the  new 
founded  academy  of  medals  and  inscriptions, 
and  greatly  contributed  to  the  noble  series 
of  medals  struck  in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIY. 
He  died  22d  April  1702,  aged  82.  Besides 
harangues,  and  discourses  delivered  on  pub- 
lic occasions,  he  wrote  some  poems,  son- 
nets, and  odes. 

Charrier,  Mark  Anthony,  a  lawj^er, 
member  for  Mende  at  the  states  general  in 
1789.  He  boldly  opposed  all  innovations, 
and  when  the  convention  decreed  the  aboli- 
tion of  royalty,  he  headed  the  insurgents  of 
his  department,  and  at  last  being  taken  pri- 
soner, was  condemned  to  death  16th  July 
1794. 

Charron,  Peter,  a  learned  Frenchman. 
Though  born  of  humble  parents,  he  was 
well  educated,  in  the  universities  of  Orleans 
and  Bourges,  but  after  applying  himself  to 
the  law,  he  found  that  his  abilities  must  re- 
main long  and  perhaps  ever  neglected  and 
unknow  n,  he  taerefoi'e  became  an  ecclesias- 
tic, and  as  an  eloquent  preacher  soon  acquir- 
ed fame  and  poi)ularity.  He  was  admired 
by  the  bishops,  listened  to  with  admiration 
by  the  king,  and  made  chaplain  to  queen 
Margaret.  On  his  return  to  Paris,  he  wish- 
ed to  enter  into  .some  of  the  I'eligious  orders, 
but  as  he  was  now  48,  his  applications  were 
rejected,  and  therefore  as  a  secular,  he  con- 
tinued his  labors  of  pulpit  eloquence.  At 
Bourdeaux  he  became  acquainted  with  Mon- 
taigne, who  treated  him  with  great  kind- 
ness and  aftectionate  regard,  liis  publica- 
tion of  the  three  truths  in  1594,  recommend- 
ed him  to  the  notice  of  the  bishop  of  Cahors, 
by  whom  he  was  made  his  vicar  general,  and 
canon  theological.  He  was  afterwards  pre- 
sented to  the  chaptership  of  the  church  of 
the  bishop  of  Condom,  and  in  1601  he  print- 
ed his  books  **  of  wisdom,"  which  spread 
his  fame  through  the  kingdom.  In  1603  he 
went  to  reside  at  Boulogne,  but  the  climate 
was  unfavorable  to  his  constitution,  so  that 
he  I'eturned  to  Paris  where  he  died  Novem- 
ber 16th  the  same  year,  of  an  apople.xy-    Oi 


CII 


CII 


his  works  the  best  known  is  *'  of  wisdom," 
two  translations  of  wliicli  have  appeared  in 
Knglainl,  tlie  htst  by  Dr.  St:inli0[)e   UYJ7. 

Chautieii,  Alan,  a  native  of  IJayeux, 
secretary  to  (Iharles  \  I.  and  VII.  (tf  Fi-anre. 
He  was  employed  in  sonjc  embassiis,  but 
he  acquired  j^reatcr  celebrity  as  a  writer. 
He  died  l4iU.  His  works,  cuiisislinij  of  ])0- 
eUy  :uul  prose,  appeared  IfilT.  His  brolli- 
<;r  Jolin  was  a  Henedictin,  antbor  of  the 
great  chronicles  ofi-'rauce  from  I'iiaraniond 
lo  the  death  of  C/hailes  Nil.  in  three  vols, 
iol.  149.) — and  the  history  of  Chai'les  VH. 
printed  folio  1G61. 

Chau  iiEK,  Kcno,  a  physician  to  tlie 
I'rcneh  kiivR,  and  professor  of  medicine. 
He  edited  the  works  of  Hippocrates  and 
(>alen  in  CI  reek  and  Latin,  in  14  vols,  folio, 
from  1019,  to  1C79,  when  the  last  vol.  whs 
published. 

CiiASiiiiNEiJX,  Bartholomew  do,  a  French 
lawyer,  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Provence,  w  ho  boldly  opposed  the  prose- 
cution of  the  Vaudois,  ;.i  religious  sect  who 
refused  to  acknowledge  the  authority  of  the 
pope,  and  of  the  church  of  Rome.  This  con- 
duct, which  huiuanity  and  not  party  had 
dictated,  was  regarded  with  such  animosity 
that  he  was  poisoned  1541.  He  was  author 
of  a  work  on  the  customs  of  France,  and 
of  other  things. 

Chastei>,  Jolm,  son  of  a  \iOollen-draper 
at  Paris,  attempted  the  life  of  Henry  IN  .  of 
France  27lh  Hecember  1504.  He  was  then 
only  19.  The  blow^  Was  so  sudden  that  he 
nearly  escaped  through  the  crowd,  but  it  is 
said  that  the  wildness  of  his  looks  betrayed 
him.  He  confessed  lliat  from  the  vvickcd- 
uuss  of  his  past  lil'e,  he  was  (loomed  to  eter- 
nal torments  in  another  life,  and  that  to 
make  them  more  tolerable,  he  wished  to  do 
some  great  action.  He  was  condemned  to 
have  the  flcsli  of  his  arms  and  thighs  toin 
•fF,  with  red  hot  pincers,  lils  right  hand  cut 
off  and  afterwar(k  his  body  drawn  aiid  quar- 
tered by  four  horses  pulling  different  ways, 
and  his  remains  then  burnt  to  ashes.  This 
was  December  29ih  1594,  and  at  the  same 
time  the  Jesuits,  at  whose  instigation  the 
crime  liad  been  committed,  Mere  banished 
lOr  ever  from  the  kingdom. 

Chaste  LAIN,  Claude,  an  ecclesiastic 
born  at  Paris.  He  drew  up  formulaiics 
fbrthe  diocese  of  Paris  at  the  request  of  the 
nrchbisUop,  and  publishei^I,  besides  the  Ro- 
man martyrology — universal  martyrology — 
and  a  journal  of  his  life,  with  curious  anec- 
dotes in  MS.  He  was  well  skilled  in  eccle- 
siastical history  and  in  antiquities,  and  died 
171'i,  aged  73. 

Chastellux,  Francis  John  marquis  de, 
field  marshal  of  France,  is  well  known  by  liis 
\vritings.  He  was  member  oflhe  French  acad- 
emy, and  of  seveml  other  learned  bodies,  and 
died  at  Paris  1788.  His  chief  Morks  are  on 
]^ublic  happiness,  Svo. — translated  into  Eng- 
lish — travels  in  North  America,  8vo.  also 
translated  into  English.  This  last  work  is 
far  from  popular  in  America,  where  the  au- 
thor had  served  in  the  army  during  the 
American  war. 

VOL.    I.  42 


Chat  de  Rastign'AC,  Raymond  dc, 
a  French  otiictr  who  opposed  the  league, 
and  behaved  with  great  bravery  in  various 
iiaitles.  He  was  killed  at  la  Fere  'JOih  Jan. 
1G9G. 

Chat  de  Rasih; \ac,  Lewis  James 
de,  of  the  same  family  as  the  preceding, 
was  an  ecclesiastic,  who  rose  by  his  merit 
to  the  bishopric  of  Tours,  and  ilied  univer- 
sally respected  175C»,  aged  03.  He  wrote 
some  discourses,  harangues,  bcc.  His  be- 
nevolence was  particidariy  conspicuous  dur- 
ing an  inundation  of  the  Loire,  \\bi.-n  he  was 
the  common  fatlier  of  the  poor  \»  ho  had 
been  driven  from  tlicir  habitations. 

Ch ATEAUBRl.\Nn,  Frances  dc  Foix, 
wife  of  the  count  of,  is  known  in  French  his- 
tory as  the  mistress  of  Francis  I.  who  left 
her  for  the  superior  attractions  of  the  duch- 
ess d'Etampes.  She  was  a  Moman  of  great 
courage  and  of  a  commanding  aspect.  She 
died  1537,  aged  6'2. 

Chateau  Brun,  John  Baptist  Vivien 
de,  a  native  of  Angouleme,  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  eminent  as  a  drama- 
tic writer.  He  died  1775,  aged  89.  Be- 
sides Philoctetes,  Astyanax,  and  Mahomet 
n.  tragedies,  he  wrote  lesTroyennes,  which 
is  evidently  liis  best  play,  and  wiiich  he  kept 
by  him  40  years  before  he  produced  it  before 
the  public. 

Chaieaurenard,  Francis  Lewis  Rousr 
selet  count  de,  aviative  of  Touraine,  distin- 
guished as  a  naval  officer  in  the  jNIediterra- 
nean,  against  the  Sallec  rovers.  He  <lefeat- 
ed  the  liutch  fleet  1075,  and  for  his  eminent 
services  was  made  an  admiral  and  marshal 
of  France.     He  died  1716,  aged  80. 

Chatel,  Tanneguy  de,  a  French  gen- 
eral born  of  respectable  jjarents  in  Biilany, 
He  gained  some  credit  by  an  exj)cdition 
against  the  English  coast,  and  in  1410  he  had 
the  good  .success  to  defeat  Ladislaus,  who 
had  usurped  the  crown  of  Naples,  upon 
which  he  was,  in  I4l4,  made  mar.shal  of 
Cuiennc.  He  distinguished  liimself  at  the 
battle  of  Agincourt,  and  supported  the  Dau- 
pliin  against  the  Burgundians  when  they  at- 
tacked Paris.  He  afterwards  ettected  a  re- 
conciliation betweer)  both  parties,  but  had 
the  meanness  and  brutality  to  advise  the 
dauphin  to  assassinate  the  unsusi)ccting  ilvik^e 
of  Bi«-gundy  1419.  On  the  dauphin's  eleva- 
tion to  the  throne,  Chatel  was  made  grand 
master  of  the  household,  and  trusted  with, 
important  embassies.  He  died  1449.  His' 
nephew,  who  bore  tlie  same  name,  is  known 
in  French  liistory  for  his  attacliment  to  the 
unhajipy  Charles  VH.  whom  he  attended 
witli  fidelity  in  his  last  moments  and  buried 
at  his  own  expense. 

Chatel,  Peter  du,  or  Castellaxus, 
a  native  of  Arc,  educated  at  Dijon.  He 
was  so  learned  a  Grecian,  that  he  assisted 
Erasmus  in  his  translations,  and  for  some 
time  was  press  corrector  to  Frobenius  at 
Basil,  after  which  lie  travelled  lo  Egypt  and 
Syria.  On  his'return  to  Europe  he  became 
private  reader  to  Francis  I.  who  made  him  , 
bishop  of  Tulle  and  afterwards  of  Maconj 


cii 


CH 


from  wliich  he  was  translated  by  Henry  II. 
to  Orleans  where  he  died  155'2.  He  wrote 
two  funeral  orations  on  Francis  I.  and  a  La- 
tin letter  against  Charles  V.  and  showed 
himself  a  scholar  of  stiperior  abilities  and  a 
strong:  advocate  for  the  privileges  of  the 
Galliciin  chuich. 

Chatet.,  Francis  dii,  a  painter  of  Brus- 
sels, -in  the  middle  of  the  I7th  century. 
His  best  piece  is  at  Ghent,  representing  the 
Spanish  king  receiving  the  homage  of  the 
Flemings. 

CHArELARD,  N.  du,  a  gentleman  ot 
Dauphine,  who  became  passionately  fond 
of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  and  actually  con- 
cealed himself  in  her  chamber,  when  she 
was  returning  to  Scotland,  after  the  death 
of  her  husband  Francis.  He  was  for  this 
imprudent  conduct,  which  it  is  said  the 
queen  had  countenanced,  condemned  to  suf- 
fer death. 

CnATEr,ET,  Paul  du  Hay  lord  of,  de- 
scended from  the  Scotch  Ha3S,  was  born  in 
Britan)',  and  became  president  of  the  court 
gf  justice  in  the  army  of  LeAvis  XUI.  He 
was  also  member  of  the  academy,  and  wrote 
various  pieces  in  verse  and  prose,  besides 
the  history  of  Betrand  du  Guesclin,  consta- 
ble of  France,  folio.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
firmness  and  integrity,  and  boldly  spoke  to 
the  king  in  favor  of  \lontmorency  who  had 
been  condemned  for  high  treason.  He  died 
1636,  aged  44. 

C  H  A  T  E  L  E  T,  Gabrielle  Emilie  marchioness 
de,  alearned  P'rench  lady,  daughter  of  the  ba- 
ron de  Breteuil,  born  17th  December  1706. 
Superior  to  the  trifling  pursuits  of  her  sex, 
she  aspii'ed  to  high  distinction  in  the  regions 
of  science  and  philosophy,  and  by  her  valu- 
able works  she  may  be  said  to  have  rivalled 
Leibnitz  and  Newton.  Her  institutes  of 
physic  addressed  to  her  son  is  a  work  of  ve- 
ry great  merit.  Her  intense  application  it 
is  Sftid  shortened  her  life.  She  died  1749, 
aged  43.  She  translated  the  institutes  of 
Jycibnitz  and  the  principia  of  Newton. 

Chatterton,  Thomas,  an  extraordi- 
nary youth,  born  at  Bristol,  '2()th  Nov.  1752. 
He  was  taught  i-eading,  writing,  and  arith- 
metic, at  a  charity  school  on  St.  Augnstin's 
Back,  and  at  the  age  of  IV  he  was  articled 
clerk  loan  attorney  at  Bristol,  with  whom  ho 
continued  about  three  years.  His  employ- 
ment however  was  not  congenial  to  his  turn 
of  mind,  he  devoted  himself  more  to  poetry, 
antiquities,  and  heraldrj',  than  to  law  ;  and 
early  in  1769  some  of  his  compositions  ap- 
peared in  the  periodical  publications  of  the 
limee.  In  1770  be  left  Bristol  and  came  to 
London,  with  the  hope  of  making  his  fortune 
by  his  pen,  but  though  he  flattered  the  great, 
and  espoustjd  '^i  political  pieces  the  cause 
both  of  the  ministry  and  of  opposition,  though 
lie  was  courteously  treated  by  Beckford  in 
the  height  of  his  popularity,  ycL  he  found 
his  income  inferior  to  his  wants.  Though  a 
liberal  contributor  to  the  Gospel  Magazine, 
the  Town  and  Country,  the  Court  and  City, 
the  London,  the  Political  Register,  &c.  he 
tbund  hunself  uidignantly  dependentupon  U»e 


booksellers,  and  a  prey  to  the  severest  indi* 
gence,  so  that  in  a  lit  of  despair  he  destroyed 
himself  by  poisdu  August  1770.     Though 
possessed   of  great  genius,  Chattertou  was 
irrascible,  headstrong  and  impetuous  in  his 
temper,  and  it  has  been   said  by  his  biogra- 
pher that  he  had  all  the  vices  and  irregulari- 
ties of  youth,  ami  that  his  profligacy  was  at 
least    as   conspicuous   as   his   abilities.     His 
name  is  known  particularly  in  controversial 
history.     He  published  a  number  of  poems, 
wliich   he   described    as    written    about  300 
years  before  by  Rowley,  a  Bristowyan  monk, 
and  when  pressed  for  the  originals,  he  refused 
to  give  them,  but  declared  that  he  had  re- 
ceived them  from   his  father,    whose  family 
had    for   nearly  150   years  been  sextons  of 
Uedclift  church  in  Bristol,   and  that  till  then 
they  had  remained   disregarded  and  buried 
in  dust  in  an  old  chest,  in  an  unfrequented 
room  over  the  chapel.     This  story,  which 
Chatterton   always  supported  as  undeniably 
true,  called  forth  the  attention  of  the  learned, 
and  whilst  some  of  the  critics  beheld  in  the- 
poems  of  Rowley,  all  the  marks  of  genuine 
antiquity,   others  ci.Msidered  them  as  a  lite- 
rary forgery  imposed  upon  the  credulity  of 
the    world,   by  the  artifice  of  an  ingenious 
thougii  HI  educated  youth  of  17.    To  Mr. 
George  Catcot  of  Bristol,  the  public  are  in- 
debted for  the  best  part  of  the  poems,  who 
procured  them  from  the  unfortunate  Chat- 
terton.   They  were  published  in  1777,  iri 
one   volume   8vo.  b}''  Tyrwhitt,  and  repub- 
lished in  1778;  and  while  Bryant  and  dean 
Milles  and  others  considered  Rowley  as  the 
real   author  of  the  poems,  Tom    Warton, 
Walpole  and  others  represented  them  as  the 
authentic  production   of   Chatterton,   who 
thus  wished  to  disguise  the  first  eftbrts  of  hi.s 
mtise  by   assuming  the  venerable  name  of 
antiquity.      Chatterton's  works  have   been 
lately  edited  in  3  vols.  8vo. 

Chancer,  Geoffrey,  a  poet  denominated 
by  Dryden  the  father  of  English  poetr\'. 
lie  was  born  in  London  IS'iS,  and  studied  at 
Cambridge,  and  afterwai'ds  at  Oxford,  and 
then  travelled  upon  the  continent.  On  his 
return  he  entered  at  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
soon  ingratiated  himself  into  the  friendship 
of  persons  of  distinction,  Avas  made  page  to 
the  king,  and  rewarded  with  a  pension  of  2l> 
nvai'ks.  He  was  afterwards  gentleman  of 
the  chamber  to  the  king,  his  salary  was  dou- 
bled in  1369,  and  after  being  employed  to 
negotiate  with  the  republic  of  Genoa,  for 
ships  for  a  naval  armament,  Edwanl  repaid 
his  services  by  granting  him  a  pitcher  of 
w  ine  daily  to  be  delivered  by  the  butler  of 
England.  He  became  afterwards  comi>trol- 
ler  of  the  customs  of  London  for  wool,  &c. 
and  wasi  employed  as  commissioner  to  the 
French  court  on  the  violatiou  of  the  truce. 
These  high  favors,  which  contributed  to  his 
independence  and  made  his  income  not  les.s 
than  lOOOZ.  a  year,  were  confirmed  by  Rich- 
ard, Edward's  successoi',  but  Chaucer  by 
embracing  Wicklifte's  tenets  became  obnox- 
ious to  the  persecution  of  the  clergv',  and 
though  he  escaped  by  flight  for  a  time,  he 


CH 


CH 


•A-ns  iiTjjjrisoned,  and  liberated  at  last  with 
difticullv.  lie  soon  after  removed  IVoni  the 
bustle  ami  iiitri|^nos  of  iiiiJdic  life,  niid  in  his 
i-ftirenient  at  \\  oodslock,  and  afterwanls  at 
Dnnnington,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  culti- 
vation ot  his  muse.  He  died  'J:Uh  October, 
14()0,  and  was  buried  in  the  great  ^outh  cross 
aisle  Westminster  abbey,  lie  left  two  sons, 
Thomas,  who  was  sjteaker  of  the  house  of 
commons  in  Henry  i\  .'s  reiyn,  and  Leuis. 
His  wife'snamc  was  l*hilii)i>A  Kouet,  of  llai- 
iiauU,  ami  as  her  sister  Catliarine,  tlie  widow 
of  sir  Hugh  Swinford,  was  married  to  John 
u(  Ghaunt  duke  of  Lancaster,  after  the 
death  of  the  princess  lilanche,  (Jhauci-r 
shared  the  favours  of  royalty,  and  was  in- 
debted for  some  of  his  honoura  to  the  inHu- 
«nce  of  his  princely  brother-in-law.  The 
poetry  of  Chaucer,  though  in  the  idiom  of 
the  l4th  century,  is  nctt  devoid  of  great 
smoothness  and  delicacy,  the  sentiments  are 
bohl,  the  characters  are  all  well  supported, 
and  the  genius  of  the  poet  is  every  where 
brilliant,  sprightly,  ami  sublime.  Of  all  his 
poems  the  Canterbury  tales  jjossess  the 
greatest  merit.  I'hey  have  been  learnedly 
tMlited  by  Mr.  Tyrwhitt,  5  vols.  Svo.  The 
life  of  the  poet  has  been  published  by  Ciod- 
vin,  in  two  ponderous  vols.  4to.  His  works 
altogether  were  published  byUrry,fol:  Tlie 
talcs  have  been  modernised  and  imitated  by 
Drydcn,  Pope,  and  others. 

Chaulieu,  Wdliam,  a  native  of  Fonte- 
nay,  in  Normandy,  educated  in  the  college 
T)f  Navarre  at  Paris.  The  liveliness  of  his 
genius  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of 
the  great  and  the  learned;  he  was  courted 
by  the  duke  of  llnchcfoucault,  by  Marsillac, 
by  the  duchess  of  Bouillon,  and  by  the  duke 
of  Vendome,  vvli,o  gave  him  a  priorate  in  the 
isle  of  Oleron,  witli  an  income  of  28,000 
livres,  and  afterwards  tlie  abbies  of  Pouliers, 
]{ennes,  Aumale,  &:c.  Jn  the  nndst  of  afllu- 
eiice  and  conviviality,  he  gave  vent  to  the 
sallies  of  liis  muse,  and  alleviated  tlie  pains 
of  an  obstinate  gout,  by  composing  epigrams 
and  sonnets  for  the  amusement  of  bis  friends, 
and  the  derision  of  his  enemies.  Thougfi  a 
perfect  master  of  all  the  graces  of  poetry,  and 
therefore  deservedly  styled  the  Anacrcon  of 
France,  he  had  no  wish  of  presenting  his 
poems  bcfoi'e  the  public,  and  they  remained 
scattered  in  the  l:^nds  of  his  friends  or  in 
the  collection  of  the  curious,  till  collected  by 
the  attention  of  Camusac  and  St.  Mai  k. 
Besides  letters  in  prose,  and  epistles  in  verse, 
they  contain  elegies,  ballads,  madrigals,  airs, 
and  all  the  charming  tritles  of  a  v-areless, 
wanton,  and  sportive  muse.  Chaidieu  died 
1720,  at  the  great  age  of  81.  The  liest  edi- 
tion of  iiis  works  is  that  of  Paris,  U  vols.  Svo. 
1774. 

CHAtTMETTE,  Peter  Caspard,  son  of  a 
cobler,  was  born  at  Ncvers  '24ih  -Slay  170.]. 
After  various  low  occupations  lie  ajipeared 
as  one  of  the  boldest  at  the  taking  of  the  Bas- 
tile,  and  displayed  ail  the  viok.i.cc  of  a  re- 
publican and  the  zeal  of  a  demagogue. 
United  with  Ilebert  he  for  a  w  hiic  guiclrcl  the 

frgMinTii-y  in\dritnde>  ami  proiTogcd  with  Hie 


fcaats  of  the  goddess  of  reason,  those  ualkrug 
guillotines  which  were  to  purge  France  of  all 
her  ro_\:distH,  and  her  snspec(<«d  citizens. 
After  being  guilty  of  the  most  atroci'ju.>>  cru- 
elties and  tlie  blackest  profligacy,  he  w  as  sent 
before  the  revolutionary  tribunal  by  llobes- 
pierre,  and  when  on  the  scalfold  prophesied 
that  his  fall  would  soon  be  followed  by  that  of 
bis  enemies.  He  w:is  gnillnlined  13th  April 
I7'j4.  A  "  precis  histori«iue"  on  life  is  attri- 
buted to  him. 

(JuAUNCEV,  (;h(ii-les,  a  nonconformist 
divine,  who  migrated  from  \\'are,  Hertf(jrd- 
shire,  to  America,  where  he  became  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  coDege,  and  (Vuu\  1G71. 
His  son  Isaac  afleruards  came  to  I'^ngland, 
and  settled  at  Andover  as  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, but  soon  after  studied  physic  and  prac- 
tised in  London,  where  he  died  about  1700. 
He  wrote  an  essay  on  Daniel's  prophecy, 
— -the  divine  institution  of  congregational 
churches,  Svo.  kc. 

Chauxcey,  lchabo<1,  a  nonconformist 
who  was  ejected  from  his  living  at  Bristol, 
and  then  practised  physic  there,  and  died 
iGyi,  author  of  some  tracts. 

Chauncy,  Henry,  was  educated  at  Bishop 
Stoi-tford  school,  and  Gonvil  cf»llege,  Cam- 
bridge, and  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar.  Kising  by  degrees 
in  his  profession,  he  w  as  kiiigbted  by  Charles 
II.  1081,  and  seven  years  after  made  a 
Serjeant  at  law,  and  app<)i!)ted  a  Welch 
judge.  He  was  mariied  three  liiiics,  and 
die<l  at  Yardley  171^0.  He  is  the  {,uthor  of 
the  historical  :»i!tiquities  of  Hertfordshh'e  ii\ 
one  vol.  folio. 

Chausse,  Michael  Angelode  la,  a  learned 
antiquary  of  Paris,  w  ho  w  ent  early  to  Rome, 
where  he  publisherl  his  Musccum  l«omanum, 
fol.  IGyO,  improved  to  two  vols.  fol.  in  174G. 
He  gate  to  the  world  Ijesides  receuil  des 
pierres  gravees  antiques  in  4to.  1707, — and 
pieturaj  antiqiiie  oryj>tarum  Roman.  &  se- 
pulcri  nasonum,  fol.  17oS,  all  which  display 
great  erudition,  and  remarkable  judgment. 

Ch.\uv  eau,  Francis,  a  tiainter  and  en- 
graver of  Paris,  who  died  there,  1670,  .^ged 
6.5.  His  first  engravings  were  i'rom  the  pieces 
of  la  Hire,  but  he  soon  trusteil  to  his  own 
genius,  and  used  the  graver  only  for  the  de- 
lineation of  his  ow  n  piotur.cs.  Not  less  than 
•lOOO  pieces  are  mentioned  as  engraved  by 
him,  and  400  e.xecufed  fi'om  his  dcsigRS. 

CiiAUVEAi:,  llene,  sou  of  the  preceding, 
possessed  the  genius  and  followed  the  p  -ofcs- 
sion  of  his  fatlu  r.  He  distinguished  him- 
self particularly  as  a  sculpior.  He  resided 
for  some  years  in  Sweden  and  at  Berlin,  and 
died  at  Paris  17^2-2,  «ged  59. 

Chauvin,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Nimes, 
who  as  a  protestant  lett  France  at  the  revo- 
cation af  the  ci'ict  of  Nantes,  and  went  to 
Rotterdam,  and  afterwartls  to  Berlin,  where 
he  became  professor  of  ])hi!osophy.  IJe 
died  17i5,  aged  85.  He  publishe4  I^exrcon 
]»!n!osopbiiiiiii,  fol.  and  a  ticw  journal  dcs-sa- 
vans,  begun  at  Rotterdam  lO'.li. 

('UA2,ELi.ES,  John  M;<ttbew,  a  French. 
mathCraati^Jan,  liin  at   Lyons  lGo7.     He 


Clf 


Cll 


eamo  to  PaiLs  hi  inr^,  and  was  recommend- 
ed to  Cassini,  "whom  he  assisted  in  the  mea- 
surement of  the  roeridiaii  line.  Jn  1GS4,  he 
instructed  the  duke  of  Mortemar  in  matlie- 
matics,  anci  by  his  influence  was  appointed 
hydrograpliy  professor  tor  the  gallies  of  .Mar- 
seilles, where  he  made  many  vahiable  obfior- 
vations,  and  drew  a  new  map  of  the  coast  of 
ProVence,  besides  phms  of  various  harl><>urs 
and  forts.  His  .e;real  and  extensive  nl)ilitics 
Avere  usefully  employed  by  the  Fren<'h  niii;- 
istry.  His  astronomical  observations  were 
not  confined  to  Europe,  but  he  visited  Greece 
and  Egypt,  snd  first  observed  in  his  measure- 
ment of  tiie  great  pyramid,  that  its  four  cor- 
ners e.xactly  correspond  to  the  four  cardinal 
points  of  the  world.  Chazelles,  whose  pri- 
vate character  and  virtuous  deportment  was 
not  surpassed  by  the  extent  of  his  genius, 
died  January  1710.  Besides  his  voyage  in  the 
Levant,  he  contributed  greatly  to  the  im- 
provement of  the  Neptune  Franc'ois.  He 
was  made  member  of  the  academy  of  sci- 
ences in  1695. 

Chefomtaikes,  Christopher  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Britany,  provincial  and  general  of  the 
cordeliers.  He  was  in  1579  made  archbishop 
of  Ctesaria  by  Gregory  XHI.  and  sent  to 
Flanders,  where  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher 
made  many  converts  among  the  protestants. 
He  died  at  Rome  1595,  aged  63.  He  was 
in  his  character  a  most  learned  man,  an  able 
and  judicious  divine,  but  accused  also  of  he- 
retical opinions.  His  work  on  transubstan- 
tiation  was  regarded  as  curious. 

Cheke,  John,  a  learned  Englishman, 
born  at  Cambridge  16th  June  1514,  and  ed- 
ucated at  St.  John's  college.  He  was  made 
professor  of  Greek_  in  the  university,  with  a 
stipend  of  40Z.  a  year,  and  in  1544,  he  Avas 
appointed  tutor  with  sir  Anthony  Cooke,  to 
prince  Edward.  On  the  accession  of  his 
pupil  to  the  throne,  he  was  rewarded  with 
an  annuity  of  1(.*0  marks,  and  a  grant  of 
land,  and  appointed  besides  prorost  of  king's 
college.  In  1551  he  was  knighted,  arid  soon 
after  rose  to  the  office  of  secretary  of  state. 
On  the  accession  of  Mary  he  was  stripped 
of  his  honors,  and  permitted  to  travel  abroad, 
but  after  supporting  himself  for  some  time 
at  Strasburg  by  teaching  Greek,  he  iras  seiz- 
ed on  his  return  between  Brussels  and  An- 
twerp, by  Philip  of  Spain,  and  sent  like  a 
traitor  to  London.  His  religion  wa.s  now  the 
cause  of  his  persecution,  but  he  did  not  pos- 
sess the  firmness  of  a  martyr,  and  when  of- 
fered to  choose  between  tli£  faggot  and 
popery,  he  abjured  his  faith  and  was  receiv- 
ed by  cardinal  Pole  into  the  bosom  of  the 
catholic  church.  A  confession  so  violently 
extorted  antl  so  rashly  given,  preyed  now 
upon  his  spirits,  and  shortened  his  days.  He 
died  of  shame  and  remorse,  13th  September 
1557,  aged  43.  He  left  three  sons.  His 
works  were  numerous  and  valuable,  and 
they  are  mentioned  by  Strype  in  his  life. 
Those  best  known  arc  the  hurt  of  sedition, 
against  the  insurgents  1549, — epistles  on  the 
death  of  Buccr, — de  pronunciatione  Grrcrx 
potiasimrim  linguoi  UL'^putntioncs  1555,  Basil 


— de  supopRtitione  ad  regum  Henpicum,  Sec; 
He  was  deservedly  considered  as  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  age,  but  his  attempts 
to  improve  the  pronunciation  of  Greek  was 
regarded  by  bishop  Gardiner  as  heresy,  and 
therefore  forbidden. 

Chelcnig,  a  daughter  of  Leonidas,  who 
married  Cleombiotus,  king  of  Sparta,  and 
proved  a  remarkable  example  of  filial  and 
conjugal  affection. 

Chemtn,  Catharine  du,  a  French  lady, 
wife  to  Giiardon,  and  eminent  for  painting 
flowers.  She  died  at  Paris,  1098,  and  her 
husband  erected  a  monument  to  her  memory 
in  the  cimrch  of  St.  Landez. 

Cn  EMI  N'Ais,  Timoleon,  a  native  of  Pari?, 
much  respected  as  a  preacher  among  the 
Jesuits,  and  little  inferior  to  Massillon.  He 
died  1690,  aged  38.  Besides  five  volumes  of 
sermons,  he  published  sentiments  of  piet}-, 
&c. 

Chemnitz.,  Martin,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
bom  atBritzen  in  Brandenburg.  He  studied 
at  Magdeburg  and  Frankfort  on  the  Oder, 
and  afterwards  taught  a  school  in  Prussia, 
and  became  librarian  to  the  prince.  He  af- 
terwards returned  to  Wiltemberg,  where 
his  friend  Melancthon  lived,  and  thence  re- 
moved to  Brunswick,  where  he  died  after 
30  years  residence  1586,  aged  64.     His  works 

are    Harmonia    evangeliorum a     treatise 

against  the  Jesuits — 8:  examen  concilii  Tri- 
dentini,  a  valuable  perfoi'mance.  His  char- 
acter was  highly  esteemed  by  the  princes  of 
Germany,  so  that  he  is  deservedly  ranked 
next  to  Luther,  on  account  of  the  services 
which  he  performed  in  the  establishment  of 
the  reformation.  He  was  also  well  versed  ia 
astronomy  and  mathematics. 

Chemnitt,,  Boreslaus  Philip,  grandson 
of  the  above,  -was  born  at  Stettin,  and  died 
1678,  aged  73.  He  served  in  a  military  ca- 
pacity in  the  armies  of  Holland  and  Sweden, 
and  became  counsellor  of  stale  and  historio- 
grapher to  queen  Christina.  His  history  of 
the  Swedish  wars  in  Germany,  appeared  in 
2  vols.  fol. 

Cherilus,  a  Greek  poet,  intimate  with 
Herodotus.  He  celebrated  the  victories  of 
his  country  over  the  Persians. 

Chero.v,  Elizabeth  Sophia,  daughter  of 
a  painter  at  Meaux,  was  born  at  Paris,  She 
devoted  her  time  to  poetry,  painting,  the 
learned  languages,  and  music,  and  obtained 
great  ceJuebrity  by  her  pencil,  especially  in 
history,  oil  colours,  and  in  miniature.  She 
was  admitted  into  the  academy  of  painting 
and  sculpture,  and  the  academy  of  Kicovrati 
at  Padua  honored  her  with  the  appellation 
of  Erato.  She  died  at  Paris  3d  Sept.  1711, 
aged  G3. 

CHERON,Lewis,  brother  to  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Paris,  and  cnrne  to  London, 
where  he  executed  some  historical  pieces, 
especially  the  judgment  of  Paris,  and  the 
council  of  the  gods,  for  the  duke  of  Mon- 
tague. He  was  a  proteslant,  and  died  in 
London  1713,  aged  53. 

C}iERUBi>r,  Father,  a  capuchin  friar  of 
Orleans  in  the  middle  of  ihc  17th  centurv. 


CH 


CH 


His  book  called  ocuhir  dioptiiis,  on  the  tlic- 
ory  of  telescopes — and  his  vision  parluite,  2 
vols.  I'ul. — pi-ovo  his  abilities  as  H  matheuKiti- 
tian  and  piiilosopher. 

Cheselden,  William,  an  Knglish  &mi- 
gpon  of  great  eminence,  horn  at  Somei-ny 
in  Leicestershire.  He  uas  the  |)iipil  ol  Cou  - 
per,  and  also  of  Ferne,  the  snrpeon  of  St. 
Thomas's  h<tspit.il.  Jle  early  distinjijnished 
liimselt,  and  heijan  to  read  lectm-e.s  at  the 
early  age  of  2'2,  which  he  contiinietl  for  up- 
Mards  of  '20  years.  He  was  suicissful  ni 
entting  for  the  stone,  and  he  immortali/ed 
himself  by  giving  light  to  a  youth  of  14,  who 
liad  never  seen,  of  which  he  pulilished  a  cu- 
rious and  interesting  account.  He  was  now 
at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  was  ap- 
pointed principal  surgeon  to  queen  Caroline, 
and  blessed  T\ith  \\  ell-earned  lame  and  inde- 
pendence. He  obtained  also  what  he  chieHy 
wished,  the  oflicc  of  head  surgeon  to  Chelsea- 
hospital,  which  he  retained  till  his  death. 
He  died  of  an  apoplexy,  April  10,  1752,  aged 
ei.  He  M  as  intimate  with  I*ope,  by  whom 
he  was  greatly  esteemed.  His  anatomy  of 
the  human  body,  published  1713,  has  passed 
through  several  editions.  He  wrote,  besides 
osteography  in  folio,  17.33,  and  other  anato- 
mical essays  chiefly  inserted  in  the  philoso- 
phical transactions.  He  was  the  first  foreigner 
admitted  member  of  the  French  royal  acad- 
emy of  surgery. 

Chesne,  Joseph  du,  physician  to  the 
French  king,  was  oorn  at  Armagnac.  After 
residing  sometime  in  Germany,  he  settled  at 
Paris,  and  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his 
practice,  and  by  his  knowledge  of  chemistry, 
though  lie  was  opposed  and  ridiculed  by 
other  physicians,  especially  Guy  Patin.  He 
dietl  at  an  advanced  age  at  Paris,  IfiOQ.  He 
w-rote  in  verse  the  folly  of  the  world,  4to. — 
and  tiie  great  mirror  of  the  world,  4to. — 
besides  some  treatises  on  chemistry. 

Chesne,  Andre  du,  called  the  father  of 
French  history,  v  as  born  at  Turenne,  and 
crushed  to  death  by  a  cart  as  he  was  return- 
ing from  Paris  to  his  country  house  in  1C40, 
in  his  5Cth  year.  He  wrote  the  history  of 
the  Popes,  2  vols.  fol. — history  of  England, 
4  vols.  fol. — history  of  French  cardinals — 
collection  of  French  historians,  24  vqIs.  fol. 
of  which  only  four  were  published  by  him. 

CiiESTEnriELD,  Philip  earl  of.  Vid. 
Stanhope. 

Chetw'ode,  Knightley,  was  born  at 
Coventry,  and  became  fellow  of  King's-col- 
lege,  Cambridge.  He  was  nominated  bishop 
of  Bristol  on  Trelawney's  translation,  but 
James  abdicated  before  the  election  could 
pass  the  seals,  and  he  lost  the  see.  He  was 
afterv  ards  chajjlain  to  the  English  forces  in 
Holhyid  under  \Iarlborough,  became  dean  of 
Glocester  1707,  and  died  April  4th  1720. 
He  wrote,  besides  some  poems,  a  life  of  lord 
lloscommon,  still  remaining  in  MS.  at  St. 
John's,  Cambridge. 

Chevat.ier,  Anthony  Kodolph  le,  a 
native  of  Montchamps  in  Normandy,  v.  ho 
left  France  on  account  of  liis  religion,  and 
was  employed  as  teacher  of  the  f  rcuch  Ir.n- 


guagc  to  Elizabeth,  afterwards  queen  of 
England.  He  left  England  at  the  beginning 
of  Mary's  reign,  and  studied  the  oriental 
languages  under  Trcmelius,  whose  daughter 
he  married,  and  then  taught  Hebrew  at 
Strasburg  .-md  (icne\a.  He  afterwards  re- 
turned to  France,  Uut  «sc,ij)cd  on  the  dread- 
ful day  of  St.  IJart^iolonjew,  and  came  to 
Guernsey,  \vheri'  be  died  l')72,  aged  C5. 
llesiiles  tlie  Jerusalem  'I'argum  translated 
from  the  Syriac,  he  published  a  Latin  gram- 
mar of  the  rudiments  of  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guage, 4to.  1574. 

Chevalier,  Lewi.s,  a  native  of  To<iraine,  . 
who  in  his  youth  enieied  among  the  religious 
of  la  Trappe,  hut  afterwai-ds,  in  consequence 
of  the  austerities  of  the  monastic  life,  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  law,  and  acrpiircd  emi- 
nen.ce.  His  pleadings  for  the  canons  of 
Itheims  appeared  in  1716.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  piety,  and  died  1744,  aged  81. 

Che  VERT,  Francis  de,  a  French  general, 
horn  of  obscure  parents  at  Verdun.  He 
rose  from  the  ranks,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  assiduity,  courage,  and  a  great  know- 
ledge of  tactics.  After  liellisle's  retreat  from 
Prague,  he  defended  the  place  with  the  most 
obstmate  bravery,  and  yielded  only  through 
famine  1742,  and  on  honorable  terms.  His 
valor  greatly  contributed  to  the  victory  of 
Hastenback  in  1757,  and  that  of  Lauterberg. 
He  died  1769,  aged  74. 

Chevillier,  Andrew,  author  of  the 
oi'igin  of  painting  in  Paris_, — of  a  dissertatioa 
on  the  council  of  Chalcedon, — and  other 
works,  was  a  learned  Frenchman,  librarian 
to  the  Sorbonne,  and  who  died  1700,  aged  64. 

Chevreau,  Urban,  a  native  of  Loudun 
in  Poitou,  who  distinguislicd  himself  by  his 
assiduity  and  learning,  and  becar.je  secretary 
to  Christina  queen  of  Sweden,  whom  he 
h.'^.d  t!ie  art  to  recoticile  to  the  catholic  faith. 
After  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  preceptor 
to  the  duke  of  Maine,  and  he  afterwards  re- 
tired to  his  native  place,  where  he  built  an 
elepiut  mansion,  and  died  after  spending 
there  20  years  of  ease  and  literary  seclusion 
from  the  world,  1701,  aged  nearly  88.  He 
wrote  an  liistory  of  the  world — the  effects 
of  fortune,  a  romance — and  other  thin|^. 

CiiEVNE,  George,  a  Scotch  physician, 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  When  30  years  of 
age  he  came  to  London,  and  from  an  abste- 
mious mode  of  life  bc^iame  a  jovial  and  free- 
living  compaaion.  He  grew  so  much  in  bulk 
and  unw  it  Idy  corpulence,  that  the  smallest 
exertions  were  painful  to  him,  and  all  the 
powers  of  medicine  were  unavailing  to  re- 
lieve him,  till  the  use  of  a  milk  diet  reduced 
him  from  the  enormous  weight  of  52  stone 
to  nearly  one  thirti,  and  enabled  liim  to  live 
to  the  mature  age  of  72.  He  died  at  Bath 
1743.  He  wrote  an  essay  on  long  life  and 
health — tractatus  de  infirmorum  sanitate, 
&CC. — a  treatise  on  nervous  diseases — fluxio- 
n»im  methodus — philosophical  principles  of 
I'cligion  natural  and  revealed. 

Cheyxel,  Francis,  was  born  and  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  made  fellow  of  Merton 
iu  IC2'J.     During  the  civil  wars  he  embraced 


CH 


GH 


the  puntuuical  party,  and  as  the  tUvorlte  of 
ihe  parliametit,  he  was  sent  to  convert  the 
iniiv<*rsity  and  made  visitor,  and  in  1648, 
appointe<l  Margaret  professor  there,  and 
president  of  St.  Joim's  college.  He  was  how- 
ever incapable  of  filling  those  places  with  be- 
coming profh-ietv,  and  he  retired  to  his  living 
of  Petworth  in  Sussex,  from  which  he  was 
ejected  at  the  restoration.  He  is  much  less 
known  for  his  sermons  and  political  tracts, 
than  for  his  acquaintance  with  the  celebrated 
(Jhillingworth.  He  attended  him  in  his  last 
moments,  and  when  he  was  buried  at  Chi- 
chester, he  contemptuously  threw  the  book 
which  that  great  author  had  written  against 
the  papists  into  his  grave,  with  every  mark 
of  insolent  zeal  and  fanatical  madness.  He 
died  at  Preston  in  Sussex  16G5,  leaving  be- 
hind him  several  sons. 

CniABRERA,  Gabricllo,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Savone,  where  he  died  1638,  aged  86. 
He  studied  at  Rome,  and  was  much  courted  by 
the  wits  and  great  men  of  the  age,  and  partic- 
ularl}  by  pope  Urban  VHI.  He  w  rote  heroic, 
dramatic,  pastoral  and  lyric  poems  published 
at  Rome,  1718,  in  8vo. 

Chiari,  Joseph,  an  historical  painter 
Ijorn  at  Rome,  and  pupil  to  Carlo  Maratti. 
He  was  attacked  with  the  plague  when  an 
infant,  and  though  he  recovered,  his  consti- 
tution ever  after  felttlie  shock.  His  pieces 
adorned  the  public  buildings  and  churches  of 
his  native  city.     He  died  1727,  aged  fS. 

CniAviSTELLi,  Jacob,  a  ])erspective 
painter  of  Florence,  wlio  died  I6y8,  aged  77. 

Chichely,  Henry,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  horn  at  Higliam  Ferrers,  and 
educated  at  Wiiichcstcr  school,  and  KeTS' 
college,  Oxford.  He  was  sent  by  Henry  IV. 
to  cnngrati.-Iatc  Gregory  XII.  on  his  elevation 
to  the  papacy,  and  Mas  appointed  by  him 
bishop  of  the  vacant  see  of  St.  Darid's.  In 
14O0,  he  was'at  the  council  of  Piss,  and  five 
years  after,  on  the  death  of  Aruvidel,  he  was 
translated  toCanterbuiy.  In  this  high  office, 
he  supported  his  power  witli  great  firmness 
and  enlai'ged  the  privileges  of  the  clergy, 
and  holdlv  excommunicated  lord  Strange, 
who  had  assaulted  sir  John  Trussel  in  St. 
Dunstan's  ctuaxh,  and  killed  one  of  his  ser- 
vants. He  also  opposed  the  encroachments 
of  tl»e  pope,  and  rendered  hims-jlf  j)opular 
by  his  influence  with  the  clergy,  and  by  pro- 
moting occasional  donations  for  the  support 
of  the  government.  Besides  founding  in  liis 
native  town,  a  college  (ov  one  n»aster  and 
eight  fellows  and  other  subordinate  officers, 
he  laid  the  foundations  of  that  iioble  edifice 
in  Oxford,  called  All  Sduls.  This  splendid 
college  was  completed  in  1440,  and  the  cha]»ej 
vas  with  great  pomp  consecrated  by  the 
founder.  Chicheley  v.  as  ver)'  munificent  in 
his  contributions  to  charitable  purposes.  He 
died  12th  April  144.5,  after  being  archbisliop 
'29  years,  and  he  was  buried  in  Canterltury 
cathedral.  It  is  said  tliat  when  80  he  wished 
to  resign  his  exalted  situation  which  the  pope 
refused. 

CuicoYNEAV,  Francis,  a  native  of  Mont- 
lucllier,  physician  to  thii  French  kin^.     He 


was  seat  by  the  regent  Orleans  to  stop  the 
plague  at  Marseilles,  and  the  confidence  with 
which  he  entered  a  place,  filled  with  disease 
and  death,  contributed,  with  his  excellent 
prescriptions,  to  reanimate  the  terrified  in- 
habitants, and  dispel  the  distemper.  He  was 
honorably  rewarded  as  he  fully  deserved.  He 
died  at  Versailles  1752,  aged  80.  Of  his 
works,  the  most  curious  is  that  in  which  he 
supports  that  the  plague  is  not  contagious. 

Chicoyneau,  Francis,  son  of  the  above, 
was  as  illustrious  as  his  father  in  medicine. 
He  chiefly  excelled,  however,  in  botany,  and 
greatly  improved  and  adoxnied  the  royal  gar- 
den at  Montpellier.  He  died  1740,  aged  38, 
professor  and  ehancellor  of  the  university  of 
Montpellier,  an  honor  which  four  of  his 
family  had  enjoyed  before  him. 

Chifflet,  John  James,  a  physician, 
bom  at  Besancon.  After  travelling  through 
Europe,  and  being  for  some  time  physician  to 
the  archduchess  of  the  Low  Countries,  he 
remained  in  the  same  capacity  with  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain,  who  treated  him  with  great  kind- 
ne.'Kj.  He  died  in  a  good  old  age.  He  wrote 
Vindicire  Hispanica;  against  the  French,  be- 
sides other  works.  His  son  John  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  knowledge  of  He- 
brew; and  his  sou  Julius  was  eminent  as  a 
civilian,  and  was  in  great  favour  with  the 
king  of  Spain. 

CiiTLDEBERT  I.  kjug  of  France,  after 
his  father  Clovis,  511.  He  assisted  his  bro- 
thers Clotaire  and  Clodomir  in  the  defeat  of 
Sigismujid  king  of  Burgund}^;  but  he  was 
afterwards  routed  in  his  attempt  to  invade 
the  Spanish  dominions.  He  died  at  Paris  558. 

Childebert  II.  son  of  Sigebert  and 
Brunehaut,  succeeded  his  father  in  the  king- 
dom of  Austrasia  575.  He  afterwards  joined 
the  kingdom  of  Burgundy,  of  Orleans,  and 
part  of  Paris,  to  his  own  dominions,  after  the 
death  of  Chilperic,  king  of  Soissons,  and 
died  by  poison  596,  aged  only  ^G.  During 
his  reign  some  excellent  regulations  were 
made  for  the  preservation  of  good  order  and 
subordination. 

Childebert  HI.  brother  of  Clovis  HI. 
and  son  of  Thierry,  was  surnamed  the  just. 
He  was  governeil  during  the  whole  of  his 
reign  by  Pepin,  the  mayor  of  the  palace, 
and  died  711,  in  the  I6th  year  of  liis  reign, 
and  aged  28. 

Childeric  I.  king  of  France  after  his 
father  Merovieus  456.  He  was  banished  the 
next  year  for  his  ill  conduct,  and  retired  to 
Thuringiu,  from  which  he  was  recalled  iii 
463.  He  afterwards  behaved  with  great 
valor,  and  enlarged  his  kingdom  by  con- 
quest.    He  died  481,  aged  45. 

CniLDERic  II.  son  of  Clovis  and  Bathil- 
da,  succeeded  his  brother  Clotaire  III.  670, 
and  for  a  while,  wheti  governed  by  the  wise 
counsel  of  Leger,  bishop  of  Autun,  he  was 
a  popular  monarch.  He  afterwards  gave 
himself  up  to  every  species  of  licentious- 
nes.s  and  cruelty,  and  was  at  last  assassinated 
by  Bodilon  in  t'le  forest  of  Livri  673.  His 
wife  and  his  son  shared  his  fate. 

Chii-deric  ni.  sarnamcd  the  ideot  an^ 


CH 


Cil 


the  uUc,  was  raised  to  the  tliroue  by  Ptpin 
74'2.  Some  time  after  he  was  Imrled  from 
his  elevation  by  the  surnc  powcrl'iil  juitilstci-, 
and  ooiifined  in  a  rnotiastcry  \vlicie  he  diid 
755.  Me  was  the  last  of  tiu;  nrsl  ruoe  of  the 
French  kings,  and  was  siircofd«'d  by  Pepin. 
ClllULIN'GWOit'ril,  William,  a  (•<ki)r:i- 
fed  divine,  born  at  Oxford,  (Jctobi-i*  UlU'J. 
liaud,  then  fellow  of  Si.,  .lobo'i,  was  his 
godfather,  lie  entered  al  Trinity,  and  ap- 
plied himself  not  oidy  to  di>inity,  but  to  the 
mathematics  and  puotrr,  but  his  aff|nain- 
tnnce  with  Fisher  the  e*  lebrated  .lesiiil, 
overturned  his  faith,  and  with  more  zeal 
than  judgn^ent  ho  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 
catholic  reliijion.  Tliat  he  might  pursue  his 
studies  with  more  success,  lie  retired  to 
Douai  uni\ci'sily,  but  the  correspondence  of 
l..aud,  now  bishop  of  Lon<lon,  shook  his  re- 
ligious opinions  and  he  soon  became  sen.silde 
that  tiie  i)ope  of  Home  is  not  ibat  infallible 
person  he  had  implicitly  believed.  Uestwred 
t6  the  protestants,  tJhillingwortli  rctwrncd 
to  Oxford,  where  he  proposed  to  com|)Ieto 
Lis  free  inquii-v  into  religion.  The  change 
of  his  principles  however  drew  upon  him  all 
the  virulence  of  the  catholics,  but  in  several 
treatises,  as  well  as  by  letters  and  conversa- 
tions, he  defended  his  conduct  and  suppor- 
ted the  reasonableness  of  the  prolestatit 
lenets,  witli  such  mildness  united  with  firm- 
ness and  candor,  tliat  even  his  enemies  ap- 
plauded him.  Ill  1637,  his  book,  called  the 
)-eligion  of  protestants  a  safe  way  to  salva- 
tion, appeared,  and  with  a  modest  and  ele- 
gant dedication  it  was  presented  to  Charles 
I.  and  so  universally  admired  was  it,  that  it 
passed  through  several  editions,  and  will  re- 
main a  lasting  monument  of  the  author's 
superior  abilities,  and  of  sound  reason,  and 
pure  religion.  Though  admired  and  re- 
^)eclcd  as  a  divine,  Cbillingworth  yet  star- 
ted objections  against  the  thirty-nine  arti- 
cles, and  refused  to  assent  totlie  damnatory 
clauses  of  the  athanasian  creeil.  His  scru- 
ples however  g^'adually  removed,  and  he 
subscribed  the  articles,  considering  it  as  a 
su1)scription  of  peace  and  union,  and  not  of 
belief  oi*  assent.  Soon  after  he  was  promo- 
ted to  the  chancellorship  of  Salisbury,  with 
the  prebend  of  lirix worth,  Northampton- 
shire, and  the  mastership  of  Wigston's  hos- 
pital, Leicestershire.  The  troubles  of  the 
times  prevented  higher  elevation.  Chilling- 
worth  who  was  zealously  attached  to  the 
king's  cause,  took  up  arms  against  the  re- 
publicans, and  acted  as  engineer  at  the  siege 
of  Glocester.  At  the  siege  of  Arundel, 
however,  he  was  taken  prisoner  with  the 
garrison  by  sir  William  Waller,  and  as  he 
then  labored  under  an  indisposition,  he  was 
removed  to  Chichester,  where  after  a  short 
illness  he  exi)ired  in  the  bishop's  palace. 
His  last  mom.ents  were  attended  by  the  fa- 
natical Cheyncll,  who  at  his  funeral  insulted 
his  remains  by  throwing  with  religious 
frenzy  into  his  grave  his  edebrated  book 
mentioned  above.  He  died  about  the  3Uth 
of  January-  1G44,  and  was  buried  in  Chiches- 
ter catheiln;.!.    Clarendon  has  improperly 


wentiourd  tliat  he  died  in  Arundel  castle. 
The  fame  of  Cbillijigworlh  is  firmly  estab- 
lished as  a  noble  tliaputant,  a  peropiciious 
reasfnicr,  and  a  candid  and  iinplisitive 
philosopher,  and  he  is  more  than  entitled  to 
iIm- coiniiieiidution'!  \»hichnot  only  ^^'ooll, 
Ivtit  Till')l;on  and  I.otke,  themselves  biich 
paltcrii.s  of  I'xcellonce,  have  passed  upon 
jiim.  Hcsides  iii.s  work.-;  alre:uiy  menlioneij, 
and  several  others  in  tlu'  dirlencc  of  religion 
and  of  loyalty,  .some  \altiable  manuscripts 
■xrc  preserved  in  Lambelh  chapel,  among 
.Mr.  II.  W  hailni.'s  VIS. 

Cil  I  l.M^. .A.  D,  Kdie.iind,  vasborn  in  Glo- 
resteishirc,  and  «'duc:;:ed  at  Christ  church, 
Oxford.  On  being  ejected  from  his  li\ii'g» 
by  tiu-  repulilicans  in  10  iS,  he  subsisted  ir» 
London  by  tLaching  music.  He  died  lfij4. 
He  M  rote  a  treatise  on  the  use  of  the  glf)bes, 
and  published  translations  of  some  (Jreck 
authors. 

Child,  a  philosoplier  of  Sparta,  and  one 
of  the  seven  wise  men.  lie  <lied  about  5*J7, 
B.  C. 

Chilperic  I.  youngest  son  of  Clotaire  1. 
succeeded  on  his  father's  <kath  to  the  king- 
dom of  Soissons  5GL  His  wife  Gah'.sninta 
wa^  barbarously  assa.<;slr,ated  as  it  is  suppo- 
sed by  his  mistress  Fredegonde;  but  in&tcad 
of  avenging  her  death  Ik;  mariied  the  sus- 
pected murderer,  and  committed  every  kind 
of  cruelty  to  satisfy  her  vengeance  and  am- 
bition. He  lost  part  of  his  dominions  by  the 
invasion  of  Sigebcrt  king  of  Austrasia,  who 
wished  to  punish  the  death  of  his  sister-in- 
law  the  murdered  queen,  and  after  sacrifi- 
cing his  sons  MerovKus  and  Clovis  to  the 
jealousy  of  the  infamous  Fredegonde,  he  at 
last  saw  the  wickedness  of  his  conduct,  and 
became  a  devotee.  He  was  murdered  as  he 
was  returning  from  hunting  in  5^4,  and 
Fredegonde  and  her  favorite  Landri  were 
universally  suspected  as  the  assassins. 

Chilperic  II.  son  of  ChilderioTI.  suc- 
ceeded Dagobert  III.  in  715.  He  headed  his 
troops  M  ith  Rainfrai,  the  mayor  of  tbe  pa- 
lace, against  Charles  Martel,  but  was  soon 
after  defeated,  and  wheu  in  the  power  ol 
the  conqueror  reduced  to  privacy.  He  died 
at  Attigny,  and  was  buried  at  Noyon  ia  7'20. 

Chine  Xoumg,  emperor  of  China,  about 
£837  vears  B.  C.  is  said  to  have  instructed 
his  subjects  in  agriculture  and  in  extracting" 
wine  from  rice.  He  was  well  acquainted 
with,  mathematics,  physic,  music,  and  poe- 
try. 

Chixg  or  Xi-HOA?i-Ti,  emperoi;  ot 
China,  about  2U>  B.  C.  is  said  tu  have  built 
tbe  great  wall  after  the  expulsion  of  tht 
Tartars.  He  was  varlike,  but  disgraced  h^^• 
reign  by  burning  all  the  books  which  he 
could  procure. 

Chirac,  Peter,  physician  to  the  French 
king,  was  born  at  Conques  in  Kouergue.  He 
was  professor  of  me<licine  at  Montpellier, 
and  was  appointed  physician  to  the  army  ot 
Roussillon  by  marshal  Noailles,  in  vhicU 
capacity  his  treatment  of  the  sick  soldiers 
under  a  violent  dysentery  was  particularlv 
su<;c<;ssfiilv     Hi   ^y^s    alsp  very    succxiSsl!.!! 


CH 


CH 


duriiig  an  epidemic  distemper  at  Rochefort 
and*  a  pestilence  at  Marseilles.  He  died 
11th  March  1732,  aged  S'J.  He  wrote  dis- 
sertations on  -wounds — on  fevers — ou  the 
use  of  the  rust  of  iron  in.  the  incubus — be- 
sides other  medical  tracts. 

Chishull,  Edmund,  ivas  born  at  Ey- 
•worth,  Bedfordshire,  and  educated  at  Cor- 
pus Christi  college,  Oxford.  He  obtained  a 
travelling  fellowship,  and  consequently  visi- 
ted Turkey  and  the  Levant,  and  was  chap- 
lain to  the  English  factory  at  Smyrna.  He 
"became  B.  D.  1705,  and  was  presented  by 
Mr.  Conyers  to  the  living  of  Walthamstow, 
in  Essex,  where  he  died  18th  May  1733.  He 
"wrote  against  Dodwell  on  the  mortality  of 
the  soul,  and  his  travels  in  Turkey  were 
published  in  1747,  by  Mead,  in  folio. 

Choin,  Mary  Emily  Joly  dfe,  a  lady  de- 
scended from  a  noble  Savoy  family.  She 
^^•as  about  the  person  of  the  duchess  of 
Conti,  where  she  was  seen  by  the  dauphm  ; 
bat  no  solicitations  could  prevail  upon  her  to 
<leviate  from  tlie  rules  of  decorum  and  chas- 
tity. It  is  said  that  the  prince  at  last  mar- 
ried her  privately,  and,  in  her  company,  I'e- 
formed  his  conduct,  and  regained  the  affec- 
tion of  the  king.  After  his  death,  in  1711, 
she  retired  to  obscurity,  and  died  1744, 
universally  respected  for  her  private  virtues. 

Choiseul,  Stephen  Francis  due  de,  a 
French  politician  of  great  abilities.  After 
enjoying  the  confidence  of  Lewis  XV.  and 
serving  his  country  as  an  ambassador  and 
as  minister  at  home,  he  was  disgraced ;  and 
on  his  retirement,  still  retained  popularity 
and  universal  respect.  He  was  a  liberal  and 
jnunificent  patron  of  arts  and  of  Uterature, 
and,  by  his  political  intrigues,  was  called  by 
the  king  of  Prussia,  the  coachman  of  Eu- 
rope.   He  died  1785,  aged  66. 

Choisi,  Francis  Timoleon  de,  prior  of 
St.  Lo,  and  dean  of  Bayeux,  was  engaged 
"by  the  French  government  to  go  as  ambas- 
.sador  to  the  king  of  Siam,  w  ho  wished,  it 
was  said,  to  become  a  convert  to  Chris- 
tianity. Though  he  had  spent  the  earlier 
part  of  his  life  in  debauchery,  yet  he  re- 
formed his  conduct,  and  applied  himself  to 
the  cultivation  of  literature.  He  died  at 
Paris  October  2,  1724,  aged  81.  He  wrote 
an  account  of  his  journey  to  Siam — the  his- 
tory of  France,  <luring  five  reigns,  5  vols. 
4to. — an  ecclesiastical  histoi-y,  11  vols.  4to. 
— dialogues  on  the  immortality  of  the  soul. 
See. 

Chomel,  Peter  Jolin  Baptist,  physician 
to  the  French  king,  died  1740.  He  wrote 
Jhistory  of  cgmmon  plants,  3  vols.  1761.  His 
son  John  was  also  a  physician,  and  died  1765. 
He  wrote  essay  on  the  history  of  medicine 
in  France — the  life  of  Molin — eulogy  of  Du- 
rtt — letters  on  the  maladies  among  cattle. 

CuopiN,  Ken6,  a  native  of  Bailleul  in 
Aojou,  distniguished  as  a  lawyer,  and  known 
as  the  author  o*'  a  treatise  de  domino — de 
sacra  politica  monastica — the  customs  of 
Anjou — the  customs  of  Paris,  &c.  all  pub- 
lished in  6  vols.  fol.  He  died  under  the 
operation  of  b^ing  cut  for  ihe  stone,  1606, 
ag:ed  69 


Chorier,  Nieholfts,  author  of  the  phi- 
losophy of  an  honest  man — the  history  of 
Dauphine — Latin  poems — and  an  indecent 
V  ork  called  Aloysise  Sigete  Toletanie  Satyra 
Soladica  de  arcanis  amoris  et  Veneris — was 
an  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Grenoble, 
where  he  died  1692,  aged  83. 

Chosroes  I.  the  great,  succeeded  Ca- 
bades  as  king  of  Persia  531.  He  made  war 
against  tiie  lloraans,  but  was  defeated  by 
Belisarius,  and  afterwards  by  Tiberius,  and 
died  of  vexation  579.  To  great  virtues  he 
united  unliappily  cruelty,  oppression,  and 
boundless  ambition, 

Chosroes  H.  succeeded  his  father  Hor- 
misdas  as  king  of  Persia  590.  His  cruelties 
excited  the  revolt  of  his  subjects,  but  the 
Romans  supported  him,  and  he  w  as  eeabled. 
to  conquer  Egypt,  Africa,  and  Judie.  He 
was  at  last  defeated  by  Heraclius,  and  im- 
prisoned by  his  own  son.  He  died  in  con- 
finement 627. 

Chouet,  John  Robert,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, possessed  of  such  talents,  that  at  the  age 
of  22  he  was  appointed  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Saumur,  where  he  I'eplaced  the  ten- 
ets of  Aristotle  with  the  philosophy  of  Des- 
cartes. In  1669  he  returned  to  Geneva  as 
professor,  and  .by  his  populai'ity  obtained  a 
seat  in  the  council  1686.  He  was  repeatedly 
syndic,  and  died  1731,  aged  89,  universally 
respected  as  a  good  citizen  and  an  upright 
magistrate.  He  wrote  introduction  to  logic 
— theses  physicse  de  vai-ia  astrorum  luce — 
discourses  on  the  histoiy  of  Geneva — and 
other  works. 

Choul,  William  du,  a  French  antiquary 
of  Lyons.  He  travelled  over  Italy,  and 
wrote  a  valuable  treatise,  1556,  on  the  re- 
ligion and  castramentation  of  the  ancient 
Ron:ians,  which  has  been  translated  into  La- 
tin and  Italian. 

Christie,  William,  was  educated  at 
Aberdeen,  and  appointed  master  of  the 
grammar  school  at  Montrose,  where  he 
lived  respected  as  a  diligent  and  attentive 
master,  and  died  1774,  aged  44.  His  gram- 
mar and  his  introduction  to  the  making  of 
Latin  are  both  well  spoken  of 

Christiern  I.  king  of  Denmark,  son  of 
Thierry  count  of  Oldenburg,  succeeded 
Christopher  of  Bavaria  li48.  He  was  a 
popular  monarch,  benevolent  and  humane. 
He  founded  the  order  of  the  elephant  and 
died  1481. 

Christiern  II.  surnamed  the  cruel,  or 
the  northern  N'ero,  succeeded  ou  the  Danish 
throne  his  father  John  1513.  He  was  elected 
king  of  Sweden  1520;  but,  iubtead  of  pi'ov- 
ing,  as  he  promised,  the  father  of  his  \»eople, 
he  became  their  tyrant,  and  massacred  at  a 
feast  94  of  the  Swedish  nobles  to  whom  he 
owed  his  elevation.  A  series  of  atrocities 
rendered  him  so  unpopular  in  his  new  do- 
minions, that  he  was  driven  from  Sweden 
by  the  valor  of  Gustavus;  but  in  Copenha- 
gen lie  pursued  the  same  ferocious  conduct, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  was  expelled 
from  his  ihrone  by  his  indignant  subjects, 
and  escaped  to  Flanders.    Ever  restless  and 


CH 


r.ii 


atiiljitlons,  lie  gained  the  Uutch  to  csnouse 
His  i-.'iiist.";  but  lie  was  ilflVatc*!  in  his  al- 
icmpt  to  recover  his  doniiiiions,  and  died  in 
prison  'Jjtli  January  155'J,  universally  uh- 
horrcd. 

OURISTIERN  Iff.  nephew  atid  snceessor 
of  Frederic  I.  153+,  deserved  and  ol)tained 
tlie  aflection  ol"  his  subjects,  lie  cmlji'accd 
flie  opinions  of  I  -ulher,  and  made  lliat  the 
ostabhshed  rclii^ion  of  his  kingdom.  He 
died  1st  January  1559,  aged  56. 

C}fRls  riERN  IV.  succeeded  as  king  of 
Denmark  liis  father  Fre(U;ric  II.  15S8.  He 
made  war  against  the  Swedes,  and  was  no- 
minated chief  of  the  i)rott>stant  league  for 
the  re-estabfishment  of  the  prince  l^datinc, 
1625.  He  died  2Slh  February  IGIS,  aged 
71,  much  respected  as  an  able  and  benevo- 
lent nioinirch. 

Christiern  V.  succeeded  Ids  father 
Frederic  HI.  in  1670.  He  formed  a  league 
with  the  (lernutn  princes,  and  made  Avar 
against  Sweden ;  hut,  though  brave  and 
Avarlike,  he  was  defeated.  He  died  -ith  Sep- 
tember IGO'J,  aged  .54. 

Christina,  queen  of  Sweden,  daugh- 
ter of  Gustavus  Adolphus  the  great,  was  born 
yth  December  Ki^O,  und  succeeded  her  fath- 
er lG33.  After  reigning  with  splendor,  and 
the  character  of  a  great  and  poi)ular  sove- 
reign, slie  resigned  the  crown  in  1054,  in 
favor  of  her  cousin,  Charles  Gastavus.  Site 
had  sometime  before  embraced  the  eatliolic 
religion,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Jesuits ; 
and  she  retired  to  Home,  where  she  contin- 
ue<l  to  reside  till  the  death  of  her  cousin,  in 
I6b0;  when  she  attempted,  either  by  the 
suggestions  of  ambition,  or  the  advice  of  her 
religious  advisers,  to  resume  the  crown, 
which  as  a  catholic  she  could  not  effect.  She 
died  at  Rome  19th  April  1GS9,  aged  03. 
She  was  a  woman  of  great  abilities,  w  as  well 
acquainted  with  several  languages,  and  was 
not  only  a  frequent  correspondent  with  Gro- 
tius,  Salmasius,  Descartes,  Vossius,  Bo- 
chart,  Huet,  and  other  men  of  letters,  but 
a  liberal  patroness  of  literature.  Some  cir- 
cumstances, however,  are  raentioned  which 
reflect  some  disgrace  upon  her  character 
ynd  manners. 

Christophersot,  John,  au  English 
prelate,  horn  in  Lancashire,  and  educated 
at  St.  Jolin's  college,  Cambridge.  He  be- 
came fellow  and  master  of  Trinity  college, 
and  dean  of  Norwich,  and  in  queen  Mary's 
leign  he  was  made  bishop  of  Chichester. 
He  died  the  year  after  his  elevation,  a  little 
before  the  queen.  He  was  a  firm  Romanist. 
He  translated  Philo  Judajus  into  Latin,  and 
also  the  ecclesiastical  histories  of  Eusebius, 
Sozomen,  Socrates,  Evegrius,  and  Theodo- 
ret ;  hut  as  a  translator  he  is  neither  faithful, 
nor  elegant,  nor  accurate. 

Chrvsippus,  a  stoic  philosopher  of  Tar- 
sus, said  to  have  written  above  700  books. 
ile  died  B.  C.  207. 

Chrysoloras,    Emanuel,    a    learned 

Greek,  born  at  Constantinople   about  1355. 

He  came  into  England  in  the  reign  of  Rich- 

oiil  II.  as  ambassador  fvom  John  Pjiiveolog^is, 

VOL.    [.  ^3 


to  soli'iit  assistance  against  the  attacks  of  the 
Turks.  After  his  return  to  (Constantinople, 
he  came  to  Florence,  where  he  taught  (jreek 
for  three  years;  atid  afterwards  lie  lte«;ame 
(iieek  jtrofessor  in  the  university  «jl" 'l'i«i- 
iium,  at  the  retpiest  of  the  duke  of  .Milan. 
He  afterwards  visited  \cnice  and  Rome; 
and,  in  lil3,  be  wun  sent  by  pope  Martiit 
A',  as  ambassador  to  Sigismnnd  emperor  of 
Germany,  to  settle  the  i)lace  for  the  meet- 
ing of  a  general  council.  He  afterwards  re- 
turned to  his  on  n  emperor  at  Consiantiiio- 
ple,  by  whom  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
the  council  of  Constance.  He  died  at  Con- 
stance, a  i'cw  days  fitter  the  operiiug  of  the 
council,  15th  Aiiril  1415;  and  a  handsonie 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  by 
the  gratitude  of  his  scholar  Poggius.  He 
wrote,  besides  a  Greek  grammar,  a  parallel 
between  ancient  and  modern  Rome. 

CiiRYSos TOM,  John,  a  native  of  Antioch, 
who  became  bishop  of  Constantinople,  and 
one  of  the  most  illustrious  fathers  of  the 
church.  In  eloquence  and  bcnc;volence  he 
was  equally  known  ;  but  the  diviions  of  the 
age  embittered  in  some  degree  his  happi- 
ness, and  he  was  banished  from  his  see  by 
his  enemies,  tliough  afterwards  restored. 
He  died  at  Pityus,  on  the  Euxine  sea,  407, 
aged  53.  His  works  w  ere  edited  by  Mont- 
faucon,  in  13  vols.  fol. 

Chubb,  Thomas,  was  born  at  East  Harn- 
ham,  near  Salisbury,  iytli  September  1079. 
He  was  at  the  age  of  15  apprenticed  to  a 
glover;  hut  when  his  time  was  expired,  as 
his  eyes  were  weak,  he  engaged  in  business 
with  a  tallow  chandler,  but  devoted  his 
hours  of  relaxation  to  the  laboi'ions  study  of 
English  books.  A  strong  retentive  memory 
soon  rendered  him  well  versed  with  mathe- 
matics, geography,  and  other  sciences,  but 
particularly  divinity  ;  and,  further  to  im- 
prove himself,  he  established  a  club  at  Sal- 
isbury, where  the  members  disputed  with 
freedom  on  all  theological  subjects.  The  con- 
troversy about  the  Trinity  between  Clarke 
and  Waterland  then  engaged  deeply  the 
public  attention  ;  and  Chubb  was  prevailc,d 
on  by  his  theological  friends  to  commit  his 
sentiments  to  paper.  He  complied,  and  his 
book  called  *'  the  supremacy  of  the  father 
asserted,  &c."  was  soon  read,  and  univer- 
sally admired.  Now  an  author  by  profes- 
sion, he  was  courted  by  the  learned  and  the 
great.  For  some  years  he  lived  in  the  houstr 
of  sir  Joseph  Jekyll,  and  often  w  aited  at  ta- 
ble as  a  servant  out  of  livery,  but  refused  the 
prospects  of  preferment  for  his  obscurity  at 
Salisbury,  Avhere  he  retired,  and  died  1747, 
aged  68.  To  the  last  period  of  life  Chubb  was 
attached  to  the  business  of  a  tallow  chandler, 
and  after  the  death  of  his  partner  he  fre- 
quently ar  listed  the  nephew,  on  whom  the 
concern  devolved.  After  his  death,  two 
volumes  of  pothumous  works  were  publish- 
ed, which  displayed  the  authorasaviolent  op- 
poser  of  the  Mosaical  and  Christian  dispensa- 
tions, extravagant  and  licentious  in  his  opin- 
ions, and  shameless  enough  to  deny  a  future 
judgraeut,.  and  almost  a  futiir^  existeace. 


CH 


CH 


the  hopes  aafl  consolation  of  the  good  man. 
This  publication  p;re:itly  astonished  the  world, 
especially  as  nothing  immoral,  prolligate,  or 
licentious,  had  ever  been  observed  in  his 
conduct.  His  principal  works  are,  the  true 
gospel  of  Jc'gus  Christ  asserted — an  inquiry 
into  the  ground  and  foundation  of  religion — 
four  di.ssertations  on  subjects  in  the  old  tes- 
tament, kc. 

Chud LEIGH,  ^lai'v,  daughter  of  Rich- 
grd  Lee  of  AVinslodcr  in  Devonshire,  was 
horn  1G56,  and  married  sir  George  Chud- 
jeigh  hart,  by  whom  she  had  several  child- 
ren. She  possessed  respectable  poetical  tal- 
ents, and  published  some  poems,  uhich  pas- 
sed through  a  third  edition  in  17!2!2.  She  wrote 
besides  some  tragedies,  operas,  masques, 
still  preiserved  in  her  family,  and  some 
essays  on  phiiosoy)hicaI  and  moral  subjects, 
wliich  displayed  besides  great  neatness,  and 
purity  of  language,  an  extensive  degree  of 
piety  and  knowledge,  with  resignation  and 
benevolence  of  heart.     She  died  1710. 

Churchill,  sir  Winston,  was  born   at 
Wootton  Glanville,  Dorsetshire,  1620,  and 
is  known  more  as   the  father  of  the   great 
duke  of  Marlborough   than  as  an  historian. 
lie  was  of  St.   John's  college,    Oxford,  but 
the  troubles  of  the  times  prevented  his  tak- 
ing a  degree,  and  he  engaged  warmly  on  the 
sid.e  of  the  king,  in  consequence  ot  which, 
liis   estates   were  forfeited.     He   married  a 
daughter  of  sir  John  Drake  of  Ashe  in  Dev- 
onshire,   at  whose  house  he   took   shelter 
from  the   pei'secution    of  his  enemies,   and 
at  the  restoration  he  recovered  his  proper- 
ty, and  obtained  a  seat  in  parliament.     He 
Avas  knighted   in  1663,  and   elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the   royal  society.     He  published  in 
1675,  a  kind  of  political  essay  on  the  history 
of  England,  in  folio,   which   possessed  little 
merit.     He  died  i26th  March,  1688.     Besides 
his  son  above  mentioned,  and  three  sons  and 
tliree  daHghters   who  died  in  their   infancy, 
he  had    Arabella,  who  was    mistress  to  the 
duke   of  York,  and  by  whom   he  had  two 
sons  and  two  daughters.     The  eldest  of  these 
sons  was   the   celebrated  duke  of  Berwick, 
killed  at  the  siege  of  Phillipsburg,  1734. 

Churchill,  John,  duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  prince  of  the  holy  Roman  empire,  was 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  at  Aslie, 
June  24th,  1650.  His  education  was  little 
attended  to  by  his  father,  m  ho  introduced 
l)im  when  1'2  years  of  age  to  the  court,  and 
1066,  in  the  first  Dutch  war,  lie  was  made 
an  ensign  in  the  guards,  and  soon  after  went 
to  Tangier  to  serve  against  the  Moors.  His 
time  here  was  assiduously  devoted  to  milita- 
ry science,  he  became  on  his  return  a  favor- 
ite with  the  duke  of  IMonmoutli,  in  whose 
regiment  he  was  made  captain,  and  with 
■whom  he  served  against  the  Dutch  at  tiie 
.siege  of  Nimeguen.  He  distinguished  him- 
self so  much  by  his  valor,  that  Turenne 
praised  the  conduct  of  the  hand.some  Eng- 
lishman, as  he  <lenomiuated  young  Chur- 
cliill.  At  the  reduction  of  Maestiicht  he 
was  equally  entitled  to  universal  praise,  so 
that  the  fiench  monarcli,  whose  auxiliaries 


the  English  then  -were,  saw  and  commenu- 
ed  his  bi'avery.     This  well  deserved  reputa- 
tion advanced  his  fortunes  at  home  ;  on  his 
return  to  London  he   was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel    by  the  king,  and  gentleman  of  the 
bedchamber,  and  mnsttr  of  the  robes  to  the 
duke  of  York,  whom    he  accompained    in- 
to the  Low  Countries,    and   into  Scotland. 
About  this  time  Churchill  married  Sarak 
Jennings,  a  lady  who  attended  on  the  prin- 
cess  Anne,    afterwards  queen   of  England. 
On  his  return  from  Scotland  v.  itii  the  duke, 
he  was  shipwrecked  on  the  coast,  east  of  the 
Humber,  but  though  more   than   120    per- 
sons lost  their  lives,  yet  he  had   the  good 
fortune  to  escape.     His  iniiuence  with  the 
duke  was  now  so  great,  that  he  was  created 
a  Scotch  peer  in  loS2,  by  the  title  of  baron 
Ey mouth,  and   on   the  death   of  Charles  he 
was  sent   as  ambassador  to  France,  to  an- 
nounce the    elevation  of  his  patron  to   the 
throne,  and  in  16S5  he  was  made  an  Eng- 
lish peer  as  baron  Cbui'chill.     The  invasion 
of   Monmouth   tended    now  to   display   his 
military  abilities,  he  was  sent  against  the  un- 
fortunate duke,  and  in  a  little  time  repres- 
sed  his   rebellion,    and  took  him  prisoner. 
These   meritorious  services  higWy  recom- 
mended him  to  James,  yet  though   he  was 
consulted   by  him,  and  even  intrusted  with 
the  command   of  5000  men  on  the  landing 
of  William  of  Orange,  he  was  suspected  of 
favoring  the  cause  of  the  invader,  and   ac- 
cordingly he  abandoned  him,  and  fled  to  the 
prince,  yet  without  betraying  his  secrets,  or 
taking  any  of  his  soldiers   with   him.     This 
step  rendered  him  a  favorite  with  the  prince 
of  Orange,  and  on  the  abdication  of  James, 
he  was  raised  to  new  honors,  made  a  privy 
counsellor,  and  created  earl  of  Marlborough. 
In  1689  he  was  at  the  battle   of  Walcourt, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  that  great  milita- 
ry fame,  Avhich  was  soon  to  astonish  the  con- 
tinent.   He  was  afterwards  in  Ireland,  where 
he   supported   the  cause  of  William  by  the 
reduction   of  Cork  ;  but  in  the  midst  of  his 
l^opularity   he    was   suddenly  checked,    his 
offices  were  taken  from  him,  and   his  per- 
son confined    in   the  tower  ;  a  violent  mea- 
sure, which  is  secretly  attributed  to  his  par- 
tial attachment  to  the  interests  of  the  prin- 
cess  Anne.     This  was,    however,  a  partial 
eclipse   of  his  greatness,  the  king  knew  Ids 
merits,  and  soon  restored  him  to  favor,  and 
when,    after    queen   ISIary's  death,    he  in- 
trusted him  with  the  caro   of  the   duke  of 
Glocester,  he  paid  iiim  this  handsome  com- 
pUment,  "  My  lord  make  him  what  you  are, 
and   my  nephew    will  be  all  I  wish  to  see 
him."     Fresh  favors  were  now  heaped  up- 
on   him,    he  was   declared   commander    in 
chief  of   the  troops  sent  over  to  Holland, 
and  ambassador  extraordinary  to  the  states, 
and  William  evinced  his  further  confidence 
in   his  attachment,  by  recommending  himi 
on  his  death  bed  to  Anne,  as  the  fittest  per- 
son to  protect  tlje  li!)erties  of  Europe.     The 
good  opinion  of  William  was  continued  by 
Ids  successor ;  Marlborough  was  confirmed 
irt  his  appointments,  and  elected  by  tiie  Unit- 


cm 


era 


i-il  spates  cnptiiin  general  of  all  their  ibrccs, 
with  if  stipend  of  l()0,t)0O  llorins  per  aiiiuiiii. 
Hostile  to  i)Usillimiiiioiis  delays,  he  now  prc- 
'tfailed    upon  (lie  l'',ii;^lihh  ministry  to<leilan' 
war  a,q;ainst  France  and  Spain   I'O'i,  and  he 
quickly    ie[)are(l    to   his  head  (piartirs,  aii(l 
opened    the    campaign,     hy    reducinj^    tht- 
strongest  garrisons    on    the   frontiers,    and 
among  them  Venhj,   linremond,  and  1  Je};e, 
V  liich  was  taken  sword  in  hand.  After  these 
hrilliant  successes,  he  returned  to  London, 
%vhere  he  was  received  as  a  conquering  hero. 
'Ihe  queen  created  him  a  duke,  and  granted 
Lini  during  her  life  a  pension  of  5000/.  from 
the    post  offue.     I'hc   next   campaign    was 
equally  s])lendid,  Marlborough  defeated  tlie 
allies   at  Schellenburgh,  and   afterwards  at 
Ilochstet,  where  Tallard  tiie   French  gen- 
eral was  taken  prisoner,  and  after  thus  ser- 
ving the  empire  and  conquering  all  Bavai'ia, 
}je  returned  to  England,  bringing  with  him 
us  trophies   of  his    conquests   121  standards 
and    179  colors,  together    with  the    captive 
general,  and    -26  officers  of  higli  distinction. 
On  tliis  occasion  he  received,  as  he  had  done 
the   preceding  year,  the   thanks   of  parlia- 
ment, and  the  queen  seconding  tlie  wishes 
of  a  grateful  nation,  settled  on  him   and  his 
lieirs  the   manor   of   Woodstock,  and    the 
hundred  of  Wotton.     The  campaign  of  1705 
Tvas   equally   successful  ;    but   Marlborough 
♦lisUnguished  himself  particularly  as  a  nego- 
tiator at  the  courts  of  Vienna,  Berlin,  and 
Hanover,  and  for  these  great  services  mer- 
ited and   received  again  on  his   return,  the 
thanks  of  the  parliament,  tliough    intrigues 
">vere  made  against  his  power,  and  attenipts 
meditated  to  baffle   him  in  the   prosecution 
of  the  wai\     In  170G  he  won  the  famous  bat- 
tie   of  llamilies,    after   exposing  himself  to 
great  personal  danger,  as  colonel  IJingfield, 
Avho  held  the  stirru])  for  him  to  remount,  had 
liis  head   carried  off  by   a  cannon  ball,  and 
the  consequence  of  tliis  victory  was  the  fall 
of  Louvain,  Brussels,  Ghent,  Antv/cvp,  Os- 
tend,  Dendermonde,  and   other  strong  pia- 
ees.     These   successes   were   received  with 
fresh  marks  of  approbation  hy  the  English, 
he  was  not   only   unanimously   thanked   by 
both  houses,  but   the  queen  was   addressed 
io  make  his  titles  hereditary  in  tlie  male  and 
female   lines  of  his  daughters.      Blenheim 
house  was  built  by  tlie  nation  to  commemo- 
rate his   victories,  and  the  5000/.   from  the 
j.ost-office   Avcre    now   annexed  to  Ids   title. 
The  year  1707  was  very  barren  in   military 
incidents,  but  Marlborough,  on  the  follow- 
ing year,    in  conjunction  with    prince  Eu- 
gene, pushed  his  conquests  so  rapidly   that 
the  French  king  in  1709  made  serious  pro- 
posals  for  a  general  ])eace.     This   was  gen- 
erally understood  to  be  a  manoeuvre  to  dis- 
concert the  plans  of  the  English  andDiitch, 
but     Marlborough,    as    great  a   negotiator 
as  a  general,  soon  defeated  the  plans  of  the 
enemy  and  the  French  once  more  appeared 
in  the  field,  headed  hy  marshal  Villars,  an 
t)fficer    of   whom    Lewis    XI"\\    boastingly 
spoke,    saying,    he    had    never  been    beat. 
Millars  however  was  defeated  at  Malplaqitet, 


and  Tournay  taken,  and  the  duke  rcturnpS 
to   Lon<lon   to  receive   new  congi-atulations 
and   rciterati-d  .applauses.     In    the   midst  of 
his  popularity  however  Marlljorough  began 
to  feel  the  secret  machinatiouii   of  hitt   poli- 
tical enemies,  and  though  he  was  empowe^- 
t  (I  to  nigoliate   for  a  peace  at  (ierti'uyden- 
I)urg,  and  though  on  its  unsucce&nful  termin- 
ation h(!  renewed  the  war  with  usual  felicity, 
llie    qUeen    was   alienatid    fioni     him,    auti 
yielding  to  the  superior  influence  of  a  new- 
favorite,  Mis.  Mashani,  she   wilh'lrcw  her 
confidenfte    from    the  duchess,  ami  listened 
too  fondly  to  those  who  accused  the   duke 
of  ambitious  views.     But  though    his  family 
Avere    removed  from    their  oOices,    and    his 
friends  discarded,  he   remained    still   at  the 
head    of    the    army,    ami  displayed  against 
Villars  those  superior  manoeuvres  of  gener- 
alship  which  always   insured    him    success, 
and  maintained  his  Ingh  reputation.     On  his 
return  lo  F.ng!and   he  was  apparently    well 
received   by  the  queen,  w  ho   soon  after  dis- 
missed him  from  his  employments,  and   liis 
enemies  attacked  him    in   parliament,   and 
w  bile  on  one  hand  he  was  charged  Avith  am- 
bitiously   protracting  the   war,    he   was   on 
the   other  accused    of  applying  the    ])ublic 
money  intrusteil  to  him  to  private  purpo- 
ses.    The  press  also  vented  forth  pamphlets 
against  the  duke  wliose  great  services  were 
forgotten,  and  therefore  yielding  to  the  bit- 
ter and  acrimonious  language  of  faction  and 
of  persecution   he  retired  in  voluntary  b.-Mi- 
ishment,  and  passed  w^ith   the  duchess  No- 
vember Mth  171C,  toOstend,  and   remain- 
ed for   nearly    two  years  on   the   continent. 
He   returned  a  few  days  after  the  queen's 
death,    and    became  a   great  favorite   with 
(jeorge  I.    who    consulted    him    with    confi- 
dence, and    by   his   advice   took  those  boM 
measures  which   crushed   the    rebellion    of 
1715.     This  great  man  died  loaded  with  in- 
firmities iGth  June  17'2'2,  aged  73,  at  Wind- 
sor-lodge, and   his  remains  were  buried    in 
Westminster  abbey,  with   the   greatest  so- 
lemnity August   Oih.     Besides  the  marquis 
of  Blandford,  who  died  at  Cami)iidge  in  iiis 
18th   yCoar,    the   duke   had    four   daughters 
married  into  the  most  illustrious  nnmilies  of 
the   kingdom.     The   emperor  of  Germany 
made  him  a  prince  of  the   empire,  as  a   re- 
ward for  his  great  military  services.     Some 
of  his  letters  have  been  published,  and  show 
him    to   have  been   a  man   of  (Consummate 
abilities.     His  duchess  survived  him  for  some 
years.     She  w;as  a  woman  of  strong  mascu- 
line poAvers  of  mind,  of  boundless  ambition, 
and  as  arbitrary  in  the  cabinet  of  the  queen, 
as  her  husband  was  formidable  in  the  field. 

Church  1 1. r.,  Gharles,  the  poet,  wa.s 
born  1731,  son  of  the  itev.  Charles  Churcli- 
ill,  curate  of  St.  John's,  Westminster,  ife 
was  educated  at  Westminster,  but  though 
endowed  with  great  natural  aliiiities,  yet  he 
so  much  neglected  their  improvement  that 
he  was  refused  admission  at  Oxford  for  in- 
capacity, though  it  is  said  this  disgrace  arose 
from  the  conten3j>t  with  which  he  ti^ated 
the  jVivolous  qn.cstion*  ri''^''i?^'^'<J  tob;:a  by 


CI 


CI 


liis  ihtendtMi  tutor.    He  continued,  in  conse- 
quence of  this,  at  Westniinstr-r,  rind  at  tlic 
early  age  of  17  niarriciJ,  and  wljen  of  proper 
flge  he  was  ordained  hv    the  bishop  of  Lon- 
don, and  retired  into  Wale?,  upon  a   curai") 
of  301.  a  year.     In  this  retired  situation,  to 
improve  his  income  lie  became  a  cider  mer- 
chant, hut  his    prospects   of   independence 
cni\ed  in  a  bankruptcy,  and  he  came  back  to 
Ijowdon,  and  on  the  deruh  of  his  father  suc- 
ceeded to  his  curacy.     He  here  added  to  his 
resources  by  teach irig  young  ladies  to  read 
and  write,  but  as  his  mode  of  living  was  ex- 
pensive,   his  debts   increased,  and    he  was 
with   difficulty    saved  from  the   horrors  of  a 
gaol  by  the  humanity   of  Mr.   Lloyd  second 
master  of  AVestiniftster  school,  wlio  liberally 
satisfied  his  creditors.     The  success  of  "  the 
actor"  by  young  Lloyd  at  this  time  encoura- 
ged Churchill  to  cultivate  the  muses,  and  he 
published  his Kosciad,  which  was  so  univer- 
sally admired,  that  Colman,  Thornlon,  and 
the  wits  of  the  age,  M'ere  considered  as  the 
authors,     an<l   not   an   obscure    clergyman. 
The  popularity  of  this  and  other  poems,  and 
the  e.aoluments  arising  from   the  sale,  now 
altered  the  manners  and  conduct  of  the  poet. 
Elevated  wich  prosperity  he  now  quitted  the 
habit  and  the  sobriety  of  a  clergyman,  hebe- 
canie  a  fashionable  man  of  the  town,  aban- 
doned his  wife,  and  launched  into  all  the  ex- 
travagance of  gay  and  dissipated  life.     As  the 
friend  and  associate  of  Wilkes  he  crossed  to 
Boulogne  in  October  17G4,  where  some  time 
after  a  fever  attacked  him  and  earned  him 
off.     He  died  5th  November  1764.     Besides 
his  Kosciad,  he  wrote  the  prophecy  of  famine, 
an  admired  poem, — an  apology  tothecritical 
reviewers, — night   and  the  ghost,  in  which 
he  ridicules  Dr.  Johnson  in  the  character  of 
Pomposo, — Gotham     and   independence. — 
cpisile   to   Hogarth,  he.     The  poems  after 
his  death  were  publishe<!  in  2  vols.  8vo,    and 
have  lately   been  re-edited.     Though  ot^ce 
popidar  and   admired   they  are    now  little 
read.     He  wrote  also  some  sermons. 

Churchyard,  Thomas,  a  poet,  born  at 
Shrewsbury,  author  of  the  "Worthies  of 
Wales,  lie  died  about  the  11th  of  quecii 
Elizabetlj,  1570.  His  -epitaph  is  preserved 
by  Camden. 

ChvtrjEus,  David,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
divinity  professor  at  Kostock,  and  author  of 
a  commentary  on  the  revelations — of  a  histo- 
ry of  the  confession  of  Augsburg — and  other 
■works.     He  died  1600,  aged  70. 

ClACO^"lus,  Alphonsus,  of  Baeca,  in 
Andalusia,  died  at  Rome  1599,  aged  59,  with 
the  title  of  patriarch  of  Alexandria.  He 
was  author  of  vit?e  et  gcsta  Uomanorum  pon- 
titicum  et  cardinalium,  4  vols.  fol. — historia 
utriusquc  belliDacici — bibliotheca  scriptorum 
ad  ann.  15S3 — explication  of  Trajati's  pillisr, 
fol.  1576. 

CiACONius,  Peter,  a  critic  of  Toledo, 
>vbo  died  at  Rome  1581,  aged  56.  He  was 
employed  by  Gregory  XIH.  in  cori'ecting  the 
calendar,  and  wrote  learned  notes  on  Arno- 
bius,  Tertullian,  and  other  Latin  Avriters. 

CiAMTELLi,  Augustine,  a  native  ofFlo- 


reiice,  the  pupil  of  Santi  di  Tili,  and  emi- 
nent as  an  historical  painter.  He  died  1640, 
ag«d  62.  Some  of  his  pieces  are  preserved 
at  liome. 

Ci  AM  PINT,  John  Justin,  a  learned  Italian, 
who  estu])lished  at  Rome  the  academy  of  ec- 
clesiastical history,  and  that  of  mathematics 
and  natural  history.  He  died  1698,  aged  65. 
He  wrote  diftereut  works — on  the  remains  of 
ancient  Rome — on  the  saci-ed  edifices  built 
by  (vonstantine,  8cc. 

Cir.nEu,  Col  ley,  poet  laureat  to  George 
n.  was  son  of  Caius  Gabriel  Cibber,  a  native 
of  Holstein,  by  the  daughter  of  Williani 
Collcy,  Esq.  of  Glaiston,  Rutlandshire.  Ho 
was  born  in  London  6th  November  1671,  and 
educated  at  Grantham  school,  Lincolnshire. 
He  did  not  succeed  in  his  application  to  be 
admitted  at  Winchester  college,  and  his  in- 
tcrition  of  entering  at  O.xford  was  thwarted 
by  the  event  of  the  revolution,  which  made 
him  a  soldier  in  favor  of  the  prince  of 
Orange.  He  soon  after  exchanged  the  mili- 
taiy  life  for  the  stage,  and  appeared  in  infe- 
rior characters,  at  the  salai'y  of  10s.  a-week. 
The  first  character  which  lie  performed 
with  success  was  the  chaplain  in  the  Orphan, 
and  the  next  FondlewifcJn  the  Old  bachelor, 
till  lie  acquired  eminence  and  an  advanced 
salary.  To  add  to  his  income,  he  now  had 
recourse  to  his  pen,  and  wrote  Love's  last 
shift,  in  which  he  himself  bore  a  part.  His 
best  plays  were  The  Careless  husband,  acted 
in  1704,  and  The  nonjuror,  in  1717.  This 
last  was  a  part}'  piece,  and  was  dedicated  to 
the  king,  who  gave  to  the  poet  200^.  and  the 
appointment  »)f  laureat.  But  besides  the 
malevolent  attacks  of  periodical  writers,  the 
author  was  exposed  to  the  enmity  and  sa- 
tire of  Pope,  who,  with  more  virulence  than 
honor,  made  him  the  hero  of  i»is  Dunciad. 
In  1730  lie  quitted  the  stage,  though  he  oc- 
casionally appeared  before  the  public,  espe- 
cially when  his  own  plays  were  I'epresented. 
He  died  December  1757.  His  plays,  which, 
like  his  children,  as  he  jocosely  observed, 
were  numerous,  were  collected  in  2  vols.  4to. 
Though  he.  never  succeeded  either  as  a 
writer  or  actor  of  tragedy,  nor  as  a  Ivric 
poet,  yet  it  must  be  acknowledged,  in  spite 
f)f  the  malice  and  venom  of  Pope,  that  his 
comedies  are  sprightly  and  elegant,  and  his 
character  as  a  man  and  as  an  actor  respec- 
table.    His  apology  for  his  life  is  curious. 

Gibber,  Theophilus,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  in  1703,  and  educated  for  a 
little  time  at  Winchester  school,  from  which 
he  passed  upon  tlie  stage.  Aided  not  so 
much  by  the  influence  of  his  father,  who 
was  manager  of  the  thentre  royal,  as  by  his 
own  natural  powers,  he  soon  rose  to  popula- 
rity and  eminence  as  a  favorite  actor;  and 
he  might  have  insured  respectability  and  in- 
dejjendence  if  he  had  possessed  economy, 
and  paid  attention  to  the  decorum  and  man- 
ners which  ought  to  mark  every  private  and 
])ublic  character.  Thus  exposed,  b}'  his  ex- 
travagance and  follies,  to  distresses  and  per- 
secution, he  at  last  embarked  for  Dublin,  in 
October  1757,  to  assist  Sheridan  against  tUe 


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opposUion  of  n  new  theatre;  buf.  unforlu- 
natcly  ilie  ship  was  MTLckid  on  ihc  coast  of 
Scolhiiid,  ami  (;ihht  r  and  the  whole  nume- 
rous crow  perishe<l.  As  a  wrilir  he  piuihi- 
ced  J*atlie  and  l\'ggy,  a  ballad  opci;«,  and  he 
altered  The  lover,  a  comedv,  and  Shaks- 
pcare's  Itoineo  :uid  llenrv  Vl.  lie  wrote 
also  some  ap;»eal:j  to  the  public  oiihisou  u  dis- 
li-essful  situation.  'I"he  lives  of  the  poets  of 
Great  Britain  ainl  Ireland,  in  f*  v<ils.  l'2mo. 
though  btanns;  his  name,  were  publislii.d  b} 
Robert  Shields,  an  umauensis  of  Dr.  John- 
ison. 

CiBBER,  Susannah  Maria,  sister  to  Dr. 
Arne,  and  d.iughter  of  an  upholsterer  in 
Covrnt-garden,  married  Theophilus  C'iblicr, 
in  A[)ril  1734.  Though  this  uni*jn  ilispleased 
ohl  (Jibber,  yet  he  was  reconciled  to  his 
<1aughter-iii-law,  and  soon  had  the  pleasure 
tu  see  her  shine  0)i  the  stage  as  a  rising  and 
popular  actress.  Her  first  attemi)t  v/as  in 
IT-'Sf),  as  Zara,  in  Aarun  Hill's  tragedy ;  and 
}»er  powers  soon  appcaixil  so  great,  that  her 
salary  was  raised  from  .}0s.  a-week  to  3/.  and 
the  lugliest  characters  in  liagcdy  were  in- 
trusted to  lier  judicious  and  masterly  repre- 
sentation. The  conduct  of  her  husband, 
however,  did  not  conduce  much  to  her  feli- 
city. His  extr.ivagance  and  dissipated  man- 
ners revolted  her,  and  she  soon  found  that, 
to  supply  his  necessities,  he  bartered  her 
reputation  and  her  honor.  The  guilty  ad- 
dresses of  H  favorite  suitor,  recommended 
by  the  intrigues  of  a  worthless  husband,  soon 
triumphed  over  the  scruples  of  a  neglected 
i\nd  dishonored  wife;  but  when  Gibber  sought 
reparation  in  a  court  of  justice,  and  claimed 
.')O(X)/.  for  the  violation  of  his  domestic  peace, 
the  scene  of  depravity  displayed  induced  the 
jury  to  return  a  verdict  of  10/.  only.  -Mrs. 
Cibber  lived  with  her  seducer  till  her  death, 
which  happened  30lh  January  1766.  She 
uas  buriecl  in  Westminster  abbey.  She  left 
one  natural  child.  She  translated  the  oracle 
of  St.  Foix  ;  but  her  great  merit  arises  from 
her  powers  ofacting,  in  which  she  displayed 
with  so  much  success  tlie  feelings  of  the  deli- 
cate Celia,  the  haughty  Hermione,  the  love- 
sick Juliet,  and  the  abandoned  Alicia, 

Cicero,  Marcus  Tullius,  a  celebrated 
orator,  born  at  Arpinum.  His  eloquence  in 
the  lioman  forum  was  so  ardent  as  to  rival 
the  illustrious  fame  of  Demosthenes;  and  in 
the  elegance  of  Iiis  writings,  and  the  clear 
and  lucid  arguments  of  his  philosophy,  he 
equalled  the  ablest  authors,  and  tlie  most  re- 
ii0*vned  sages  of  Greece.  He  had  the  sin- 
gular foi'tune  of  discovering,  and  defeating, 
the  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  during  his  con- 
sulship, an<l  deserved  to  iVe  called,  for  his 
services,  another  founder  of  Rome.  In  the 
struggles  between  Csesar  and  the  republic  he 
however  betraye<l  irresolution,  and  lu'obuhly 
to  that  timidity,  which  feared  boldly  to  pro- 
claim its  sentiments,  lie  owed  his  downfall. 
Augustus,  in  the  establishment  of  his  trium- 
virate, after  flattering  him,  meanly  sacrificed 
him  to  the  resentment  of  Antony,  by  whose 
orders  he  was  basely  murdered  as  he  fled  to 
the  sea-coast,  B.  C  42,  iii  his  6;id  ysai". 


ClcEno,  Quintus  Tullius,  brother  of  tlic 
orator,  was  sacrifued  to  the  daggi-r  of  the 
triumvirs. 

CiD,  The,  a  Spanish  hero,  whose  rea! 
nam»;  was  don  Jiodcri^o  Dins  dc  Jiivuv.  He 
was  knighted  in  consequence  of  the  valor  he 
had  tlis[)layed  in  his  v<;ry  youth  ;  and,  in 
1063,  marched  with  don  Sancho  of  Castile 
against  Kamiro  king  of  Arragou,  who  fell  in 
l)allle;  after  which  he  vent  to  the  siege  of 
Zamora,  where  Sancho,  now  become  king, 
was  slain.  On  Sancho's  death,  his  brother 
Alfonso  ascended  the  throne  of  Castile  ;  hut 
Hoderigo,  inste;Ml  of  continuing  the  peaceful 
and  obedient  subject,  declared  himself  infle- 
pendent,  and,  after  (hqiopulating  the  coim- 
try,  li.\ed  his  habitation  at  Pena  de  el  CJd, 
the  rock  of  the  Cid,  near  Saragossa.  He  af- 
terwards took  Valentia,  and  maintained  his 
inclependence  till  his  death,  109'J.  'I'he  his- 
tory of  this  hex'O,  whose  name  Cid  signifie<l 
lord,  has  beeii  immortalized  in  the  romances 
of  the  Spaniards,  and  particularly  iu  the 
popular  tragedy  of  Corneilie. 

CiGAi.A,  John  Michael,  an  impostor, 
who,  in  1670,  ajjpeared  at  Paris,  and  pre- 
tended to  be  an  Ottoman  prince  and  king  of 
Jerusalem.  He  visited  l^oland,  England  and 
other  countries,  and  imposed  upon  the  cre- 
dulity of  princes  and  of  subjects,  till  some 
one  who  knew  his  obscurity  and  his  artifice 
exposed  him  to  the  contempt  and  the  deri- 
sion of  the  world. 

CiGXANi,  Carlo,  a  painter  of  Bologna, 
educated  in  the  school  of  Albano.  His  paint- 
ings are  greatly  admired  for  correctness, 
gracefulness,  and  a  fertility  of  genius,  which 
was  successfully  displayed  in  expressing  the 
passions  of  the  soul.  He  died  at  Forli  1711), 
aged  91. 

CiMABUE,  Giovanni,  known  as  the  revi- 
ver of  painting  in  Ital},  was  born  at  Florence 
1240.  Under  the  direction  of  Grecian  i»ain- 
ters,  who  were  sent  for  by  the  Florentines, 
he  soon  acquired  that  eminence  which  in- 
ventive genius  and  indefatigable  application 
deserve.  He  painted  foi*  several  of  the  cit- 
ies of  Italy,  but  particularly  for  his  native 
city,  where  a  picture  of  the  Virgin  is  still 
seen  and  admired.  He  was  also  an  eminent 
architect,  and  was  engaged  in  the  building  of 
St.  Maria  del  Fior  church  in  Florence.  His 
paintings  were  chiefly  in  fresco  and  in  dis- 
temper, as  painting  in  oil  was  not  yet  discov- 
ered. He  died  at  the  age  of  60.  His  repu- 
tation, though  res\)ectar)le,  woidd  probably 
have  been  higher,  had  he  not  been  eclipsed 
by  his  pupil  and  friend  Ghiotto.  His  profile 
by  Simon  Sanese  is  still  seen  in  the  cliapcl 
house  of  St.  Maria  Novella. 

CiMON^,  an  Athenian   general,  son  of  the' 
great  Miltiades,  famous  for  his  defeat  of  the 
l*ersians.     He  died  at  the  siege  of  Citium  in 
Cyprus  449  B.C. 

Ci  xci XX  ATI'S,  Lucius  Quintius,  a  fa- 
mous Utnnan,  whose  virtues  raised  him  to  the 
dictatorship  fi-om  the  plough.  He  defeated 
the  enemies  of  his  country,  and  quickly  re- 
turned to  the  cultivatiou  of  his  farm.  He 
lived  about  4G0B.C, 
i 


CI 


CL 


CiNCivs  Ai.TMENTUS,  Luclus, authoi' of 
fi  history  of  the  v/ars  of  Annibal,  &c.  is  often 
quoted  by  Llvy. 

CiXNA,  Lucius  CorneUus,  a  Roman  Con- 
sul, whose  union  witii  Alarius  deluged  Rome 
with  Llood,  about  H7  B.  C. 

C1NXA.MUS,  Jolin,  a  Greek  Avriter,  in  the 
service  of  Manuel  Commenus  the  emperor, 
of  whose  reign,  and  that  of  his  father  John, 
he  composed  a  history,  printed,  Greek  and 
L.atin,  Utrecht,  4to.  1032,  and  at  Paris,  by 
du  Cangc,  fol.  iGrO. 

C I  N  O  DV  Pi  S  T  O I  A,  or  D  E    S I  G I B  U  L  D  I, 

a  poet  of  Pistoia,  knoM-n  as  a  hiwyer  and  a 
senator  of  Rome.  He  Avas  pi'ofessor  after- 
wards in  various  universities,  and  died  1336. 
Ife  vrote  a  commentary  on  the  digest,  and 
deserved  the  commenchition  of  Dante  for  his 
excellent  poetry.  His  works  were  edited 
Venice  1589. 

CiNQ^MARS,  Henry  Coissier  marquis  of, 
sonofmarqUisd'Effiat,  Mas  marshal  ofFrarwie, 
and  the  favorite  of  Lewi^j  XHJ.  Though  thus 
noticed  by  the  king,  and  patronised  by  Rich- 
elieu, he  had  the  ingratitude  to  encourage 
Gaston  duke  of  Orleans,  the  king's  brother, 
to  rebel  and  to  solicit  tije  assistance  of  Spain 
in  Ids  perfidious  enterprises.  The  plot  was 
discovered  by  Richelieu,  and  Cinq  Mars  lost 
his  head,  September  1642,  aged  22. 

CioPANi,  Hercules,  an  Italian  critic  of 
Sulmo.  As  a  native  of  the  same  city  which 
gave  Ovid  birth,  he  was  induced  to  undertake 
a  learned  commentary  on  the  works  of  his 
countryman,  to  which  hfe  prefixed  a  hfcj 
with  an  ac(;punt  of  the  country  of  Sulmo, 
published  1578.  It  possesses  merit,  and  lias 
been  published  in  the  edition  of  the  variorum. 

Cipriani,  F/V/.  Cyprian i. 

CiRANi,  Elizabeth,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
eminently  distinguished  as  a  Y'idnter.  Though 
she  was  happy  in  tender  and  delicate  sub- 
erects,  she  particularly  excelled  in  the  great 
and  terrible. 

CiRCiGNANo,  Nicolo,  called  Poraeraneio, 
from  his  native  place,  was  a  historical  pain- 
ter, several  of  whose  pieces  are  preserved  in 
the  churches  of  Rome  andLoretto.  He  fjied 
1588,  aged  72.  His  son  Antonio,  distinguish- 
ed also  as  a  painter,  died  1G20,  aged  60. 

CiRiLLO,  Domiiic,  a  botanist,  born  near 
^Naples,  educated  under  the  care  of  his  uncle 
Nicholas,  who  was  professor  of  medicine  at 
Naples.  Though  intended  for  the  profession 
of  medicine,  he  showed  greater  partiality  fo** 
natural  history,  and  he  obtained  a  professor- 
ship in  botany  at  Naples,  1700,  Avhcre  the 
next  year  he  publislied  his  introductio  ad 
botanicum.  He  visited  England,  in  the  com- 
pany of  lady  Walpole  ;  and  as  he  spoke  Eng- 
lish with  great  fluency, he  derived  much  ben- 
efit from  the  lectures  of  Dr.  W.  Hunter,  and 
the  conversation  of  the  learned  in  London. 
On  his  return  to  Ital}-,  he  again  devoted  him- 
self to  his  favorite  ])ursuils;  but  a  restless 
and  ambitious  disposition  proved  his  ruin. 
He  embraced  the  tenets  of  tlie  revolutionary 
plyJo.sQphy,  and  when  the  French  entered 
l^aple*,  he  boldly  esj)oused  their  cause,  and 
acci^pted   an  office  under  them;  fbv  which. 


on  the  restoration  of  the  lawful  spvercign. 
he  was  condemned,  and  executed  as  a  traitor, 
1795,  aged  65.  He  wrote  besides,  nosologia 
methodicje  rudimenta,  1780 — de  essentialibus 
nonnuUarum  plantarum  characteribus,1784 — 
Neapolitana  Flora,  1793 — Cyperus  Papyrus, 
Farmto,  &c. 

CiROFERRi,  a  painter  and  architect  of 
Rome,  greatly  honored  by  the  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, and  particularly  by  pope  Alexander 
VH.  and  his  three  successors.  He  was  Iwp- 
py  and  correct  in  his  subjects  ;  but  his  char- 
acters wanted  animation  and  variety.  He 
died  at  Rome  1689,  aged  55. 

CiSNER,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Moshach, 
on  the  Neckar,  who  studied  at  Strasburgh, 
under  Rucei",  and  was  professor  of  moral 
philosophy  at  Wittem.berg.  He  afterwainis 
visited  France  and  Italy,  and  took  his  de- 
grees in  Haw  at  Padua,  and  settled  at  Heidel- 
berg, as  professor,  and  counsellor  to  the 
elector  Palatine.  His  works  were  published 
at  Frankfort  1611.     Hedied  1583,  aged  54. 

CiviLis,  Claudius,  a  Batavian  general  in 
the  service  of  Rome.  He  was  suspected  by 
the  Romans  of  treacherj-,  and  treated  with 
harshness  :  in  consequence  of  which  he  rous- 
ed his  countrymen  to  rebellion,  and  expel- 
led the  Romans.  He  afterwards  was  recon- 
ciled to  tlie  emperor  Vespasian,  and  sub- 
mitted to  his  power. 

Civoiii,  Lewis,  or  Cardi,  was  a  native  of 
Cigoli  in  Tuscany,  and  studied  under  Corre- 
gio.  He  also  excelled  in  music  and  poetry  ; 
but  devoted  himself  assidiously  to  painting. 
His  best  pieces  are  preserved  at  Florence. 

Ci.AGETT,  William,  an  English  divine, 
l>orn  at  Bury,  Suffolk,  where  he  was  educa- 
ted, and  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  became  D.  D.  1683.  He  was  for 
seven  years  a  preacher  in  his  native  town, 
and  afterwards  Avas  elected  preacher  to  the 
society  of  Gray's-inn.  He  was  besides  rector 
of  Farnham-royal,  Bucks,  and  lecturer  of  St. 
Michael  Bassishaw.  He  was  one  of  those  res- 
olute divines,  who  opposed  the  popish  plans 
of  James  H.  and  he  deserved,  for  Ids  learning, 
piety, and  virtues,  the  high  chai'acter  wlu'ch  bi- 
shop Burnet  and  Dr.  Sharp  have  given  of  him. 
Hedied  of  the  small-pox  1688,  aged  42,  and  his 
wife  18  days  after  him.  Four  volumes  of  his 
sermons  were  published  after  his  death  by  his- 
brother  Nicholas.  He  was  author  of  some 
controversial  pieces. 

Clagett,  Nicliolas,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  born  at  Bury,  and  educated 
at  Christ's-church,  Cambridge,  where  he  be- 
came D.  D.  1704.  He  succeeded  Ins  brother 
as  preacher  at  Bury,  and  continued  there  46 
years,  and  he  was  besides  rector  of  Thurlow 
magna,  and  of  Hitcham,  and  archdeacon  of 
Sudbury.  Besides  his  brother's  works,  he 
published  some  sermons  and  pamphlets  of 
his  own.  He  died  Jan.  1727,  aged  73,  one 
of  [lis  children,  Nicholas,  Avas  afterwai'ds 
bishop  of  Exeter. 

Clair.\iti,t,  Alexis,  a  learned  mathema- 
tician of  the  French  academy  of  sciences. 
He  was  one  of  those  Avho  visited  the  north,  to 
discover  tiic  true  (jpv;ra  of  the  eartft.    He  died 


CL 

1^765,  aged  about  52.  lie  published  elements 
ot*  geometry  and  algehni — tiiblcs  of  tbc  moon 
— treatise  ou  tbc  ii^uiH;  oitbe  earth — besides 
several  papers  in  the  journal  des  scavans.  His 
abilities  were  prematurely  <lis[»layed,  as,  it 
is  said,  tliat  he  could  reail  and  write  at  the 
age  ot"4,  he  understood  aigehra  at  9,  and  at 
11  wrote  a  nuinoir  on  curves,  wliich  was  hon- 
orably applauded  in  the  miscellanea  Jtendi- 
itensia. 

Claiufait,  N.  count   »!e,    an  Austrian 
general,    greatly     distinguished    against    the 
French  at  the  beginning   of  the   revolution. 
Mc  was  a   Walloon    by    hirth,   and    was  lirst 
employed  against   the    Turks.     His   manuju- 
vres  in  the  Netherlands  were  rapid  and  mas- 
terly ;  but  though    alter  taking  Longwy  and 
Stanay,  he  lost  the  famous  battle  of  Jemai)pe 
by  the  superior  number  :in»l   irresistible  im- 
petuosity of  the  French,  he  made  a  most  he- 
roic retreat  across  the  Uhine.     Afterwards, 
under  the  prince  of  Coburg,  he  distinguished 
himself  at  Altcnhoven,    Q.uievrain,  Hansen, 
and  Famars,  and  decidual  the  victory  of  Ner- 
winde,  and  aft(;r\vards  bravely   opposed   tlic 
progress  of  Pichegi  u.     He  defeated,  in  1795, 
the  Frencli  army  near   Mayence,   and  took 
many  prisoners ;   soon  after  which,    he    was 
recalled,  and  received  with  becoming  respect 
by  the  emperor  at  Vienna,  where  he  became 
counsellor  of  war,  and  where  he  died   1798. 
Asa  soldier,  he  was  brave  and  intrepid  ;  as  a 
general,  a  severe  disciplinarian;  cool  in  the 
midst  of  danger,  precise  in  the  execution  of 
his  plans,  formed  after  mature  deliberation, 
and  universally   beloved    by  his  army.     The 
French  with  truth  regarded   higi  as   one  of 
their  ablest  opponents. 

Clairon,  Clara  Joseph  Hippolyta,  Lewis 
Delatude,  a  native  of  Paris,  who,  from  an  ob- 
scure origin,  rose  under  the  friendly  direction 
of  mademoiselle  Dangeville,  a  well  known  ac- 
tress, to  high  celebrity  on  the  French  stage. 
At  the  age  of  12  she  appeared  in  the  play  of 
the  isle  of  slaves,  and  was  much  applauded, 
and  afterwards  at  Rouen,  and  then  at  Paris, 
she  became  a  favorite  actress.  She  chiefly 
excelled  in  tragedy,  and  at  the  age  of  80  she 
surprised  and  deliglited  Kemble,  who  paid 
her  a  complimentary  visit,  with  a  most  en- 
ergetic recitation  of  one  of  the  scenes  of 
Phxdra.  She  died  at  Paris,  Slst  Jan.  1803, 
aged  80. 

Clancy,  MichaeL  M.  D was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  but  unfortunately 
lost  his  sight  before  he  could  practice  as  phy- 
sician. He  was  recommended  by  his  friend 
the  famous  Montesquieu,  to  lord  Chesterfield, 
viceroy  of  Ireland,  from  whom  he  obtained  a 
pension.  He  obtained  also  the  Latin  school  of 
Kilkenny.  He  wrote  besides  some  poems,  the 
comedy  of  the  Sharper,  and  of  Hermon  prince 
of  Chorda,  and  he  appeared  with  applause 
as  the  blind  Tiresias,  when  (Edipus  was  per- 
formed for  his  benefit  atUrury-lanc.  He  wrote 
also    memoirs  of  his  own  life,  2  vols.  174G. 

CtjAra,  a  native  of  dVssisi,  of  respectable 
parentage.  She  early  devoted  herself  to  a 
religious  and  recluse  life?,  and  her  example 
iv5s  tbllo->ved  by  her  sister  Agnes,  and  other 


female  fronds.  She  f)btained  frf)m  St.  T/'an- 
cis  d'Assisi,  the  church  cf  Damain,  and  be- 
came abbcis  of  anew  order  of  nuns,  w  hiclj 
slie  there  eHlablisbcd.  She  die«l  I19;j,  aged 
100,  and  was  can(<ni/ed  by  .Mexander  IV. 

('i.Aitio,  Isidore,  an  Italian  bishop,  distin- 
<;uislie(l  at  the  council  of  Trent.  He  waselo- 
(juent  and  learned,  and  died  at  I'olij^no,  15.'i3. 
His  aiinf)tations  on  the  vidgate  lranslati<^)u  oi 
iheliiblp',  with  corrections  of  the  text,  i\.i". 
arc  inserted  in  the  indi-x  exi)urgatorius. 

Cl.AiiKi:,  Samuel,  a  celebrated  oriental- 
ist, born  at  lirackley,  Northaniptonshire, 
and  made  student  of  .Mcrtoii  colhtje,  Oxford, 
in  his  15th  year.  During  the  civil  \v:us  lie 
was  cliiefiy  resident  at  Oxfonl,  where  he  f)b- 
tained  the  place  of  su])erior  be.adle  of  civil 
law,  when  it  becamo  vacant.  In  lG5Uhe  was 
master  of  a  boarding  school  at  Islington, 
where  he  assisted  Walton  in  the  correction 
and  publication  of  his  polyglott  bible.  In  1058 
he  succeeded  to  the  vacant  beadleship,  whiuli 
he  retained  till  his  death,  Dec.  27th  lOOy, 
aged  46.  He  wrote  some  very  learned  trea- 
tises on  oriental  literature,  and  ou  ihc  He- 
brew text,  &c. 

Clarke,  Samuel,  a  nonconformist  umler 
Cromwell,  born  at  Woolston,  Warwickshire, 
and  educated  at  Cirencester,  and  EmanueJ 
coUege,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  minis- 
ter of  St.  Benet  Fink,  London.  Ho  was  oat; 
of  the  comroissioners  at  th«  Savoy,  and  died 
greatly  esteemed  for  his  private  and  public 
character  25th  Dec.  1C82.  He  wrote  lives  of 
puritan  divines — martyrology — lives  of  em- 
inent persons — ecclesiastical  history,  See. 

Clarke,  Dr.  Samuel,  a  famous  English 
divine,  son  of  Edward  Clarke,    esq.   alder- 
man of  Norwich,  and  many  years  one  of  it> 
representatives     in    parliament,    was    bora 
there  llthOct.  1G75.     After  being  educated 
at  the  grammar  school  in  his  native  town,  he 
entered  at  Caius  college,    Cambridge,  where 
he  applied  himself  diligently  to  the  philoso- 
pliical  pursuits   of  the  age.      As   Rohault'.s 
physics,  on  tlie    principles  of   Des   Carte?, 
were  the  system  publicly   taught  in  the  uTii- 
vcrsity,   Clarke,    who  well  imdjerstood   the 
tenets  of  Newton's  philosophy,  republished 
the  book  in  a  ncAV  translation,  witli  learned 
and  valuable  notes,  though  only  at  the  age  of 
22.     He   afterwards   studied    theology,    and 
was  ordained  by  IVIoore   bishop  of  Norwich, 
in  whose  household  he  lived   as  chaplain  for 
12  years,  with  all  the  familiarity  of  a  frieud 
and  e([ual,  by  whom  he  v  as  presented  to  the 
living  of  Drayton,    Norfolk.      In    1704  he 
preached  Boyle's  lectures,  on  the  being  an* 
attributes  of  a  god,  and   gave   such   satisfac- 
tion, that  he   vvas  again   appointed   the  next 
year,  and  chose  for  his  subject  the  evideuccT^ 
of  natural  and  revealed  religion.     These  two 
c^-)urses  of  lectures  when  published,  excited 
some  controversies,  and  tended  to  spread  the 
celebrity  of  the  author.       About  this  time  he 
is  suspected  by  Whiston  to  have  inclined  tc> 
Arianism,   as   he  declared   to  lym,  that  he 
never  read   the  Athanasian    creed,    except 
once,  which  was    by  mistake,    and  on  a  day 
when  not  direcCed  bv  the  rub'ri»?.     Hl5  lelfer 


CL 


CL 


to  Dodwefl  vas  published  iu  1706,  on  tiie 
immortality  of  the  soul,  which  subject  gave 
rise  to  a  long  controversial  dispute,  and  af- 
forded him  tiie  opportunitv   of  displaying  his 
great  metaplivsical  and  physical  kuowledge. 
^Notwithstanding  this  controversy,  he  applied 
himself  to  mathematical  pursuits,  and  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  Newton's  optics,  with 
which  the  great  philosopher  was  so  pleased, 
that  he  gave  him  5()0/.  for  his  five  dauglitcrs. 
lie  was  at  this  tirae  made  rector  of  St.   Ren- 
net's, Paul's  wharf,    London,  by  his  patron 
jMoore,  who  introduced  him  to  queen  Anne, 
who  appointed  him  one  of  her  chaplains,  and 
gave    him   afterwards    St.  James's   rectory, 
Westminster.     He  noAv  took  his  degree  of 
J).  D.  at  (Cambridge,  and  displayed  such  flucn- 
oy  and  purity  of  expression  in  his  acaden\ical 
exercises  as   drew  forth  the  astonisliment  of 
a  respectable   audience.       He  published,  in 
171%  an   edition  of  Cresar's  commentaries, 
dedicated  to  the  great  duke  of  Marlborough, 
and  in  the  same  year  appeared  his  book  on 
the  doctrine   of  the  Trinity  in  thi-ce  parts, 
-which,  though  mentioned  with    commenda- 
tion by  bishop  Hoadly,  yet  roused  the  attacks 
of  many  severe  and  aci-imonious  critics,  and 
was  even  complained  of  in  the  lower  house  of 
convocation.     In  consequence  of  this  the  work 
excited  universal   attention,  but  Clarke  did 
not  shrink  from  the  threatened  danger,  and 
at  last  the  complaint  was  dismissed  by'  the 
vipper  house,  without  examination  and  cen- 
sure.    An  account  of  these  proceedings  Avas 
afterwards  published,  as  an  apology  for  Dr. 
Clarke ;     but    the   obnoxious     book    passed 
through   two  large   editions,  and   since   has 
been  published  with  great  additions.   In  1715, 
and  1716,  Dr.  Clarke  was  engaged  in  a  dis- 
pute with  Leibnitz,  with  respect  to  natural 
philosophy    and    religion,   in   which,   as  his 
friend  Whiston  says,  "  his  letters  are  among 
the  most  useful  of  his  performances  in  natural 
philosophy."     In  1718,  Clarke's  alteration  in 
the  doxology  of  the  singing  psalms  gave  great 
offence;    to    the   words    *' to    God  through 
Christ  his    only   son,    immortal   glory   be," 
were    substituted    the   following     *'  to    God 
through  Christ  liis  son  our  Lord,  all  glory  be 
therefore."     This  circnmstance   was  so  re- 
.sented   by  Robinson,  bishop  of  London,  that 
he  wrote  a  circular  letter  to  liis  clergy,  nut  to 
use  any  new  forms  of  doxology,  and  the  dis- 
pute thus  kindled  produced  various  publica- 
tions on  both  sides,  which  betrayed  great  in- 
temperance  and     unchristian   spirit.       The 
friendship  of  lord  Lechmere  about  this  time 
presented  Clarke  to  the  mastership  of  ^Vig- 
ston's  hospital  in  Leicester,  and  iu  1724,  he 
published  17  sermons.     On  the  death  of  New- 
ton, in  1727,  Clarke  was  oflcred  his  place  of 
master  of  the  mint,  worth  near  15001.  a  year, 
which  he  very  disintereste'lly  refused  as  in- 
compatible with    his   spiritual  engagements. 
In  1729,  he  pubHshed  the  12  first  bonks  of  the 
Iliad  dedicated  to  the   duke   of  Cumberland, 
with  a  new  Latin  version,  and  learned  notes, 
and  in  1732,  the  12  other  books  were  publish- 
ed by  his  sou.     He  was  attacked  on  the  11th 
May  1729,  as  he  was  going  to  preach  before 
the  judges  at  Serjeant's  Inn,  with  a  violent 


pain  in  his  side,  and  unable  to  officiate,  he 
was  removed  home,  where  the  symptoms  of 
his  disorder  became  more  alarming,  and  at 
last  attacking  his  head,  robbed  him  of  his 
senses,  and  he  expired  on  the  1 7th  of  the 
same  month  aged  54.  The  same  year  were 
printed  his  exposition  of  tlie  cluirch-cate- 
chism,  and  10  vols,  of  sermons  in  8vo.  which 
had  mostly  been  prcachetl  on  Thursday 
mornings  at  St.  James's  church.  Clarke, 
tiiough  attacked  by  various  authors  in  the 
walk  of  theology  and  philosophy,  has  found 
great  and  learned  champions  in  Hare  bishop 
oi'  Chichester,  and  Hoadly  bishop  of  Win- 
chester. They  not  only^  extol  liis  extensive 
knowledge  in  every  branch  of  classical  and 
pliilosopbical  scieJice,  but  they  enlarge  on 
the  goofhiess  of  his  heai't,  and  tlie  exemplary 
piety  of  his  life.  ]5y  his  death,  says  Hoadly, 
the  Avorld  was  deprived  of  as  bright  a  light 
and  masterly  teacher  of  truth  and  virtue, 
as  ever  yet  appeared  amongst  us,  and  his 
works  must  last  as  long  as  any  language  re- 
mains to  convey  them  to  future  times. 

Clarke,  William,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  K^aghmon  abbey-,  Shropshire,  1696, 
educated  at  Shrewsburj'^  school,  and  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  he- 
came  fellow  1717.  He  was  presented  by 
arclibishop  Wake  to  the  rectory  of  Buxted, 
Sussex,  and  in  1738  he  was  made  prebend ary 
of  Chichester,  and  in  1770  chancellor  of  that 
diocese,  and  vicar  of  Amport,  Avhere  he  died 
21st  October  1771.  His  great  work  is  the 
connexion  of  the  Roman,  Saxon,  and  En- 
glish coins,  4to.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
the  learned  Wootton,  by  whom  he  had  a  son 
and  daughter, 

Clarke,  Edward,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  fellow  of  St.  John's  college,  and  succeed- 
ed on  the  resignation  of  his  fother  ir.  1738,  to 
the  rectory  of  Buxted,  Sussex,  besides  which 
he  held  yckfield  and  Wilmington.  He  was 
chaplain  to  lord  Bristol's  embassy  to  Madind, 
in  1760  and  61,  and  on  liis  return  he  publish- 
ed a  4to.  volume  of  letters  on  the  Spanish 
nation.  He  had  meditated,  with  Mr.  Bow- 
yer,  the  plan  of  an  enlarged  Latin  dictionary, 
but  after  printing  one  sheet,  the  Avork  was 
laid  aside  for  want  of  encouragement.  He 
also  proposed  to  publish  a  commentary  on 
the  new  testament  from  his  father's  papers, 
and  the  notes  of  able  commentators,  but  the 
project  was  likewise  abortive.  He  died  No- 
vember 1786. 

Ci.ARKsoN,  David,  a  native  of  Bradford, 
Yorksiiire,  educated  at  Clarehall,  Cambridge, 
v.hcre  he  became  fellow,  and  had  Tillotson 
afterwards  primate  for  his  pupil.  He  was 
ejected  in  1062,  from  his  living  of  Mortlake 
in  Surrey,  for  nonconformity,  and  died  l6So, 
aged  64.  He  Mas  a  learned  and  respectable 
character.  He  Avrote  no  evidence  fordiocesau 
episcopacy  in  primitive  times  4to.  1681,  ably 
refuted  by  doctor  Henrv  Maurice, — sermons, 
£ic. 

Claude,  amonk  of  the  celestine  order  iu 
the  15th  century.     He  was  author  of  a  treatise 
I  on  the  errors  of  our  sensations,  published  by 
Or  once  Fine,  1542. 


CL 


CL 


Claude  of  Lorraine,  u  celebrated 
Ijtiidsfapi;  paiiitrr,  bni-ii  in  IGOO.  lie  wus  of 
so  (lull  a  <lisi»«isiti()ii  \\  lieu  ill  solionl,  il.al  lie 
%vi)s  plarccl  early  willia  pastry  cook,  wiili 
Aviioin  lie  serve<l  liis  time,  and  Hl'terwards 
travclliiij^- to  Home,  lu-  vas  accidentally  hired 
by  the  paiiilt.r  Auj;uhtiiio 'I'rasso,  as  a  coni- 
iiioii  servant  to  pound  his  cniorH,  and  wait 
npoii  him.  Thr  kiiidiu  ss  <>{'  his  niasti'r  soon 
)nade  him  :lc(|iiainled  with  llu-  lirsl  prineiph.-s 
of  painting,  and  now  genius  be!j;an  to  exi)aiui, 
aiid  (Maude  retired  t()  the  banks  of  the  Tilur 
and  the  slrikinj;-  scenes  of  nature,  where,  in 
solitude,  lie  copied  the  beauties  displayed  to 
his  view,  vith  success  and  eifecl.  Thus  as- 
siduity assisted  gejiius,  and  the  hunTole 
Claude,  by  degr-ees,  almost  self-taught,  pvo- 
duced  those  noble  pieces  which  for  their 
fine  distrd)Ution  «)f  lj;<hl  and  shade,  for  iiar- 
monv,  and  for  the  ex((uisite  delicacy  of  the 
tints,  have  ])ruciired  him  deservedly  immor- 
tal fame.  He  was  scru[)ulously  attentive  to 
the  tinishiiig  of  his  pieces,  and  he  often  did 
and  undid  the  same  jiiece,  seven  or  eic^ht 
times,  till  it  pleased  him.  Urban  A  111.  and 
several  Italian  princes  patronised  him.  liis 
performances  in  fiesco  and  in  oil  are  chieily 
commended.  He  died  10S2,  and  was  buried 
at  Rome. 

Ci.AUDE,  John,  a  French  protcstant,  bora 
at  Sauvetat  in  Angenois  IfilU,  and  ordained 
auinister  at  Montauban.  His  oi)positiou  to 
the  catholics  produced  the  suspension  of  his 
ecclesiastical  nttice,  but  his  answer  to  ]Mess. 
de  Port  Royal,  who  wished  to  convert  Tu 
I'enne  to  the  Romish  faith,  excited  a  great 
controversy  in  tiie  kingdom.  Though  oppo- 
sed by  Arnauld,  Nouet,  and  other  able  cath- 
olics,Clamle  maintained  his  reputation  by  his 
pen,  and  in  his  treatises  on  the  eucharist, 
and  in  defence  of  the  reformed  church,  evin- 
ced the  abilities  of  a  sound  theologian,  and  a 
learned  disputant.  The  edict  of  Nantes 
Ijowever  at  last  terminated  his  labors  in 
France,  he  was  directed,  in  )uS5,  to  leave  the 
kingdom,  and  he  retired  to  IIoHund,  where 
he  was  kindly  received  by  the  prince  of 
Orange,  who  allowed  him  a  pei:sion.  Thougli 
his  voice  was  not  pleasing,  yet  he  was  great- 
ly admired  as  an  eloquent  orator,  and  his  last 
sermon  which  was  on  Christmas  day  IGSO, 
pleased  and  sensibly  atfected  the  princess  of 
Orange.  He  died  January  13,  1687,  carrying 
with  him  the  regret  and  the  ailection  of  the 
j)roteslant  churches.  He  had  a  son,  Isiiac 
Claude,  born  5tU  March  1053.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  France,  and  became  minister  of  the 
Walloon  church  at  the  Hague,  where  he  died 
29th  July  1095.  He  published  many  of  his 
father's  works. 

Claudia  N,  a  Latin  poet  patronised  by 
Stilicho,  whose  misfortunes  he  shared.  lie 
came  to  Rome  3'.t5. 

Claudius  I.  son  of  Drusus,  succeeded 
Caligula  as  emperor  of  Rome.  He  gave 
himself  up  to  rlissipation,  and  was  at  last 
poisoned  by  his  wife  Agrippina  to  make 
)oom  for  her  son  Nero,  A.  D.  54,  in  iiis  o3d 
y  ear. 

Claudius  H.  aDalmaiian,  v'ho  suct'eod- 
VOL.  II  44 


ed  Oallienus  as  emperor  of  Rom'*.  He  died 
after  a  reiga  of  twoyeam,  grcallv  lamented, 
271. 

Claudius,  Appius,  a  Sabine  who  settled 
at  Rome,  U.  C.  504,  and  became  the  progeni- 
tor <jf  tbe.'Kppian  tawiily. 

Ci-Ai'Diib,  A|)pius,  son  of  the  aliovr, 
was  consul  at  Ronu;,  but  Ijehavcd  with  such 
severity  that  his  soldiers  refused  to  fight  un- 
der him. 

Claudius,  Appius,  a  Roman  tfeccmvir, 
son  of  the  al)(>ve,  iiif.imous  for  hii  attempt  to 
violate  \'irgiiiiii,  for  whiih  his  oilice  was 
abolished,  and  he  himself  died  in  prison. 

Claudius,  Apjiius,  burnai.icd  C-.cciit, 
was  of  the  same  tamily,  and  distingnislu  <l 
himself  as  an  orator  and  lawyer.  Ue  is  ce- 
lebrated for  supplying  Ronie  with  water  by 
means  of  an  aqueduct,  and  for  making  ths.- 
well  known  Appian  road,  which  led  as  far  as 
Capua. 

Clavius,  Christopher,  a  Jesuit  and 
mathematician,  born  at  Hamberg,  Germany, 
15.37.  He  was  considere<l  as  the  Kuclid  of 
his  age,  and  he  was,  on  account  of  his  rdjili- 
ties,  engaged  by  (iregoi'y  Xlll.  in  the  refor- 
nvation  of  the  calendar,  which  he  ablv  de- 
feiuled  against  Joseph  Scaligcr.  His  works 
were  printed,  5  vols,  fol.  He  died  at  Rome 
1012. 

Claytox,  Dr.  Robert,  a  learned  pre- 
late, member  of  the  royal  and  antitinarian 
societies  in  liOndon.  He  was  made  liioiiopof 
Killala  1729,  translated  to  Cork  1735,  and  to 
Clogher  1745,  where  he  died  25th  Septem- 
ber 1758.  He  was  averse  to  the  use  of  the 
Nicene  and  Athanasian  creeds,  an<l  unsuc- 
cessfully movedfor  their  rejection  in  the  Irish 
house  of  lords.  He  was  liie  intimate  friend 
of  Boyer  the  printer,  and  other  learned  men. 
He  publishinl  an  essay  on  spirit,  8vo. — chit)- 
nology  of  tiie  1  lebrew  bible  vindicated,  4to — 
inquiry  on  the  time  of  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah,  8vo. — vindicaljon  of  the  histones 
of  the  old  and  new  testaments,  Svo. — jouriial 
from  Grand  Cairo  to  Sinai,  translated  fi-om 
the  MS.  of  a  prefectof  Egypt,  4lo.  and  Svo. — 
and  other  works. 

Cleanthes,  a  Grecian  philosoplier,  dl^f 
ciple  of  Zeno.  He  starved  himself  to  death 
at  the  age  of  90,  R.  C.  240. 

Cleeve,  Joseph,  a  Flemish  ])ainter,  who 
died  1535.  His  pieces  were  chietly  njisers 
counting  tlieir  hoarded  treasures.  His  fami- 
ly produced  other  i-espectable  painters. 

Cleghorn,  George,  a  Scotch  physician, 
born  at  Cranton,  near  Edinburgh,  iNth  De- 
cember 1716.  After  studying  belies  lettrei 
at  Edinbiu-gh,  he  apjilied  lumself  to  physic 
and  surgery,  under  tlie  care  of  Dr.  ->lunro, 
and,  in  1736,  went  as  surgeon  to  the  22d  re- 
giment of  foot  to  Minorca,  where  he  resideit 
thirteen  years.  On  his  retui-n  to  London,  in 
1750,  he  published  his  valuable  work  on  the 
diseases  of  Minorca.  The  year  after,  he 
settled  at  Dublin,  «  here  he  began  to  read  re- 
gular courses  of  anatomy,  and  where  he  be- 
came highly  respected  foi- his  learnii.g  and 
his  ami.ible  manners,  lie  died  December 
17^0.     It  is  not  the  le:tst  uf  his  praise  to  mec* 


CL 


cx 


iJcQn,  tlutl  on. his  brother's  death  lie  sfeut  for 
his  widow  and  nine  children  iVoni  Scotland, 
and  settled  tliera  in  Dublin,  with  all  the  af- 
fection and  tender  cai-e  of  a  parent. 

Cleiveland,  John.  Vid.  Cleveland. 

Cleland,  John,  son  of  colonel  Cleland, 
the  Will  Honeycomb  of  the  Spectator,  was 
early  sent  as  consul  to  Smyrna;  and  on  his 
return  to  England  he  went  to  the  East  In- 
dies. His  quarrel,  however,  Avith  the  presi- 
dency of  Bombay  prevented  his  advance- 
ment, and  he  left  the  country.  Poor  and 
dissatisfied,  on  bis  arrival  in  London,  loaded 
with  debts,  and  exposed  to  the  intrusion  of 
hailifts,  and  the  horrors  of  a  prison,  he  en- 
deavoured to  extricate  himself  by  writing 
that  mfamous  publication,  the  woman  of  plea- 
sure, *%Thich,  though  it  procured  him  not 
more  than  20  guineas,  yet  brought  into  the 
hands  of  the  licentious  and  mercenary  book- 
seller not  less  than  10,000/.  The  evil  ten- 
dency of  his  publication  caused  his  appear- 
ance before  the  privy  council ;  but  bn-d  Gran- 
ville, the  president,  admitted  his  plea  of 
poverty,  and,  to  engage  him  no  longer  to  ex- 
ercise his  abilities  in  such  immoral  composi- 
tions, he  procured  him  a  pension  of  100/.  a 
year.  His  memoirs  of  a  coxcomb,  and  his 
man  of  honor,  in  some  slight  degree  atoned 
for  the  depravity  of  his  former  work.  He 
died  23d  January  1789,  aged  82. 

Clemaxcis,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  the 
diocese  of  Chalons,  who  studied  at  Paris, 
vnderGerson,  and  in  1393,  became  rector  of 
the  university.  From  a  letter  which  he 
wrote  to  Charles  VI.  of  France,  exhorting 
Iiim  to  put  an  end  to  the  papal  schism,  he 
was  accused  as  the  author  of  the  bull  of  ex- 
communication sent  against  his  sovereign  by 
Benedict  XIII.  and  he  took  refuge  into  a 
convent.  He  was  afterv/ards  reconciled  to 
the  king,  and  was  preferred.  He  died  1440. 
His  corru})t  state  of  tlie  church,  in  which 
he  boldly  developes  the  abuses  of  the  papal 
see,  was  published  by  Lydius,  a  protestant, 
in  Holland,  1613.  He  wrote  besides  a  trea- 
tise on  simony,  an  able  Mork. 

Clemexcet,  Charles,  a  French  Bene- 
dictine, born  at  Painblanc  in  Autun,  taugiit 
rhetoric  at  Pari.s,  where  he  died  1778,  aged 
74.  He  possessed  a  happy  memory,  and 
great  industry.  He  Avrote  tltat  valuble  book, 
I  art  de  verifier  Ics  dates,  4to.  1750,  and  fol. 
1770 — a  general  history  of  Port  Koyal,  ten 
vols.  12mo. — and  other  works. 

Clemens,  Titus  Flavins,  a  father  of  the 
church,  generally  called  Alexanxlrinus,  be- 
cause horn  at  Alexandria,  according  to  some. 
He  succeeded,  191,  Panietius,  in  tlie  calhe- 
tical  school  of  Alexandria,  wliore  he  died. 
The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  that  of  Pot- 
ter, 2  vols.  fol.  Oxford,  1715. 

Clemens,  Uomanus,  ji  father  of  the 
church,  tbe  companion  of  St.  Paul,  and 
bishop  of  Rome.  He  died  100.  His  epistle 
to  the  Corinthian  church  has  been  published 
1098,  and  translated  by  Wake  1703. 

TJlement    II.  bishop  of  Bamberg,   was  I 
elected  pope  by  the  council  of  Sutri   1046, 
and  died  %h  October  1047.    He  was  a  Saxon  ! 


by  birth,  and  was  distinguished  by  his  Z£a! 
against  simony. 

Clement  III.  bishop  of  Prseneste,  suc- 
ceeded Gregory  VHI.  as  pope  1187,  and 
died  27th  March  1191,  after  publishing  a 
crusade  against  the  Sai'acens. 

Clement  IV.  Guy  de  Foulques^  a 
Frenchman,  elected  pope  after  Urban  IV. 
at  Perouse,  1265.  Before  his  election  he 
had  been  a  soldier,  and  then  a  civilian,  and 
on  the  death  of  his  wife  he  took  orders,  and 
became  archbishop  of  Narbonne,  and  a  car- 
dinal. He  showed  great  moderation  and 
prudence,  and  refused  to  bestow  his  favors 
indiscriminately  on  his  relations.  He  died 
at  Viterbo  29th  November  1268. 

Clement  V.  or  Bertrand  de  Goth,  was 
born  at  Villaudran,  near  Bourdeaux.  He 
was  archbishop  of  Bourdeaux  13()0,  and  af- 
ter tlie  death  of  Benedict  XI.  Avas  elected 
pope  1305.  He  was  crowned  at  Lyons,  and 
removed  the  see  of  Rome  to  Avignon  1309. 
He  abolished  the  templars  at  the  request  of 
Philip  the  fair  of  France,  whose  views  he 
blindly  seconded.  He  is  accused  of  incon- 
tinence, by  his  intercourse  Avith  the  countess 
of  Perigord ;  and  he  Avas  extravagant  in  his 
expenses,  though  fond  of  acquiring  money. 
He  died  20th  April  1314,  at  Koquemaure, 
near  Avignon. 

Clement  VI.  Peter  Roger,  a  doctor  of 
Paris  university,  who  succeeded  Benedict 
XII.  on  the  papal  throne  1342.  He  is  re- 
presented by  Petrarch,  whom  he  patronised, 
as  a  worthy,  generous,  and  learned  prelate; 
but  other  historians  paint  him  as  debauched, 
proud,  and  ambitious.  He  died  6th  Decem- 
ber 1352,  at  AA-ignon. 

Clement   VH.  Julius  de  Medicis,  na- 
tural son  of  Julian  de  Medicis,  Avas  declared 
legitimate  by  Leo  X.  on  the  testimonv  of 
persons   Avho  said   they  had  Avitnessed  the 
marriage  of  his  pai^ents  ;  and  he   was  made 
by  him  legate  at  Bologna,  and  archbishop  of 
Narbonne   and  Florence.     He  Avas   elected 
pope    1523,   on   the   death   of  Adrian   VI. 
Gi'eat  as  a  pope,  he  Avas  Aveak  as  a  politician, 
and  by  the  holy  league  which  he  formed  be- 
tween Henry  VlH.  of  England  and  Francis 
I.  of  France,  he  drcAv  upon  himself  the  re- 
sentment of  Charles  V.  who  took  and  plun- 
dered Rome,  and  besieged  the  holy  pontift" 
in   the    castle   of  St.  Angelo.     Though   he 
escaped,  he  Avas  obliged  to  submit  to  igno- 
minious terms  ;  but  though  assisted  by  Hen- 
ry, he  refused  to  countenance  his  divorce  " 
from  Catharine  of  Arragon  ;    and  Avhen  the 
English  monarch  married  AnnaBoleyn,  the 
sovereign  pontiff"  issued  a  bull  of  excommu- 
nication against  him,  and  thus  produced  the 
separation   of  England    from    the    Roman 
church.     He  died  2fith  Sei>tember  1534. 

Clement  VIII.  Hippolitu?  AKlobrandin, 
a  native  of  Florence,  made  cardinal  by  Six- 
tus  V.  and  elected  pope  after  the  death  of 
Innocent  IX.  1592.  He  first  opposed  the 
election  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  but  after- 
Avards  Avas  reconciled  to  him,  though  he  se- 
verely resented  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits, 
lie  Avas  a  liberal  minded  and   benevolent 


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prelate;    and   died  5th    March   1C05,    :iged 

<i9. 

Clement  IX.  Julius  Rosj)i<^liosi,  m:is 
born  iu  I'istoia  in  'I'usoany,  of  a  nnldc  fami- 
ly, and  was  elected  1GG7,  alter  the  death  of 
Alfxander  VII.  His  i-«/n;n  was  disturhcd  hv 
the  schisnis  of  the  JauStiiists;  hut  h«.*  hcai'd 
of  the  loss  of  Caudia,  which  w.is  taken  by 
the  Turks,  with  svuli  soi  row  that  he  died  of 
grief,  9th  Deceiuhi.r  lOOy,  ajced  71. 

Clement  X.  John  IJajitist  l>n»ilius  Al- 
tieri,  a  Itoman,  made  cardinal  by  Ciemenf 
iX.  wlunn  he  succieded  KiTO.  lie  was  mild 
and  amiable  in  tdiaracter;  and  as  all  the  bu- 
siness of  the  papal  see  was  managed  by  his 
/lephew,  the  llomans  jocosely  said  there 
Avere  two  popes,  the  one  in  fact,  the  other 
in  name.  He  died  22d  July  1G76,  aged 
80. 

Clement  XI.  John  Francis  Alhani,  son 
of  a  Roman  senator,  "was  liorn  at  Fesaro 
1G49,  luid  made  a  cardinal  IfiOO,  and  elected 
pope  1700,  on  the  death  of  Innocent  XH. 
lie  was  three  davs  in  determining  whether 
to  accept  of  the  popedoni  or  not.  He  was 
an  able  politician;  but  his  reign  was  distur- 
bed by  the  schism  of  tlie  Jansenists  ;  and  he 
published  a  bull  in  1705  against  the  live  fa- 
mous pixipositions.  In  1713  he  issued  his  bull 
called  unigenitus  against  101  propositions  of 
the  new  testament  by  Quesuel;  a  book  wliich 
he  had  originally  approved  and  commended, 
but  which  the  virulence  of  the  times  obliged 
him  to  condemn.  He  gave  a  friendly  re- 
ception to  the  pretender;  and  died  at  Rome 
19th  March  1721,  aged  72.  His  works  were 
edited  at  Home,  in  2  vols.  fol.  1729. 

Clement  XII.  Laurence  Corsini,  a  na- 
tive of  Rome,  raised  to  the  popedom,  1730, 
after  the  death  of  Benedict  Xlil.  He  la- 
bored earnestly  in  the  reform  of  abuses, 
and  when  the  cardinals  wished  to  rcconi- 
mend  to  him  particular  ministers,  he  iiobly 
replied,  it  is  for  the  cardinals  to  elect  popes, 
but  for  the  pope  to  eicct  his  ministers.  He 
died  6th  February  1740,  aged  near  8S ; 
and  so  popular  Avas  his  government,  that 
the  Romans  erected  a  brazen  statue  to  his 
lionor. 

Clement  XIII.  Charles  llezzonico,  a 
native  of  Venice,  made  a  cardinal  1737,  by 
Clement  XII.  and  raised  to  the  see  of  Padua 
1743,  Avhere  his  conduct  Avas  so  amiable  and 
benevolent,  that  on  the  death  of  Benedict 
XIV  .  he  was  elected  pope  175S.  During  his 
reign  the  Jesuits  were  expelled  from  France, 
Spain,  and  Naples.  He  died  suddenly,  2(1 
February  1709,  aged  70,  much  respected, 
and  to  his  last  moments  heavily  afflicted 
Avith  the  dissensions  which  disturbed  the 
church. 

Clement  XIV.  John  Vincent  Anthony 
Ganganelli,  son  of  a  physic-xn  of  St.  Arcli- 
angelo  near  Rimini,  was  born  31st  October 
1705.  When  18  he  entered  among  the 
•Franciscans,  and  applied  himself  to  the 
studies  of  philosophy  and  divinity  at  Passa- 
ro,  Recanati,  Fano,  and  Rome,  and  when  at 
the  age  of  35,  he  became  public  professor  in 
the  cqliege  of  Bonaveuture.  He  was  employed 


under  Tltncditt  XIV.  in  the  counril  ftf  th« 
holy  ollice,  and  the  next  pope,  Clement  XllT. 
M  ho  ei|u:dly  knew  his  nuMit,  rais»-d  him  to 
tk«r  purple.  Though  raiied  to  dignity,  he 
preserve<l  the  habit  anti  the  austerity  of  .i 
]ioor  ecclesiastic,  but  in  his  opinions  he  es- 
poused the  cause  of  foreign  princes,  ?.iid 
spoke  bf)ldly  of  the  neccHsity  of  expelling 
the  ,»esui(s.  On  the  death  of  CMcment  XIH. 
he  was  elected  in  a  tunjidiuous  assembly  of 
the  conclave,  aiul  proclaimed  pope  by  car- 
dinal de  Bernis.  'I'he  diflicidties  wliich 
sui  rounded  him  were  artfully  removed  ;  he 
negotiated  with  Portugal,  Si)ain,  and  France, 
who  seemed  incliiKMl  to  make  dee[»  iiiro:id» 
on  the  papal  power,  and  at  theii-  pressing 
solicitations  he,  in  1773,  formally  suppressed 
the  Jesuits.  'I'he  violent  spirit  of  the  times, 
and  the  unpopular  measures  which  lU-'cessitV 
obliged  him  to  adopt,  at  last  wasted  away 
his  strength,  and  produced  such  debility  as 
proved  fatal  '2'^2d  Siptember  J774,  though 
some  have  been  accused  of  hastening  his 
death  by  poison.  In  his  character  lie  wa» 
bold,  upright,  benevolent,  and  mild,  the 
friend  of  literature,  and  an  enemy  to  all 
abuses.  When  desired  to  live  with  greater 
splendor,  he  replied  tiiat  neither  St.  Peter 
nor  St.  Francis  had  taught  him  to  dine 
splendidh'.  His  life  lias  been  published  by 
Cai'accioli,  and  some  letters  have  appearecl, 
4  vols.  I'Jmo.  17r0,  under  his  name,  though 
they  are  supposed  many  of  them  to  be  spu- 
rious. 

Clement,  David,  a  native  of  Hof  Geis- 
mar,  who  succeeded  his  father  as  pastor  of 
a  French  congregation  there,  from  which  he 
removed  to  Brunswick  1730,  and  then  to 
Hanover,  Avhere  he  died  17G0.  He  is  author 
of  bibliotheque  curieusc  historique  <ie  livrcs 
difficiles  a  trouver,  9  vols.  4to. — Si»ecimen 
Bibliotlieca;  Hispano, — Majensi^,  .sive  Idea 
novi  catalogi  scriptorum  His]»an.  in  biblio- 
theca  Greg. — Majens  1753,  &tc. 

Clement,  Francis,  a  native  of  Beze  in 
Burgundy,  member  of  the  congregation  of 
St.  ?ilaur.  He  was  employed  by  his  supe- 
riors at  Paris  to  continue  Rivet's  liter.Ti*y 
history  of  France,  of  wliich  he  wrote  the 
11th  and  l'2th  vols.  He  afterAvards  <  om- 
jiosed  the  12th  and  13th  vols,  of  Bouquet's 
collection  of  French  liistoi'ians,  and  iiaprov- 
ed  Danti lie's  art  de  verifier  les  dates,  pub- 
lished bv  Durand  and  Cl?mencet  in  4to.*i- 
and  by  liimself,  3  vols.  fol.  17S3— 1792.  He 
began  I'ai't  de  verifier  les  dates  avant  J. 
Christ,  but  died  before  its  completion  1793, 


aged  79 


Clement,  P*e(er,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who  became  travelling  tutor  to  lord  Wjdde- 
grave,  and  afterwards  settled  at  Paris, 
w  hei'e  he  conducted  fbe  Xouvollcs  literaries 
de  France  from  1749  to  1754.  He  wrote 
also  some  poems,  and  Merope  a  tragedy, 
and  George  Barnwell  translated  from  (he 
English,  &c.  He  Avas  not  always  correct  in 
his  cliaracter,  but  often  licentious.  He  died 
1707,  aged  00. 

Cleobulus,  one  of  the  scAcn  wisq  men 
of  Greece,  Avho  d.ed  afeout  5G0  B.  C 


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Cleombuotus,  two  kings  of  Sptii-tn. 
The  one  tell  at  the  battle  ol'  Leuctra,  f5.  C 
Sri,  and  the  other  was  son-in-laM  of  Lconi- 
<las,  an<l  Avas  banished  afterwards. 

Ci-EOMENES,  a  king  of  Sparta,  Avho  slew 
himself  B.  C  401. — Another,  who  succeeded 
Ascesipolis  his  brother,  and  reiijnod  61  years. 
— Another  who  v.  as  defeated  by  llie  Acha*- 
ans,  and  fled  into  Egvpt  where  he  destroyed 
himseif,  B.  C.  21'.». 

Cleopatra,  a  queen  of  Eg}'pt,  who  in- 
trigued with  J.  Caesar  to  ensure  the  posses- 
sion of  her  kingdom,  and  afterwards  nuir- 
ried  Antony,  whom  she  attended  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Actiuni.  Not  to  be  led  a  captive  in 
the  triumph  of  the  victorious  Augustus  she 
destroyed  herself  by  the  bit^  of  an  asp,  B. 
C.  30.' 

Cleostratts,  a  Grecian  astronomer, 
wlio  invented  the  signs  of  the  zodiac,  and 
I'eformcd  the  Greek  calendar,  B.  C.  bSG. 

Clekc,  John  le,  a  celebrated  scholar 
born  at  Geneva,  19th  March  16^7.  As  liis 
father  was  a  physician  of  eminence,  and  a 
Circek.  professor  at  Geneva,  the  greatest  at- 
tention was  paid  to  his  education,  and  after 
studying  belles  lettres  and  the  classics  with 
the  most  indefHtigable  earnestness  he  direc- 
ted his  thoughts  to  divinity  at  the  age  of  19, 
and  was  at  the  proper  time  admitted  into 
orders.  He  soon  after  embraced  Arminian- 
ism,  and  after  residing  some  time  at  Saii- 
mur,  he  visited  England,  where  he  was  ho- 
nored with  the  acquaintance  of  many  Icarnefl 
and  respectable  characters.  Ashe  totally  dif- 
fered from  his  friends  and  connexions  at  Ge- 
neva, with  i-espect  to  religious  opinions,  he 
determined  not  to  I'eside  among  them,  hut 
settled  at  Amstei-dam  108:3,  where  he  be- 
came popular  as  a  preacher,and  particularly 
as  professor  of  philosopliy,  Hebrew,  and  po- 
lite literature.  His  ars  critica,  3  vols.  12nio. 
was  published  in  1696,  and  in  1709  appeared 
his  Sulpicius  Severus,  his  Grotius,  and  also 
the  remains  of  Menander  and  Philemon,  a 
collection  which  drew  «pon  him  the  severe 
censures  of  those  able  scholars  Bentley  and 
Burman.  Le  Clerc  died  8th  Jan.  17o0,  in 
ids  roth  year,  having  been  afflicted  for  the 
last  six  years  with  great  weakness  of  intel- 
lects. He  married,  at  the  age  of  3i,  the 
daughter  of  Gregorio  Leti,  by  whom  he  had 
four  children,  wlio  all  died  young.  Manj" 
of  his  works  were  dedicated  to  Enghsh  i)re- 
lates  and  other  leading  men  in  the  nation  ; 
yet  his  name  was  particularly  unpopular  in 
England,  and  his  writings  were  severely 
censured  by  some  of  the  clergy,  and  for  this 
he  was  indebted  to  the  Arminian  principles 
Tvhich  he  had  indiibed,  and  the  acrimonious 
language  which  he  used  against  episcopacy. 
At  one  time  his  admirers  in  Pingland  m  ere 
desiifjus  of  fixing  him  in  a  more  independent 
stale  here,  than  he  enjoyed  at  Amsterdam, 
Ijut  the  scheme  was  thwarted  by  opposite 
opinions.  AViiatever  might  be  the  prejudice 
of  his  enemies,  he  certainly  deserved  well 
of  literature,  for' his  many  valuable  writings 
in  criticism,  religion,  and  philosophy,  and 
he  must  be  respected  «s  aa  able  writer  and 


sound  divine,  and  an  erudite  scholar.  His 
other  works  are  systems  of  logic,  entologv', 
and  pneumatology,  besides  a  translation  of 
the  bible  in(o  French,  8cc.  He  also  conduc- 
ted the  bildiotheque  choisie  from  1705  to 
1713,  12S  vols.  I'imo  — bibliolheque  ancienne 
8c  moderne  29  vols.  1720 — and  bibliotheque 
univcrsclle  &c  hihtorique  to  1603,  23  vols, 
l2mo. 

Ci.ERC,  Sebastian  le,  originally  a  helper 
in  the  kitclicn  of  the  abbey  of  St.  A  mould 
at  Metz,  displayed  early  proofs  of  genius  as 
a  pointer.  'J'he  scraps  of  paper  on  which  he 
had  made  some  rude  delineations  were  seen 
accidentally  by  the  prior  of  the  house,  who 
h;ul  t!ie  kindness  to  encourage  him  and  to 
tavor  his  advancement.  He  studied  geome- 
try and  persj)ective,  and  gradually  rose  to 
eminence,  till  distinguished  by  marshal 
de  la  Ferte,  and  made  engraver  to  Lewis 
XIV.  and  knighted  by  Clement  XL  He 
died  at  Paris  2>th  October  1714,  aged  77. 
He  was  adnjirable  in  his  larnlscapes,  archi- 
tecture and  ornaments,  and  he  has  gained 
credit  as  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  archi- 
tecture 2  vols.  ko. — a  treatise  on  geometry, 
&c.  Svo. — and  another  on  perspective.  Not 
less  than  3000  pieces  are  mentioned  as  the 
work  of  his  graver,  and  he  had  the  art,  after 
Callot,  of  introducing  live  or  si.x  leagues  ex- 
tent of  country  in  a  small  space. 

Clerc,  Daniel  le,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
where  his  father  was  Greek  professor.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Paris  and  Montpellier, 
and  practised  with  great  reputation  and  suc- 
cess at  Geneva.  He  was  made  member  of 
the  council  of  state  1704,  and  then  quitted 
!  his  professional  labors,  and  died  1728.  He_ 
was  a  learned  antiquary,  and  wrote  bihlio- 
theca  anatomica,  kc.  2  vols.  fol. — histoire  dc 
la  medicine,  Geneva,  8 vo.  1606,  translated  into 
English — historia  jiaturalis  k  medica  lato- 
rum  lumbrjcorum,  bcc. 

Cleiic,  John  le,  a  French  painter,  knight- 
ed at  Venice,  where  he  died  1633,  aged  46. 

Clerke,  Gilbert,  a  native  of  Uppington, 
Rutlandshire,  educated  at  Sidney  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  h.e  became  fellow.  He 
was  an  able  Grecian  and  mathematician,  but 
strongly  favoring  the  Socinians,  he  left  the 
university  for  a  sni:dl  estate  in  Northampton- 
shire, wiiere  he  died  about  1695,  aged  69. 
He  wrote  an  answer  to  bishop  Bull's  work 
on  the  (hvinc  faith — and  a  treatise  on  Ought' 
red's  clavis  mathematica,  &c. 

C  L  E  R  M  o  X  T  T  o  N  is;  e  R  r  E ,  St  auislaus  count 
of,  a  French  nobleman  in  the  states  general 
assembled  at  Paris  1789.  He  showed  him- 
self an  able  orator,  attached  to  order,  the 
friend  of  limited  monarch}',  and  au  enemy  to 
jKipular  tunjults.  His  opposition  to  the  Jaco- 
l>In  club  sent  him  to  prison,  where  he  was 
massacred  on  the  Ist  day  of  Sept.  1793. 
His  opinions  have  been  ])ublished  in  4  vols. 
Svo. — and  his  cxamen  de  la  constitution,  Svo. 

1791. His  faiher,  the  duke  of  Clermont, 

was  cruelly  guillotined  26th  July  1793,  aged 
74. 

Clevela:nd  or  Cleiveland,  John,  a 
poet  in  tlje  rejg;n  of  Charles  L  was  born  at 


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l.migliborough  10 13,  son  ol"  n  i;Icr{j>iii5in, 
and  e<lii(;at«<l  at  Clirist  rolU};e,  Canil)n<lgi', 
fifun  uJikli  he  was  rcinovetl  to  St.  John's,  of 
viiicii  \ic  In'canu-  a  h-llow  in  iGJl.  Asfiitor 
he  gained  great  applause  ;  sind  as  a  political 
writer,  he  alilv  served  the  royal  canse. 
'I'lioiJgh  unsuci<ssriill\ ,  he  opposed  llie  tlce- 
tion  of  Oliver  Croniw  ell  to  he  a  member  for 
the  town  of  Canilu-idge,  and  wlien  he  found 
his  place  of  residence  no  longer  safe,  he  re- 
tired to  Oxforil,  where  the  king  had  fixed  his 
head  <piarters.  His  satirical  pieces,  espe- 
cially "the  rebel  Sent,"  vere  greatly  ad- 
mired ;  he  was  rewarded  for  his  loyalty,  hy 
tlie  appointment  of  judge  advocate  of  the 
garrison  <»f  Newark  ;  but  when  tiiis  uas 
taken  by  the  republicans,  he  made  his  escape, 
destitute  and  jiooi-.  He  was  seized  at  Nor- 
vicli,  and  lietained  as  a  ])ers«)n  of  great  abili- 
ties and  averse  to  the  reigning  government, 
and  he  obtained  his  liberty  by  writing  to 
Cromwell  a  letter,  in  which,  while  he  suppli- 
«»ates  his  enlargement,  he  boldly  avows  his 
principles  arvl  defends  his  conduct.  After 
liis  release,  he  retired  to  London,  Avhere  he 
became  the  companion  of  the  wits  and  loyal- 
ists of  the  times,  especiallv  of  the  author  of 
Hudibras.  He  died  of  an  intermittent  fever, 
2yth  April  1659.  His  remains  were  honora- 
bly buried  at  St.  ISiichael  Royal,  College- 
hill,  :uid  a  sermon  preaclied  over  him  by  his 
friend  fierson,  afterwards  bishop  of  Chester. 
Thongli  courted  and  admired  as  a  poet  in  his 
own  age,  and  pi'eferred  before  Milton  by  his 
contemporaries,he  is  now  sunk  into  oblivion. 
The  last  edition  of  his  poems  is  in  8vo.  1687. 
The  subjects  of  his  muse  were  the  party  po- 
litics of  the  day.  He  Avas  one  of  those  me- 
taphysical ])oets  who  abound  vith  witty 
leather  than  just  thoughts,  whose  learned  al- 
lusions amuse  and  glitter  for  a  moment,  and 
]»ossess  nothii^g  of  the  simplicity  and  genuine 
elegance  which  must  please  and  captivate 
Mith  equal  charms  every  reader  in  every  age. 

Clifford,  George,  third  earl  of  Cum- 
berland, was  eminent  as  a  navigator.  He 
V.  as  born  in  1558,  and  was  educated  at  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  Avhere  Whitgift,  after- 
Avards  primate,  was  his  tutor.  After  apply- 
ing himself  to  the  siudv  of  mathematics,  he 
Avas  employed  under  government,  and  in 
1586  sat  as  one  of  the  peers  on  tlie  unforta- 
nate  Mary  queen  of  Scots.  He  was  of  a 
genius  hold  and  enterprising,  and  not  less 
than  eleven  expeditions  by  sea  were  under- 
taken by  liiui,  and  at  his  own  expense,  either 
tor  purposes  of  discovery,  or  for  the  annoy- 
ance of  the  enemies  of  his  country.  Besides 
the  many  valuable  captures  which  he  made, 
he  deserved  the  favor  of  his  royal  mistress, 
who  created  him  knight  of  the  garter  1591. 
In  lOOl  he  was  one  of  those  employed  to  re- 
duce Essex  to  o])cdience.  He  died  in  the 
Savoy,  London,  30th  October  1005,  and  was 
buried  at  Kipton  in  Yorkshire.  His  daugh- 
ter was  the  famous  Anne,  countess  of  Dorset, 
Pembroke  and  Montgomery. 

Clifford,  Martin,  an  English  Avriter, 
educated  at  '^^'estminster  school  and  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  and  wu^  uiude  mar>tcr  of 


the  Charter-house  after  the  restoration.  He 
was  author  of  a  treatise  on  human  reason, 
liublisbed  anonymously  1675,  in  which  he 
makes  every  man's  fancy  tlie  guide  of  his 
religion.  Of  thi.s  hook  Lancy  bishop  of  Ely 
declared,  at  a  pnl)lic  dinner  at  the  (Jhart-r- 
house,  th.it  all  the  copies  and  the  author 
himself  ought  to  be  humeri.  He  died  1077, 
:ind  was  buried  in  the  Charter-hons*-  chape!. 
Sprat  dedicated  his  life  of  Cowley  to  him, 
and  it  is  supposed  that  he  was  concemcd  in 
the  liehearsal. 

Cliniov,  Henry,  grandson  of  Francis 
sixth  earl  of  Lincoln,  Mas  knight  of  the  Hath, 
and  engaged  as  general  in  the  American 
war.  He  evacuated  I'liiladelpbia  in  1778, 
and  took  Charlestown  in  1780,  for  which  he 
was  thanked  by  the  house  of  commons.  He 
returned  to  England  in  1782,  and  soon  after 
published  an  account  of  the  campaign  in 
1781-.S3,  whicli  lord  Cornwallis answered,  and 
to  which  sir  ileru'}'  made  a  reply.  He  was 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  1795,  and  also  mem- 
ber for  Newark,  and  died  soon  after. 

Clissov,  Oliver  de,  a  native  of  Britany, 
who  fought  at  the  battle  of  Aurai  in  1364, 
by  the  side  of  his  friend  count  Montfort. 
He  afterwards  followed  the  fortunes  of  Cucs- 
clin,  and  succeeded  him  as  constable  of 
France  1380.  In  1382  he  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  Rosebcc ;  but  he  incur- 
red the  hatred  of  the  duke  of  Britany,  who 
caused  him  to  be  condemned  to  death  iu 
1387,  tiiough  he  escaped,  and  was  afterwards 
reconciled  to  liis  persecutors.  The  mental 
disorders  of  Charles  \1.  proved  fatal  to  his 
fortune,  he  was  deprived  of  all  his  honors, 
and  in  consequence  retired  to  his  seat  in 
Britany,  a\  heie  lie  died  1407,  deservedly  re- 
spected for  his  valor,  integrity  and  humanity. 

Clisthexes,  an  Athenian,  who  intro- 
duced the  law  of  ostracism,  which  proved  so 
fatal  to  many  illustrious  generals.  He  had 
a  share  in  the  banishment  of  the  Pisistra- 
tidrc. 

Clitomachus,  a  Carthaginian  pliiloso- 
pher,  disciple  of  Carncades.  It  is  said, 
that  lie  wrote  above  400  volumes,  and  he  put 
an  end  to  his  life  in  his  old  age. 

Cli  VE,  liobert,  a  celebrated  general,  born 
at  Styche,  JNIoreton  Say,  the  family  seat  of 
his  ancestors,  near  Market-drayton,  29th 
Sept.  1725.  He  was  placed  at  school  atLos- 
tock  in  Cheshire,  and  afterwards  at  Market- 
drayton,  then  atSlerchant-taylors',  and  lastly 
at  Hcmel-Hempstead,  and  probably  from 
the  rapidity  of  these  changes,  his  education 
did  not  receive  that  high  i)olish,  which  a  re- 
gular unvaried  system  might  have  ensured. 
In  1743,  he  vv'as  ai>i)ointed  writer  to  the 
East  India  company,  but  his  obstinate  inflex- 
ible dipposition  often  exposed  him  to  the 
suspicion  and  censure  of  his  sui)criors.  In 
one  instance  his  conduct  to  the  secretary 
was  so  reprehensible,  that  the  governor  in- 
sisted on  his  making  an  apology.  Clive  made 
the  apology  with  contemi»t,  and  in  such,  am- 
biguous terms,  that  the  secretary  mistook  it 
for  a  compliment,  and  itivited  him  to  dinner, 
*•'  No   sir,"   replied  tlic    unsubdued  Clive, 


CL 


C^ 


*'  the  governor  did  not  command  me  to  dine 
with  you."     In  1747  he  accepted  anensigncy 
in  the    military   service,  and  highly  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  siege  of  Pondicherry, 
^v]lere  he   received  a  shot  in   his  hat,   and 
another  in  his  co:*t.     At  the  seige  of  Devi 
Cotah  under  major  Lawrence,  he  volunteer- 
ed  to  storm   the  town,    and   he   and  three 
others  or.ly  out  of  34  who  had  undertaken  this 
perilous  atten:ii)t,  returned,  but  so  teri^fied 
^verc   the   enemy  that  they  abandoned  the 
town.     On  the  cessation  of  hostilities,  he  re- 
turned to  his  civil  oflioe,   and  became   com- 
Biissary  to  the  trooy)S.     In  1753,  he  returned 
to  E'lgland,  and  his  services  were   acknow- 
ledged  by  the  handsome  present  of  a  sword 
set  with  diamonds,  by  the  court  of  directors. 
He   revisited   India   as  governor   of  fort  St. 
David,   and  Avith  the  rank  of  lieutenant  co- 
lonel, and  he  ably  assisted  admiral  "Watson 
ID   the  conquest   of  the   pirate  Angria,   and 
took  fort  William  in  Bengal.     At  the  battle 
of    Plassey   he   completely    routed    Surajah 
Dowla,  an<l  settled  JafHer  AUi  Cawn  on  the 
ijironc   of    Muxadabad.     fie  ^v^s  made   an 
Irish  peer  on  his  coming  to  England  in  1760, 
and  four  years  after  he  went  back  as  presi- 
dent, when  the  vigor  of  his  counsels,  and  the 
bolduessof  his  measures,  restored  tranquillity 
to  the  cast,  and   security  to  the  inhabitants. 
In  1707  he  reached  home,  and  in  17G9  was 
made  knight  of  the  Batli.     Though  his  ser- 
vices were  so  gi'eat  and  so  meritorious,  yet 
he  did  not  escape  the  malevolent  insinuations 
of  his  enemies.     His  fortune  was  immense, 
and  his  assistance  in  one  instance  was  reward- 
ed by  the  !Mogul  by  the  present  of  a  tract  of 
country  producing  ayearly  revenue  of  17,0(30Z. 
This  great  opuleuoe,  therefore,  drew  upon 
him   the  censures    of  some  of   the    iiiem- 
bers  of  the  house  of  commons,  v.lio  in  1773 
made  a  motion  that,  in  the  acquisition  of  his 
"wealth,  lord  Clive  had    abused  the   powers 
■uith  M  hich  he  was  intrusted.     Against  this 
charge  he  made  a  short  but  most  energetic 
defence,  and    the    conclusion   was  that   the 
house  voted  that   lord   Clive   had  rendered 
great  and  meritorious  services  to  his  country. 
His  abilities  as  a  general   were  universally 
admired,  Mr.  Pitt  called  him  a  heaven-born 
general,  who,  without  experience  and  regu- 
lar stud}-,  surpassed  all  the  military  men  of 
his  age.     On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Amer- 
ican war,  Clive  was  offered  the  place  of  com- 
mander in  chief,   which  in    consequence  of 
the  ill  state  of  his  health  he  declined.     He 
•«'as  from  1760  to  the  day  of  his  death  repre- 
sentative for  Shrewsbui'y.    His  health,  which 
•was  dreadfully  shattered  by  a  severe  nervous 
fever  while  at  Madras,  gradually  declined, 
he  seldom   was   Avithout  an  attendant  about 
his  person,  and   his  depression  of  spirits  at 
Tast  became  so  great  that  in  one  fatal  moment 
he  lost  his  reasoi\  and  destroyed  himself  No- 
vember 22d,  1774.     He  was  buried  at  ISIore- 
ton  Say  the  place  of  his  birth.     He  married 
in  1753,  Margaret,  sister  of  Dr.  Maskelyne, 
the   learned  astronomer  royal,  by  whom  he 
Tr^d  two  sons  and  thi-ee  daughters.     He  made 
a- noble  present  of  70,000/.  to  the  invalids  in 
tile  c*om[iany's:5£j>vice. 


Clive,  Catherine,  au  eminejit  actress 
born  in  1711.  She  first  appeared  at  Drury- 
lane  in  boy's  clothes  in  the  character  of  Is- 
menes,  and  continued  to  improve  till  her  de- 
lineation of  Nell  in  the  Devil  to  pay,  exhibited 
her  in  the  possession  of  such  superior  talents 
that  for  30  years  sJie  remained  unrivalled  on 
the  stage.  In  1732  she  married  George 
Clive,  a  gentleman  of  the  law,  brother  lo 
lord  Clive,  but  their  union  Avas  productive  of 
no  domestic  happiness,  s(i.that  they  sepa- 
i-ated,  and  never  again  lived  together.  In 
1769,  Mrs.  Clive,  foIloAving  the  example  of 
Mrs.  Pritchard,  retired  from  the  stage,  and 
lived  at  Strawberry  hill,  Twickenham,  Avhere 
she  spent  the  rest  of  her  life  in  comfortable 
and  independent  ease.  She  died  December 
6th,  1785,  highly  respected  in  private  as  avcU 
as  in  public  life.  Her  poAvers  of  acting  Avere 
very  great  and  diA'ersified,  and  she  never 
failed  to  please  and  captivate  either  as  the 
capricious  coquette,  the  high  bred  lady,  the 
jealous  Avife,  the  affected  chambermaid, 
or  the  superannuated  beauty. 

Clodius,  I'ublius,  a  Roman  senator  of 
debauched  character.  He  Avas  a  great  ene- 
my to  Cato  and  Cicero,  and  at  last  Avas  kil- 
led in  an  accidental  encounter  bv  Milo,  B. 
C.  53. 

Cloots,  Anacharsis,  a  native  of  Prussia', 
Avho,  in  the  madness  of  the  French  revolutiojx, 
called  himself  the  orator  of  the  human  race, 
and  as  a  member  of  the  national  convention 
he  voted  for  the  king's  death.  He  was  a  man 
of  letters  and  uepheAv  of  W.  PaUAv,  and  pub- 
lished the  "  republique  uniA'erselle,"  bQt  he 
Avas  as  profane  in  his  religious  as  he  Avas  li- 
centious in  his  political  tenets.  He  Avas  guil- 
lotined March  24tli,  1794. 

Clopinel,  or  John  de  Meun,  a  French 
poet,  born  in  1280,  died  about  1364.  He  Avas 
a  favorite  at  the  court  of  Philip  the  fair,  and 
acquired  some  celebrity  by  continuing  the 
nnlinished  poem  of  the  Romance  of  the  Rose^ 
by  W.  de  Loris.  He  translated  Boethius* 
consolations.  His  rOnlance  Avas  edited  1735, 
three  vols.  12mo. 

Cj.osterman,  N.  a  portrait  painter  Avho 
settled  in  London  from  Hanover  1681.  He 
went  to  Spain  in  1696,  Avhere  he  gained 
much  money  by  his  profession.  He  died 
1713,  of  a  broken  heart  on  being  robbed,  and 
abandoned,  by  his  mistress. 

Clotaire  I.  fourth  son  of  (ylovis,  and 
Clotilda  Avas  king  of  Soissons,  and  after  the 
death  of  Thierri  and  of  Childebert,  he  imited 
the  whole  French  monarchy  under  his  poAver 
558.  He  distinguished  himself  against  the 
Saxons  and  the  Thuringians,  and  died  at 
Compeigne  561,  in  the  64th  year  of  his  age 
and  the  5  1st  of  his  reign. 

Clot  A  IRE  H.  son  and  successor  of  Chil- 
peric,  in  the  kingdom  of  Soissons,  Avas  sup- 
ported by  his  mother  Fredegonde  against 
Childebert,  and  though  after  her  deatii  he 
was  defeated  by  Theodebert  king  of  Austra- 
sia,  and  Thierri  king  of  Burgundy,  he  had  the 
gooil  fortune  to  unite  that  poAver  to  his  own 
dominions.  Though  cruel  and  oppressive  m 
his  coiiJirct,  some  %\ithors  have  praised  lu5 


x:l 


CO 


^yistice  ami  the  wisdom  of  some  p;irt  of  his 
government.  He  died  G28,  aged  45,  leaving 
two  sons,  Uagobert  and  Cliariljert. 

CL.ojA,iRii:  III.  king  of  Ilurgnndy  and 
Neusiria,  after  the  death  of  his  father  Clovis 
II.  C55,  was  chiefly  governed  l»y  his  mother 
Batilda.     He  die(1  070,  without  children. 

(Ji.o  VI o,  George,  a  Solavonian,  eminent 
as  an  historical  and  miniature  painter,  lie 
died  1578,  aged  80. 

Ci.ovis  1.  the  proper  founder  of  the 
i'rench  monarchy,  was  born  407,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Childeric  4Sl.  He  was 
victorious  against  the  Romans,  but  in  a  hal- 
tle  with  the  (icrmans,  when  he  saw  his 
troops  ready  to  give  way,  he  made  a  vow 
that  he  would  worship  the  God  of  the  chris- 
tians, as  his  wife  Clotilda  had  advised  hint  to 
<lo,  and  after  obtaining  the  victory,  he  was 
converted  from  tlie  heathen  religion,  and 
•was  baptized  with  .'JOOO  of  his  subjects,  on 
Christmas-day,  by  St.  Remi,  archbisliop  of 
Kheinis.  He  was  victorious  in  other  battles 
against  the  Goths,  and  though  he  was  check- 
ed in  a  battle  by  Thendoric  near  Aries,  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  subdue  the  best  part 
of  Gaul  under  his  power,  and  he  fixed  his 
residence  at  Paris,  which  he  made  the  capi- 
tal of  his  dominions.  He  died  511,  aged  45, 
in  the  30th  year  of  his  reign. 

(/Lovis  II.  succeeded  his  father  Dagobert 
638,  and  was  a  mild  and  benevolent  prince, 
though  accused  of  debauchery  and  cowardice. 
He  died  055,  aged  23. 

Clovis  hi.  succeeded  his  father  Tliierrl 
HI.  091.  He  reigned  five  years,  and  died  at 
the  age  of  14.  He  was  governed  by  Pepin 
Heristal,  who,  as  mayor  of  the  palace,  go- 
verned the  kingdom  at  his  pleasure. 

Clowes,  William,  a  surgeon  of  eminence 
of  whom  few  particulars  are  known.  He  was 
originally  a  surgeon  in  the  navy,  and  was  af- 
terwards surgeon  to  Bartholomew  and  Christ 
hospitals,  London,  and  to  queen  Elizabeth. 
His  last  publication  on  the  venereal  disease 
was  in  1590,  reprinted  1037. 

Cluentius,  a  Roman  accused  by  his 
mother  ofmurdering  his  father.  He  was  ably 
defended  by  Cicero. 

-Cluverius,  Philip,  a  celebrated  geo- 
grapher, born  at  Dantzic  15S0.  He  studied 
law  at  Leyden,  but  his  genius  asid  the  advice 
of  Jos.  Scaliger  directed  him  to  geography. 
He  travelled  to  improve  himself  through 
<iermany,  England,  France,  and  Italy,  and 
it  is  said  he  could  talk  with  fluency  ten  dif- 
ferent languages.  He  died  at  Leyden  16'23, 
43  years  old.  He  published  de  tribus  Rheni 
alveis — Italia — Germania  antiqua, — Sicilia  & 
Sardinia, — introductio  ad  gcograph.  univer- 
salem,  f<c. 

Cobb,  Samuel,  an  ingenious  poet,  educa- 
ted at  Christ's  hospital,  of  which  he  after- 
wards became  master.  He  was  of  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge.  He  died  at  London  1713. 
He  w  rote  observations  on  Virgil,  and  a  col- 
lection of  poems  8vo.  1700.  He  also  assisted 
Row  e  in  his  Callipredia,  and  Ozell  m  hisBoi- 
Teau's  lutrin. 

CoBDEX,  "^dward  D,  D.  first  chgplain  to 


Gibson  bishop  of  London,  and  afterwards  hv 
22  years  to  (ieorge  II.  was  besiiles  archdea- 
con of  London,  prebendary  of  Lincoln  and 
St.  Paul's,  and  rector  of  Acton,  and  of  St. 
Austin  and  St.  Faith,  London,  'rhouj^li 
such  a  pluralist,  yet  his  income  did  not  ex- 
ceed 350/.  per  annum,  a  sum  which,  l)v 
mf)deralion  and  conleniment,  he  converted 
into  honorable  independence  and  dignified 
enjoy nienl.  He  pubiisbeil  '*  iliscourses  an<l 
essays,"  1757,  of  which  only  250  copies  were 
jwinied,  and  also  poems  for  llie  benefit  of  his 
curate's  widow.  He  survived  the  lo«ji  of  bis 
wife  two  years,  and  died  22d  April  1704, 
aged  above  8<.». 

CoccEius,  Henry,  a  native  of  Uremen, 
educated  at  Leydun,  and  made  ]u-ofes3or  of 
the  law  of  nature  and  nations  at  lleidelberg, 
from  which  he  removed  to  Utrecht,  an<l  af- 
terwards to  Frankfort  on  Oder.  In  1713,  he 
was  created  a  baron  of  the  empire  and  died 
1719,  aged  75.  He  is  author  of  juris  publici 
prudentiacompendiosc  exhibit.'* — i)ro(lromus 
ju'jtilice  gentium — deductionesconsilia,  &c.— 
Theses,  four  vols.  4to.  &cc. 

Co  ccE  I  us,  Samuel,  a  German  baroiv,  son 
of  the  preceding,  born  at  Frankfort  ou  the 
Oder.  He  w  as  in  the  servicg  of  Frederic 
the  great  of  Prussia,  and,  as  his  grand  chan- 
cellor, he  presided  with  dignity  and  gre»at 
impartiality  over  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice. Besides  the  IVedcrican  code,  pub- 
lished in  three  vols.  8vo.  1747,  he  edited  Gro- 
tius  de  jure  belli  pacis,  five  vols.  4to.  He  dieit 
1755. 

CoccEius,  or  Cock,  John,  a  native  of 
Bremen,  Hebrew  professor  there.  He  af- 
terwards removed  to  Franekci",  and  then  to 
Leyden,  where  he  obtained  the  theological 
chair.  He  excited  a  warm  controvei-sy  by 
the  singularitj'  of  his  opinions.  He  consideretl 
the  whole  of  the  old  testament  as  a  mystical 
representation  of  Christ  and  his  churcli,  and 
gave  to  every  word  and  sentence  a  metapho- 
rical interpretation.  He  was  an  advocate  for 
the  millennium,  and  deeply  studied  the  apo- 
calypse. His  followers  were  called  Cor- 
ccians.  He  died  at  Leyden  1609  aged  Gi. 
His  works  filled  10  vols.  fol. 

CoccHi,  Anthony,  professor  of  physic  at 
Florence  and  Pisa,  was  born  at  Mugellailo, 
and  died  1758,  aged  C2.  He  was  esteemed 
for  his  learning,  and  came  to  England  witli 
lord  Huntingdon  to  see  Mead,  Newton,  and 
other  learned  men.  He  was  intimate  witU 
Boerhaave.  He  was  antiquary  to  the  empe- 
ror. He  M-rote  a  treati.se  on  the  adv.antage^ 
of  the  Pythagorean  mode  of  life,  and  otlicf 
medical  treatises,  besides  an  edition  of  Zen* 
ophon  Ephcsius'  amoribus  Anthise  &  Abro- 
comce. 

Cochin,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  French  eti? 
gi-aver,  was  born  1008,  and  died  in  1754.  His 
principal  pieces  are  after  Watteau  and  le 
Moine,  and  from  the  paintings  of  the  inva- 
lids, in  w hich  he  was  engaged  10  years.- 
There  was  another  of  the  same  n.'vnie,  whoso 
smaller  pieces  are  greatly  admired,  especial- 
ly those  after  Vernent.  His  son,  who  msm- 
equally  eminent,  died  1790,  agetl  7.i.  He  was^ 


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author  of  letters  on  the  pictures  of  Hereula- 
neum — letters  on  the  lives  of  Siodz  and  De- 
shays — travels  in  Italy,  &c. — dissertation  on 
the  effect  of  light  and  shade,  &c. 

Cochin,  Heni-y,  a  native  of  Paris,  who 
studied  the  law,  and  was  as  eminent  at  tlie 
bar  as  Bourdaloue  was  in  the  pulpit.  He 
pleaded  his  first  cause  before  the  great  coun- 
cil when  at  the  age  of  only  22.  His  memo- 
rials, pbadings,  kc.  appeared  at  Paris,  in  6 
vols.  4to,  1751      He  died  1747,  aged  60. 

CocHL.£us,  John,  a  catholic  of  Nurem- 
berg, "vrho  warmly  attacked  Luther,  Bucer, 
Osiander,  Melancthon,  Calvin,  and  the  other 
reformers.  He  was  attacked  by  Dr.  jMorri- 
son,  an  Englishman,  for  his  tract  on  the  mar- 
riage of  Henry  VHI.  and  he  violently  de- 
fended himself.  He  died  .lanuary  10,  1.552. 
aged  72,  at  Breslaw.  His  Historia  Hussita- 
rum,  in  folio,  is  cuiious.  He  wrote  besides 
de  actis  et  scriptis  I.utheri,  kc.  • 

CocHRAM,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  educa- 
ted at  Padua,  and  employed  b}'  .lames  HI.  of 
Scotland  as  an  architect  to  erect  some  pub- 
lic buildings.  The  favor  which  he  enjoyed 
with  his  sovereign,  and  his  elevation  to  the 
earldom  of  Mar,  so  offended  the  old  nobilit}', 
that  they  tore  him  from  the  royal  presence, 
and  hanged  him  over  the  bridge  at  Lauder, 
1484. 

Cochran,  William,  a  Scotch  painter, 
born  December  12,  1758,  at  Strathaven, 
Clydesdale.  After  studying  at  Glasgow,  he 
went  to  Italy,  in  1701,  and  applied  liimself 
under  the  elireetion  of  Gavin  Hamilton  at 
Kome,  and  on  his  return  home  he  acquired 
great  celebrity,  and  some  opulence.  He  died 
October  23,  1785,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  church  of  Glasgow.  His  pieces  are 
much  admired,  especially  his  Daidalus  and 
Icarus,  and  his  Diana  and  Endymjon. 

CocKAiN,  sir  Alston,  a  native  of  Asli- 
bourne,  in  Derbyshire,  studied  at  Oxford, 
ftnd  was  fellow  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge. 
He  was  a  catholic,  which  circumstance  di- 
minished the  number  of  his  friends  ;  though 
his  poetry,  occasionally  licentious,  was  yet 
respectable.  His  e.xtravagjmce  reduced  him 
in  the  latter  part  of  his  life.  He  died  1G84, 
aged  78.  He  wrote  four  plays,  and  Dianea  a 
romance. 

CocKBURN,  Catharine,  ar*  ingenious  lady, 
daughter  of  captain  David  Trotter,  of  the 
navy.  From  a  protestant  she  became  a 
catholic,  and  again  was  i-econciled  to  thepro- 
testants.  In  1708  slic  married  Mr.  Cock- 
burn,  son  of  an  eminent  Scotch  divine,  who, 
though  at  first  a  nonjuroi-,  took  the  oaths, 
and  obtained  the  living  of  Long  Ilorsley, 
Cumberland.  Though  possessed  with  a  gen- 
ius for  poetry,  she  lunied  her  thoughts  to 
metaphysics,  and  defended  Locke  against 
Drs.  Burnet  and  Holdsworth.  She  survived 
her  husband  about  one  year,  and  died  1740, 
aged  70.  Her  works  were  collcct,etl  by  Dr. 
Birch,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 

Cocker,  Edward,  an  ingenious  penman, 
who  died  1677.  He  published  14  copy  books, 
engraved  by  his  own  hand,  besides  a  treatise 
on  arithmetic — a  small  English  Uictionary — 


and  a  book  of  sentences  for  Avriting  called 
Cocker's  morals. 

CoCLES,  Publ.  Horat.  a  lloman,  celebra- 
ted for  his  brave  defence  of  a  bridge  across 
the  Tiber,  against  the  whole  army  of  Por- 
sena. 

CoDuiNGTON,  Christopher,  a  gentleman 
of  genius  and  merit,  was  born  at  Barbadocs, 
and  educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford.  Ho 
was  elected  fellow  of  Ail-souls,  in  1689,  where 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  knowledge  of 
physic,  modern  and  classical  literature,  and 
divinity.  He  afterwards  entered  the  army, 
without  resigning  his  fellowship;  and  recom- 
mended himself  to  the  notice  of  king  "Wil- 
liam by  his  courage  in  repelling  the  French 
in  their  attack  on  St.  Christopher,  and  at  the 
siege  of  Namur.  At  the  peace  of  Ryswick 
he  M as  made  governor   of  the   Lee\\ard  isl- 


ands, in  wliich  office  he  conducted  himself' 
with  great  propriety.  He  was  at  the  success- 
ful attack  on  Guadaloupe  in  1703  ;  sometime 
after  which  he  resigned  his  employment,  and. 
lived  in  retirement  and  learned  ease.  He  di- 
ed at  Barbadoes  7th  April  1710,  and  his  re- 
mains Avere  brought  to  England,  and  inter- 
red June  19,  1716,  in  All-souls  chapel.  He 
left  his  library,  valued  at  6000/.  to  his  col- 
lege, besides  10^00/.  to  build  a  library.  He 
left  also  two  plantations  to  the  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts. 
Some  of  his  poems  appear  in  the  Muste  An- 
glicante.  He  was  esteemed  as  very  superior 
in  metaphysical  knowledge. 

CouRUs,  the  last  king  of  Athens,  who  no* 
nobly  oflered  himself  to  death,  that  his  coun- 
trymen might  obtain  the  victory,  according 
to  the  Mords  of  an  oracle,  B.  C.  1070. 

CoEFFETEAu,  Nicholas,  a  Dominican, 
born  at  Calais,  died  1C23,  aged  49,  after  be- 
ing nominated  to  the  see  of  Marseilles  by 
Lewis  XIH.  He  translated  Florus,  and 
wrote  a  Roman  history  from  Augustus  to 
Constantine,  in  folio,  besides  other  pieces. 

CoEN,  John  Paterson,  a  native  of  Hoorn, 
Avho  became  governor  of  the  Dutcli  East- 
Indies,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  city  of 
Batavia,  where  he  r»,moved  tlie  factory 
from  Bantom  1619.  He  came  to  Europe  in 
1623,  but  four  years  after  returned  to  Bata- 
via, which  he  bravely  defended  against  the 
emperor  of  Java.  The  bodies  of  the  thou- 
sands, howevei',  of  the  mcmy  who  fell  in  the 
siege,  produced  a  pestilence,  of  which  uu- 
fortunately  Coen  died  1629,  aged  42. 

CoEi'R,  James,  a  French  merchant,  the 
richest  subject  in  Europe.  His  connections 
were  so  extensive  that  he  had  300  factors  in 
Italy  and  the  Levant,  and  his  resources  were 
so  great,  that  he  lent  Charles  7,200,U()O 
crowns  of  gold,  M-ith  which  the  monarch 
conquered  Normandy.  These  high  services, 
however,  were  ill  repaid.  Though  once  the 
favorite  and  friend  of  the  king,  he  was  basely 
imprisoned,  and,  under  the  false  pretence 
that  he  h.ad  poisoned  Agnes  Swrel,  the  king's 
mistress,  he  was  tried  and  coiulemned  to  dis- 
honorable concessions,  and  a  fine  of  10C),000 
crowns.  His  clerks,  in  his  misfortunes, 
showed  their  gratitude  to  him;  they  relieved 


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his  distresses,  and  facilitated  IiIs  escape 
from  oonfiuement.  He  flrd  to  Jtonie,  wluic 
pope  Ciilixtus  HI.  gave  him  (he  comiiiand  «jf 
his  fleet  aj^aiiist  the  Turks.  lie  soon  after 
died  at  Cl.'io,  IS  SO. 

Cog  AX,  Thomas,  a  hative  (»f  Somerset- 
shire, educated  ut  (Jriel  college,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  lu  1;')75  he  was  elected 
master  of  Manchester  school,  and  there,  as 
he  had  taken  his  degrees  in  jjhysic,  he  prac- 
tised wit  1»  great  sut  cess.  He  was  author  of 
the  haven  of  heallli,  ior  the  comfort  of  stu- 
dents, 4to.  158G — a  preservative  from  the 
pestilence — epistolarnm  familiarum  Cicero- 
nis  epitome,  8ic. 

CoGGESHAF.LE,  Uali>h,  an  English  Cis- 
tercian monk,  who  was  at  the  siege  of  Je- 
rusalem by  Saladiti,  of  which  he  wrote  the 
history,  in  a  *'  chronical  of  the  holy^  land," 
pul)lished  in  17'29.  He  wrote  besides  other 
things.  He  is  supposed  to  have  died  about 
the  year  1228. 

CoHAtJSEN,  Joljn  Henry,  a  German  phy- 
sician, author  of  a  curious  work,  called  Her- 
tnippus  I'edivivus,  isic.  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Dr.  John  Camphell,  and  called  the 
Sage's  triumph  over  old  age  and  the  grave. 
In  this  work,  he  pretended  that  life  might 
be  extended  to  115  years  by  taking  in  the 
breath  of  young  women.  He  died  at  Mun- 
ster  1750,  aged  85. 

CoHORN,  Mcmnon,  a  famous  Dutch  en- 
gineer, who  early  displayed  his  genius  for 
military  tactics,  and  the  art  of  fortification. 
As  engineer  and  lieutenant-general  in  the 
service  of  his  country,  he  skilfully  fortified 
and  ably  defended  the  principal  towns,  and 
supported  the  siege  of  Namur  against  the 
celebrated  Vauban.  He  died  at  the  Hague 
1704,  aged  72.  He  called  Itergen-op-Zoom 
the  master-piece  of  all  his  fortifications 
which  he  had  erected  in  the  United  States. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  fortification,  in  the 
Flemish  language. 

CoiGXET,  Giles,  an  eminent  painter  of 
AVitwerp,  accused  of  selling  co])ie3  of  his 
pieces,  drawn  by  his  scliolars,  and  re-touch- 
ed by  himself,  as  real  originals.  He  di.ed 
ICOO  aged  70. 

CoiNTE,  Charles  le,  a  French  historian, 
born  at  Troyes,  4th  November  1611.  He 
was  priest  of  the  congregation  of  tl)e  orato- 
ry, and  for  his  abilities  he  deserved  the  pa- 
tronage of  Colbert,  wlio  obtained  for  him  a 
pension  of  1000  livres  and  tlu-ee  years  af- 
ter 500  livres  more.  He  wrote  aanales 
ccclesiastici  Francorum,  8  vols.  fol.  from 
235  to  S35,  the  first  volume  of  which 
appeared  1665,  and  the  last  1679.  The 
work,  though  not  elegant,  is  curious,  and 
contains  great  variety  of  matter.  Le  Cointe 
died  at  Paris  18th  January  1681,  aged  70. 

Cotter,  Volchcrius,  celebrated  as  a  sur- 
geon, physician,  and  anatomist,  was  born  at 
(Jroningen.  His  labors  in  anatomy  were 
very  useful,  and  laid  the  foundation' of  that 
eminence  which  modern  industry  has  pro- 
duced, fie  wrote  a  system  of  anatomy,  fol. 
1573 — de  cartiliginibus  tabula;,  15G6,  fol.  &c. 
and  died  1600,  aged  about  66. 

VQL.    I.  4'5 


Coke,  KdwanV,  a  celebrated  English  law- 
yer, born  at  Mileham,  Norfolk,  in  1549. 
lie  was  educated  at  the  Iree-scinxjl,  Nor- 
wich, and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  from 
which,  after  four  years'  residence,  he  re- 
moved to  (Ilitiord's  inn,  and  the  }eap  after 
to  the  Inner-temple.  After  six  years  he 
was  called  t<)  t!ie  l)ar,  and  pleaded  his  first 
cause  in  the  king's  bench  1578.  He  was 
about  this  time  appointed  reader  of  Lyon's- 
inn,  where  his  lect'  res  for  three  years,  were 
numerously  attended,  and  deservedly  ad- 
mired. He  marriei^  soon  after  liridget 
daughter  of  John  I'reston  esq.  a  lady  >»ho 
brought  him  .5(),(»0U/.  and  by  whom  he  had 
ten  children.  He  now  rose  to  consequence 
by  his  abilities,  and,  from  his  matrimonial 
connections,  he  was  elected  recorder  of 
Nottingham  and  Coventry,  member  for  Noi-- 
folk,  and  speaker  of  the  house  of  commons, 
in  the  35lh  of  Elizabeth.  He  w  as  solicitor  and 
afterwards  attorney-general  to  the  queen, 
and  in  that  quality  he  was  employed  in  the 
prosecution  ofEsse.xand  Southampton.  He 
was  knighted  by  James  in  1603;  but  he 
liighly  disgraced  himself  by  the  violence  of 
his  conduct  and  the  scurrility  of  his  language 
in  managing  the  impeaclimcnt  of  the  unfor- 
tunate Raleigh  ;  a  circumstance  to  which 
Shakspeare  is  supposed  to  have  alluded  in 
his  Twelfth  night.  At  the  trial  of  the  gun- 
powder conspirators,  and  of  the  Jesuit  Gar- 
net, he  was  greatly  di.stinguislied  by  his  elo- 
quence, and  the  two  speeches  which  were 
afterwards  published  are  deservedly  con- 
sidered as  master-pieces  of  superior  elocu- 
tion, and  consummate  argumentation.  In 
1606  he  was  made  lord  chief  justice  of  the 
common  pleas,  and  seven  years  after  pla- 
ced at  the  head  of  the  king's  bench,  and  sworn 
of  the  privy  council.  In  the  trials  in  conse- 
quence of  Overbury's  murder.  Coke  behav- 
ed with  great  spirit  and  becoming  inipar- 
tiality;  but  the  dispute  which  he  had  with 
Bacon,  and  the  secret  intrigues  of  his  ene- 
mies, undermined  his  power,  and  lessened 
his  influence  with  the  king,  so  Uiat  he  fell 
into  di.sgvace.  Some  attribute  his  fail  to  the 
rising  favorite  Yilliers  ;  but  whatever  might 
be  the  causes  of  the  king's  disi)Ieasure,  sh- 
Edward  did  not  behave  in  his  adversity  with 
the  dignity  and  fortitude  which  coiiscious 
virtue  and  oppressed  innocence  .sltould  as- 
sume. "When  informed  of  his  banishment 
from  oflice,  he  on  his  knees  acknowledged 
the  royal  mercy  extended  to  him  beyond 
his  merits,  and  deprecate<l  the  severity  of 
his  sovereign's  displeasure.  I'pon  his  di.-?* 
grace,  he  received  a  letter  from  Bacon,  which 
cruelly  upbraided  his  conduct,  and  insulting- 
ly reliectcd  upon  liis  situation;  a  circum- 
stance in  itself  humiliating  to  human  nature 
to  observe  the  abilities  of  so  great  a  man, 
and  so  sagacious  a  philosopher,  dishonora- 
bly demeaning  himself  by  trampling  on  fal- 
len greatness.  He  afterwards  w  as  restored 
to  some  degree  of  favor,  which  he  probably 
procured  by  marrying  his  daughter  to  the 
brother  of  Buckingham.  This  union,  which 
was  negotiated  against,  the  consent  of  Iridy 


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Coke,  was  productive  of  serious  consequen- 
ces, in  the  separation   of  sir  Edward   from 
his  wife,  which  nothing  at  last  hut  the  king's 
interference  could  repair.     He  was  member 
in   the  ])arliainent  of  1G21 ;  but  though  res- 
tored to   the  privy   council,  his  conduct  in 
the  liouse  of  commous   was  too   independ- 
ent to  please  the  court,  and  his  popular  har- 
angues against  the  royal  proclamations  were 
viewed   with   secret   resentment,  and  upon 
the  adjournment  of  the  house,  he  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  on  pretence  of  ill  con- 
duce during  the  trial  of  Overbury.     Though 
soon  after  released  he  yet  was  again  driven 
from  the  privy  council,   and   emphatically 
called  by  James  *'  the  fittest  instrument  for 
a  tyrant  that  ever  -was  in  England."     Under 
the  next   reign,  though  some  persecutions 
attended  him,  that  he  might  not  be  elected 
to  parliament,  he  was  made  sheriff  of  Bucks, 
and  attended  on  the  judges  w  here  he  often 
had  presided  as  chief  justice.     In  1628,  how- 
ever, he  was  elected   for  Bucks,  and  iu  the 
house  became  a  violent  advocate  for  the  ve- 
dress   of   grievances,    and   boldly   declared 
JBuckingham  as  the  cause  of  all  the  miseries 
of  the  kingdom,  though  before  he  had  pro- 
nounced him  the  saviour  of  the  nation.    Af- 
ter the  dissolution  of  that  parliament  he  re- 
tired to  his  house  at  Stoke  Fogeys,  Bucks, 
where  he  died    September  3,  1634,  in   his 
86th  year.    While  on  his  death-bed,  his  pa- 
pers were  seized  by  sir  Francis  Windebank, 
together  w  iih  his  will ;  and  they   were  not 
recovered  till  seven   years  after,  when  his 
son  moved  in  the  commons  that  the  papers 
seized  might  be  restored.     Sir  Edward  had 
married  for  his  second  wife,  in  1598,  Eliza- 
beth daughter  of  lord  Burleigh,  by  whom  he 
liad  the  lady,  who,  as  mentioned,  so  unfor- 
tunately   produced    such    domestic   dissen- 
sions.    Cok^  was  in  his  character  a  man  of 
great  presence  of  miud  and  resolution,  full 
of  resources  ;  a!id  though  in  his  calamity  de- 
jected, yet  never  desponding  ;  so  that  James 
compared  him  to  a  cat,  which  always  falls 
upon  her  legs.     (Jelebrated  as  an   able  law- 
yer, he  is  still  known   and  respected   as  a 
clear  and  luminous  Avriter  on  the  constitu- 
tion of  his  countr)-.     Of  his  reports  tiie  first 
volume   appeared   in  1000,  iu  folio,  but  the 
last  or  I3th  was  published  only  in  16.55.     His 
institutes   are  divided    into  four  parts  ;  the 
first  of  which  is  a  translation  of  Littleton's 
tf-nures;  the    second    part    contains   magna 
charta   and  other  statutes;    the  tiiird,   the 
criminal  laws  of  the  crown;  and  the  fourth 
the  jurisdiction  of  all  the  courts  of  the  king- 
dom.     There  arc  besides   otlier   works  of 
inferior  consequence. 

CoLAUDEAU,  Charles  Pierre,  a  French 
poet,  horn  at  Janville,  Orleannois,  died  7th 
April  1776,  aged  41.  He  translated  Pope's 
Eloisa  to  Abelard,  with  great  spirit  and  ele- 
gance, besides  two  of  Young's  night  thoughts. 
He  wrote  two  tragedies,  Astarbe  and  Calis- 
to,  not  favorably  received  on  the  French 
stage.  He  was  elected  member  of  the 
French  academy,  hut  died  before  his  inau- 
gural speech.  His  works  were  collected  in 
2  vols.  8vo,  1779,  Paris. 


(>OLBERT,  Jolm  Baptist,  marquis  of  Seg« 
nelai,  an  illustrious  statesman.  His  family 
were  originally  of  Rheims,  where  his  grand- 
father was  a  wine  merchant,  and  his  father 
of  the  same  occupation,  but  afterwards  a 
cloth  and  silk  merchant.  As  clerk  to  Tel- 
lier  a  notary,  young  Colbert  displayed  great 
diligence  and  ability,  and  was  at  last  recom- 
mended to  cardinal  JSIaxarine,  whom  he 
faithfully  served  and  by  whom  he  was  high- 
ly patronised.  In  this  office  he  displayed 
so  much  zeal,  and  in  an  embassy  at  Home 
showed  such  dexterity  and  dispatch,  that 
Mazarine  at  his  death  in  1661,  strongly  re- 
commended him  to  the  king  as  a  man  of  in- 
tegrity, and  of  superior  talents.  Colbert 
was  first  intendant  of  finances,  and  in  this 
appointment,  he  settled  on  the  firmest  ba- 
sis, the  trade  of  France  with  the  East  and 
West  Indies.  As  superintendant  of  the 
building's  iti  1664  he  began  to  improve  and 
embellish  the  capital,  and  by  erecting  the 
noble  palaces  of  the  Thuilleries,  Versailles, 
the  Louvre,  Fontainbleau,  bee.  he  contribu- 
ted to  the  comfort  of  the  monarch,  and  to 
the  liouor  of  the  nation.  His  influence  with 
the  monarch  procured  also  the  foundation  of 
t!?e  academy  for  painting  and  sculpture,  the 
academy  of  sciences,  and  the  observatory 
which  was  first  inhabited  by  Cassini.  He 
likewise  promoted  the  canal  by  which  the 
two  seas  were  united,  and  which  was  com- 
pleted in  1680,  after  14  years'  labor,  and 
lie  introduced  a  severe  reform  in  the  courts 
of  justice.  In  1669  he  was  made  secretary 
of  state,  and  three  years  after  minister  of 
state,  which  enabled  him  more  fully  to  pro- 
mote tlie  interests  of  his  country,  and  the 
glory  of  his  master.  He  died  September  6th 
1683,  of  the  stone,  leaving  six  sons  and  three 
daughters,  whom  he  settled  by  alliances 
with  the  greatest  and  most  powerful  fami- 
lies of  France,  wisely  considering  that  high 
connections  are  a  more  permanent  profit  to 
a  family  than  a  momentary  popularity.  He 
is  deservedl)-  respected  as  a  minister  who 
ably  restored  the  navy,  the  commerce,  and 
the  finances  of  France,  patronised  learning 
and  science,  and  invigorated  genius  by  his 
inild  and  active  generosity. 

Colbert,  John  Baptist,  raarquis  ofTo- 
rey,  son  of  the  pi'cceding,  was  born  Sep- 
tember 19th,  1665.  He  was  early  engaged 
in  politics,  and  as  ambassador  in  Portugal, 
Denmark,  and  England,  he  evinced  great 
judgment,  and  ability.  He  was  seci'etary  of 
state  1686,  director  general  of  the  posts 
1699,  and  counsellor  to  the  regency  in  Lew- 
is XV's  minority.  He  died  at  Paris  2d  Sep- 
tember 1746,  aged  81.  Ten  years  after  his 
death  appeared  his  memoirs  of  the  negotia- 
tions from  tlie  treaty  of  Kyswick  to  the  peace 
of  Utrecht,  in  four  parts,  3  vols.  12mo.  writ- 
ten with  great  purity  and  commendable  im- 
partiafity.  He  married  the  daughter  of  de 
Pomponne,  minister  of  state,  by  whom  he 
had  several  children. 

Cole,  William,  son  of  a  clergyman,  was 
born  at  Adderbury  Oxfordshire  1626,  and 
educated  at  Mcrton  college.    He  retired  tl» 


Vutncy,  wheic  he  devoled  IjimscFflo  Ijola- 
ny.  At  the  rcsloratioii  lu-  became  secrctri- 
j-v  to  Duppa  bislioji  of  \Viin;Iit.'Ster,  in  whose 
service  l»c  dictl  lOO'i.  He  puhlisUeJl  IGCti), 
tlje  art  oi"  siinpliiit;;,  oi-  inti-odiK-tion  tf)  the 
knowledge  oi' jjathtiiut;  phiiils,  and  ihe  next 
year  Adam  in  Kden,  or  Nature's  paradise, 
containing  an  history  of  herbs,  plants,  Nee. 

Cole,  'I'honias,  a  dissenting  ininister, 
educatetlat  Weslmin.ster  scijool,  and  (Jhrist 
church,  Oxfoi'd.  In  lO.iGhe  was  made  prin- 
cipal of  Sj.  -Mary-hall,  ami  had  the  great 
Locke  among  his  pupils,  but  at  the  restora- 
tion he  was  ejected  ft>r  noi\confc)rmity,  from 
his  preferments,  and  after  ketping  a  scliool 
for  some  time  at  Nettlebed,  lie  settled  in 
London,  and  was  lecturer  at  Pinner's  hall. 
He  wrote  a  discourse  on  regenci-ation,  faith, 
and  repentance,  8vo. — a  discourse  on  the 
christian  religion  on  sundry  points,  8vo. — 
the  incomprchensibleness  of  imputed  righte- 
ousness for  justification  of  human  reason, 
and  other  things,  and  died  169/. 

Cole,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Glocester- 
diire,  who  made  a  curious  collection  of 
herbs,  &c.  wliich,  according  to  Dr.  Pulte- 
Tiey,  he  afterwards  destroyed  in  a  fit  of  re- 
ligious frenzy,  expressing  his  sorrow  tliat 
lie  had  spent  his  time  in  a  manner  so  little 
conducive  to  the  service  of  God. 

CoL,ES,  Elisha,  author  of  a  Latin  diction- 
ary, was  born  in  Northamptonshire  about 
1640,  and  entered  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, in  1658.  He  left  the  university  without 
a  degree,  and  maintained  himself  in  London, 
by  teaching  Latin  and  English.  He  was  af- 
terwards usher  at  Merchant  taylors',  but 
left  the  place  for  some  misdemeanor,  at  pre- 
sent unknown,  and  retired  to  lrelaj.ul,  where 
lie  dieil  about  1680.  Besides  his  <lictionary 
in  8vo.  he  wrote  the  English  sclioolmaster — 
short-hand.  Nolens  Volens — an  lilrnglish  dic- 
tionary, &c.  The  famous  work  on  predes- 
tination vas  written  by  another  Elisha  ( 'ules, 
his  uncle,  who  lived  about  this  period,  aud 
died  1688. 

Co  LET,  John,  was  born  in  St.  Antholin's 
parish,  London,  1466,  son  of  the  lord  mayor, 
and  brother  to  21  otlier  children.  He  was 
educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  D.I).  1504.  His 
knowledge  did  not  extend  to  Greek,  as  in 
those  days  that  language  was  considered  as 
unnecessary,  and  the  learning  of  it  was  op- 
posed by  a  set  of  men  Avho  called  them- 
selves Trojans.  From  Oxford  he  travelled 
on  the  continent,  and  became  acquainted 
with  the  learned  of  the  times,  with  iiudteUvS, 
Erasmus,  Grocyn,  Linacer,  Lilly,  kc.  and 
on  his  return  to  England,  he  was  courted 
and  admired  for  his  learning  and  eloquence. 
After  inferior  preferments,  he  was  made 
dean  of  St.  Paul's  in  1505,  and  in  this  high 
office,  he  began  by  preaching  himself,  and 
by  procuring  the  assistance  of  able  divines, 
to  encourage  inquiries  after  tlie  contents  of 
the  holy  scriptures.  The  sjtirit  find  inde- 
pendence which  he  showed,  made  him  how- 
ever obnoxious  to  the  clergy,  and  the  bishop 
ol^  LonUoD,  a  bigoted  m\w,  complained  of 


CO 

him  to  M'arham,  the  primate,  who  Lnowii.p 
the  integrity  of  his  views  dibniivscd  the  ac- 
cusation. In  his  eag«:rnegs  to  promote  icain- 
ing  Colet  founded  St.  Paul's  school  in  151J 
of  wliich  Lilly  was  the  first  master,  with  an 
ample  provi:»ion  to  instruct  153  boys  gratis, 
uiuler  the  patronage  of  the  mercer's  com- 
l)any.  "Whilst  he  jncdilalcd  rctiiement  to 
privacy  and  solitude  Ijom  the  tumults  of  a 
busy  life,  he  was  attacked  by  the  s\njiting 
.sickn(!ss,  which  after  a  third  relapse  carried 
him  off  liiih  Sej)tember  1519,  in  hif  53d 
year.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  chm-ch, 
and  the  elegant  monument  erected  over  him 
perished  with  the  cathedral  in  1666.  He 
wrote  various  things,  all  of  whicU  are  men- 
tioned in  his  life  by  Knight.  'I'hough  be  did 
not  live  long  enougii  to  see  the  reformation, 
he  yet  was  an  able  promoter  of  it,  and  he 
was  inimical  to  the  tenets  of  the  Roniish 
church,  not  merely  as  the  hiend  of  refor- 
mation, but  as  nil  honest  man  whose  opinions 
were  respectable,  as  \)rocieding  from  &n  ex- 
emplary, moderate,  and  religious  character. 
He  is  introduced  under  the  character  of 
Gratianus  Puling  in  Erasmus' colloquy  called 
Peregrinatio  religionis  ergo. 

CoLEY,  Henry,  a  native  of  O.\ford,  wliO 
troMi  a  taylor  became  an  eminent  astrologi- 
cal w  riter,  as  the  assistant  of  Lilly,  and  the 
continuator  of  his  ephemeris.  His  preten- 
ded knowledge  of  futurity  retidered  hira 
very  popular,  so  that  his  house  in  Grav's- 
inn-lane  was  frequented  by  people  of  all  de- 
scriptions, and  his  opinion  obtained  by  the 
examination  of  urine,  kc.  He  wrote  a  key 
to  the  whole  art  of  astrologer,  antl  died  1690. 
Co  LTGNi,  (ja.sparil  de,  admind  of  France, 
was  born  lOth  Feb.  1510,  at  ChatiUon-sur- 
Loing.  He  was  early  inured  to  a  military 
life,  and  by  his  brave  conduct  at  the  battle  of 
Ccrisoles,  and  parti culurly  of  Kenti,  he  was 
made  admiral  of  France.  At  the  death  of 
Henry  H.  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Cxl- 
vinists  against  the  Guises,  and  during  tli» 
battles  which  desolated  France  during  that 
melancholy  pei-iod  of  civil  wr;!-,  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself,  especially  at  Dreux, 
St.  Denys,  Jarnae,  and  Montcontour.  Peace 
at  last  put  an  end  to  civil  broils,  and  Coligni 
appeared  at  court,  and  was  loaded  w  ith  thf 
caresses  and  the  presents  of  Charles  IX.  who 
soon  after  pcriidiously  planned  and  executed 
his  murder.  Coligni' was  the  first  who  fell 
on  the  fatal  day  of  Jiartholomew,  24th  Aug. 
1572.  The  duke  of  (iuise  headed  his  tram 
of  assassins  to  the  house  of  the  aged  hero, 
who  was  stabbed  in  several  places  by  Besme, 
and  thrown  out  of  the  window.  After  the 
body  had  been  exposed  three  days  to  the  in- 
sult's of  the  populace,  the  head  w  as  cut  oft 
and  sent  by  the  bloody  Catherine  de  Medi- 
cis  as  a  ])resent  to  the  Unman  pontiff.  The 
character  of  this  great,  good,  :ind  viriuous 
man,  has  Ijt-cn  ably  drawn  up  by  the  abbe 
de  Mabli,  who  draws  a  parallel  between  him 
and  Francis  duke  of  Guise.  His  lite  has 
been  written  by  Gatien  de  CourCilz,  1686, 
and  is  also  found  among  the  "  hommes  il- 
lu3U'C$  d-  rraucc."    His  bictlicr  Odet  was 


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a  cardinal  and  archbisliop  of  Toulouse,  but 
on  embracing  the  protestant  tenets,  he  -vvas 
stripped  of  his  honors,  and  fled  to  Eiigland, 
where  he  vas  poisoned  by  one  of  his  ser- 
vants, 1571. 

CoLicKi,  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Gtis- 
pard  do  Coligni  marshal  of  Fi-ance,  first 
married  Tiiomus  Hamilton,  a  S^^oich  lord, 
and  afterwards  cousit  dc  la  Suzo  of  Cham- 
paig^e.  This  last  union  proved  vei-y  unfor- 
tunate, the  jealousy  and  severities  of  her 
husband  compelled  her  to  embrace  the  Ca- 
tholic religion,  and  at  last  she  was  separated 
from  him,  and  her  marriage  annulled  by  the 
parliament.  She  obtained  celebrity  by  her 
Avit  and  the  effusions  of  her  elegiac  muse,  so 
that  the  flatterers  of  her  time,  ascribed  to 
her  the  majesty  of  Juno,  the  wit  of  Miner- 
va, and  the  beauty  of  Venus.  She  died  at 
Paris,  10th  March  1G7J.  Her  poetical 
works  have  been  pi-inted  with  the  works 
of  Pelissou,  1095  and  17'i5,  in  '2  volumes 
12mo. 

CoLLADO,  Hiego,  a  Spanisli  Dominican, 
shipwrecked  ^658,  on  his  return  to  Eu- 
rope from  the  Philippines,  where  he  was 
superintendant  of  the  convents.  He  wrote 
ars  grammatica  Japonicaj  lingute — and  dic- 
tionary of  the  Japonese  language,  &c. 

CoLLAXGE,    (iabriel   de,    of    Tours   in 


and  of  Joan  queen  of  Naples  and  afterwards 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  VenetiauB, 
and  defeated  Nicolas  Picciniuo.  He  was 
next  in  the  service  of  Visconti,  and  then  of 
Francis  Sforza,  for  whom  he  defeated  the 
French  army  at  the  battle  of  Frescati.  Af- 
ter serving  so  many  different  masters,  and 
every  where  carrying  victory  in  his  train, 
he  again  entered  into  the  service  of  the  Ve- 
netians. He  died  1475,  and  his  memory 
was  honored  with  an  equestrian  statue,  by 
the  gratitude  of  the  senate.  He  united  to 
the  great  merits  of  a  warrior  the  amiable 
character  of  the  patron  of  learning,  and  the 
friend  of  religion  and  virtue. 

Collet,  Peter,  a  Frencli  ecclesiastic  of 
Ternay,  who  died  1770,  aged  73.     He  is  au- 


Auvergne,  Avas  murdered  as  a  Huguenot  at 
the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  1572, 
though  he  was  a  Catholic.  He  translated  the 
cabalistic  writings  of  Trithemius,  in  4to. 
Paris  1561,  and  was  besides  well  skilled  iu 
mathematics  and  cosmography. 

Coll  ATI  xus,  Luc.  Tarquimus,  the  hus- 
band of  Lucretia,  went  into  voluntary  exile, 
though  one  of  the  founders  of  Roman  liber- 
ty, because  the  name  of  Tarquin  was  so 
very  unpopular. 

CoLLE,  Charles,  secretary  to  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  died  at  Paris,  2d  Nov.  1783,  aged 
75.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  comic  Avriter; 
but  though  he  occasionally  possesses  all  the 
"vigor  and  elegance  of  genuine  wit,  and  cor- 
rect description,  he  yet  wants  delicacv,  and 
that  cautious  regard  for  morals,  so  essential 
in  public  exhibitions.  He  "w  as  of  that  society 
of  jovial  companions  known  under  the  name 
of  Caveau.  His  song  on  the  capture  of 
Portmahon  procured  him  a  pension  of  600 
livres.  His  works  are  collected  in  3  vols. 
12mo.  under  the  title  of  theatre  de  societe. 
His  best  plays  are.  Truth  in  wine — Dupius 
and  Desronias — and  Partie  de  chasse  de 
Henri  IV^.  from  which  our  Miller  of  Mans- 
field is  borrowed. 

College,  Stephen,  the  protestant  join- 
er, was  condemned  at  Oxford  as  guilty  of  a 
conspiracy  against  Charles  H.  upon  the  tes- 
timony of  a  worthless  informer,  and  he  suf- 
fered death,  strongly  asserting  his  innocence, 
1681.  ffe  was  in  his  character  a  respectable 
■man  and  an  ingenious  mechanic,  and  his 
daughter  was  made  sempstress  to  kmg  Wil- 
liam, with  a  salary  of  300/.  a  year. 

Coi, LEONE,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of 
Bergamo,  descended  from  a  noble  family. 
He  followed   the  fortunes  of  de  Montone, 


thor  oftheologia  inoralis  imiversalis,  17  vols. 
8vo. — institutiones  thcologicse  ad  usum  se- 
minianor,  7  vols.  12mo. — the  life  of  Vincent 
de  St.  Paul,  2  vols  4to. — lives  of  Bourdon 
and  de  la  Croix,  kc. 

Collet  Philibert,  a  French  advocate, 
author  of  treatises  on  excommunications, 
tythes,  usury,  alms,  &c.  a  volume  on  the 
statutes  and  cu.stoms  of  Bresse — two  letters 
on  Tournefort's  history  of  ])lants — and  a 
catalogue  of  the  plants  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Dijon,  &c.     He  died  1718. 

CoLLETET,  William,  a  French  acade- 
mician, who  died  at  Paris  10th  Feb.  1659, 
aged  61.  He  was  one  of  the  five  authors 
whom  Richelieu  selected  to  write  for  the 
theatres  ;  but  though  liberally  patronised  by 
him,  he  refused  to  alter  his  verses  accord- 
ing to  his  suggestions.  He  was  four  times 
married  ;  but  his  extravagance  was  so  great, 
that  he  died  in  great  indigence.  His  works 
wero^  published  in  1653,  in  12mo. 

Collier,  Jeremy,    an    English    divine, 
born  at  Stow-Qui,  Cambridgeshire,  23d  Sep- 
tember 1650.     He  was  educated  under  his 
father,  master  of  Ipswich  school,  and  after- 
terwards  entered   at   Caius    college,   Cam- 
brige,  whei-e  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A. 
1676.     He  resided  for  six  years  on  his  rec- 
tm-y  of  Ampton  near  Bury,  Suffolk,  when 
he  resigned  it,  and  settled  in  I^ondon,  where 
he  became  lecturer  of  Gray's-inn.     At  the 
revolution  he  was  for  a  while  silenced  ;  but 
his   attack  on   a  pamphlet   by  Dr.  Gilbert 
Burnet,  drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of 
the    court,   and  he   was  sent  to  Newgate, 
from    which,    however,    he    was    liberated 
without  trial.    He  continued  still  as  a  writer 
to  abuse  the  revolution,  for  which   he  was 
again    persecuted,    and  sent   to  the   king's 
bench  prison,  but  released  by  the  interces- 
sion of  some  of  his  friends.     In  1696  Collier 
attended  Friend   and  Perkins,  two  persons 
who  were  executed  for  their  concern  in  the 
assassination  plot,  and  by  absolving  them  i>i 
the  most  solemn  manner,  and  by  his  impos- 
ing his  hand  upon  them,  he  exj)osed  himself 
to  the  censures  of  the  clergy,  af\d  was  accu- 
sed  of  insulting  the  civil   and  ecclesiastical 
government.      Instead   of    putting  in    bail. 
Collier  absconded,  and  was  outlawed  till  the 
day  of  his  deatli.     In  his  retirement  he  not 
only  defended  his  conduct,  but  began  to  ac- 


CO 

quiro  ffi'eatcr  cilchrity  i)V  liis  pen.  He  w  .'Ote 
hiscssiiys  (III  moral  siiliJLcts,  niid  ali«  rwurils 
)iis  view  of  the    iiumoiality   (if  tin-    l^ii|^lisli 
stufije,  a  uoilv  w^tieli  iiii^ajy-'d  liiiii  in  perpet- 
ual couteiitioM  witli  the  wits  and  poets  of  the 
age.     The   severity     ol    his   at(:i<k,   mid  the 
justness   and   lorce   ol   his    aij^niiienls    were 
such,  that  a  refonuation  actually  to(>l<.  jjhice, 
in  the  lanv;n;t^i.' of  [neces  rejn'esentcd  on  thr 
sta.ce,  and    thou|;h    \  anliru^h  and  Conj^feve 
ridieuleil  his  assaults,  yet  Dntlen   had   the 
i:;ood   sense   and   honesty  of  aiknowledginjj^ 
the  propriety    ol"  his   reniai'ks,  :ind   <>i  pid)- 
Iishinj>  his  own  repentanee  l\>\'  the  liccntions- 
ncss  of  his  niu  e.     His    historiral  ilictionar} 
cliiefly  compiled  from  Moreri,  iii:ide  its  ap- 
pearance in  1701,  and  the  fourth  volume  of 
it  iu  1721.     Jle   afterwards  ]mlilisiied    in  '2 
vols.  fol.  an   ccclesi;\stieal   history  of  (ireat- 
I3ritain,  valuable  for  the  various  documents 
and  »;.\tensive  inforniation  wliich  it  contains. 
\n  1713  Collier  was  consecrated  a  hishop  by 
llickes,  wlio  had    himself  been  consecrated 
suffragan  of  ThiLford,  by  the  deprived  bish- 
ops   of  Norwich,    Kly,  and    iVtfrborou.s;li. 
He  was  in  consciptence  of  his  sedentary  life 
greatly  afllicted  with  the  stone,  of  which  he 
died   'Jfith    April    17'iG,    aged   70.     He   was 
buried  in  St.  i'ancr;is  church-yard.     Besides 
tlie    works    already    mentioned,    he   wrote 
several  treatises  on  controversial  and  eccle- 
siastical  sul)jects,   and   assisted   some   of  his 
friends  in  the  completion    of  their   publica- 
tions.   He  was  deservedly  admired  as  a  man 
of  independent  spirit,    as  a  writer  of  great 
learning  and  genius,  and  as  a  divine  of  ge- 
nuine liiety. 

Col  LIN  OS,  John,  one  of  the  commission- 
ers at  the  Savoy  conference  in  the  vcign  of 
Charles  II.  died  1690,  aged  G".  He  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  critic  and  divine.  His 
■weaver's  pocket  book  was  much  admired. 
lie  was  ejected  as  a  nonconformist  from  St. 
Stephens,  Norwich,  where  he  liad  been 
minister  44  years.  He  assisted  Poole  in  his 
annotations. 

Collins,  John,  an  eminent  accomptant 
and  mathematician,  son  of  a  nonconforming 
divine,  was  born  at  Woodeaton  near  Ox- 
ford, March  1624.  He  was  engaged  with  a 
bookseller,  and  afterwards  with  Mar,  a  clerk 
of  the  kitchen  to  Charles  prince  of  Wales,  a 
man  wiio  was  particularly  fond  of  mathema- 
tics and  who  constructed  those  sun-dials 
which  adorned  the  i)rince's  gardens.  Thus 
early  initiated  to  the  knowledge  of  mathe- 
matics he  further  improved  himself,  during 
the  seven  years  which  lie  spent  in  the  sea 
service,  and  at  his  return  assumed  the  pro- 
fession of  an  accomptant,  and  published 
some  valuable  works  on  mathematical  and 
geometrical  subjects.  He  was  a  mendjcr  of 
the  royal  society,  whose  memoirs  he  enrich- 
ed by  many  valuable  communications.  He 
was  made  accomptant  to  the  royal  fishery 
company,  and  was  so  highly  respected  for 
his  knowledge  of  figures,  that  the  lord  Clian- 
cellor  Shaftesbury  often  consulted  him,  and 
referred  to  his  final  decision,  the  settlement 
of  difficult  and  intricate   accounts.    He  died 


CO 

of  a  consumptioJi,  in  consetpjcncc  of  drink- 
ing, after  a  hot  day's  journey,  too  large  a 
tiuaniify  of  ciilcr,  N(»vernber  10th  1<iJi.>.  He 
was  the  intimat(;  correspondciit  of  the  illus- 
trious  men  of  his  times,  of  Newtoti,  \\  alii  , 
Harrow,  (iregoi'y,  Klamsteail,  Leil)riit/,, 
Townley,  Js:c.  Twenty-five  years  after  \ih 
death  his  writings  fell  into  the  hands  of  tlic 
harned  William  Jones  of  the  roval  s'K-ielv^ 
lie  was  of  :i  strong  and  inventive  genius,  hr 
first  projec;ted  the  manner  of  di\i(ling  the 
meri<lian  line  on  tlie  nautical  chart,  a  pro- 
blem of  the  first  iinportance  to  r.avigrition  ; 
and  he  began  to  shorten  the  method  fif  com- 
putation by  log:irithins,  which  was  completed 
by  llalley.  His  "  comnurcium  cpislola- 
rum"  ajipeared  in  4to.  17i'2. 

Co  LL I  xs,  .Anthony,  was  born  at  Helstort 
near  Mounslow,  21st  June  1670,  aTul  e«Iucated 
at  Eton  and  king's  college,  (Jam bridge,  nndei* 
the  tuition  of  Hare  afterwards  bisliop  of 
Chicliester.  He  entered  at  the  Temple,  but 
disliking  the  stud}'  of  the  law,  he  applied  him- 
s<>lftotlie  geneial  pursuit  of iiieiaiure.  He 
now  became  the  friend  of  the  leaiTicfl,  and 
gained  the  confidence  of  Locke,  wlio  corres- 
ponded with  him,  and  at  liis  death  left  a  let- 
ter for  him,  full  of  the  warmest  confidence 
and  affection.  He  was  the  best  part  of  his 
life  engaged  in  controversies,  which  proved 
him  to  be  more  inclined  to  sceiiticism  and  in- 
fidelity, than  to  support  the  christian  reli- 
gion, as  an  impartial  and  disinterested  in- 
quirer after  truth.  His  chief  works  were, 
priestcraft  in  perfection — an  essay  on  the 
.39  articles  of  the  church  of  England — viudi- 
cati^jn  of  the  divine  attributes — discourse  of 
free  thinking — philosophical  inrjuiry  concern- 
ing human  liberty — scheme  of  Uteral  pro- 
phecy—a  discourse  on  the  grounds  and  reason? 
of  the  christian  religion,  in  two  parts,  a  work 
which  excited  general  attention,  and  whose 
tenets  were  in  a  short  s])ace  of  time  combated 
by  not  less  than  3.5  antagonists,  among  whom 
ai)pear  the  respectable  names  of  Whiston, 
Chandler,  Clarke,  Ashley  Sykes,  and  Sher- 
lock. Collins  twice  visited  Holland,  but  neve; 
penetrated  farther  on  the  continent.  He  re- 
tired in  1715  U)  Essex,  where  he  acted  as  a 
magistrate,  and  deserved  the  public  grati- 
tude, by  the  benevolence  and  integrity  with 
which  he  managed  the  affairs  of  the  coim- 
tv  as  treasurer  of  its  funds.  He  was  long 
afflicted  with  the  stone,  of  which  he  died  De- 
cember 13th,  1729.  He  acknowledged  in  his 
last  moments  that  the  true  catholic  religion  i> 
to  love  God  and  to  love  man,  and  he  earnestly 
advised  those  that  stood  around  him  to  ob- 
serve that,  as  the    awful  warning  of  a   dying 

man. 

Collins,  Arthur,  a  learned  and  indefi- 
tigalile  antiquary, whose  knowledge  of  genealo- 
gy and  laboi-s  of  research  are  sufficiently  pro- 
ved m  his  valuable  work  called  the  peerage  of 
England,  in  8  vols,  which,  has  passed  through 
several  editions,  and  has  been  further  impi'tiv- 
ed  by  Longmate. 

Collins,  Samuel,  an  English  physician 
who  studied  at  Padua,  and  was  graduated  al 
Oxford,  in  1GJ9.     He  wrote  the  present  stale 


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CQ 


efRussKi  1071,  8vo.  besides  a  book  of  auiito- 
my  in  folio.  He  was  censor  of  the  college  of 
j)livsiciaiis  1707. 

Collins,  Wiliiam,  a  poet  of  great  em- 
inence, son  of  a  hatter,  born  at  Chichester, 
December  ■25lh,  1720.     He  was  educated  at 


Cad^valladcr  Colden,  and  the  famousLinnseus,. 
To  his  zeal  and  inii)rovements  we  are  in- 
debted for  the  many  trees  and  shrubs  ti'ans- 
|)lanted  from  the  Western  hemisphere  and 
other  countries,  which  adorn  our  gardens 
and  plantations.     He    was   elected   fellow  of 


VVinchesler-sciKjo!,  butbeingsu])erannuatcd,  I  tlie  antiquarian  society  in  1737.     In   private 


and  thus  prevented   from  entering:  at  New 
«:ollegc,  he   bec;i:nc   a    member  of  Queen's 
college,  and  was  afterwM-ds  elected  demy  of 
jNIai^daien  1741.     During  his  residence  at  Ox- 
ford,   he    published    his   oriental    eclogues, 
which  are  so  deservedly  admired   for  sim- 
plicity, richness  of  description,  and  unatfect- 
ed  tenderness.     In  1744,  he  letX  Oxford  and 
came  to  London,  panting   after   fauie,   with 
few  I'esources,  and  too  wavering  in  his  plans 
to  execute  any  regular  work.     At   this  time 
he  publislicd  proposals  for  an  history  of  the 
revival  of  learning,  of  which  probably  not  a 
single   line  was  ever  written.     He   was  now 
known  to  Dr.  Johnson,   who  willi  his  friend- 
ship shared  his  poverty,  artd   was  jjrivy  to 
his  distresses,  and  dangerous  escapes.     The 
death  of  his  uncle,  colonel  Martir.,  and  a  le- 
fracv  of  1000/.  soon  however  enabled   him  to 
live  more  respectal)ic  ;  but  the  acquisition  of 
independence  unfortunately  did   not  advance 
the  literary  labors  of  the  poet,  who  no  sooner 
found  himself  enabled  to  study,  thau  he  Avas 
assailed  by  greater  calamities  than   poverty, 
tlie  calamities  of  disease  and  insanity.     That 
so  able  a  Avriter,  and  so  subiime  a  poet,  should 
be  incapacitated  to  give   flow   to  the   pure 
streams  of  genius  and   elegant  conception  is 
a  melancholy   loss   to   mankind.     For  a  time 
he  endeavoured  to  disperse  the  clouds  whicli 
hung  threatiening  over  his  rcftson  by  travel- 
ling into  France,  but  he  returned,  and  after 
being  some  time  confined  in  a  house  of  lunat- 
ics, and  afterwards  attejided    by  tlic   care  of 
his  sister,  he  fell  a  victim  to  bis  intellectual 
malady,  at  Chichester,  in  JT^O.     When  lie 
■was  visited  at  Ishngton  by  Johnson,  lie  was 
found   in   his  retirement    uith  a  book  in  his 
hatld,  which  his  friend  out  of  curiosity  exam- 
ined to  see  what  companion  a  man  of  letters 
had  chosen.     I  have  but  one  book,  said   Col- 
lins, but  that  is  the  best.     It  was  a    common 
English  testament,  such  as  children  carry  to 
school.     In  his  last  illness,  Collins  expressed 
to  his  friend  Dr.  VVarton,  his  disapprobation 
of  his  oriental   eclogues.     His   odes   though 
very  sublime,  especially  that  on  Uie  passions, 
are  however  often  obscure,  his  lines  are  clog- 
ged with  clusters  of  consonants,  and  he  too 
much  affected  the  obsolete,  when  it  was  not 
worthy  of  revival. 

CoLLiNSOX,  Peter,  an  eminent  botanist, 
horn  in  the  parish  of  Slavely  near  Kendal, 
Westmoi'eland.  He  had  an  early  and  strong 
partiality  for  natural  histoi'V,  and  great  nat- 
uralists and  many  literary  characters  of  the 
age  were  soon  in  the  number  of  his  intimate 
friends;  such  as  Derham,  "Woodward,  Dale, 
Sloane,  Lloyd,  and  others.  In  172S,  he  be- 
came fellow  of  the  lloyal  Society,  whose  me- 
moirs he  greatly  enriched  by  his  own  inqui- 
T  ics,  and  his  valuable  correspondence  with 
fo^jgncrs,    especially    Benjamin    Franklin, 


life  he  was  of  amiable  manners,  very  commu- 
nicative, and  of  a  very  benevolent  heart.  He 
was  attacked  while  on  a  a  isit  to  his  friend 
lord  Petre  with  a  retention  of  urine,  which 
medical  assistance  could  not  remove,  and 
which  shortly  proved  fatal  11th  August  1768, 
in  his  75th  year. 

Colli  us,  Francis,  doctor  of  the  Ambro- 
sian  college  at  JNIilan,  died  in  1640,  at  an  ad- 
vanced age.  He  wrote  a  famous  treatise,  de 
auimabus  paganorum,  in  two  vols.  4to.  iu 
which,  amidst  bold  and  curious  conjectures, 
he  decrees  salvation  to  the  sages  of  Greece, 
the  midwives  of  Egypt,  Socrates,  he.  while 
he  denounces  damnation  on  Pythagoras,  Ar- 
istotle and  others.  His  book  de  sanguine 
Christi  is  equally  curious  and  sing»ilar. 

Col  LOT,  Germain,  a  French  surgeon,  fa- 
mous for  his  skill  in  cutting  for  the  stone. 
He  died  1656. 

CoLLOT    d'Herbois,  J.  M.   a  player, 
who  exhibited  with  little  success  on  the  thea- 
tres of  Geneva,  tlie  Hague,  and  Lyons.    The  • 
hisses  and  disapprobation  Avhich  attended  his 
appearance   at   Lyons,   made  him  vow  ven- 
geance on  that  unfortunate  city,  and  as  he 
had  represented  the  character  of  tyrant  on 
the    stage  to  the  best  advantage,  he  was  soon 
to  exhibit  it  in  real  life  when  admitted  mem- 
ber of  the  convention,  and  sent  as  deputy  to 
punish  its  revolt.    Invested  Avith  absolute  poAv- 
cr  against  the  devoted  Lyonese,  beseemed 
determined  to  destroy  every  vestige  of  their 
city,  not  onlj'  the  walls  were  battered   down 
with  cannon  shot,  but  the  unfortunate  inhabit- 
ants were  slaughtered  with  insulting  cruelty, 
and  not  less  than  209  perished  in  one    even- 
ing.   Collot  thus  stained  with  blood,  and  de- 
servedly called  the  tiger,  returned  to   Paris 
to  become   the   worthy  associate  of  Robes- 
pierre.    He  voted  for  the  abolition  of  mon- 
archy, and  the  death  of  Lewis,  because  that 
unfortunate  monarch  had  refused  to  appoint 
him  his  minister  ;  but  when  his  friend  Kobes- 
pierre  was  accused,  he  changed  sides,  and  as 
president  of  the  convention,    he   exerted  all 
his  influence   to  procure   his  condemnation. 
This  minister  of  iniquity  was  afterwards  him- 
self condemned  1795  to  be  deported  to  Cay- 
enne, where  he  endeavoured  to  excite  an  in- 
surrection of  the  blacks.     He  died  in  confine- 
ment November  1796.    As  an  orator  he  had 
some  powers  of  eloquence,  which  Avere  fatal- 
ly exerted  in  the  convention  and  among  the 
Jacobins;  but  as   a  dramatic   writer  lie  ac- 
quired little  celebrity.     The  best  of  his   pie- 
ces is  an  imitation   of  the  Spanish    play   of 
Calderon,  which  he  called  the  Paysan    ma- 
gi str  at. 

CoLLUTHus,  a  priest  of  Alexandria.  He 
maintained  that  God  was  not  the  author  of 
the  kicked,  nor  of  the  misfortunes  Avhich  af- 
flifijt  human  lifs,-.    He  usurped  tlie  episcopal 


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authorily,  but  was  condemned  as  a  Iicrctic  br 
the  council  of  Alexandria  321. 

CoLMAN,  Cjcor^e,  an  I^tiglish  xvrilcr,  born 
about  the  yeaf  IT33  at  Floicuce,  wliere  iiis 
lather  was  IJrilisli  resident  at  thi;  j;rand 
<luke'8  court.  His  mother  was  sister  ot  lady 
i'.ath.  He  wa^"  educated  at  Westminster  aixl 
Christ  church,  Oxlord,  where  he  took,  his  de- 
gree ot"  M.  A.  lie  early  di'idayetl  those 
shining  talents  uhich  jirouiised  future  repu- 
talion,  and  insured  him  the  tVieiuKhip  of  the 
■wits  of  the  time,  of  Lloyil,  Hnnncri'ln*!  iiton, 
Ohurchill,  ancl  others.  While  at  Oxford  he 
published  with  Thornton  the  Connoisseur  in 
•weekly  numbers,  from  ;>lst  January  l75ilo 
September  JOth  175G.  He  entere(!  at  Lin- 
cohi's-inn,  under  the  patronage  of  lord  Rath, 
hut  thouj;h  called  to  the  bar,  tlu;  i)rofession 
of  the  law  was  less  conj^enial  to  his  taste  and 
feelings  than  the  pursuit  of  the  muses.  From 
■writinj;  fugitive  pieces  of  poetiy,  he  soon  aji- 
plied  himself  to  dramatic  composition.  His 
Polly  Honeycomb  was  acted  at  Drury-lane 
in  1760  uith  great  success,  and  the  iiext 
year  his  Jealous  Wife  divided  the  general  ap- 
plause with  Murphy's  Way  to  keep  him,  and 
Macklin's  Married  Libertine.  The  death  of 
lord  Bath  in  l7Gi  left  him  in  the  independent 
enjoyment  of  a  comfortable  annuity,  and  his 
income  was  further  increased  upon  the  de- 
cease of  general  Pultney  in  17G7.  He  pur- 
chased of  Beard  in  1768,  with  Karris,  Powel, 
and  Rutherford,  the  property  of  Covent-gar- 
tien  theatre, but  he  soon  parted  with  his  share 
in  consequence  of  some  private  dispute  with 
his  fellow  patentees.  Soon  after  he  pur- 
chased of  Foote,  for  an  annuity,  the  Hay- 
market  theatre,  and  with  great  judgment 
and  much  advantage  to  himself  and  to  the 
public,  he  continued  the  management  of  that 
house  till  the  time  of  his  death,  and  thus  in- 
troduced to  the  admiration  ;uid  patronage  of 
the  kingdom  many  actors  of  merit  and  res- 
pectability. In  1790  he  was  attacked  by  a 
stroke  of  the  palsy,  which  not  only  dejirived 
him  nearl}'  of  (he  use  of  one  of  his  sides,  but 
brought  on  alarming  symptoms  of  mental 
derangement.  He  was  removed  to  Padding- 
ton  under  proper  management,  and  died  I4th 
August  1794.  Besides  the  comedies  already 
mentioned,  the  best  of  Col  man's  plays  arc 
the  Clandestine  marriage,  the  English  mer- 
chant, the  Oxonian  in  town,  the  Man  of  bu- 
siness. Epicene,  the  Spanish  barber,  Suicide, 
the  Separate  maintenance,  the  Manager  in 
distress,  &c.  He  evinced  his  abilities  as  a 
scholar  and  as  a  critic,  by  liis  res  j)ectable 
translation  of  Terence's  comedies,  and  of  Hor- 
ace's art  of  poetry. 

CoLOCCi,  Angelo,  a  native   of  JesI  in  Ita- 
ly descended  from    a  noble  family,  who  as- 
sumed the  learned  name  of  Augelus  Colotius 
Bassus.     He  settled  at  Rome,  where  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  noble  collection  of 
books.     He  was  made  bisliop  of  Nocera,  by 
Leo  X.  and  governor  of  Ascoli  by  Clement 
V  II.     He  wrote  Latin  poems  of  some  merit, 
hut  his  Italian  verses  express  little  excellence. 
He  died  at  Rome   1549,   aged  82.     He  was 
tl\e  reviver  and  jiairon  of  tlic  Rom^n  acade- 
inv. 


(JoLOGSF,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  (ihftil, 
educati'il  at  Paris  and  at  Cjcneva  w lii-n:  h« 
became  the  friend  of  (Calvin  atui  of  Huzh. 
He  went  to  Metz,  and  afterwards  bellh-«i 
at  H«'i<lcll)(:rg,  where  he  ilird  in  the  early 
part  «if  lit<'.  He  vin<licated  the  proteslanH 
against  the  bi.shop  of  .Metz,  and  wrote  a'no 
on  the  eucharisl. 

Coi.oMniERC,  Claude  dr  la,  a  iainons 
Jesuit,  born  near  l..\ons.  He  \\nn  an  elw- 
fpient  pn.achci-,  and  tor  two  years  delivered 
his  discourses  with  great  popularity  and  i'l-v 
lect  belore  James  H.  ol'  Kn';;land,  but  (»ii  sus- 
picion of  conspiriuv,  h<;  was  buniiihed  from 
England,  and  died  at  Parai,  in  the  Charo- 
lois,  Ijth  February  ItiS'i,  aged  41.  He  is 
particularly  known  as  the  inventor  of  tlie 
Solemnity  of  the  heart  of  Jesus,  which  had 
however  been  before  introduccil  by  Thtnnas 
(ioodwin,  president  of  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford.  The  novcify  of  this  improper  act 
of  devotion  soon  engaged  tJic  atlcnlion  of  the 
pious,  and  under  the  mflucnce  of  pretended 
visiotis  and  miracles  it  soon  gain(*d  a  great 
number  of  partisans  and  zeubms  apostles. 
The  better  sense  of  mankind,  however,  and 
the  return  of  genuine  piety,  soon  flispelled 
these  fanatical  tenets,  i'he  sermons  of  Co- 
lombiere  were  publi^hcil  at  Lyons  in  1757, 
G  volb.  12mo.  He  wrote  besides  .some  mrnv 
al  reflections,  and  s{»iritu.'il  letters. 

Coi.OMiES,  or  Coi.oMESius,  Patil,  a 
French  protestant,  born  atRochclleiu  16!)%, 
He  travelled  throu:;h  Euiope,  and  at  the  wi- 
licitation  of  Isaac  Vossius,  he  visited  Eng- 
land, wliere  he  was  ordained  and  made  Lam- 
beth librarian.  He  ilied  in  London  in  Itjyj. 
He  wrote  Gallia  Orientalis — Hispania  {«  It- 
alia Orientalis — theologorum  prcsbytcrianD- 
rum,  Icon. — bibliotheque  choisie,  beside? 
critical  works,  Jiic. 

CoLoxi,  Adam  and  Adrian,  two  Dutcli 
historical  painter.'^,   called   the  old  and   the 
young.     Adam  died  in  London  I68.'i,  and  h;^>» 
son  1701,  aged  33. 

Coi.ONi."A,  Fabio,  a  botanist,  born  at  Na- 
ples 1567.  He  devoted  his  time  not  only  to 
natural  history,  but  to  the  languages,  to  mu- 
sic, the  law,  and  all  the  polite  arts.  His 
works,  especially  on  botany,  are  very  valua- 
ble. He  wi-ote  plantarum  8c  pisciuro,  histo- 
ria,  4to. — stirpium  rariorum  descriptio,  4to. 
dissertation  on  the  glossopetra^  4tt>.  on  A- 
merican  plants,  fol. — dissortation  on  the  pur- 
pura, 4to.  He  was  the  tirst  who  gave  ill-* 
tinct  names  to  the  petals  and  the  leaves  of 
floviers,  ajudicious  arrangemeut  afterwards 
adopted  by  Tournefort.  The  nmsical  in- 
strument called  pcntachordon  is  of  his  in- 
vention.    He  lived  to  his  eightieth  year. 

CoLONXA,  Francisco  Maria   Pompeio,  r. 
French  philosopher,  whose  chief  work  is  thr 
natural  history  of  the  ujiiverse  1734,  4  vols 
l2mo.     He  perished  in   tl)e  lire  which   dcs- 
I  troyed  his  house  at  Paris  172G. 

Coi.ONNA,  Prospero,  son  of  Anthony 
prince  of  Salerno,  assisted,  in  company  wuh 
his  relation  Fabricio,  Charles  Vlll.  of  France 
in  the  conquest  of  Naples;  but  afterward'^ 
he  exerted  his  .ipfiuence  and   his  )nil:t!ifiy 


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pow,ers  to  reconquer  it  for  tl'.e  house  of  Ar- 
ragon.  He  was  made  prisoner  at  the  hattle 
of  Villa  Franca  1515;  but  ulien  restoreil  to 
liberty  by  the  French,  lie  renewed  liie  war 
■with  astoiiihhin.q;  vigor,  and  after  gaining  the 
hattle  of  la  Biioque,  he  was  enahlcd  to  re- 
lieve Milan,  in  kVii.  T,his  dialinguished 
"warrior  died  1523,  aged  71. 

CoLOXNA,  Poniyco,  nej^hcw  of  Prospe- 
ro,  was  brought  up  to  the  ciiurch,  and  uitidc 
bishop  of  i\ieti,  and  a  cardinal,  though  his 
inclinations  tended  to  the  military  lu-ofes- 
siun.  Ever  restless  and  dissatisfied,  he  rais- 
ed an  insurrection  at  Rome  on  the  reported 
death  of  .lulius  li.  151-2,  and,  Avith  his  ac- 
complice bavillo,  he  seized  the  capitol ;  but, 
though  pardoned,  ami  restored  to  his  eccle- 
siastical honors,  Jie  again,  in  152G,  engaged 
in  another  conspirac}  tosei/ethe  chief  pow- 
er, and  to  put  the  pope  to  death.  Tills  per- 
fidious conduct,  vhich  hrought  misery  on 
the  liomans,  by  the  sacking  of  the  city  by 
the  constable  Fiourbon,  was  not  punished  as 
it  deserved,  but  Collonna,  whose  intrigues 
assisted  the  pope's  escape  from  the  castle  of 
St.  Angelo,  was  again  pardoned,  raised  to 
new  honors,  and  made  viceroy  of  Naples. 
He  died  1532,  author  of  a  poem  de  virtuti- 
bus  mulierum. 

CoLONXA,  Francis,  a  Venetian,  wlio,  in 
consequence  of  disapjiointed  love  in  his  court- 
bhip  of  Luei-etia  Lelia,  became  autiior  of 
a  curious  work  called  Hypnerotomachia  di 
I'olyphilo,  ])rinted  by  Aldus  14*J9,  and  trans- 
lated into  French  15t>l.  He  was  afterwards 
of  the  order  of  St.  Dominic,  and  died  1527. 

CoLOXNA.  A'ictoria,  daughter  of  Fabri- 
clo  duke  of  Paliano,  was  horn  at  Marino 
1490,  aiMl  married,  1507,  the  marquis  of 
Piscara.  lu  1525,  on  her  hushand's  death, 
she  retired  to  a  monastery,  and  died  at  liome 
1547.  Her  elegant  poems  have  often  been 
printed,  and  are  deservedly  admireth 

Colo  NX  A,  Mark  Antonio,  duke  of  Pa- 
liano, distinguished  himself  so  mucli  in  the 
ilefeat  of  the  Turks  at  the  battle  of  l.epan- 
to,  1571,  that  tlie  ])Ope  perniitted  him  to 
t;ntcr  Rome  in  a  triumphal  procession.  He 
was  afterwards  jnade  constable  of  Naples, 
aud  viceroy  of  Sicily  ;  and  died  1584. 

CoLONNA,  Ascanio,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  made  a  cardinal,  and  showed  his 
iearning  and  the  powers  of  his  eloquence 
iu  the  defence  of  tho  pope  in  his  dispute 
with  the  A'enetians.  He  died  at  Rome 
1C08. 

CoLONXA,  John,  a  noble  Italian,  sent  as 
papal  legate  to  the  christian  army  in  Pales- 
tine. He  was  made  pi-isonei-  by  the  Sara- 
cens, and  cruelly  condemned  to  l)e  sawn  in 
two;  but  the  fortitude  with  which  he  bore 
the  insults  of  his  enemies  disarmed  their 
vengeance,  and  procured  his  liberty.  He 
died  1245. 

Colon. s A,  Giles,  an  Augustin  monk, 
bisljop  of  Bourges.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
and  a  theological  professor,  and  he  wr(jte 
some  works  in  philosophy  and  divinity,  and 
died  at  Avignon  131 G. 

CoLONNA,  Fabricio,  son  of  the  duke  of 
Amalfi,   was  a  celebrated    warrior  a^'uinst 


the  Ursini.  He  was  constahle  of  Naples, 
:«id  was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  ot  Ra- 
venna,  1512.     He  died  1520. 

CoLUAXE,  Henry  Hare,  lord,  born  at 
Blechingley,  in  Surrey,  lOth  May  1693,  waf5 
educated  at  Enfield,  and  Corpus  Ohristi,  Ox- 
ford. He  was  well  skilled  in  the  learned  lan- 
guages, and  displayed  his  poetical  talents  by 
his  musarusn  oblatio  ad  reginam,  a  poem  in- 
serted in  the  Musie  Anglicanie.  He  travelled 
three  times  through  Europe  ;  and  in  his  se- 
cond tour  was  attended  by  the  well  known. 
Ccuycrs  ^liddleton.  He  made  a  noble  col- 
lection of  pi'ints  and  drawings  of  antiquities 
abroad,  which  were  munificently  presented 
alter  his  disease  to  his  college.  He  died  at 
Rath  4th  August  1749,  and  was  buried  at 
Tottenham.  His  books  and  prints  on  Eng- 
lish aritifpiitles  were  sold  at  his  death,  and 
bought  for  the  antiquarian  society. 

Colston,  Edward,  an  English  philan- 
thropist, born  at  Bristol,  November  2,  1636. 
He  greatly  increased  his  property  by  his 
commercial  connections  w  ith  Spain  ;  and 
tlie  produce  of  his  honest  industry  he  be- 
nevolently disposed  to  charitable  purposes. 
He  built  alms-houses  in  Bristol,  which  he 
endowed  vvith  an  income  of  282/.  and  be- 
sides the  erection  of  a  school  for  40  boys, 
he  founded,  at  the  expense  of  11,000/.  the 
hospital  of  St.  Augustin,  for  a  master,  usher, 
and  100  boys,  foj"  whose  maintenance  he 
appropriated  an  animal  income  of  above 
138/.  Besides  this,  he  gave  many  other  mu- 
nificent donations,  especially  6000/.  for  the 
improvement  of  si.\ty  small  livings.  He  was 
not  only  charitable,  but  he  possessed  great 
meekness  of  temper,  joined  to  exemplary 
temperance  and  sincere  piety.  It  was  his 
practice  never  to  bestow  his  charity  on  beg- 
gt^rs,  but  rather  on  poor  house-keepers,  and 
on  sick  and  decayed  persons.  He  died  at 
Mortlake,  in  Surrey,  11th  October  1721, 
aged  85,  and  was  buried  at  All-saints  church, 
Bristol,  where  a  monument  records  his  vir- 
tues and  charitable  henefactions. 

Columbus,  Christopher,  celebrated  as 
the  discoverer  of  a  new  continent,  was  born, 
1442,  at  Genoa,  son  of  a  woolcomber.  He 
was  early  inured  to  the  labors  of  the  sea; 
and  in  his  great  fondtiess  for  navigation,  he 
made  himself  jierfect  in  geometry,  astrono- 
my, and  cosmography.  After  trading  in 
various  parts  of  the  Mediterranean  he 
settled  at  Lisbon,  where  his  brother  Bar- 
tholomew was  established ;  and  here  he 
married  the  daughter  of  a  master  of  a  ves- 
sel who  had  been  engaged  in  plans  of  discov- 
ery, whose  charts  and  observations  he  pe- 
rused ;  and  he  increased  his  knowledge  of 
maritime  affairs  by  several  voyages  to  the 
(Jjuiaries  and  the  coast  of  Africa.  Thus 
guided  by  experience,  and  encouraged  by 
the  corresnondence  of  Paul  Foscanelli,  a 
learned  Florentine,  he  became  persuaded 
that  a  continent  must  exist  in  the  western 
ocean.  He  ])rescnted  his  plans  to  the  Ge- 
noese republic,  and  afterwards  to  the  king 
of  Portugal  i  but  instead  of  patronage  and 
encouragement,  he  met  in  both  applications 
with    coldness    and    indifference.      At  tU«. 


CO 


CO 


uourl  of  Spain,  Ferdinand  and  Isuhtlla  show- 
ed  iiiin  jjrcalcr   atteulion  ;  anil  aiier    many 
dcIaNS   and    olijccUuns,  mIucIi  his   zeal   and 
eai'nestncss    successfully    coinl)atcd  and    ic- 
niovcil,  he   was  at  last  [toriuitu-d    to   sail  in 
quest   ol"  unknuwii  regions.     On   the    t'.ih  ol 
Septcn^ljcr  1492  he  lelt  (ionicra,   with  three 
amall  ships,  and   on  the  I'Jlh  or()ctol)er,  al- 
ter sailing  in    a  westerly    direction,  he   dis- 
covered some  islands,  and  landed  at   (iuann 
bay,  in    the   Lucca   islands.      Alter   visiting 
and  taking  i)ossession  of  (he  islands  ol'(Jul)a 
and  Hispaniola,  he  returned  to  Spain,  which, 
after  n  passag*-   of  fifty  days,  lie  reached  in 
May    I4yj.      These   discoveries   astonished 
and  pleased  the  Spanish  jnonarch.     Colum- 
bus was  declared  admiral  of  the  Indies,  en- 
nobled, ant!  perniilled  to  return  to  the  new 
A\  Grid  with  a  large  Heet.     In  his  second  voy- 
age he  discovered  Jamaica  and  other  islands  ; 
Siiiil  on  liis  return  to  Kurope,  8th  June  141)0, 
lie  was  enabled  to  silence   the  malicious  in- 
sinuations wliich  envy  had  spread  concern- 
ing   his    views,    and   the   importance  of  the 
new  world.     In  May  1498  he   made  a  third 
voyage,  and  discovered  Paria,  on  tlie  conti- 
nent;  but  so  violent  were  his  enemies,  that, 
in  spite  of  his  services,  his  rank  and  author- 
ity, he  was  sent  to  Spain  in  irons  in    Octo- 
ber  1500  :  but   the  monarch  liberated   him 
tVom  captivity,  and  from  every  ignominious 
imputation.    He  again  visited  the  new  Morld, 
and  died  soon  after  his  return,  at  VaHadolid, 
iJOth  May  1506-     IFis  remains,  by  the  king's 
command,  were  magnificently  buried  at  Se- 
ville, where   this    short  epitaph  records  his 
merits:  "  Columbus  gave  Castile  and  Leon 
a  new  w  orld.'*"     Important  as  the  services  of 
this  great  man  are  to  the  world,  it  is  melan- 
choly to  record  the  ingratitude  of  posterity, 
and  to  behold  an    extensive   continent,   the 
discoveiy  of  whicli  ought  to  have  been  im- 
mortalized  in  th<*  appellation  of  Columbia, 
bear   the  insignificant   name    of  Americus 
Vespucius,  one  of  tl'ose  obscure  individuals 
who  followed,  i;i  fearlul  imitation,  the  tract 
of  the  first  lieroic   discoverer.     The  life  of 
Columbus  was  written  by  Ferdinand,  one  of 
his  sons,  who  endji-aced  tlie    ecclesiastical 
profession,    and  died   1530,    leaving  a  Aalua- 
ble  library  to  the  cathedral  of  Seville. — An- 
other son,  called  Diego,  inherited  all  his   fa- 
ther's honors. 

Columbus,  Bartholomew,  brother  to 
Christopher,  was  ingenious  in  Iiis  draw, 
ing  of  spheres  and  sea-charts.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  deputed  by  his  brother  to  come 
to  solicit  the  king  of  England,  but  that  his 
voyage  was  delayed  by  falling  into  the  hands 
of  pii-ates  ;  and  when  at  last  the  English 
monarch  accepted  his  proposals,  and  pjoni- 
ised  support  and  encouragement  to  his  bro- 
ther, he  found  that  the  plan  had  alreadv 
been  adopted  by  I'erdinand  of  Castile.  Bar- 
tholomew shared  the  honors  and  the  dangers 
of  his  brother's  discoveries  ;  and  he  was  the 
founder  of  tlie  town  of  St.  Domingo.  He 
died  1514,  very  rich. 

Columbus,  Realdus,  an  Italian  anato- 
mical writer,  boru  at  Cremona.     He  died  at 

VOL.  I.  46 


Home  157".  It  is  said  that  his  Mork.i  are 
composed  trom  the  compositions  of  \'efiali- 
us,  his  mahiei-,  and  preilete-sor  in  the  :oi- 
alomicid  chair  of  Padua,  who:»e  disrovcrit^B 
he  freely  appropriated  to  hinis'.if.  His  La- 
tin is  very  elegant.  Hi.-^  opinions  ou  l!ic 
l)lood  nearly  approached  Harvey's  discovery 
of  the  circulalicin.  • 

Coi.UMEi.L.v,  H  Spaniard,  who  resided 
at  Home  under  Clandms,  and  wrote  some 
books  on  tiees  and  agriculture. 

Column  A,  Ciuy,  a  native  of  Mesaina  in 
Sicily,  who  accompitnied  Edward  I.  to  Eng- 
land, anti  wrote  a  ch|-onicIe  in  3»)  bookb,  he- 
sides  a  history  of  the  siege  of  'i'mv,  in  La- 
tin, l\77,  in  4to.  The  last  edition  is  at  Na- 
ples, 1055. 

Co LU THUS,  a  Greek,  author  of  a  poem 
on  the  ra[ie  of  Helen,  in  the  Gth  century. 

CoLVius,  Andrew,  a  native  ol  U 
Mho  went  in  the  suit  of  the  Dutch  anr 
sad  or  to  Venice,  where  he  gained  the  inii- 
macy  of  Father  Paul,  and  transltneil  into 
Latin  his  treatise  on  the  ini[uibition.  He 
wrote  also  some  elegant  poetry,  and  made  a 
valuable  collection  of  books  and  curiosities, 
of  whicli  a  catalogue  was  pniAed  1655.  Uc 
died  1671,  aged  77. — His  son  Nicholas  was 
like  himself  a  learned  and  eloqutnt  divine. 
He  died  1717. 

CoLwiLi>,  Ale.xanrler,  was  born  near  St. 
Andrew's  Fifeshire,  and  educated  at  Editv- 
burgh,  of  which  he  became  principal,  in  IGC.. 
Besides  some  tracts,  he  vuote  the  Scotch 
llndiliras,  after  the  manner  of 'Butler,  a 
ludicrous  poem,  which  severely  ridiculed 
the  presbyterians,  and  which  is  still  admi- 
red in  Scotland.  He  died  at  Ediuhurgh  1 67  6, 
aged  58. 

CoMBEFis,  Francis,  a  Dominican,  known 
as  a  learned  editor  of  several  of  the  Greek 
fathers — of  five  Greek  historians,  as  a  sup- 
plement to  the  Byzantine  history,  ^c.  He 
died  1679. 

Combe::,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Wesierham,  Kent,  IMS.  He  was 
educated  at  Sidney  Sussex  college,  Caui- 
bridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts, 
and  he  was  created  D.  D.  by  tiie  archbLsliOfk 
of  Canterbury.  He  was  made  dean  of  Dur- 
ham in  the  room  of  Dr.  firanville,  109,  and 
was  chaplain  to  the  princess  Anne  of  Den- 
mark and  to  William  an<!  >Lir}-.  He  died 
25th  November  iCiVJ,  and  was  buried  at 
Stonegrave,  Vorkshire.  He  wrote  some 
divinity  tracts,  particularly  discourses  on 
baptism,  catechism,  and  coidirmation,  and  ou 
the    liturgy  of  t!ie  church  «»f  England,  b;c. 

Comber,  Thomas,  a  iellow  of  'I  rinity 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  became  1).  D. 
He  was  born  at  Shernianbury,  Sussex,  and 
educated  at  Hnrshafu  school.  He  was  made 
dean  of  Carlisle  .\n,i;ust  l63t),  and  master 
of  his  college  the  following  year.  He  was 
in  164'2  deprived  of  all  his  preferuicnts,  am! 
imprisoned.  He  died  at  Cambridge  I'ebni- 
ary  105,5.  He  w  lote  a  Aindicatjoji  of  the  «Ii 
vine  right  of  tithes,  against  Schlen. 

CoME^'lU3,  John  Aiuos,  a  protestaiu. 
cmin<'n'    ;:-   liclivii.i^   and    er:arin'.:.r;ait      lie 


CO 


CO 


wft3    born   in  Moravia   151>2.      After  being 
I)a8tor  at   Fulnec,  and  also  presiding  over  a 
school   tlicre,    he  fled  upon  the  invasion   of 
his  counti-y  by  the   Spaniards,   and  came  to 
Lesna  in  Poland,  where  he  maintained  him- 
self by  ttaching   grammar,    and    where  he 
published  his.Ianiia  linguarum,  a  small  book, 
which,  it  is  said,  acquired  semuch  celebrity, 
that  it  was  translated  into  12  European  lan- 
guages.    His  fame  as  a  grammarian  was  now 
so  universally  spread,  that  he  was  honorably 
invited   by  the   Swedes  and   by  the  English 
parliament,  to  reform  the  public- schools  of 
the  kingdom.     In  compliance  with  these  re- 
quests he  visited  England  in    1641,  but  the 
«ivil    wars   thwarted    his  expectations,   and 
made  his  stay  unnecessary.     The  next  year 
he  accepted    the  invitations  of  the   Swedes, 
by  whom  he  was  respectfully  treated.     For 
four  years  he  was  engaged  atElbingin  laying 
down  plans  for  the  promotion  of' general  in- 
struction,  and    his    recommendations    were 
publicly    approved.     He   afterwards   visited 
Sigismund  Ragotzki,  prince  of  Transylvania, 
and  gave  him  rules  for  the  better  regulation 
of  the  schools  of  Iiis  country,  and  on  Ids  re- 
tuiyi  to  Lesna,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  see 
the  city  reduced  to  ashes  by  the  Poles,  and 
his  books  and  manuscripts  destroyed.     From 
Lesna  he  fled  to  Silesia,  thence  to  Branden- 
burg, afterwards  to  Hamburgh,  and  lastly  to 
Amsterdam,  where  he  ended  his  days  1671, 
aged  80.     Besides  Ids  Janua,  he  wrote  Panso- 
phiaprodomus — a  new  method  of  teaching — 
unius  necessarii,  he.     The  last  years  of  his 
life,  however,  were  disgraced  by  vision ai^ 
schemes,  and  attempts  at  prophesy.    He  pre- 
tended to  foretell  the  beginning  of  the  millen- 
nium, M  hich  he  placed  in  1072  or  1673,  a  gross 
absurdity,   which  his  death   prevented  him 
from  witnessing.    It  would  have  been  a  happy 
circumstance  if  he  had  been  the  only  sufferer 
in  his  prophetic  dreams,  many  of  the  ]Mora- 
vians  were  weak  enough  to  believe  him,  and 
they   were  severely    persecuted,  after  tlie 
destruction  of  Lesna,  and  the  protestants  of 
Poland  also  drew  upon  tliemselves  the  hatred 
and  jealousy   of  the   catholics.     Comenius, 
in  his   last  illness,  was  visited  by  the   cele- 
brated  madame   Bourignon,    who   had  em- 
braced  his    tenets,  and    considered   him  as 
more  than  mortal. 

Come  Natalis  or  Natal  Conti,  a 
tiative  of  Milan,  wliose  Greek  and  Latin 
poems  ai)peared  at  Venice  1550,  and  his 
mythologia  sive  explicationes  fabularum,  a 
very  useful  mvthological  work,  1564.  He 
died  about  1590. 

CoMiERS,  Claude,  canon  of  Embrun,was 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Paris,  and  died 
1693.  He  wrote  on  comets,  on  spectacles, 
on  prophecies,  on  speech,  in  an  elegant  and 
interesting  style. 

Co  MINES,  Philip  de,an  excellent  historian 
of  Flanders.  His  noble  birth  and  great  ac- 
quirements soon  recommended  him  to  the 
notice  of  Charles  duke  of  Burgundy,  and 
"afterwards  to  that  of  Lewis  XI.  of  France. 
Patronised  by  the  monarch,  he  grew  into 
power  and  consequence,  and  as  ambassador. 


he  served  his  court  with  fidelity  and  dispatcV. 
After  the  death  of  Lewis,  he  was  stripped 
of  his  honors ;  the  next  successor  Charles 
VIll.  viewed  him  with  the  prejudice  and 
malevolence  of  a  foreigner,  and  he  was  im- 
prisoned at  Loches  ;  but  though  his  enemies 
were  so  powerful  and  numerous,  that  no  ad- 
vocate M  onld  presume  to  plead  his  cause,  he 
defended  himself  with  the  energ)"  and  effort 
of  innocence,  and  after  addressing  his  judges 
in  an  eloquent  speech  of  two  hours,  he  was, 
after  three  years'  c(nifinement,  discharged. 
He  died  at  his  house  at  Argenton  1 509,  aged 
64,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  the  Au- 
gustines  at  Paris.  Comines,  though  -well  ae- 
quainted  Avith  modern  languages,  was  yet  no 
deep  scholar.  The  memoirs  of  his  own 
times,  however,  which  he  left,  are  very  val- 
uable for  the  historical  details  which  they 
give,  during  34  years,  of  the  aftairs  of  the 
house  of  Burgundy,  and  of  Lewis  XI.  and 
Charles  VIII.  of  France,  with  anecdotes  of 
the  various  transactions  which  at  that  time 
took  place  in  England,  and  on  the  continent. 
His  impartiality  is  univer.sally  acknowledged, 
and  the  respect  which  he  shoMS  to  the  Eng- 
lish nation,  entitles  him  to  the  praises  which 
Dryden  bestows  upon  him,  in  ranking  him 
with  Thucydides  and  Tacitus,  for  the  acute- 
ness  of  his  judgment,  and  the  gi'eat  know- 
ledge of  men,  manners  and  politics,  whick 
he  has  displayed.  His  works  were  edited  by 
Fresnoy,  4  vols.  4to.  1747,  and  have  been 
translated  by  Uvedale  into  English,  2  vols. 
8vo. 

CoMMANDiNUS,  Frederic,  an  Italian 
mathematician,  descended  from  a  noble  fa- 
milv  at  Urbino,  where  he  was  boi'n  1509. 
Besides  great  knowledge  of  mathematics,  he 
was  well  versed  in  Greek  literature,  and 
translated  Archimedes,  ApoUonius  Pergteus, 
Ptolemy,  Euclid,  Aristarchus,  &c.  besides 
some  original  compositions  on  tlie  centre  of 
gravity,  on  clocks,  &c.  He  was  greatly  pa- 
tronised by  the  duke  of  Urbino,  and  died 
1575. 

Co  M ME I.TN,  Jerome,  an  eminent  French 
printer,  born  at  Douay.  He  settled  at  Ge- 
neva, and  afterwards  at  Heidelberg,  where 
he  died  1598.  He  printed  among  other  fa- 
thers, the  works  of  Chrysostom,  4  vols.  fol. 
an  excellent  edition.  The  mark  he  prefixed 
to  his  editions,  was  truth  sifting  in  a  chair. 

CoMMENDONE,  John  Francis,  a  native 
of  Venice,  who  at  the  earlj'  age  of  10,  wrote 
Latin  verses,  and  so  recommended  himself 
by  his  learning,  that  he  became  chamberlain 
to  Julius  III.  and  was  employed  in  various 
embassies,  and  made  bishop  by  Paul  IV. 
Pius  IV.  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  cardinal, 
and  employed  him  as  his  nuncio  in  Poland, 
and  he  was  afterwards  legate  at  the  diet  of 
Augsbui-g,  against  the  Lutherans.  He  wrote 
various  Latin  poems  and  letters,  and  died  at 
Padua,  1584,  aged  60. 

CoMMERSox,  Philibert,  botanist  to  the 
French  king,  was  born  at  Chatilon  lesDom- 
bes,  near  Bourg  in  Bresse,  1727.  AVhen  re- 
siding as  physician  at  Montpellier,  he  showed 
his  fonducss  for  botany  to  so  improper  a  de- 


CO 


CO 


s^ree,  that  lie  plundered  even  the  king's  gar- 
den, lo  enrich  liis  colleclions.  He  was  re- 
coninu'ndi'd  by  Liniiuius  to  llic  inicin  <if  Swe- 
den to  i;onii»lLtc  lier  colleclion  ot  r:ircst 
fishes,  and  conseciuently  wrote  his  ichtliyo- 
lo]2;y  in  C  vols.  4to.  IK- wrote  besides  a  (lic- 
tioriary  and  bibliography  on  writers  of  nalu- 
j'al  history,  and  the  n>arlyroh>gy  of  botany, 
containing  the  h\es  of  tliose  who  liad  htst 
tiieir  life  in  pursuit  of  natural  euiiosilies,  to 
Avhich  his  own  life  was  to  be  added  His 
abilities  recoininende<l  him  lo  the  niinistry 
as  a  proper  person  to  accom party  lioiigain- 
ville  round  the  world,  and  he  embarked  iu 
1760,  and  highly  distinguished  himself  by  the 
labor  and  success  of  his  reseai'ches.  He  died 
at  the  isle  of  France  in  1773,  leaving  to  the 
king's  cabinet  all  his  collection,  amounting 
to  'J(K)  volumes  in  folio,  i)esides  the  contents 
of  32  cases,  containing  great  treasures,  se- 
lected during  his  voyage.  He  mentions  dis- 
covering a  nation  of  (hvarfs  of  3  l-'2  feet 
high,  in  the  interior  parts  of  Madagascar. 

OoMMiRE,  John,  a  Jesuit  born  at  Am- 
boise.  He  wrote  Latin  in  so  elegant  a  style, 
that  his  fables  are  esteemed  equal  to  those  of 
Phiedriis.  He  died  at  Paris  1702,  aged  77. 
His  i»oems  ajjpeared  H  vols  12mo.  1754. 

CoMMODi,  Andrea,  a  Florentine  painter 
who  tUed  1G38,  aged  73.  His  Lucifer  and  as- 
sociates fallen  from  heaven,  painted  for  Paul 
V.  was  much  admired. 

CoMMODiANusof  Gaza,  a  cliristianpoet 
of  the  fourth  century,  author  of  Institutiones, 
a  sort  o(  composition  neither  elegant  nor 
valuable. 

CoMMODVa,  Lucius  Aurelius  Antoninus, 
succeeded  his  father  Antoninus  as  emperor 
of  Rome  180,  After  a  series  of  dissipation, 
cmelty,  and  every  pi-ofligacy,  he  was  poison- 
ed by  Marcia  his  concubine  192. 

CoMTE,  Lewis  le,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
vent  in  lf)85  to  China  as  a  missionary.  He 
l)ublisljed  an  interesting  account  of  his  mis- 
sion on  his  return  to  Europe,  and  died  at 
Bouixleaux  1729. 

Co  MP  TON,  Spencer,  son  of  the  first  earl 
of  Northampton,  was  master  of  the  robes  to 
the  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  Charles  1. 
and  accompanied  him  to  Spain.  When 
Charles  succeeded  to  the  thione,  Compton 
loyally  supported  his  measures,  and  attended 
liim  in  his  expetlition  against  the  Scots. 
When  the  royal  standard  was  set  up  at  Not- 
tingham, he  was  among  the  truest  of  his 
friends.  At  the  battle  of  Kopton-heath  near 
vStafTord,  March  I9th  1643,  h©  was  encom- 
passed by  the  enemy,  and  when  after  deeds 
of  valor,  he  was  oftered  quarter,  he  boldly 
declared  he  would  not  receive  it  from  the 
hands  of  rebels  and  rogues,  upon  which  he 
was  slain  with  a  blow  of  an  halbcrt  on  the 
head.  He  was  buried  in  All-hallows  church, 
Derby.  He  left  six  sons  and  two  daughters 
by  Mary  daughter  of  sir  Francis  Beaumont. 

Compton,  Henry,  a  prelate,  youngest 
son  of  Spencer,  just  mentioned.  He  Avas 
born  in  1G32.  He  was  educated  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  and  after  three  years'  resi- 
dence he  set  off,   in   1652,   on  his  travels. 


At  the  restoration  lie  obtained  a  rornctcy  in 
u  regiment  of  horse,  but  he  afterMrards  btudi- 
ed  divinity  at  (Janibii«lge,  where  he  became 
M.  A.  Soon  .liter  eiitning  into  orders  he 
obtained  the  rectory  of  Cottenhuin,  Cani- 
hridgesliire,  a  tanonry  at  Christ-church,  and 
the  maslei-hhip  (A  St.  Cross  hospital  near 
Winchester.  In  1674,  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Oxford,  and  the  iii  xt  yur  succeeded  to 
the  see  oi'  London.  In  llils  elevated  iituatioii 
he  was  intrubteil  with  the  education  of  the 
princesses  Mary  and  .\nne,  .-md  the  strong 
attachment  whicii  they  showeil  lo  the  pro- 
testant  religion  is  honorably  attri!)Uled  to  the 
wholesome  instrucli(jns  of  the  learned  pre- 
late, lie  labored  assiduoiisly  to  reconcile 
the  dissenter.s  to  the  tenets  of  the  thurchj 
and  he  most  alily  resisted  the  claims  and  the 
doctrines  of  the  catholics.  His  zeal  as  a 
protestant  prelate  (lisplea.sed  James  H.  and 
therefore  he  removed  him  from  the  privy 
council,  and  on  his  refusing  to  suspend  l)r. 
Sharp,  rector  of  St.  (iiles,  from  his  ecclesi- 
astical office,  he  was  summoned  before  Jef- 
ferys  and  a  coniraission,  and  arbitrarilv  de- 
prived of  all  his  episcojjal  functions.  Tliis 
violence  on  the  part  of  the  king  was  noticed 
by  Mary  and  by  William  j>rincc  ot  Orange, 
and  at  last  James,  afraid  of  the  consequences 
of  his  conduct,  consented  to  restore  the 
bishop  to  his  offices.  Compton  however  re- 
ceived with  sullenness  the  reparation  oflered 
to  his  episcopal  dignity,  and  when  the  king- 
dom was  invaded  by  W'illiam,  he  warmly  es- 
poused his  cause,  and  conducted  the  princess 
Anne  to  Xotlingham,  to  prevent  her  being 
conveyed  to  PVance.  With  all  the  anlor  of 
a  friend,  and  the  zeal  of  a  pailisan,  he  con- 
gratulated William  on  his  landing,  and  sup- 
ported his  claims  to  the  tlirone  in  the  house 
of  lords,  and  at  last  consecrated  him,  an<l 
fixed  the  crown  on  his  head.  Every  step 
however  which  he  pursued  was  tinctured 
Avith  moderation,  but  because  he  wished  llie 
reconciliation  of  the  dissenters,  and  opposed 
the  prosecution  of  Sacheverell,  he  has  been 
branded  with  the  epithets  of  a  weak  and 
bigoted  partisan.  He  died  at  the  age  of  81, 
July  7th,  1713,  and  was  buried  in  Fulham 
church  yard.  He  was  an  eminent  divine  a.s 
well  as  an  able  statesman,  strongly  alL-^ched 
to  the  constitution,  and  displaying  the  since- 
rity of  his  jirofession  by  a  pious  and  exem- 
plary life.  He  wrote  some  tlieological  tracts, 
justly  esteemed  for  soundness  of  docti-ine, 
and  for  moderation,  and  was  a  great  encou- 
rager  of  botany,  as  the  patron  of  liaj,  Pluke- 
nct,  and  other  naturalists.  His  garden  was- 
much  admired  for  his  fine  collection  of  ex- 
otics. 

Coxa  NT,  John,  D.  D.  an  English  divine, 
was  born  at  Yeaterton,  Devon,  ISth  October 
1608,  and  educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  became  fellow  and  tutor.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  wars  h6  left  the  university,  but 
in  1649  he  was  unanimously  elected  rector 
of  his  college;  he  w  as  also  divinity  professoz', 
and  in  1657  was  admitted  vice  chancellor. 
At  tl»e  restoration  he  appeared  in  London, 
at  the  head  of  the  university,  to  congratulate 


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the  kivip; ;  bat  though  he  assisted  at  the  Savoy 
as  one  of  tlie  coinmissioners,  he  refused  to 
co.'KiT.ly  with  the  act  of  uniformity,  and  was 
consequently  deprived  of  all  his  ]»i'eferuients 
in  I66'i.  He  was  afterwards re-adinittcd  into 
the  bosom  of  tiie  cliurch  1670,  being  ordained 
bj-  Reynolds  bishop  of  Norwich,  whose 
daughter  he  had  married,  and  by  whom  he 
had  six  sons  and  six  daughters.  He  was  scon 
after  made  minister  of  St.  Mary,  \hlerman- 
Iriiry,  which  he  exchanged  for  AUsaints  in 
Northampton,  a  'f)laee  to  which  he  was 
strongly  attached.  He  became  archdeacon 
of  Norwich  1075,  anil  in  1681  had  a  prebend 
in  the  cliurch  of  Worcester.  In  1086  he  had 
the  misfortune  to  lose  his  eyesight,  and  died 
seven  years  after,  12th  March  1693,  and  was 
buried  in  his  church,  Northampton.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  piety,  of  extensive  learn- 
ing, and  of  singular  modesty.  Six  volumes 
of  his  sermons  have  been  published. 

Co  NC  A,  Sebastian,  a  painter  born  at  Gaeta, 
He  died  1761,  aged  82.  His  pieces  were 
much  esteemed  and  many  of  them  are  in  the 
possession  of  the  king  of  Naples. 

CoxcANEx,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
bred  to  the  law.  He  came  to  London  as  a 
literary  adventurer,  and  he  gained  a  liveli- 
hood and  some  reputation  by  writing  in  sup- 
port of  the  measures  of  the  ministry.  His 
attack  upon  Pope  procured  him  a  respectable 
place  in  the  Uanciad;  but  the  patronage  of 
the  duke  of  Newcastle  advanced  him  to  the 
luci'ative  office  of  attorney-general  for  Ja- 
maica. In  this  appointment,  for  17  years,  he 
conducted  himself  with  all  the  integrity  and 
honor  of  a  man  of  virtue,  and  after  acquiring 
a  respectable  and  independent  fortune,  he 
returned  to  England,  with  the  flattering  in- 
tention of  spending  the  rest  of  his  life  in  Ire- 
land. He  fell  however  into  a  rapid  consump- 
tion, and  died^t  London  22d  Jan.  1749.  He 
wrote  Woxford-wells  a  play,  besides  some 
songs,  in  the  Musical  miscellany,  and  a  well- 
known  letter  addressed  to  Warburton. 

CowciXA,  Daniel,  a  Dominican  of  Ven- 
ice, celebrated  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  and 
as  a  man  of  abilities,  often  consulted  by  Ben- 
edict XIV.  He  was  author  of  a  system  of 
christian  theology  2  vols.  4to. — and  other 
pieces  or.  practical  and  casuistical  subjects, 
and  died  at  \  enice  I7.'j6,  aged  70. 

CoNciNi,  better  known  by  the  name  of 
marshal  d'Ancre,  was  a  Florentine,  and 
came  to  France  in  tlie  suit  of  Mary  de  Me- 
dicis  wife  of  Henry  the  great.  By  his  in- 
trigues and  those  of  his  wife  Eleonora  Gali- 
gay,  he  became  from  a  gentleman  of  the 
bed-chainber,  a  marquis,  and  a  marshal  of 
France.  The  enemies  which  his  elevation 
and  his  pride  procured  contrived  his  ruin, 
Lewis  XIII.  was  prevailed  upon  to  get  rid  of 
this  dangerous  favorite,  and  Concini  was  shot 
by  Vitry  and  his  accomplices  on  the  Louvre 
bridge,  24th  April  1617,  and  his  body  was 
ignomiiiiously  insulted  by  the  populace.  His 
wife  also  lo.st  her  liead,  and  his  son  was  de- 
clared incapable  to  hold  any  ofl'tce  in  the 
kingdom.  When  his  wife  was  accused  of 
vitchcruft,  in  in^uencing  the  mind  of  the 


queen,  she  said,  her  magic  was  only  the  in- 
fluence of  a  great  mind  over  a  weak  one. 

CoNDAMiNE,  Charles  Marie  de  la,  born 
at  Paris  1701,  wj's  kniglit  of  St.  Lazare,  and 
member  of  several  learned  academies.  He 
early  travelled  to  the  eastern  parts  of  the 
world,  and  in  17.36  he  was  chosen  with  Go- 
din  to  go  to  Peru,  to  determine  the  figure 
of  the  earth  at  the  equator.  On  his  return 
he  visited  Rome,  and  was,  by  the  dispensa- 
tion of  the  pope,  permitted  at  the  age  of  55 
to  marry  his  niece.  He  died  4th  Feb.  1774, 
in  consequence  of  an  operation  for  the  re- 
moval of  a  hernia.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
eminence  as  a  mathematician,  though  his 
fondness  of  flattery  rendered  him  too  often 
regardless  of  the  solid  praise  which  should 
belong  to  a  man  of  merit,  modesty.  He 
was  acquainted  with  many  learned  persons, 
and  perhaps  more  from  ostentation  than  the 
real  wish  to  advance  the  cause  of  science. 
His  works  are,  distance  of  the  tropics — rela- 
tion of  a  voyage  to  America — obsei'vations, 
kc.  on  the  inoculation  of  the  small-pox — on 
education — tracts  through  Italy — measure 
of  the  three  first  degrees  of  the  meridian. 

CoNDE,  Lewis  first  dvike  of,  son  of 
Charles  of  Bourbon,  duke  of  Vendome,  was 
distinguished  for  his  valor  at  the  battle  of  St. 
Quintin,  and  afterwards  for  his  intrigues, 
as  the  leader  of  the  rebellious  Hugonots. 
Active  and  vigilant  during  the  civil  wars  of 
that  period,  he  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Dreux,  and  seven  years  after  fell  at  that  of 
Jarnac  1569,  aged  39.  His  memoirs  of  his 
own  times  appeared  after  his  death,  and  pos- 
sess merit.  The  best  edition  is  that  of  1743, 
6  vols.  4to. 

CoNDE,  Henry  prince  of,  was  known  in 
the  court  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  br  whose 
influence  he  became  a  catholic.  He  was 
sent  to  the  bastille  1616,  and  liberated  three 
years  after.  The  death  of  Lewis  XIII.  re- 
stored him  to  public  favor,  he  became  min- 
ister to  the  regent,  and  displayed  his  valor 
and  his  abilities  in  the  service  of  his  country, 
and  died  at  Paris  1646,  aged  58. 

CoNDE,  Lewis  prince  of,  duke  of  Eng- 
ncin,  son  of  the  preceding,  deserved  the 
name  of  the  great.  He  was  born  at  Paris 
1621,  and  Richelieu  observed  in  his  earliest 
years  his  promising  abilities,  and  foretold  his 
future  greatness  as  a  general  and  as  a  man. 
Though  but  22  he  defeated  the  Sjianiards  at 
the  famous  battle  of  Rocroi,  and  after  ta- 
king Thionville  and  other  fortified  towns,  he 
entered  Germany  as  a  conqueror.  His  at- 
tempts afterwards  upon  Lerida  in  Catalonia 
proved  abortive,  but  in  Flanders  he  acqui- 
red fresh  honors,  by  the  defeat  of  the  im- 
perialists, and  tlie  submission  of  an  exten- 
sive tract  of  country.  In  the  civil  wars  of 
France,  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  court, 
though  afterwards  he  opposed  the  views  of 
Mazarine  and  of  the  monarchy,  and,  in  the 
spirit  of  indignation  and  unyielding  pride,  he 
entered  into  the  service  of  the  Spaniards  in 
Flanders  against  his  country.  The  peace  of 
the  Pyrenees,  1659,  reconciled  him  to  his 
country,  and   enabled  hira  to  alone  for  the 


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injuries  wliich  liis  desertion  hnd  inflicted  on 
liis  Iionor  anil  France.  He  uas  afterwunls 
rniployc'tl  a};ainsl  llie  prince  of  Oiaii^i'  ;  l»ul 
tlioHgh  votindcMl  at  the  passage  of  the  Jtliirie, 
lie  coniplcttMl  till-  c()iH[Ucst  f»f  Fi-anclic-conj- 
tc,  and  spread  terror  into  (ieiinau}  ,  after 
the  resii^nation  ofTurenne.  lie  died  of  thr 
s>ont  at  Foiitainbleau  1080,  a};jed  05,  havini; 
two  son«  l>v  his  wile,  who  was  the  niece  of 
cardinal  Riclielien. 

CoNUE,  Henry  Jidins  de,  piinee  of,  son 
of  tlie  great  Conde,  distingnisiied  himself 
\indcr  his  fallier,  at  tlie  passage  of  the 
Rhine,  and  at  the  battle  of  Senef.  He  was 
a  liberal  patron  of  men  of  letters  and  died 
1709,  aged  06. 

CoNDER,  .John  D.  D.  was  born  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire 1714,  and  was  educated  as  a  dis- 
senter. He  was  a  minister  of  a  congrega- 
tion at  ('amln'idge,  and  afterwards  kept  a 
school  at  Mile-end,  and  in  1701  succeeded  to 
the  meeting  on  the  Pavernentj  Moorfields. 
He  died  17S1,  aged  07.  He  printed  several 
sermons,  besides  an  essay  on  the  importance 
of  the  clerical  character. 

CoNDiLLAC,  Stephen  Ronnot  de,  of  the 
French  academy,  born  at  Grenoble,  vas 
preceptor  to  the  inlant  son  of  the  duke  of 
Parma.  He  died  at  Flux  near  Baugenci,  2d 
Aug.  178(),of  a  putrid  fever.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  erudition,  strong  sense,  and  austere 
manners.  He  wrote  in  3  vols.  12mo.  oesay 
on  the  origin  of  human  sciences — on  animals 
—on  the  sensations,  See. — besides  a  course 
of  study  for  the  instruction  of  his  pupils  in 
iGvols.  12mo — and  commerce  and  govern- 
ment considered  in  their  mutual  relations, 
h.c.  l2mo.  These  volumes  iHsplay  great 
philanthropy,  though  often  they  are  devoid 
of  warmth  and  vivacitj^  He  is  accused  by 
some  of  favoring  the  principles  of  the  mate- 
rialists. 

CoNDORCET,  Jolm  Antlionv  Nicholas 
Caritat,  marquis  of,  one  of  the  fonnders  of 
the  French  republic,  was  born  17th  Sept. 
1743,  at  Ribemont  in  Picardy,  of  a  noble 
family.  He  preferred  the  pursuits  of  litera- 
ture to  the  military  ])rofession,  and  studied 
mathematics  and  belles  lettres  at  the  col- 
lege of  Navarre,  and  at  the  age  of  21  he 
gained  the  applauses  of  the  learned,  by  his 
ingenious  memoir  on  the  calcul  differentiel, 
which  was  received  by  the  academy  of  Paris 
with  marked  approbation.  He  afterwards 
became  the  friend  of  d'Alembert,  and  of 
Voltaire,  and  corresponded  with  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  when  made  Secretary  of  the 
academy  of  sciences,  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  spirited  eloges  which  he  pro- 
nounced on  the  meritorious  services  of  his 
departed  brethren.  In  the  constituent  as- 
sembly he  was  made  governor  to  the  dau- 
phin ;  but  his  zeal  in  favor  of  republican 
yjrinciples  overpowered  the  respect  w  hich 
he  owed  to  majesty,  and  though  patronised 
by  Lewis  XVI.  he  ventured  to  recommend 
tlie  abolition  of  monarchy,  and  the  ti'iumph 
of  liberty.  But  though  host.ile  to  the  mon- 
archy, he  showed  some  compassion  for  the 
king,  and  opposed  his  violent  trial  ;  but  his 


measures  were  viewed  with  jealotrnv  bv 
Rol)eH[ii<rre  and  his  paity,  and  he  was  rr- 
garile«l  as  a  hypocrite,  who,  under  the  niaiik 
(>{  nxKleratiun  an«l  philos'>j»liy,  aspired  at 
the  sovereign  p<iw(  r.  He  was  the-refore 
contlemncd  28th  July,  1793,  as  nttv  of  the 
Girondists,  and  foi-  a  whde  concealed  him- 
sflfat  Paris,  but  :ifler\\urds  sought  refuge  at. 
the  houi>e  of  a  friend  in  the  country.  His 
frifnd  unforHmately  was  nbHcnt,  anil  he  whs 
obliged  to  hide-  himself  foi-  several  nights  iji 
some  (pntrries,  tdl  hunger  forced  hnu  loseek 
relief  in  a  neighjjoring  tavern.  His  long 
beard,  squalid  appiarance,  and  the  vora- 
cious appetite  with  wlii(  Ii  he  devoured  \hr 
bread  placed  befoi-e  him,  rendered  liim  sU'i- 
pecle<l,  he  was  arrested,  and  might  h.ur 
cscaiied  under  the  ohai'acter  of  a  distressed 
servant,  but  a  llin-ace  I'ound  in  his  ]n>cket, 
I)roved  him  to  be  a  nia«i  of  education,  and  of' 
consequence.  On  the  morrow  tlie  gaoler 
found  him  dead,  a  .sacrifice  either  to  exces- 
sive fatigue  and  continued  want,  or  to  poison, 
28th  Mare)i,  1794.  In  his  character,  Con- 
dorcct  was  weak  but  ambitions,  fond  of  nov- 
elty, and,  in  pursuit  of  imaginary  happiness, 
little  attentive  to  the  feelings  of  humanity, 
the  calls  of  vii-tue,  and  the  prece]>tf>  of  Chris- 
tianity. He  was,  according  to  d'Alembert, 
a  volcano  covered  with  snow.  His  writi;igf 
were  resi>tctable.  Besides  a  sketch  of  the 
progress  of  the  human  niind — a  treatise  on 
arithmetic — a  tract  on  calculation,  and  on 
the  problem  of  the  three  bodies — analytical 
affairs,  &c.  he  wrote  eulogies  on  Bemouilli, 
d'Alembert,  Euler,  Jussieu,  Bufl'on,  and 
others,  which  possessed  great  merit,  though 
that  on  Voltaire  is  considered  as  turgid  ami 
insignificant.  His  publications  were  20  in 
number. 

CoNDREN,  Charles  de,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  priest  of  the  congregation  of  the 
oi-atoiy,  and  confessor  of  the  tluke  of  Or- 
leans, is  known  for  his  influence  in  produ- 
cing a  reconciliation  between  the  king  and 
Orleans.  Satisfied  with  a  life  of  ])rivacy, 
and  the  humble  dignitv  of  general  of  liis  or- 
der,  he  nobly  refused  a  bishopric  and  the 
hat  of  a  cardinal,  and  died  1641.  His  dis- 
courses, letters,  See.  have  appeared  in  2  vols. 
12mo. 

Confucius  or  Coxc-fu-tze,  a  cele- 
brated Chinese  philosopher,  born  at  Chan- 
ping,  of  a  noble  family,  about  550  B.  C  At 
the  age  of  three  he  lost  his  father,  but  his 
education  vvas  honorably  supcrintonded  by 
the  kind  care  of  his  gran(lt':i'her,  and  his  wis- 
dom and  abilities  displayed  themselves  with 
such  advantage,  that  he  became  the  prime 
minister  of  the  kingdom  of  Lu.  Hih  labtjrs 
were  ardently  directed  to  tlie  reformation 
of  manners,  but  the  dissipation  of  the  king, 
who  attached  himself  to  several  concubines, 
displeased  him,  and  he  indignantly  rtsigned 
his  offices,  and  retired  to  privacy,  and  the 
cultivation  of  philosophical  pursuits.  So  ex- 
tensively spread  was  his  reputation,  that  he 
was  frequented  by  above  3000  disciples, 
whom  his  examples  and  precepts  formed  to 
virtue  and   moralitv.     He    taught  his  disci- 


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pics  that  the  lirst  duties  were  to  serve,  obey, 
and  fear  God,  to  love  their  neiglibor  as 
themselves,  and  to  curb  their  passions  to 
the  guidance  of  reason.  Thus  deservedly 
respectod  and  beloved,  Confucius  selected 
ten  of  his  pupils,  to  whom  he  communicated 
the  vast  resources  of  his  mind,  and  all  the 
precepts  which  might  render  and  preserve 
them  happy  in  the  possession  of  wisdom  and 
virtue.  He  returned  afterwards  to  the  kiug- 
dom  of  Lu,  where  he  died  aged  73.  The 
king  no  sooner  heard  of  his  death,  than  he 
exclaimed,  *'  that  the  gods  had  removed  him 
from  the  earth,  because  they  wished  to  pun- 
ish her  inhabitants."  His  memory  was  hon- 
ored in  the  most  solemn  manner,  he  was  re- 
garded as  a  departed  saint,  and  public  edifi- 
ces were  raised  to  celebrate  liis  services  to 
mankind.  His  books  on  morals  have  been 
translated  into  French,  and  they  possess  ex- 
•ellent  rules  for  virtue  and  morality.  He 
married,  when  young,  but  though  he  lost  his 
wife  some  years  after,  he  disdained  to  follow 
the  exanjple  of  his  countrymen,  who  kept 
concubines.  His  descendants  are  still  rever- 
ed in  China,  and  are  regarded  as  mandarins 
of  the  first  order  of  the  kingdom. 

CoNGREVE,  "William,  an  English  dra- 
matic writer,  born  in  Staffordshire,  1672.  He 
was  educated  at  Kilkenny  school,  and  Dublin 
college,  whence  many  have  supposed  him  to 
be  a  native  of  Ireland,  After  the  revolution 
he  came  to  London,  and  entered  at  the  Mid- 
dle temple,  but  soon  relinquished  the  profes- 
sion for  the  cultivation  of  the  muses.  His 
first  production  Avas  "  Incognita,  or  love  and 
duty  reconciled,"  a  novel  of  some  merit, 
though  the  composition  of  a  youth  of  17. 
His  first  play  was  the  Old  Bachelor  in  1693, 
which  was  revised  and  applauded  by  Hryden, 
and  deservedly  recommended  the  author  to 
the  patronage  of  lord  Halifax,  by  whose  influ- 
ence he  became  commissioner  for  Hcensing 
hackney  coaches,  andheld  other  officesworth 
600/.  a-year.  The  next  year  appeared  his 
Double  Dealer,  but  with  not  so  much  popu- 
larity. On  the  death  of  queen  Mary,  Con- 
greve  wrote  a  delicate  and  much  admired  pas- 
toral, called  the  Mourning  muse  of  Alexis, 
and  in  1G95  he  produced  his  popular  comedy 
of  Love  for  Love,  and  the  same  year,  an  ode 
on  the  taking  of  Namur.  The  next  produc- 
tion A\as  the  Mourning  Bride,  a  tragedy, 
"which  was  first  acted  in  Lincoln's-inn  fields' 
theatre,  and  was  universally  applauded.  The 
reputatiou  of  Congreve,  but  more  particular- 
ly the  licentiousness  of  his  plays,  drew  upon 
him  the  censures  of  Jeremy  Collier  the  zea- 
lous reformer  of  the  stnge,  and  though  Con- 
gi'eve  defended  himself,  yet  truth  must  own 
the  charge  of  immorality  too  well  established 
to  be  refuted.  Though  dissatisfied  with  the 
public  cry  raised  against  him,  yet  he  produ- 
ced another  comedy,  Tlie  way  of  the  world, 
which  was  condemned  by  the  critics  of  the 
times,  but  nevertheless  possesses  great  me- 
rit. Though  he  now  withdrew  from  public 
life  as  an  author,  his  friends  were  occasional- 
ly complimented  with  his  able  assistance,  he 
wrote  epilogues,  and  assisted  Dryden  in  his 


Virgil,  and  contributed  the  whole  ofJuvenal's/ 
11th  satire.  The  last  20  years  of  his  life, 
Congreve  spent  in  ease  and  retirement.  He 
was  at  last  afflicted  severely  with  the  gout, 
which  together  with  a  bruise  he  received  in 
being  overturned  in  his  chariot,  hastened  his 
death.  He  died  in  Surry-street,  Strand, 
lyth  January  1729,  and  was  buried  with  great 
solemnity  in  Westminster-abbey,  where  a 
monument  was  erected  to  his  honor  by  Hen- 
rietta, duchess  of  Marlborough.  Congreve 
enjoyed  in  his  time  much  of  what  can  render 
life  agreeable,  easy  and  happy.  His  appoint- 
ments and  the  secretaryship  of  Jamaica  yield- 
ed him  not  less  than  1200/.  a  year,  and  with 
an  easy  and  independent  fortune  he  was  flat- 
tered with  the  friendship  of  the  great  and  of 
the  learned,  and  had  Dryden,  Steele,  and 
Pope,  among  his  most  devoted  admirers.  He 
died  very  rich,  the  fruit  of  his  great  but  not 
unbecoming  economy.  His  comedies,  says 
Johnson,  are  the  works  of  a  mind  replete 
with  imagery  and  quick  in  combination, 
though  of  his  miscellaneous  poetry  little  can 
be  said  that  is  favorable.  Voltaire,  v/ho  knew 
and  admired  him,  says,  that  he  raised  the 
glory  of  English  comedy  to  a  greater  height 
than  afty  Avriter  before  or  after  him  ;  but  his 
grand  defect  was  entertaining  too  mean  an 
idea  of  the  character  of  an  author,  though  to 
that  he  was  indebted  totally  for  his  fame  and 
fortune, 

Connor,  Bernard,  a  physician,  born  in 
the  county  of  Kerry,  1606,  As  his  friends 
were  catholics,  he  was  not  regularly  educa-r 
ted  in  Ireland,  but  in  1686  he  went  over  to 
France,  and  at  Montpellier  and  Paris,  distin- 
guished himself  for  his  assiduity,  and  his 
great  knowledge  of  anatomy  and  chemistry. 
He  afterwards  travelled  through  Germany  as 
the  tutor  of  the  two  sons  of  the  chancellor  of 
Poland,  and  on  his  arrival  at  Warsaw,  re- 
commended himself  so  much  by  liis  skill  ia 
the  know  ledge  and  cure  of  diseases,  that  he 
became  physician  to  the  king,  John  Sobieski. 
After  collecting  much  valuable  information 
on  the  natural  history  and  other  curiosities 
of  Poland,  he  left  Warsaw  in  1694,  as  physi- 
cian in  the  suit  of  the  king's  daughter,  who 
was  going  to  espouse  the  duke  of  Bavaria  at 
Brussels,  and  from  Holland,  he  came  to  Eng- 
land in  1695,  He  now  began  to  read  lec- 
tures on  anatomy,  chemistry,  and  physic  at 
Oxford,  and  acquired  such  celebrity  that  he 
was  elected  into  the  royal  society  and  the  col- 
lege of  physicians.  He  also  delivered  lec- 
tures in  London  and  Cambridge  with  equal 
success,  but  his  evangelium  mcdici  divided 
into  16  sections,  published  in  1697,  drew  upon 
him  the  imputation  of  irrehgion  and  even 
atheism,  and  though  he  probably  intended  no 
attack  upon  revelation,  the  work  deserves 
censure  for  its  scepticism.  On  the  death  of 
Sobieski,  and  the  tumults  which  a  Polish 
election  generally  produced,  Connor  was  in- 
duced to  gratify  the  public  curiosity  by  the 
publication  of  his  history  of  Poland  in  two 
vols,  which,  though  finished  with  more  rapidi- 
ty than  correctness,  contains  many  valuable 
and  interesting  particulars  concerning  that 


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now  ill  fated  kinpjdom.  Whilst  in  the  ciijoy- 
luent  of  public  celebrity  aud  rising  emiruiice, 
Coiuioi-  was  attacked  M'itli  a  fever,  A\hicli 
ijiiickly  carried  him  off,  October  1G98,  iti  his 
J'2d  year.  I'hoiigh  born  and  erliicat«r|  a 
catholic  he  embraced  the  doctrines  of  the 
churcli  of  England,  and  died  in  lier  commu- 
nion. His  funeral  sermon  was  |iiea<'bcd  by 
Dr.  Ilayley,  rector  of  St.  Giles  in  the  field.s, 
where  liis  remains  were  deposited. 

CoNON,  an  Atlienian  p;enci"al  defeated  by 
liysander.  He  afterwards  defeated  the  Spar- 
tuis,  and  was  reconciled  to  his  countrymen. 
He  was  hetrayeil  to  Tiribazns,  and  put  to 
death  393  B.  (J. 

CoxoN,  an  astronomer  of  Samos,  the 
friend  of  Archimedes.  He  llatt-red  Ptolemy 
l)y  sayinp;  that  the  hair  ofcjueen  ilererJce  was 
become  a  constellation  in  the  heavens. 

Cox  RAD  I.  count  of  Franconia,  and  kin}? 
of  Germany  91'2.  lie  opposed  the  Huns 
who  hud  invaded  Germany,  at  the  .solicita- 
tion of  Arnoul  duke  of  Uavaria,  and  at  last 
purchased  tlieir  retreat  with  a  sum  of  money 
and  a  yearly  tribute,  and  died  918. 

Conrad  H.  son  of  Herman  duke  of 
Franconia,  was  made  kinp^  of  Germany  1024, 
and  crowned  emperor  at  Kome  3  years  after. 
He  was  successful  against  his  opponents,  and 
added  to  his  dominions  the  kin.^dom  of  Bur- 
gundy according  to  the  will  of  king  Rodol- 
phus.     He  died  1039- 

Conrad  HI.  son  of  Frederic  of  Suabia, 
■Has  duke  of  Franconia,  and  elected  emperor 
of  Germany.  Though  violently  opposed  in 
his  elevation,  lie  had  the  good  fortune  to  dis- 
perse or  reconcile  his  enemies,  and  after- 
wards went  to  the  crusades  agaitjst  the  Sara- 
cens. As  the  Greeks  had  poisoned  the 
fountains  in  the  holy  lanil,  he  nearly  lost  his 
■whole  army,  and  with  difficulty  returned  to 
FiUrope.     He  died  at  Bamberg,  1152. 

Conrad  IV.  duke  of  Suabia,  succeeded 
Ids  father  Frederic  U.  as  emperor  1250.  His 
elevation  was  opposed  by  Innocent  IV.  who 
claimed  the  high  ])rivilege  of  disposing  of 
crowns  and  kingdoms,  upon  which  he  inva- 
ded Italy,  and  took  (>apua,  N'aples,  and  other 
places.  His  victories  would  soon  have  dis- 
possessed the  ambitious  pope  of  his  diimiu- 
ions,  but  he  died  suddenly,  and  as  it  is  sus- 
pected of  poison,  1254. 

CoNRADiN  or  Conrad,  son  of  the 
fourth  (Jonrad,  wasonly  three  years  old  when 
his  father  die<l.  His  uncle  Mainfroi  becahie 
his  regent  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  but 
jiope  Urban  IV.  besto\\ed  the  crown  to 
Charles  of  Anjou,  who  defeated  his  youthful 
rivalries,  ami  soon  after  beheaded  him  ut 
Naples,  when  only  si.\teen  years  old. 

CoNTtxVRT,  Valentin,  secretary  to  the 
French  king's  council,  was  born  at  Paris 
1603,  and  died  September  23,  1675.  To  his 
taste,  his  influence,  and  his  love  for  literature 
the  French  ascribe  the  originof  their  French 
academy,  of  which  he  is  deservedly  styled  the 
father,  as  her  first  learned  men  held  their 
first  meetings  in  his  house  from  1629  to  1034. 
Though  Conrartknew  nothing  of  Greek,  and 
iiule  of  Latin,  he  yet  published  -some  pieces 


jiot  entitled  liowever  to  pjeat  ruerit.  He 
owes  his  celebrity  to  the  afiabilitv  (jf  his  nian- 
ners,  the  goodness  of  his  heai't,  the  hospitable 
asylum  which  he  gave  to  men  of  learning,  and 
es[)ecially  his  being  regarded  as  the  founder 
ni  the  academy. 

Conk  I,  Florence,  a  Franciscan  friar,  born 
in  (Joniiaught,  in-iand,  lint  educated  in  .Spain. 
Fhilip  Hi.  sent  hint  under  the  title  of  titular 
bi-hop  of  Tuam,  to  Ijis  native  country,  that 
he  might  reconcile  the  disaflVcled  Irish  to 
the  prospects  of  a  Spanish  invasion.  His 
pei'fidious  schemes  were  liowever  <lefeat«d, 
•uiid  be  returned  to  Madrid,  w  here  he  rlied 
in^'J.  He  was  author  of  the  mirror  of  the 
christian  life, — an  Irish  catechism,  L«>nvaiii 
1620,  besides  some  Latin  pieces  on  Augus- 
tine, &c. 

CoNRiNGius,  Hermannus,  profes.sor  of 
tlie  law,  was  bora  at  Noi-den  in  Frisia  lf»06, 
and  died  at  Hclmstadt,  where  he  was  profes- 
sor of  physic  and  politics,  and  senior  of  the 
university,  in  1081.  He  was  well  skilled  in 
!iistoi-y  as  wellas  law,  aiidenjoyed  the  friend- 
shi[)  of  some  of  the  ]irinces  of  Germany.  His 
works,  which  are  chiefly  on  law  and  historr, 
were  printed  at  Brunswick  in  six  vols,  folio. 
1731. 

Constant,  David,  a  native  ofLausanne, 
and  there  professor  of  philosophy,  Greek, 
and  divinity.  He,  wrote  an  abridgment  of 
politics, — on  the  passage  of  the  Israelites 
throiigh  the  red  sea, — on  Lot's  wife, — the 
bush  of  iMoses, — -the  brazen  serpent, — a  sys- 
tem of  theology,  he. — besides  editions  of  the 
classics,     lie  died  at  Lausanne  1733,  ag<'d  95. 

Const  ANT  IN,  Robert,  professor  of  phy- 
sic, and  belles  lettres  at  Caen  university, 
where  he  was  born,  died  of  a  pleurisy  in 
10O5,  aged  103,  after  enjoying  to  the  last  all 
the  faculties  of  his  mind  and  body.  His 
knowledge  f>f  Greek  was  very  extensive,  as 
his  learned  work«5  fully  evince,  especially  his 
valuable  Lexicon  Greek  and  Latin.  He  wrote 
besides  three  books  on  Greek  and  Latin  an- 
tiquities,— a  dictionary  of  abstruse  l^atiu 
words, — a  thesaurus  rerura,  &c.  utriusque 
lingute. 

Cokstantine  the  great,  a  Roman  em- 
peror after  his  father  Constantius.  He  wa.s 
an  able  general,  a  sagacious  politician,  and  a. 
benevolent  prince.  He  is  cliiefly  celebrated 
for  the  building  of  Constantinople  on  the  site 
of  old  Byzantium,  and  for  being  the  first  em- 
peror who  embraced  Christianity.  He  died 
357,  aged  60. 

Constantine  II.  son  of  the  great  Con- 
stantine,  was  born  at  Aries,  and  became  after 
his  father's  death  masterof  Spain,  Gaul,  and 
Britain.  He  made  war  against  his  brother 
Constans,  and  was  slain  at  Aquileia  340. 

Constantine  HI.  son  of  Constantius 
II.  was  surnamed  I'ogonatus,  or  the  bearded, 
and  was  crowned  emperor  60S.  He  was  suc- 
cessful again.-^t  the  Saracens,  who  besieged 
Constantinople,  and  he  destroyed  their  ships 
with  the  tTreck  fire.  Though  valiant  he  was 
ambitious  and  intriguing.  He  avengid  his 
father's  murder,  but  he  showed  himselfwan- 
tonlv  cruel  bv  the  murder  of  his  brothers  Ti- 


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berius  and  Heraclius,  who  had  been  raised  by 
the  array  to  a  sliare  of  the  imperial  power. 
He  condemned  the  heresy  of  the  monothelites 
in  a  council  at  Constantinople,  and  died  685. 

CoNSTANTiNE  IV.  C  A  PRO  N  YM  US,  Suc- 
ceeded his  father  Leo  the  Isaurian  752,  and 
displayed  his  zeal  against  image  worship.  He 
tiefcated  the  Saracens,  and  Artavasdes  liis 
brother-in-law,  who  had  made  an  insurrec- 
tion against  him,  but  lie  was  afterwards  rout- 
ed by  the  Bulgarians,  though  in  another  bat- 
tle he   regained   the  victory.     He  died  775. 

CoxSTANTiNE  V.  Succeeded  his  father 
Leo  IV.  in  780,  though  only  ten  yeaz's  old, 
under  the  guardianship  of  liis  mother  Irene. 
He  had  the  good  success  to  thwart  his 
mother's  schemes,  who  wished  to  make  her- 
self sole  sovereign;  but  during  an  invasion  of 
the  Bulgarians,  he  was  defeated,  and  was  de- 
prived not  only  of  his  power,  but  of  his  eyes, 
by  the  ordor  of  his  cruel  mother  79J.  He 
died  some  years  after  in  obscurity. 

CONSTANTINE  VH.   FoR  PH  VKO  GENl- 

Tus,  son  of  Leo  the  vist,-,  was  born  905,  and 
ascended  the  throne  at  the  age  of  seven,  un- 
»ler  the  guardianship  of  his  mother  Zoe. 
When  of  age  he  showed  himself  valiant  and 
active,  he  defeated  the  l^ombards  in  Italy, 
and  drove  the  Turks  by  threats  and  by  mo- 
ney from  the  borders  of  Ids  empire.  He  was 
afterwards  governed  by  his  wife  Helena, 
ivho  oppressed  the  people  and  rendered  her- 
self odious.  He  was  poisoned  by  his  son 
Komanns  959.  He  was  a  learned  man,  and 
wrote  the  life  of  Basihus  the  Macedonian, — 
the  geography  of  the  empire, — a  treatise  on 
the   affairs  of  the  empire, — de  re  rustiea, 

CoNSTANTiNE  IX.  son  of  llomanus, 
succeeded  to  the  tlu'one  with  his  brother 
Basil  II.  after  John  Zimisces,  976.  He  died 
1028. 

CONSTANTINE     X.     MoNOMACHUS     or 

Gladiator,  a  Greek,  who  married  Zoe, 
daughter  of  Constantine  IX.  and  ascended 
the  throne  1042.  Insurrection  and  a  Turk- 
ish war  Avere  the  striking  features  of  his 
reign.    He  died  1054. 

Constantine  XI.  or  'Ducas,  was 
adopted  as  successor  by  Isaac  Commenusl959. 
His  reign  was  turbulent  and  unhappy  in  con- 
sequence of  the  invasion  of  the  Scythians, 
and  the  destruction  of  some  of  his  cities  by 
an  earthquake.     He  died  1067. 

Constantine  XIII.  sonof  John  Paleo- 
logns,  succeeded  his  brother  John  in  1448. 
He  possessed  bravery,  and  honorably  fell 
in  the  defence  of  Constantinople  when  be- 
sieged and  taken  by  the  Turks  1453.  In 
him  ended  the  Greek  empire. 

Constantine,  Flavius  Julius,  a  pri- 
vate soldier,  who  by  intrigue  and  great  suc- 
cess invested  himself  with  the  imperial  pur- 
ple in  Britain,  and  added  Gaul  and  Spain  to 
his  dominions  by  his  arms.  He  was  besieg- 
ed at  Aries,  where  he  had  fixed  his  resi- 
dence, by  Constantins  the  lieutenant  of  Ho- 
norius,  and  when  r(iduced  to  extremity  he 
offere«l  to  surrender  provided  his  life  was 
spared.    The  conditions  were  accepted  but 


inhumanly  violated.    He  was  put  to  death, 
and  also  his  son,  411. 

Co  X  STAN  tine,  a  native  of  Syria,  raised 
to  the  papal  cliair  708.  He  travelled  into 
the  east,  and  died  715.  The  antipope  who 
opposed  Stephen  III.  bore  also  this  name. 
He  w  as  driven  from  Rome  and  died  in  a  mo- 
nastery. 

Constantine,  of  Carthage  in  Africa, 
was  a  physician  of  the  llth  century.  He 
travelled  into  the  east  where  he  resided  30 
years.  He  is  supposed  to  be  the  tirst  who 
brought  the  Arabian  and  Greek  physic  into 
Italy.  After  his  return  to  Carthage  he  went 
to  settle  at  Reggio,  and  at  last  became  a 
monk  of  ilonte  Casino.  His  works  appear- 
ed at  Basil  1539,  in  folio. 

CoxsTANTius,  Chlorus,  father   of  the 
great    Constantine,    Avas   made  colleague  to 
Galerius  on  Dioclesian's  abdication.     He  died 
at  York  3U6. 

Constant! us,  Flavius  Julius,  the  se- 
cond son  of  the  great  Constantine,  succeeded 
with  his  two  brothers  Constansand  Constan- 
tine to  the  empire  of  Rome.  He  defeated 
Magnentius  who  had  murdered  his  brother 
Constans  and  became  sola  eropei-or.  He 
died  361. 

CoNTARiNi,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Ven- 
ice, engaged  in  various  embassies,  and  made 
a  cardinal  1538,  and  sent  as  legate  to  the 
council  of  Trent  1541.  He  wrote  some  Lat- 
in treatises  on  the  immortality  of  the  soul — 
the  seven  sacraments, — against  Luther, — on 
the  office  of  pope,  &cc. — w  ith  great  elegance 
and  spirit,  and  died  at  Bologna  1542. 

CoNTARiNi  Giovanni,  a  Venetian 
painter,  Avho  died  1605,  aged  56.  He  was 
eminent  in  his  profession  and  a  great  imita- 
tor of  Titian. 

CoNTARiNi,  Vincent,  professor  of  elo- 
quence at  Padua,  died  in  his  native  town, 
Venice,  1617,  aged  40.  The  most  known  of 
his  learned  works  are  de  refrumentaria,  de 
militari  Romanorum  stipendio  variai  lectio- 
nes,  he.  in  4to. 

CoNTE,  Jacobino  del,  a  Florentine  por- 
trait painter,  patronised  by  pope  Paul  III. 
He  died  1598,  aged  88. 

CoNTi,  Guisto  di,  an  Italian  poet  who 
died  at  Rimini  about  the  middle  of  the  16th 
century.  His  poems  are  greatly  esteemed, 
they  were  collected  and  published  Venice 
1592,  in  4to.  Florence  1715,  and  Verona 
1753,  in  4to. 

CoNTi,  abbe  Anthony,  a  noble  Venetian, 
who  died  1749,  aged  71.  By  the  extent  of 
his  travels  he  not  only  formed  a  numerous 
acquaintance  with  the  learned  of  every  coun- 
try, but  he  greatly  impi'oved  the  powers  of 
his  mind.  He  is  author  of  some  tragedies, 
and  of  some  poems  which  abound  more  with 
metaphysics  than  poetical  elegance.  His 
v/orks  in  vei"se  and  prose  were  published  at 
Venice  two  vols.  4to.  1739,  and  another 
1756.  During  his  visit  to  England,  Conti  be- 
came acquainted  with  Newton,  and  long  es- 
teemed and  venerated  the  abilities  and 
friendship  of  that  great  man, 

Co  NT  I,  Arm  and  de  Bourbon  prince  of, 


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quitted  the  churcli  for  a  military  life,  atitl 
warmly  espoused  tlic  party  of  the  insui*t;iMil.s 
sijMinst  l)is  lir()tlH'r  the  great  (Jonde,  diiritifi; 
the  civil  \v:ii-s  ot'  F'rance.  These  two  hostile 
brothers  were  bu(h  together  sent  prisoners 
to  YiKceimes  b\  MazHiiiie.  Conti  m  as  nwidc 
in  lGn4  governor  «»r  ( iiiieuue,  conim:trider  ot 
the  armies  in  (J:il;ih)nia,  and  g(»vcrnor  of 
Ijanguedoc  IfifiJ.  lie  wrote  in  French,  trca- 
ti«;es  oil  the  duties  of  the  great, — on  eiuiie- 
dies  and  plays,  fccc. — on  the  duties  of  provin- 
cial governors,  ^{c. — three  vols.  I'inio.  i'aris 
1607.     He  died  ItiOS. 

Co  NT  I,  Francis  Lewis  de  Bourhon,  sou 
of  the  preceding,  distingiiislud  liinist:lf  :it  tlu' 
«iege  of  Luxeinhurg,  in  the  eanipaign  in 
Hungary,  at  the  battles  of  Steinkerk  Jleur- 
iis  and  Nerwinde.  Me  was  fleeted  king  of 
J'olaiid  lf»U7,  but  soon  sui)planted  by  the 
elector  of  Saxony.  He  died  at  Paris  17U9, 
aged  45.  His  grandson  Lewis  FYancis  was 
distinguished  in  the  wai-s  of  Italy  aii<l  Flan- 
ders, and  died  at  Paris,  '2d  August  1776,  aged 
59. 

Conto-Vertana,  Don  Joseph,  a  Por- 
tuguese poet,  of  great  merit,  and  inferior 
only  to  C'amocns.  /lis  Quitterie  la  Sainte, 
is  a  valuable  epic  poem.  He  dietl  at  Lisbon 
1735. 

CoNYBEARE,  Joliu,  a  learned  Engli.sh 
prelate,  horn  at  Pinhoe,  near  iixeter,  ;31st 
January  169'2.  He  was  educated  at  Exeter 
grammar  college,  and  Exeter  college,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  and  afterwards  tu- 
tor. In  1730  he  was  appointed  rector  of  his 
college,  and  on  the  same  year  he  published, 
by  the  advice  of  bishop  Gibson,  an  answer 
to  Tindal's  Christianity  as  old  as  the  crea- 
tion, which  proved  him  to  be  not  only  a  great 
champion  in  the  cause  of  revelation,  but  an 
able  and  acute  scholar,  and  sound  divine. 
In  173'2  he  was  appointed  dean  of  Christ 
church,  and  in  1750  he  succeeded  Butler  in 
the  see  of  Bristol.  He  did  not  however  long 
enjoy  this  new  dignity,  as  he  was  a  great 
martyr  to  the  gout,  vmder  wliich  he  at  last 
sunk  13lh  July  1755.  He  was  buried  in 
Bristol  cathedral.  Two  volumes  of  his  ex- 
cellent sermons  were  published  after  his 
death. 

Cook,  James,  a  celebrated  navigator, 
horn  at  Marton  in  Cleveland,  near  Great 
Ay  ton.  Yorkshire,  an*'  christened  3d  No- 
vember 17'JS.  His  father  was  a  poor  cotta- 
ger, whoat'terwards  was  employed  as  a  hind 
or  upper  servant  on  the  farms  of  'i'homas 
Skottowe  escjuire  nt  (ireat  Ayton,  where  his 
son  was  engaged  in  the  labor  of  the  plough 
till  tl^e  age  of  13,  when  he  .-icquired  some 
knowledge  of  arithmetic  and  figures  at  the 
village  school.  At  the  age  of  17  young  Cook 
was  bound  apprentice  for  four  years  to  a 
grocer  at  Snaith,  l.nit  his  fondness  for  the 
sea  overturned  his  father's  plans,  and  after 
one  year  and  a  lialf's  service  the  indentures 
■were  cancelled  by  the  kindness  of  his  master, 
and  in  July  1740  he  was  bound  for  three 
years  in  the  service  of  Mr.  Walker  a  ship 
owner  at  Whitby.  He  was  thus  engaged  to 
the  great  satisfaction  of  his  employer  in  the 

VOL.    T,  4T 


coasting  and  coal  trmle,  till  17.12,  Mhen  he 
was  made  mate  of  one  of  \V;dker's  vessels, 
and  tilt:  next  year  he  (piitfefl  his  ma.ster's 
service,  though  he  wasoHcred  the  command 
of  one  of  his  ships,  and  entered  on  boani  (.li'r 
Eagle,  a  kirg's  fiigate  of 'JS  f»r  .'><»  guns,  be- 
ing <!e!sir'  us,  as  he  said,  "  to  try  hi.?  fortune 
that  way."  Between  1753  and  I7»'>0,  w hen 
he  received  a  lieutenant's  commission,  he 
was  successfully  emplo\ed  in  imprf»vii  giiim- 
se.lfand  storing  his  mind  with  that  know- 
ledge of  na'»  'galion  ind  inathemalics,  which 
he  afterwaiv*.;  displayed  in  so  remarkable  h 
degree.  The  skill,  firmtn;ss,  and  ability 
which  lie  showed  while  enijdoyed  in  .Vmen- 
ea  aiid  on  the  .lamuica  station,  rec((m mend- 
ed him,  not  onl}-  to  the  n(»tice  of  .sir  William 
Burnaby  tlie  commander,  but  to  the  a|>pro- 
balion  of  the  admiralty,  and  w  hen  in  lf"07 
the  royal  socictv  insisted  on  the  propriety  of 
observing  the  transit  of  Venus  over  the  ■inn's 
disc,  from  some  of  the  i;>lands  of  the  Pacific 
ocean,  lieutenant  (.'ook  was  appointed  to 
command  the  ship  Endeavour  in  that  new 
and  distant  expedition,  lie  was  in  conse- 
quence raised  to  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
sailed  down  the  river  ou  the  30ih  Jnlv,  ac- 
companied ill  this  important  voyage  by  sir 
Joseph  Banks,  Dr.  Solander,  and  .Mr.  (irecn. 
On  the  13th  April  1769,  he  reached  Ola- 
hftite,  where  the  observations  were  directed 
to  be  made,  and  after  remaining  there  till 
13th  July,  he  set  sail  for  Ne*  Zealand,  and 
after  discovering  several  islands  he  I'eached 
Batavia  lOtli  October  1770.  After  losing 
many  of  his  nien  in  this  horrid  climate, 
where  he  was  obliged  to  remain  fill  tbe  Srth 
December  for  the  repairs  of  his  ship,  he 
proceeded  to  the  C'npe  of  (iood  Hope,  and 
anchored  in  the  L^owns  on  the  I'Jtii  June, 
after  an  absence  of  nearly  three  years.  The 
great  abilities  which  captain  Cook  had  evin- 
ced in  this  expedition  recommended  him  to 
the  command  of  tlie  two  ships  intended  to 
explore  the  coasts  of  the  supjiosed  soulhei-u 
hemisphere.  On  the  9lh  of  April  1772  he 
sailed  from  Deptford  on  board  the  Kesohi- 
tion  with  captain  Furncaux,  who  ha<l  the 
command  of  the  other  ship,  the  .'Kdventtire. 
They  reached  the  Cape  of  Good  Hojie  30th 
October,  and  leaving  it  on  the  '-"Jd  Novem- 
ber they  i)roceeded  towards  the  south,  in 
pursuit  of  discovery.  The  vast  fieldii  of  ice 
which  howeverpresented  themselves  in  those 
southern  latitudes,  and  the  imminent  dan- 
gers to  w  liich  they  hourly  exposed  the  ships, 
convinced  the  captain  that  no  land  was  to  ho 
found,  and  that  further  attempts  verenot 
onlv  useless  but  perilous,  and  therefore  on 
the  I7th  January  1773,  he  sailed  towards  the 
8(.uth  sea,  and  on  the  'Jlst  March  1774  re- 
turned to  the  Cape,  and  reache«l  England 
on  the  I4th  of  July.  During  this  dangerous 
vovage  of  three  years  and  IS  days,  the  cap- 
tain lost  only  one  mriu  in  his  crew  of  11$, 
though  he  navigated  in  \arious climates  from 
5'2  degrees  nortli  to  71  degrees  south.  The 
discoveries  of  islands  in  t!ie  southern  se»s 
had  now  engaged  the  attention  of  the  nation, 
and  another  project  was  forn.efi  ta  fiml  out 


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a,  northwest  passage,  and  thus  unite  the 
great  Pacific  ocean  with  the  north  of  the  At- 
lantic. On  this  occasion  Cook,  again  eager 
to  serve  Itis  country  and  advance  the  know- 
ledge of  geography,  bid  adieu  to  his  domestic 
comforts,  awd  a  third  time  with  ardent  zeal 
embarked  to  surround  the  world.  He  set 
sail  in  the  Discovery  in  July  1776,  and  after 
visiting  several  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
ocean  he  penetrated  towards  the  north,  ex- 
plored the  unknown  coasts  of  western  A- 
merica,  and  turiied  back  oidy  wlien  his  fur- 
ther progress  was  impeded  by  vast  fields  of 
ice.  Unable,  in  consequence  of  tlie  advan- 
ced season,  to  go  further,  he  visited  tlie 
Sandwich  islands,  and  stopped  at  Owyhee, 
■where  he  unfortunately  lost  his  life.  Du- 
ring the  night  the  Indians  carried  away  the 
Discovery's  cutter,  and  Cook,  determined 
to  recover  it,  adopted  the  same  measures 
■which  on  similar  occasions  he  'had  success- 
fully pursued,  and  he  seized  the  king  of  tlie 
island,  to  confine  him  on  board  his  ship  till 
restoration  of  the  vessel  was  made.  In  the 
straggle  which  took  place,  the  captain  and 
liis  men  were  assailed  by  the  Indians,  who 
viewedvvith  resentment  the  captivity  of  their 
monarch,  and  before  he  could  reach  the  boat 
Cook  received  a  severe  blow  on  the  head 
A\hich  brought  him  to  the  ground,  and  una- 
ble alone  to  resist  a  multitude  of  savage  foes, 
while  his  men  in  the  boat  and  on  the  shore 
seemed  intent  in  defending  themselves,  he 
was  overpowered  by  the  strokes  of  his  assail- 
ants. His  body  was  treated  with  savage  bar- 
barity, and  a  few  bones  ■were  recovered 
vhich  his  mourning  and  disconsolate  com- 
panions committed  to  Uie  deep.  This  mel- 
ancholy event  happened  on  the  l4th  Febru- 
ary 1779.  The  account  of  the  death  of  this 
worthy  navigator  was  received  with  general 
sorrow.  The  services  which  he  had  ren- 
dered his  country,  the  humanity  which  he 
had  always  showed  in  his  intercourse  with 
the  Indians,  and  the  benevolence  and  con- 
cern with  which  he  watched  over  the  health 
of  his  men,  duly  entilledhim  to  universal  res- 
pect. Soon  after  his  departure  the  royal  so- 
ciety voted  him  a  gohlen  medal,  with  the 
most  honorable  and  most  deserved  testimo- 
ny of  their  esteem  and  gratitude  ;  and  though 
he  had  not  the  liai)piness  to  receive,  before 
his  death,  this  proof  of  public  affection,  yet 
posterity  views  and  records  with  admiration 
and  reverence  the  homage  due  to  the  merits 
of  a  great  and  a  good  man.  Cook  left  by 
Uis  wife,  who  long  survived  him,  several 
children.  On  the  widow  the  king  bestowed 
a  pension  of  2t)0/.  and  on  chcIi  of  the  chil- 
dren 25/.  a  reward  scarce  adequate  to  the 
many  and  immortal  services  of  the  f:\ther. 
Cook,  though  cradled  in  poverty,  yet  im- 
proved himself  by  diligence  and  assiduous 
labor.  He  possessed  great  natural  abilities, 
and  they  -were  not  abused  ;  but  reading, 
medit-'.tion  ant!  severe  application  rendered 
th'-m  not  only  reapectable  but  shining.  Of 
his  first  voyage  the  account  was  compiled 
by  Dr.  Hawkesworth,  perhaps  not  ■with  suf- 
ficient justice.    George  Fovster  son  of  Dr. 


Forstcr,  -nasthe  narrator  of  the  second  voy- 
age, and  as  he  had  shared  the  adventures  of 
the  naval  hero,  his  relation  must  be  consid- 
ered not  only  as  accurate  but  very  interest- 
ing. Among  the  compilers  of  the  last  voy- 
age men  of  ability  and  reputation  are  men- 
tioned, especially  Dr.  Douglas  bishop  of  Sal- 
isbtiry,  captain  King  vho  was  one  of  the  of- 
ficers in  the  expedition,  and  ]Mr.  Anderson. 
The  principal  islands  discovered  by  Cook 
were  Xew  Caledonia,  New  Geoi-gia,  Sand- 
wich-land, and  other  less  important  places, 
and  thus  by  his  labors  and  perseverance  he  es- 
tablished the  non-existence  of  a  southern 
continent  and  the  impracticability  of  a  north- 
ern passage  between  the  Pacific  and  Atlan- 
tic oceans. 

Cooke,  sir  Anthony,  vas  born  at  Gid- 
ding-hall,  Essex,  about  1506.  As  his  name 
is  not  mentioned  by  Wood,  it  is  probable 
that  he  was  educated  at  Cambridge.  He  so 
distinguished  himself  by  his  learning,  and  the 
respectability  of  his  character,  that  he  was 
thought  worthy  to  preside  over  the  educa- 
tion of  the  young  king,  Edward  VL  In  Ma- 
ry's reign  he  lived  in  exile  ;  but  he  returned 
under  Elizabetli,  and  died  at  his  seat  1576. 
His  daughters  w  ere  all  happy  in  their  matri- 
monial connexions.  ]Mildred  married  lord 
Burleigh;  Anne,  sir  Nicholas  Bacon;  Eliza- 
beth, sir  John  Itussel,  son  of  the  earl  of  Bed- 
ford; and  Catharine,  sir  Henry  Killigrew. 

Cooke,  liobert,  was  born  as  Beeston, 
Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  Brazen-nose  col- 
lege, Oxford,  where  he  became  proctor  of 
the  university.  He  was  an  able  divine  and  a 
good  scholar,  well  skilled  in  the  knowledge 
of  ecclesiastical  history.  He  retired  upon 
the  vicarage  of  Leeds,  in  Yorkshire,  and 
died  in  1614. 

Cooke,  Thomas,  a  poet,  born  at  Brain- 
tree,  Essex,  about  1707,  and  educated  at 
Felstcd  school.  In  his  I'jth  year  he  edited 
Andrew  Marvel's  works,  and,  by  an  elegant 
dedication,  introduced  himself  to  the  know- 
ledge and  patronage  of  lord  Pembroke,  who 
not  only  esteemed  him,  but  even  assisted  him 
with  valuable  notes  in  his  translation  of  Mc- 
siod,  published  in  1 728.  Cooke  translated 
besides,  Terence,  and  Cicero  de  natura  deo- 
rum,  and  the  Amphitryton  of  Plautus.  He 
w  rote  also  five  or  six  pieces  for  the  stage, 
which,  however,  gained  lum  neither  fame 
nor  money.  He  was  concerned  with  Mot- 
tley  in  writing  Penelope,  a  farce,  whicli  be- 
ing considered  as  throwing  ridicule  on  Pope's 
Odyssey,  just  tlien  published,  greatly  irri- 
tated the  poet,  who  in  consequence  of  this 
gave  Cooke  a  respectable  place  in  the  Dtin- 
ciad.  Cooke  died  very  poor,  about  1750. 
Some  memoirs  of  liim  were  published  by  the 
late  sir  Joseph  Mawbey,  in  the  Gentleman's 
magazine. 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley,  earl  of  Shaftes- 
bury, w.-vs  born  2'2d  July  IG21,  at  Winborne 
St.  Giles's,  Dorsetshire.  He  studied  for  two 
years  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  after- 
wards removed  to  Eincoln's-ino,  where  for 
sometime  he  applied  himself  to  the  law. 
He  was  member  for  Tewkesbury  in  tlie  par- 


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Uainenl  <jf  IG  iO  ;  and  af  the  Ix-j^imiiii^;  of  tl\i.- 
vivil  wars  he  scciued  iiulincii  tu  tuvor  tlic 
slile  of  the  king.  He  however  retired  in  dis- 
srust  from  Oxford,  and  soon  aft«  r  look  a  torn- 
mission  ia  the  pai-hanifiitary  ai-iuy.  Jn  I0i."» 
he  was  sherifFfor  Norfolk,  and  the  next  year 
tor\\'ilts:  and  ho  aftcrwanls  ai  n»einl)er  of 
the  house  of  commons,  Iiad  the  lioUhiess  to 
charsrc  Cromwell  with  trrannv  an<l  arbitrarv 
jjovernment.  The  opposititMi  which  In:  had 
manitestcd  against  the  uscirpalion  rendered 
bim  a  tit  person  to  sohtit  the  kinpj's  return, 
r\tid  he  accordinj^lv  w;ts  one  of  llie  twelve 
vho  carried  liie  Jnviiation  of  tlie  commons. 
On  the  rcstoraf  ion, his  services  were  rewar<!cd 
with  a  peerage,  lie  was  sworn  a  i)rivy  coun- 
sellor, and  made  chancellor  ot  the  exchc(|uer, 
and  one  ut  the  lords  of  the  treasury.  In  lG7y 
he  was  laised  to  the  dignity  of  lord  chane«l- 
lor  ;  which,  however,  he  resigned  the  fol- 
lowing year,  by  the  intrigues  of  his  enemies, 
and  especially  of  James  duke  of  York.  From 
a  partisan  of  the  court,  he  ntjw  became  a  vio- 
lent opp<)nent ;  and  the  eloquence  of  his 
speeches,  and  the  firmness  of  his  conduct, 
liad  such  effect,  that  the  earl  of  Danhy  was 
unable  to  carry  the  test  liill,  and  other  meas- 
ures, tlu'ough  parliament,  which  the  govern- 
ment recommended  ;  and  a  ^n-orogation  fol- 
lowed. On  the  meeting  again  of  parliament, 
Shafte.sbury,  with  others,  insisted  that  the 
Imuse  tvas  dissolved  ;  and  so  offended  was  tb.e 
king,  that  he  sent  him,  together  with  liuck- 
ingham,  Salisbury,  and  Wharton,  to  the  Tow- 
cr,  where  he  remained  for  thirteen  montlis. 
When  set  at  liberty  his  opposition  did  not 
cease;  and  at  last  a  cliange  of  ministry  placed 
liim  at  the  head  of  the  totincil  hoard.  This 
triumph  whs  short.  The  duke  of  York  was  so 
enraged  at  the  measures  which  Shaftesbtiry 
had  pur.sued  in  recommending  the  exclusion 
bill,  that  he  not  only  procured  liis  dismissal 
from  office,  but  obtained  his  being  committetl, 
lor  high  treason,  to  the  Tower.  After  four 
months'  confinement  he  wrts  tried  and  ac- 
quitted; but  so  sensible  was  he  of  the  power 
and  injustice  of  his  enemies,  that  he  fled 
I'rom  their  persecution,  in  lOS'i,  and  reached 
Holland,  where  he  proposed  to  end  his  days 
in  peace  and  retirement.  His  days,  however, 
were  shortened  by  the  attack  of  the  gout, 
which  fell  on  his  stomach.  He  died  22d  Jan- 
uary 1C8;3,  aged  02.  His  remains  were  con- 
veyed to  Winbornc,  vhere  a  handsome  mon- 
ument, erected  by  his  great-grandson,  re- 
cords his  character.  Shaftesbury  was  a  man 
of  no  steady  principles,  of  great  ambition,  and 
little  political  fidelity.  Ch;u'les  H.  who  not 
only  said,  but  bore  with  great  good  humor, 
sallies  of  raillery,  once  talking  to  him  of  his 
amours,  told  him,  *'I  believe,  Shaftesbury, 
thou  art  the  wickedest  fellow  in  my  domin- 
ions." "  May  it  please  your  majesty,"  re- 
plied Shaftesbury,  with  r»  grave  face,  "  of  a 
subject,  I  believe  lam."  At  whiih  the  mer- 
ry king  laug!ic«l  heartily.  Shaftesbury  at 
one  time  aspired  to  the  dignity  of  king  of  Po- 
land ;  and  in  consequence  of  his  fickleness  in 
his  political  connections,  he  was  not  improp- 
erly called  Shifl'ibury,  and  not   8hat"tesbury. 


He  mariied  three  wives,  liy  th»^  TCf^nd  only 
he  had  issue ;  an  oidy  son,  Anthoi;y,  l»orii 
IG5I,  January  IG,  uho  whs  the  father  of  the 
personage  next  to  lie  mcntitmcd, 

Cooi'EK,  .\ntlioiiy  .\shley,  tarlof  Shafteg- 
bury,  known  as  the  author  of  the  Character- 
iKlics,  was  born  relirinry  C(i,  IGTI,  at  K\<  - 
ler-hou3e,  I.,onilon.  He  wtis  ednrnted  u'ider 
the  eye  of  hi.s  grandfather,  who  placed  about 
him  a  jx-rson  w!k»  was  ncll  versed  in  the 
Karnid  languages,  so  th.if  at  the  age  of  1 1  he 
could  reu<l  Latin  and  (•;■'  >  k  with  great  ea%<» 
and  fluency.  In  K'iSG  Itr  began  hi.s  triiVels, 
and  highly  improvetl  himself  in  Italy  and 
i'rance  in  the  acquisition  of  every  polite  ac- 
conip!ii,hnK'iit.  He  was  member  for  I'oo'.r 
in  tiie  parliament  of  iGyi  ;  but  he  (leclinnl 
sitting  at  the  succeeding  election,  on  account 
of  his  heaith.  He  then  passed  over  into  Hol- 
lan«l,  Mhere,  under  an  assunu;d  name,  in  the 
company  of  le  Clerc,  liayle,  and  other  ingen- 
ious tuen,hc  spent  a  year,  in  the  most  i>er- 
fect  friendi>hip  and  all  the  ease  of  literary  in- 
tercourse. On  his  return  into  I'.ngland  he 
succeeded  to  tl»e  earldom  of  Shafte.-^bury  ; 
but  he  valued  liille  the  acquisition  of  a  :;eat  in 
the  house  of  lords,  where  li»;  seldom  appear- 
ed. The  enthusiastic  extravagance  of  the 
French  prophets  about  tliis  tim»  beg:m  to 
engage  tlic  attention  of  the  nation;  and 
Shaftesbury,  who  dreaded  llie  evils  of  per- 
secution, published  his  letter  concen)ing  en- 
thusiasm, addressed  to  lord  Somcrs.  In  170'J 
he  married  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Ewer  esq. 
of  Lee,  Herts,  by  whom  he  had  one  son.  The 
])recarious  state  of  his  health,  which  was  al- 
ways delicate,  induced  him  to  remove  to  a 
wanner  climate;  and  after  being  about  a  year 
in  Italy,  he  died  at  Najdes,  Ith  February 
1713.  The  3  volumes  of  liis  Characteristics 
were  the  only  works  which  hewislied  to  ]>i-e- 
sciit  to  the  public,  of  which  the  most  correct 
edition  is  that  of  1715.  His  name,  Jiowever, 
in  literature  was  so  respectable,  that  his  let- 
ters to  a  young  man  in  the  university  were, 
in  1716,  presented  to  the  ))ublic';  and  in  17*21 
Toland  also  publisiicd  letters  from  tort! 
Shaftesbury  to  Ilobert  Molcsworth  e.sq.  As 
a  philosopher  lord  Shaftesbury  gaiikcd  high 
reputation;  but  his  principles  «ere  warndy 
combated  by  al)le  ari<l  iiidelatig;<b!e  oppo- 
nents. Leaving  the  purer  prim  ii»les  of  thris- 
tian  doctrine,  lie,  in  his  admiratir»n  for  the 
learning  and  language  of  the  auients,  re- 
garded the  character  and  the  precepts  of 
Socrates  au<l  Democrltus  as  move  than  hu- 
man, and  while  he  considered  man  as  a  po- 
litical being,  under  the  guidance  of  a  provi- 
dence, whose  government  excludes  general 
evil  and  disorder,  he  disrcg:1^h•d  tl»e  impor- 
tant doctrines  of  revelation  and  atonement- 

CooPEii,  .M:!urice  .V'^hley,  brnfher  to  the 
author  of  the  ('haracteristic»;,  tr;4nb!atod  th*- 
Cyropiedia,  addresse«l  to  his  sister,  the  moth 
er  of  Mr.  Hairis  ot  Salisbury.  J'his  work 
appeared  in  -  vols.  Svo.  172S,  soon  after  hi? 
death,  and  was  highly  esteemed,  so  tlut  a 
third  edition  of  it  was  printe<l  in  177(>. 

CooPEK,  Thomas,  a  h-ariM  il  Knglish  pr<' 
late,  boru  at  Oxford    1317.  -^wl   cduoutrd  at 


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Magdalen  college  school.  Tic  vas  electfKl 
fellow  of  the  college  in  1540.  In  1546  he 
quitted  his  fellowship,  and  hegan  to  study 
physic,  apprehensive,  it  is  said,  c)f  the  perse- 
cution of  queen  Mary,  as  after  her  death  he 
returned  to  divinity,  and  took  his  degree  of 
D.  D.  1567.  He  was  dean  of  Christ-church 
about  this  lime,  and  two  years  alter  dtan  of 
Glocester,  anrl  the  ne.xtyear,  1570,  bishoj)  of 
Lincoln.  In  1584,  he  was  translated  to  Win- 
chester. When  bishop  of  Ijincoln,  he  had 
been  active  against  those  public  exercises  cal- 
led prophesy ings,  which  tenrled  so  much  to 
introduce  p»ritanism,  uud  now  at  Winchester 
he  was  equally  zealous  against  the  catholics, 
•who  were  both  numerous  and  powerful.  He 
died  at  W^inchester  April  1694,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  the  cathedral.  He  has  been  greatly 
commended  by  Wood,  Harrington,  and  oth- 
ers, for  his  great  learning,  eloquence,  gravity, 
and  holiness  of  hfc.  His  wj-itings  are,  chron- 
icles fron>  the  17tli  year  after  Christ  to  15G0 — 
thesaurus  lingu;e  Jlomana;  et  Britannicic,  a 
•work,  highly  patronised  by  queen  Elizabeth — 
&  dictionaruni  historicum  poeticum,  &c. — an 
exposition  of  the  chapters  read  in  the  Sunday 
service — admonition  to  the  people  of  Eng- 
land— besides  sermons,  kc. 

Cooper,  Samuel,  au  English  painter,  born 
in  London  1609.  He  was  bred  under  his  un- 
cle Hoskins,  hut  he  gained  so  much  from 
the  works  of  Vandyck,  that  he  was  called 
Vandyck  in  little.  His  chief  excellence  was 
in  tlie  representatioti  of  the  features  of  the 
head.  His  works  were  highly  esteemed  on 
the  continent;  and'he  was  intimately  acquain- 
ted with  the  most  celebrated  painters  of  his 
age  abroad.  The  king  of  France  paid  great  at- 
tention to  him  when  at  Paris ;  but  he  could  not 
obtain  his  Oliver  Cromwell,  though  he  offer- 
ed ISO/,  for  it.  His  best  pieces  were,  O. 
Cromwell  and  one  Swingfield.  He  died  in 
London  1672,  aged  63,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Pancras'  church.  His  elder  brother,  Alex- 
ander, was  equally  known  as  a  limner.  He 
went  over  to  Sweden,  and  became  painter  to 
queen  Christina. 

Cooper,  John  Gilbert,  esq.  born  atThur- 
ganton,  Nottinghamshire,  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  He  married  miss  Wright, 
daughter  of  the  recorder  of  Leicester,  and 
resided  on  his  family  seat,  where  he  died 
April  1769,  after  a  long  a>ul  tedious  illness, 
arising  from  the  stone.  His  chief  work  is 
his  life  of  Socrates,  in  which  he  was  assisted 
by  his  friend  Mr  Jackson  of  Leicester.  He 
Avrote  besides  remarks  on  Warburton's  edi- 
tion of  Pope's  works,  and  translated  the  Ver 
Vert  of  Gresset,  His  other  works  arc,  let- 
ters on  taste— a  father's  advice  to  his  son — 
some  paper's  in  "the  world," — and  some  fu- 
gitive pieces  in  Dodsley's  collection. 

Cooper,  Miles,  Dr.  Minister  of  the  epis- 
copal chapel,  Edinburgh,  was  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  became  presi- 
dent of  the  college  of  New-York.  He  died 
at  Edinburgh  1st  May  1785.  He  published 
a  volume  of  poems,  besides  a  sermon  preach- 
ed at  Oxford  in  1777,  on  the  origin  of  ci^i^ 
government. 


CooTE,  sir  Eyre,  an  English  general,  bora 
in  l7-.'6.  He  ilevotcd  himself  to  the  profes- 
sion of  arms,  and  served  in  the  king's  troops 
in  the  rebellion  of  1745.  In  1754  he  left  Ire- 
land, for  India,  where  he  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  reduction  of  Hughley  and  Chan- 
denagore,  at  the  battle  of  IMasse}',  and  the 
siege  of  Pondicherry.  This  last  place,  after 
an  obstinate  siege,  though  defended  by  Lal- 
ly,  yielded  to  the  English,  and  thus  fell  the 
Freiuh  power  in  the  east.  The  services  of 
colonel  Cootc  were  handsomely  acknowledg- 
ed by  the  East  India  company,  who  voted 
him  a  diamond-hilted  sword,  value  700/.  In 
1770  he  was  appointed  commander  in  chief 
in  the  company's  settlements;  but  resigned 
the  office  in  consequence  of  a  dispute  with 
the  governor  at  Madras.  On  liis  return  to 
England  he  was  invested  Avitli  the  order  of 
the  bath,  and  made  governor  of  Fort  St. 
(ieorge  in  Scotland;  and  on  the  death  of  gen- 
eral Clavering  he  went  agam  to  the  east  ai 
commander  in  chief.  In  ,luly  1781  he,  with 
only  10,000  men,  defeated  Hyder's  army, 
consisting  of  150,000  men,  and  obtained  fur- 
ther successes  over  this  active  and  formiija" 
hie  enemy.  The  weak  state  of  sir  Eyre's 
health  did  not  prevent  his  taking  the  field 
again,  in  17S3  ;  but  he  sunk  under  his  com- 
plaints, and,  two  days  after  his  arrival  at 
-Madras,  he  died  26th  April  1783.  His  re- 
mains were  brought  to  England,  and  buried 
in  Rockwell  church,  Hants,  l4th  September 
1784.  The  East  India  Company  have  erect- 
ed a  monument  to  his  memory  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey. 

CooTwicH,  Jolii),  a  doctor  of  laws,  of 
Utrecht,  know  n  for  his  travels  into  the  East, 
and  for  the  account  of  it  which  he  published, 
called  travels  into  Jerusalem  and  Syria,  iu 
Latin.  4to.  1619,  containing  many  curious 
particulars. 

CoPEPwNicus,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer, born  at  Thorn,  in  Prussia,  19th 
Jaimary  I47t2.  He  studied  the  learned  lan- 
guages at  home,  and  applied  to  philosophy 
and  physic  at  Cracovia.  In  his  2 Jd  year  he 
set  out  for  Italy,  in  search  of  knowledge  ;  and 
so  great  was  his  reputation,  that  on  his  arri- 
val at  Rome  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics.  After  some  years'  absence  he 
returned  home,  and  began  to  appl}'  the  vast 
knowledge  which  lie  possessed  to  the  exam- 
ination and  correction  of  the  Ptolemiac  .sys- 
tem then  universally  adoi)ted  and  followed. 
The  opinions  of  preceding  philosophers  were 
weighe<l  with  accuracy  and  judgment;  but 
of  all  the  systems  of  ancient  times  none 
pleased  the  ilhistiious  mathematician  so 
much  as  that  of  Pythagoras,  for  its  beauty, 
simplicity,  and  ease.  In  his  35th  year,  Co- 
pernicus bent  all  the  powers  of  his  mind  to 
this  intricate  subject ;  and  after  twenty  years' 
laborious  study,  the  cycles  and  epicycles  of 
former  astronomers  were  removed  from  the 
machine  of  the  universe,  and  the  sun  M-as 
nobly  and  independently  placed  in  the  center, 
to  illuminate  and  govern  tlie  wliole.  But 
though  convinced  of  the  ti'uth  of  his  hypo- 
thesis, the  philosopher  vet  dreaded  the  bigot- 


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I'Y  and  peisecation  of  tJie  times,  ilis  work 
lav  long  coiiceuled,  till  the  iniportimiiies  oi 
lii's  friciuls  jMivuilrd  upon  liini  t(j  [niblisli;  hut 
a  few  hours  uflir  tho  first  coi>y  was  Lirought 
to  him,  he  was  seized  with  a  vioUnt  eirusiou 
()fhh)ocl,  which  tenniaatcd  liis  hfe  2-itli  M.'«> 
154;^,  in  his  7(>th  year.  This  truly  j^rtat  man, 
who  to  the  extensive  knowledge  of  a  compre- 
hensivn  mind  united  (he  mild  \irlULS  and  tlie 
innoeence  of  piivalc  life,  was  canon  of 
Worms;  an  appoititment  which  he  ohtaincd 
from  hi?»  mother's  l)rother,  "W'azelrodius,  ihc 
bisho[i  ')!  the  place.  Copernicus  was  lud  on- 
ly a  niuthemalician,  but  a  painter,  and  it  is 
said  thai  hy  the  help  of  a  lookint;-g!ass  he 
drew  an  excellent  picture  of  himself. 

CopPA,  Cavalier,  a  disciple  and  imitator 
of  Guido,  who  died  1665,  a,<ied  70. 

(]oq_,  Peter  le,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  horn 
^^tll's,  near  Caen,  29th  March  1728.  Ilebe- 
came  superior  of  the  Eudisles,  and  remarka- 
ble for  his  piety,  learning,  and  modesty.  He 
wrote  letters  on  ecclesiastical  discipline, 
1  Jmo. — treatise  on  funds — on  different  kinds 
of  property — on  the  usury  of  commercial 
loans,  6cc.  He  died  of  a  paralitic  stroke,  1st 
September  1777. 

COQ.UES,  Conzalo,  a  Flemish  painter,  vUo 
died  1684,  aged  66.  He  successful!}'  imita- 
ted Vandyck,  and  particularly  e.xcelled  in 
historical  conversations.  He  acquired  both 
riches  and  reputalioti,  and  his  pieces  in  his 
lifetime  were  eagerly  sought  by  the  princes 
of  Germany,  and  by  Charles  I.  A  very  re- 
markable clearness  of  color  appeared  in  the 
heads  and  bunds  of  his  pictures. 

Coram,  captain  Thomas,  was  born  about 
1  Cos, and  bred  to  tlie  sea.  From  seeing  many 
children  e.xpo.sed,  his  humanity  prompted 
him  to  relieve  them;  and  to  him  Ave  are  in- 
debted for  the  Foundling  hospital,  for  Mhich, 
after  seventeen  years'  benevolent  attention, 
he  obtained  a  charter.  His  charitable  views 
were  e.vtended  to  America  ;  he  established 
a  place  for  the  education  of  Indian  girls,  and 
thus  paved  the  way  for  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween the  natives  and  the  settlers.  His  dis- 
regard for  private  economy,  whilst  engaged 
in  public  good,  at  last  reduced  his  circum- 
stances so  much,  that  he  lited  on  the  benevo- 
lent contributions  of  his  friends,  at  the  head 
of  whom  appeared  Frederic  prince  of  Wales. 
He  died  in  London  2<Jth  March  1751,  aged 
84,  and  was,  according  to  his  desire,  buried 
in  the  Foundling  chapel. 

Coras,  John  de,  a  native  of  Uealmont, 
who  became  public  professor  of  law  at  Tou- 
louse at  the  age  of  18.  He  was  afterwards 
professor  at  Angers,  Orleans,  Paris,  Padua, 
and  Fcrrara,  and  then  returned  to  Toulouse, 
and  became  counsellor  of  the  parliament, 
and  chancellor  to  the  queen  of  Navarre.  He 
was  imprisoned  for  his  adherence  to  the 
protestant  religion,  and  orders  were  sent 
iVom  the  king  to  put  him  to  death  ;  but 
while  the  parliament  resisted  the  arbitrary 
mandate,  some  assassins  broke  into  the  pri- 
son and  murdered  him,  with  above  200  other 
prisoners,  1572.  He  wrote  various  wox'ks  on 
civil  law,  which  were  published  together. 
Lyons,  1j58,  2  vols.  fol. 


Coras,  James  dc,  author  ol  the  life  of 
the  preceding,  was  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
and  author  of  Jonah  and  Nineveh  penitent, 
a  poem  of  little  merit.  He  died  1077.  lli» 
woik.s  appeared  in  1665,  12nto. 

Corbet,  .lohn,  a  native  of  (jloce'ter, 
ecJ^aated  at  .Magdalen-liall,  Oxford  He  «jI»- 
tained  the  livings  of  liramsliot,  in  Han^i- 
siiire,  from  which  he  vtas  ejected  in  1662, 
for  non-confoi-mil}  .  He  dit-rl  of  the  stone, 
in  London,  1680.  He  is  author  of  an  histo- 
rical relation  of  the  militaj  y  gf>vcrnment  of 
Cilocester  durir.g  the  reb»;llion,  -ito.  bchidci 
self-employment  in  secret,  l2mo.  1681,  a 
work  f»f  merit.  He  was  a  zealous  noncon- 
lormist,  and  had  once,  atCldchesler,  a  warm 
debate  with  bishop  Gunning,  on  conformity 
which  ended  witbrjut  mutual  conviction. 

CoRBE'j',  Richard,  an  Lnglish  poet  and 
ilivine,  born  at  Kwcll,  in  Surrey,  and  educa- 
ted at  Westminster  school  and  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  dean,  in  1620, 
by  the  favor  of  king  James.  In  1620  he  was 
made  bishop  of  O.xibrd,  and  in  16.)2  transla- 
ted to  Norwich.  He  died  2Slh  July  1635, 
and  was  burie»l  in  the  cathedral  of  Norwich. 
After  his  death,  his  poems  were  published, 
under  the  title  of  Poetica  stromata,  16i8, 
8vo.  and  another  edition  1672,  12mo. 

CoRBULO,  Domitius,  a  Uoman  general, 
who  carried  arms  against  the  I'arthians,  an<! 
placed  Tigranes  on  the  Armenian  throne. 
He  destroyed  himself  when  he  heard  that 
Nero,  envious  of  bis  glury,  had  ordered  his 
assassination,  A.  D.  67. 

CoRDAY  d'Akmans,  Marv  Anne  Char- 
lotte, a  native  of  St.  Saturnin,  near  Seez,  in 
Normandy,  of  respectable  parents.  She 
Avas  brought  up  at  Caen,  where  her  beauty 
and  accomplishments  were  seen  and  ad- 
mired by  Belsunce,  the  major  of  a  regiment 
quarteied  in  the  town.  The  dcatli  of  this 
worthy  favorite,  who  was  mtirdercd  by  some 
assassins,  excited  the  vengeance  of  the  youth- 
ful heroine,  and  when  she  saw  her  lover 
branded  Avith  l!\e  name  of  conr.pirator,  in  a 
paper  published  by  Marat,  she  hastened  to 
Paris,  determined  to  sacrifice  to  her  resent- 
ment the  man  Avho  had  so  shamefully  abusetl 
the  object  of  her  affections,  and  had  defend- 
ed the  condemnation  of  the  deputies  of 
merit  and  virtue  in  the  convention.  She 
was  refused  admittance  at  the  house  of  Ma- 
rat; but  she  obtained  it  by  writing  a  letter, 
in  which  she  informed  lilin  that  she  wished 
to  disclose  some  secret  of  importince  ;  and 
Avhile  the  tyrant  was  engaged  in  conver- 
sation Mith  her,  she  stabbed  him  to  the 
heart,  and  he  fell  at  her  feet.  Undismayed, 
and  glorying  in  the  deed,  she  refused  to  fly, 
and  Avas  dragged  to  the  abbaye,  and  then  to 
the  revolutionary  tribunal,  where  she  heard 
the  sentence  of  condemnation  with  tranquil 
composure.  The  serenity  and  dignity  of  her 
features  were  so  commanding,  as  she  walked 
to  the  scaffold,  that  Adam  Lu.t,  a  deputy 
from  Mayence,  captivate<l  by  her  beauty, 
requested  of  the  bloody  tribunal  td  folIo\r 
l.er  to  death  ;  and  he  had  the  singular  saiib- 
faction  of  expiring  by  the  same  g'lillotine. 


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CJiaiTotte  suflu'ed  July,  1703.  SJie  was  24 
years  and  nine  months  old ;  and  it  is  said 
that  by  the  female  line  she  was  descended 
li-om  Peter  Coi-ncille. 

CoRDEMOi,  Geraiul  de,  a  French  aca- 
demician, and  a  great  partisan  of  Descartes' 
system.  He  was  reader  to  the  dauphin ; 
and  died  8th  October  1684,  at  an  advanced 
age.  He  wrote  a  general  histoiy  of  France, 
during  the  two  first  races  of  kings,  besides 
some  metaphysical  and  other  tracts,  4to. 
His  son  Lewis  Geraud  was  abbot  of  Femieres 
monastery.  He  wrote  some  controversial 
pieces,  and  assisted  his  father  in  his  history, 
of  France.     He  died  IT2'2. 

CoRDUs,  Aulus  Crementius,  a  lioman, 
author  of  a  history  of  the  civil  wars  of  Rome, 
much  commended  by  Tacitus  and  Seneca. 
He  destroyed  liimself  when  he  heard  that 
Sejanus  meditated  his  death,  by -a  false  ac- 
cusation before  Tiberius. 

Cord  us,  Euricius,  a  German  physician 
and  poet,  who  died  at  Bremen  24th  Decem- 
ber 15.35.  He  was  intimate  with  Erasmus 
and  other  learned  men.  His  Latin  poems 
appeared  at  L>eyden  1623,  in  8vo.  He  wrote 
also  botanologia,  and  some  medical  treatises. 

CouDUS,  Valerius,  son  of  the  pi-eccding, 
was  born  at  Hesse  Cassel  1515.  He  devoted 
himself  to  the  learned  languages,  but  parti- 
cularly to  the  study  of  botany.  He  traver.sed 
the  mountains  in  Germany,  and  visited  Pa- 
dua, Pisa,  and  Florence ;  but  receiving  a 
dreadful  kick  from  a  hor.se,  he  died  in  con- 
sequence of  it,  at  Rome,  1554,  aged  29.  He 
published  remarks  on  Dioscorides,  1561,  fol. 
— historia  stripium,  2  vols.  foJ. — dispensator. 
pharmacor.  omnium,  12mo.  He  was  as  re- 
spectable in  private  as  in  public  life, 

CoRELLi,  Arcanselo,  a  famous  musician, 
born  at  Fusigr)ano,  near  Bologna,  in  1G53. 
He  preferred  secular  to  ecclesiastical  music, 
and  was  so  fond  of  the  violin,  that  he  was 
considered  as  the  first  j)erformer  on  it  in  tlie 
•world.  After  visiting  the  north  of  Europe, 
and  receiving  the  applauses  which  his  merit 
deserved,  in  the  German  courts,  al'ter  five 
years'  absence,  he  returned  to  Rome,  wliere 
he  was  patronised  by  cardinal  Ottoboni.  He 
died  at  Rome  1713,  aged  nearly  60,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Pantheon.  He  left  his  proper- 
ty, amounting  to  about  600)/.  and  his  lai-ge 
collection  of  pictures,  to  his  gx'eat  patron, 
■wlio,  with  becoming  benevolence,  bestowed 
all  the  money  on  the  relations  of  the  de- 
ceased. Corelli  is  considered  as  the  author 
of  new  and  original  harmonics,  in  a  style 
noble,  elegant,  and  pathetic. 

CoRiNNA,  a  Greek  ])Octess,  called  the 
Lyric  muse,  from  her  obtaining  five  times 
the  prize  over  Pindar. 

CoRio,  Bernardine,  an  liistorian  of  Mi- 
lan, born  in  1460.  He  was  employed  by 
Lewis  Sforza  to  write  the  history  of  his 
country  ;  but  when  the  ^Milanese  was  over- 
run by  the  French,  and  himself  taken  pris- 
nuer,  he  died  of  grief,  in  1500.  His  history 
is  much  esteemed.  The  be.st  edition  is  that 
of  Paris,  1646,  4to.  His  nephew  Charles 
wrote  a  "  portrait  of  the  city  of  Milan." 


CoRioLAN'us,  Caius  IMarcius,  a  celebra- 
ted Roman  general,  who,  when  disgraced 
by  his  countrymen,  fled  to  TuUus  king  of 
the  Volsci,  whose  armies  he  led  against 
Rome.  His  wife  and  mother  interfered,  and 
at  their  request  he  marched  back;  in  con- 
sequence of  which  he  was  murdered  by 
Tullus,  B.  C.  488. 

CoRXARius,  or  Haguexbot,  John,  a 
German  physician,  born  at  Zwickow,  in 
Saxony.  He  early  distinguished  himself  as 
a  scholar;  and  when  a  licentiate  in  medi- 
cine, he  rejected  the  prescriptions  of  the 
Arabian  physicians,  and  restored  the  mode 
practised  by  the  Greeks.  He  was  fifteen 
years  engaged  in  translating  the  works  of 
Hippocrates,  JEtius,  kc.  He  practised  m  ith 
great  success  at  Frankfi)rt,  Marpurg,  Jena, 
&c.  and  died  of  an  apoplexy  1558,  aged  58. 
He  wrote  some  medical  tracts,  besides  trans- 
lating some  of  the  fathers. 

Cor'naro,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian, 
known  for  his  great  age.  He  died  at  Padua 
1565,  more  than  100  years  old.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  the  advantages  of  a  temperate 
life,  in  his  81st  year;  and  in  this  valuable 
little  book  he  ingenuously  confes.ses  the  ir- 
regularities of  his  younger  years,  and  re- 
commends to  his  youthful  inquirers,  at 
whose  request  he  had  undertaken  the  work, 
the  practice  of  regularity  and  temperance, 
by  Avhich  he  enjoyed  all  the  comforts  of 
lively  spirits  and  uninterrupted  Ijealth.  In 
his  reformed  mo<le  of  living,  he  never  took 
more  than  twelve  ounces  of  food  and  four- 
teen of  wine.  He  wrote  besides  a  treatise 
on  waters,  especially  the  Lagunes,  near 
Venice.  Ilis  wiiie  nearly  equalled  him  in 
longevity. 

Corn  ARC,  plelena  Lucretia,  a  learned 
Venetian  lady,  who  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Padua,  where  she  took  her 
degrees,  and  was  made  a  doctor,  and  receiv- 
ed the  title  of  unalterable.  At  Rome  she 
was  admitted  at  the  university,  and  was  in- 
tituled the  humble.  She  made  a  vow  of 
I)erperual  celibacy,  that  she  miglit  with 
more  intense  application  devote  herself  to 
literary  pursuits;  and  so  great  w\as  the  rep- 
utation of  lier  learning,  that  the  most  illus- 
trious characters  who  travelled  through 
Venice  a\  ere  more  anxious  to  sec  her  than 
all  tlie  curiosities  of  the  city.  Her  great 
application  brought  on  infirmity  and  disease, 
at:d  hastened  her  death,  which  happened  in 
1685,  in  her  38th  year.  Her  death  was  re- 
corded by  poetical  elfusions  from  the  learn- 
ed of  Europe,  and  a  magnificent  funeral  so- 
lemnity was  performed  in  her  honor  at 
Itome.  An  eloquent  oration  was  also  pro- 
nounced, in  which  she  was  celebrated  as  tri- 
nnijihingover  three  monsters,  pride,  luxury, 
and  ignorance.  She  wrote  nothing,  though 
capable  to  instruct  and  improve  mankind  by 
her  pen. 

CoRNAZZANi,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Pla- 
centia,  in  the  15th  century.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  Jesus  Christ, 
in  verse,  besides  sonnets,  of  some  merit ;  aire 
died  at  Fcrrara. 


CO 


tT) 


CoRNEiLLE,  Peter,  a  cilel)rrtted  I'leucU 
poet,  born  Ht  Uouen,  June  G,  IGOG.  lie  was 
i>rouglit  up  to  llie  bar;  b\it  lie  soon  abaiitbju- 
ed  il  as  a  [nolessioii  not.  cojij^cnial  to  iii.->  j^c- 
nius.  His  lirst  play  was  Mrlile,  a  coineiiv, 
Mhicli  oiii^inated  in  an  afl.tir  of  i;all;iiilr}  ; 
but  so  great  was  its  popularity,  <hiiiiij^  llic^bi.- 
jjegenerate  liaya  of  tlie  I'rencb  3taf;e,  tbal 
Corneille  was  <  lu'ourai;*  (1  to  conlriljtilc  nioi  c 
liberally  to  ibe  pultlir  anmsLincnt.  lli.snivt 
piece  was  Medea,  a  trage«Iy  ;  and  after  many 
otliers,  appeared  ibc  (Jid,  in  iri.jr,  bis  cbii  1' 
d'tt'UViv,  a  tra^e<ly  wbiib  dr<\v  aj^ainsl  bim 
the  persecution  and  obloijuy  of  rival  wits  and 
tiusuceessful  |)oe1s,  aiiiont;  wbom  vaseven 
cardijial  Uicbelieu  biniself,  tlutn^li  In-  bad 
jjranted  a  pension  to  tbe  aiilbor.  Corneillc 
■was  chosen  niend)er  of  tbe  Frencb  acadeiu) 
in  I0'i7;  and  be  died  l(>8i,  aj^ed  79.  He 
was  n  man  of  jjjreat  merit  in  private  life, 
liberal,  buiuanc,  and  devout,  ancl  ratiierof  a 
nielani-.boly  turn  of  mind.  His  poetical 
At'orks  are  among  the  subliniest  effusions  of 
the  Frencb  muse. 

CoRNKi  i.i.u,  Thomas,  a  French  poet, 
brother  to  tbe  preceding.  He  was  member 
of  tin*  Frencb  academy,  and  of  that  of  in- 
scriptions, "bough  iid'erior  to  bis  brother, 
yet  bis  plays  possessed  merit.  They  were 
published  with  those  of  bis  brother,  Paris, 
17o8,  in  11  vols.  12mo.  He  trajislated  also 
Ovid's  metamorphoses,  and  some  of  the 
epistles, — and  wrote  remarks  on  Vaugelas — 
u  dictionary  of  arts,  2  vols.  fol. — an  univer- 
sal geographical  dictionary,  3  vols,  folio.  He 
died  at  Andeli  1709,  agcd'84. 

CoRNEiLLE,  Michael,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris  164'2.  He  w  as  honored  in  consequence 
of  obtaining  a  prize,  w  ith  the  king's  pension, 
and  travelled  to  Rome,  where  he  greatly 
improved  himself.  He  studied  particularly 
the  antique,  in  which  he  equalled  the  Ca- 
ricci.  He  was,  however,  deficient  in  color- 
ing. Un  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  made 
professor  of  the  academy,  and  his  pencil  was 
employed  in  adorning  the  noble  edifices  of 
Versailles  ami  Trianon.  He  died  at  Paris 
170S.  His  brother,  John  Baptist,  was  also 
an  eminent  artist,  and  member  of  the  aca- 
demy. 

Con\'ELiA,  a  Koman  lady,  daughter  of 
the  elder  Scipio  Africanus,  and  wife  pf  Sem- 
pronius  Gr>acchus.  She  devoted  herself  to 
tbe  education  of  her  two  sons,  Tiberius  and 
Caius,  Avho  alone  survived  of  the  twelve  chil- 
<lren  she  had  had ;  and  when  they  were  sa- 
crificed to  the  public  resentment  she  bore 
their  loss  with  Spartan  fortitude. 

CoRXELisx.  Lucas,  a  painter  of  Leyden, 
who  became  chief  painter  to  Henr}-  VHI. 
of  England.  The  portraits  of  the  constables 
of  Qneenborough-castle,  by  him  from  Ed- 
ward HI.  to  his  time,  are  preserved  at  Pen- 
hurst,  in  Kent. 

CoRXELisz,  James,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
the  16th  century.  His  picture  on  tbe  de- 
scent from  the  cross,  pi'eserved  in  the  old 
church,  Amsterdam,  is  much  admired. 

ConNELisz,  Cornelius,  of  Haerlem,  was 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  deluge  is  much 
celebrated. 


Cornelius,  bishop  of  Rome,  after  Fa- 
bian, i;^.!  I,  in  ttpposition  U>  NovHlian.  Tliis 
produced  a  stlii'^m  ;  but  under  lb**  persecu- 
tion u\  Calbi..,  (yOrneliu:>  v  as  bani^bcil,  Hiitl 
died  boon  after,  '^Ct'J. 

CouNETO,  Adrian,  an  Ii.ili.m  cccWmui- 
tie,  seht  as  legate  by  Innocfiit  \  II.  t<«  lltu- 
ly  V'll.  who  bestowed  tin  bini  the  bi.^boprius 
of  Hireloid  and  Hath  aiid  \Vcll.<.  He  aftcr- 
wartls  wasenii)luyt  d  a-,  b  gale  in  France,  an<1 
was  made  a  cardinal  by  Alexander  VI.  Tbe 
pope,  who  kiiew  atid  ilnadtd  bis  ubilili<  >, 
(letennined  to  puison  liini  at  a  siqipi  r;  but 
fell  hiniselt  a  victim  to  his  own  diabolical 
purposes.  </i)riiti(j  Kit  Rome  on  tbe  suc- 
cession of  Julius  H.  but  lb(*ugb  recalled  by 
Leo  X.  he  again  socin  after  went  into  exile, 
where  be  died.  He  was  author  of  a  barneil 
treatise  de  sermone  latino — Nc  de  vera  phi- 
losophia — a  poem  on  the  chase,  Jkc.  and 
deserves  to  be  mentioned  with  resy»ect,  a* 
one  of  the  zealous  restorers  of  the  purity  of 
Latin  language. 

CoRNUTUS,  a  grammarian  an«l  philo.so- 
phcr  of  merit,  tutor  to  tln:;  poet  Persius. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Nero,  A.  IJ.  44. 

CoRNWALi.is,  sir  Charles,  secf)nd  son  of 
sir  AV.  Cornwallis,  was  a  man  of  superior 
abilities,  employed  by  James  I.  as  Ids  ambas> 
sador  in  Spain.  He  wrote  the  hfe  of  Henr^' 
prince  of  Wales,  to  whom  he  bad  been  secre- 
tary; and  died  about  IG30.  His  son  AVilliaru 
wrote  some  essays,  printed  1G32,  8vo. 

CoRXWALLis,  Chai'Ies  marquis,  an  Eng- 
lish general,  born  31st  December  173H.  lie 
early  devoted  himself  to  the  military  profes- 
sion, and  in  1758  obtained  a  capt.ain's  com- 
mission in  tbe  light  infantry.  In  1761  he  be- 
came aid-de-camp  to  the  marquis  of  Granby, 
with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  went 
to  Germany  till  tbe  conclusion  of  the  cam- 
paign. He  succeeded  ia  176-  his  father  in 
the  eai-ldom  of  Cornwallis,  and  three  years 
after  was  made  aid-de-camp  to  the  king,  and 
one  of  the  lords  of  the  bed-chamber.  He 
obtained  the  33d  regiment  of  foot  in  17GG, 
and  tw  o  years  after  married  miss  Jones,  h 
lady  of  large  forte.ne,  who  died  of  a  broken 
heart,  when  unable  to  dissuade  him  from  bis 
attendance  in  the  campaigns  against  the 
Americans.  In  the  new  world  he  display»-<l 
great  spirit;  but  whilst  he  labored  for  the 
subjection  of  the  rebellious  colonies,  he  treated 
the  people  with  humanity.  The  seizure  of 
Philadelphia  by  his  forces  was  followed  by 
the  reduction  of  South  Carolina.,  and  by  the 
defeat  of  general  Gates,  with  an  inferior 
force ;  but  these  advantages  were  tarnished 
by  the  surrender  of  the  whole  army  at  York- 
town,  1781,  to  the  united  forces  of  America 
and  France.  Though  this  event  proved  so 
disastrous  to  the  Prilisb  interests  in  America, 
lord  Cornwallis  was  never  blamed  for  want  o! 
courage,  prudence,  or  sagacity;  but  the  gal 
lant  conduct  he  had  at  all  times  shown  iu 
this  unfortunate  war  recommended  him  to 
the  ministry,  in  1790,  as  the  fittest  person  to 
fill  the  government  of  British  India.  The 
fall  of  Bcngalore  was  quickly  followed  by  the 
defeat  of  Tippoo,  who  at  liist  consented  to 
make  peace  with  the  conquerors,  by  yielding 


CO 


CO 


CliaiioUe  sufict'ed  July,  170 J.  SJie  was  24 
years  and  nine  months  old ;  and  it  is  said 
that  by  the  female  line  she  was  descended 
fiT>m  Peter  Cot'neille. 

CoRDEMoi,  Gerand  de,  a  Fi-eticli  aca- 
demician, and  a  great  partisan  of  Descartes' 
system.  lie  was  reader  to  the  dauphin ; 
and  died  8th  October  1684,  at  an  advanced 
age.  He  wrote  a  general  histoiy  of  France, 
during  the  two  first  races  of  kings,  besides 
some  metaphysical  and  other  tracts,  4to. 
His  son  Lewis  Geraud  was  abbot  of  P'emieres 
monastery.  He  wrote  some  controversial 
pieces,  and  assisted  his  father  in  his  histoiy 
of  France.     He  died  172iJ. 

CoRDUS,  Aulus  Creraentius,  a  Roman, 
author  of  a  history  of  the  civil  wars  of  Rome, 
3much  commended  by  Tacitus  and  Seneca. 
He  destroyed  himself  when  he  heard  that 
tjejanus  meditated  his  death,  by -a  false  ac- 
cusation before  Tiberius. 

Cord  us,  Euricius,  a  German  physician 
and  poet,  who  died  at  Bremen  24th  Decem- 
ber 15.35.  He  was  intimate  with  Erasmus 
and  other  learned  men.  His  Latin  poems 
appeared  at  Leyden  1623,  in  8vo.  He  wrote 
also  botanologia,  and  some  medical  treatises. 

Cord  us,  Valerius,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Hesse  Cassel  1515.  He  devoted 
himself  to  the  learned  languages,  but  parti- 
cularly to  the  study  of  botany.  He  traver.sed 
the  mountains  in  Germany,  and  visited  Pa- 
dua, Pisa,  and  Florence;  but  receiving  a 
dreadful  kick  from  a  horse,  he  died  in  con- 
sequence of  it,  at  Rome,  1554,  aged  29.  He 
published  remarks  on  Dioscoridcs,  1561,  fol. 
— historia  stripium,  2  vols.  i'oi. — dispensator. 
pharmacor.  ouinium,  12mo.  He  was  as  re- 
spectable in  private  as  in  public  life. 

CoRELLi,  Arcanselo,  a  famous  musician, 
born  at  Fusignano,  near  ]Jologr)a,  in  1653. 
He  preferred  secular  to  ecclesiastical  music, 
and  was  so  fond  of  the  viohi>,  that  he  was 
considered  as  the  first  performer  on  it  in  the 
■world.  After  visiting  the  north  of  Europe, 
and  receiving  the  applauses  which  his  merit 
deserved,  in  the  German  courts,  al"ter  five 
years'  absence,  he  returned  to  Rome,  where 
he  was  patronised  by  cardinal  Ottoboni.  He 
died  at  Rome  1713,  aged  nearly  60,  and  was 
buried  in  the  I*antheon.  He  left  his  propcr- 
fy,  amounting  to  about  600()/.  and  his  large 
collection  of  pictures,  to  his  gi'eat  patron, 
who,  with  becoming  benevolence,  bestowed 
all  the  money  on  the  relations  of  the  de- 
ceased. Corelli  is  considered  as  the  author 
of  new  and  original  harmonies,  in  a  style 
noble,  elegant,  and  pathetic. 

CoRiNNA,  a  Greek  poetess,  called  the 
Lyric  muse,  from  her  obtaining  five  times 
the  prize  over  Pindar, 

CoRio,  Bernardine,  an  historian  of  Mi- 
Jan,  born  in  1460.  He  was  employed  by 
Lewis  Sftirza  to  write  the  history  of  his 
country  ;  but  when  the  ^Milanese  was  over- 
run by  the  French,  and  himself  taken  pris- 
nucr,  he  died  of  grief,  in  1500.  His  history 
is  much  esteemed.  The  best  edition  is  that 
of  Paris,  1646,  4to.  His  nephew  Charles 
wrote  a  "  portrait  of  the  city  of  Milan." 


CoRiOLANUs,  Caius  IMarcius,  a  celebra- 
ted Roman  general,  Avho,  when  disgraced 
by  his  countrymen,  fled  to  TuUus  king  of 
the  Volsci,  whose  armies  he  led  against 
Rome.  His  wife  and  mother  interfered,  and 
at  their  request  he  marched  back ;  in  con- 
sequence of  which  he  was  murdered  by 
Tullus,  B.  C.  488. 

CoRXARius,  or  Haguenbot,  John,  a 
German  physician,  born  at  Zwickow,  in 
Saxony.  He  early  distinguished  himself  as 
a  scholar;  and  when  a  licentiate  in  medi- 
cine, he  rejected  the  prescriptions  of  the 
Arabian  physicians,  and  restored  the  mode 
practised  by  the  Greeks.  He  was  fifteen 
years  engaged  in  translating  the  works  of 
Hippocrates,  ^tius,  kc.  He  practised  with 
great  success  at  Frankfort,  Marpurg,  Jena, 
fccc.  and  died  of  an  apoplexy  1558,  aged  58. 
He  wrote  some  medical  tracts,  besides  trans- 
lating some  of  the  fathers. 

Cor'naro,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian, 
known  for  his  great  age.  He  died  at  Padua 
1565,  more  than  100  years  old.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  the  advantages  of  a  temperate 
life,  in  his  81st  year;  and  in  this  valuable 
little  book  he  ingenuously  confesses  the  ir- 
regularities of  his  younger  years,  and  re- 
commends to  his  youthful  inquirers,  at 
whose  request  he  had  undertaken  the  work, 
the  practice  of  regularity  and  temperance, 
by  which  he  enjoyed  all  the  comforts  of 
lively  spirits  and  uninterrupted  l>€alth.  In 
bis  reformed  mofle  of  living,  he  never  look 
more  than  twelve  ounces  of  food  and  four- 
teen of  wine.  Hq  wrote  besides  a  treatise 
on  waters,  especially  the  Lagunes,  near 
Venice.  Ilis  wife  nearly  equalled  him  in 
longevity. 

CoRNARO,  Helena  Lucre?1a,  a  learned 
Venetian  lady,  who  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  Padua,  where  she  took  her 
degrees,  and  was  made  a  doctor,  and  receiv- 
ed the  title  of  unalterable.  At  Rome  she 
was  admitted  at  the  university,  and  was  in- 
tituled the  humble.  She  made  a  vow  of 
perpetual  celi])acy,  that  she  might  with 
more  intense  application  devote  herself  to 
literary  pursuits;  and  so  great  w\as  the  rep- 
utation of  her  leai'ning,  that  the  most  illus- 
trious characters  who  travelled  through 
Venice  Avere  more  anxious  to  see  her  than 
all  the  curiosities  of  the  city.  Her  great 
application  brought  on  infirmity  and  disease, 
and  hastened  her  death,  Avhich  happened  in 
16S5,  in  her  38th  year.  Her  death  was  re- 
corded by  j)oetical  eifusions  from  the  learn- 
ed of  Europe,  and  a  magnificent  funeral  so- 
lemnity was  performed  in  her  honor  at 
Rome.  An  eloquent  oration  was  also  pro- 
nounced, in  which  she  was  celebrated  as  tri- 
umphing over  three  monsters,  pride,  luxury, 
and  ignorance.  She  wrote  nothing,  though 
capable  to  instruct  and  improve  mankind  by 
her  pen. 

CoRNAXXANi,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Pla- 
centia,  in  the  15th  century.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  Jesus  Christ, 
in  verse,  besides  sonnets,  of  some  merit ;  aire 
died  at  Ferrara. 


GO 


eo 


CoRNEiLLE,  Peter,  a  cilehrrtted  I'lCiiclj 
poet,  l((»rn  i>t  Uoueii,  Jum;  G,  IflOfi.  ilc  v.ab 
hi'ougiit  U[)  to  the  bar;  Ijiit  lie  soou  al>aiiiltjii- 
ed  it  as  a  prorcssiou  not  congenial  l«  lii.'»  j^c- 
niiis.  His  first  [)lay  uas  Mcliu-,  :\  cfMiiciJy, 
V  hicit  oiit^inalctl  in  an  ail. til*  of  ^allalll^^  ; 
])i»t  so  great  was  its  ii(>[iularily,  <luriii;^  iljubi- 
degenerate  days  of  ilic  I'rencli  slagi-,  llial 
Corneille  uas  eni'ouragi-d  ((»  eonlribnic  iii«jre 
liberally  to  the  [uiblie  aiimseinent.  lli.sn«\t 
piece  was  Medea,  a  Iragetly  ;  and  after  many 
otliers,  appeared  tin-  (./id,  in  ICi.u,  his  chief 
tl'u'uvre,  a  trage<ly  wliich  drew  against  hiin 
the  perbecution  and  obioiiuy  of  rival  wits  and 
nusuceessful  poets,  aniong  uhun)  vaseven 
cardinal  Kichilieu  himself,  thongh  he  had 
granted  a  pension  to  the  author.  Corneille 
was  chosen  member  of  the  Frencli  academy 
in  lfi47;  and  he  dieil  1(J84,  aged  79.  He 
was  n  man  of  great  merit  in  private  life, 
liberal,  humane,  and  devout,  anil  rather  of  a 
raelancholy  turn  of  mind.  His  poetical 
works  are  among  the  sublimest  effusions  of 
the  French  muse. 

CoRNEi  1.1,1:,  Thomas,  a  French  poet, 
brother  to  the  preceding.  He  was  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  of  that  of  in- 
scriptions, "hough  iid'crior  to  his  brother, 
yet  his  plays  possessed  merit.  They  were 
published  witli  thosfc  of  his  brother,  Paris, 
1738,  in  11  vols.  IJmo.  He  trajislated  also 
Ovid's  metamorphoses,  and  some  of  the 
epistles, — and  wrote  remarks  on  Vaugelas — 
u  dictionary  of  arts,  2  voLs.  fol. — an  univer- 
sal geographical  dictionai'y-,  3  vols,  folio.  He 
died  at  Andeli  1709,  agcd'84. 

Corneille,  Michael,  a  painter,  l)orn  at 
Paris  lf)4'2.  He  w  as  honored  in  consequence 
of  obtaining  a  prize,  witb  the  king's  pension, 
and  travelled  to  Rome,  where  he  greatly 
improved  himself.  He  studied  particularly 
the  antique,  in  which  he  equalled  the  Ca- 
ricci.  He  was,  however,  deficient  in  color- 
ing. On  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  made 
professor  of  the  academy,  and  his  pencil  was 
t  employed  in  adorning  the  noble  edifices  of 
Versailles  and  Trianon.  He  died  at  Paris 
170S.  His  brother,  John  Baptist,  was  also 
an  eminent  artist,  and  memlyer  of  the  aca- 
demy. 

Cornelia,  a  Koman  lady,  daughter  of 
the  elder  Scipio  Africanus,  and  wife  pf  Sem- 
pronius  Gr^icchus.  She  devoted  herself  to 
the  education  of  her  two  sons,  Tiberius  and 
Caius,  who  alone  survived  of  the  twelve  chil- 
dren she  had  had ;  and  when  they  were  sa- 
crificed to  the  public  resentment  she  bore 
their  loss  with  Spartan  fortitude. 

CoRNELisx,  Lucas,  a  painter  of  Leyden, 
who  became  chief  painter  to  Henry  VHI. 
of  England.  The  portraits  of  the  constables 
of  Queenboi-ough-castle,  by  him  from  Ed- 
ward HI.  to  his  time,  are  preserved  at  Pen- 
hurst,  in  Kent. 

CoRXELisx,  James,  a  Dutch  painter,  of 
the  16th  century.  His  picture  on  the  de- 
iscent  from  the  cross,  preserved  in  the  old 
church,  Amsterdam,  is  much  admired. 

CoRNELisz,  Cornelius,  of  Haerlem,  was 
eminent  ns  a  painter.  His  deluge  is  much 
celebrated. 


Cornelius,  bishop  of  Rome,  afier  Fa- 
bian, t^jl,  In  op[to-viiion  U*  Novaiian.  Thi» 
produced  a  bchi^m  ;  but  uniler  ihe  persecu- 
tion of  (ialhis,  (Cornelius  wuu  Laitiblu-d,  and 
died  soon  after,  '2f>'2. 

CoiiNE'io,  Adrian,  an  Italian  ecclesius- 
lic,  8«'iil  as  legate  by  Innocent  \'ri.  to  Hcu- 
r\  VH.  who  hi.stowei!  on  him  the  bishoprics 
of  IKrefojd  and  Hath  and  \Vtl!«.  He  ufler- 
wai'ds  waseniployctl  a-,  legale  in  France,  .inil 
was  made  a  cardinal  by  Ale.\and«i-  VI.  The 
pope,  wiio  km.  w  and  dridd<(i  his  abilities, 
determined  to  puison  him  at  a  supper;  but 
tell  himself  a  victim  to  hi^j  own  diabolical 
purpttses.  Corneio  let't  l{f»nie  on  the  stjc- 
cession  of  Julius  H.  hut  th<*ngh  recalled  by 
IjCo  X.  he  again  soon  after  went  irilo  exile, 
where  he  died.  He  was  author  of  a  learned 
treatise  tie  sermone  latino — )>c  de  vera  phi- 
losophia — a  poem  on  the  chase,  Jkc.  and 
deserves  to  be  mentioned  with  respect,  a< 
one  of  the  zealous  restorers  of  the  purity  of 
Latin  language. 

CoRNUTUS,  a  grammarian  and  philo.so- 
pher  of  merit,  tutca-  to  the  poet  I'ersius. 
He  was  put  to  death  by  Nero,  A.  IJ.  44. 

CoRNWALLis,  sir  Charles,  second  son  of 
sir  W.  Cornwallis,  was  a  man  of  superior 
abilities,  employed  by  James  I.  as  his  ambas- 
sador in  Spain.  He  wrote  the  life  of  Henry 
prince  of  Wales,  to  whom  he  had  been  secre- 
tary; and  died  about  1G30.  His  son  William 
wrote  some  essays,  printed  lf»S2,  8vo. 

Cornwallis,  Chai-Ies  marquis,  an  Eng- 
lish general,  born  31st  December  1738%  He 
early  devoted  himself  to  the  military  profes- 
sion, and  in  1758  obtained  a  captain's  com- 
mission in  the  light  infantry.  In  17G1  he  be- 
came aid-de-camp  to  the  marquis  of  Granby, 
with  the  rank  of  lieUtenant-coIonel,and  went 
to  Germany  till  the  conclusion  of  the  cam- 
paign. He  succeeded  in  17fi-  his  father  in 
the  eaiddom  of  Cornwallis,  and  three  years 
after  was  made  aid-de-camp  to  the  king,  and 
one  of  the  lords  of  the  bed-chamber.  He 
obtained  the  S3d  regiment  of  foot  in  17C0, 
and  two  years  after  married  miss  Jones,  h 
lady  of  large  fortune,  who  died  of  a  broken 
heart,  when  unable  to  dissuade  him  from  his 
attendance  in  the  campaigns  against  tlie 
Americans.  In  the  new  world  he  display*-*! 
great  spirit;  but  whilst  he  labored  for  the 
sulijection  of  the  rebellious  colonies,  he  treated 
the  people  with  humanity.  The  seizure  of 
Philadelphia  by  his  forces  was  followed  by 
the  reduction  of  South  Carolina,  and  by  the 
defeat  of  general  Gates,  with  an  inferior 
force;  but  these  advantages  were  tarnished 
by  the  surrender  of  the  whole  army  at  York- 
town,  1781,  to  the  united  f<vrccs  of  America 
and  France.  Though  this  event  proved  so 
disastrous  to  the  British  interests  in  America, 
lord  Cornwallis  was  never  blamed  for  w  ant  o? 
courage,  prudence,  or  sagacity ;  but  the  gal 
lant  conduct  he  hail  at  all  times  shown  iu 
this  unfortunate  war  recommended  him  to 
the  ministry,  in  1790,  as  the  fittest  person  to 
fill  the  government  of  British  India.  The 
fall  of  Bengalore  was  quickly  followed  by  the 
defeat  of  Tippoo,  who  at  Uist  consented  to 
make  peace  with  the  conquerors,  byyieldiri^ 


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a  grekt  pnit  of  his  dominions,  and  by  putting 
Ills  two  sons  into  the  hanifs  of  the  general,  in 
proof  of  his  sincerity.    Lord  Cornwailis,  after 
a  mild   and  vig;orous  administration  in  India, 
returned  to  Europe,  and  was  for  his  services 
created  a  marquis,  and  made  master-general 
of  the  ordnance.     His  next  employment  was 
in  the  civil  and  military  government  of  Ire- 
land, where  he  had  the  felic<ty  to  destroy  re- 
bellion, to  capture  an  invading  enemy  in  the 
very  bosom  of  tbe  country,  and,  by  the  wisest 
and   most  temperate   measures,   to   restore 
confidence   and    harmony,    where   distrust, 
mutual  hatred,  and  secret  violence,  had  long 
reigned  with  impuiiity.      After  completing 
the  union  between  tlie  two  kingdoms,  lorii 
Cornwallis  returned  to  England,  soon  to  ne- 
gotiate the  short  lived  peace  of  Amiens.     In 
1805  he  was  prevniU  d  upon  to  accept  again 
the  government  of  India,   where  the  strong 
and  pacific  measures  of  his  former  adminis- 
tration Avere  so  much  required.     He  Avas  no 
sooner  arrived  at  Calcutta,  than,  w  ithout  re- 
covering from  the  effects  of  his  voyage,  be 
set  out  on  a  visit  to  the  northern  provinces, 
where  his  presence  was  necessary.     Confine- 
iiient  in  a  boat,  without  regular  exercise, 
and  the  heat  of  the  M'eather,  produced  such 
debility  that  lie  was  at  last  obliged  to  stop  at 
Ghazepore,    in    the   province    of   Benares, 
above  1000  miles  above  Calcutta,  where  he 
expired    5th   October  1805.      His    remains 
were  interred  at  Ghazepoi'e,  and  every  mark 
of  respect  paid  to  his  memoiy,   not  only  by 
the  British,  but  by  the  natives  of  India,  who 
regarded   him  as  a  humane  and  benevolent 
governor.      His  lordship  left  a  son   and   a 
daughter. 

CoRON'EL,,  Paul,  a  native  of  Segovia,  pro- 
fessor at  Salamanca.  His  great  abilities  were 
employed  by  cai'dinal  Ximenes  in  the  publi- 
cation of  his  polvglott  bible.  He  died  about 
1534. 

CoRONELLi,  Vincent,  a  Venetian  geo- 
grapher, made  in  1685,  cosmographer  to  the 
French  king.  He  founded  an  academy  of 
cosmography  at  Venice,  where  he  died  1718. 
He  published  above  4-00  geographical  charts, 
&c.  and  other  works,  much  valued. 

CoRRADiNi,  Peter  Mareellinus,  a  lear- 
ned civilian  and  cardinal,  born  at  Sezza,  in 
1668.  He  Avas  the  favorite  of  ])ope  Clement 
XI.  and  wrote  a  curious  work,  vetus  l.<atium 
profanum  et  sacrum,  2  vols.  fol.  and  a  history 
of  Sezza,  in  4to.     He  died  at  Rome  1743. 

CoRRADUS,  Sebastian,  a  grammarian  and 
professor  of  belles  lettres  of  Bologna,  died 
1556.  He  wrote  qusestura  que  Ciceronis  vita 
refertur, — Sc  de  lingua  Latinci. 

CoRREGio,  Antonio  da,  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Corregio,  a  town  near  Mo- 
dena.     FiJ.  Ai.  legri. 

CoRRozET,  Ciilcs,  a  bookseller,  who  died 
at  Paris  15lh  June,  1568,  aged  58.  He 
wrote  various  things  which  possessed  merit. 

CoRSiNi,  Edward,  a  monk,  born  at  Fa- 
Tiano  170ii.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Pisa 
in  1765,  where  he  was  professor  of  philoso- 
phy. He  was  a  man  of  great  erudition  and 
of  astonishing  perseverance.     Ho  published 


some  valu.ible  works  in  criticism,  pbilologv, 
and  literature;  the  chief  are,  philosophical 
and  mathematical  Institutions,  6  vols.  8vo. — 
a  course  of  geometrical  elements,  '2  vols. 
8vo. — llie  fasti  of  the  arehons  of  Athens,  4 
vols.  4to. — a  course  of  metaphysics — the 
history  of  tlie  university  of  Pisa — disserta- 
tion on  the  games  of  Greece,  kc. 

CoRT,  (.'ornelius,  an  eminent  engraver, 
born  at  Hoorn,  in  Holland,  15.S6.  He  trav- 
elled into  Italy,  and  at  Venice  sa^v  and  assist- 
ed the  celebrated  Titian.  He  settled  at 
Kome,  Avhere  he  died  1578,  aged  42.  His 
engravings  are  excellent,  the  very  best  ever 
produced  in  Holland.  They  amount,  accord- 
ing to  !Maroiles,  to  151. 

(JoRTESi,  "William,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Franche  Comte.  He  studied  at 
Rome,  and  was  employed  and  liberally  re- 
warded by  Alexander  VHI.  He  died  1679, 
aged  51. 

CoRTESi,  Giovanna,  a  paintress  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1736,  aged  66.  Her  minia- 
tures are  greatly  admired. 

Cortex,    Ferdinand,   the   conqueror  of 
Mexico,  was  born  of  a  respectable  family  at 
Medellin  in  Estramadura  1485.     He  quitted 
the  study  of  belles  lettres,  and  of  the  law,  for 
the  profession  of  arms,  and,  fired  with  the 
adventurous  spirit  which  animated  his  coun- 
try, he  in  1:.04  went  to  Hispaniola  where  one 
of  his  relations  was  governor.     In  an  expe- 
dition to  Cuba  in  1511,  he  dlspla)-ed  such 
bravery,  that  Velasquez  the   governor    in- 
trusted him  with  the  command  of  the  fleet 
which  was  destined  to  make  new  discoveries 
on  the  continent.    On  the   18th  November 
1518  the  new  commander  set  sail  from  San 
Jago,  in  Cuba,  with  11  small  vessels,  on  board 
of  which  were  embarked  617  men,  soldiers 
and  sailors,  with  18  horses  and'lO  field  pieces, 
but  only  13  firelocks.    With  this  small  force 
he  landed  at  Tabasco,  which  he  took  after  a 
di-eadful  slaughter  of  the  inhabitants,  and  af- 
terwards advancing  to  St.  Juan  de  Ulva,he  was 
met  by  the  ambassadors  of  Montezuma,  the 
king  of  Mexico,  who  by  eiitreaties  and  pre- 
sents earnestly  solicited  him  to  cease  from 
his  enterprise,  and  not  penetrate  into  the 
country.     Cortez  knew  the  terror  which  his 
arms  had   inspired;  the  fire  of  his  artillery 
was  compared  to  the  thunder  of  the  heavens, 
the  horses  on  which  the  Spaniards  rushed  to 
the  battle  were  unknown  and  irresistible  mon- 
sters, and  the  huge  vessels  which,  floating  on 
the  bosom  of  the  ocean,  had  brought  these 
strangers,  were  all  such  extraordinary  ob- 
jects in  the  eyes  of  the  terrified   and  super- 
stitious Indians,  that  the  Spaniards  were  re- 
garded as  more  than  human  beings.     After 
buil(!ing  a  small  fort  at  Vera-Cruz,  and  burn- 
ing his  ships,  that  he  might  Inspire  his  fol- 
lowers  with    confidence,    Cortez   advanced 
through  the  provinces  to  the  capital  of  Mex- 
ico,  siipjjorted   by  the   co-operation  of  the 
Zempoalluus  and  other  tribes  which  were 
dissatisfied  with  the  government  of  Monte- 
zuma.    With   only   500  men  badly  armed, 
and  15  horses,  he  defeated   the   TIascalans, 
who  presumed  to  dispute  his  progi'ess,  and 


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aflcr  rcwanlin';;  the  hospitaliCy  of  the  ii)hr«h- 
itants  of  Choluhi  with  rapine  and  j'an^htcr, 
the  cnnqueror  presented  himself  at  the  gales 
of    Mexico,     lie   was    reci-ived    with    y^wai 
pomp  anti  every  mark  of  friendship  hy  Mon- 
tezunia,  hut  tlion.i;h  treated  with  confidence, 
Cortez  act<;d  w  ith  duplicity,  and  seizing  the 
person    of    tlic    urisuspccting    monaich,   lie 
eompelled   him  in   the  rigor  of  confineinent 
to   acknowledge    liiinself  the    vassal    of   the 
crown  of  Spain.      i'hus  ahsolnfc  in   .Mexico, 
Cortez  soon  heard  that  >'elas(iU(  z.  jealous  of 
his  ol  glory,  had   sent  an  expedition  nnder 
Narvaez,  to  hiding  him  hack  in  chains  to  Cu- 
ha  ;  btit  no  ways  dismayed  at  the  intelligence, 
he  left  one  of  his  officers,  Alvarado,  go\ernor 
of  the  capital,  and  hastened  back    to  Vera 
Cruz.     "With  the  sagacity  of  an  intrepid  sol- 
dier he  surprised  and  defeate<l  Narvaez,  and 
by  his  conciliating  conduct  he  had  the  art  to 
convert  his  enemies  into  friends,  and  to  re- 
turn to  Mexico  supported  hy  those  who  had 
come  to  destro}'  his  hopes.     During  his  ab- 
sence Alvarado  had  been  guilty  of  excesses 
towards  the  natives,  and  instead  of  subinis- 
.sioii  Cortez  found  the  most  determined  hos- 
tility.    Unable  by  force  or  hy  persuasion  to 
Huell  the  tumult,  he  caused  Montezuma,  ar- 
rayed in  his  royal  robes,  to  appear  before  Ifts 
incensed    subjects,  but  the  Mexicans  disre- 
garded the  interference  of  their  captive  mon- 
arch, wlio  during  the  battle  received  a  mor- 
tal wound.     Yieliling  to  the  storm  the  Span- 
iards retired  from  Mexico,  and  though  they 
had    lost  the  half  of  their  little  army   they 
determined  on  revenge.    On  his  way  towards 
Tlaseala,  Cortez  Avas  met  by  a  large  army  of 
the  natives,  whom  he  defeated  with  dreadful 
slaughter  at  Otumba,  and  after  recruiting  his 
forces  with  5.50  infantry  and  40  horses  and  a 
number  of  allies  from    Tlaseala,   and   other 
neighboring    towns,    he    marched    back    to 
Mexico,  December  1520.     The  conquest  of 
Texcuco,  the  second  city  of  the  empire,  was 
followed  by  the  siege  of  Mexico,  whicli  the 
new  sovereign  Guatimozin,    the  nephew  of 
Alontezuma,  a  brave  prince,  ably  defended. 
The  artillery  of  the  Spaniards  however  pre- 
vailed over  the  feeble  weapons  of  the  Indians, 
and   after  three    months'  resistance,  Guati- 
mozin was  seized  in  a  canoe  as  he  attempted 
to  escape  on  the  lake,  and  his  captivity  was 
followed   by  the  fall  of  the  capital,  and  the 
tlestructlon  of  the  Mexican  empire.     Above 
iJOOjOOO  Indians  made  their  immediate  sub- 
mission to  those  few  bold  adventurers ;  but 
vhey  were  noi  satislicd  w  ith  the  immense  trea- 
sures of  the  plundered  city,  and  the  unfortu- 
nate monarch  was  exposed  to  tortures,  that 
he  might  confess  where  the  hidden  riches  of 
JMontezuma  were  deposited.    It  was  at  this 
dreadful  moment  when  the  monarch  lay  ex- 
posed with  one  of  his  ministers  to  the  fury 
of  burning  coals,  that  he  heard  the  cry  which 
the  poignancy  of  Ids   sufferings,  and  not  the 
wish  of  making  a  discovery,   extorted  from 
his  favorite,  and  looking  at  him  with  an  air 
of   upbraiding    indignation,    he    exclaimed 
"  what !    am  I  on  a  bed  of  roses."     Guata- 
mozin  was  saved  from  the  flames  to  be  shot 

vol..  T,  4$ 


by  his  inhuman  persecutors,  with  'otneof  liis 
ministers,  on  a  charge  of  con.spiracy.  Mas- 
ter of  a  populous  and  opulent  empire,  Cor- 
tez though  cruel  and  avai'icifiiis  began  todis- 
pla\  the  cIiMraclor  of  a  [irudent  and  lunefi- 
cent  governor.  Mexico  which  had  been  de- 
stroyed during  the  siege  rose  froni  rniiiH,  and, 
in  15'2y  assumed  the  form  of  the  noliU  si  <»f  Kii- 
ropean  cities.  IJut  while  these  successes  en- 
larged the  dominions  of  .Spain,  llie  comjueror 
was  nn  oliject  of  envy  ai  iioine,  aiwl  he  wm 
soon  recalled  to  give  an  account  of  his  con- 
duct, and  after  enduring  fcir  a  m  bile  the  re- 
sentment of  his  enemies,  he  had  the  goo<l 
fortune  to  procure  the  favor  of  his  sovereign, 
and  a  grant  of  new  and  enlargrd  poweri. 
When  Ue  pressetl  to  Chnrles  \  .  tur  an  audi- 
ence, and  was  asked  who  he  was,  the  bold 
adventurer  replied,  "  I  am  the  nian  \\]\n  has 
given  you  moi-e  jjrovinces  ihan  }  our  father 
left  you  towns."  Besides  the  dignity  of  mar- 
quis, the  conqueror  of  Mexico  received  the 
grant  of  large  domains  in  New  Spain,  and 
after  visiting  his  conquests  in  1530,  and  con- 
tinuing  there  sonr>e  years,  he  returned  to  Ku- 
rope,  and  died  in  his  native  country,  '2d  Dec. 
1554,  aged  OS.  He  left  several  legitimate  chil- 
dren, and  some  besides  by  his  two  Indian  mis- 
tresses, one  of  whom  was  a  daughter  of  Mon- 
tezuma. Great  and  heroic  as  the  ciiaractcrof 
Cortez  appears,  he  deserves  the  execration  of 
posterity  for  the  cruelties  wliich  he  exercijed 
on  the  inoffensive  natives.  It  was  not  only  on 
pretence  of  extorling  their  riches  that  these 
wretched  men  Mere  exposed  to  persecution 
and  death,  but  the  most  cruel  iiicthods  were 
pursued  to  convert  them  to  Christianity  by 
men  who  in  every  action  of  their  life  violated 
the  precepts  of  the  gospel.  On  one  occasion 
sixty  caciques  and  above  400  leading  men 
were  committed  to  the  flames,  and  so  horrid 
were  the  practices  of  these  fierce  conquer- 
ors, that  as  they  expired,  the  Inilians  indig- 
nantly rejected  the  promises  of  another  ami 
a  happcr  life,  when  thoy  heard  that  ihe  re- 
gions of  paradise  were  to  contain  tlicir  un- 
feeling murderers.  The  best  account  of  the 
conquests  of  Cortez  is  by  Antoi»io  de  Solis  iti 
Spanish,  translated  into  French  two  vols. 
l'2juo.  1775,  and  into  Knglish. 

CoRTEZi,  Paul,  a  learned  Italian,  born 
1405,  at  St.  Gemiuiano  in  Tuscany.  He 
was  a  great  patron  of  literature  and  a  learn- 
ed man,  and  died  bishop  of  Urbino,  1510, 
aged  45.  He  wrote  a  dialogue  on  the  learn- 
ed men  of  Italy,  besides  other  ingenious 
treatises, 

CoRTi,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pavia,  w  here 
he  was  professor  of  physic,  and  afterwards 
at  Pisa  and  Padua.  His  celebrity  recom- 
mended him  to  ClemcNt  VII.  who  appoint- 
ed him  his  ])hysician,  and  after  his  death,  he 
retired  to  Bologna,  Irom  whence  he  settled 
at  Pisa,  where  he  died  1544,  aged  HO.  He 
wrote  treatises,  de  curandis  f"ebril>us— de 
venx  sectionc,  iu  aliis  afiectibui  &:  in  pleuri- 
tide,  and  other  works. 

CoRiiCEi.Li,  Salvatore,  a  monk  of  Bo- 
logna, professor  of  ihe  belles  Icttres  in  St. 
Paul's    college   there,  fellow   of  the  Crosca 


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a  grejit  pnit  of  his  dominions,  and  by  putting 
his  two  sons  into  the  haniFs  of  the  general,  in 
proof  of  his  sincerity.    Lord  Cornwallis,  after 
a  mild   and  vigorous  administration  in  India, 
returned  to  Eui'ope,  and  was  for  his  services 
created  a  marquis,  and  made  master-general 
of  the  ordnance.     His  next  employment  Mas 
in  the  civil  and  military  government  of  Ire- 
land, where  he  had  the  felicHy  to  destroy  re- 
hellion,  to  cnjiture  an  invading  enemy  in  tlie 
very  bosom  of  the  country,  and,  by  the  wisest 
and   most  temperate   measures,   to   restore 
confidence   and    harmony,    •where   distrust, 
mutual  hatred,  and  secret  violence,  had  long 
reigned  witli  impunity.      After  completing 
the  union  between  the  two  kingdoms,  lord 
Cornwallis  returned  to  England,  soon  to  ne- 
gotiate the  short  lived  peace  of  Amions.     In 
1805  he  was  prevailed  upon  to  accept  again 
the  government  of  India,   where  the  strong 
and  pacific  measures  of  his  former  adminis- 
tration were  so  much  required.     He  was  no 
sooner  ari'ived  at  Calcutta,  than,  without  re- 
covering from  the  effects  of  his  voyage,  be 
set  out  on  a  visit  to  the  northern  provinces, 
Avhere  his  presence  was  necessary.     Confine- 
iiient  in  a  boat,  without  regular  exercise, 
and  the  heat  of  the  weather,  produced  such 
debility  that  he  was  at  last  obliged  to  stop  at 
Ghazepore,    in   the  province   of  Benares, 
above  1000  miles  above  Calcutta,  where  he 
expired   5th   October  1805.      His    remains 
were  interred  at  Ghazepore,  and  every  mai'k 
of  respect  paid  to  his  meinoiy,   not  only  by 
the  British,  but  by  the  natives  of  India,  who 
regarded  him  as  a  humane  and  benevolent 
governor.      His  lordship  left  a  son   and   a 
daughter. 

CoROXEi.,  Paul,  a  native  of  Segovia,  pro- 
fessor at  Salamanca.  His  great  abilities  were 
employed  by  cai'dinal  Ximenes  in  the  publi- 
cation of  his  polvglott  bible.  He  died  about 
1534. 

CoRONELLi,  Vincent,  a  Venetian  geo- 
grapher, made  in  1685,  cosmographer  to  the 
French  king.  He  founded  an  academy  of 
cosmography  at  Venice,  where  he  died  1718. 
He  published  above  AW  geographical  charts, 
^•c.  and  other  works,  much  valued. 

CoRRADiNi,  Peter  Marcellinus,  a  lear- 
ned civilian  and  cardinal,  born  at  Sezza,  in 
1668.  He  was  the  favorite  of  ])ope  Clement 
XI.  and  wrote  a  curious  work,  vetus  I-atinm 
profanum  et  sacrum,  2  vols.  fol.  and  a  history 
of  Sezza,  in  4to.     He  died  at  Home  1743. 

CoRRADUS,  Sebastian,  a  grammarian  and 
professor  of  belles  lettres  of  Bologna,  died 
1556.  He  wrote  quKstura  que  Ciceronis  vita 
refertur, — &  de  lingua  Latinji. 

CoRREGio,  Antonio  da,  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Corregio,  a  town  near  Mo- 
dena.     nd.  Ai.legri. 

CoRROZET,  Giles,  a  bookseller,  who  died 
at  Paris  15th  June,  1508,  aged  58.  He 
MTOte  various  things  which  possessed  merit. 

CoRSiNi,  Edward,  a  monk,  born  at  Fa- 
nauo  1702.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Pisa 
in  1765,  where  he  was  professor  of  philoso- 
phy. He  was  a  man  of  great  erudition  and 
of  astonishing  perseverance.     He  published 


some  valuable  works  in  criticism,  philology, 
and  literature;  the  chief  are,  philosophical 
and  mathematical  institutions,  6  vols.  8vo.-— 
a  course  of  geometrical  elements,  2  vols. 
8vo. — the  fasti  of  the  archons  of  Athens,  4 
vols.  4to. — a  course  of  metaphysics — the 
history  of  the  university  of  Pisa — disserta- 
tion on  the  games  of  Greece,  kc. 

CoRT,  (,'ornelius,  an  eminent  engraver, 
born  at  Hotnn,  in  Holland,  15;>6.  He  trav- 
elled into  Italy,  and  at  Venice  saw  and  assist- 
ed the  celebrated  Titian.  He  settled  at 
Rome,  Avhere  he  died  1578,  aged  42.  His 
engravings  are  excellent,  the  very  best  ever 
produced  in  Holland.  They  amount,  accord- 
ing to  Marolles,  to  151. 

(JoRTESi,  William,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Franche  Comte.  He  studied  at 
Home,  and  was  employed  and  liberally  re- 
warded by  Alexander  VIII;  He  died  1679, 
aged  51. 

CoRTESi,  Giovanna,  a  paintr&ss  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  173G,  aged  60.  Her  minia- 
tures are  greatly  admired. 

Cortex,    Ferdinand,   the   conqueror  of 
Mexico,  was  born  of  a  respectable  family  at 
Medellin  in  Estramadura  1485.     He  quitted 
the  sttuly  of  belles  lettres,  and  of  the  law,  for' 
the  profession  of  arms,  and,  fired  with  the 
adventurous  spirit  which  animated  his  coun- 
try, he  in  1:.04  went  to  Hispaniola  where  one 
of  his  relations  was  governor.     In  an  expe- 
dition  to  Cuba  in  1511,  he   displa)'ed  such 
bravery,  that  Velasquez  the   governor    in- 
trusted him  with  the  command  of  the  fleet 
which  was  destined  to  make  new  discoveries 
on  the  continent.    On  the   18th  November 
1518  the  new  commander  set  sail  from  San 
Jago,  in  Cuba,  with  11  small  vessels,  on  board 
of  which  wei'e  embarked  617  men,  soldiers 
and  sailors,  with  18  horses  and'lO  field  pieces, 
but  only  13  firelocks.    With  this  small  force 
he  landed  at  Tabasco,  which  he  took  after  a 
dreadful  slaughter  of  the  inhabitants,  and  af- 
terwards advancing  to  St.  Juan  de  Ulva,he  w»s 
met  by  the  ambassadors  of  Montezuma,  the 
king  of  Mexico,  who  by  entreaties  and  pre- 
sents earnestly  solicited  him  to  cease  from 
his  enterprise,  and  not  penetrate  into  the 
country.     Cortez  knew  the  terror  which  his 
arms  had  inspired;  the  fire  of  his  artillery 
was  compared  to  the  thunder  of  the  heavens, 
the  horses  on  which  the  Spaniards  rushed  to 
thebattle  were  unknown  and  irresistible  mor.- 
sters,  and  the  huge  vessels  which,  floating  oti 
the  bosom  of  the  ocean,  had  brought  these 
strangers,  were  all  such  extraordinary  ob- 
jects in  the  eyes  of  the  terrified  and  super- 
stitious Indians,  that  the  Spaniards  were  re- 
garded as  more  than  human  beings.     After 
building  a  small  fort  at  Vera-Cruz,  and  burn- 
ing his  shipd,  that  he  might  inspire  his  fol- 
lowers  with    confidence,    Cortez   advanced 
through  the  provinces  to  the  capital  of  Mex- 
ico, supported  by  the  co-operation  of  the 
Zempoallans   and   other  tribes  which  were 
dissatisfied  with  the  government  of  Monte- 
zuma.    With   only   500  men  badly  armed, 
and  15  horse%  he  defeated   the   TIascalans, 
who  presumed  to  dispute  his  progress,  and 


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aflcr  rewardii)'^  the  hospitiility  of  the  ii)l»ab- 
itants  of  Cliolulu  with  raphic  and  j-nuj^htcr, 
the  coiHiucror  [ircsented  himself  at  the  joules 
of    Mexico,     lie   was    received    with    jjreut 
pomp  ami  every  mark  of  friendship  l)y  Mon- 
tezuma, hut  (liou.u;h  treated  with  confKh-nce, 
Cortez  act«;d  w  ilii  duplirily,  and  .seizing  the 
person    of   tlic    imsuspectinj;    monarch,  lii' 
compelh'd   him  in    the   rigor  of  conrinement 
to   acknowledge    Iiiniself  the    vassal    of   the 
crown  of  Spain.      Thus  ahsolutc  in  Mexico, 
Cortez  soon  hoard  that  >'e!as<iu»  z,  jealous  of 
Jiis  ol  glory,  had   sent  an  expechlion  under 
Narvaez,  to  hring  liim  ])ack  in  chains  to  C'u- 
ba  ;  bnt  no  ways  dismayed  at  the  intelligence, 
Jie  left  one  of  his  officers,  Alvarado,  govtrnor 
of  the  capital,  and  hastened  back    to   Vera 
Cruz.     With  the  sagacity  of  an  intrepid  sol- 
dier he  surprised  and  defeated  Narvaez,  and 
by  his  conciliating  conduct  he  had  the  art  to 
convert  his  enemies  into  friends,  and  to  re- 
turn to  Mexico  supported  hy  those  who  had 
come  to  destro)'  his  liopes.     During  his  ab- 
sence Alvarado  had  been  guilty  of  excesses 
towards  the  natives,  and  instead  of  .submis- 
sion Cortez  found  the  most  determined  hos- 
tility.    Unable  by  force  or  by  persuasion  to 
quell  the  tumult,  he  caused  Montezuma,  ar- 
rayed in  his  royal  robes,  to  appear  before  Ifis 
incensed    subjects,  but  the  Alexicans  disre- 
garded the  interference  of  their  captive  mon- 
arch, who  during  the  battle  received  a  mor- 
tal wound.     Yielding  to  the  storm  the  Span- 
iai'ds  retired  from  Mexico,  and  though  they 
had    lost  the  half  of  their  little  army   they 
determined  on  revenge.    On  his  way  towards 
Tlascala,  Cortez  was  met  by  a  large  army  of 
the  natives,  whom  he  defeated  with  dreadful 
slaughter  at  Otuniba,  and  after  recruiting  his 
forces  with  S.'iO  infantry  and  40  horses  and  a 
number  of  allies  from    Tlascala,   and   other 
neighboring    towns,    he    marched    back    to 
Mexico,  December  1520.     The  conquest  of 
Texcuco,  the  second  city  of  the  empire,  was 
followed  by  the  siege  of  Mexico,  which  the 
new  sovereign  Guatimozin,    the  nephew  of 
Alontezuma,  a  brave  prince,  al)ly  defended. 
The  artillery  of  the  Spaniards  however  pre- 
vailed over  the  feeble  w  capons  of  the  Indians, 
and   after  three    months'  resistance,  Guati- 
mozin was  seized  in  a  canoe  as  he  attempted 
to  escape  on  the  lake,  and  his  captivity  was 
followed   by  the  fall  of  the  capital,  and  the 
destruction  of  the  Mexican  empire.     Above 
200,000  Indians  made  their  immediate  sub- 
mission to  those  few  bold  adventurers ;  but 
lliey  were  not  satislied  w  ith  the  immense  trea- 
sures of  the  plundered  city,  and  the  unfortu- 
nate monarch  was  exposed  to  tortures,  that 
he  might  confess  where  the  hidden  riches  of 
Montezuma  were  deposited.    Jt  was  at  this 
dreadful  moment  when  the  monarch  lay  ex- 
posed  with  otie  of  his  ministers  to  the  fui-y 
of  burning  coals,  that  he  heard  the  cry  which 
the  poignancy  of  his   sufferings,  and  not  the 
wish  of  making  a  discovery,   extorted  from 
his  favorite,  and  looking  at  him  with  an  air 
of   upbraiding    indignation,    he    exclaimed 
"  what !    am  I  on  a  bed  of  roses."     Guata- 
)nozin  was  saved  from  the  flames  to  be  shot 

VOX..    T  4S 


by  his  inhuman  persecutors,  with  some  of  his 
ministers,  on  a  charge  (;f  con.spiracy.  Mas- 
ter of  a  populous  and  opulent  empire,  Cor- 
tez though  cruel  anrl  avai'icious  began  todis- 
[)la\  till-  charactei'  of  a  prudent  and  benefi- 
cent governor.  Mexico  which  had  been  de» 
stioyed  during  the  sief^e  rosefr(>m  ruins,  and, 
in  l.^'2'J  assumctl  the  form  of  the  noblistofKu- 
ropt  an  cities.  Hut  while  these  successes  en- 
larged the  dominions  of  .Spain,  the  com|ueror 
M  .'is  nn  object  (d  envy  ht  houic,  and  he  wui 
soon  recalled  to  give  an  account  of  his  con- 
duct, .ind  atier  enduring  for  a  \»  bile  the  n:- 
sentment  of  his  enemies,  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  procure  the  favor  of  his  sovereign, 
and  a  grant  of  new  an<l  enlarged  powers. 
\V'hen  be  presse<l  to  Chnrles  V  .  tor  an  audi- 
ence, and  was  asked  who  he  was,  the  bold 
adventurer  replied,  "  I  am  (he  man  who  has 
given  you  more  i)rovinces  th.Tn  }oui'  fathex* 
left  you  towns."  ]3esides  the  dignity  of  mar- 
(|uis,  the  conqueror  of  Mexico  received  the 
grant  of  large  domains  in  New  Spain,  and 
after  visiting  his  conquests  in  1330,  and  con- 
tinuing  there  son>e  years,  he  returned  to  Eu- 
rope, and  died  in  his  native  country,  'Jd  Dec. 
1554,  aged  GS.  He  left  several  legitimate  chil- 
dren, and  some  besides  by  his  two  Indian  mis- 
tresses, one  of  whom  was  a  daughter  of  Mon- 
tezuma. Great  and  heroic  as  the  character  of 
Cortez  apjiears,  he  deserves  the  ex(?ci-ation  of 
posterity  for  the  cruelties  which  he  exercijed 
on  the  inoffensive  natives.  It  was  not  only  on 
pretence  of  extorting  their  riches  that  these 
wretched  men  were  exposed  to  persecution 
and  death,  but  the  most  cruel  methods  were 
pursued  to  convert  them  to  chiistianity  by 
men  who  in  every  action  of  their  life  violated 
the  precepts  of  the  gf>spel.  On  one  occasion 
sixty  caciques  and  above  400  leading  men 
were  committed  to  the  flames,  atid  so  horrid 
were  the  practices  of  these  fierce  conijuer- 
ors,  that  as  they  expired,  the  Indians  indig- 
nantly rejected  the  promises  of  another  and 
a  happer  life,  when  they  heard  tliat  the  re- 
gions of  paradise  were  to  contain  their  im- 
feeling  murderers.  The  bestaccoimt  of  the 
conquests  of  Cortez  is  by  Antonio  de  Solis  in. 
Spanish,  translated  into  French  two  vols. 
12mo.  17*5,  and  into  Knglish. 

CoRTEXi,  Paul,  a  learned  Italian,  born 
1405,  at  St.  Geminiano  in  Tuscany.  He 
was  a  great  patron  of  literature  and  a  le!\rn- 
cd  man,  and  died  bishop  of  Urbino,  1510, 
aged  45.  He  wrote  a  dialogue  on  the  learn- 
ed men  of  Italy,  besides  other  ingenious 
treatises. 

CoRTi,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pavia,  where 
he  was  professor  of  physic,  and  afterwards 
at  Pisa  and  Padua.  His  celebrity  recom- 
mended him  to  Clement  ^'II.  who  appoint- 
ed him  his  ]ihysician,  and  after  his  death,  he 
retired  to  lioiogna,  irom  whence  he  settled 
at  Pisa,  wliere  he  died  1544,  aged  69.  He 
wrote  treatises,  de  curandis  i'ebrihus — de 
venx  sectione,  iu  aliis  afleclibui  &:  in  pleuri- 
tide,  and  other  works. 

CouriCEi,Li,  Salvatore,  a  monk  of  Bo- 
logna, professor  of  the  belles  Icttres  in  St. 
Paul's   college   there,  fellow  of  the  Crusia 


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academy,  and  provincial  of  the  Barnabite 
order.  Among  other  works,  he  published 
his  Italian  grammar  iu  1745,  -which  Avas 
universally  approved,  and  particularly  no- 
ticed by  Benedict  XIV.  his  fellow  towns- 
man, who  observed,  in  a  letter  to  him,  that 
it  was  a  wonder  their  native  city  sliould 
speak  Italian  so  ill,  and  yet  teach  it  so  well. 
lie  died  about  1770. 

CoRYATE,  Tliomas,  son  of  a  clergyman, 
born  at  Odcombe,  Somersetshire,  1577,  be- 
came known  for  his  extravagancies.  lie 
studied  for  three  years  at  Glocester-hall, 
Oxford,  and  then  was  taken  into  the  family 
of  Hetiry  prince  of  Wales,  -where  he  was 
the  whetstone  of  tlio  wits  of  those  times. 
In  1608  he  travelled  through  France,  Italy, 
and  Germany,  kc.  and  on  his  return,  pub- 
lished an  account  of  his  adventures,  which 
he  called,  Crudities,  in  4to.  The  work  was 
recommended  by  the  verses  of  Ben  Jonson, 
Harrington,  Inigo  Jones,  Donne,  Drayton, 
and  others,  and  so  pleased  was  the  author 
with  Ids  success,  that  he  determined  to 
spend  ten  years  in  the  visiting  of  foreign 
countries.  With  this  intention,  he  set  out 
in  1612,  and  after  visiting  Constantinople, 
the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  Egypt,  and  all  the 
l^evant,  he  advanced  far  into  Persia,  and 
the  don)}i)ions  of  the  great  mot?ul.  He  was 
attacked  at  Surat  in  the  East  Indies,  by  a 
flux,  which  carried  him  off  1617.  Coryate 
was  not  devoid  of  understanding  ;  but  his  af- 
fectation, and  his  great  self-consequence,  ex- 
posed him  to  the  ridicule  of  the  wits  of  the 
age,  and  turned  the  best  intentions  into  levi- 
ty and  contempt.  It  is  unknown  what  be- 
came of  his  notes  and  papers.  During  his 
absence,  some  letters,  &c.  were  published 
as  from  him,  but  no  regular  account  of  his 
adventures,  in  Ids  last  travels,  has  appeared 
before  the  public. 

CosiERS,  John,  a  painter,  born  at  Ant- 
werp 1003.  He  was  patronised  by  many 
crowned  heads,  and  hL»  historical  pieces  de- 
served universal  commendation. 

CosiMo,  Aiidi'.cwanJ  Peter,  Italian  pain- 
ters, of  whom  the  lirst  excelled  in  the  claro- 
obscuro,  and  the  other  in  ludicrous  pieces. 
Peter  died  1521,  aged  SO,  of  a  paralytic 
stroke.  He  was  a  singvdar  character,  verv 
irrascible,  and  very  superi-titious.  He  had 
for  his  pupils  del  Sarto  and  de  Sangallo. 

CosiN,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  in 
Norwich  .SOth  Nov.  15y4,  and  educated  at 
tlie  free  school  there,  and  at  Caius  college, 
Cambridge,  of  wbich  he  became  fellow.  He 
was  patronised  by  Overall,  bishop  of  Lichfield, 
and  after  his  death  by  Neal,  bisliop  of  Dur- 
ham, who  gave  him  a  pi-ebend,  and  the  rich 
rectory  of  Branspelh.  His  collection  of  pri- 
vate devotions,  drawn  up  at  tlie  request  of 
Charles  I.  as  well  as  his  frequent  intercourse 
with  Laud,  drew  u])o<i  him  the  ceii-sures  of 
the  puritans,  who  loudly  exclaimed  against 
his  poi)isli  principles.  In  1628  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.  D.  and  in  1034  he  was  elected 
master  of  Peterhouse,  and  in  1040  he  was 
riinde  dean  of  Peterborough.  The  same 
year  a  complaint  was  made  against  hiro,  in 


tlie   house   of  commons,  by   Smart,   a  mafr 
whom  he  with  others  had  ejected  from  hia- 
prebend  at   Durham,  for  preaching   a  sedi- 
tious sermon,  and  in  consequence  of  this,  he 
was  deprived  by  a   vote  of  the  house,  of  all 
his  ecclesiastical  preferments,  and  tw  o  years 
after    expelled  from  the    mastership  of  Pe- 
terhouse, because    his  persecutors   suspect- 
ed him  of  popish  innovations.     Upon  this  he 
left  the  kingdom,  and  during  the  civil  wars 
resided  at  Paris,  where  he   officiated  as  a 
protestant  minister,  and    was  assisted  by  a 
small   pension   from  queen   Henrietta.       At 
the    restoration    he    -was   I'eplaced  into  all 
his   preferments,  and  the  same  year  raised 
to  the  see  of  Durham.     In  this  elevated  sit- 
uation he  employed  himself  in  repairing  and 
beautifying  the  cathedral  and, the  palace,  and 
in  erecting  schools  and  hospitals  for  the  most 
benevolent  purposes.     Besides  the  large  en- 
dowment which  he  settled,  it  is  known,  that 
this  humane  prelate,  during  the  11  years  in 
which   he  was   at  Durham,    spent  not   less 
than  2000^.  a  year   in   charitable   and   pious 
uses.     He  died   of  a   pectoral    dropsy,  15th 
Jan.    1672,  aged  78,  and  was  buried  in  the 
chapel  of  Bishops'   Aucland.     He  left  many 
legacies  for  charitable  purposes  by  his  will. 
He  had  one  son  and  four  daughters,  and  he 
had   the  misfortune  to  see  his  son,  in  conse- 
quence  of  his  education  among  the  Jesuits 
at  Paris,  turn  catholic ;  and   though  he  at- 
tempted to  reclaim  him,  and  even  disinher- 
it him,  if  he  persevered  in  Ids  religious  ten- 
ets, he  never  succeeded.     The  various  books 
which    he    wrote    display    much    learning, 
solid  judgment,  and   extensive  information. 
Though  he   was  falsely  accused   of  being  a 
papist,  yet  he  was  the   friend   of  magnifi- 
cence and   pomp  in  the  outside   of  religioOv 
and  like  all  the   adherents  of  Laud's  princi- 
ples, he  dwelt  much  on  vain   and  insignifi- 
cant ceremonies. 

CosME,  John  Baseiilao,  a  feuillant  friar, 
who,  however,  followed  his  father's  profes- 
sion of  surgeon,  and  became  eminent  as  a 
lithotomist.  His  instrument  for  dividing  the 
neck  of  the  bladder,  of  which  he  gave  an 
interesting  accotmtin  the  journal  desSavans 
for  1748,  though  once  much  approved  by 
the  faculty,  is  now  neglected.  His  forceps 
for  breaking  stones  in  the  bladder  was  once 
iu  general  use  ;  and  so  great  was  his  celebri- 
ty as  an  operator,  that  the  surgeons,  through 
n^erc  jealousy,  prevailed  upon  the  French 
king  to  banish  him.  He  died  at  Paris  18th  Ju- 
ly 1780,  aged  79. 

Cosmo  I.  son  of  John  de  IVIedici,  was 
born  in  1519.  When  his  cousin  Alexander 
was  murdered,  he  had  the  art  to  procure  his 
election  to  the  supreme  authority  of  the 
state;  and  he  behaved  with  such  firmness 
and  sagacity,  that  all  the  conspiracies  form- 
ed against  his  person  and  government  bv 
the  seditious  of  Florence  proved  abortive. 
He  assisted  the  emperor,  in  1553,  in  the  re- 
duction of  Sietma,  which  was  annexed  to  his 
own  territories  by  Philip  II.  and,  in  15C9. 
he  was  raised  by  the  pope  Pius  V.  to  the 
sovereign  title  of  grand  duk-e   of  Tuscany. 


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'Cosmo,  thus  snccpssfiil  rrbrond,  ami  thn  ju- 
dicious patroti  of  litcraLiiic,  in  tlu;  re-cslab- 
Kshmeiit  of  tlic  tiniversity  of  Pisa,  anil  in 
the  promotion  «>f  tlif  arts,  found  liim.i^lf  un- 
happy in  liis  family.  His  sf)n.lohn,  who\ias 
fi  canlitial,  and  a  man  of  merit,  \s  as,  in  n 
huntinij  party,  sti'rolly  stah!)C(l  hy  his  bi-otliiT 
ilarcia,  who  pretended  ip;norance  of  the 
foul  deetl.  The  father  suspected  the  inhu- 
man son  ;  and  n  hen  he  confessed  it,  lie,  ov.-r- 
powcred  hy  a  fit  of  passion,  stal)hed  liim 
with  the  samedaj^ger  which  had  ruhl)ed  him 
of  his  other  son.  This  tra^;ir  scene  so  af- 
fected the  mother  tliat  slie  died  «  few  days 
after,  a  victim  tc)  siU-nt  ovei'w  Iieimin.u;  {^rief. 
Cosmo  died  1574,  and  left  several  chihhen 
to  uphold  the  sovereign  j)Ower  whrch  he  had 
so  firmly  established  in  Florence. 

Cosmo  II.  grandso?i  of  the  first  Cosmo, 
succeeded  his  lather  Ferdinand,  1G09,  and 
during  his  reign  displayed  the  virtues  of  :i 
henevolcnt  prince,  eager  to  advance  the  hap- 
piness of  his  people,  to  cultivate  literature, 
and  promote  the  fine  arts.     Jle  died  lfi'21. 

Cosmo  III.  succeeded  his  f.ither  Ferdi- 
nand II.  as  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  IG70. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Or- 
leans, from  whom  he  wasafierwardsdivorced; 
and  he  annexed  to  his  other  dignities,  with 
the  consent  of  the  emperor  and  of  the  pope, 
the  title  of  royal  highness.  He  is  represent- 
ed as  so  superstitious  that  he  took  ordei-s,  at 
the  Roman  jubilee,  for  the  ]»rivilege  of  sa- 
luting the  handkerchief  which,  according  to 
monkish  traditions,  our  Saviour  gave  to  Ve- 
ronica, impressed  with  his  o\\  n  image.  Cos- 
mo was,  like  the  princes  of  his  house,  a  lib- 
eral patron  of  letters,  and  particularly  at- 
tached to  the  study  of  chemistry.  He  was 
one  of  the  richest  sovereigns  of  Europe,  and 
died  17i2;3,  after  a  ha])py  reign  of  54  years. 
His  son  and  successor,  John  Gaston,  died 
1737,  without  issue  ;  and  the  sovereignty  pf 
Florence  descended  to  the  queen  of  Spain, 
as  sprung  from  the  second  Cosmo  ;  and  she 
exchanged  it  with  France  for  the  kingdom 
of  the  two  Sicilies,  which  was  bestowed  on 
her  son  don  (Carlos. 

CosNAC,  Daniel  de,  a  native  of  Limou- 
sin, noticed  by  the  prince  of  Conti,  and  rais- 
ed by  his  interest  lo  the  see  of  Valence,  and 
afterwards  to  that  of  Aix,  and  otlier  ecclesi- 
astical honors.  He  died  at  Aix  170S,  aged 
Hi.  Though  a  man  of  great  abilities,  he  was 
very  deformed  in  his  person. 

CosPEAU,  Philip,  u  French  prelate,  horn 
at  Hainaut.  He  was  very  eloquent  in  the 
pulpit,  and  substituted  to  the  quotations 
from  tlie  classics  more  a])])ropriate  texts 
from  the  bible.  He  tlied  164^,  aged  78,  au- 
thor of  some  theological  tracts. 

CossART,  Cahriel,  a  native  of  Pontoi<?e, 
who  died  at  Paris  ISth  September  1674, 
aged  59.  He  was  a  Jesuit,  and  assisted  I^ah- 
be  in  his  grand  collection  of  cou^kmIs,  which 
appeared  in  iGT'i,  in  IS  vols.  fol.  He  wrote 
besides,  poetry,  &c. 

CossE,  Charles  de,  marshal  <le  Bi'issac, 
a  celebrated  French  general,  hoi*n  at  Anjou, 
?f  a  lioble  familvj   of  NeapolitaB  descent. 


He  devoted  himself  to  the  profession  of 
aims,  anri  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars 
of  Italy  and  Piedmont,  and  at  the  siege  of 
Perpignan  l.'i4l.  His  ser\i»fs  were  noticed 
and  acknowledged  by  the  French  king,  who 
sent  him  as  aiid>assudor  lo  (Jharlcs  \'.  and 
afterwards  made  liim,  in  1550,  marshal  of 
the  kingdom,  governor  of  Piedmont,  and 
grand  master  of  the  artillery.  His  valor  and 
sagacity  as  a  general  were  ko  conspicuous, 
that  several  princes  and  nobles  jihu'cd  them- 
selves under  him  as  in  a  school  of  honor, 
where  the  tacti<;s  of  war,  and  the  evf)lutiofi8 
of  c:>m])aigns,  could  best  be  leurneil.  He 
died  at  Paris  31st  December  15G3,  aged  57. 
He  was  a  man  of  such  honor  and  integiitv, 
that  when  the  goverument  refused  to  pav 
the  debts  contracted  by  the  army,  he  sold 
part  of  his  estates  to  satisfy  the  just  demand. 

CosiAXio,  Angelo  di,  born  at  Naples 
15fi7,  after  53  years  of  perseverance  and  la- 
boi-,  ])nblishcd  an  history  of  his  native  city  in 
Italian,  lolio.  He  was  also  a  ])oet  of  some 
consequence,  and  his  sonnets  and  otlier  pie- 
ces were  collected  at  Venice  175'2,  in  Pimo. 
He  died  at  a  very  advanced  age,  about  the 
year  1590. 

Costa,  Christopher,  a  Portuguese,  na- 
tive of  Africa,  who  devoted  himself  to  bota- 
ny, and  in  his  travels  in  Asia  was  seized  by 
some  of  the  uncivilized  natives,  and  long  de- 
tained in  slavery.  On  his  return  to  Fiirope 
he  published  an  account  of  Iinlian  plants, 
&c.  translated  into  Latin  by  Clusius,  fecc. 

Costa,  Emanuel,  a  Portuguese  lawyer, 
professor  at  Salamanca,  1550.  His  works 
were  published  2  vols.  fol. 

Cost  A,  John,  professor  of  the  law  at 
Cahors,  wrote  some  notes  on  Justinian's  in- 
stitutes, and  died  at  Calhors,  I3th  Aug.  1C37. 

CosT.\,  Margaret,  an  Italian  poetess,, 
who  published  her  works  at  Paris,  M'hich 
she  dedicated  to  cardinal  Mazarin. 

Costard,  Ceorge,  an  English  .«^cholar, 
born  about  1710.  He  was  fellow  and  tutor 
of  Wadham  college,  and  in  1704  he  obtain- 
ed the  vicarage  of  Twickenham  from  the 
chancellor  Northington.  He  died  January 
1782,  and  his  books  and  oriental  MSS.  were 
sold  by  auction,  the  following  .Maivh.  He 
wrote  15  dittcrent  treatises  ciiiefly  on  astro- 
nomical subjects,  and  on  the  book  of  Job. 
They  are  enumerated  in  Nichols'  anecdotes 
of  liowycr,  and  prove  him  to  have  been  a 
man  of  great  learning  and  extensive  infor- 
mation. 

(>osTE,  Peter,  a  native  of  Uzez,  who  fled 
to  Englantl  on  account  of  his  religion,  and 
died  at  l*arisl747,  at  an  advanced  age.  He 
translated  Locke's  essay  on  the  human  un- 
derstanding, and  oil  the  rcasonaljleness 
of  christianitv,  and  Newton's  optics,  into 
French,  and  w  rote  besides,  the  life  of  the 
great  Cotide — notes  on  Fontaine's  fables,  and 
Slontaigne's  essays — and  a  (!cfcnc€  of  Bruy- 
erc. 

Coster,  I<awrence,  an  inhabitant  of 
Haerlem,  supposed  l)y  the  Dutch  to  he  the 
inventor  of  printing,  about  the  year  1430. 
The  best  autliorities  howeftr  support  ihiit 


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llie  art  of  printing  was  first  invented  at  jNIay- 
ence,  though  Meerman  of  liottcinlam,  vith 
great  ingenuity  and  erudition,  maintains  the 
claims  of  his  countrymen.     Coster  died  1440. 

CosTHA,  Ben  Luca,  a  christian  philoso- 
pher of  Balbcc  in  Syria,  in  tlie  250th  year 
of  the  hegira.  He  translated  several  Greek 
books  into  Arabic,  and  wrote  some  original 
works  on  physic,  astronomy,  and  mathema- 
tics, of  which  Casiri  in  liis  bibloth.  arab.  de 
Tescurial  has  given  a  catalogue. 

Cot  A,  Rodriguez,  a  native  of  Toledo, 
whose  tragi-comedia  de  Calisto  &i  Melibwa 
has  appeared  in  Latin  and  French  transla- 
tions.    He  florished  1560. 

CoTELERius,  John  Baptist,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  boi-n  at  Nismes  1627.  He  very 
early  displayed  great  abilities  in  the  know- 
ledge of  the  learned  languages,  and  at  the 
age  of  12  was  able  to  construe  the  new  testa- 
ment in  Greek  and  the  old  in  Hebrew,  m  ith 
great  ease,  at  the  first  opening  of  the  book. 
He  was  professor  of  Greek,  an<l  member  of 
the  Sorbonne.  He  published  the  works  of  all 
the  fathers  who  lived  in  the  apostolic  age, 
with  a  new  translation  and  learned  notes,  2 
vols.  fol.  1672.  He  published  besides,  nionu- 
menla  ecclesice  Groecfe,  of  which  he  only 
completed  three  volumes  before  his  death. 
!Iis  great  application  had  undermined  his 
constitution,  so  that  he  was  snatched  away,  by 
an  iiiflanimatory  disorder  in  his  breast,  in  his 
59th  year,  10th  August  1686.  Besides  ex- 
tensive learning,  he  possessed  the  amiable 
virtues  of  private  life;  he  was  rnodest,  unas- 
suming, and  devoid  of  all  pride  and  affecta- 
tion. 

Cotes,  Roger,  an  English  mathematician 
and  astronomer,  born  atBurbach,  Leicester- 
shire, 10th  July  1682.  At  Leicester  school 
and  St.  Paul's,  London,  he  Mas  well  initiated 
in  classical  literature,  and  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  he  began  early  to  display  that 
fondness  for  mathematics  which  in  his  earlier 
years  had  appeared  in  his  family.  He  be- 
came, in  1705,  fellow  of  his  college,  and  had 
the  tuition  of  the  sons  of  the  marquis  of  Kent, 
to  whom  he  was  related.  In  1706  he  was 
tnade  Plumian  professor  of  astronomy,  and  in 
1713  took  orders,  and  that  same  year,  at  the 
recommendation  of  Bentley,  pnblished  New- 
ton's mathematica  principia,  with  the  im- 
provements of  the  author,  tovliicli  he  pre- 
fixed an  excellent  preface.  He  increased 
further  his  astronomical  reputation,  by  his 
description  of  the  gnat  fiery  meteor  seen 
!Marchl6,  1716.  Thisgreat  and  rising  genius 
died  at  the  age  of  33,  on  the  5th  June  1710, 
to  the  regret  of  the  university,  and  of  every 
lover  of  science  and  goodness.  He  was  bu- 
ried in  Trinity  chapel.  His  harmonia  men- 
surarum  was  published  in  1722,  4to.  by  his 
successor.  Dr.  Robert  Smith,  and  also,  by  the 
same,  his  valuable  hydrostatical  af.d  pneu- 
inatical  lectures,  in  1737. 

Cotes,  Fr.mci.s,  an  English  painter  iu  oil 
and  crayons.  He  was  pupil  to  Knapton  ;  and 
died  1770,  aged  45. 

CoTiN,  Charles,  a  French  writer,  who 
died  at  Paris  1683.     He  was  member  of  tlie 


Fjench  academy,  m^s  an  eloquent  preacher, 
a  good  scholar,  and  a  respectable  prose  wri- 
ter and  poet.  He  is  known,  however,  more 
for  the  severity  of  Boileau  and  Molier's  sa- 
tiies  against  him,  than  for  his  own  excel- 
lence. 

CoTOLENDi,  Charles,  a  native  of  Aix  or 
Avignon,  was  advocate  in  the  parliament  of 
Paris,  and  respectable  as  nn  author.  He 
translated  the  Spanish  history  of  Persia  into 
French,  2  vols.  12mo. — the  life  of  Columbus — 
the  life  of  de  Sales— besides  dissertations  on 
the  Avorks  of  St.  Evremond,  and  the  life  of 
the  duchess  of  Montmorenci. 

CoTTA,  John,  a  Latm  poet,  born  near 
Vci'ona.  He  was  made  prisoner  by  the 
French  at  the  battle  of  Ghiara  d'Adda,  in 
1509.  He  died  1511,  at  Viterbo,  of  a  pesti- 
lential fever,  aged  28.  Hissepigrams  and 
orations  are  printed  in  the  carmina  quinque 
poetarum,  Venice,  1548,  4to. 

Co  r TE,  Robert  de,  an  architect,  born  at 
Paris  1657.  He  Avas  elected  director  of  the 
royal  academy  of  architecture,  and  made 
architect  to  the  king,  and  intendant  of  the 
royal  gardens,  edifices,  &c.  His  genius  was 
advantageously  displayed  in  adorning  the 
public  buildings  of  Paris,  the  palaces  of  Ver- 
sailles and  St.  Denys,  and  the  colonade  of 
the  Trianon.  The  chief  beauties  of  his 
works  were  lightness,  elegance,  and  delicacy. 
He  died  at  Paris  1755,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son,  Julius  Robert,  who  was  equally  in- 
genious. 

CoTTEREL,  sir  Charles,  groom-porter  to 
James  L  and  master  of  the  requests  to 
Charles  H.  He  was  well  skilled  in  modern 
languages,  and  possessed  all  the  manners  and 
accomplishments  of  a  gentleman.  He  re- 
signed his  office  of  master  of  the  ceremonies 
to  the  king,  to  his  son  Charles  Lodowick. 
During  the  exile  of  his  royal  master,  he  trans- 
lated Cassandra,  the  famed  romance,  and 
was  also  concerned  in  the  translation  of  Da- 
vila's  civil  wars  of  France. 

CoTTiN'GTON,  Fraucis  lord,  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer,  and  first  lord  of  tlie 
treasury,  in  the  re'/gn  of  Chaiies  I.  was  an 
able  minister,  and  employed  for  some  time 
as  an  ambassador  in  Spain.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  wars  lie  left  his  country  for 
Spain,  where  he  died,  at  Valladolid,  about 
1651,  aged  77.  In  his  political  character  he 
displayed  great  dissimulation,  Avith  all  the 
formal  solemnity  which  he  had  imbibed  at  the 
Spanish  court. 

Cotton,  or  Co  ton,  Peter,  a  Jesuit, 
born  1564,  at  Neronde,  near  the  Loire,  early 
distinguished  for  his  zeal  in  converting  here- 
tics, and  for  his  eloquence  in  the  pulpit.  He 
became  confessor  to  Henry  IV.  of  France, 
and  possessed  so  much  of  his  confidence  that 
it  was  a  ])ublic  expression,  that  the  king  was 
good,  but  that  he  had  cotton  in  his  ears.  Cot- 
ton refused  an  archbi,sliopric  and  a  caxdinal's 
hat,  which  his  master's  partiality  offered  him. 
After  Henry's  death,  he  was  confessor  to 
Lewis  Xlll.  but  he  soon  left  the  court,  and 
retired  into  the  countiy.  He  died  19th 
March  1C20,  aged  63.     He  wrote  some  ser- 


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mons,     bcs'ulcs     controversial     and    divinity 
tracts. 

Cotton,  sir  liohcrt  Ih-uce,  an  eminent 
Englisli    anti(iu:irv,    born     at  l)ent«tti,    Hun- 
tingdonshire,   '■22(1    .liiae    ir>7().      lie    was    of 
'I'rinity  college,    Canibrid;<e,   m  litre  he  took 
liis  baclit'I»)r's  degree,  and  tlun  rcmovi d  to 
Loudon,  where  lie  became  a  mcnibtr  ofthe 
antiquarian    society,  and   soon  distinguished 
himself  tor  jiis  zt-al  ii»  the   search  oC  antif|iu- 
ties.     lie  was  knighted  by  James  1.  and  so 
high    was   his  reputation  for  leuining,  infor- 
mation, and  integrity,  that  not  only  the  most 
leading   men  of  the   tinj<s   consiilleil  him  on 
affairs    of  staUj,    but  the   king  hiiuself  em- 
ployed   his  pen    on   several    occasions.       At 
James's  request,  he  vindicated  tiie  character 
of  Mary  queen   of  Scots,  he  also  examined 
what  punishments  should  be  inflictet!  on  pa- 
pists, and  ilefended  the  ecclesiasticnl  institu- 
tion against  tiie  innovations  of  the  puritans. 
On    the    creation     of   baronets,   in    lOll,    by 
James,  sir  Ivohert  Cotton    a[)peared  as  the 
thirty-sixth  in  the  new  dignity.       IJnt  though 
such'a  favorite  witli  the  court,  he,  in  the  suc- 
ceeduig  reign,  joined    the   commons  in  the 
cryforthe  redress  of  grievances,  though  he 
recommended    mild   and     gentle   measures, 
which,   in   establishing   the  jjrivileges  of  the 
people,  might  not  endanger  the  safety  ofthe 
sovereign.     In   16^9,   sir  Robert   became  an 
object  of  persecution  to  the  court.     A  manU' 
script,  "  which,"   it   is  said,  *'  laid   down  a 
plan  how  the  kings  of  England  might  oppress 
tlie  liberties  of  their   subjects,  and  for  ever 
enslave  them  and  their  posterity,"  was  lent 
out  of  his  library,  and  being  in  a  surreptitious 
copy  laid  before  the  privy  council,  produced 
liis  arj^est  and   confinement   in    the  Tower, 
*and  the  seizure  of  his  valuable  library.     Sir 
Robert  with  dilficulty  extricated  himself  from 
the  virulence  of  his  persecutors  ;   but  he  still 
felt  the  indignities  offered  to  his  person  and 
character;  and  the  treatment  he  received  in 
some  degree  undermined  hisconstiiution,  and 
broke  his  heart.     He  died  of  a  fever,  at  West- 
minster, Gth  May  1631,  aged  upwards  of  GO 
years.     Sir  Robert  was  not  only  an  able  an- 
tiquarian, but  the  friend  and  patron  of  men 
of  learning;  and  to  his  munificence,  his  able 
assistance,     and    valuable     communications, 
Knollis,  sir  Walter  Raleigh,  sir  Francis  Ba- 
con, Seldon,  Speed,  CanuKn,  aiul  other  re- 
spectable   authors,    have   with  gratitude  ac- 
knowledged   themselves   indebted.     Though 
distinguished  as  a  man  of  letters,   and  a  skil- 
ful antiipiarian,  sir  Robert  is  particularly  en- 
titled to  the  admiration  of  posterity  for  the 
valuable  library  which   now   remains  for  the 
information  ofthe  public,  an  immortal  prcjijf 
of  his   munificence  and  indefatigable  zeal  in 
the  cause  of  science  and  of  mankind.      That 
his  pursuits  were  directed  to  such  objects  is 
a  happy  circumstance  for  the  public.     In  his 
time,  the  many  records  and  important  m:niu- 
soripts   wliich  had  been  l)lundered  from  tlie 
dissolved   monasteries  were    scattered   with 
profane  indifference,  and  some  friendly  hand 
was  wante<l  to  collect  ami  preserve  them  for 
the  information  ofthe  learued.     Tliis  valua- 


ble collection,  imjiroved  still  by  his  «on  sir 
'Ihomas  and  by  his  grandson  sir  John,  was, 
after  being  removed  in  various  places,  at  last 
de[tositcd  in  the  IJi-ilish  museum  in  17.-).'}. 

(,'oi  lox,  (jharhs,  lioiu  in  Stalfordshirc, 
of  a  respectable  lamily,  became  known  for 
his  biiilesrpie  verses  and  ludicrous  poeir) ,  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  and  James  II.  He  Iran.s- 
lated,  with  great  spirit  and  success,  .Mon- 
taigne's essays,  wlii<  h  he  iiibcribed  to  lord 
Halifax,  a  nobleman  who  highly  valued  l\u: 
performance,  which  he  had  the  capacity  and 
the  good  sense  to  appreciate.  (Jottou  pub- 
lished the  wonders  of  the  peak  in  Derby- 
shire— Virgil  travestied — Lucian burlesqued; 
of  which  jiocms  an  edition  was  printed  in 
1751.  He  died  about  the  tiiiKi  of  the  revo- 
lution, but  the  exact  year  is  unknown. 

CoTYS,  a  king  of  Thrace,  in  the  age  of 
Alexander,  died  about  350  13.  C Ano- 
ther, who  favored  the  cause  of  Pompey 

Another,  who  lived  in  tlia  age  of  Augustus, 
and  to  whom  Ovid  addressed  one  of  Ids  ele- 
gies. His  son  bore  the  same  name,  and  ex- 
changed Thrace  for  the  kingdom  of  Arme- 
nia, A.  D.  88. 

CouDRETTE,  ChHstopher,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, strongly  attached  to  the  partisans 
ofthe  Port  Royal  and  to  Roursier,  against 
the  Jesuits,  by  whom  he  had  been  educated. 
He  opposed,  w  ith  great  ability,  the  papal  bull 
unigenitus,  for  which  he  was  sent  to  the  Bas- 
tille  for  twelve  months,  in  1738.  He  died  at 
Paris  4th  August  1774.  He  wrote  memoirs 
sur  h;  forniulaire,  2  vols.  12mo. — hi.stoire  &c 
analyse  du  livre  de  Paction  de  Dieu,  &c.  His 
chief  work  is  the  history  of  the  Jesuits,  in  4 
vols.  l'2mo.  1761,  to  which  he  addetl  a  sup- 
plement of '2  vols.  1764. 

CovEL,  Jolin,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Honingsheaith,  Suffolk,  1638,  and  educated 
at  St.  Edmundshury  and  Christ  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  fellow,  fie  was 
chaplain  to  the  embassy  at  Constantinople, 
where  he  continued  for  seven  years.  On  his 
return  home,  1079,  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.  D.  and  w  as  chosen  Margaret  preacher  of 
diviiiitv.  "^J'lie  next  year  he  was  [iresented  to 
the  living  of  Littleburv,  io  Essex,  and  in  1687 
made  chancellor  of  York,  and  the  next  year 
master  of  Christ  college,  Cambridge.  He 
died  in  I'S'i,  aged  85.  During  his  residence 
at  the  Porte,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  ex- 
amination of  the  ancient  and  present  state  of 
the  Greek  church;  and  he  gave  to  the  world, 
a  tew  years  before  his  death,  a  curious  and 
useful  publication  on  the  subject,  in  folio. 

CovERUALE,  Miles,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, educated  at  Cambridge.  From  a  tViar 
he  became  a  |>roteslant  at  the  reformation, 
and  was  made  bishop  of  Exeter  by  Edward 
VI.  l)u!-ingthe  persecuting  reign  of  Mary,  he 
was  ejecteil  from  his  see,  and  permitted  to 
go  into  exile,  at  the  interference  ofthe  king  of 
Denmark.  When  Elizabeth  ascen<led  the 
throne,  he  returned,  but  he  declined  tu  reas- 
sume  his  bishopric,  as  his  principles  were 
now  pui'itanical.  -  He  afterwards  received  the 
living  of  St.  Magnus,  London,  from  which  he 
was   ejected  for  noucoiiformiry.      He   died 


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P'JUtj  ^^^  respected,  20th  May  1567,  aged 
81.  He  assisted  William  Tiiulal  in  the  Eng- 
lish version  of  the  bible  published  in  1537, 
and  corrected  it  afterwards  in  the  edition  of 
1540,  with  notes. 

CouLON,  Lewis,  a  French  priest,  who 
left  the  Jesuits'  society  in  1640.  He  died 
1664.  His  geographical  works  are  greatly 
esteemed,  especially  his  historical  treatise 
of  all  the  rivers  in  France,  2  vols.  8vr.  He 
■wrote  besides,  lexicon  llomericum,  and  some 
liistorical  performances,  &c, 

CouPERiN,  Frwicis,  a  Frenchman,  or- 
jranist  of  the  chapel  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  was 
much  admix'cd  for  his  execution  on  the  liarp- 
sicord.  He  died  1733,  leaving  two  daugh- 
ters, who  were  equally  eminent  as  musicians. 
His  two  brothers,  Lewis  and  Charles,  were 
also  good  performers.  He  wrote  some  pieces 
ibr  the  harpsicord,  in  4  vols.  fol. 

Couplet,  Philip,  a  Jesuit,  of  Malines, 
■who  went  as  missionary  to  China  in  1659, 
and  returned  in  1680.  He  died  on  his  se- 
cond voyage  to  the  same  place,  1693.  He 
wrote  some  works  in  the  Chinese  language 
and  in  Latin.  His  Confucius  Sinarum  phi- 
losophus,  16S7,  folio,  is  a  valuable  and  cu- 
rious work,  in  which  the  liistory  of  China, 
the  manners  and  religion  of  the  inhabitants, 
are  ably  treated. 

CouRAYER,  Peter  Francis,  a  French  di- 
vine, born  at  Vernon,  Normandy,  1681. 
While  canon  and  librarian  of  St.  Genevieve, 
Paris,  he,  aftci-  some  correspondence  Avith 
archbishop  Wake,  published  his  "  defence 
of  English  ordinations,"  printed  in  Holland, 
1727.  This  book  exposed  him  to  the  perse- 
cution of  the  catholics;  so  that  be  took  refuge 
in  England,  where  the  university  of  Oxford 
granted  him  a  doctor's  degree,  and  the  crown 
settlc<i  a  pension  upon  him.  He  died  in  1776, 
after  two  days'  illness,  at  the  age  of  95,  and 
•was  buried  in  the  cloisters  of  Westmin- 
ster aboey.  He  died  in  the  faith  of  the  catho- 
iic  church,  though  at  Ealing,  where  he  some- 
times resided,  he  attended  the  English  ser- 
vice regularly,  declaring  he  received  great 
satisfaction  in  the  pi'ayers  of  the  church.  He 
tvrote  several  things,  all  in  French.  Those 
best  known  are,  Paul's  history  of  the  council 
of  Trent,  2  vols.  fol.  dedicated  to  queen  Ca- 
roline, who  rai.sed  his  pension  from  lOOZ.  to 
200Z. — Sleidan's  history  of  the  reformation. 
After  his  deatli  appeared  his  declaration  of 
his  last  sentiments,  See. 

Cot'RCEi.LES,  Stephen  de,  a  native  of 
Geneva,  divinity  professor  at  Amsterdam, 
after  Episcopius,  whose  works  he  published, 
with  a  life  prefixed.  He  died  1658,  aged  72, 
author  of  various  divinity  tracts,  publislied 
by  Daniel  Elzevir,  1  vol.  fol.  1675. 

Court  de  GEBELiy,  Anthony,  a  native 
of  Nismes,  for  some  time  protestant  minis- 
ter at  Lausanne,  and  alterwards  superin- 
tendant  of  one  of  the  museums  of  Paris. 
He  wrote  monde  primitif,  compared  with 
the  monde  moderne,  in  9  vols.  4to.  a  w^ork 
of  merit  and  great  erudition.  He  wrote 
besides,  the  history  of  the  war  des  Cevennes, 
3  vols.  12kio.  ^c.     He  was  a  strong  advo- 


cate foi'  animal  magnetism,  which  exposed 
him  much  to  ridicule.  He  died  at  Paris  13tl» 
May  1784,  aged  59- 

CouRTANVAUX,  Francis  Cxsar  marquis 
de,  a  French  nobleman,  wlio  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  Bohemia  and  Bava- 
ria, under  his  uncle,  the  duke  of  Noialles. 
He  was  also  eminent  as  a  philosopher  and  as 
an  ingenious  mechanic,  and  deserved  by  his 
valuable  communications  a  place  in  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences.     He  died  1781,  aged  63. 

CouRTEN,  William,  son  of  a  taylor  at 
^Teninx,  in  the  Netherlands,  escaped  with 
difficulty  from  tlie  tyranny  and  persecution 
of  0!ivarez  duke  of  Alva,  and  in  1568  reach- 
ed London,  where  he  settled  his  family. 
Their  business  was  the  making  of  French 
hoods,  which  were  in  those  days  in  great 
reputation,  so  that  by  industry,  the  Courten 
family  increased  their  connexions  and  pro- 
perty, and  at  the  death  of  the  father  and 
mother,  which  happened  about  the  end  of 
Elizabetlt's  reign,  or  the  beginning  of  James 
I.  they  were  opulent  and  respectable  mer- 
chants in  the  trade  of  silk  and  fine  linen.  In 
the  year  1631,  their  returns  are  averaged  at 
150,000/.  a-year;  and  so  highly  respected 
Avas  the  family,  that  William  and  Peter  re- 
ceived the  honor  of  knighthood.  Under  the 
activity  and  able  management  of  sir  Wil- 
liam, the  concerns  of  the  company  were 
greatly  increased,  so  that  not  only  the  com- 
merce of  the  nation  was  extended,  but  even 
the  king's  dignitj-  supported,  as  it  is  said  that 
by  their  loans  to  James  I.  and  to  Charles  I. 
the  firm  of  Courten  had  a  claim  upon  the 
crown  of  not  less  than  200,000^.  The  exten- 
sive concerns  of  this  extraordinary  family 
were,  however,  lessened  by  the  intrigues  of 
lord  Carlisle,  who  seized,  as  a  grant  from 
the  crown,  the  island  of  Barbadoes,  where 
su-  William  had  settled  a  factory,  as  on  a 
place  which  had  been  discovered  by  his  own 
ships,  and  been  protected  at  his  own  ex- 
pense. His  property  likewise  suffered  some 
years  after  by  the  murder  of  his  factors  at 
Amboyna,  in  the  Spice  islands,  by  the  Dutch 
and  by  the  total  loss  of  his  property  in  that 
part  of  the  world.  Though  thus  persecuted 
by  the  frowns  of  fortune,  he  yet  engaged 
with  new  ardor  in  the  Chinese  trade;  but 
the  loss  of  two  ships  richly  laden  completed 
his  disasters,  and  reduced  him  to  poverty. 
He  survived  not  long  this  heavy  loss.  He 
died  1636,  about  the  beginning  of  May,  aged 
64,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  An- 
drew Hubbard. 

Courten,  William,  the  last  male  de- 
scendant of  the  family  just  mentioned,  was 
born  in  Fenchurch  parish,  London,  28t]i 
March  16*2.  It  is  supj)osed  that  he  lost  his 
father  and  mother  before  he  Avas  fourteen 
years  old  ;  but  though  his  father,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  insolvency,  left  the  kingdom, 
in  1643,  and  never  again  saw  his  son,  yet  he 
was,  it  is  imagined,  carefully  educated  under 
the  eye  of  those  many  rich,  independent,  and 
noble  relatives  which  remained  to  him  in 
England.  He  early  began  to  travel,  and  dis- 
played a  great  genius  foF  natural  hietgu'v, 


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■which  he  mucli  improved  hy  a  rtsidoncc  at 
Montpcllicr.    In  lliis  (lelighlt'iil  spoi,  so  con- 
gciiial  to  his  studies,  lie  cullivalc«l  the  ac- 
c|uaiiitance  ot"  leanud   iihmi,   paitii-iilarly  'if 
ToiuiiLlort  aiul  ui   sir  Jl;iiis  Sluaiiu.      \\  In  ii 
ot"  age,  he   retumrd  to  l^ondon,  to   iiursue 
his  claims  to  llie  sliattt:rcd  wrrtk  of  ilif  for- 
tutic   ot"   his    tamily,   and,   in    iniiMovln;^    his 
income,   also   to  render    more  comtorlaljle 
his  sister,  who  hnd  hvr<l    upon  only    tliirly 
pounds    a-year.       Durini;    Jiis    minority,    a 
person  ot"  the  name  of  (ieor.a;e  Carew    had 
obtained   kl(<  rs  ot'  administralioii,  anil   n(jw 
he  sued   loi-   the  restitution  of"  his  pro[)C'ity  ; 
but  the  arts  ot"  the  usurper,  who  uas  u  law- 
yer and  a  courtier,  prevailed  over  the   siiu- 
pliiity  ot"  the  petitioner.       Carew   prevailctl 
in  his  intrigues,  and  Courten  not  only  gave 
up  all  claims  to  his  paternal  estates  t'or  an 
unknown   compensation,  which  he  acknow- 
ledged to  receive,  not  de  jure,  but  ex  gratia, 
but  he  exchanged  his  tamily  name,  and,  un- 
der  the    appeiUition  of  ^\  illiam  Cliarleton, 
he  retired  from   England    to    his    favorite 
Montpellier.      How   long  he   staid   on    the 
continent  is  not  exactly  known.     After  his 
return  to  England  he  lived  for  fourteen  or 
fifteen    years  in    chambers  at  the  Temple, 
and  died  at  Kensington  Gravel-pits,  March 
'J6,   1702,  aged    63.     The   partiality   which 
Mr.  Courten  showed  to  natural  history  vvas 
not  employed  in   frivolous  pursuits,  or  una- 
vailing researches.     He  began  early  to  make 
a  collection   of  whatever   was  curious,   im- 
portant,  and   remarkable,  in   mcdallic  and 
antiquarian   history;   and   not   less    than  38 
vols,  iu  folio,  and  S  in  4to.  remain  as  proofs 
of  his  great   industry  and  indefatigable  at- 
tention.    His  curious  collection,  after  being 
about  fifty  years  in  the  possession  of  his  exe- 
cutor and  residuary  legatee,  was  purchased 
in  1763  for  the  use  of  the  public,  and  deposi- 
ted in  the  British  Museum.     It  is  singular, 
that  though  to  his  industry  and  perseverance 
the  nation  is  indebted  for  so  valuable  an  ac- 
quisition, no  mention  was  made  of  him  as  the 
first  and  most  scientific  collector.     The  sum 
paid  by  the  public  was  '20,000/.  which  equals 
scarce  tlie   value  of  the   coins  and  precious 
stones.    Besides  those  learned  friends  alrea- 
dy raenticued,  Courteu  was  intimate    with 
the  great  Locke. 

CouiiTiLZ,  Garien  de  sieur  de  Sandras, 
born  at  Paris  1644,  where  he  died  6th  May 
1712.  He  was  in  the  army,  and  was  some 
time  in  Holland  and  on  his  return  was  con- 
fined in  the  Bastile  tor  his  political  works, 
and  remained  thci*e  nine  yeaj-s.  He  was 
author  of  dift'erent  works,  the  best  known 
of  which  are  his  life  of  Coligni — the  conduct 
of  France  since  the  peace  of  Nimegueu — 
liistory  of  the  Dutch  Avar — political  testa- 
ment of  Colbert — the  life  of  Tureune — an- 
nals of  Pans  and  of  the  court  in  1697-8. 

CouRTivRON,  Gaspar(i  marquis  de,  a 
native  of  Dijon,  who  died  ith  Octcber  1785, 
aged  70,  known  as  a  soMier  and  a  scholar.  He 
Tvas  wouiuled  in  the  cimpaij^Uc.  of  Bavaria, 
■while  exerting  himself  to  i-we  tliu  life  of 
marshal  Saxe ;  and  he  afioi;  A-ards  devoted 


himself  to  IlteraUirc.  He  wrote  a  treatise 
on  optics,  4l(j.  ir.'i'J,  and  bome  (jthcr  works. 
Courtney,  William,  arciibishop  of  Can 
terbury,  wastbe  fourth  son  of  lluj;h  (Court- 
ney, tarl  of  DcNOhhiiirr,  bv  Margaret,  ;;i':nid- 
dauj^btur  of  Edward  I.  He  was  cduculed  at 
0,\iord,  and  iboui^li  ]to.sscsst<l  of  abilities 
owed  his  elevation  in  the  church  (o  ihtt 
consecpicncc  of  his  tamily.  When  '28,  he 
was  made  Irtshop  of  Hi  rcford,  an«l  uft«r- 
wards  ir.insluliti  to  London,  where  l.c  sum- 
moned before  him  the  i^reat  WirkUtTc,  in 
St.  Paul's  cathedral,  I .'57 7.  The  bold  rc- 
fornier  was  on  this  oicasion  attended  by  hiS 
friends  John  of  Gaunt  and  lord  Percy,  who, 
in  supporting  his  tenets,  treated  »lie  prelate 
with  surh  asperity,  that  a  tumult  was  ex- 
cited among  the  citizens  ot  I.onilon.  Court- 
ney was  niade  chancellor  13S1,  and  after- 
wards laised  to  ihe  see  of  Canterbury.  He 
was  a  violent  persecutor  of  the  Wickliffites, 
and  condemned  their  tenets  in  a  synod.  lie 
died  at  Maidstone  1396,  aged  'to. 

CouiiTOls,  James,  a  native  of  Franc!ie 
Compte,  eminent  as  a  painter,  antl  calle<l  le 
Bourgnignon.  He  studied  under  his  father, 
who  was  also  a  painter;  and  in  the  Prencf* 
campaigns  of  Italy  he  employeil  himself  in 
delineating  the  battles  in  which  he  had  been 
present.  His  merits  were  noticed  and  pat- 
ronised by  Guido  and  by  Albano;  and  he 
afterwards  settled  at  Florence,  where  he 
married  a  painter's  daughter.  The  suddeu 
death  of  his  wile,  of  m  hom  he  was  knowu 
to  be  very  jealous,  threw  upon  him  the  falfie 
accusation  of  having  murdered  her  ;  in  con- 
sequence of  which  calumny  he  entcreil  into 
the  order  of  the  Jesuits.  He  died  167C, 
aged  55. 

CouRTOls,  William,  bi-other  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  the  pupil  of  Peter  de  Cortona, 
and  was  patronised  by  Alexander  VH.  His 
pieces  were  much  admired,  especially  his 
battle  of  Joshua.  He  died  1673,  aged  45,  in 
consequence  of  taking  improper  quack  Bie- 
dicines  for  the  gout. 

Cousin,  John,  a  French  painter,  bom  at 
Succy,  near  Sens,  well  skillcil  in  malhemat- 
ies.  He  wrote  on  geometry  and  perspec- 
tive, and  chiefiy  excelled  in  painting  on  glass. 
Many  beautiful  specimens  of  liis  skill  in  pamt- 
ing  exist  in  the  churches  of  Sens  and  Paris, 
and  especially  in  St.  tiervase's  church.  Ft.p 
his  eminence,  he  is  called  great.  He  was  a 
favorite  with  four  kings;  Henry  H.  Francis 
II.  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  HI.  He  was  liv- 
ing in  1GS9  ;  but  the  time  of  his  death  is  un- 
certain. 

i^ousrox,  Nicholas,  sculptor  to  the 
French  king,  was  born  at  Lyons,  and  dfed 
at  Paris  1st  .May  1733,  aged  75,  member  of 
the  academies  of  {jaintiirg  and  sculpture, 
lie  possessed  great  i;cnius  and  a  very  delicate 
tasle.  His  pieces  adorn  the  palaces  of  Paris, 
Versailles,  and  Marly.  His  (k)mnu)dus  iu 
the  chuiacter  of  Hercules  is  particularly  ad- 
mired. 

CouSTON,  William,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, director  of  the  aeaileiuy  of  painlinjr 
aud  sculpture,  died  at  Paris  'J2tl  FcHriiary 


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1746,  aged  60.  He  was  distinguished  as  an 
able  sculptor.  He  bad  a  brother  of  tlie 
same  name,  who  died  at  Paris,  1746,  aged 
68,  whose  works  were  the  mausoleum  of 
Dubois,  and  two  groups  of  horses,  at 
Marly. 

CouSTOX,  William,  son  of  the  last  men- 
tioned, improved  himself  by  studying  the 
arts  at  Rome.  He  was  rising  into  employ- 
ment, and  had  just  tinished  the  mausoleum 
of  the  dauphin,  deposited  in  the  cathedral  of 
Sens,  when  he  died  suddenly  in  July,  1777, 
aged  61.  His  other  works  are  tlie  apotheosis 
of  Xavier — an  Apollo — Venus  and  Mars,  8cc. 

CouTHON,  Georges,  a  native  of  Orsay, 
in  Auvergne,  who  was  brought  up  to  the 
bar.  At  the  revolution,  he  became  member 
of  the  national  assembly  and  of  the  conven- 
tion, and  there  displayed  the  most  ferocious 
and  vindictive  conduct.  He  lent  all  his  pow- 
ers to  procure  the  destruction  of  the  mon- 
archy, and  the  disgrace  and  death  of  the 
king;  and  afterwards,  as  tl:e  friend  and  as- 
sociate of  llobespierre,  he  recommended 
the  adoption  of  the  most  bloody  and  atro- 
cious measures.  In  his  zeal  against  crowned 
heads,  he  proclaimed  deatii  to  tyrants,  and 
peace  to  the  cottage,  and  wislied  that  kings 
might  no  longer  have  an  earth  to  support, 
nor  a  sun  to  enlighten  them.  When  sent  as 
deputy  to  Lyons,  he  struck  with  a  hammer 
the  columns  of  the  noblest  edifices,  exclaim- 
ing, "  Down,  ye  monuments  of  pride,  I  con- 
demn vou  to  destruction."  His  savaare  con- 
duct  was  so  well  known,  that  w  hen  once  com- 
plaining of  thirst,  during  a  long  debate  in 
the  convention,  one  of  the  members  observ- 
ed, he  ought  to  have  a  cup  full  of  blood. 
The  fall  of  liobespierre,  whose  crimes  he 
had  shared,  was  his  own.  He  was  guillotined 
28th  July  1794.  Though  of  so  ferocious  a 
heart,  the  features  of  his  countenance  were 
inild  and  pleasing;  but  his  body  was  deform- 
ed, so  that  the  convention  permitted  him  to 
sit  while  speaking. 

CouvREUR,  Adrianne  le,  a  French  ac- 
tress, born  at  Fismes,  in  Champagne,  1690. 
She  first  appeared  in  1717,  in  the  character 
of  Electra,  and  was  received  with  universal 
applause.  Her  best  character  was  Phai<lra. 
She  died  20th  March  1730.  She  was  for 
some  time  mistress  to  marshal  Saxe,  whom, 
when  reduced  to  distress  in  the  acquisition 
»)f  his  dukedom  of  Courland,  she  assisted 
•with  a  large  sum  of  money  raised  upon  her 
jewels. 

Coward,  William,  a  medical  writer, 
born  at  Winchester,  and  educated  there  at 
the  college,  and  at  Hart-hall,  Oxford,  from 
which  he  was  removed  to  Wad  bam.  In 
1680  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  Merton,  and 
two  years  after  he  translated  Dryden's  Ab- 
salom and  Achitophel  into  Latin,  which, 
however,  did  not  much  contribute  to  his 
fame,  as  it  was  surpassed  by  the  rival  trans- 
lation of  Atterbury.  He  took  his  medical 
degrees  in  1685  and  87,  and  after  settling  at 
Northampton  fur  sometime,  he  removed  to 
I^ondon  1694.  But  not  more  devoted  to 
physical  pursuits  than  literature,  he   soon 


drew  the  public  attention  to  his  publication, 
called  Second  thoughts  concerning  the  hu- 
man soul,  in  which,  with  great  learning  and 
metaphysical  knowledge,  he  united  senti- 
ments, which  were  repugnant  to  the  opinions 
of  the  best  divines.  Though  he  was  a  sincere 
believer  in  the  gospel,  yet  his  ideas  about  tho 
immateriality  and  immortality  of  the  soul, 
drew  upon  him  the  censure  of  the  public, 
and  he  was  ranked  m  ith  Toland,  Tindal,  and 
Gildon,as  an  enemvof  the  christian  relimon. 
This  work  as  well  as  his  other  book,  called 
the  grand  essay  in  defence  of  it,  not  only 
drcM  the  attacks  of  several  writers,  such  a? 
Dr.  Nichols,  Broughton,  and  Turner,  but 
the  animadversions  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, Avho,  on  the  17th  March  1704,  voted 
the  books  to  be  burned  by  the  hands  of  the 
common  hangman,  as  containing  docti'ines 
contrary  to  the  church  of  England,  and  sub- 
versive to  the  christian  religion.  Afterwards 
Dr.  Coward  applied  himself  to  the  pursuits 
of  his  profession,  and  published  his  tract  cal- 
I  led  Opthalmiatria,  which  appeared  with  the 
i  approbation  of  Hans  Sloane.  From  the  per- 
j  secution  which  attended  his  writings,  it  is 
supposed  tliat  Dr.  Coward  removed  from 
!  London,  as  a  hiatus  occjirs  in  his  history, 
j  for  about  twelve  years.  His  heroic  poem  on 
Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob,  whether  scepti- 
tical  or  censorious,  published  about  this 
time,  was  little  attended  to,  and  is  bow  to- 
tally unknown.  His  licentia  poetica  discus- 
sed, appeared  in  1709,  but  though  intro- 
duced with  the  poetical  flattery  of  Aaron 
Hill,  of  John  Gay,  and  of  Barklay,  it  pos- 
sessed little  merit,  and  found  few  admirers. 
In  1718  Dr.  Coward  is  mentioned  in  the 
college  of  physicians'  list,  as  residing  at  Ips- 
wich, where  it  is  supposed  he  died  about 
1725.  Though  his  writings  no  longer  en- 
gage attention,  it  must  be  acknovviedged, 
that  he  was  not  devoid  of  learning,  judg- 
ment, and  abiUties.  Though  sceptical  in 
his  religious  opinions,  he  still  was  exempla- 
ry as  a  christian,  and  a  firm  believer  in  the 
mercies  oftered  to  mankind  by  the  gospel. 

CowEi-L,  John,  an  eminent  civilian,  born 
at  Ernsborough,  Devon,  1554,  and  educated 
at  Eton  and  King's  college,  Cambridge.  He 
became  fellow  of  his  college,  professor  of 
civil  law  in  the  university,  and  master  of 
Trinity -hall.  His  Interpreter,  was  publish- 
ed in  1607,  in  4to.  undertaken  at  the  request 
of  Bancroft  the  archbishop.  This  book  dis- 
playing great  and  extensive  knowledge,  for 
some  time  remained  unceusured,  but  at  last, 
it  was  observed  that  the  author  had  spoken 
with  great  freedom  and  severity  of  the  com- 
mon law,  and  of  its  professors,  especially 
Littleton,  and  had  "  disputed  too  nisely  on 
the  mysteries  of  the  monarchy,"  and  assert- 
ed that  the  monarch  might  make  laws,  with- 
out the  consent  of  parliament,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this,  the  house  of  commons 
proceeded  with  great  violence  against  him  ; 
but  James  with  becoming  zeal  interposed  his 
influence,  and  saved  him  from  persecution. 
After  this  Cowell  retired  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  underwent  au  operation  for  the 


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stone,  uhieh  proved  fatal  lltli  Oct.  ICII. 
lie  was  buiieil  in  Trinily-liiill  rhnpcl.  lie 
vrote  l)0si»lc3  Institulcs  of  the  laws  of  Ensi;- 
laiul — aiul  a  tract  dc  regulis  juris,  w  hicli 
last  was  never  published. 

Cowi.EV,  Al)rah:un,  an  Eiipjlisli  poet, 
horn  ill  London  lOlS.  He  was  educated  ai. 
Westminster  school,  and  the  accidental  pe- 
rusal of  Spenser's  works,  so  much  roused 
his  i)oetical  genius,  that  he  pul)hshed  his 
"  poetical  blossoms,"  before  he  was  removed 
to  the  university.  Jle  entered  at  Trinity 
college,  Cauibiidge,  where  he  wrote  some 
poems,  and  planned  the  design  of  those  mas- 
eidine  pieces,  which  have  immortalized  his 
name.  'l"hc  loyalty  of  his  sentiments,  and  tlie 
noble  indei)endence  of  his  conduct,  howev- 
er, proved  displeasing  to  the  republicans  of 
his  college,  and  he  was  with  some  others 
ejected  from  the  university,  and  came  to  St. 
John's  college,  Oxford,  where  he  publi'^hed 
his  satire  of  the  Pui'itan  and  Papist.  His 
attachment  to  the  royal  cause,  as  well  as  his 
literary  merits  recommended  liim  to  the  no- 
tiee  of  the  great;  he  was  intimate  with  lord 
Falkland,  and  confidently  engaged  in  the 
^ting's  service.  Dui-ing  the  civil  wars,  he 
was  settled  in  the  duke  of  St.  Alban's  fami- 
ly, and  was  absent  from  England  about  10 
or  12 years,  and  during  that  time,  perform- 
ed some  very  dangerous  journeys  to  Jersey, 
Scotland,  Flanders,  Holland,  and  other  pla- 
ces, while  he  managed  the  correspondence 
between  the  king  and  his  consort,  and 
the  various  bodies  of  loyalists  dispersed 
through  the  kingdom.  In  1656  he  ventured 
to  come  into  England  with  great  secrecy, 
but  he  was  arrested,  though  by  mistake, 
and  was  restored  to  liberty  only  by  giving 
bail  for  1000/.  After  Cromwell's  death  he 
returned  to  France,  and  at  the  restoration 
lie  determined  to  retire  to  solitude  and  lear- 
ned ease.  His  intentions  were  favored  by 
the  liberality  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham 
and  lord  St.  Alban's,  who  gave  him  an  es- 
tate, and  the  last  eight  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  in  that  comfortable  retirement,  Avhich 
he  so  much  admired.  He  lived  some  time 
at  TJarn-Elms,  but  as  the  situation  was  not 
healthy,  he  removed  toChertsey,  wlierc,  in 
consequence  of  exposing  himself  too  long  to 
the  cold  air,  he  was  attacked  by  a  violent 
delluxion  and  stoppage  in  his  breast  and 
throat,  which  by  being  at  first  disregarded, 
in  a  fortnight  proved  fatal.  He  died  28th 
July  1067,  aged  49,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  near  Chaucer  and  Spenser, 
and  a  monument  was  erected  to  his  honor, 
by  George  duke  of  Buckingliam,  1675. 
Cowley  took  his  doctor's  degree  in  medicine 
at  Oxford,  1657,  and  as  it  was  under  the  re- 
publican government,  some  liave  doubted 
the  sincerity  of  his  attachment  to  the  royal 
cause,  but  his  object  was  not  of  a  political 
nature.  He  wished  to  study  medicine  as  a 
science,  and  for  that  purpose  a  degree  was 
necessarv.  His  books  of  plants  were  pub- 
iished  in  166'.^,  and  as  he  had  employed  him- 
self not  only  in  anatoniical  dissection,  but  to 
the  laborious  consideration  of  simples,  and 

VOL.  I.  49- 


the  deeji  researches  of  botany,  his  m  ork.s  on 
those  svd)jects,  are  the  thoughts  of  a  master. 
Uesides  the  «(»i'ks  already  mcritionejl,  he 
published  a  new  (•flition  of  his  poems,  mis- 
rellanies — the  Mistress — Pin<laric  odev— 
Davideis — ihe  ("utter  of  (jolenian  strer-t,  a 
comedy,  iscc.  IJesiiles  poems,  he  wrote  in 
prose,  a  ]»roposition  for  the  advancement  of 
ex[)eiinieiital  pliilosofdiy — and  a  dihcourse 
on  the  government  of  Cromwell.  Cowley  it 
very  respectable  as  a  poet,  and  iiis  ^^•rse 
tliough  sometimes  uncouth  and  inelegant, 
does  not  waril  lire  a!ul  majesty.  He  aboun- 
ded, as  Addison  observed,  above  all  othera 
in  gentiine  wit.  Dr.  .lohnson  places  him  at 
the  head  of  melaphysica!  poet.s. 

CowPER,  William,  born  at  Perth,  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh,  where  he  became 
professor  of  philosophy,  'riiough  originally 
a  strict  [)resbyteri;ui,  he  renounced  bis  scrt, 
and  embiaci.'ig  the  doctrines  of  the  tburth, 
was  made  bishop  of  Galloway,  161*.  He 
died  three  years  after,  aged  53.  He  was  an 
able  divine.  His  works  were  printed  in  one 
vol.  folio. 

CowPEK,  William,  D.  D.  youngest  son 
of  earl  Cow  per,  was  born  in  London,  and 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge. 
After  po.ssossirtg  some  small  living,  he  was 
made  dean  of  Durham,  which  beheld  till  hii 
death  1772,  in  his  59th  year.  He  wrote  an  able 
treatise  on  geometry,  besides  eight  sermons, 
and  an  advice  to  a  lady  much  esteemed. 

CowPER,  William,  M.  D.  a  physician  of 
reputation  at  Chester,  who  died  '2('th  Oct. 
1767.  He  published  some  antiquarian  trea- 
tises, and  was  prepaiing  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  an  history  of  Chester. 

CowPER,  William,  a  celebrated  English 
poet.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Cowper,  chap- 
lain to  George  II.  and  rector  of  Berkham[)- 
stead,  Hertfordshire,  where  he  was  born 
1731.  He  lost  his  excellent  mother  when  he 
v.as  only  six  years  oitl,  ami  after  learning 
the  rudiments  of  language  at  Market-street 
Hertfordshire,  he  removed  to  We^tminste^ 
school  where  he  continued  till  his  ISth  ycai'. 
As  the  great  nephew  of  chancellor  Cowper, 
he  was  marked  for  eminence  in  the  law,  and 
after  being  for  some  time  in  the  office  of  an 
attorney,  he  entered  at  the  Inne)--tcmplf, 
and  at  the  age  of  31  he  was  appointed  clerk 
in  the  house  of  lords.  This  honorable  oi- 
fice  his  great  timidity  prevented  him  from 
accepting,  and  when  afterwards  nominateil. 
clerk  of  the  journals,  which  seemed  to  re- 
quire no  personal  attendance,  his  agitation 
of  mind  became  excessive  when  called  upon, 
at  the  bar  of  the  house,  on  an  unusual  occa- 
sion, to  perfoi-m  the  duties  of  his  place,  and 
he  resigned  under  the  greatest  depression  of 
sjiirits.  Weakness  of  nerves,  produced  de- 
bility of  body  and  of  mind,  but  by  the  friend- 
ly attention  of  Dr.  Cotton  of  St.  Alban's,  hi^ 
melancholy  terrors  gradually  subsided,  and 
from  a  dejected  gloom  he  rose*  to  the  purer 
use  of  his  mental  faculties  and  to  the  enjoy- 
ment of  rational  ccnversation,  and  the  cheer- 
ing and  serene  miderstanding  of  the  hopes 
of  revelation.    In  1765  he  settled  at  Hunt-. 


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ingdotij  and  became  the  friend  and  the  inti- 
mate of  Mr.  Unwin,  a  neighboring  clergy- 
man, after  -whose  unfortunate  death,  by  a 
fall  from  his  hoiwe  in  1767,  he  retired  to 
OIncy,  Bucks,  vitli  his  ^idow,  whom  he 
regarded  with  all  the  affection  of  a  mother. 
His  time  in  retirement  was  spent,  not  only 
in  devotion  but  in  literature,  and  he  contri- 
buted sixty-eight  hymns  to  the  collection 
whi'jh  his  friend  Mr.  Newton  the  curate  of 
Olney,  and  an  eloquent  supporter  of  the 
doctrine  of  C.-^lvin,  gave  to  the  world.  In 
lYS^  he  appeared  himself  before  the  public 
by  the  publication  of  a  volume  of  poems, 
and  in  1785  the  general  voice  of  approbation 
\vas  raised  towards  him  on  the  appearance 
of  his  second  volume.  He  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  a  translation  of  Homer's  Iliad  and 
Odyssey  in  blank  verse,  and  in  the  opinion 
of  some  judges  the  work,  though  inferior  to 
the  versification  of  Pope,  possesses  great 
merit,  and  presents  to  the  English  reader  a 
more  pleasing  and  perfect  picture  of  the 
great  original.  In  1786  he  removed  with 
Mrs.  Unwin  to  \Yeston,  Northamptonshire, 
and  afterwards  turned  his  thoughts  to  a  life 
of  Milton,  and  to  a  complete  edition  of  his 
poems,  and  after  he  had  made  some  little 
progress  he  was  introduced  to  Mr.  Hayley, 
who  had  been  engaged  on  the  same  subject, 
and  thus  arose  an  intercourse  of  fricn<lsliip 
which  continued  to  the  last  period  of  life. 
The  poet  had  communicated  so  much  plea- 
sure and  instruction  to  the  world  b)'  the 
SAveetness  of  his  lines,  and  the  pure  pre- 
cepts of  morality  and  benevolence  which  ev- 
ery where  captivate  the  reader,  that  the 
king  honorably  bestowed  upon  him  a  pension 
of  5001.  per  annum  in  1794;  but  the  compli- 
ment, so  flattering  to  a  man  of  talents,  and 
so  becoming  the  sovereign  of  an  enlightened 
nation,  gave  more  satisfaction  to  his  friends 
than  to  himself.  The  wretched  poet  was 
again  sunk  into  dejection  and  religious  me»- 
lancholy,  and  few  intervals  of  reason  beamed 
Upon  the  afiiicted  mind  of  this  amiable  man. 
For  a  while  indeed  he  amused  himself  in 
the  revision  of  his  Homer,  but  again  relap- 
sed into  that  depression  of  spirits  which  rob- 
bed liim  of  all  the  coniforts  and  the  serenity 
of  a  reflecting  mind.  He  died  25th  April, 
1800,  at  Dereham  Noi-folk,  where  a  hand- 
some monument  in  the  church  marks  the 
spot  where  his  remains  were  deposited.  In 
exhibiting  a  story  in  poetical  numbers  Cow- 
per  posse.ss(Ml  a  pecidiarly  happy  genius  ;  his 
John  Gilpin,  which  was  related  to  him  by 
his  friend  lady  Austin,  to  amuse  him  in  a 
tedious  hovir  of  melancholy,  when  conver- 
ted into  verse  by  his  pen  proved  a  most  pop- 
ular ballad,  and  has  since  continued  to  please 
and  amuse  the  nation.  In  his  manners 
though  reserved  he  was  pleasing,  his  eon^ 
ver.sation  was  cheerful,  and  Mrs.  Unwin, 
lady  Austin,  lady  llesketh,  and  Mrs.  Throg- 
morton  and  others,  were  not  only  honored 
•with  marks  of  his  friendship,  but  immortali- 
zed b}-  the  happy  effusions  of  his  delicate 
«nd  sportive  muse.  The  singular  subjects 
of  one  of  his  best  pieces  was  undertaken  at 


the  request  of  lady  Austin,  ^vho  called  foi*th 
his  pov/ers  of  composition  by  bidding  hiiii 
write,  on  a  sofa.  The  sofa  must  be  regar- 
ded as  a  most  valuable  composition,  and 
thougli  in  that  and  in  his  other  larger  poem 
The  task,  there  is  perhaps  no  well  digested 
plan  or  regular  connection,  the  whole  must 
be  considered  as  tlie  effort  of  a  great  genius* 
assisted  by  the  feelings  of  a  truly  humane, 
virtuous,  and  benevolent  heart.  An  elegant 
and  pleasing  account  of  the  life  and  writings 
of  this  extraordinary  man  has  been  publish- 
ed by  his  friend  Mr.  Hayley. 

Cox,  Richard,  an  English  prelate  of  mean 
parentage,  born  at  Whaddon,  Bucks,  about 
1500.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  King's 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a 
fellow.  He  was  invited  by  ^V'olsey,  to  form  one 
of  the  chosen  few,  on  his  new  foundation  at 
Oxford  ;  but  after  some  time  his  open  avow- 
al of  Luther's  principles,  rendered  him  ob- 
noxious to  the  censures  of  the  university, 
and  he  w  as  stripped  of  his  offices  and  impri- 
soned. Afterwards  he  was  made  master  of 
Eton  school,  and  by  the  favor  of  his  patron 
and  friend  Cranmer,  he  was  raised  to  the  of- 
fices of  archdeacon  and  prebendary  of  Ely 
and  Lincoln,  and  of  dean  of  Christ  church. 
As  tutor  to  king  Edw  ard  VI.  he  became  a 
great  favorite  at  court,  was  made  privy 
counsellor,  and  chancellor  of  the  university- 
of  Oxford,  canon  of  Windsor,  and  dean  of 
Westminster.  During  the  bloody  reign  of 
Mary  he  left  England,  and  maintained  on 
the  continent,  his  reputation  for  learning, 
and  for  adhering  to  the  protestant  faith. 
On  Elizabeth's  accession,  he  returned  to 
England,  and  gained  such  popularity  by  his 
eloquence  and  zeal  against  popery,  that  he 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Ely,  over  which  he 
presided  for  21  years.  His  opposition  to  the 
catholics,  drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of 
his  enemies,  and  even  the  queen  herself 
sheM  cd  herself  unfriendly  to  him.  Exposed 
to  the  persecution  of  diancellor  Hatton,  who 
wished  to  strip  him  of  all  his  ecclesiastical 
domains,  he  at  last  offered  to  resign  Ids  dig- 
nities, provided  that  200/.  per  annum  were 
allowed  liim,  to  support  him  in  Ids  retire- 
ment and  solitude.  None,  however,  could 
be  found  to  succeed  upon  those  disgraceful 
terms,  and  he  held  the  bishopric  till  his 
death,  lj8l,  in  his  S3d  year.  Hewasagreat 
advocate  for  the  marriage  of  the  clergy,  and 
he  was  the  first  who  brought  a  wife  to  live  in 
a  college.  He  wrote  several  tlieological 
tracts,  but  he  is  chiefly  known  for  the  active 
part  which  he  took  in  the  compilation  of  the 
liturgy.  The  four  gospels — the  acts  of  the 
apostles — and  the  epistle  to  the  Romans, 
were  also  translated  by  him,  in  the  sbai*e 
which  he  had  in  the  bible,  now  called  the  Bi- 
shops' bible.  He  was  also  concerned  in  the 
compilation  of  Lily's  grammar. 

Cox.  sir  Richard,  chancellor  of  Ireland, 
was  born  at  Brandon,  county  of  Cork,  25th 
March,  1650.  Though  left  an  orphan  under 
the  age  of  three,  he  yet,  under  the  protect- 
ing care  of  his  grandfather  and  of  his  uncle,, 
evinced  great  natural  abilities.    For  three 


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years  he  prScthed  ns  nn  a1forncy,liiil.  onniin"; 
to  Gray's  inn  ill  1071,  lie  slii(lic<l  for  tlic  bar. 
Ill  consecjuencc  of  an  earl)'  marriapjc,  he  had 
u  lars>t'  family,    ami    tin;    r;ii-cs    uliii^h    tlicy 
brought  upon  him,  roused  liiiii   from  the  ob- 
scurity whore  for  seven  years  he  had  licen 
hwf  as  a  farmer,    ami    by  tin;  interest  of  sir 
Robert  Southwell,  he  was  eli'tled  ricorder 
of  Kinsale.     Flo    now   practised    with   great 
success  in  the  law,    but  rcniovint:;   from  the 
convulsion  wiiieh  aj;italed  the  |»rotcstauts  he 
came  to  Bristol,   wjjerc,  from  his  many  avo- 
cations, hechnofed  himself  to  the  completion 
of  Jiis  history  of  Ireland.     At  the  vevoluliou 
he  was  made  under  secretary  of  state,  after- 
wards recorder  of  ^^'aterf^)rd,  in  IG90  second 
justice  of  the  common   pleas,  and  the  next 
year  governor  of  the  county  and  city  of  Cork, 
tn  this  singidar  character,  uniting  the  ofFice 
of  judge    with    military  duties,   he  beliaved 
with   great   spirit    ami   propriety,   he     was 
knighted  in  1G92,   and  the  rie.xt  year  made 
chancellor  of  Ireland,  and  in  170G  created  a 
baronet.     On  the  accession  of  Cieorge  I.  he 
as  well  as  some  of  the  Irish  judges,  were  re- 
moved  from   office,   but   while   he  hoped  to 
spend  the  rest  of  his  life  in  literary  and  in- 
dependent retirement,  he  found  himself  ex- 
posed to  the  censures  of  the  Irish  parliament, 
who,    however,    never    proceeded    further 
against  liim.     In  April   1753,    he  was  seized 
w  ith  a  fit  of  apoplexy,  which  ending  in  a  palsv, 
carried  him  off,  the  following  Sd  Alay,  in  his 
8ith  year.     He  was  esteemed  not  only  as  an 
able  lawyer,  and  impartial  historian,  but  as 
anliumaneand  beneficent  man.    Besides  his 
Hiberrua-Anglicana  in  folio^  he  wrote  an  in- 
quiry into  religion,  and  the  use  of  reason  in 
reference  to  it,  8vo. — an  address  to  those  of 
the  Koman  communion  in  England,  12mo. 

Cox,  Leonard,  a  grammarian,  born  at 
^lonmouth^  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  He 
was  for  some  time,  and  with  great  reputa- 
tion, master  of  Reading  school,  after  which 
he  travelled  through  P'rance,  Germany,  i'o- 
land,  and  Hungary,  where,  as  a  teacher  of 
the  learned  languages,  lie  acquired  m\ich 
fame.  Hedied  at(yaerkon,  Monmouthshire, 
1549.  He  ■•>  rote  some  Greek  and  Latin  trea- 
tises, be^de  a  commentary  on  Lily's  gram- 
mar. 

CoXETEU,  Thomas,  born  at  Lechlade, 
Clocestershire,  Sept.  1089,  entered  at  Trin- 
ity college,  Oxford,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  London,  to  study  the  law,  but  the  death  of 
his  patron  sir  John  Cook  in  1710,  overturned 
his  hopes  of  high  distinction.  Left  without 
any  plan  to  pursue,  he  became  the  friend 
and  companion  of  authors  and  booksellers, 
and  began  to  make  a  curious  collection  of 
old  plays.  He  proposed  to  write  the  bio- 
graphy of  the  old  English  poets,  but  did  nf)t 
proceed  i\iv  in  the  work.  He  gave  in  1739  a 
new  edition  of  Baily's  life  of  bishop  Fisher, 
and  circulated  proposals  for  publishing  an- 
cient plays,  a  plan  which  was  afterwards 
adopted  by  Dodsley.  He  was  in  1737  secre- 
tary to  a  society  for  the  encouragement  of 
EngUsh  history, under  whose  auspiccsCarte's 
history  of  England,  first  volume,  appeared. 
He  died  April  19th  1749,  aged  59. 


Coxis,  Michael,  a  painter  of  ^fcchh'n, 
who  dietl  l.')92,  aged  95.  His  imitations  of 
l{aj)hael  are  greatly  admired,  as  well  as  his 
designs. 

Cover,  I' Abbe  Gabriel  Francis,  a  French 
writer  who  was  born  at  Baumelles  Nones, 
IVanche  CJomte  and  flied  al  Paris  July  18th 
17S'2,  in  an  advanced  age.  Originally  a  Jer<- 
uit,  he  abandoned  the  order,  and  live<l  by  his 
pen.  His  works  jiossess  vivacity,  case,  fjul 
wit.  He  wrote  Jtagatelles  morales, — the 
history  of  John  Sobeiski  3  vols.  l2mo. — tra- 
vels in  Italy  and  Holland,  2  vols. — observa- 
tions on  England, — treatise  on  preaching, 
and  on  public  education,  besides  a  translation 
of  IJlackstone's  commentaries. 

CoYPEi,,  Charles  Anthony,  a  celebrated 
painter,  who  died  at  Paris,  his  native  city, 
1752,  aged  5S.  He  w:i8  painter  to  the  fluke 
of  Orleans  and  to  the  k'ng,  and  by  his  amiabic 
manners  and  extensive  endowments  he  de- 
served and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  the  great. 
He  wasauthorof  some  theatrical  pieces,  which 
were  performed  in  private  theatres^  and  he 
also  composefl  several  dissertations  on  paint- 
ing, and  some  academical  lectures.  He  was 
very  charitable,  and  for  his  many  nrtues  was 
highly  esleemccl  by  the  duke  of  Orleans. 
He  erected  a  preparatory  school  at  Pans 
for  students  before  they  went  to  Rome,  and 
he  also  projected  the  exhibition  of  the  pic- 
tui'es  in  the  Luxemburg  gallery.  His  father 
Anthony,  who  died  in  lT'-2-Z,  aged  01,  was  also 
an  eminent  artist,  and  painter  to  tlie  king, 
and  his  grandfather  Noel  had  been  equally 
celebrated  at  Paris,  and  at  Rome  where  he 
was    director   of   the    French   academy    of 

—Noel 


pamtmg. 
Nicholas, 


He  died  1707,  aged  79. 


th^  son  of  Noel,  was  also  known 
not  only  as  a  painter  of  fine  church  pieces, 
but  as  an  able  professor  in  the  academy.  He 
died  1735,  aged  43. 

CoYSEVox,  Anthony,  a  French  sculptor, 
born  at  Lyons.  He  died  1720,  aged  SO,  chan- 
cellor and  regent  of  the  academy  ot  painting 
and  sculpture.  Versailles  was  emkellished 
by  the  finest  of  his  pieces.  At  Marly  his 
Neptune  and  Amphitrite,  and  at  the  church 
of  St.  Eustachius  the  statue  of  Colbert,  are 
likewise  fine  speciniens  of  his  great  powers. 

CoYTiER,  James,  physician  to  Lewis 
XL  of  Fi'ance,  is  remarkable  for  the  great 
ascendancy  which  he  obtained  over  the  su- 
l)erstition  and  timidity  of  that  monarch,  who 
seemed  greatly  terrified  at  the  thought  of 
death.  This  influence  be  artfully  exerted 
to  advance  his  interests-  and  those  of  his 
family. 

CozzA,  Francesco,  a  painter,  born  at  Pa- 
lermo in  Sicily.  He  wa.s  pupil  to  Domini- 
ciiino,  and  eminent  irt  freaio  and  in  oil  paint- 
ing, and  employed  himself  in  several  of  the 
great  works  which  adorn  Rome,  wliere  he 
died  1004. 

Craasbeck,  Joseph  van,  a  painter  boru 
at  Brussels,  1G08.  He  died  lOGS.  He  was 
pupil  to  Brouwer,  and  chiefly  excelled  in 
vulgar  scenes,  where  he  represented  drunk- 
enness and  ale-house  quarrels  with  great 
spirit. 

Crab,  Roger,  an  English  Hermit,  bor»  in 


CR 


CR 


Buckingharashire  in  the  beginning  oi'  tlie 
16th  century.  He  left  his  occupation  ot" 
liHtter,  and  with  a  mind  influenced  by  fanati- 
cism and  the  lave  of  singularity',  lie  disposed 
of  his  propei-ty,  and  distiibuted  it  to  the 
poor,  and  building  a  small  hut  at  Lkman 
near  Uxbridge,  he  lived  there  in  great  aus- 
terity. Hit*  reputation  for  sanctity  and  ab- 
stinence was  such  that  he  u  as  visited  by  many 
respectable  persons,  w  ho  consulted  him  as  a 
seer  and  propbct.  He  is  said  to  have  foie- 
told  the  i-estoration,  and  the  elevation  of  the 
house  of  Orange  to  the  British  throne. 

Crabb,  Habakkuk,  an  eminent  dibsenter, 
born  at  \Vattisfield,  Suft'olk,  and  educated 
under  Dashworth  at  Uaveutry.  He  officiated 
as  minister  at  Stowmarket,  and  afterwards 
at  Cirencester,  and  then  joined  his  brother- 
in-law  Fenncr  in  the  care  of  a  school  at  the 
Devizes.  On  the  death  of  his  friend  the 
well  known  Thomas  Hanmer,  he  was  invited 
by  his  congregation,  but  liis  principles  were 
not  appreciated  with  that  liberality  which  he 
expected  in  his  native  place ;  and  as  being 
accused  of  departing  from  the  faith  of  tlie 
dissenters,  he  retired  from  his  ministry  to 
Royston,  -wliere  the  loss  of  his  wife  added 
to  other  disappointments  brought  on  a  uer- 
vous  fever  which  hurried  him  to  his  grave, 
two  years  after  his  wife,  Dec.  25th  179.^. 
He  left  several  manuscript  sermons,  some 
of  which  have  been  published.  He  was  a 
repectable  man,  and  for  45  years  a  very  ex- 
emplary character,  wlio  while  he  dissented 
from  the  church,  yet  respected  the  opinions 
of  his  neighbors,  and  preached  religion  with- 
out disseminating  faction. 

Craddock,  Samuel,  rector  of  North 
Cadbury,  Somersetshire,  was  ejected  for 
nonconformity  in  1662.  He  was  a  respecta- 
ble man,  and  his  principal  works  display 
considerable  ability.  He  published  the  his- 
tory of  the  Old  and  New  testament — the 
apostolical  history — the  harmony  of  the  four 
gospels,  Stc.  He  died  Oct.  7th  1706,  aged  86. 
Craddock,  Luke,  a  painter  of  great 
natural  genius.  His  birds  were  greatly  ad- 
mired, and  rose  in  value  to  three  or  four 
times  their  original  price,  after  his  death. 
He  worked  generally  for  dealers,  and  refus- 
ed to  employ  his  pencil  for  the  great,  ob- 
serving that  they  restrained  his  fancy.  He 
A]'\ed  1717,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary's 
Whitechapel. 

Craig,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Dane.  He 
•was  born  at  Ripen  in  1541,  and  was  regent  of 
the  school  at  Copenhagen  in  1576.  He  died 
1602,  aged  61.  He  was  engaged  by  the  king 
of  Denmark  in  some  important  negotiations, 
which  he  fulfilled  with  great  credit  and  satis- 
faction. He  wrote  a  learned  book  on  the 
republic  of  the  Lacedsemonians,  reprinted 
at  Leyden,  1670,  Svo.  besides  the  annals  of 
Denmark  in  six  books,  reprinted  at  Copen- 
hagen in  1737,  folio. 

Craig,  sir  Thomas,  a  learned  Scotch 
lawyer,  born  at  Edinburgh,  1548,  where  he 
died  1608.  He  acquired  eminence  at  the 
bar.  He  is  well  known  for  his  "Jus  Feu- 
dale,"  a  learned  work  universally  admired 


He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  the  sovereignty 
of  Scf>tland,  and  in  another  work  proved  the 
legality  of  James's  succession  to  the  English 
crown. 

Craig,  James,  a  Scotch  divine,  horn  at 
Gilford,  East  Lothian,  and  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  much  admired  as  a  popular 
preacher.  He  died  at  Edinburgh  1744,  aged 
02.  He  published  3  vols,  of  sermons,  chiefly 
on  the  heads  of  Christianity,  besides  2  vols, 
of  divine  poems  much  esteemed. 

Craig,  John,  a  Scotch  mathematician, 
who  became  known  by  his  "  theologise 
christiance  principia  mathematica,"  in  36 
pages  4to.  printed  at  London  1699,  and  re- 
printed at  Leipsic  1755.  In  this  small  work 
he  entertains  curious  reveries,  and  attempts 
to  prove,  by  mathematical  calculation,  that 
the  christian  religion  will  last  only  1454 
years  from  the  date  of  his  book.  This  work 
was  refuted  by  the  abbe  Houteville,  in  his 
christian  religion  proved  by  facts.  He  had 
also  a  dispute  with  J.  Bernouillion  the  quad- 
rature of  curved  lines,  and  curvilinear  fig- 
ures, and  also  on  an  algebraic  question,  iu 
which  he  acknowledged,  very  candidly,  iu 
the  philosophical  transactions,  the  fallacy  of 
his  own  suppositions. 

Craig,  William,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  at 
Glasgow,  Feb.  1709,  and  educated  at  the 
university  there.  Early  devoted  to  the  pur- 
.suits  of  classical  literature,  and  highly  sensi- 
ble of  their  beauty  and  simplicity,  he  with 
the  approbation  of  his  friends  Clerk  and 
Hutcheson,  transfused  their  most  striking 
passages,  not  only  into  his  conversation,  but 
his  pulpit  oratory,  which  was  solemn,  ele- 
gant, and  correct.  The  popularity  of  his 
preaching  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  Mr.  Lockhart  of  Cambusnethan,  who 
presented  him  to  that  parisli.  After  refusing 
the  honorable  invitations  of  some  other  pat- 
rons, he  at  last  removed  to  Glasgow,  where, 
in  the  circle  of  his  friends,  and  in  the  midst 
of  an  applauding  audience  at  St.  Andrew's 
church,  he  pursued  his  ministerial  career 
with  earnestness,  animation,  and  success. 
Though  some  of  his  cotemporaries  preferred 
to  hear  the  abstruse  tenets  of  speculative 
theology,  and  all  its  mysterious  doctrines, 
enlarged  upon  in  the  pulpit,  he  applied  him- 
self to  bring  home  to  his  hearers  their  du- 
ties, and  the  know  ledge  of  their  character, 
according  to  the  precept  and  the  example  of 
the  great  Saviour.  Mr.  (h'aig  was  sensibly 
affected  by  the  death  of  his  wife,  1 758,  with 
whom  he  had  lived  happily  16  years,  and 
though  afterwards  he  married  again,  he 
never  recovered  his  wonted  spirits.  'I'he 
death  of  his  second  wife  and  of  his  eldest 
son  increased  his  dejection,  and  he  at  last 
sunk  gradually  into  the  grave,  1783,  age<l 
75. 

Crack  ANTHORP,  Richard,  was  born  at 
Strickland,  Westmoreland,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  cellege,  Oxford.  He  was  an  elo- 
quent preacher,  well  acquainted  with  divin- 
ity, and  much  admired  by  the  puritans. 
He  went  as  chaplain  to  an  embassy  to  the 
emperor,  and  afterwards  was  presented  to 


CR 


CR 


tlie  rectory  of  Braintree  in  Essex.  Ifc  diet] 
in  IG'ii,  at  his  rectory  of  lil:u;k-NotIcy.  His 
V'orks  are  Justinian  (Icfciided  ;»guirist  ll:iro- 
nius — a  deleiice  of  Constiiiiliiie — a  treatise 
on  the  5th  {general  council,  tiie. — five  books 
of  logic — ii  defence  of  the  Anglican  church, 
Jvc. 

Cramer,  John  Frederic,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor at  Dnishuru;,  rejidont  for  the  kin^  of 
Prussia  at  Auisiteidani,  <]ied  at  thi;  Hai^Uf, 
1715.  He  x^aJ:  well  skilled  in  civil  law,  lan- 
guap;cs,  and  nii'dallic  liistory.  He  translated 
Puttendorf's  introduction  to  history,  and 
Avrote  vindici^  non  'nis  fiermanici  contra 
gallos,  bee. 

Cu  AM  ER,  Gahnr'  an  ahle  mathematician, 
born  at  Gi;peva  l6i  .  He  vas  the  pupil  of 
John  Bertiouilli,  and  became  known  over 
Europe  lor  his  great  skill  in  mathematics. 
He  deslvoyed  hie  health  by  excessive  appli- 
cation, sfiid  died  at  the  baths  of  Langnedoc 
in  1752.  He  published  some  -works,  besides 
an  edition  of  the  two  Uernoiiilli's  •works, 
published  G  vols.  4to.  1643. 

Ckameu,  NicJjolas,  a  Flemish  painter, 
who  died  1710,  aged  40.  His  pieces  are 
much  admired  for  taste  and  correctness. 

Cramer,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Beltz  in 
Brandenburg,  professor  of  eloquence  at 
"VV'ittemberg,  and  afterwards  dean  and  con- 
sistical  professor  at  Stellen,  where  he  died 
1598,  aged  30.  He  was  an  able  divine,  and 
Avrote  also  on  the  logic  and  metaphysics  of 
Aristotle — scholce  prophetical — arbor  he- 
retics consanguinitates,  hcc. 

Cramer,  John  James,  a  native  of  Elgg, 
professor  of  the  oriental  languages  at  Zurich, 
and  afterwards  at  Herborn,  where  he  also 
filled  the  chair  of  divinity  and  ecclesiastical 
history.  He  wrote  exercilationes  de  ara  ex- 
teriori  secundi  tcmpli,  4 to. — theologia  Is- 
raelis, 4to. — and  died  1702,  aged  29.  His 
brother  John  Rodolphus,  Hebrew  and  di- 
vinity professor  at  Zurich,  and  dean  of  the 
college  of  the  cannons,  was  author  of  some 
valuable  works  on  Hebrew  antiquities,  dis- 
sertations, hai-angues,  kc.  He  died  at  Zu- 
rich 1737,  aged  59. 

Cramer,  John  Andrew,  a  native  of 
Quedlinburg,  who  first  reduced  the  art  of 
assaying  in  metallurgy  into  a  system,  and 
Avrole  on  it  elementa  artis  docimasticte,  8vo. 
1739.  He  wrote  besides,  elements  on  metal- 
lurgy, 2  vols,  folio — introduction  to  the  care, 
&c.  of  forests,  with  a  description  of  the 
method  of  burning  charcoal,  kc.  1766,  fol. 
He  died  near  Dresden,  1777,  aged  67. 

Cramer,  John  Andrew,  a  German  wri- 
ter, who,  after  studying  at  Leipsic,  and  giv- 
ing public  lectures,  and  editing  a  weekly  pa- 
per called  the  Guardian  spirit,  removed 
1754  to  Copenhagen,  as  chaplain  to  the 
pourt.  He  was  made  professor  of  divinity 
1765  ;  but  the  disgrace  of  Struensee  was  fa- 
tal to  his  fortunes  for  a  while,  yet  though 
dismissed,  he  was  again  recalled  from  Lu- 
bec,  Mhere  he  had  taken  refuge,  and  he  di- 
ed divinity  professor  at  Kiel  1788,  aged  65. 
He  was  not  only  an  able  divine,  but  a  poet  of 
considerable  merit     Besides  a  spirited  ver- 


sion of  the  psalms,  odes,  and  other  poems, 
he  wrote  the  life  of  Gellert,  sermons,  miK- 
it  llanies,  8«cc.  and  translated  the  best  part  of 
Cbi)  iostom  ii»to  (icrnjan,  and  Bossuet's 
univci'sal  history,  with  <lissertations. 

Cua.ne,  'riioinas,  a  nonconformist,  boiri 
at  IMyniouth,  and  eilueatcd  at  E-xeter  col- 
lege, Oxford.  Cromwell  gave  him  the  living 
ol  liuni]Krsham  in  Dorsetshire,  from  which 
hf  was  ejected  ii»  166-2.  He  died  1714.  He 
published  a  treatise  on  divine  jirovidence. 

("u  A  .NIL'S,  Luca,  a  painter  of  Bamberg, 
\\\iO  died  1553,  aged  83.  His  pieces  though 
once  admired,  are  now  no  longer  esteemed. 
His  son  imitated  his  manner  of  painting,  and 
died  1586,  aged  76. 

Cranmer,  Thomas,  arclibishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  at  Aslacton,  Notlinghara- 
bhire,  14S9.     He  was  educated  at  Jesus  col- 
lege, (Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fel- 
low.    By  his  mai'riage  he  lost  his  fellowship, 
but  recovered  it  in  consequence  of  the  early 
death  of  his  wife  in  childbed,  and  he  took  his 
<legree  of  D.  D.  in    1523.     The  freedom  and 
ability  with   whie.h  he  canvassed  the  king's 
marriage  with  his  brother's  widow,  recom- 
mended him  to  the  notice  of  the  court,  and. 
Henry  soon  employed  his  abilities  in  defence 
of  his  views.     Cranmer  went  to  Rome  with 
the  book  which  he  had  written  in  support  of 
the    invalidity   of  the  king's   marriag*.?,   anrl 
ottered   to   dispute,    with    any     ecclesiastic 
whom  the  Roman  pontiff  might  appoint,  but 
the   challenge   was    not   accepted.     He  now 
continued  in    Germany  as  ambassador  frora 
the  king,  and  he  married  a  second  wife,  a 
niece  of  Osiander  at  Nuremburg.     Upon  the 
death  of  Warham  he  was  raised  to  llie  va- 
cant see   of  Canterbury,   but    without  ac- 
knowledging the  pope's  supremacy  ;  and  two 
months  after.  May  1533,  he  pronounced  the 
divorce  between  Henry  and  queen  Catha- 
rine of  Arragon,    and    married   the  king  to 
Anne  Boleyn.    Thus  at  Avar  with  the  author- 
ity of  the  pope,  he  began  earnestly  to  labor 
for  the  advancement  of  the  reformation,  by 
the  translation  of  the  bible  into  Enghsh,  and 
by  inveighing  against  the  vices  and  the  usur- 
pation of  the   court  of  Rome.     In  1536  he 
divorced  Henry  from     Anne    Boleyn,    but 
though  seemingly  the  favorite  of  the  king, 
*ie  boldly  opposed  his  measures  for  tiie  con- 
fiscation of  all  the  monasteries  into  the  roy- 
al   ti'easury,  whilst   he   wished    to    convert 
those   immense  spoils  for  the   advancement 
of  literature  and   religion   by   the  appoint- 
ment of  readers  of  divinity  of  Greek  and 
Hebrew  in  every   cathedral  in  the  kingdom. 
After  the    deatli  of  Cromwell,   he    retired 
from  public  afiairs,    but   his  influence   was 
such,  that  he   procured  the  passing  of  laws, 
for  the  promotion   of  true  religion,  and  the 
modification  of  the  six  articles,  which  ]>rov- 
ed  so  obnoxious  to  the  clergy.    His  enemies, 
however,  were  not  silent  in  these   times  ct 
popish   intrigue   and    corruption,     and    the 
commons,  as  well  as   the  privy  council,   se- 
verally reprobated  his   conduct,   till  Henry 
interposed,    and    saved    him   from    further 
prosecution.     At  the  king's  death,  he  was 


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one  of  the  regents  of  the  kuigdom,  and  ex- 
trcutors  of  his  will,  and  he  crowned  Edward 
\'I.  whose   godfather  he  was.     He   now  la- 
"borcd  assiduously  in  the  reformation.     The 
homilies  were  composed,  and  sojne  by  Cran- 
uier  himself;  the  six  offensive  articles  were 
repealed,  the  communion  was  given  in  both 
kinds,  the  offices  oi'  the   church  were  revi- 
sed,  the   visitation  of  the  clergy    regulai'Iy 
enforced,  and  the  book  of  common-prayer 
■was  completed  and  established  by  law.    The 
elevation  of  Mary  to  the  throne,  now  threat- 
ened   Cranmer   with  persecution.     Though 
he  originally  opposed  the  views  of  lady  Jane 
Gray,  he  now  espoused  her  cause,   and  the 
successful  queen,   irritated  at   his  conduct, 
and  perhaps  more  at  his  cotjsequence  among 
the  protcstants,  summoned   him   before  the 
council,   and  soon   after  he    was  sent  to  tlie 
tower,     lie  was  attainted   for   high  treason 
Nov.  3d,   1553,  and  found  guilty,  but  at  his 
earnest  solicitation,  he  was  pardoned  for  the 
treason,  and   arraigned  by  his   persecutors 
for  heresy.     He  was  removed  in  April  1  554, 
with  llidley  and  Latimer,  to  Oxford,  to  dis- 
pute and  make   his  defence   before  popish 
eommissioncrs  ;  hut  on  the    refusal  of  him- 
self, and  his  venerable  friends  to   subscribe 
to  poi)ery,  they  were  condemned  as  here- 
tics.    In  Sept.  l.GoS  he  was   again  arraigned 
in  St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  of  blasphemy,  pei-- 
jury,  incontinency,  and  heresy  ;    and    while 
"they  pretended  to   summon  him  to   Kome, 
to  make  his  defence  within   80  days,  they 
secretly   determined  his  execution.     Cran- 
mer, though  firm  to  his  faith,  yet  yielded 
fccfore   the   terrors  of  deatli,  and  in  a  mo- 
ment of  weakness  and  despair,  he  was  pre- 
railed  to  sign  his   recantation,  and  to  reim- 
brace    popery.      But  notwithstanding    this 
concession,  his  enemies  resolved  to  commit 
him  to  the  flames,  and  when  he  was  brought 
to   St.  Mary's  church    in  order   to  make  a 
profession  of  his  faith,  he  surprised  his  per- 
secutors, by  an  awful  appeal   to  heaven  and 
their  consciences,  and  by  a  solenm  renunci- 
ation of  the  tenets  he  had  lately,  in    a   mo- 
ment of  error,  embraced,  emphatically  ex- 
claiming, "that,  that  one  tiling  alone  wrung 
his  heart,  and  that  the  hand  which  had  false- 
ly signed  the  dishonoi"able  deed,  should  first 
perish  in  tlie  flames."     This  manly  conduct 
surprised   and  enraged  his  enemies,  he  was 
immediately  dragged  over  against  Baliol  col- 
lege, where,  standing  in  his  shirt,  and  with- 
out  shoes,    he   was  fastened   to   the  stake. 
The  fire  was  soon   kindled,  and  the  venera- 
ble mai'tyr  stretching  his  right  hand  into  the 
flames,  exclaimed,  "  this  liand  hath  offend- 
ed, this  unworthy  hand."  His  miseries  v/ere 
soon  over,  and  his  last  words  were,  *'Lord 
Jesus  receive  my   spirit."     This  happened 
21  st  March   1.550,   in  his   G7th  year.     Cran- 
mer, as  the  great  promoter  of  the  reforma- 
tion, is  deservedly  respected  ;  but  his  learn- 
ing, his  perseverance,  and  bis  zeal,  are  not 
more  remarkable  than   the  integrity  of  his 
heart,  the  gentleness  of  his  disposition,  and 
the  humane  virtues  of  his  character.  He  pat- 
j;pni,5£jd  learned  men  ;  under  his  ]irotection, 


Bueer  and  Fagius  settled  at  Cambridge,  and 
Peter  Martyr  at  Oxford,  and  John  a  Lasco, 
Ochinus,  Tremellius,  and  others,  were  en- 
abled to  advance  the  interests  of  science  and 
of  religion.  His  works  were  chiefly  on  the 
religion  and  the  conti'oversies  of  the  time, 
and  besides  26  different  publications,  which 
are  mentioned  as  Avritten  by  him,  there  are 
some  manuscripts  preserved  in  the  king's  li- 
brary purchased  for  50/.  besides  those  in  the 
Cotton  collection,  and  other  private  reposi- 
toi'ies. 

Crapone,  Adam,  a  native  of  Salon, 
known  for  the  canal  which  still  bears  his 
name,  which  he  formed  between  Aries  and 
the  Durance.  He  had  projected  the  canal 
of  Languedoc,  Avliich  was  afterwards  finished 
by  Lewis  XIV.  He  was  poisoned  through 
envy  at  Nantes,  in  his  40th  year,  1598. 

Crash  AW,  Richard,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  London,  and  educated  at  the  Char- 
ter house,  and  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge. 
He  was  afterwards  fellow  of  Peterhouse,  but 
was  ejected  during  the  rebellion,  for  deny- 
ing the  covenant,  and  soon  after  was  conver- 
ted, or  as  Pope  .says  out-ivitted,  to  the  cath- 
olic faith.  He  went  to  Paris  in  quest  of  pre- 
ferment, but  liis  distresses  and  poverty  be- 
came very  great,  till  the  benevolence  of 
Cowley  not  only  relieved  him,  but  recom- 
mended him  to  queen  Henrietta.  By  her 
influence  he  went  over  to  Italy,  and  was 
made  secretary  to  an  Italian  cardinal,  and 
soon  after  obtained  a  canonry  in  the  church 
of  Loretto,  where  he  died  1650.  He  was  an 
excellent  scholar,  well  acquainted  with  He- 
brew, Greek,  Latin,  Italian,  and  Spanish. 
He  wrote  Steps  to  the  temple, — the  delights 
of  the  muses, — carmen  Deo  nostro,  &c. 
He  is  best  known  by  the  encomiums  of 
Pope,  who  not  only  admired  his  poetry,  but 
borrowed  some  passages  from  it  An  edi* 
tion  of  his  works  appeared  1785. 

Crasso,  Lawrence,  baron  of  Pianura, 
wrote  an  history  of  the  Greek  poets  1678, 
commended  by  the  Italians,  but  severely 
censured  by  the  Fi'ench.  He  also  publish- 
ed the  eulogiums  of  the  literati  of  Venice, 
two  vols.  4to.  1666. 

Crassus,  Lucius  Licinius,  a  Roman  ora- 
tor, greatly  commended  by  Cicero.  He  di- 
ed about  92  B.  C. 

Crassus,  Marcus  Licinius,  one  of  the 
triumvirs  with  J.  Caesar,  and  Pompey,  was 
surnamed  the  rich.  His  wish  to  increase 
his  opulence  by  the  conquest  of  Parthia 
proved  his  ruin.  He  was  defeated  and  killed 
in  Syria  B.C.  55. 

Crates,  a  philosopher,  B.  C.  328.  He 
was  disciple  to  Diogenes  the  cynic,  and  pri- 
ded himself  on  his  poverty,  and  the  mean- 
ness of  his  behavior. 

Crates,  an  academic  philosopher  of 
Athens  B.C.  272. 

Crai  esipolis,  a  queen  of  Sicyon,  cel- 
ebrated for  her  valor  after  the  death  of  her 
husband  Alexander  B.  C.  314. 

Cratinus,  a  poet  of  Athens,  who 
wrote  21  plays,  &c.  He  died  B.  C.  431^ 
aged  97, 

C  rati  FPUS,  an  Athenian   philosopher. 


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jjest  known   as   the  instructor   of  Cicero's 

son. 

CiiATO  or  dc  Craftheim,  John,  ;i 
?iativc  of  liresluw,  ])liybician  to  tlie  cin|)«j- 
ror  FcM-diuanil  I.  liesidcs  medical  tracts, 
111-  wrote  some  poems  ;  and  as  he  was  in- 
timate with  FjUther,  ihe  lilllc  work  called 
"Luther's  table-talk,  has  been  extracted  tVoni 
his  writings.  He  died  158j  at  Hresluw 
aged  6Ci. 

Crawford,  David,  a  Scotch  iawjer, 
born  atDrnniso)'  10G:1.  He  was  matie  his- 
toriographer of  Scotland  by  «|neen  Anne, 
and  devoting  himself  to  his  favorite  stiniy  of 
historical  antitiuities,  he  published  mtmuirs 
of  Scotland,  during  the  times  of  the  four  I'C- 
gents — u  peerage,  in  folio,— the  history  of 
the  royal  family  of  Stuart, — and  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  country  of  Renfrew,  fie  wrote 
besides  the  life  of  Guithery  bishop  of  Uun- 
keld,  and  began  the  history  of  Scottish  af- 
lairs.  lie  died  in  his  native  place  17-G,  aged 
Gl. 

Crawford,  William,  a  divine,  born  at 
Kelso,  and  educated  at  Edinburgli.  In  1711 
he  opposed  vigorously  the  settlement  of  min- 
isters by  presentations,  in  wliich  he  was  sup- 
ported hy  some  of  the  cle,rgy.  He  died  i74'_', 
aged  66.  He  wrote  "dying  thoughts,"  be- 
.sides  sermons,  pubhshed  2  vols.  12mo. 

Crayer,  Gaspar  de,  a  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp  in  1585.  He  studied  under  Ra- 
phael Coxis,  whom  he  soon  surpassed  in  the 
boldness  of  genius,  and  in  the  graceful  exer- 
tion of  his  pencil.  His  portrait  of  cai'dinal 
Ferdinand,  brother  to  the  king  of  Spain, 
■was  so  exquisitely  finished  a  performance, 
that  tlie  monarch  sent  tlie  artist  a  golden 
chain,  and  a  medal,  and  settled  a  handsome 
pension  upon  him.  He  was  greatly  esteem- 
ed by  Uubens  and  by  Yandyck.  Though  he 
Avas  indefatigable  in  his  application  he  lived 
to  a  great  age,  supported  by  constant  tem- 
perance and  regularity.  'I'hough  chiefly  he 
excelled  in  portrait  painting,  yet  his  liistori- 
cal  pieces  are  much  admired.  His  centurion 
alighting  from  his  horse  to  prostrate  himself 
at  the  feet  of  Ciirist,  was  seen  with  undis- 
guised api)robation  by  Rubena,  and  is  admi- 
red as  a  masterly  performance.  He  died 
1003. 

Crebillon,  Pi-osper.Toliatde,  a  French 
tragedian  ranked  next  after  Corneille  and 
Racine,  was  born  at  Dijon  1074.  He  origin- 
ally studied  the  law,  but  the  impetuosity  of 
his  passions  thwarted  the  views  of  his  friends, 
and  at  last  he  produced  a  tragedy  wliich 
met  with  applause,  and  encouraged  him  in 
ihe  career  of  a  theatrical  writer.  He  mar- 
I'ied,  but  in  consequence  of  it,  lost  his  fath- 
er's pi'Otection,  who  disinherited  him,  though 
the  cruel  will  Mas  revoked  on  his  deatli-bed. 
In  1711  Crebillon  lost  his  wife,  whose  death 
lie  feelingly  deplored,  and  he  long  contin- 
ued, like  most  men  of  letters,  exposed  to 
distress  and  poverty,  till  a  place  in  the 
J''rench  academy  and  the  ottice  of  police  cen- 
sor rendered  his  circumstances  alTluent.  He 
lived  to  a  great  age,  highly  respected  and 
admired  for  his  virtues,  as  well  as  litermy 


abilities.  He  died  176'2,  aged  88.  Rcingusk.- 
(d  one  day  which  of  his  proiluctions  lie 
thought  best;  "1  do  not  know,"  says  !><•, 
"  which  is  the  best  ;  but  tliis  (pointing  to  his 
son)  is  certainly  my  worst."  His  best  plays 
are  his  Atr(  us,  I^lectra,  and  Rhadamistus. 

(vKEBi  r.i.c.Nt,  Claude  Prosper  Joliot  *ir, 
son  of  the  precetling  was  born  at  Paris,  Feii- 
ruary  I'Jth  1707,  uud  died  there  I'iili  Ai»ri'i 
1777.  He  is  kn«)wn  as  a  wi-iter  of  novels, 
some  of  which  are  licentious  and  immoral. 
His  works  were  «-ollectt^l  in  11  vols.  12nio. 
177U.  Ciebilhm  might  be  called  the  Pelro- 
nius  of  France,  as  his  father  was  denomin- 
ated the  jEschjIus.  The  father  Jiays  d' A 1- 
embert,  "paints  in  the  blackest  colors  the 
crimes  and  wicke<lness  of  num,  whilst  the 
son  draws  wiU»  a  delicutc  and  just  |)encil  the 
reliiiement,  the  shades,  and  even  the  graces 
of  our  vices."  Crebillon  was  censor  royal. 
Though  he  lived  in  friendly  terms  with  his 
father,  yet  he  highly  displeased  him  for  a 
Little  time  by  his  marriage  with  an  EnglisU 
woman. 

Credi,  Lorenzo  di,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Florence.  He  died  1530,  aged  78j- 
He  studied  under  Verochio,  where  da  Vinci 
was  a  pupil  with  him. 

Creech,  Thomas,  an  English  poetical 
translator,  born  ntar  Sherborne,  Dorset,  and 
educated  at  Sherborne,  and  Wadham  college 
Oxford.  He  distinguished  himself  by  his 
classical  learning,  and  his  translation  of  L'l- 
cretius  rendered  him  so  respectable  that  he 
was  elected  fellow  of  All-souls.  I.n  1701  he 
was  presented  by  his  college  to  Welwyn  rec- 
tory in  Herts,  but  before  he  went  to  resld?; 
on  his  living,  he  put  a  period  to  his  existence 
at  Oxford.  The  causes  of  this  unfortunate 
event  are  not  known.  Some  say  that  the 
contemptuous  treatment  which  he  received 
from  a  w  oman,  with  whom  he  was  in  love, 
so  stung  him  that  he  hanged  himself  ia  hi* 
study,  where  three  days  after  he  was  foumJ; 
but  Jacr»!i  ascribes  his  death  to  the  morose- 
ness  of  his  temper.  Besitles  his  Lucretiils, 
he  translated  Horace  in  1684,  and  turned 
the  satires  to  our  own  times,  observing  that 
Rome  was  now  rivalled  in  her  vices,  and 
that  parallels  for  hypocrisy,  profanene.ss-, 
avarice,  and  the  like,  were  easy  to  be  found. 
His  inferior  works  are  translations  of  Theoc- 
ritus, some  of  Ovid's  epistles,  the  ISih  satire 
of  Juvenal,  the  lives  of  Solon,  Pelopidas,  and 
Cleomenes,  from  Plutarch,  and  of  Pelopidg.^, 
from  Cornelius  Nepos,  bcc.  On  his  Hither''- 
monument  he  is  called  the  learned,  much 
admired,  and  much  envied  Mr.  Creech. 

Crei.l,  Jjcwis  Christian,  a  native  of  Ncu- 
stadt,  who  studied  atLeipsic,  and  there  ob- 
tained the  rectory  of  St.  Nicholas'  school, 
and  the  philosophy  professorship.  He  wrote 
de  civis  innocentis  in  manus  hostium  ad  ncr- 
vum  traditione — de  Scythal.a  Lacocica — de 
providentia  Dei  in  regibus  constitucndic, 
kc. — and  died  1735,  aged  64. 

Crei.1,1  IS,  John,  a  Socinian,  born  near 
Nuremberg,  1590.  As  his  opinions  were  not 
tolerated  in  his  own  country,  he  settled  In 
Poland  161-,  where  he  became  profcsscv  tv 


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tlie  unitarians.  He  died  at  Racovia  of  an  ep- 
idemic fever  in  his  43d  year.  He  \vas  a  man 
of  very  extensive  learning.  He  wrote  among 
other  things  several  tracts  upon  the  new  tes- 
tament, and  an  answer  to  Grotius'  book  de 
salisfiictioiie  Christi,  against  Socinus,  which 
Grotius  treated  with  respect,  and  acknow- 
ledged to  be  drawn  up  with  moderation.  His 
works  form  two  vols,  folio. 

Cremonini,  C»sar,  an  Italian  philoso- 
pher, who  was  born  at  Cento  in  the  Mode- 
nese,  and  died  at  Padua  of  the  plague  at  the 
age  of  80,  1030.  He  was  professor  at  Ferra- 
ra  and  Padua,  and  he  published  several 
works  in  Italian  on  philosophy,  in  support  of 
the  doctrines  of  Aristotle,  in  which  he  main- 
tained the  materiality  of  the  soul. 

CuENius,  Thomas  a  native  of  Branden- 
burg, corrector  of  the  press  at  Rotterdam 
and  LeydeTl.  He  died  at  1-eyden  17'i8,  aged 
89.  His  writings,  which  are  in  Latin,  are 
ver}'  numerous,  and  chiefly  on  philological 
subjects. 

Crecj_ut,  Charles  de,  prince  deFoix,  duke 
de  Lesdiguieres,  was  marshal  and  peer  of 
Fj'ance,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  duel 
with  doji  Philippin,  bastard  of  Savoy,  to 
whom  in  the  fust  encounter  he  granted  his 
life,  but  slew  in  the  second.  His  valor  was 
displayed  against  the  Spaniards  at  the  relief 
at  Ast  and  Verrue,  at  the  taking  of  Pignerol 
and  the  Maurienne,  and  at  the  battle  of 
Thesin.  He  was  killed  by  a  cannon  ball  at 
the  siege  of  Bremen  1638,  in  his  60th  year. 
He  was  also  an  able  and  eloquent  negotiator, 
as  these  verses  made  on  his  death  affirm  : 
Qui  f  nit  eloqini  Jiiimen,  quifiuraen  inarmis 

Adflumcn,  J\Iartis,Jlumme,  clams  obit. 
He  married  successivelv   two   daughters  of 
the  constable  de  Lesdiguieres,  by  the  first  of 
whom  only  he  had  children. 

Creq_ui,  Francis  de,  great  grand-son  of 
the  foregoing,  was  marshal  of  France,  and  a 
man  of  heroic  courage.  Though  defeated  in 
IG75  near  Consarbrick  on  the  Same,  he  fiew 
to  the  relief  of  Treves,  and  chose  rather  to 
surrender  at  discretion  than  capitulate.  In 
the  campaigns  of  1G77  and  1078,  he  display- 
ed prodigies  of  valor.  He  defeated  tlic  duke 
of  Lorraine  at  Kochersberg,  took  Friburg, 
pursued  his  dispirited  enemies  towards  Of- 
femburg,  and  burnt  the  bridge  ofStrasburg. 
He  took  Lu.xcmburg  in  1684,  and  died  three 
years  after,  February  4th,  1687,  aged  63. 
He  was  commander  of  the  gallies  since  1661. 

Crescens,  a  cynic  philosopher,  who  at- 
tacked the  Christians,  and  prevailed  upon 
the  people  to  put  Justin  to  death,  because 
he  had  refuted  his  opinions,  iu  the  second 
century. 

Crescembeni,  John  Maria,  an  Italian 
born  at  Maurata  in  Ancona  1663.  He  was 
founder  of  the  celebrated  Arcadian  academy 
for  the  reformation  of  learning,  taste,  and 
criticism.  He  was  its  first  director  in  1690, 
and  continued  so  till  his  death  1728.  He 
was  eminent  both  as  a  poet  and  a  prose  wri- 
ter. His  chief  works  are  a  valuable  history 
of  Italiaiv  poetry,  reprinted  six  vols.  4to. 
Venice  1731 — and  an  history  of  the  acade- 


my of  Arcadia,  with  anecdotes  of  its  mem- 
bers, seven  vols.  4to.  history  of  vulgar  po- 
etry, &c.  seven  vols.  4to. 

Crescextius,  Peterde,  anativeofBou- 
logne  in  the  l4th  century,  who,  to  avoid  the 
troubles  of  his  country,  travelled  for  30  years 
as  a  law  practitioner.  On  his  return  he  pub- 
lished his  valuable  work  on  agriculture,  cal- 
led opus  ruralium  commodorum,  dedicated 
to  Charles  H.  o^"  Sicily.  The  best  edition  is 
Gesner's,  Leipsic  1735.  It  has  been  trans- 
lated into  various  languages. 

Crespi,  Daniel,  a  Bolognese  painter  who 
died  1630,  aged  38.  His  portraits  have 
great  merit,  and  especially  his  church  pain- 
tings. 

Crespi,  Guiseppe,  Maria,  a  painter  of 
Bologna,  who  died  1747,  aged  82.  His  meth- 
od of  painting  was  in  a  darkened  roonvwith 
a  few  rays  from  tlie  sun  or  from  the  light  of 
a  flambeau,  by  which  he  gave  greater  vivaci- 
ty to  his  subjects,  and  a  more  judicious  dis- 
tribution of  light  and  shade. 

Cressy,  Hugh  Paulin,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  and  educated 
there  and  at  Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow 
of  Merton  college.  He  was  chaplain  to  Tho- 
mas lord  Wentworth,  and  afterwards  to  Lu- 
cius lord  Falkland  in  Ireland,  from  whom 
he  obtained  the  deanery  of  Laughlin,  and  a 
canonry  of  Windsor,  which  however  he  nev- 
er enjoyed.  After  the  death  of  Falkland 
he  travelled  with  Bertie  afterwards  lord 
Falmouth  ;  but  in  Italy,  listening  to  the  per- 
suasions of  the  catholics,  he  became  a  con- 
vert, and  made  a  public  profession  of  his 
faith  at  Rome  1646.  From  Rome  he  came 
to  Paris,  and  was  taken  under  the  protection 
of  queen  Henrietta,  and  afterwards  retired 
to  the  college  of  Douay,  where  he  changed  his 
name  to  Serenus  de  Cressey,  and  during 
seven  years'  residence  published  several  val- 
uable and  laborious  works.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  came  to  England,  and  was  chaplain 
to  queen  Catharine,  and  resided  iu  Somer- 
set-house, Strand.  Though  a  catholic  he 
was  however  respected  universall)',  as  he 
never  interfered  with  the  intrigues  and  pol- 
itics of  the  times.  His  pen  indeed  was  fre- 
quently engaged  in  the  defence  of  his  faith, 
but  whilst  his  friends  considered  him  as  their 
ablest  champion,  the  protestants  respected 
Jiim  as  a  learned,  judicious,  and  candid  wri- 
ter. His  attack  on  one  of  Stillingtleel's 
works  raised  against  him  the  censures  of 
his  old  friend  Clarendon,  whom  he  answered 
with  spirit  but  moderation.  The  unpopular- 
ity of  popery  at  last  induced  him  to  spend 
tlic  last  i)eriod  of  his  life  away  from  the 
capital,  and  he  retired  to  East  Grinstead  iu 
Sussex,  where  he  died  soon  after,  10th  of  Au- 
gust 1674,  aged  70.  His  mild,  humane,  and 
humble  deportment  had  endeared  him  to  all 
ranks  of  people.  The  most  known  and  val- 
uable of  his  works  is  his  ecclesiastical  history, 
of  which  only  one  volume  was  published,  as 
the  second,  in  which  he  meant  to  bring  down 
the  history  to  the  dissolution  of  monasteries, 
was  left  incomplete  at  his  death. 
$  CrestIj  Dominico,  an  historical  painter, 


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the  ntipil  6f  Zucchero,  known  l)y  tlie  numc  of 
i'assijjnano,  from  tiie  place  of  his  biilli,  near 
Florence.     He  dieil  KJ.JS,  a;<eil  8(). 

Cue  II  \,  William  (!u  liois,  surnanitil,  a 
French  i)oet,  whose  chief  merit  was  puns, 
low  wit,  anti  ecpiivotjues.  He  was  historian 
lova'  under  C'linrlos  \  III.  Lewis  Xii.  and 
Francis  1.  and  «lied  in  \ii2ii.  Mantt  admir- 
ed him  greatly  ;  but  the  judjjjment  ol  [roster- 
itv  is  not  so  favorable.  His  works  were  re- 
piinlei.1  iri  I'Jmo.  17Ji,  at  Haiis. 

CiiEViEU,  John  jJa[)lisle  Lewis,  profes- 
sor of  rhetoric  at  I'aris,  is  known  as  tJie  pu- 
pil of  Ilollin,  and  the  finisher  of  his  Koman 
l4istoi-y.  He  publishi'd  an  edition  of  Livy, 
6  vols.  liJino. — the  iiistory  of  the  Rciman 
emperors  to  Constantine,  1 'J  vols.  Vlnio  — 
the  history  of  the  university  of  Paris,  7  vols. 
l'?n»o. — rhetorique  Francoisc,  fccc.  He  died 
17(55,  in  an  advanced  a.2;e,  resptcted  as  a  man 
of  talents  and  of  extensive  knowledge. 

Crew,  Nathaniel,  bishop  of  Durham,  was 
born  Jan.  31. 1634,  and  succeeded  to  the  title 
of  lord  Crew  on  the  death  of  his  brother. 
He  was  educated  at  Lincoln  college,  O.xford, 
was  proctor  of  tlie  university  16G3,  after- 
wards clerk  of  the  closet  to  Charles  IL  dean 
of  Chichester,  bishop  of  Oxford  1671,  and 
three  years  after  translated  to  Durham.  On 
the  accession  of  James  H.  he  was  admitted 
of  the  privy  council,  and  showed  himself 
very  friendly  to  all  the  measures  of  the  court, 
in  religion  and  in  politics.  He  paid  particu- 
lar respect  to  the  pope's  nuncio,  when  he 
came  to  Londou,  and  refused  to  introduce 
dean  Patrick  to  the  king,  because  he  was  too 
zealous  against  popery.  The  unpopularity 
of  James's  government,  and  the  landing  of 
the  prince  of  Orange,  however,  made  great 
alterations  in  the  bishop's  conduct.  He 
witlulrew  from  the  king's  councils,  and,  upon 
the  abdication,  he  e.xpressed  a  wish  to  re- 
sign his  ecclesiastical  dignities  to  Dr.  Burnet, 
with  an  allowance  of  \000l.  for  life.  He  af- 
terwards left  his  retirement,  and  appeared 
in  ])arliament;  but  his  name  was  excepted 
from  the  act  of  indemnity  of  1690.  His  par- 
don, however,  at  last  was  procured  by  the 
inlereesrsion  of  his  friends,  and  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  davs  in  peace.  He  died 
Septeml)er  I'Jth,  1721,  aged  $S.  Notwith- 
standing his  ajherence  to  the  violent,  illegal, 
and  arbitrary  measui'es  of  a  corrupted  court, 
he  was  a  liber.^1  patron,  and  his  munificence 
in  favor  of  the  indigent,  and  of  public  hodics, 
is  a  convincing  proof  of  the  goodness  of  his 
heart. 

Crichtox,  James,  a  Scotchman  of  the 
16th  century,  whose  adventures  and  person- 
al endowments,  have  procured  him  the  name 
of  *' the  admirahle  Crichton."  He  was  born 
in  15  31,  or  according  to  lord  JJuchan,  in  1560. 
His  father  was  lord  advocate  of  Scotland,  an<l 
hy  his  mother,  who  was  a  Stuart,  he  was  de- 
scended from  king  Robert  U.  He  Avas  educa- 
ted at  Perth,  and  at  the  university  of  St.  An- 
drews, Avhere,  under  the  tuition  of  profes- 
sor Rutherford,  he  made  such  wonderful 
progress,  that  at  the  t;gc  of  20  he  had  run 
through  the   whole  circle   of   science,   and 


VOL.    I. 


30 


could  write  and  speak  to  perfection  10  dif- 
ferent languages.  Thus  gifted  with  menUd 
endowments,  and  aided  by  all  llie  advantages 
of  a  gracetiil  i)erson,  elegant  manners,  and 
polite  accomplii-hmenls,  he  travelleil  to  Pa- 
ris, where  he  [tublicly  eliaIleng<Mi  the  most 
renowned  scholars,  to  dispute  with  him  in 
any  art  or  siience  which  they  pleased,  smil 
in  I '2  languagis.  On  the  jtpixiinled  day  lie 
appearetl  at  the  tnjIUgi'  of  Navarre,  and 
from  U  :n  the  morning  till  6  in  tl»e  evening, 
he  so  defeated  his  opponents,  and  astonislied 
his  auditors,  that  the  president  in  admiration, 
with  four  of  the  most  eminent  professors  ot' 
lheuni\ersity,  presented  him  wit!)  adiamotid 
ring,  and  a  pui-se  of  gold,  as  a  token  of  their 
a[)probation.  The  next  day,  not  exhausted 
by  precednig  exertions,  he  appealed  at  the 
Louvre,  and  exhibited  such  feats  in  tilting, 
that,  in  the  presence  of  the  princes  of  the 
court,  he  carried  auay  tlie  ring  15  times  suc- 
cessively, and  broke  as  many  laTices  on  the 
Sar:i<ceiis.  At  Rome  he  challenged  the  \sits 
and  tlie  learned  of  that  city,  to  iM-o{tose  any 
question  to  him,  to  which  he  would  give  an 
immediate  answer,  and  in  the  presence  of 
the  pope,  the  cardinals,  and  great  men  of 
the  place,  he  obtained  in  his  defence  as  mucli 
eclat  as  he  had  received  at  Paris.  Boccalini 
however  asserts,  that  his  challenge  was  re- 
ceived witli  pasquinades,  and  that  he  retired 
from  Rome  in  disgust.  From  Rome  he  pas- 
sed to  Venice,  where  he  introduced  himself 
l)y  an  elaborate  poem,  to  the  notice  and 
friendship  of  tlie  learned  Aldus  Manutius. 
He  gained  also  the  friendship  of  Laurentius 
Mussa,  Spero,  Speronius,  Joiin  Donatus, 
and  other  learned  persons,  and  after  he  had 
been  honored  with  an  audience  from  the 
doge  and  the  senate,  in  which  he  astonished 
them  by  the  rapidity  of  his  eloquence,  and 
the  gracefulness  of  his  maimers,  he  visited 
Padua.  At  Padua  he  pronounced  an  extem- 
pore poem,  on  the  beauties  of  the  university, 
and  after  disputing  for  six  hours,  with  the 
most  celebrated  professors,  and  refuting  the 
doctrines  of  Ai'istotle,  he  concluded  by  de- 
livering an  oration  in  praise  of  ignoranca, 
wliicli  excited  universal  applause.  He  fur- 
tiier  exposed  the  eiTors  of  Aristotle,  in  the 
presence  of  the  university,  and  for  three 
days  astonished  his  hearers,  su])ported  his 
pi'opositions,  and  obtained  the  praises  ami 
the  acclamations  of  the  luost  crowdeil  audi- 
ences. At  Mantua  he  displayed  his  bodily 
agility  h\'  attacking  and  killing  a  gladiatuu, 
who  had  foiled  the  most  skilful  fencers  iitt 
Europe,  and  had  lately  slain  three  antago- 
nists; and  with  great  benevolence,  this  ad- 
mirable Scot^man  bestowed  the  reward  he 
obtained  for  this  exploit,  upon  the  widows  of 
the  three  persons  wh()  lately  had  lost  their 
lives.  The  duke  of  Mantua  was  so  pleas- 
ed with  hiri:s,  that  he  appointed  him  tutor 
to  his  son  Conzaga,  a  youth  of  dissolute 
manners,  and  of  an  unprincipleil  lieai  t^ 
Crichton,  to  show  his  gratitude,  and  to  sup- 
port his  fame,  wrote  in  consequence  of  tlui, 
a  comedy,  in  which  lie  acted  in  15  difterent 
characters,  and  all  witix  inimitable  success. 


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In  the  midst  of  his  popularity,  while  walking 
during  the  carnival,  and  playing  upon  his 
guitar  in  the  streets  of  Mantua,  he  was  su- 
denly  attacked  by  six  men  in  masks.  Their 
number  proved  no  defence  against  the  su- 
perior dexterity  of  Crichton,  they  were  all 
disarmed,  and  the  leader  falling  on  his  knees, 
begged  for  life.  It  was  Crichton's  pupil,  to 
whom  the  astonished  master  recollecting  his 
rank,  immediately  presented  the  sword,  with 
every  apology'  for  the  opposition  which  he 
had  made.  Instead  of  accepting  the  genero- 
sity, the  perfidious  prince  buried  the  swoi'd 
into  his  defenceless  bosom.  The  cause  of  this 
brutal  and  cruel  action  in  Gonzaga,  is  ascri- 
bed by  some  to jealousy,because  Crichton  was 
a  greater  favorite  in  the  eyes  of  some  admi- 
red lady  ;  but  others  attribute  it  to  a  drunk- 
en frolic,  leaving  it  undetermined  whether 
the  meeting  was  designed  or  accidental. 
This  happened  July  1583,  though  lord  Buch- 
an  fixes  it  on  the  preceding  year,  and  asserts 
that  he  was  then  22,  though  others  with 
greater  probability  make  him  32  years  old. 
His  deatli  was  universally  lamented,  the  peo- 
ple of  Mantua  mourned  for  him  three  fourths 
of  a  year,  and  his  picture  appeared  in  the 
chambers  and  houses  of  every  Italian.  To 
the  character  already  mentioned,  it  may  be 
added,  that  Crichton's  memory  was  univer- 
sally retentive,  and  he  m  as  naturally  endow- 
ed with  great  powers  for  declamation,  unex- 
hausted fluency  of  speech,  and  unusual  readi- 
ness to  reply. 

Crillon,  Lewis  de  Berthon  de,  a 
French  general,  knight  of  Malta,  descend- 
ed from  a  noble  Italian  family,  was  born 
1541.  At  the  age  of  15  he  merited  the  no- 
tice of  Henry  II.  by  his  valor  at  the  siege  of 
Calais,  and  he  distinguished  himself  after- 
wards against  the  Huguenots,  at  the  battles 
of  Dreux,  Jarnac,  and  Moncontour.  At 
the  battle  of  Lepanto  in  1571,  his  valor  was 
conspicuously  displayed,  as  well  as  in  the 
other  encounters  of  these  warlike  and  peril- 
ous times,  so  that  he  was  deservedly  called 
by  Henry  IV.  the  brave  Crillon.  At  the 
peace  of  Vervins  he  retired  to  his  estates  at 
Avignon,  where  he  died  2d  December  1G15, 
aged  74.  Bening,  a  Jesuit,  pronounced  his 
funeral  oration  in  a  bombastic  style,  and 
Madame  de  Lusson  published  his  life  in  2 
vols.  12mo.  Besides  great  and  incompara- 
ble valor,  Crillon  possessed  integrity,  honor, 
and  virtue,  and  when  invited  by  Henry  HI. 
to  murder  Guise,  he  answered  that  he  would 
fight  him,  but  be  no  assassin. 

Crillon  Mahon,  N,  duke  de,  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  seven  years'  war,  and 
'  afterwards  quitted  the  service  of  France  for 
that  of  Spain,  w  here  he  was  made  a  grandee 
of  the  first  order.  In  the  war  between  Eng- 
land and  Spain  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  armies,  and  had  the  good  fortune  to 
take  Minorca,  in  1782,  in  consequence  of 
•which  he  assumed  the  name  of  Mahon  fi-om 
the  capital  of  the  island.  In  his  attempts  to 
reduce  Gibraltar  he  was  more  unfortunate, 
and  saw  the  measures  he  adopted  all  bafiled 
by  the  superior  valor  of  the  Englislj,  and  the 


vigilant  care  of  general  Elliot.    In  the  revo 
lutionary  war  he  would  take  no  part  in  the 
cause  of  Spain,  but  remained  neuter.    He 
died  at  Madrid  1796,  aged  80. 

Crinesius,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Bo 
hernia,  professor  of  theology  at  Altorf, 
where  he  died  1626,  aged  42.  He  wrote  a 
dissertation  on  the  confusion  of  tongues, — 
Exercitationes  Hebraicse, — Lexicon  vSyria- 
cum,  4to.  2  vols. — lingua  Samaritica,  &cc. 

Crinitus,  Petrus,  a  native  of  Florence, 
professor  of  belles  lettres,  after  Angelus 
Politianus.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning, 
but  addicted  to  the  basest  seasualities.  He 
died  1505,  aged  40.  He  wrote  lives  of  the 
Latin  poets,  and  de  honesta  disciplina,  be- 
sides poems  of  no  great  merit. 

Crisp,  Tobias,  the  champion  of  Antino- 
mianism,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  took  his 
bachelor's  degree  at  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards removed  to  Baliol,  Oxford,  whei'e  he 
took  his  degrees  of  D.D.  He  was  rector  of 
Brinkworth,  Wilts,  in  1627,  and  there  he 
lived  in  a  hospitable  manner,  regulai*,  vir- 
tuous, and  devout.  He  came  to  London  in 
1642,  where  his  tenets  respecting  grace  op- 
posed him  in  a  controversy  Avith  52  divines. 
He  died  27th  February  1642.  His  sermons 
were  reprinted  1689.  He  assei'ted  in  his 
discourse  **  Christ  alone  exalted,"  that  sal- 
vation was  completed  on  the  cross,  and  that 
belief  was  all  that  was  requii'ed  of  the  hap- 
py elect. 

Critias,  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants  ap- 
pointed over  Athens  by  Lysander.  He  fell 
in  battle  B.  C.  400. 

Crito,  one  of  the  pupils  and  friends  of 
the  great  Socrates. 

Crito BULus,  a  physician,  who  is  said 
to  have  extracted  the  arrow  which  wounded 
the  eye  of  Philip  of  Macedonia. 

Critolaus,  a  Greek  historian. 

Crito  LA  us,  a  native  of  Tegea  in  Arca- 
dia, who  fought  against  the  Pheneans.  AVhen 
defeated  by  the  Romans  he  poisoned  himself 
B.  C.  146. 

Croese,  Gerard,  a  proteslant  divine  of 
Amsterdam,  author  of  the  history,  of  the 
quakers,  translated  into  English,  and  of  Ho- 
merus  Hebrseus.  He  died  1710,  aged  68, 
near  Dordrecht. 

CnfEsus,  last  king  of  l«ydia,  is  famous  for 
his  opulence  and  his  liberal  patronage  of 
learned  men.  He  was  defeated  by  Cyrus 
king  of  Persia  B.  C.  548,  and  reduced  to 
privacy. 

Croius  or  DE  Croi,  John,  a  native  of 
Usez,  who  became  there  a  protestant  minis- 
ter. He  wrote  Specimen  conjectuarum,  & 
observationum  in  quiedan  Origenis,  Ircnxi, 
&  Tertulliani  loca,  1682, — observationes 
sacrx  &  histor.  in  Nov.  Tcstam.  1644,  &e. 
He  died  1639. 

Croft,  Herbert,  an  English  prelate,  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  family,  was  born  at 
Great  Milton,  Oxfordshire,  ISth  October 
1603,  at  the  seat  of  sir  William  Greene. 
At  13  he  was  sent  to  Oxford,  but  upon  the 
conversion  of  his  father  to  popei-y,  he  was 
removed  from  the  universitVp  and  placed  in 


CIl 


CIl 


ilie  monastery  of  D<tuay,  and  afterwards  in 
the  collejje  of  St.  ()uiei-'s.  A  visit  to  Kng- 
land  on  family  alfuirs  introduced  him  to  thi; 
acquaintance  of  iNlorlon  bishop  ol'  Duihaiii, 
who  prcvaikil  uprui  him  to  rrturn  to  the 
protestuiil  fjiith,  and  by  the  advice  of  Laud, 
Pie  again  cntL^ed  at  (Jhrist  church,  Oxfonl, 
where  he  took  his  (h-grees.  He  whs  now 
preferred  to  a  livinfij  in  (ilocestersliire,  and 
to  anotiicr  in  Ovfordsliire,  and  in  lG3y,  he 
was  niade  prehendary  of  Salisburv,  and  the 
next  year  took  liis  degree  of  1).  D.  He  was 
afterivards  prebendary  of  Worcester,  canon 
of  Windsor,  and  in  livVi  «lcan  of  llerel'ord, 
but  he  suiVered  like  all  h\val  subjects  during 
those  troublous  times,  till  in  1059,  by  the 
death  of  his  two  elder  i)rothei-s,  lie  succeed- 
ed to  all  tjje  estates  of  his  family.  At  the 
restoration  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Here- 
ford iCiOl,  which  he  refused  to  quit  for  high- 
er preferment,  employing  himself  in  deeds 
of  charity,  benevolence,  hospitality,  and 
frequent  exh(»rtation  from  the  pidpit.  His 
small  treatise  '•  the  naked  truth,"  printed 
at  a  private  pn-ss,  was  published  in  1675, 
when  the  papists  hoped  to  take  advantage  of 
the  quarrels  of  the  nonconfryn^isU  with  tlie 
church  of  England,  and  it  became  a  popular 
work,  which  not  only  drew  the  attention  of 
parliament  to  the  subject,  but  produced 
some  severe  attacks  against  it.  One  of  these 
by  Dr.  Tui-ner  of  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, was  answered  by  Andrew  Marvell, 
who  applauded  the  bishop's  works,  and  ably 
defended  his  principles.  Besides  this,  the 
bishop  published  some  occasional  sermons, 
religious  tracts,  a  legacy  to  his  diocese,  and 
in  1685,  animadversion  on  Burnet's  theory 
of  the  earth.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
he  wished  to  resign  liis  bishop i*ic  from  some 
scruples  of  conscience.  He  died  at  Here- 
ford 18th  May  1691,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral.  His  oidy  son  Herbert  was  made 
a  baronet  by  Charles  H.  1671,  and  died 
1720. 

Croft,  William,  a  musician,  born  at 
Nether-Eatington,  Warwickshire.  He  was 
pupil  to  Dr.  JJlow,  whom  he  succeeded  as 
master  of  the  children,  and  composer  to  the 
chapel  royal,  and  organist  at  ^\'estminster- 
abbey.  In  171-  he  published  his  divine  har- 
mony, and  in  1715  he  became  U.  Miis.  and 
in  1724  he  published  by  subscription  his 
**  musica  sacra,"  two  vols.  He  died  August 
1727,  aged  50,  tVom  an  illness  occasioned  by 
his  attendance  at  the  coronation  of  George 
11.     He  was  buried  in  \\"estm)n3ter-abbey. 

Crofton,  Zachary,  an  Irish  nonconform- 
ist, educated  at  Dublin.  During  the  Irish 
troubles  he  came  to  England,  and  obtained 
the  living  of  Wrenbury  in  Cheshire,  from 
which  he  was  expelled  in  1648,  for  refusing 
to  take  the  engagement.  He  afterwards 
held  St.  Butolph's  near  Aldgate.  At  the 
restoration  he  engaged  in  a  controversy 
with  bishop  (iauden,  who  combated  the 
superiority  of  his  learning  by  imprisoning 
him  in  the  tower,  from  which  he  was  with 
difficulty  liberated.  He  afterwards  lived  in 
Cheshire,  and  lastly  opened  a   school  ©ear 


Aldgate,  where  he  died  1672.  He  was  author 
of  some  controversial  punpblcts. 

Croix  du  Maine,  Francis  Crude  de  la, 
a  learned  French  writer  in  the  lOth  cen- 
tury. He  was  passionately  fond  of  litera- 
ture, anil  made  a  most  valuaijle  collection  of 
bfMiks.  He  published  in  1584,  liis  French 
liliiary,  or  a  genei-al  account  of  all  authors 
wiio  wrote  in  that  language.  The  time  of 
his  tleath  is  unknown. 

Croix,  Francis  Petit  de  la,  secretary  and 
interpreter  to  the  French  king,  in  the  Turk- 
ish and  Aral)ic  died  Novt;ii)l)(;r  4lh,  lOy), 
ageil  7.>.  He  was  a  man  of  great  integrity 
and  refused  to  be  bribed  by  the  Algerines, 
to  make  a  treaty  with  them  favorable  to 
their  interests.  He  digested  Thevenot's 
voyages  to  the  East-Indies,  he  made  an  ac- 
curate catalogue  of  all  the  Turkish  anc! 
Persian  l)ooks  in  the  French  king's  library, 
and  composed  besides  two  dictionaries  for 
the  French  and  Turkish  languages,  and  also 
a  learned  hLstory  of  Genghis  Khan,  with  a 
good  map  of  the  north  of  Asia.  His  son 
afided  an  abridgment  of  the  lives  of  those 
authors  from  whom  it  was  extracted,  whicli 
was  translated  into  English,  1722,  in  Svo. 

Cromp TON,  William,  M.  A.  was  born  at 
Barnstaple,  of  which,  after  an  Oxford  edu- 
cation, he  became  minister.  He  was  ejected 
after  the  restoration  for  nonconformity,  but 
his  manners  were  so  inoffensive,  and  his  con- 
duct so  virtuous,  tliat  he  was  respected  by  his 
congregation  among  whom  he  still  preached 
in  private  liouses,  till  his  death  1690.  He 
published  a  remedy  against  superstition,  and 
other  small  tracts. 

Cromwell,  Thomas,  carl  of  Essex,  an 
eminent  statesman  under  Henry  VIII.  was 
son  of  a  blacksmith  at  Putney,  Surrev'-,  and 
born  about  1490.  His  education  like  his 
origin  was  low,  but  he  possessed  strong  natu- 
ral parts,  which  he  imjiroved  by  indefati- 
gable application.  He  was  at  Antwerp  for 
some  time,  as  clerk  to  the  English  factory, 
and  he  afterwards  travelled  on  the  continent, 
as  the  private  agent  of  tlie  king,  and  in  the 
character  of  a  soldier,  he  was  engaged  with 
Bourbon  in  the  sacking  of  Rome.  On  his 
return  to  England,  he  was  admitted  into 
Wolsey's  family,  and  completely  gained  his 
confidence  and  friendship,  which  lie  repaid 
with  the  strongest  attachment,  and  by  a 
most  able  and  eloquent  ck-fence  of  him  in 
the  house  of  commons,' when  he  was  im- 
peached. After  Wolsey's  fall,  he  served  the 
king  with  equal  fidelity,  and  was  rewarded 
with  honors  and  riches.  He  gi-adually  rose 
to  be  a  privy  counsellor,  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  secretary  of  state,  master  ot  the 
rolls,  keeper  of  the  privy  seal,  earl  of  Es- 
sex, and  high  chamberlain  of  England.  His 
zeal  in  the  reformation  was  very  pleasing  to 
the  king,  and  he  not  only  «Iirccted  his  ven- 
geance in  the  dissolution  of  the  abbeys  and 
monasteries,  but  largely  shared  in  the'  spoils 
of  the  plundered  church.  In  destroying  th^> 
relics  of  popery,  he  was  the  means  of  intro- 
ducing good  i-cgulations,  and  he  provided 
that  the  bible  should  be  read  in  English,  it» 


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the  severnl  churches,  and  also  fhat  a  register  j 
of  births,  marriages,  and  Ijuryings  should  be 
reguhirly  kept.  The  prosperit}',  however, 
Avliich  lie  had  Jong  enjoyed,  was  now  all  at 
once  destroyed,  by  the  active  part  which  he 
took  in  procuring  the  marriage  of  his  master 
Avith  Anne  of  Cleves.  Henry,  dissatisfied 
\vith  hi?  new  queen,  wreaked  his  vengeance 
on  his  favorite,  who  had  promoted  his  union, 
and  Croniwali,  unpopular  foi*  the  dissolution 
of  religious  houses,  ami  the  large  subsidies 
which  he  had  extorted  from  the  people,  was 
now  arrested,  and  ai-raigned  as  a  traitoi-. 
Though  forsaken  by  all  his  Ibrmer  friends, 
except  the  undaunted  Cranmer,  and  unable 
to  find  one  defender,  for  fear  of  the  royal 
resentment,  he  yet  jileaded  for  mercy  in  a 
letter  to  the  king  in  such  moving  terms,  that 
Henry  read  it  three  times,  and  probably 
Avould  have  pardoned  him,  had  not  his  pas- 
sion for  Catharine  Howard  kindled  his  fur^'. 
Cromwell  suffered  on  Tower-hill,  after  six 
weeks' imprisonment,  July  lGthl540.  Though 
abused  b\'  the  papists  as  cruel,  ambitious,  and 
craft}^  he  is  represented  as  preferring  men 
of  learning  and  abilities,  more  than  any  of 
his  predecessors  ever  had  done.  His  son 
was  created  lord  Cromwell. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  the  celebi-ated  pro- 
tector of  England,  was  born  of  a  very  res- 
pectable family  at  Huntingdon  25th  April 
159'J.  He  received  his  education  in  the 
grammar-school  of  his  native  town,  and  in 
1016  was  admitted  as  fellow  commoner  at 
Sidney  college,  Cambridge.  He  did  not 
however  here  pay  much  attention  to  aca- 
demical studies,  as  foot-ball,  cricket  and 
other  exercises,  were  more  congenial  to  his 
pursuits,  and  therefore  his  mother,  now-  be- 
come a  widow,  sent  him  in  1G18  to  Lincoln's- 
Inn.  Irregularities  here  prevailed,  and  li- 
centious and  intemperate  pleasures  engag- 
ed his  attention  more  than  the  law,  till  at 
last  when  21  he  married  Elizabeth  the 
daughter  of  sir  James  Bouclier  of  Essex, 
and  retired  to  lead  a  regular  life  at  Hunting- 
don. Some  time  after  he  removed  into  the 
isle  of  Ely,  where  his  uncle  had  left  him  an 
estate  of  400/.  a  year,  and  then  he  relin- 
quished the  principles  of  the  church  of  Eiig- 
land,  and  became  a  zealous  puritan.  He 
•was  elected  into  parliament  in  1628,  and 
disHnguisbed  himself  by  his  violence  against 
thebisiiops;  but  the  warmth  with  which  he 
supported  ministers  of  his  own  persuasion 
soon  reduced  his  fortunes  and  obliged  him 
to  take  a  farm  at  St.  Ives.  For  five  years 
he  endeavored  to  improve  his  income  in  ag- 
ricultural pursuits,  but  instead  of  increasing 
it,  he  nearly  ruined  liimself,  and  iu  1637  he 
formed  the  plan  of  passing  over  to  New-Eng- 
lanti,  which  he  was  prevented  from  doing  by 
a  proclamation  from  the  king,  against  migra- 
tion. As  he  had  act^uircd  some  distinction 
among  the  puritans  for  his  gift  of  preaching, 
praying,  and  expounding,  he  had  the  inter- 
est by  means  of  the  people  of  his  persuasion 
to  recommend  himself  to  the  corporation  of 
Cambridge,  and  to  be  chosen  their  repre- 
sentative in  the  parliament  of  164(X    la  the 


iiousehc  was  a  frequent  speaker,  but,  with' 
out  art  or  elocution,  he  exclaimed  warmly 
against  grievances  in  church  and  state,  and 
zealously    promoted    the    remonstrance    of 
November  1641  which  laid  the  basis  of  civil 
war.     Courted  by  the  leading  men  of  oppo- 
sition, by   his   relation  Hampden,  by  Pyin, 
and  others  who  knew  Ids  firmness  and  his  de- 
votion, he  became  Avell  acquainted  with  the 
intrigues   of  the  times,  and   when  the  par- 
liament resolved   in    1642  to  levy  war,  he 
went  to  Cambridge,  where  he  raised  a  troop 
of  horse,  of  whii.-ii  he  took  the    command. 
His   severity  to  the   royal  members   of  the 
university,  who  contributed   their   plate   to 
the   service  of  llie  king,  was  very  culpable  ; 
but  his  wish  was  to  destroy  every  thing  which 
tended  to  support  the  royal  cause,  and    in 
this  attempt  he  evinced  such  zeal  and  activ- 
ity   that  in  a  few  months  he   acquired   the 
character  of  a  good  olFicer,  and   his  soldiers 
were  the  best  disciplined  troops  in  the  king- 
dom.    After  various   proofs  of  his  devotion 
to  the   republican    party,    Cromwell,    who 
was  now  become  a  lieutenant    general   had 
an    opportunity  of  distinguishing  himself  at 
the  buttle  of  Marston-moor,  3d  July,  1644, 
where  his  cavalry,  called  Ironsides,  changed 
the  fortune  of  the  day,  and  insured  victory 
wherever  they^  appeared.     At  the  second 
battle  of  Newbury,  his  intrepidity  again  ap- 
peared cons])icuous,  his  valor  and  services 
were  regarded  as  so  extraordinary,  that  he 
was  called  the  savior  of  the   nation  and  in 
the  self-denying  ordinance    which  was  pas- 
sed by  the  parliament,  for  the  exclusion  of 
officers  from  seats   in  the  house,  Cromwell 
alone  was  excepted.    His  successes  continued 
to    insure  the   approbation    of  the   repuhli- 
cans,  and  the  fatal  battle   of  Naseby,    14th 
June  1646,  established  his   triumph  as  the 
ablest  general  of  the   times,  and  the  firmest 
supporter  of  the  public  liberties  of  the  state. 
He  was  thanked  by-  the  parliament  and  i*e- 
warded  with  a  pension,  but  w  bile  the  popu- 
lar leaders  considered  him  as   fully  devoted 
to   their   services   they   soon  saw    cause  to 
doubt  liis  sincerity.      When  the  king  had 
thrown  himself  into  the  hands  of  the  Scotch, 
and  had  been  shamefully  sold  to  the  English, 
the   parliament  began  to  regard  the   army 
whose  services  had  insured    them   the  vic- 
tory as  useless  and  dangerous,  and  there- 
fore  ordered  part  of  it  to  be  disbanded,  but 
Cromwell  by  his  intrigues  prevented  the  ex- 
ecution   of  their  plans,  and  whilst  he   step- 
ped  forth   as  the    advocate  of  their   rights 
against  the  tyranny   of  the   parliament,  he 
secured   fully  to  his  person    the  attachment 
of  the    soldiers.     No   sooner   was   the  king 
lodged  in  Holmby  castle  than  the  artful  gen- 
eral made  himself  master  of  his   person  by 
means  of  cornat  Joyce,  and  thus,  Ijy  declar- 
ing himself  the  arbiter  of  his  fate,  he  was 
courted  and  flattered  both   by  ihe   unfortu- 
nate  Charles,  who    wished  for  his  own   re- 
lease, and  by  the  parliament,  who  labored 
for   his  destruction.      After   rendering   th« 
king  more  unpopular  with   the  parliamenti 
and  the  parliament  suspected  to  the  army. 


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Cromwell  at  last  took  the  hold   measure  of 
excliulinj;  iVom  tlio  house  of  commons  lliose 
members  wlioju  he  knew  to  be  averse  to  liis 
schemes    of  anihition,  and   the   trial    of  fhe 
devoted  monarch  soon  afli-r  foiloweu.  Cr(»m- 
vell  acted  openly  as  one  of  his  judges,  and 
lie  sifjned  the  warrani  for  his  excc-niion,  and 
by  this  bloody  deed  thus    paved  tlic    way   to 
}iis  own    greatness.     The   government   was 
now  [>Iare«Iin  the  handsofa  council  of  state, 
whose  decisions  were  directed   by    tiie  art- 
ful general  ;  but  while  he  considered    him- 
self as  secure,  his  [)0\ver  was  tlii'eatcned   by 
rebellion   in  tbe  army,  aMd  even  in  his  own 
favorite  regiment.     With  his  usual  presence 
of  miufl  he  appeared  among  the  rioters,  sup- 
jtorted  by  some  regiments  on  whom  he  could 
depend,  and  calling  four  men  by    name  out 
of  the  ranks,  he    inade  them   cast  dice    for 
their  life,  and  obliged  the  two  that  escaped 
to  shoot  the    others.     Having  thus  restored 
tranquillity  he  was   received    evevy   where 
■with   marks   of  respect,   and  satisfied    that 
the  spirit  of  insubordination  was  subdued  in 
England  and  Scotland,  he  embarked  with  an 
army  for  lieland    1G4'J.     He    quickly    here 
routed  the  enemies  of  the  republic,  and  with 
such  acts  of  inhumanity  that  his  very  name 
became  a  terror  to  the  Irish.     In  1650  he 
returned  to  London,  and  was  publicly  thank- 
ed for  his  services  by  the  submissive  com- 
mons Avho  invested  him  with  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  Scotland,  where  Charles 
II,  had  been  acknowledged  king.    He  march- 
ed to  the  north  with  his  usual  rapidity,  and 
on  the   3d  September  1C50  he  defeated  the 
Scotch  army  in  a  dreadful  battle,  at  Dun- 
bar, and  the  next  year,  on  the  same   auspi- 
cious day,   he  completed  the  ruin  of  Charles' 
fortunes  by  the  crowning  victory,  as  he  said, 
at  Worcester.     His  success  was  regarded  as 
so  important  that  a  general  thanksgiving  was 
appointed,  and  the  third  of  September  de- 
clared an  anniversary  state  holidav.     In  tlie 
midst  of  these  public  lionors  Cromwell  nev- 
er lostslght  of  liisambitious  projects.  Though 
commander  in  chief  of  the  whole  island,  and 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  he  found  that  his 
power  depended  on  the   will  of  the  parlia- 
ment, and  therefore  lie  determined  to  dis- 
miss  them.     Whilst   the  commons  and  the 
council   of  the    officers  were  distracted   by 
opposite    opinions    on    subjects    of  govern- 
ment, Cromwell  forwarded  secretly  his  own 
views,  and  all  at  once  rising  up  in  his  seat  in 
the   house,  he   hade  the  spcakei*   leave  the 
chair,  and  the  whole  body  be  gone  and  give 
place  to  honester  men  ;  and  filling  the  room 
•with  armed  soldiers  he  turned  the  whole  as- 
sembly out,  and  locking  up  the  doors  he  re- 
tired   to   Whitehall.     The   dismissal  of  the 
parliament  was  ff)llovvcd  by  that  of  the  coun- 
••il  of  state,  and  the  appointment  of  a  body 
of  officers,  subordinate  to  the  usurper's  au- 
thority.    Though  he  permitted  a  mock  as- 
sembly to  be  called,  under  the  name  of  coun- 
cil of  state,  he  was  soon  after  displeased  Mith 
their  conduct,  and  by  the  voice  of  his  gen- 
eral officers,  he  assumed  the  title  of  protec- 
tor of  t'lc   coraraonwcalth   of  England,  and 


was  invested  with  the  new  office,  ICth  Dec. 
1053,  in  the  chancery  court,  Westminster- 
1»h11.     Thus  absolute  in  the  government,  he 
;ip\)Ointi:d   a  council   of  state,    consisting    ot 
men  of  superior    wisdom   ami  sagacity,  :ind 
adopted  such  measures  as  could  give  stabili- 
ty to  his  power,  and  add  tf)  the  security  and 
indcpcn<lence  of  the  kingdom.      Peace  was 
made  with  Sweilen,  Holland,  Portugal,  and 
France,  the  most  upwright  judges  filierl  the 
courts    of  Westminster-hall,  and   liberty    of 
conscience    was    tolerated    with    the   most 
magiianimous    moderation.      Notwithstand- 
ing the  popularity  of  bis  measures,  howev- 
er, he  met  with  opposition  from  the  people, 
and    the    parliament,     which    he   assembled 
with   great  solemnity,  presumed  to  dispute 
the  legality   of  his   office,  and  were   dismis- 
.sed    with  a    severe    reprimand.      In     1055, 
though    threatened    with    conspiracies,    he 
supp(jrted  with  a  vigorous  hand  the  honor  of 
the  nation.     Blake  conquered  .Jamaica,  and 
lumibled  the  native  powers  on  tbe  Mediter- 
ranean shores,  who  )iad  plundered  the  Brit- 
ish   commerce,  and  a  treaty  of  otfensive  al- 
liance was  formed  with   France  against  the 
Spaniards  in  the  Netherlands,  and  Dunkirk 
was  taken  possession  of  by  the  English,    The 
expenses  of  government  were  however  such, 
that  the    protector  called   another    parlia- 
ment, lyth    Sept.  1650,  but  to   insure  their 
obedience,  he  obliged  them  at  the  door  of 
the  house  to  swear  allegiance  to   his  person. 
This  had  due  effect,  the  members  awed  into 
deference  for  his  power  not  onlj'  voted  him 
supplies,  but  decreed  new   statutes  for  the 
security  of  his  authority,  and  bestowed  up- 
on him  the  title  of  king,  which  by  the  ad- 
vice of  his  friends  and  relations,  and  much 
against  his   inclination,    he   declined.       He 
however,    assumed    the    power   of  creating 
peers,  and  again,  to  give  greater  dignity  to 
his  authority,  he  was  in  1657  a  second  time 
inaugurated   protector  in  Westminster-hall, 
with  all  the  pride  and  pomp  of  a  coronation. 
At  the  end  of  a  year  his  fears  were  alarmed 
by  the  publication  of  "  killing  no   murder," 
a  pamplilet  by  colonel  Titus,  which  directed 
against  him   the  dagger  of  every  bold  assas- 
sin, and   in    1658  he  felt  not  a  little  disap- 
pointment at  the  conduct  of  his  parliament, 
which   he   addressed   as  composed   of  lords 
and  commons,  in  the  usual  language  of  the 
kings   of  England,    though  none  of  the  an- 
cient nol)ility  condescended  to  appear  among 
them.     These    open   insults,  together   Mith 
the  secret  machinations  of  his  enemies  and 
the   general    odium    of  the  people,  was  in- 
creased   by  the  death  of  his  favorite  daugh- 
ter  Mrs.  Claypole,  who  on  her  death-bed 
bitterly  reproached  him  with  the  tyranny  of 
his  conduct.      The  severe  agitations  of  his 
mind  at  last  undermined  the  powers  of  his 
constitution,    and    his  deportment    became 
altered,  he  grew  reserved  and  suspicious,  and 
the  attacks  of  a  slow  fever  were  succeeded  by 
a  tertian  ague.     Though  the  disorder  seem- 
ed at  first  not  alarming,  his  physicians  per- 
ceived   his  danger,   but   regardless  of  their 
intimations,  Jie  depended  upon  the  prayers 


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ot'  the  goiJl}'  for  recovery,  ai.d  hoped  tliat 
the  interference  of  heaven  Mould  be  exert- 
ed for  his  preservaiiou.  Hh  disorder  prov- 
ed fatal,  od  Septejuber  1658.  He  was  car- 
ried with  j^rcat  funeral  pomp  froni  Somer- 
eet-house  and  buried  in  the  chapel  of  Henry 
VII.  in  Westminster-abbey,  but  after  the 
i-estoration  his  body  was  taken  up  and  hiinj; 
on  the  gallows.  'I'hough  an  usurper  and  a 
tyrant,  Cromwell  possessed  great  powers  of 
mind  and  contributed  much  to  tiic  prosperi- 
ty and  glory  of  the  nation.  Not  only  Milton 
defended  his  govei-niaent,  but  Waller,  S|)i-at, 
Dryden,  and  Cowley,  celebrated  his  virtues 
and  the  triumph  of  his  protectorate.  How 
blameworthy  soever  he  might  have  been  in 
the  acquisition  of  his  power,  observes  one 
of  his  biographers,  he  certainly  rivalled  the 
greatest  of  the  English  moixirchs  in  glory, 
and  made  himself  courted  and  dreaded  by 
the  nations  around  him.  In  his  religious 
opinions  he  was  a  vvavering  fanatic,  and 
tliough  grave  and  demure  he  tiad  the  hypo- 
crisy to  adopt  such  tenets  onlj"  as  tencled 
best  to  secure  liis  usurpation.  Of  all  his 
«Iiildren  only  six  lived  to  maturity  :  Rich- 
ard his  sucvessor,  who  held  the  pi'otector- 
ate  with  feeble  liands,  and  resigne'd  it  for  a 
life  of  ease  and  obscurity,  was  born  4th  Oc- 
tober 16'2G,  aiuldied  at  Cheshunt,  July  13th 
1712:  Henry,  born  '20Lh  January  1627,  was 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  tlied  25th  March 
1G74  :  Bridget,  wlio  married  Ircton,  and 
afterwards  general  Fleetwood :  Elizabeth, 
his  favorite  daughter  wiio  married  Mr. 
Claypole  of  Northamptonshire  :  Mary,  who 
laarried  hird  i'auconberg,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  interested  herself  warmly  Jhr  the 
restoration  of  Charles  II.  and  died  March 
1712  :  and  Frances,  the  youngest,  who 
married  Mr.  Rich,  grandson  to  lord  War- 
wick, and  aftci'wards  sir  John  Russel  of 
Chippenham,  Camliridgesliire.  His  moth- 
er lived  witii  him  at  Whitehall,  but  in  the 
midst  of  the  splendors  of  absolute  authority 
she  enjoyed  it  not,  and  was  filled  with  ter- 
ror for  the  tate  of  her  son,  whom  she  nev- 
er considered  safe,  except  she  saw  him 
twice  a  day.  Ilis  wife  was  a  woman  of  mas- 
ouline  powers  of  mind,  and  she  gloried  in 
the  elevation  to  which  her  husband's  guilty 
ambition,  spurred  on  by  her  constant  ex- 
hortations, had  rai.sed  her  family.  She  sur- 
vived for  some  years  the  downfal  of  his  pow- 
er, and  of  that  of  her  son,  and  died  in  re- 
tirement 1672. 

Croneck,  John  Frederic  ])aron  de,  honi 
at  Anspach,  died  of  the  small-pox,  1758, 
aged  27.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a  sen- 
sible and  ingenious  poet.  He  travelled  over 
Europe,  and  at  Paris  gained  the  friendship 
of  the  learned  and  the  great.  His  works 
■were  printed  in  German,  at  Leipsic,  1760. 

Cronstedt,  Axel  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Sudermania,  in  Sweden,  educated  at  Upsal, 
Avhere  he  applied  himself  to  natural  liistory. 
He  was  employed  as  in.<^pector  of  the  mines, 
1744,  and  in  175.3  was  elected  member  of  tlie 
royal  academy  of  sciences  at  Stockholm.  He 
pubhiihcd  various  works  ou  the  arrangement 


of  minerals  and  the  fossil  productions  of  na- 
ture.    He  died  1765,  aged  43. 

Crook,  sir  George,  -was  born  at  Chilton, 
Bucks,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  and  the  In- 
ner-temple. He  rose  to  the  offices  of  king's 
Serjeant,  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  and 
chief  justice  of  England.  In  the  commons, 
he  voted  against  ship-money.  He  died  at 
Waterstock,  Oxfordshire,  1641,  aged  82. 
He  founded  and  endowed  an  hospital  at 
Beachlcy,  in  Buckinghamshire,  where  also 
he  built  a  chapel. 

Crosby,  Brass,  lord  mayor  of  London, 
■was  born  at  Stockton-upon-Tees  in  1725, 
and  early  came  to  London,  where  he  practi- 
sed as  an  attorney.  He  purchased  the  place 
of  remembrancer  to  the  city,  in  1760,  which 
he  sold  again  the  next  year,  and  in  1764  he 
was  elected  sheriff,  the  next  year  alderman, 
and  in  1770  lord  mayor.  In  this  high  office 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  opposition  to 
the  court  in  the  prosecution  of  "\\  heble  and 
other  printers;  and  he  spiritedly  supported 
Wilkes  and  Oliver,  for  which  he  was  sent  to 
the  Tower.  During  his  confinement,  his 
conduct  was  applauded  by  the  city,  and  vari- 
ous addresses  came  to  him  from  some  coun- 
ties and  respectable  towns.  He  was  released, 
23d  July,  by  the  prorogation  of  parliament, 
and  conducted  to  the  mansion-house  in  great 
pomp  by  the  populace,  and  honored,  at  the 
expiration  of  his  office,  by  tlie  thanks  of  the 
corporation,  and  the  vote  of  a  cup  of  100/. 
value.     He  died  1  ith  February  1793. 

Cross,  Michael,  an  English  artist,  who 
was  employed  by  Charles  I.  to  copy  the  best 
pictures  of  Italy.  It  is  said,  that  being  per- 
mitted by  the  doge  of  Venice  to  co]>y  the 
Madonna  of  Rapliael,  in  St.  Mark's  church, 
he  left  his  copy  behind,  and  brought  away  the 
original,  which,  in  the  time  of  the  republic, 
was  sold  to  the  Spanish  ambassador,  and  now 
adorns  the  Escurial. 

Cross,  Lewis,  a  i>ainter,  who  died  1724. 
He  retouched  a  picture  of  Maiy  queen  of 
Scots,  in  the  possession  of  the  duke  of  Ha- 
milton, and  with  such  eftect,  that  several  co- 
pies have  been  taken  from  it. 

Crousax,  John  Peter  de,  a  mathemati- 
cian of  eminence,  born  at  Lausanne  ISth 
April  1663.  He  was  intended  for  the  army 
by  his  father  ;  but  his  inclinations  were  bent 
to  literature;  and  the  perusal  of  des  Cartes' 
works  totally  directed  his  attention  to  mathe- 
matics and  philosophy.  After  travelling  over 
Europe,  he  ■was  elected  professor,  and,  in 
1706,  made  rector  of  the  academy  of  Lau- 
sanne, and,  in  1724,  mathematical  professor 
at  Groningen.  He  was  afterwards  preceptor 
to  Frederic  of  Hesse  Cassel,  nephew  to  the 
king  of  Sweden,  and,  after  being  engaged  in 
some  embassies,  he  returned  to  Lausanne, 
where  he  died,  1748,  aged  85.  He  wrote  es- 
say on  logic,  afterwards  enlarged  to  G  vols. 
Svo. — a  treatise  on  beaut}-,  2  vols.  12mo. — 
on  the  liberty  of  thinking — on  ancient  and 
modern  pyrrhonism,  folio — sermons— com- 
mentary on  Pope's  essay  on  man — miscella- 
neous ■works — and  pieces  oa  philosophy  and 
mathematics. 


CR 


cu 


CnowN'E,  John,  a  nfilivc''of  Nova  BcoiJm, 
who  came  over  to  England,  eager  to  atMjuit*.- 
lUnie  and  iiul«'peniltni'e  h_v  tlic  ixjwers  ol  liis 
)nin<l.  His  <listi'LSbes  at  first  vcre  so  gre.-ii 
that  he  becunir  upper  servant  in  an  oUI  lady's 
family,  from  whif.li  he  s«K)n  ox(i-iiated  iiiiii- 
sell'bv  the  wit  and  humour  of  his  wriliiii^s. 
lie  became  a  favorite  with  the  cumt,  and 
was  employed  by  Charles  II.  at  llu;  r«<|iics( 
of  RoclitsLer,  to  write  the  nuisque  ol(;:dyp- 
so.  Upon  tlie  «Hscovery  of  the  popish  plot, 
fie  cmbiaced  llie  part  of  the  toi-ics,  and  wrote 
his  "  city  jjolilics,"  to  satiiist  the  whig;,  a 
conie<Iy,  whicii,  uhilc  it  procured  him  a[»- 
plauso,  excited  against  hiiu  the  resentment 
of  a  [lowerful  faction.  Anxious  now  to  retire 
from  the  intrigues  and  persecutions  of  poli- 
tics, he  petitioned  the  king  lV)r  a  l)lacc  for 
life;  to  which  Charles  assented,  jirovided  he 
wrote  another  comedy.  Even  the  king  him- 
self assisted  him,  hy  recommending  him  to 
borrow  from  the  Spanish  comedy  of  "  non 
pucd  csser;"  from  which  was  produced  the 
play  of  Sir  Courtly  Nice  ;  but,  on  the  last  day 
of  rchcai'sal  before  the  comedy  could  be  act- 
ed, the  king  died,  and  all  the  hopes  of  the 
poet  were  dashed  to  the  ground.  Instead  of 
independence,  Crowne  now  had  recourse  to 
his  wit  for  maintenance.  He  died  about 
1703,  author  of  17  plays,  besides  the  '*  church 
scuffle,"  a  heroic  poem,  and  two  other  poems, 
Pandion  and  Amphigenia,  and  the  Daeueids. 

Croxall,  Dr.  Samuel,  was  born  at  Wal- 
ton-upon-Thames,  Surre}-,  and  educated  at 
Eton  school,  and  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. At  the  university  he  wrote  the  fair 
Circassian,  which  h;'  dedicated  to  Mrs.  Anna 
Maria  Mordaunt,  of  whom  it  is  said  he  was 
deeply  enamoured,  hut  as  the  poem  was  a 
licentious  imitation  of  Solomon's  songs,  he 
carefully  avoided  disclosing  himself  to  be  the 
author,  before  he  applied  for  ordination.  He 
obtained  tl»e  living  of  Hampton,  Middlesex, 
the  parishes  of  St.  Mary  Somerset,  and 
Mountshaw,  London,  and  became  chancel- 
lor, prebendary,  and  canon  of  Hereford,  and 
afterwards  added  the  archdeaconry  of  Salop 
and  the  living  of  Scliek  to  his  other  prefer- 
ments. As  tlie  church  of  Hereford  was  go- 
verned by  him  during  the  old  age  of  bisliop 
Egerton,  he  very  improperly  pulled  down  an 
old  chapel  adjoining  the  palace,  to  build  a 
iiouse  for  his  brother.  His  politics  inclined  to 
thewiiigs,  and  hence  in  queen  Anne's  reign  he 
wrote  in  their  support,  and  published  his  two 
cautoes  in  imitation  of  Spenser,  to  satirise 
Ilarley's  administration.  He  wrote  besides 
*'  the  Vision,"  a  poem  addressed  to  lord  Ha- 
lifax,— the  fables  of  iE.sop, — scripture  poli- 
tics,— tljc  royal  manual, — and  all  the  dedica- 
tions prefixe<l  to  "  Select  Novels."  He  died 
at  a  great  age,  February  l;>,  17.'):2. 

Croze,  Mathnrin  Veyssiere  la,  born  at 
Nantz  1061,  beeame  a  T^enedictine  monk  in 
1678,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  exten- 
sive learning.  A  bold  and  independent  mode 
of  thinking,  added  to  disgast  and  disappoint- 
ment, induced  him  to  abandon  his  order  and 
his  religion  in  1696.  He  made  his  recanta- 
tion at  Basil,  and  employed  himself  in  Berlin 


a^;  an  instructor  of  youth,  as  liljrarian  to  the 
king,  and  as  professor  of  {ihilosophy.  He 
died  17.5«J,aged  78.  He  wrote  some  T..l(iublc 
works,  diss*  I'lalions  histon«^ue.s,  Nic- — ;,n  Ar- 
iiienian  dictionary,  Ito.  cotMpih.-d  after  tueUc 
Vcais'  labor — hisHiIrc  du  Chrisliani-nie  dt- 
Indis,  l-mo.--du  Clnisii  :;i,isii.f  dT.ibiopii  ^ 
&c  <rArnienic,  &«•. 

Ci(  I  ck;  kj:,  (i  as  par,  a  pn. lest  an  I  lA  Leiy 
sic,  author  of  son*'-.  •  oniiiieiilaries  on  Scri[t 
lure.      He  di-.d  at  W'ilteiiiberg  151S,  age«I  -i.";. 

Cri'UEN,  Alf.\nnd<M'  M.  A.  was  born  at 
Aberdeen,  and  idncaied  at  the  Marischal 
colkge  there.  Me  s(?tlled  in  London  in  I7'JS, 
and  kc|»l  a  bijokselli.-r's  shop  under  the  i'ovai 
cKchangc  ;  but  maintnincd  himself  ibitfly  bv 
superintending  publications  foi-  the  press.  lii 
1737  his  CfMicordance  was  pubiislied,  and  il 
again  appeared  improved  in  1701,  as  a  most 
Valuable  book.  Cruden  was  occasionally  de- 
ranged. About  the  year  1738  he  went  on  a 
romantic  view  to  refoini  the  English  univer- 
sities, and  was  soon  after  confmed  at  Chelsea. 
He  was  a  second  time  in  conGnement  in  u 
mad-house,  and  was  at  last  found  dead,  in  a 
])raying  posture,  at  Islington,  177i-,  aged  70- 
He  was  a  worthy,  pious,  and  inoirensive  man. 

Crusius,  or  Krans,  Martin,  a  native  oi 
Bamberg,  profes.sor  of  belles  lettres  at  Tu- 
bingen, and  the  first  who  taught  Greek  iu 
Germany,  died  at  Estringen  1007,  aged  Si. 
He  is  the  learne<l  com])iler  of  Turco-Grar- 
cite,  libri  octo  1584 — atmales  Sucvici  ad  ann 
1549 — fiermano-Grccciie  libri  sci,  1.585,  fol. 

Crlz,  Juanalnez  de  la,  an  ingenious  lady, 
born  at  Afexico.  She  wasiiaturally  endowed 
with  great  powers  of  mind,  wliich  Mere  care- 
fully cultivated,  and  rendeted  her  well  skil- 
led in  philosopliy,  history,  mathematics,  po- 
etry, and  every  branch  of  liteiature.  The 
poems  which  she  publislicd  possessed  great 
merit,  according  to  the  opinion  of  father 
Feyjod.  The  best  part  of  her  life  was  spent 
iu  the  seclusion  of  the  monastery  of  St.  Gero- 
nimo,  where  she  died,  after  27  years'  resi- 
dence, aged  44,  in  1695. 

Crytopylus,  Metrophanes,  a  Greek, 
who  studied  the  Latin  atid  English  languages 
at  Baliol  college,  O.xford,  and  returned  iti 
lG'2'i  to  his  own  country,  wh.ere  the  patriarch 
of  Constantinople  made  him  his  secretary 
and  chancellor.  He  was  raised  to  toe  see  of 
Alexandria  on  the  translation  of  Cyril  Lucar. 
The  confession  of  faith  attributed  to  Cyril, 
and  published  in  Greek,  lf/-!9,  was  writtej^ 
by  him.     He  died  after  1041. 

Ctesi  AS,  a  Greek  j.'hysician  in  the  service 
of  Ai-taxerxes,  king  of  i'ersJa.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  Per.sia. 

Ctesibius,  a  matliematician  of  Alexan- 
dria, B.  C.  1'25,  known  as  the  inventor  of  the 
pump,  the  water- clock,  kc. 

f;TF.siP}iox,  an  Athenian,  wliose  attempt 
to  decree  a  golden  crown  to  Demosthene.-. 
was  opftosed  by  ^l^schinos,  and  produced  the 
two  famous  orations  of  the  rival  orators  de 
coronsi. 

Cudworth,  liulph,  a  celebrated  ilivine. 
born  1017,  at  Aller,  Somersetshire,  where 
his  fathei'  was  rector.       He  was  of  Eraanuet 


cu 


cu 


college,  of  which  he  became  fellow  and  tutor, 
and  where  he  hnd  among  his  pupils  sir  Wil- 
liam Temple.  In  1641  he  was  presented  to 
the  rectory  of  North  Cadbury,  Somerset- 
shire, and  the  following  year  he  published 
his  "  discourse  concerning  the  true  notion  of 
the  Lord's  supper,"  and  afterwards  his  trea- 
tise, *'  the  union  of  Christ  and  the  church,  a 
shadow."  In  1644  he  took  his  degree  of  13. 
D.  and  was  that  year  appointed  master  of 
Clare-hall,  and  the  year  after  regius  pi-ofes- 
sor  of  Hebrew.  In  1647  he  preached  before 
the  house  of  commons,  for  which  he  received 
the  thanks  of  the  house.  In  1651  he  took  his 
degree  of  J3.D.  and  3  years  after  was  elected 
master  of  Christ's  college,  at  which  time  he 
also  married.  He  was,  in  1657,  one  of  those 
"who  were  consulted  by  parliament  about  the 
English  translation  of  the  bible,  and  by  his 
learning  and  consequence  he  gained  the 
friendship  of  \\  hitelocke,  and  of  Thurloe 
the  able  secretary  of  the  two  protectorates. 
At  the  restoration,  Cudworth  wrote  a  copy 
of  congratulatory  verses  to  the  sovereign, 
and,  in  1672,  he  was  presented  by  Sheldon 
bishop  of  London,  to  the  vicarage  of  Ash- 
^vell,  Hertfordshire.  In  1678  he  was  instal- 
led prebendary  of  Glocester,  and  he  then 
published  in  folio  his  famous  work  "  the  true 
intellectaal  system  of  the  universe,  wherein 
the  reasonandphilosophy  of  atheism  are  con- 
futed, and  its  impossibility  demonstrated." 
This  work,  from  its  nature  and  importance, 
had  many  assailants;  but  it  is  acknowledged 
by  Dryden,  Bayle,  and  Shaftesbury,  that  he 
was  so  fair  and  moderate  in  his  principles 
that  he  almost  betrayed  the  cause  which  he 
meant  to  defend.  A  warm  dispute  Avas  rais- 
ed in  consequence  between  him  and  leClerc. 
The  work  was  translated  into  Latin,  in  1733, 
by  the  learned  Mosheim,  and  the  original 
was  republished,  in  1743,  in  2  vols.  4to.  by 
Dr.  Birch,  with  great  additions,  and  with  an 
accurate  statement  of  all  the  quotations,  and 
a  life  of  the  author  by  the  editor.  Cudworth 
died  at  Cambridge  26th  June  1688,  and  was 
buried  in  Christ  college  chapel.  Of  his  post- 
humous works,  which  were  a  continuation  of 
his  intellectual  system,  one  was  published  by 
Chandler  bishop  of  Durham  1731,  called  "  a 
treatise  concerning  eternal  and  imm\itable 
morality,"  intended  chiefly  against  Ilobbes 
and  others.  His  other  MSS.  were  on  moral 
good  and  evil — a  book  of  morality,  with 
Hobbes'  philosophy  e.xplained — discourse  on 
liberty  and  necessity — de  libero  arbitrio — 
on  Daniel's  prophecy  of  tlie  70  weeks — of 
the  verity  of  the  Christian  religion,  against 
the  Jews — Hebrew  learning,  &c.  Cudworth 
Mas  a  man  of  e.xtensive  erudition,  well  skil- 
led in  the  languages,  an  able  philosopher,  an 
acute  mathematician,  and  a  profound  meta- 
physician. Though  he  embraced  the  cor- 
puscular philosophy,  and  considered  Plato  as 
a  guide  with  respect  to  the  Deily,  he  was  de- 
servedly esteemed  for  bis  virtues,  his  piety, 
his  moderation,  and  humanity.  His  only 
daughter,  Damaris,  married  sir  Francis 
Masham,  and  was  distinguished  as  nuicli  for 
her  learning  and  genius  as  for  all  the  amiable 
virtues  of  her  sex 


CuERENiiERT,  Theodorc  Van,  a  singular 
charactei',  born  at  Amsterdam  1522.  He  was 
a  man  of  science,  and  had  a  turn  for  poetry; 
but  he  chiefly  maintained  himself  at  first  by 
engraving,  in  which  he  displayed  skill  and 
genius,  though  he  was  too  hasty  and  volatile 
in  his  execution.  He  settled  at  Haerlem, 
and  was  honorably  employefl  several  times 
as  ambassador  to  the  prince  of  Orange.  Such, 
at  last,  were  his  extraordinary  ideas  about  re- 
ligion, that  he  asserted  no  one  could  officiate 
as  a  minister  without  a  supernatural  mis.sion, 
and  that  it  was  unworthy  a  Christian  to  enter 
a  ]>Iace  of  public  worship.  These  wild  ideas, 
in  the  indulgence  of  which  he  would  hold  no 
communication  with  papists  or  protestants, 
procured  his  banishment  from  the  country, 
lie  died  at  Tergont  1590,  aged  68.  His 
works  were  published,  3  vols,  fulio,  1630.  As 
an  artist,  he  worked  with  the  Galles,  and  haa 
Heni-y  Goltzius  for  his  pupil. 

CuEVA,  Alfonsus  de  la,  known  by  the 
name  of  Bedmar,  was  ambassador  from. 
Philip  III.  to  the  Venetian  republic.  In  this 
sacred  character  he  plotted  the  seizing  of 
the  city ;  but  when  the  conspiracy  was  dis- 
covered, and  the  conspirators  put  to  death 
by  drowning,  the  author  of  the  horrible 
scheme,  out  of  respect  to  the  Spanish  king, 
was  secretly  dismissed  by  the  senate  to  avoid 
the  fuiy  of  the  populace.  Cueva  fled  to 
Flanders,  where  he  became  president  of  the 
council,  and  received  a  cardinal's  hat.  In 
consequence  of  the  severity  of  his  govern- 
ment he  retired  from  Flanders  to  Rome, 
where  he  died,  1665.  He  was  a  man  of  as- 
tonishing powers  of  mind,  gi'eat  political  sa- 
gacity, an  acute  judge  of  the  manners  and 
prejudices  of  mankind,  composed  in  the 
most  violent  and  popular  agitations,  and  such 
a  master  of  the  knowledge  of  the  human 
passions,  that  his  conjectures  about  futurity 
seem  almost  prophetical.  Some  attribute  to 
him  a  treatise  against  the  republic  of  A^enice, 
though  Velser  is  supposed  to  be  the  author. 

Cuff,  Henry,  a  celebrated  wit,  unfortu- 
nate for  his  connexion  with  Essex,  was  boru 
at  Hinton  St.  George,  Somersetshire,  1560. 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  became  fellow  ;  but  a  joke  upon 
the  well  known  humorous  dishonesty  of  its 
founder  drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of 
the  president,  and  he  Avas  ejected  from  the 
society.  His  merit,  however,  was  so  univer- 
sally known,  that  he  was  admitted  at  Mer- 
ton,  and  two  years  after,  1588,  was  elected 
one  of  its  fellows.  He  was  afterwards  Greek 
professor  and  {jroctor  of  the  university  ;  and 
then  travelled  abroad  to  improve  himself 
for  some  active  scene  of  hfe.  His  many 
qualifjcatioiis,  and  the  interest  of  his  friends, 
recommended  him  at  last  to  the  earl  of  Es- 
sex, whose  secretary  and  confidant  he  be- 
came. This  proved  a  most  fatal  engagement. 
When  Essex  was  condemned,  he  accused 
Cufl'  as  being  the  author  ol  his  misfortunes, 
and  sir  Henry  Neville  confirmed  afterwards 
Uie  accusation,  in  consequence  of  which  the 
wretched  secretary,  perhaps  no  otherwise 
guilty  than  as  the  tool  of  a  bold  and  ambitious 
favoritCj  M'as  arraigned,  and;,  though  be  de- 


C.U 


cu 


f^dcd  himself  with  grent  animation,  he  was 
condemned,  and  executrd  at  Tyburn  '.M)l\i 
March  KiUI.  He  was  a  man  of  m-cat  learn- 
infj  and  i^cni'is,  and  thoirjjh  his  memory  has 
been  censured  by  Bacon,  Wotlon,  ami  even 
by  his  friend  Camden,  he  had  some  amiable 
qualities.  lie  wrote  a  curious  philosophical 
piece,  which  appeai-eil  lOUZ,  call*  il  the  dif- 
ferences of  the  aijes  of  man's  life,  together 
^vith  the  original  causes,  progress,  and  end 
thereof,  Svo. 

CuGNiERES,  I'etcr  de,  an  upright  magis- 
trate, advocate  of  the  parliament  of  Pai-is 
in  1J2'J,  who  supported  the  rights  of  Philip 
Valois  against  the  clergy. 

Ci.  J  AC  I  US,  James,  an  emincat  lawyer, 
fcopH  at  Toulouse  15'20.  Me  was  of  mean 
origin  ;  but  the  greatness  of  his  genius  com- 
pensated f<»r  liis  obscurity,  and  by  his  inde- 
fatigable industr},  without  the  jissistanee  of 
a  mastei',  he  made  himself  perfect  in  the 
knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin  literature, 
and  particularly  in  civil  law.  lie  was  meaidy 
refused  the  professor's  chair  in  his  native 
town;  but  his  abilities  attracted  i)upi!s  from 
every  country  ;  and  to  his  superior  talents  in 
education,  France  owed  the  ablest  and  the 
most  e.\pert  of  her  lawyers  and  magistrates. 
He  settled  at  Cahors,  and  afterwards  at  Bour- 
ges,  which  he  would  not  quit,  though  honored 
by  the  king  of  France,  and  invited  to  Turin  by 
the  duke  of  Savoy,  and  'to  Bologna  by  pope 
Gregory  XIII.  He  was  so  kind  to  his  i)upils, 
and  so  communicative  and  familiar,  that  he 
"was  called  the  father  of  his  scholars.  He 
died  at  Bourges  1590.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished at  Paris,  10  vols.  fol.  165«J,  by  Fabrot. 

CuLLEN,  William,  the  celebrated  physi- 
cian, was  born  in  Lanerkshire,  and  served 
his  time  with  a  sui-geon  and  apothecary  at 
Glasgow,  and  then  went  as  surgeon  in  a  ves- 
sel from  London  to  the  West-Indies.  On 
his  return  he  settled  at  Shotls,  and  after- 
wards at  Hamilton,  where  an  accidental  in- 
troduction to  the  duke  of  Hamilton  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  advancement.  By  the  ad- 
vice of  his  patron  he  removed  to  Glasgow, 
where  he  obtained  an  appointment  in  the 
university.  It  was  about  this  time  that  he 
had  formed  an  intimacy  and  partnership  with 
William  Hunter,  afterwards  equally  cele- 
brated. In  1740  Cullen  took  hisdegree  of 
M.D.  and  in  IZiti  he  was  appointed  locturer 
in  chemistry  at  Glasgow,  and  in  1751  was 
nominated  king's  professor  of  medicine. 
His  practice  was  now  very  e.xtensive,  and  his 
reputation  as  a  lecturer  proved  by  the  in- 
creiising  number  of  his  pupils.  In  1756  he 
was  invited  by  the  university  of  Edinburgh 
to  the  vacant  chair  of  chemistiy,  and  in  this 
new  office  he  displayed  such  powers,  and 
such  knowledge,  that  an  opposition  was  rais- 
ed against  him  by  those  who  envied  his  fame, 
and  could  not  rival  his  abilities.  His  charac- 
ter, hoMevtu",  became  more  respectable 
from  opposition ;  the  mildness  of  his  man- 
nex's  recommended  him  not  less  than  his 
professional  knowledge;  and  so  well  estab- 
lished was  his  merit  that  he  was  made  profes- 
sor of  medicine  by  the  magistrates  of  Edin- 
YOL.  1.  51 


hui-gh,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Alston,  in  1"C.' 
He  i)iiblisbe<l  the  lectures  uliich  he  deliver- 
ed, in  consequence  ol  the  Hppeaiaiice  of  a 
surre[)titious  copy.  He  at  last  resigned  his 
oflici;  to  JJr.  Black,  in  consecjuencc  of  his 
growing  infirmities,  though  he  aflerwai'd-* 
joined  ])r.  (Gregory  as  cmidi«late  for  giving 
lectures  on  the  practice  of  physic.  These 
illustrious  coadjutors  U-ttured  alternately, 
till  the  death  of  Dr.  (ii'egory,  and  then  Dr. 
(Jullen  succeeded  to  the  care  of  all  the  pu- 
j)ils,  which  he  cf)ntinued  to  do  lijl  within  a 
few  months  of  his  death.  He  died  11th  Oc- 
tober 17'J0.  He  married  miss  Johnston,  the 
daughter  of  a  clergyman,  by  whftm  he  had 
a  ivunierotis  family.  She  died  178G.  Jlis 
other  works  were,  line*  of  physic,  4  vols. 
8vo. — synopsis  nosologisc  methodicse,  2  vols. 
Svo. — a  treatise  on  the  recovery  of  drowneil 
persons,  &c.  8vo. 

CuLLUM,  sir  John,  wns  born  21st  June 
1733,  and  educated  at  Bury  school  and  Catli- 
arine-hall,  Cainl)ridge,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  He  died  at  Hardwicke-house,  9th 
October  1785,  rector  of  Great  Thurlow, 
Suffolk^  and  member  of  the  royal  and  anti- 
quarian societies.  He  published  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  Hawsted,  Suffolk. 

Cui.MER,  Richard,  a  violent  fanatic,  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree.  He  was 
excelled  from  the  living  of  Goodneston,  in 
Kent,  for  refusing  to  read  the  book  of  sports, 
and  then  became  lecturer  at  Canterbury, 
and  was  afterwards  employed  by  the  parlia- 
ment in  breaking  down  and  defacing  images, 
pictures,  kc.  from  all  places  of  worship,  la 
his  indiscriminating  zeal,  he  demolished  the 
beautiful  painted  window  of  Canterbury  ca- 
thedral, of  which  he  gave  an  account:  antt 
for  his  meritorious  services  in  the  cause  of 
republicanism  he  was  promoted  to  the  va- 
cant living  of  Minster  in  Kent,  from  which 
he  was  ejected  at  the  restoration.  He  was  a 
most  abusive  and  litigious  character,  and 
from  his  fondness  for  fighting  he  was  called 
the  blue-skin  Dick. 

Cui.PEPEH,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  clcrgr- 
man  of  that  name,  after  a  few  years  spen^ 
at  Cambridge,  was  bound  to  an  apothecary. 
He  er.gagetl  himself  deeply  in  the  study  of 
astrology,  of  which  he  became  professor.  He 
died  in  Spital-fields  1G54.  He  wrote  several 
books,  the  best  known  of  whith  is  his  "  her- 
bal," in  which  he  describes  the  good  awl 
bad  qualities  of  plants,  as  if  by  casting  their 
nativities. 

Cumberland,  Richard,  a  learned  pre- 
late, son  nf -a  citizen  of  London,  where  he 
was  born  July  15,  1C32.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  school  and  Magdalen  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  became  fellow.  He 
took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1C56,  and  two  years 
after  he  was  presented  to  Brampton  rectory, 
Northamptonshire.  He  was  drawn  from 
his  solitude,  in  which  he  diligently  discharged 
all  the  pastoral  duties,  by  the  elevation  of 
his  friend  Orlando  Bridgman  to  the  seals, 
1  G67,  from  Avhom  he  received  the  living  of 
AU-hallows,    Stamford.     He  publisticd    io 


CI,;: 


cu 


1672,  his  work  dc  legibus  naturoe  disquIsUio 
philosophica,  &c.  which  has  been  translated 
into  EngHsh  by  Tyrrel  and  by  Maxwell.  This 
pei'forniance  greatly  raised  his  reputation 
for  science  and  for  knowledge ;  and  he  was 
further  distinguished  for  the  exercises  which 
he  performed  when  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  in  1G80.  In  1680  he  pubhshed  his  essay 
on  Jewish  measures  and  weights,  a  woi'k  of 
gi-eat  merit,  and  full  of  accurate  calculation. 
In  1691  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Peterbo- 
rough by  William,  without  solicitatiun  or  in- 
terest, but  merely  from  the  eminence  of 
his  learning,  his  exemplary  manners,  and  his 
strong  attachment  to  the  protestant  faith. 
In  his  episcopal  duties  he  was  indefatigably 
vigilant,  observing  to  his  friends  Avho  dissuad- 
ed from  exertions  which  might  injure  his 
heakh,  "  that  he  would  fulfil  his  duties  as 
long  as  he  could,  and  that  a  man  had  better 
■wear  out  tlian  rust  out."  Some  part  of  his 
time,  however  was  devoted  to  literature,  he 
■was  a  sound  mathematician,  well  acquainted 
with  oi'iental  learning,  and  perfectly  inform- 
ed in  all  the  branches  of  science  and  philoso- 
phy. In  his  pursuits  to  discover  the  true 
causes  of  idolatry,  he  paid  great  attention  to 
the  shattered  Phoenician  histoi'y  of  Sancho- 
niathon  ;  but  though  great  labor  was  bestow- 
ed on  the  subject,  and  a  book  prepared  for 
the  press,  his  bookselFer  objected,  on  account 
of  the  times,  to  the  publication,  which  was 
deferred  till  after  his  death,  when  his  son-in- 
law,  Mr.  Payne,  gave  to  the  world,  in  1720, 
his  Sanchoniathon's  Phoenician  history,  from 
Eusebius'  prsepar.  evangel.  &c.  and  in  1724, 
his  second  work,  his  origines  gentium  anti- 
quissimae.  The  bishop  lived  to  a  good  old 
age,  and  to  the  last  retained  the  great  pow- 
ers of  his  mind.  He  died  October  9,  1718, 
in  his  87th  year,  in  consequence  of  a  violent 
attack  of  the  palsy,  Avhich  proved  immedi- 
ately fatal.  He  was  buried  in  his  own  cathe- 
dral. 

CuMBERLAXD,  William  duke  of,  second 
son  of  George  II.  was  born  1721.  He  was 
at  the  battle  of  Dettingen  with  his  father, 
and  distinguished  himself  so  much,  that  at 
tlie  battle  of  Fontenoy  he  might  have  in- 
sured a  most  glorious  victory,  had  he  been 
ably  supported  by  the  Dutch  troops.  His 
next  services  were  the  defeat  of  the  pre- 
tender at  the  battle  of  Culloden,  1746,  for 
which  he  was  highly  applauded  by  the  par- 
liament ;and  by  the  nation.  In  1747  he  lost 
the  battle  of  Val,  by  the  hesitating  assist- 
ance of  the  Dutch      He  died  1765. 

Cumber  I.  AND,  Henry  Frederic  duke  of, 
son  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales,  was  cre- 
ated duke  in  1766,  and  in  1771  married  Anne 
Horton,  daughter  of  lord  Carhampton,  and 
widow  of  Mr.  Horton.  This  union  was  the 
cause  of  the  royal  marriage  act.  He  was 
grand  master  of  the  free  masons,  and  died 
September  1790,  nged  45. 

Cuming,  William,  an  eminent  physician, 
horn  at  Edinburgh  1714,  and  educated  at 
the  high  school  and  university  of  that  city. 
After  residing  some  time  at  Paris  and  Ley- 
dcn,  he  came  to  London,  from  whence  he 


removed  to  Dorchester.  In  this  situation, 
from  which  he  refused  to  retire  for  the 
more  extensive  practice  of  London,  he  soon 
gained  universal  reputation,  and  recom- 
mended himself  to  his  patients  as  well  by  the 
gentleness  of  his  manners  and  his  probity 
as  by  his  leai'ning  and  his  skilful  manage- 
ment of  dise.taes.  Though  he  did  not  com- 
mit any  thing  to  the  press,  he  was  particularly 
attentive  to  assist  his  friends,  among  whom 
Mr.  Hutchins,  the  historian  of  Dorsetshire, 
has  paid  very  handsome  and  deserved  com- 
pliments to  his  abilities  and  kind  assiduity. 
Dr.  Cuming  was  afflicted  Avith  great  weak- 
ness in  his  eyes,  w  hich,  though  it  lessened, 
did  not  damp,  his  pursuits  after  knowledge. 
He  was  fellow  f^f  the  London  and  Edinburgh 
societies  of  antiquarians,  and  he  was  also 
felloAv  of  the  college  of  physicians.  He  died 
of  a  dropsy,  25th  March  1788,  aged  74. 

CuNjEus,  Peter,  a  learned  lawyer,  profes- 
sor at  Leydcn,  was  born  at  Flushing  1586. 
He  was  educated  for  the  chui'ch ;  but  the  ran- 
cor of  the  theological  disputes  of  the  times 
disgusted  him,  and  he  applied  himself  to 
belles  lettres  and  to  the  law.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  learning,  and  deservedly  commended 
by  Vossius,  Casaubon,  Scaliger,  and  others. 
He  cKed  1638.  He  wrote,  among  other  valu- 
able works,  de  republica  Hebrxorum — satira 
Menippaa,  in  sui  sseculi  homines  ineptceru- 
ditos — remarks  on 'Nonius'  Dionysiaca — a 
ti-anslation  of  Julian's  Cxsars,  &c. 

CiTNEGONDE,  daughter  of  Sigefroi  count 
of  Luxembourg,  married  the  emperor  Henry 
II.  by  whom  she  had  no  children.  Some  his- 
torians accuse  her  of  incontinence,  while 
others  regard  her  as  ill  treated  by  her  hus- 
band, after  whose  death,  in  1024,  she  retired 
to  a  monastery. 

Cunningham,  William,  a  physician, 
who,  as  bishop  Tanner'informs  us,  resided  in 
Coleman-street,  London.  He  lived  at  Nor- 
wich  about  1559;  but,  in  1563,  was  a  public 
lecturer  in  Surgeons'  hall,  London.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  learning  as  an  astronomer  and 
physician,  and  was  equal!)'  eminent  as  an  in- 
genious engraver  on  copper 

CuNiTiA,  Maria,  a  learned  lady  in  the 
17th  century,  born  in  Silesia.  She  possessed 
a  perfect  knowledge  of  ancient  and  modern 
languages,  but  particularly  excelled  in  mathe- 
matics and  astronomy,  on  which  she  wrote 
some  ingenious  treatises,  especially  her  Ura- 
nia propitia,  in  1650,  in  Latin  and  German, 
dedicated  to  the  emperor  Ferdinand  III. 
This  work  contains  astronomical  tables,  calcu- 
lated on  Kepler's  hypothesis,  and  displays 
her  powers  as  a  scholar  and  mathematician 
to  have  been  very  great  and  most  respectable. 
She  married  a  physician,  Elias  de  Lewin, 
and  died  at  Pistehen  1664,  much  regretted 
as  a  person  of  science,  and  highly  beloved  as 
a  woman  of  an  amiable  character. 

Cunningham,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  his- 
torian, born  atEttrick,  near  Selkirk,  in  1654. 
He  was  educated  in  Holland,  where  no  doubt 
he  imbibed  all  the  principles  of  government 
then  fashionable,  and  where  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  fugitive  lords  Sutherland 


<c,h 


CU 


and  Argyle.  He  came  over  with  WiU'Knn  :it 
tbc  revolution,  and  iiiaint.'iiaed  an  intiinary 
with  the  most  popular  members  of  govei'u- 
ment.  He  m';>s  ibr  many  years  emphived  as 
travellinti;  tutor  to  lord  llyndford  and  his  bro- 
tlier  William,  and  afterwards  to  k)rd  Lome, 
and  viscount  Lonsdale  ;  and  durinj;  liis  visits 
to  the  courts  on  the  continent,  he  had  tlu; 
means  of  making  important  observations  on 
the  manners  and  politics  rif  various  countries, 
which  he  cnmniunicated  in  confid^-nce  to  the 
king  and  to  his  ministers.  To  this  may  be 
attributed  the  vast  information  which  he 
manifests  in  his  writings,  and  the  great  mili- 
tary knowledge  which  he  displays,  and  which 
lie  derived  from  the  friendship  of  his  pupil 
lord  Lome,  afterwavils  so  famous  as  John 
duke  of  Argylc.  At  the  accession  of  George 
I.  Cunningliam,  by  the  partiality  of  his  friends, 
Argyle,  Sunderland,  and  Walpole,  was  sent 
as  envoy  to  the  Venetian  repuljic,  where  he 
resided  five  years,  till  1720.  He  afterwards 
lived  in  studious  retirement,  respected  as  a 
politician  and  as  a  man  of  letters.  From  an 
inscription  in  St.  Martin's  church  over  an 
Alexander  Cunningham,  supposed  to  be  his, 
he  died  15th  May  1737,  in  the  83d  year  of 
his  age.  His  history  of  Great  Britain,  from 
the  revolution  to  the  accession  of  George  L 
appeared  in  '2  vols.  4to.  1787,  translated  into 
English  from  the  Latin  manuscript,  by  Dr. 
W.  Thomson.  The  work  had  passed  into 
the  hands  of  Dr.  Hollingberry,  and  was  re- 
commended, from  its  valuable  contents,  for 
publication,  by  loal  Hardwicke  and  Dr. 
Douglas  bishop  of  Salisbury.  It  is  indeed  a 
work  of  merit,  and  it  relates  the  particulars 
of  an  important  period  with  accuracy,  .spirit, 
and  impartiality  ;  though,  in  the  drawing  of 
some  characters,  especially  that  of  Bui-net, 
the  author  shows  himself  prejudiced  and  un- 
candid.  To  our  author  some  have  likewise 
attributed  the  celebrated  criticisms  on  Ho- 
race, 2  vols.  8vo.  1721,  and  those  posthumous 
remarks  on  Virgil  published  1742;  but  by 
those  who  have  examined  the  matter  with 
great  care  and  nicety,  the  matter  is  left 
doubtful.  It  appears,  indeed,  that  the  histo- 
rian and  the  critic  were  both  of  the  .same 
name,  both  Scotch,  both  lived  in  the  same 
times,  both  educated  in  Holland,  both  emi- 
nent for  their  skill  in  the  game  of  chess,  both 
employed  as  travelling  tutors,  and  both  at- 
tained to  an  advanced  age.  The  coincidence 
is  so  remarkable,  that  the  character  should 
he  considered  as  belonging  solely  to  the  Ve- 
netian envoy,  whose  learning  was  adequate 
to  the  most  refined  criticism,  and  the  deep- 
est observations  on  ancient  times  and  man- 
ners. 

Cunningham,  John,  son  of  a  wine-mer- 
chant in  Dublin,  displayed  early  evidences  of 
poetical  genius.  At  17  he  wrote  his  "love 
in  a  mist,  or  the  lass  of  spirit ;"  from  w  hich 
Garrick  drew  the  prominent  features  of  his 
*'  lying  varlet."  He  was  for  several  years  of 
Iiis  life  engaged  as  a  strolling  player,  in  the 
north  of  England  and  in  Scotland.     He  set- 


CuNv,  Lewis  Anthony,  a  Jesuit  of  Lan- 
gres,  who  died  1755.  He  is  known  by  three 
funeral  orations,  on  the  dauphir»  of  France, 
the  queen  of  Poland,  and  cardinal  Rohan. 

CuPANO,  Francis,  a  Sicilian  ecclcHiastic, 
who  published,  in  1667,  a  catalogue  of  the 
plants  of  Sicily,  and  also  a  valuable  history  of 
the  island. 

CuPERUS,  Gisbert,  professor  of  history 
and  burgomaster  of  Davontcr,  was  born  at 
Hemnien,  in  Gueldres,  l6Vt.  He  died  at 
Davcnter  1716.  He  wrote  observationescriti- 
ticaj  et  chronologicK,  3  vols.  4to. — apotheosis 
Homeri,  4to. — history  of  the  three  Gor- 
dians — a  collection  of  letters. 

Cuuitus,  Joachim,  a  German  physician, 
born  in  Silesia.  He  improved  himself  great- 
ly by  travelling,  and  died  1573,  aged  41.  He 
wrote,  in  Latin,  the  annals  of  Silesia  and 
Breslau,  in  folio. 

CuRCELLitus,  Stephen,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, born  at  Geneva,  died  Ht  Amsterdam 
1658,  aged  72.  After  residing  some  time  in 
France,  he  settled  at  Amsterdam,  where  he 
was  followed  by  the  Arminians,  and  where 
he  succeeded  Episcopius  as  divinity  proles- 
sor.  He  was  an  able  critic  and  a  great  lin- 
guist, and  wrote  several  theological  tracts. 
He  published  a  new  edition  of  the  Greek  tes- 
tament, with  various  readings,  and  with  a  co- 
pious dissertation,  in  which  he  properly  ob- 
serves, that  none  of  the  readiiigs  affect  in  the 
lea,st  degree  the  articles  of  faith.  Polemburg, 
the  successor  of  Curcellseus  in  the  professor's 
chair,  has  prefixed  an  account  of  his  life  to 
the  folio  edition  of  his  works. 

Curio,  an  orator  of  Rome,  who  called 
Csesar  the  man  of  all  the  women  and  the 
woman  of  all  the  men.  His  son  was  aJso 
eminent  as  an  orator,  and  as  the  friend  of 
Ccesar. 

Curio,  Ccelius  Secundus,  was  honi  at  San 
Chirico,  in  Piedmont.      His  abjuration  of  the 
Romish   religion,  for  the  tenets  of  Luther, 
exposed  him  to  the  persecution  of  the  catho- 
lics, and  he  was  seized  and  confined  in   the 
prison  of  Turin,  by  the  bishop.   He  however 
escaped  from  his  enemies,  and  fled  to  Salo 
and  Pavia;  but  the  influence  of  the  pope  still 
persecuted  him  over  Italy,  till  he  took  re- 
fuge at  Lausanne,  in  Switzerland,  where  he 
became  principal  of  the  college.       He  afte!'>' 
v.nls  removed  to  Basil,  wliere   for  twcnty- 
twc  years,  till  his  death,  15G9,  at  the  age  of 
I  67,  he  continued  respectably  to  fill  the  chair 
!  of.  eloquence  and  belles  lettres.      His  work, 
I  "  vie  aniphtudine  beati  regni  Dei,"    l.ioO,  in 
]  8vo.  is  a  curious  composition.     He  wrote  be- 
si(!es,    "  oposcula,"    8vo. — letters — Calvinus 
judaisans,  kc. 

CuRius,  Dentatas  Marcus  Annius,  a  Ro- 
man consid,  distinguished  in  the  wars  against 
Pyi'rhus.  He  preferred  pcjverty  to  riches, 
and  rejected  with  disdain  the  offers  of  the 
Samnites,  who  sohcited  him  with  large  bribes, 
about  B.  C.  272. 

Cltrl,  Edmund,  a  bookseller,  whose  name 
has  obtained  immortality  in  Pope's  Dunciad. 


tied  at  last  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  a  place  He  was  born  in  the  west  of  England,  and» 
to  which  he  was  very  partial,  and  where  he  froaft  low  beginuings,  kept  a  shop  in  the 
diexJ  18th  September  1773,  aged  42.  1 


eu 


cu 


u'eighbourliood  of  Covent  t^ardeu,  vliere  the  i 
books  he  published  ivere  ijcnerally  enlarged 
by  wretched  notes,  forged  letters,  and  bad 
plates.  He  lost  his  e«rs  for  publishing  "  the 
nun  in  her  smock,"  and  other  licentious  pie- 
ces.    He  died  1748. 

CuRO PALATE,  Jolip,  all  ofTicer  in  fhc 
household  of  the  Greek  emperor  of  that 
name.  He  wrote  a  Greek  hir,tory  from  the 
time  of  Michael  Curo'  .':ilate  to  the  reign  of 
Alexius,  from  813  to  lV)Si.  This  work  has 
been  most  sharaefidly  pillaged  by  Cedrenus, 
•who  wrote  an  abri^'i'td  history  from  the  be- 
ginning of  the  worid  to  the  reign  of  Isaac 
Gomraenus.  Syncellus,  Theophanes,  and 
others,  have  also  borrowed  from  him. 

CuRKADi,  Francesco,  an  Italian  painter, 
who  died  16&0,  aged  'JO.  He  Avas  very  cor- 
rect in  his  historical  pieces,  and  had  a  per- 
fect knowledge  of  the  chiaro-obseuro. 

CuRRiEy  James,  an  eminent  physician. 
He  was  born,  175G,  at  Kiikpatrick-Fleming, 
DuiTifrieshire,  and,  after  receiving  a  proper 
education  at  Dumfries  school,  he  was  sent  to 
Virginia  in  a  coramerrial  capacity.  The  in- 
tricacies of  commercial  business,  however, 
had  no  attraction  for  him,  and  he  returned 
with  eagerness  to  study  medicine  at  Edin- 
burgh, where,  after  three  years'  residence, 
he  tookhis  oegree  of  M.  D.  He  settled  at 
Liverpool,  and  acquired  deserved  celebrity, 
not  oidy  from  his  practice,  but  the  candor 
and  benevolcace  of  his  heart,  his  classical 
taste,  and  his  general  information.  He  af- 
terwards removed  to  Bath,  on  account  of  ill 
health,  and  died  at  Sidmouth,  J)evonshire, 
Slst  August  1805.  Dr.  Currie  was  well 
known  as  the  author  of  a  letter,  commercial 
and  political,  to  Mr.  Pitt,  published  under 
the  assumed  name  of  Jasper  Wilson,  1793, 
which  passed  through  several  editions,  and 
attracted  much  of  the  public  attention  from 
its  own  merits,  and  from  the  answers  which 
Avere  made  to  it.  Besides  his  medical  re- 
ports on  the  effects  of  water,  cold  and  warm, 
as  a  remedy  in  febrile  diseases,  8vo.  1707, 
with  an  additional  volume  ISOi,  he  wrote 
some  valuable  papers  in  the  Manchester 
transactions,  the  collections  of  the  London 
medical  society,  and  the  philosophical  trans- 
actions. He  also  edited  Burns'  poems  in 
1800,  w^th  a  pleasing  account  of  the  poet's 
life,  and  a  learned  criticism  on  his  writings. 

CuRSON,  or  CoRCEONE,  Robert,  an  Eng- 
lishman, who  studied  at  Oxford  and  Paris. 
He  became  chancellor  of  Paris  university, 
and  was  made  a  cardinal  by  Innocent  HI.  in 
1212.  He  was  active  in  preaching  tVie  cru- 
sades, and  died  at  Damietta  1218.  He  Avrote 
on  the  question,  whether  Origen  be  saved  or 
not.     The  work  is  now  lost. 

CuKTius,  Martins,  a  Roman,  who  is  said 
to  have  sacrificed  his  life  for  the  good  of  his 
country,  by  leaping  into  a  gulf,  which  could 
close  only  when  Rome  had  thrown  into  it 
whatever  she  held  most  precious,  about  3G2 
B.C. 

CuRTius,  Quint.  Rufus,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian, whose  life  of  Alexander  the  great,  in  10 
booksj  is  jnuch  adriAied.     The  age  iu  whidi 


he  lived  is  not  accurately  ascertaiiied,  tliough 
some  place  him  in  the  reign  of  Trajan. 

CusA,  Nicholas  de,  a  cardinal,  born  at  Cu- 
sa,  of  'iiean  parentage.  His  great  merit,  and 
his  extensive  knowledge  of  law  and  of  divinity, 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  pope 
Nicholas  V.  who  made  him  a  cardinal  1448, 
and  bishop  of  Brixia  two  years  after.  He  was 
sent  by  the  pope  to  Germany  as  legate,  in 
1451,  to  preach  the  'crusades  against  the 
Turks,  in  which  he  was  unsuccessful.  He 
died  at  Todi,  in  L^nibria,  1464,  aged  63.  Hii^ 
works,  which  were  numerous  and  valu- 
able were  collected  and  printed  in  three 
vols.  Basil,  1565.  They  contain,  besides  con- 
troversial and  metaphysical  tracts,  some  geo- 
graphical and  astronomical  pieces,  and  Cri- 
bratio  alcorani,  a  treatise  intended  against 
the  spreading  of  Mahomet's  doctrines  after 
the  fall  of  Constantinople. 

CuspiNiAN,  John,  a  German,  who  was 
born  at  Sweinfurt,  and  died  at  Vienna  1529, 
aged  56.  He  was  physician  to  the  emperor 
Maximilian  I.  by  whom  he  was  employed  in 
some  important  negotiations.  He  wrote  a 
learned  Latin  history  of  the  Roman  empe- 
rors from  Julius  Csesar  to  the  death  of  Max- 
imilian 1. — a  history  of  Austria — a  history  of 
the  Turks,  and  of  their  cruelty  towards  the 
Christians. 

Cuss  AY,  N.  governor  of  Angers,  i.<?  known 
for  his  noble  reply  to  the  duke  of  (^uise,  who 
had  ordered  the  protestants  of  Anjou  to  be 
massacred  on  the  fatal  day  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew. "  Tell  the  king,"  answered  he,  *'  that 
my  fellow  citizens  are  brave  and  loyal,  but 
not  assassins." 

Cr  ST  I NES,  Adam  Philippe  count  de,  was 
born  at  Metz  4th  February  1740,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  seven  years'  war. 
In  the  American  war  he  assisted  the  revolt- 
ed colonies  at  the  head  of  his  regiment,  and 
in  the  national  assembly  he  espoused  warmly 
the  popular  party.  W.ben  placed  in  the 
command  of  the  arm}'  of  the  Rhine,  he  took 
the  cities  of  Spires,  Mentz,  Frankfort,  &c. 
but  a  reverse  of  fortune  obliged  him  to  fall 
back.  Want  of  success  wasiu  the  eyesof  a  jea- 
lous tribunal  considered  as  treason,  and  Cus- 
tines  perished  on  the  scaffold  27th  Aug.  1793, 
He  was  weak  in  his  conduct,  ])roud  in  pros- 
perity, but  a  coward  in  adversity.  His  son, 
with  greater  firmness  than  his  father,  met 
the  stroke  of  the  guillotine  3d  January  1794, 
aged  25. 

CuTHBERT,  an  English  saint,  born  in  the 
north,  and  educ.ited  by  the  Scottish  monks 
in  the  abbey  of  Icolmkill.  He  settled  in  the 
island  of  Lindisfci'na,  four  miles  from  Ber- 
wick, now  called  Holy-i.sland  ;  from  whence 
he  came  to  the  court  of  Egfred  king  of  Nor- 
thumberland, whom,  with  many  of  h*s  nobles, 
he  converted  to  Christianity,  and  baptized. 
He  was  made  bishop  of  the  Northumbrian 
Saxons;  but,  from  his  fondness  for  solitude, 
he  retired  to  Holy-island,  where  he  found- 
ed a  monastery,  and  where  he  died  G86, 
leaving  behind  him  a  great  number  of  punils, 
and  a  deserved  character  of  sanctity,  viriac, 
and  devotion. 


CY 


CY 


C;tttts,  John  loi'd,  Avas  born  of  an  ancient 
family  at   Matching,    in    Essex,   aii<l    distin- 
guislied  hinisclt'in  l!ie  wars  of  Williaui    III. 
Hewasi-urly  in    the   s(n-vii:(.'   ot"  Moiimoulli, 
and   sipjnaliiccd    himself   greatly,    under   the 
dulce  ot"  L/<)rr:iiiK',  in  llnni;,ary,  suid  at  the  ta- 
kiiip^  of  IJinia   l)y  the    imiierialists.     At  the 
revolution,   he   liad  a  regiment  of  foot,  was 
createil  haion  in  Irtland    IG'JO,    governor  of 
the  Isle  of  \Vighl  IfVj.'i,  and  complimented  hy 
Hopkins  as  one  to  whom  a  double  crown  was 
due,  as  a  Iili'o  and  a  poet.     On  ({ucen  Anne's  < 
accession    he  was  made  lieutenant  general  [ 
of  the  forces  in    Holland,  commander  of  the  j 
forces  in  Ireland  in  170.i,  and  aflerwai-ds  one  j 
of  the  lords  justices  of  that  kingdom;  an  aj)- 
pointment  which  broke  his  heart,  because  it  j 
removed  him  intentionally  out  of  the  sphere  ' 
of   active   enterprise.      He  died   at  JJublin  i 
'iOth  of  January   1707,  and    was  buried    in! 
Christ-church  cathedral.     He  wrote  a  poem 
on  queen  Mary's  death,  and  published,  1687, 
poetical  exercises,  written  on   several    occa- 
sions— a  poem  on  wisdom — another  f)n  Wal- 
ler.    The  poetry,    though  not   deserving  to 
rank  very  high,  yet  possesses  merit,  and  jus- 
tifies the  praises  of  Waller  and  others. 

CvAXAUES  I.  king  of  the  Medes  after 
Phrattrtes,  died  5H5  P..  G. 

Cyaxares  II.  king  of  Media,  is  supposed 
to  be  tlie  famous  Dai-ius,  who  died  536  li.  C. 
CvGNE,  Martin  du,  a  learned  Jesuit,  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence,  born  at  St.  Omer,  died 
1069,  aged  ^0.  He  wrote  explanatio  rheto- 
I'icce — ars  metrica  et  ars  poetica — fons  elo- 
quentiae,  &c.  4  vols.  12mo. — comiediae  12  cum 
Terent.  turn  Plant,  concinnatte,  2  vols.  l2rao. 
CynjEGIRHS,  an  Athenian,  who  at  the 
battle  of  Marathon,  ])ursued  the  flying  Per- 
sians to  tlieir  ships,  and  in  swimming  after 
them  had  both  his  arms  and  his  head  cut  otF. 
Cyneas,  a  Thessalian  philosopher,  who 
accompanied  Pyrrhus  in  his  invasion  of  Italy. 
He  called  the  Ilomun  senate  an  assembly  of 
kings. 

Cyprtan,  Thascius  Ccccilius,  one  of  the 
fathers  of  the  church,  born  at  (.'arthage. 
He  was  bishop  of  Carthage,  and  suffered 
martyrdom  258.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
works,  cdite<l  by  Dr.  Fell,  and  translated  in- 
to English  by  Marsliall. 

Cypriaxi,  or  Cipriaxi,  an  Italian 
painter,  who  settled  in  England,  anfl  died  in 
London  17S5.  He  possessed  great  merit  in 
his  profession,  and  liis  pieces  spread  over 
Europe  by  the  gruver  of  Bartolozzi,  are  well 
known  and  admired  for  grace,  beauty,  and 
expression.  In  private  llie  he  was  highly 
and  deservedly  estcenied  for  his  many  tal- 
ents and  virtues.  His  son  inherited  his  vir- 
tues. 
Cyrano,   Bergerao,   a  French   autlior, 


horn  in  Gascony  1620.  He  early  rntered 
the  army,  where  his  valor  distinguished  him 
in  the  field  as  wt-ll  as  in  duelling,  and  [>ro- 
fui'i'd  him  the  appellation  of  tiie  inlrLpid. 
He  was  shot  through  the  body  at  the  siege 
of  Mouzon,  and  run  through  the  neck  at 
that  of  A  rras  in  16i(»  ;  but  his  prospects  of 
promotion  were  so  small,  compare<l  to  the 
dangers  and  difllcidtics  to  whicli  he  exposed 
himself,  that  he  abandoned  tlic  army,  to 
wield  the  pen  of  wit  and  poetry,  'i'hough 
fond  of  indepcnden'-e  and  liberty,  he  attached 
himself  to  marshal  Ciassion,  and  alterward.s 
to  the  duke  of  Arpajon.  He  died  in  lO-^."!, 
aged  35,  in  consequence  of  a  blow  received 
oil  the  head  hy  the  fall  of  a  piece  of  timbcr- 
His  works  consist  of  a  tragedy  on  the  death, 
of  Agrippina,  mother  of  (jennanicns — the 
pedant,  a  corned)' — besides  a  comic  history 
of  the  states  and  empires  of  the  sun  and  of 
the  moon letters — dialogues — and  frag- 
ments of  physics,  &c.  He  abounded  in  wit 
and  humor,  he  wrote  with  great  facility,  and 
interwove  in  his  philosophical  romance  the 
.system  of  Des  Cartes.  In  many  parts,  from 
his  fine  strokes  of  si/ire  on  the  wild  inqui- 
ries of  the  philosophers  of  the  age,  he  has, 
says  lord  Orrery,  directed  the  plan  which 
Swift  afterwards  pursued. 

Cyril  of  Jerusalem,  one  of  the  fathers, 
who  was  bishop  of  Jerusalem.  He  died  3SG, 
author  of  some  works. 

Cyril  of  Alexandria,  bishop  of  that  see, 
died  444.  He  was  violent  in  his  measures  to 
banish  the  Jews  and  Novatians  from  Alex- 
andria ;  and  wrote  various  works,  edited  at 
Paris,  7  vols.  fol. 

Cyrill,  Lucar,  was  born  in  Candia  1572, 
and  educated  at  Padua  and  in  Germany. 
He  was  made  bishop  of  Alexandria,  and  af- 
terwards,  1621,  patriarch  of  Constantinople. 
He  was  deposed,  for  his  attempts  to  reform 
his  clergy,  and  at  last  was  strangled,  by  or- 
der of  the  grand  signior,  in  1638.  His  con- 
fession of  iaith  and  his  letters  were  publrsh- 
ed,  Amsterdam,  1718. 

Cyrus,  the  elder,  king  of  Persia,  was  son 
of  Mandane,  the  daugliter  of  Astyagcs.  He 
dethroned  *iis  grandfather,  established  the 
Persian  empire,  and  was  at  last  killed  in  the 
battle  against  Tonjvris  queen  of  the  Massa- 
geta;,  B.  C.  530. 

Cyrus,  the  younger,  son  of  Darius,  revol- 
ted against  his  brother  Artaxerxes,  and  was 
defeated  by  liim  in  the  plains  of  Cunaxa. 
401.  Had  he  not  been  too  rash,  he  might 
have  obtained  the  victory.  The  retreat  of 
the  10,000  Greeks  who  accompanied  him  is 
celebrated  in  ancient  history. 

Cyrus,  a  Latin  ]ioet,  in  the  reign  of  the 
younger  Thendosius.  He  afterwards  be- 
came a  Christian  and  bishop  of  Phrygia. 


DA 


DA 


DAC,  Jolin,  a  German  painter,  bora  at 
Cologne  1556,  and  employecl  by  the 
emperor  Ilodolph,  who  i-ewarded  his  great 
abilities  with  honors  and  with  opulence. 
His  pictures  are  all  in  a  grand  style. 

Dacier,  Andrew,  a  French  philosopher 
and  critic,  born  at  Castres,  in  Upper  Lan- 
giiedoc,  Gth  April  1651.  His  parents  were 
prntestants,  and  he  was  educated  at  Castres, 
and  Puylousens,  but  chiefly  at  Sauinur,  un- 
der the  celebrated  Tana({uil  Faber,  whose 
daughter  he  married.  At  Paris  he  was  re- 
eommended  to  the  duke  of  Montausier,  and 
•was  placed  in  the  number  of  those  who  were 
to  publish  the  classics  for  the  use  of  the 
young  dauphin.  His  first  work  Avas  the  edi- 
tion of  Pompeius  Festus,  4to.  1681,  greatly 
improved  in  the  edition  of  1C99.  His  Ho- 
race, -with  a  French  translation,  appeared  in 
16SI,  in  10  vols.  12mo.  and  has  frequently 
been  reprinted.  He  next  published  St.  An- 
astasius'  contemplations,  with  notes  and  a 
Ijatin  translation,  in  1682.  The  next  year 
he  njarried  Faber's  daughter  ;  and,  in  1685, 
he  with  her  abjured  the  protestant  religion. 
He  published  nothing  tifterwards  till  l6'jl, 
•when  his  moral  reflections  of  JNIarcus  An- 
toninus 2  vols.  liJrao.  appeared  ;  and  in  1692 
Aristotle's  poetics,  with  a  translation  and 
critical  remarks,  in  4to.  which  some  have 
considered  as  his  best  performance.  In  1693 
jhe  published  a  translation  of  th.e  (Edipus  and 
Electra  of  Sophocles  ;  in  169  i-,  the  first  vol- 
ume of  Plutarch's  lives  ;  in  1697,  the  trans- 
lation of  the  works  of  Hippocrates,  2  vols. 
J2mo.  ;  in  1699,  that  of  Plato's  works,  2  vols  ; 
in  1706,  the  life  of  Pythagoras,  his  symbols, 
golden  verses,  &c.  2  volw  ;  in  1715,  Epicte- 
tus,  2  vols.  ;  and  in  17'i.3  the  lives  of  Plu- 
tarch were  completed,  in  8  vols.  4to.  Be- 
sides these,  Dacier  published  notes  on  Lon- 
ginus,  a  dissertation  on  the  origin  of  satire, 
speeches  in  the  French  academy,  answers 
to  some  critics  who  had  censured  his  person 
and  manners,  &c.  besides  a  commentary  on 
Theocritus,  and  a  treatise  on  religion,  never 
publi-shed.  As  he  had  been  concerned  in  tlie 
compilation  of  the  mcdallic  history  of  Lewis 
XIA'.  the  monarch  settled  on  him  a  pension 
of  2000  livres,  and  appointed  him  keeper  of 
his  books  in  the  Louvre,  in  1713  he  was 
made  perpetual  secretary  to  the  French 
academy,  and  in  1717  he  obtained  a  rever- 
sionary grant  of  10,000  crowns,  as  library 
keeper  to  the  king,  which  was  afterwards  to 
devolve  to  his  wife  if  she  survived  him.  Her 
death,  in  1720,  prevented  her  enjoyment  of 
a  grant  so  very  honora1)le  to  her  merits.  Da- 
cier, though  greatly  afflicted  for  the  loss  of 
his  wife,  yet  would  have  married  a  second 
time  had  not  death  prevented  it.  He  was 
carried  off"  by  an  ulcer  in  his  throat,  which 
he  had  disregarded,  as  not  dangerous,  Sep- 
tember 18,  1722,  in  his  71st  year.  He  was 
a  man  of  gi'eat  and  extensive  learning,  who 
applied  the  powers  of  his  mmd,  an<l  the  most 
indefatigable  industry,  to  infuse  into  his  na- 
tive language  allthe  beauties  and  all  the  graces 
of  some  of  the  best  writers  of  ancient  times. 

Dacier,  Anne,  wife  of  Andrew  Dacier, 


daughter  of  Tanaquil  Faber,  or  le  Fevre^, 
was  born  at  Saumur  1651.     When  she  was 
11  years  old  her  father  discovered  the  strong 
natural  powers  of  her  mind,  and  immediate- 
ly laid  the  foundation  of  a  learned  education 
which  was  happily  completed.     In  1674,  she 
published  an  edition  of  Callimachus    in  4to. 
lunl  in  consequence  of  her  extensive    know- 
ledge, she  was  engaged  in  the  editing  of  the 
classics   for  the   use    of  the  dauphin.     Her 
Floriis,   a])peared  in  1674,  in   4to.  and    her 
Aurelius  Victor  1681.     In  the    mean  time 
her  reputation   was   so   universally   sx>read, 
that  Christina  queen  of   Sweden    wrote  her 
some  pressing  letters,  and  invited  her  to  em- 
brace the  Romish  religion,  and  to  come  to 
settle  at  Stockholm,  where  every    mark  of 
respect  and   patronage   wovdd  be  shown   to 
her.     These  offers  she  declined,  and  contin- 
ued her  labors  in  the  service  of  the  dauphin. 
In  16S1,   her   translation  of  Anacreon   and 
Sappho  appeared,  so  much   commended   by 
Boileau,    and  in    1683,   were  published  Eu- 
tropius  4to.   and  a  French  translation  of  the 
Amphitryo,  Epidicus,  and  Rudens  of  Plautus, 
three  vols,    and   the   next   year  the  Plautus 
and  Clouds  of  Aristophanes  12mo.  with  Dic- 
tys  Cretensis  and  Dares  Phrygius.     In  1683 
she  marrienl  Dacier,    a  scholar  with   whom 
she  had  shared  the  instruction  of  her  fath- 
er and  two  years  after  she  joined    him  in  a 
recantation  of  the  protestant  tenets.     It  has 
been  indeed    insinuated  that  she  liad  been 
previously  married  to  Lesnier   a  bookseller 
of  her  father,  and  that  she  ran  away  from 
him  for  the  society  of  Dacier,  to  whom  she 
never  was.  regularly  married,  an   imputation 
too  gross  and  illiberal  to  be  credited.     After 
her  conversion,  by  the  influence  of  the  duke 
of  Montausier,  a  pension  of  1500  livres  was 
settled  on  her  husband,   and  500  on  herself. 
In   1688    she   published   her    translation    of 
Tei-ence's  plays  with  notes  3  vols.  12mo.  the 
best  edition  of  which  is   that  of  1717.     She 
also  assisted  her  husband  in  liis  Marcus  An- 
toninus and  his  Plutarch, and  in  1711  she  pub- 
lished her  translation  of  Homer's  Iliad  with 
notes  3  vols.  12mo.     In  1714  she  wrote  a  de- 
fence of  Homer  against  de  la  Motte,  and  two 
years  after  against  Hardouin,   in  which  she 
displayed   much  erudition,  great  taste,   and 
not  a  little  acrimony.     She  was  however  af- 
terwards reconciled  to  de  la  Motte.     Her  last 
woi'k,  the  Odyssey  of  Homer  ti^anslated  from 
the  Creek,  appeared  in  1716,  3  vols.  12mo. 
The  two  last  years  of  her  life  she  sunk  into 
disease  and  debility,  and  died   Augu.st  17tli 
1720,  aged  69.    She  had  a  son  and  tw  o  daugh- 
ters, the  son  died  young,  one  of  the  daugh- 
ters was  a  nun,  and  the  other,  who  possessed 
the  virtues  and  accomplishments  of  her  sex, 
died    in  her    18th  year.     Besides  learning, 
Madame  Dacier  was  gi-aced  with  the  noblest 
ornaments  of  human  nature,  with  generosi- 
ty, firmness,  mildness  and  exemplary  piety. 
She  had  so  much  modesty  that  she  never  dis- 
coursed on  literature,  to  display  her  superi- 
ority ;  but  when  requested  to  write  her  name 
and  a  sentence,  in  the   book  of  a  northern 
scholar,  according  to  tlie  oji^tomofLhe  coun- 


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try,  she  strenuously  declined  tO€nrol  herself 
among  the  most  illustrious  characters  of  the 
age.  When  at  last  prevailed  upon,  bhe 
•wrote  her  name  vith  a  vcrtje  from  Sui)h(j- 
cles,  expressive  that  silence  is  the  best  m-na- 
mcnt  of  the  female  sex.  To  the  universal 
respect  of  Kurope  the  acarlcmy  of  Kicovatri 
at  Fadua  added  the  honor  of  enrolling  her 
name  among  their  nunihers  in  1G84. 

DAtiAR,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Paris,  the 
pupil  of  Vouct,  and  eminent  as  an  historical 
and  portrait  painter.  He  was  patronised  by 
Christian  V.  of  Denmark,  at  uhose  court 
he  long  resided,  and  then  he  visited  Loudon, 
and  returned  to  Coi)cnhageu  where  he  died 
1710,  aged  76. 

Dagobert  I.  succeeded  liis  fiither  Clo- 
taire  II.  as  king  of  France  02^.  He  made 
war  against  Saxony,  Britany,  and  (Jascony, 
hut  stained  by  cruelty  the  laurels  which  he 
obtained  in  the  field  of  battle.  He  divorced 
his  wife,  and  not  satisfied  to  marry  three 
others  to  whom  he  gave  the  name  of  queens, 
he  kept  a  great  number  of  concubines.  It 
is  said  that  after  conquering  the  Saxons  he 
caused  all  those  to  be  put  to  death  whose 
stature  exceeded  the  length  of  his  sword. 
He  died  at  Epernay  6.18,  aged  36,  and  was 
the  first  monarch  buried  at  St.  Denys,  which 
he  had  founded  six  years  before. 

Dagobert  II.  son  of  Sigebert  II.  was 
prevented  from  ascending  his  father's  throne 
by  the  influence  of  Grimoald  mayor  of  the 
palace,  who  caused  his  own  son  Childebert 
to  be  crowned  king.  He  afterwards  obtain- 
ed the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  and  was  assas- 
sinated five  years  after  671»,  and  was  buried 
at  Stenay. 

Dagobert  III.  succeeried  as  king  of 
Neustria  to  his  father  Childebert.  He  died 
four  years  after  17th  Jan.  715. 

Dagobert,  N.  a  French  republican  ge- 
neral, who  distinguished  himself  in  Italy  and 
against  the  Spaniards.  He  died  in  the  midst 
of  his  victories  beyond  the  Pyrenees  21st 
April  1/94. 

Dagoumer,  William,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy, and  rector  of  the  university  of  Paris, 
was  born  at  Pont-audemer,  and  died  at  Cour- 
bevoye  in  1735.  He  published  a  course  of 
philosophy  in  Latin,  a  French  work  against 
the  advertisements  of  Languet  archbishop 
of  §ens.  He  is  ridiculed  by  le  Sage  in  Gil 
Bias  under  the  name  of  Guilloraer. 

Dahl,  Michael,  a  Danish  painter  patron- 
ised by  queen  Aime  and  George  prince  of 
Denmark.  He  died  in  England  2Uth  Octo- 
ber 1743. 

Dahlberg,  Eric,  a  Swedish  engineer, 
whose  excessive  application  compensated 
for  the  early  loss  of  his  parents,  and  the 
misfortunes  of  a  neglected  education.  He 
prepared  for  the  brave  defence  of  Thorn, 
and  accompanied  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  his 
Polish  expedition,  and  advised  him  to  march 
his  army  across  the  Great  Belt  when  frozen, 
and  thus  penetrate  into  the  very  heart  of  the 
Danish  kingdom  and  besiege  the  capital.  His 
great  services  were  rewarded  in  1660  with 
Uip  rank  of  nobility,  and  he  was  successively 


raised  to  the  commaiid  of  Malmo,  the  raro 
f)f  the  fortificalinns,  and  the  government  of 
Livonia.  He  die<l  at  Stockholm  1703,  a^cii 
7S.  He  wrote  Su«'cia  anticpia  and  hodierna, 
three  vols.  fol.  1700,  and  ilistinguislied  hiiu- 
sclf  so  jnnch  as  an  (  ngineer  that  he  was  de- 
servedly called  llir  Vauban  of  Sweden. 

Da  1 1. 1. E,  John,    an    eminent  \)rotestant 
divine,  horn   at  (Jhatelleraiit  sixth  January 
1594.     His  father  inten<led  to  j)lace  him  iti 
liis  own  situation  as  receiver  of  the  c<jiisigHa- 
lions  at  Poitiers,  but  the  fondness  of  the  boy 
for  Ijooks  and  literature  turtted  his  thoughts 
to  another  chaimel,  and  ht*  educated  him  in 
the  schools  of  l*f)itiers  and  Saumur.     Al  the 
age  of  eighteen   he    was  adniitted  into   the 
family  of  du  Plessis  Mornay  to  he  the  tutor 
of  his   two  grandsons,   an<l   in  this  situationi 
he  continued  seven  years  before  he  began  to 
travel,  and  received,   as  it  Is  said,  moi-e  in- 
struction from  the  learned  conversation  and 
company  of  the   grandfather  than  he  com- 
municated to  his  pupils.     He  began  his  tra- 
vels in  1619,  and  with  hh  two  pu])ils  passed 
througli  Geneva,  Piedmont,  Lom})ardy,  and 
Venice,  where   he  was  introduced  to  thp 
acqu.iintance  and  friendly  intimacy  of  father 
Paul.     While  at  Mantua  one   of  his  pupils 
was  taken  ill,  and  soon   after  died,  so  that 
Daille  with  difficulty  and  great  danger  con- 
veyed the  body  concealed  as  a  hale  of  goods 
under  the  care  of  two  servants  to  the  Ixurial 
place  of  his  father,  from  tlie  suspicious  eye  <^)f 
the  inquisitors  who  viewed  with  jealousy  the 
conduct  of  the  protestants.     With  tbe  other 
pupil  he  continued  his  travels,  and  after  visit- 
ing Switzerland,   Germany,  Flanders,  Hol- 
land, and  England,  they  Jt  turned  to  P'rance 
late  in  1621.    In  16'23,  Daille  was  ordained  anrS 
first  officiated  in  the  family  of  the  venerable 
Morn.'iy,  who  died  soon  after  in  the  arms  of 
his  beloved  and  reverend  friend.     The  yetcf 
1624  was  employed  in  digesting  some  papers 
whicii    afterwards    were   published  as    me- 
moirs, and  in  the  following  year  Daille  be- 
came  minister   of   the   ehurch  of   Saumur, 
where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.     In  16'2S 
he  wrote  his  celebrated  book  "  on  the  use 
of  the  fathers"  w  hich  lord  Falkland  and  his 
fi'iend  Chillingworth  greatly  valued,  and  be- 
gan to  translate,  but  left  unfinished  ;  but  It 
appeared  in  1651  in  an  English  dress  by  the 
hands  of  Thomas  Smith  of  Cambridge,  and 
in  Latin  by    Mettayer  of  St.    Quintin.     In 
1633  he  published  his  apology  for  tlie  re- 
formed churches,   wliich  he   also  translated 
into  Latin,  and  Mr.  Smith  into  English   in 
165S.     These  books,  from  their  importance, 
and  the  masterly  manner  in  which  the  sub- 
ject  was  treated,    excited    a  great   outcry 
among  the    catholics,    but  they  maintal^ied 
tlielr  character  against  all  the  attacks  and 
insinuations  of  popery.      Daille   was  at  the 
synod  of  Alencon  in  1637,   where  his  autho- 
rity was  ably  exerted  to  reconcile  the  pro- 
testants  in  the  then  disputed   tenets   about 
universal  grace.    These  principles  he  warm- 
ly embraced,  and  indeed  published   in   1655 
a  Latin  work  against  Spanheim  the  Leyden 
professor,  as  "  an  apology  fer  tlie  synods  «• 


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Ale.ncqn  and  Charanton."  This  gi'eat  and 
good  man  died  at  Paris  15tli  April  1G70,  af- 
ter enjoying  tlirough  lite,  except  from  a 
small  attack  of  apoplexy  for  10  days,  the  most 
uninterrupted  good  health,  and  with  it  the  un- 
diminished faculties  and  powers  of  his  mind. 
His  reputation  was  so  higli  that  the  protest- 
ants  in  France  declared  they  had  seen  no 
better  writer  since  the  days  of  Calvin.  He 
wrote  besides  several  works  which  were 
chieiiy  of  a  controversial  nature,  and  which 
equally  evinced  his  learning,  erudition,  and 
dexterity  of  argumentation.  He  married  in 
1625,  but  lost  Ills  wife  six  years  after,  by 
whom  he  had  only  one  son,  Hadrian,  who 
distinguished  himself  as  an  able  divine.  He 
was  invited  to  Rochelle  as  a  Kiinister,  and 
after  five  years'  residence  he  was  chosen 
minister  of  Paris,  with  his  father  1G58.  At 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  he  re- 
tired to  Switzerland,  and  died  at  Zurich, 
May  1690.  His  AIS.  and  some  of  his  fa- 
ther's works  were  deposited  in  the  public 
library. 

Dale,  Samuel,  an  apothecary  of  Brain- 
tree,  Essex,  who  becanie  by  liis  merit  in 
1730,  a  licentiate  of  the  college  of  physicians 
and  fellow  of  the  royal  society.  He  wrote 
Pharmacologia,seu  manuductio  ad  materiam 
medicam,  often  printed, — the  antiquities  of 
Harwich  and  Dover  court,  in  4to.  improved 
ftom  the  works  of  Silas  Taydor,  besides 
some  valuable  papei's  in  the  philosophical 
transactions,  &c«  He  died  at  Booking,  where 
he  had  settled  as  a  physician, 1739,  aged  80. 

Dalechamps,  James,  a  learned  physi- 
cian born  at  Caen  1513.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  75,  at  Lyons,  where  he  had  practised  from 
155^2  to  1588.  He  wrote  a  general  history 
of  plants,  three  books  de  peste,  besides  Pli- 
ny's natural  history  with  valuable  notes,  and 
also  translated  into  Latin,  Athenaius,  in  the 
completion  of  which  he  was  engaged  thirty 
years. 

Dalex,  Cornelius  Von,  an  eminent 
Dutch  engraver,  who  florished  about  1640, 
He  engraved  a  great  variety  of  portraits, 
and  some  antique  statues,  all  in  a  masterly 
style. 

Daleks,  Dirk,  a  landscape  p:xinter  of 
Amsterdam,  who  did  1088,  aged  '2'J.  He  is 
liappy  in  the  expression  and  faithful  deline- 
ation of  his  pieces. 

D'alirrai,  Charles  Von,  a  Parisian  who 
Abandoned  the  profession  of  arms  for  the 
Hiuses.  He  was  of  a  dissipated  turn  of  mind, 
and  fond  of  merry  societj',  and  he  declared 
that  he  would  die  by  the  mouth  of  the  bottle 
rather  than  by  the  mouth  of  the  cannon.  As 
he  had  a  moderate  income,  and  was  free 
from  ambition,  he  enjoyed  with  great  con- 
tentment what  he  had,  and  employed  his 
sportive  muse  as  fancy  or  occasion  directed. 
Jn  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  lived  much 
in  the  country,  and  died  at  an  advanced  age 
about  the  beginning  of  1655.  His  works 
appeared  in  1553,  in  8vo.  divided  into  six 
parts,  containing  bacchanalian,  satirical,  he- 
rolcal,  moral,  and  christian  poems,  of  no 
great  merit  indeed,  but  frequently  haj>py  in 


delineation  of  character  and  in  flashes  of 
wit.  He  also  translated  Perez's  letters,  and 
73  epigrams,  against  Montmaur. 

Dalin,  Olaus  de,  a  learned  Swede,  bora 
at  Winsberg  in  1708.  He  is  deservedly  cal- 
led the  father  of  Swedish  poetry,  by  his  two 
poems  on  the  liberty  of  Sweden,  and  the 
tragedy  of  Bruidiilda.  He  rose  by  his  gen- 
ius to  lame  and  fortune,  and  was  appointed 
preceptor  to  prince  Gustavus,  and  at  last  be^ 
came  chancellor  of  the  court.  He  wrote,  at 
the  request  of  the  government,  the  history 
of  Sweden,  which  he  brought  down  to  the 
deatlj  of  Charles  IX.  He  wrote  besides,  epis- 
tles, fables,  satires,  panegyrics,  &c.  and 
ti'anslated  Montesqtiieii's  book  on  the  de- 
clension of  the  Romans. 

Dallington,  sir  Robert,  author  of  the 
aphorisms  of  Tacitus,  was  born  at  Gedding- 
ton,  Northamptonshire,  and  educated  at 
Penibroke-hall,  Cambridge.  He  was  secre- 
tary to  Francis  earl  of  Rutland,  knighted  by 
queen  Elizabetli,  and  made  master  of  the 
Charter-house.  He  died  1637.  lie  wrote 
besideaa  survey  of  the  great  duke's  estate  in 
Tuscany  4tr.  method  for  travel,  or  a  state  of 
France,  in  1598,  4to. 

DAi.MATi>f,  Geoi-ge,  a  Lutheran,  minis- 
ter of  Lay  bach  in  Carniola,  from  which  he 
was  expelled  by  the  violence  of  the  catholics 
1598.  He  was  protected  in  his  disgrace  by 
the  baron  of  Aursperg,  in  whose  house  it  13 
said  he  died.  He  translated  the  bible  into 
the  Sclavonian  language  1584,  and  wrote 
some  tracts. 

Da  LM  AT  I  us,  a  bishop  of  Cyzicum,  who 
attended  the  council  of  Ephesus,  and  wrote 
the  acts  of  the  synod  of  Nice. 

Dalrymple,  David,  son  of  sir  James 
Dalrymple  bart.  auditor  of  the  exchequer 
for  Scotland,  was  born  in  Edinburgh  28th 
October  1726.  His  mother  was  Christian, 
daughter  of  Earl  Haddington.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  Eton,  from  whence  he  removed  t« 
Utrecht,  whex*e  he  continued  till  1746.  In 
1748  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  advocate.  His  name 
as  a  lawyer  was  so  eminent  that  he  was  rais- 
ed in  1766  to  the  dignity  of  one  of  the  judges 
of  the  court  of  session,  when  he  assumed,  as 
is  usual,  the  appellation  of  lord  Hailes,  by 
which  he  is  best  known  among  the  learned. 
He  became  however  conspicuous,  not  less  by 
his  learning,  and  his  writings,  than  by  his  in- 
tegrity, candor,  and  firmness,  as  a  judge.  In 
1773  he  published  remarks  on  the  history  of 
Scotland,  and  in  1776  and  1779,  annals  of" 
Scotland,  2  vols.  4to.  containing  the  history 
of  14  Scottish  kings ;  which  valuable  work, 
however,  the  author  did  not  complete.  He 
published  besides,  memorials  and  letters  re- 
lating to  the  history  of  Britain,  in  the  reign 
of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  2  vols.  1762  and 
17GG — a  catalogue  of  the  lords  of  session 
from  1532 — biographia  Scotica — remains  ojt 
christian  antiquity,  3  vols,  and  other  nume- 
rous tracts  on  antiquities,  history,  divinity, 
kc.  Lord  Hailes,  though  infirm  in  health, 
sat  on  the  bench  till  within  three  days  of  his 
death,  which  happened  29th  Nov.   1792,  in 


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Tiis  CCtli  year,  fie  lefL  no  male  issue,  hut 
only  two  daughters  In'  two  tliircrciit  wives. 

Dalton,  Michael,  nit  Kiipjiish  lawyer, 
born  iti  Cuinhridgesliirc,  and  bred  at  Liii- 
cohi's-iiiii.  lie  wrote  a  well  kiiown  book,  on 
the  ofHce  of  ajustice  (A'  i»eace,  and  on  the  du- 
ty of  sherifi's.  Hi;  was  queen's  counsel  in 
IJO'J,  and  died  before  tlie  ci\il  wars. 

Dalton,  John,  I).  I),  was  born  at  Dcane 
in  Cumberland,  where  his  father  was  rector, 
1709.  lie  was  educated  at  J-owther,  :iiid  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxfoixl,  and  l)ecainc  tutoi- 
to  lord  l{eauchan)[i.  lie  employed  him- 
self in  the  mean  tinie,  in  adapting  Millon's 
ma!H[ue  at  Ludlow-castle  to  the  stage,  wliich 
he  rendered,  by  a  judicious  selection  of  songs 
from  other  works  of  the  author,  and  some 
of  his  own,  a  very  popular  piece,  still  known 
and  admired  under  the  title  of  *'  Comus." 
During  the  celebrity  of  this  performance, 
he  sought  out  .Milton's  grand-(Taughter,  who 
■was  overwhelmed  with  old  age  aiui  i)overty, 
and  honorably  exerted  his  influence  to  pro- 
cure her  a  benefit,  which  produced  her  120/. 
His  ill  health  afterwards  preven.ted  him  from 
attending  his  noble  pupil,  who  unfortunately 
diecl  of  the  small-pox  at  Bologna.  After  be- 
ing elected  to  a  fellowship  in  his  college,  he 
took  orders,  and  was  presented  some  time 
after,  by  the  duke  of  Somerset,  to  the  living 
of  St.  Mary  at  Hill,  and  by  his  influence  to  a 
prebend  at  Worcester,  where  he  died  1763. 
lie  published  a  volume  of  sermons,  1757 — 
two  epistles,  4to. — a  descriptive  poem  on  the 
coal  mines  near  Whitehaven — remarks  on 
12  historical  designs  of  Uaphael.  His  broth- 
er Richard  was  librarian  to  the  king,  and 
published  a  description  of  some  pi'ints,  from 
drawings  of  his  own,  of  the  procession  to 
Mecca. 

Dalzell,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Greek 
scholar,  born  at  liatho,  near  ILdinburgh, 
about  1750.  From  his  village  school  he  came 
to  Edinburgh,  and  studied  w  ith  such  zeal 
and  application,  that  he  became  professor 
of  the  Greek  language  in  the  university, 
keeper  of  the  university  library,  and  (me  of 
tlie  secietaries  of  the  royal  society  of  Kd- 
inburgh,  &c.  His  literary  acquirements 
Avere  such,  that  lie  was  selected  to  superlrv 
tesid  the  education  of  the  present  lord  Lau- 
derdale, whom  he  accompanied  on  the  con- 
tinent. As  a  professor,  Mr.  Dalzell  posses- 
sed great  abilities  and  powerful  elo(|uence, 
hud  his  lectures  were  so  popular,  that  the 
study  of  the  Greek  language  which  h:id  long 
been  neglected  in  Scotland,  became  under 
his  auspices,  a  favorite  pursuit  with  the 
youthful  students  of  the  university.  To  fa- 
cilitate the  labors  of  his  pupils,  he  devoted 
much  of  his  time  in  the  composition  of  val- 
uable notes,  in  the  elucidation  of  the  Greek 
classics,  which  he  publisljed  under  the  name 
of  Analecta  minora  8c  majora,  &c.  He 
wrote  besides,  some  papei's  on  biograjdiy, 
and  on  literary  subjects  in  the  Kdinburgli 
society  transactions,  and  recommended  to 
the  English  student.  Chevalier's  description 
of  the  plain  of  Troy,  by  giving  an  elegant 
u-anslationof  it,  enriched  with  learned  notes, 
vol.    T.  52 


He  also  edited  the  posthumous  woiks  of  liis 
father-in-law  Dr.  J.  Drvsdale,  wh(»ni  he  suc- 
ceeded as  principal  clerk  to  the  general  as- 
sembly of  the  church  of  Scotland.  Tfiis 
amiable  man  and  elegant  scholar  died  8th 
December  1800. 

Dak"ziei.,  Thomas,  a  .Scotch  officer,  ta- 
ken prisoner  at  the  defeat  at  Worcester, 
and  confined  in  the  tower,  from  which  he 
es(;;i[)ed  to  Russia,  where  the  czar  made 
him  a  general.  At  the  restoration  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  (Jharles  II.  made 
him,  for  his  many  services,  conimander  in 
chief  of  all  his  forces  in  Scotland.  He  was 
a  singular  man  in  his  dress  and  appearance. 
He  had  been  brought  up  hardy,  and  af- 
ter the  death  of  Charles  1.  he  never  shaved 
his  beard,  which  grew  white  and  bushy,  and 
descended  to  his  middle.  His  bald  head  was 
generally  covered  with  a  beaver  hat,  the 
brim  of  which,  was  not  more  than  three  in- 
ches broad.  He  generally  carne  to  London 
once  or  twice  a  year,  to  kiss  the  king's  hand, 
who  liad  great  regard  for  him,  but  whenev- 
er he  appeared  in  the  capital,  tlie  singulari- 
ty of  his  dress  and  appearance  drew  crowd.? 
of  boys  around  him.  The  time  of  his  death, 
is  unknown. 

Damascenus,  John,  a  learned  father  of 
the  church,  born  at  Damascus.  He  died 
about  750.  His  works  were  edited,  2  vols, 
fol.  1712,  Paris. 

Damascivs,  a  stoic  philosopher,  pupil 
to  Isidorus,  whose  life  he  wrote.  He  lior- 
ished  about  540,  A.  D. 

Dam  AS  us  I.  a  Spaniard,  raised  to  the  pa- 
pal throne  306.  Though  warmly  opi)09ed 
by  Ursiu  the  antipope,  he  was  acknowledg- 
ed by  the  Italian  bishops,  and  by  the  coun- 
cil of  Aquileia,  who  condemned  his  oppo- 
nent. He  was  a  zealous  enemy  to  the  ten- 
ets of  the  Arians,  and  died  384,  aged  80. 
Some  of  his  letters  have  been  published. 

Damasus  H.  bishop  of  Brixen,  was  elect- 
ed pope  on  the  day  of  the  resignation  of  Ben- 
edict IX.  Hedied  at  Palestrina,  23  days  af- 
ter his  election,  104S. 

Dambouuney,  N.  was  born  at  Rouen, 
10th  May  172»,  and  died  there,  2d  June 
1795.  He  distinguished  himself,  not  only  as 
a  merchant,  but  as  a  man  of  science,  well 
acquainted  with  philosophy  and  chemistry. 
He  made  some  curious  experiments  on 
plants,  kc.  and  jjublished  valuable  tracts. 

Da  Ml  ex,  Peter,  cardinal  and  bishop  of 
Ostia  in  the  eleventh  century,  was  origmal- 
ly  a  Benedictine  monk,  whom  his  superiors 
and  not  his  ambition  raised  to  places  of  em- 
inence and  dignity.  He  publicly  condemned 
the  wars  whicli  the  popes  carried  on  i.^ainst 
the  emperors,  and  assei-tcd,  from  the  exam- 
ple of  (;ur  Saviour,  that  the  ecclesiastics 
were  to  oppose  their  enemies,  not  by  the  arms 
of  the  flosh,  but  by  the  sword  of  the  spirit. 
He  was  equally  severe  against  the  licentious 
manners  of  his  age,  which  lie  attempted  to 
correct  and  reform.  His  works  were  print- 
ed at  I'aris  1003.     He  died  about  1073. 

L^AMiEXS,  Robert  Francis,  a  French- 
man, known  for  his  attempt  to  assassinate 


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Lewis  XV.  He  vas  executed  28th  March, 
1757,  in  a  manner  most  horrible  and  wan- 
tonly barbarous.     Vid.  Chaste L. 

Da  MO,  the  daughter  of  Pythagoras,  was 
•well  skilled  in  the  philosophy  of  her  illus- 
trious father. 

Damon,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  friendship  with  Pythias, 
•which  Dionysius  the  tyrant  saw,  and  desired 
to  share. 

Damon,  au  Athenian  musician,  the  friend 
of  Socrates. 

Damocles,  a  flatterer  in  the  court  of 
Dionysius,  who,  for  a  while,  assumed  the 
dress  and  dignity  of  the  tyrant,  to  experi- 
ence M'hat  happiness  existed  on  a  throne. 

D  A  M  o  CR 1 1  u  s,  a  Greek  historian,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  tactics,  and  of  another  on  the 
.Tews,  whom  he  accused  of  worshipping  the 
head  of  an  ass. 

Damours,  Lewis,  a  French  lawyer,  who 
died  16th  Nov,  1788,  author  of  a  life  of  Ni- 
non de  I'Enclos,  and  other  works  of  little 
merit. 

Dampier,  John,  a  native  of  Blois,  who 
entered  among  the  cordeliers,  and  was  di- 
rector of  a  nunnei'y  at  Orleans,  where  he  di- 
ed before  1550.  His  Latin  poems,  after  the 
manner  of  Catullus,  are  elegant  and  valua- 
ble, and  are  published  in  the  first  volume  of 
the  delicije  poetarum  Gallorum. 

Dampier,  Capt.  William,  a  famous  na- 
vigator, born  at  East  Coker  in  Somerset- 
shire, 1652  He  early  M'ent  to  sea,  and  join- 
ed captain  Cook,  in  order  to  cx'uize  against 
the  Spaniards.  They  accordingly  proceed- 
ed to  the  South-seas  through  the  straits  of 
Magellan,  where  they  took  several  prizes, 
and  where  Cook  died,  1684,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  command  by  Davis.  They  after- 
wards attacked  and  burned  the  tov/n  of  Pla- 
ta, and  then  advanced  to  the  bay  of  Pana- 
ma, near  which  they  took  a  Spanish  ship 
sent  with  dispatches  to  Lima,  and  from  the 
intelligence  received  on  board  they  medita- 
ted an  attack  on  the  plate  ships,  which  ended 
unsuccessfully.  Their  next  attack  wasagainst 
Leon,  on  the  Mexican  coast,  which  they 
destroyed,  and  also  Rio  Leja,  and  there 
Dampier  left  Davis,  and  sailed  with  captain 
Swan,  to  examine  more  fully  the  northern 
parts  of  the  Mexican  shore  ;  but  meeting 
with  no  success,  and  being  disappointed  in 
their  wishes  to  sieie  the  rich  Manilla  ship, 
they  sailed  across  the  great  Pacific  ocean  for 
the  East  Indies.  After  visiting  St.  John's 
island.  New  Holland,  Triest,  and  Nicobar, 
Dampier  left  his  companions,  and  arrived 
at  the  English  factory  at  Achan,  where  he 
afterwards  engaged  with  captain  Wcldon  iu 
trading  voyages  for  15  months,  and  then  en- 
tered as  gunner  at  a  factory  at  Bencoolen. 
In  1691  he  ma<!e  his  escape  from  the  vigi- 
lance of  the  governor,  and  brought  all  liis 
papers  and  journals  with  him,  and  reached 
the  Downs,  Sept.  I6rh.  As  he  was  now  in 
want  of  money  he  sold  his  share  in  an  Indi- 
an prince,  whom  his  companions  carried 
about  for  exhibition.  He  was  afterwards 
engaged  for  three  years,  till  1711,  in  a  voy- 


I  age  under  the  British  mercliants  to  the  South 
'  seas,  of  which  he  has  recoi'ded  several  cu- 
rious and  very  interesting  particular.s.  His 
voyage  round  the  world  has  been  frequently 
published,  and  is  considered  as  an  accurate 
and  valuable  performance.  The  time  o£ 
Dampier's  death  is  unknown.  A  good  like- 
ness of  him  is  preserved  in  Trinily-house, 
Tower-hill. 

Dampierre,  N.  a  French  general,  who 
distinguished  himself  under  Dumourier  at 
the  battle  of  Jemappe.  Though  active  and 
warlike  he  was  driven  from  Aix-la-chapelle, 
and  was  beaten  by  the  allies  at  Quaivrain. 
As  he  was  examining  the  works  of  the  ene- 
my his  thigh  M'as  carried  ott'by  a  canon  ball 
from  an  English  battery,  before  the  camp  at 
P'amars,  and  he  died  two  days  after,  10th 
May  1793. 

Dan,  the  §fth  son  of  Jacob  by  Bilhah  the 
maid  of  Kachel,  was  tlie  head  of  a  tribe, 
whose  teri'itories  were  on  the  shores  of  the 
Meditei-rancan  between  Joppa  and  Ascalon. 

Dancer,  Daniel,  a  well  known  miser 
born  near  Harrow,  Middlesex.  The  love  of 
money  was  the  ruling  principle  in  his  fami- 
ly, and  when  he  inherited  his  paternal  es- 
tate, Avhich  was  considerable,  he  pursued 
the  same  plan  of  rigid  mean  parsimony.  His 
intercourse  with  the  world  was  merely  in 
the  selling  of  his  hay,  and  the  other  pro- 
duce of  his  farm,  and  the  winter  comforts 
of  his  fire  side,  in  his  inhospitable  house, 
arose  from  the  scant}'  supplies  laboriously 
collected  from  the  hedges,  or  the  scattered 
boughs  on  the  neighboring  common.  On  the 
death  of  his  sister,  from  whom  he  received 
some  property,  he  exchanged  the  hay  bands 
which  hitherto  had  protected  his  legs,  for 
a  second-hand  pair  of  black  worsted  stock- 
ings, which  were  the  only  tokens  of  his 
mourning.  This  singular  character  died 
1794,  aged  80,  and  left  the  whole  of  his 
property  to  lady  Tempest,  who  it  seems 
had  behaved  towai*ds  him  with  charity,  in 
the  hope  of  alleviating  his  apparent  poverty. 

Danchet,  Anthony,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  liiorn  1671.  At  19  he  became  profes- 
sor of  rhetoric  at  Chartres,  and  four  years 
after  he  came  to  Paris,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  write  for  the  theatre.  He  was 
member  of  the  French  academy  and  of  that 
of  inscriptions,  and  had  also  a  place  in  the 
king's  library.  He  died  1748,  universally 
esteemed  as  much  for  his  private  character 
as  for  his  writings.  His  works,  consisting 
of  tragedies,  songs,  operas,  &c.  were  printed 
at  Paris  1751,  4  vols.  VZmo. 

Dandini,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Cesena  in  Italy  1554.  He  was  the  first  of 
his  order  Avho  taught  philosophy  at  Paris. 
He  was  in  consequence  of  his  learning  rector 
of  the  colleges  of  Fei*rara,  Forli,  Bologna, 
Parma,  and  Milan.  He  also  taught  phdoso- 
phy  at  Perugia  1596,  when  he  was  appoint- 
ed by  pope  tjlement  VHI.  to  be  his  legate  to 
the  Maronites  of  mount  Libanus.  He  wrote 
an  account  of  bis  journey  in  Italian,  which 
Simon  translated  into  French.  Dandini  di- 
ed at  Forli  1634,  aged  80.    His  comment^' 


DA 


DA 


fy  on  Aristotle's  three  books  «lc  animi\,  ap- 
peared at  Paris  IGll,  folio,  and  his  ethics  at 
Cesena  1651. 

Dandini,  Pietro,  an  eminent  painter, 
horn  at  Florence  1G4G.  He  studied  under 
ValerioSpada,  and  his  uncle  Vincentio  Uan- 
diui,  and  after  tra>elling  throuj^h  Italy  he 
resided  for  some  time  at  Venice,  and  albo 
at  Parma  and  Modena,  that  he  miglit  moie 
carefully  view  and  copy  the  finest  pieces  of 
the  greatest  masters.  On  his  return  to 
Florence  he  was  employed  by  the  grand 
duke  in  adorning  his  palaces  from  subjects 
from  sacred  and  fabulous  history,  as  well  as 
in  fancy  and  caricature  pieces.  His  genius 
■was  great,  and  he  displayed  astonishing  pow- 
ers in  the  imitation  of  Titian,  Veronese, 
and  Tintoretto.  He  died  1712.  His  son  Oc- 
tavio  was  equally  eminent  as  a  painter. 

Daxdini,  Cxsare,  an  historical  painter 
of  Florence.  He  was  extremely  correct  in 
his  drawings,  and  his  pieces  were  all  finish- 
ed in  a  superior  style.  His  altar  pieces  at 
Florence  are  greatly  admired,  especially 
that  of  the  chapel  I'Annonciata.  He  was 
brother  to  Vincentio  and  'uncle  to  Pietro. 

Dan  DIN  I,  Hercule  Francois,  jirofessor 
of  law  at  Padua,  died  1747,  aged  56.  He 
was  author  of  several  learned  works,  de  scri- 
bendi  ratione,  de  servitutibus  priediorum  in-- 
terpretationes  per  epistolas,  &cc. 

Dandolo,  Henry,  a  Venetian,  raised 
to  the  rank  of  doge  of  his  country  1192. 
Though  then  84  years  old,  vigor,  wisdom, 
and  activity  marked  his  government.  He 
conquered  Zara  which  had  revolted,  engag- 
ed in  the  crusades,  and  displayed  astonisli- 
ing  valor  at  the  siege  of  Constantinople.  He 
was  in  consequence  of  his  services  created 
lord  of  Romania,  and  died  1205. 

Dandolo,  Andrew,  doge  of  Venice, 
made  an  alliance  with  Eg}'pt,  which  pro- 
duced a  rupture  with  the  Genoese,  who 
were  jealous  of  his  prosperity.  He  died 
1354,  aged  44.  He  wrote  an  history  of  Ye- 
nice,  and  as  the  friend  of  literature  corres- 
ponded with  Petrarch  and  other  learned 
men. 

D^NDRE  Bardon,  Michael  Francois, 
known  as  a  painter  and  as  a  writer,  was  born 
at  Aix  in  Provence,  22d  JMay  1700,  and  died 
14th  April  178;1.  He  was  jtrofessor  of  the 
academy  of  painting,  and  was  admired  for 
his  historical  pieces.  He  wrote,  besides  some 
poetry  of  inferior  merit,  the  life  of  Carlo 
Vanlo,  l2rao.  1765 — treatise  on  painting, 
sculpture,  he. — well  known  Miecdotes  on 
the  death  of  Bouchaidon — conference  on 
the  utility  of  history  to  arti'^ts. 

Dandrieu,  John  Francis,  a  famous  mu- 
sician, who  died  at  Paris  1740,  aged  56.  He 
composed  three  books  of  pieces  for  the  harp- 
sicord,  one  for  the  or^an,  with  pieces  for 
Christmas,  much  admired  by  connoisseurs. 

Daneau  or  Danjeus,  Lambert,  a  Cal- 
vanist  preacher,  who  was  born  at  Orleans, 
and  died  at  Casti-es  in  1596,  aged  66.  He 
taught  theology  at  Leyden,  and  published 
commentaries  on  Matthew  and  Mark,  a  po- 
etical system  of  geography,  aphorismi  poUti- 
«i  &c  militare;. 


Danes,  Peter,  born  at  Paris,  studied  at 
the  college  of  Navarre,  and  was  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  the  college  royal  for  five  years.  He 
was  tutor  to  the  dauphin  afterwards  Francis 
H.  and  he  was  preseiit  at  the  council  of 
Trent,  where  he  delivered  a  celebrated 
speech  in  15)0.  During  his  stay  at'l'rent  he 
was  made  bishop  of  liuvaur.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris 23d  April  1577,  aged  80.  He  was  a  pre- 
late of  extensive  learning,  commanding  elo- 
quence, great  gravity  of  manners  and  genu- 
ine piety.  He  wrote  several  things,  but  ne- 
ver set  his  name  to  them.  The  10th  book 
of  Paulus  it^milius' history  of  Fraiice  is  at- 
tributed to  him.  His  opuscula,  with  his  life, 
v;ere  published  by  his  kinsnjan  Peter  Hilany 
Danes  in  17J1,  4to. 

Da  net,  Peter,  a  French  abb(^*,  among 
those  learned  men  who  publisheil  the  cla-  - 
sics  for  the  use  of  the  dauphin.  He  published 
Phaedrus  with  notes,  besides  a  dictionary, 
and  other  works,  and  died  at  Paris  1709. 

Dangeau,  Louis Courcillon  <le,  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  abbot  of  Cler- 
mont and  Fontaine-Daniel,  was  born  at  Pa- 
ris, Jan.  1643,  and  died  there  Jan.  1st,  1723. 
He  usefully  devoted  his  tinie  to  facilitate  the 
study  of  belles  lettres,  history  and  geography, 
for  which  he  invented  several  new  and  ingeni- 
ous games.  He  pubhshed  a  new  method  to 
learn  historical  geography,  two  vols  foUo. — 
the  principles  of  heraldry  in  14  plates  4to— - 
historical  games  of  the  kings  of  France — 
reflections  on  the  parts  of  grammar — of  the 
election  of  the  emperor.  His  principal  work 
is  the  dialogues  on  the  Immortality  of  the 
sold,  attributed  by  some  to  the  abbe  de  Cho- 
isi.  He  was  master  of  a  great  variety  of  lan- 
guages, but  his  benevolence  was  equal  to  his 
learning.  By  economy  he  was  in  possession 
of  a  respectable  income,  which  was  liberally 
applied  to  the  relief  of  indigence  and  dis- 
tress. 

Dangeau,  Pliilip  de  Courcillon,  marquis 
de,  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
1638.  He  was  a  great  favorite  at  the  court 
of  Lewis  XIV.  for  his  many  accomplishments, 
and  his  taste  for  literature  procured  him  a 
seat  in  the  French  academy  and  in  that  of 
sciences.  He  died  at  Paris  1720,  at  the  age 
of  82,  grand  master  of  the  military  orders  of 
N.  dame  du  mont  Carmel,  and  Lazarus  of 
Jerusalem.  His  conversation,  manners,  dis- 
interestedness, and  many  other  virtues,  were 
the  admiration  of  the  age.  He  left  some  me- 
moirs in  MS.  from  which  Voltaire,  Hcnault, 
and  la  Beaumelle,  have  drawn  some  curious 
particulars.  There  is  also  another  MS.  in 
which  he  exhibits  in  a  very  interesting  man- 
ner the  char.acter  of  Lewis  Xl\.  among  his 
courtiers. 

Danhewer,  John  Conrad,  a  native  of 
theBrisgaw  of  the  Lutheran  persuasion.  He 
was  theological  professor  at  Strasburg,  where 
he  died  1666,  aged  03.  He  was  author  of 
some  theological  tracts,  and  violently  oppo- 
sed the  intended  union  between  the  Calvan- 
ists  and  the  Lutherans. 

Danican,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Drieux 
near  Paris,  nicknamed  Philidor  by  the  king 


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r)A 


of  France.  lie  was  a  great  chess  plajer.  lie 
published  at  London  1749,  his  analyse  du 
jeu  des  echecs,  and  his  musical  composition  of 
the  carmen  seculare  of  Horace,  so  mucli  ad- 
mired, was.  performed  at  Freemasons-hall 
1779,  as  also  Congreve's  ode  to  harmony. 
He  was  esteemed  for  liis  many  private  good 
qualities,  as  ■well  as  his  singular  dexteritv  at 
chess.  He  played,  not  two  months  before 
his  death,  two  games  at  the  same  time  and 
blindfolded,  with  two  of  the  best  chess  play- 
ers of  the  country,  and  was  declared  ^  ictori- 
ous.  His  infirmities  were  increased  by  a 
malevolent  insinuation  that  he  was  a  person 
suspected  by  government,  and  he  gradually 
sunk  into  the  grave,  after  a  long  residence 
in  lingland,  .31st  August  1795,  aged  above  70 

Daniel,  the  last  of  the  foni-  great  pro- 
pliets,  was  of  the  ro3'al  blood  of  .ludah,  and 
Avas  carried  away  a  captive  to  Babylon  6u6 
B.C.  He  was  there  educated  to  become  one  of 
the  favorites  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  his 
name  was  changed  to  Belteshazzar.  So  ra- 
pid was  his  progress  in  the  sciences  and  the 
language  of  Chaldea,  and  so  great  his  wisdom, 
that  the  king  intrusted  him  with  the  govern- 
ment of  Babylon,  and  made  him  chief  of  the 
magi,  upon  his  true  exphination  ©f  the  dream 
of  the  mystic  statue,  which  prefigured  the 
four  great  empires  of  Ass3ria,  Persia,  Alex- 
ander, and  bis  successors.  He  acquired  sin- 
gular celebrity  by  explaining  the  writing  up- 
on the  wall  under  Belshazzar,  and  under 
Darius  he  became  prime  minister.  His  fa- 
vor with  the  king  however  excited  the  envy 
of  the  courtiers,  and  he  was  by  their  intrigues 
thrown  into  the  den  of  lions,  for  refusing  to 
honor  Darius  with  divine  homage.  His  pres- 
ervation in  tliis  dreadful  situation  restored 
him  to  the  royal  favor,  and  brought  on  the  de- 
struction of  his  enemies.  The  book  of  Dan- 
iel is  w-ritten  partly  in  Hebrew,  and  partly  in 
Chaldee. 

Daxiel,  Arnauld,  a  native  of  Tarascon, 
tinder  Alphonsus  I.  couiU  of  Provence.  He 
■wrote  several  poems,  from  which  Petrarch 
received  great  assistance.  He  died  about 
1189. 

Daniel,  Peter,  a  learned  advocate  of  Or- 
leans, died  at  Paris  16U3.  He  published  the 
aulularia  of  Plantusand  commentaries  ofSer- 
vius  on  Virgil.  His  libraiy,  which  was  very 
valuable,  was  afterwards  conveyed  partly  to 
Stockholm,  and  partly  to  the  Vatican. 

Daniel,  Samuel,  an  Hnglish  poet  and 
historian  born  at  Taunton  in  Somersetshire 
15C)-2.  He  entered  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, but  after  three  years'  residence  left  the 
university  without  a  degree,  and  by  tiie  in- 
fluence of  his  brother-in-law  John  P^lorio,  he 
became  groom  of  the  privy  chandjer  to  Anne 
queen  of  James  I.  He  had  succeeded  Spen- 
ser as  i>otjt  laureat,  and  by  his  genius  and 
learning  he  gained  the  friendship  of  the  most 
emint'iit  men  of  tlie  times,  such  as  Camden, 
sir  .lohn  Harrington,  Spelman,  Cotton,  Ben 
Jonson,  Owen,  btradling,  he.  He  lived, 
while  ne:»r  the  courl,  at  a  house  in  Old-street, 
■where  he  composed  many  of  his  dramatic, 
pieces,  but  in  his  old  Sge  he-went   to  reside 


at  a  farm  ■which  he  had  at  Beckinglon,  Soni' 
ersetshire,  where  he  ended  his  days  in  peace 
and  retirement  1G19.  His  poetical  works, 
consisting  of  dramatic  and  other  lighter  pie- 
ces, besides  a  poem  in  8  books  on  the  wars 
of  York  and  Lancaster,  were  published  in  2 
vols.  12mo.  1718.  His  history  of  England  to 
the  end  of  Edward  HI.  in  2  vols.  4to.  contin- 
ued afterward  by  Tinjssel,  was  written,  it  is 
said  "  with  great  brevity  and  politeness,  and 
his  political  and  moral  reflections  are  very 
fine,  useful,  and  instructive."  This  historv, 
as  Langbamc  observes,  is  the  ci'own  of  all  his 
works.  There  is  another  Samuel  Daniel, 
mentioned  by  Wood  as  publisher  in  1642 
of  "  archiepiscopal  priority  established  by 
Christ,  and  of*'  the  birth,  fife  and  death,  of 
the  Jewish  Unction." 

Daniel,  Gabriel,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  llouen,  8th  February  1049.  At  the 
age  of  IS  he  was  admitted  among  the  Jesuits, 
and  early  began  to  display  his  abilities  by  de- 
livering lectures  on  literature,  jihilosophy, 
and  theology.  One  of  his  first  performances 
was  a  voyage  to  the  world  of  Descartes,  a 
romance,  most  ingenious  and  excellent,  as 
Bolingbroke  observes,  Avhich  ridiculed  the 
Cai'tesian  system,  and  which  became  so  cel- 
ebrated as  to  be  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages. His  great  ^vork  is  his  history  of 
France  to  tlie  death  of  Henry  IV.  published 
at  Paris  in  3  vols,  folio,  1713,  and  afterwards 
corrected  and  enlarged  in  7  vols.  4to.  1722. 
This  work  was  afterwards  continued  to 
the  death  of  Lewis  XIV.  but  in  an  inferior 
style.  Father  Daniel  wrote  besides  several 
theological  and  other  tracts,  one  of  which 
"  dialogues  between  Oleander  and  Eudoxus," 
passed  through  12  editions  in  less  than  2 
years.  All  these  smaller  tracts  were  col- 
lected in  two  vols.  4to.  This  very  learned 
and  amiable  Jesuit  died  at  Paris  23d  June 
1728. 

Dante,  Alighieri,  a  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Florence  27th  May  12G5,  of 
an  ancient  family.  He  early  displayed  his 
poetical  talents,  but  the  ambition  of  being  el- 
evated among  the  ruling  men  of  his  native 
city,  engaged  him  in  all  the  troubles  and 
miseries  of  violent  faction.  His  friends  were 
defeated  in  the  tumult,  and  he  sought  with 
them  safety  in  banishment.  In  his  exile  at 
llavenna,  he  vented  the  severest  shafts  of 
his  resentment  against  his  enemies,  and  be- 
cause the  pope  and  Philii)  of  Valois,  brother 
to  the  French  king,  had  been  instrumental 
in  iiis  dovvnfi\l,  he  ridiculed  them  in  his  wri- 
tings, and  intimated  that  Hugh  Capet  the 
progenitor  of  the  monarch  was  risen  from 
the  mean  occupation  of  a  butcher.  He  also 
incited  the  prince  of  Verona  to  make  war 
against  the  Florentines,  and  to  procure  his 
recall,  but  all  to  little  purpose.  In  his  lion- 
orable  exile,  at  the  court  of  Guy  Polentano, 
prince  of  Ravenna,  he  was  sent  by  that  sove- 
reigii  to  negotiate  with  the  Venetians  who 
wished  to  make  war  against  him,  but  the  ma- 
gistrates of  Venice  treated  the  ambassador 
with  contempt,  and  refused  to  admit  hirn 
within  their  walls.    This  arrogant   conduct 


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DA 


had  such  an  effect  upon  the  sensible  nnd  ir- 
I'itable  fieart  tjf  Dante,  tlwit  :it  his  return  to 
liavenim,  unable  to  survivi'  tbe  allVont,  he 
died  July  13'il,  aged  57.  To  bis  niibtortuites 
perhaps  we  are  indebted  tbi-  his  pncins,  for 
unable  in  revenue  himself  b)  hircc,  he  <]rew 
the  pen  ol" satire  in  his  outi  defence.  His 
triple  pocoi, of  paradise,  jinri^aKnT,  anfi  hell, 
displays  astonishini^  jiowers  ot  genius,  and  at 
once  exhibits  the  suei-tness  and  graces  of 
poetry  with  the  bittei-ness  of  insatiable  ennii- 
ty.  The  rcpntr\(ion  and  the  usiu'ped  power 
of  the  pope,  Boniface  \  III.  tlie  pedigree  of 
the  French  king,  and  the  prostituted  venality 
of  Florence,  that  den  of  tideves,  are  the  sub- 
jects which  engage  and  eiillaniethe  virulence 
of  the  poet.  He  every  where  dis\)!ays  spirit, 
nre,and  sublimity, and  from  his  compositions, 
succeeding  poets  have  learned  not  only  bow  to 
point  the  shaft  of  satire,  but  to  write  with  el- 
egance, dignity,  ami  grace.  His  works  were 
collected  and  printed  at  A^enice  1564,  wilh 
the  notes  of  Christopher  Landini,  and  vari- 
ous and  improved  editions  have  since  that 
time  appeared.  He  wrote  also  a  Latin  work 
on  monarchy,  and  another  dc  vulgari  elo- 
quentia. 

Dante,  Peter  Vincent,  a  native  of  Pe- 
rouse,  who  died  1512.  He  £o  successfidly 
imitated  the  verse  of  the  famous  Dante,  that 
he  was  called  by  his  name.  He  was  emi- 
nent for  his  skill  in  matbematics  and  archi- 
tecture, and  lie  invented  several  useful  ma- 
chines, and  wrote  a  commentary  on  Sacro- 
bosco's  spliere. 

Dante,  Vincent,  grandson  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  well  known  as  a  painter  and 
sculptor  and  mathematician.  He  died  atl*e- 
rouse  1576,  aged  40.  His  statue  of  Julius 
in.  is  mucli  admired.  He  wrote  the  lives  of 
those  who  excelled  in  drawings  for  statues. 
He  refused  the  invitations  of  Philip  H.  of 
Spain  to  finish  the  paintings  of  the  Escurial. 

Dante,  Ignatius,  a  descendant  of  the 
great  poet,  was  born  at  Perugia,  and  became 
known  for  his  skill  in  mathematics  as  well  as 
in  divinity  and  philosophy.  He  read  lecttu'es 
on  geography  at  Bologna,  and  was  engaged 
by  Gregory  XUI.  to  draw  geographical  maps 
and  plans.  He  evinced  such  dexterity  in 
this  that  the  pope  raised  him  to  the  bishopric 
ofAlatri.  He  died  1586.  He  published  in 
15G9at  Florence,  a  treatise  on  the  astrolabe, 
besides  notes  on  tlic  universal  planisphere. 
He  made  a  spliere  of  the  w  orld  in  fire  tables. 
The  meridian  line,  which  he  drew  through 
St.  Petronius' church  in  Bologna  1576,  was 
afterwards  finished  by  Cassini. 

Dante,  John  Baptiste,  of  the  same  fami- 
ly as  the  preceding,  Avas  l>orn  at  Perugia, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  mechani- 
cal powers  in  making  a  pair  of  wings  with 
such  nicety  that  he  could  support  himself 
in  the  air,  and  fly  across  tlie  lake  Thrasy- 
menus.  In  one  of  Ids  exhibitions  before 
the  people  of  Perugia,  one  of  the  wings 
broke  and  he  fell  on  the  top  of  a  church,  and 
shattered  his  thigh.  He  was  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Venice,  and  died 
l)efore  he  w  as  forty  years  old,  about  the  end 
of  the  loth  centtiry.' 


Danton,  ricoi'ge  Jamop,  a  native  of  Ar? 
cis-sui--Anbe,  horn  '26th  October  1759.  He 
was  originally  a  lawyer,  but  the  revolution 
drew  bin)  irito  ptd)lic  notice,  as  the  associate 
of  Kobesjiierre  and  .Marat.  To  an  unprin- 
ci[»Ied  batrcfl  against  Lewis  XVI.  be  added 
tbe  most  ferocious  s[)ii-il,  and  after  viewing 
the  massacres  of  Septernoi-r  with  i)le:\sure, 
he  prt:pared  to  oi-ganize  tbe  public  bmlies  ot 
the  stale  to  it'sist  tlio  invasion  of  the  Prus- 
sians. Untlism.'iyed  amidst  the  general  ter- 
ror, he  opj)Osed  tbe  pi-oject  of  removing  the 
convention  beyonil  tbe  Loire;  but  while  he 
permitted  the  cruelties  of  ;ujarchy,  he  se- 
cretly paved  the  way  for  his  own  elevation  to 
the  sovereign  power.  For  a  while  liobes- 
])ierre  was  his  friend,  bnt  when  he  saw  his 
superior  eloquence,  and  his  influence  among 
the  Jacobins-,  he  marked  him  lor  de^-truction. 
Dragged  befoi-e  tiie  bloody  revolutionary 
fi-ibunal,  which  he  had  jiimscif  established, 
Danton  showed  firumess  and  inditi'erence. 
He  M  as  guillotined  the  first  day  of  April  1794. 
Indolent  yet  cruel,  ambitious  and  vulgar, 
this  bloody  tyrant  possessed  with  a  stentorian 
voice,  the  imposing  powers  of  persuasion, 
and  while  devoted  to  wine.tnd  low  pleasures, 
he  gained  the  good  opinion  of  his  guilty  as- 
sociates by  gross  ribaldry  and  licentious  wit. 

Dantz,  John  Andrew,  a  learned  Luthe- 
i-an  divine,  born  at  Sanhusen  near  Gotha. 
Alter  travelling  in  Holland  and  England,  he 
settled  at  Jena,  where,  as  professor  of  the 
oriental  tongues,  and  of  theology,  he  distin- 
guished himself.  He  died  of  au  apople.vy, 
1727,  aged  73,  He  wrote  Hebrew  and  Chal- 
dee  grammars — sinceritas  sacrce,  scripturae 
veteris  te.'Uamenti — translations  of  rabbinicfil 
writings,  dissertations,  &c. 

Da  RAN,  James,  a  native  of  St.  Frajon  ia 
(iascony,  v/ho  became  surgeon  general  in 
the  imperial  army  at  Turin  and  Milan.  He 
refused  the  honorable  oflTers  of  Amadeus  to 
settle  in  Italy,  and  returned  to  France, 
where  lie  died  1784,  aged  83.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  on  the  virulent  gonorx'hcea — obser- 
vations on  the  diseases  of  the  urethra,  &c. 
He  was  very  exjiert  in  his  operations  in  dis- 
eases of  the  bladder,  of  the  urethra,  &cc. 

Darcet,  N.  an  able  chymist  and  physi- 
cian of  France,  who  was  professor  in  the 
national  institute,  and  died  at  Paris  1801, 
aged  75.  He  made  some  curious  experi- 
ments with  Kouelle  and  Macquer,  and  pub- 
lished some  valuable  memoirs  on  potteries, 
and  on  the  various  kinds  of  earth  to  be  used 
in  those  manufactories.  He  also  analysed 
minerals,  and  gave  to  the  public  the  state  of 
the  Pyrenees,  with  conjectures  on  the  causes 
of  their  gradual  wastin;;?  away,  Jkc. 

Darci,  Patrick  count,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher and  engineer,  born  in  Ireland  1725. 
As  he  was  attached  to  the  Stuart  family,  he 
removed  to  Paris  in  173'J,  and  at  the  age  of 
17  he  distinguished  himself  by  a  new  solution 
of  the  problem  <jf  the  curve  of  equal  j)res- 
sure,  in  a  resisting  medium.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  war  of  1744,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  English.  In  1760  In^  publish- 
ed his  essay  on  artillery,  with  curious  exper- 
'  iments  on  the  charges  of  powder,  b>:c,  and 


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T^A 


of  France.  He  was  a  great  ciicss  plaj'er.  He 
published  at  London  1749,  his  analyse  du 
jeu  des  echecs,  and  his  musical  composition  of 
the  carmen  seculare  of  Horace,  so  much  ad- 
mired, was  performed  at  Freemasons-hall 
1779,  as  also  Congreve's  ode  to  harmony. 
He  was  esteemed  for  liis  many  private  good 
qualities,  as  well  as  his  singular  dexterity  at 
chess.  He  played,  not  two  months  before 
his  death,  two  games  at  tlie  same  time  and 
blindfolded,  with  two  of  the  best  chess  play- 
ers of  the  country,  and  was  declared  \  ictori- 
ons.  Flis  infirmities  were  increased  by  a 
malevolent  insinuation  that  he  was  a  person 
suspected  by  government,  and  he  gradually 
sunk  into  the  grave,  after  a  long  residence 
in  lingland,  31st  August  171)5,  aged  above  70 
Daniel,  the  last  of  the  four  great  pro- 
phets, was  of  the  royal  blood  of  .ludah,  and 
■was  carried  away  a  captive  to  Babylon  606 
H.C.  He  was  there  educated  to  become  one  of 
the  favorites  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  his 
name  was  changed  to  Belteshazzar.  So  ra- 
pid was  bis  progress  in  the  sciences  and  the 
language  of  Chaldea,  and  so  great  his  wisdom, 
that  the  king  intrusted  him  with  the  govern- 
ment of  Babylon,  and  made  him  chief  of  the 
magi,  upon  his  true  explanation  ©f  the  dream 
of  the  mystic  statue,  which  prefigured  the 
four  great  empires  of  Assyria,  Persia,  Alex- 
ander, and  liis  successors.  He  acquired  sin- 
gular celebrity  by  explaining  the  writing  up- 
on the  wall  under  Ijeishazzar,  and  under 
Darius  he  became  prime  minister.  His  fa- 
vor with  the  king  however  excited  the  envy 
of  the  coarliers,  and  he  was  by  their  intrigues 
thrown  into  the  den  of  lions,  for  refusing  to 
honor  Darius  with  divine  homage.  His  pres- 
ervation in  tliis  dreadful  situation  i-estored 
hira  to  the  royal  favor,  and  brought  on  the  de- 
struction of  his  enemies.  The  book  of  Dan- 
iel is  wi-itten  partly  in  Hebrew,  and  partlv  in 
Chaldee. 

Daniel,  Arnauld,  a  native  of  Tarascon, 
tinder  Alphonsus  I.  count  of  Provence.  He 
wrote  several  poems,  from  wiiich  Petrarch 
received  great  assistance.  He  died  about 
1189. 

Daniel,  Peter,  a  learned  advocate  of  Or- 
leans, died  at  Paris  1603.  He  published  the 
aulularia  of  Plantus  and  commentaries  of  Ser- 
vius  on  Virgil.  His  libraiy,  which  was  very 
valuable,  was  afterwards  conveyed  partly  to 
Stockholm,  and  partly  to  the  Vatican. 

Daniel,  Samuel,  an  English  poet  and 
historian  born  at  Taunton  in  Somersetshire 
1562.  He  entered  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, but  after  three  years'  residence  left  the 
tmiversity  without  a  degree,  and  by  tiie  in- 
flv\cnce  of  his  brother-in-law  John  Florio,  he 
became  groom  of  the  privy  chauiber  to  Anne 
queen  of  James  I.  He  jiad  succeeded  Spen- 
ser as  poet  laureat,  au«l  by  his  genius  and 
learning  he  gained  the  friendship  of  the  most 
eminent  men  of  the  times,  such  as  Camden, 
sir  .lohn  Harrington,  Spelman,  Cotton,  Ben 
Jonson,  Ouen,  Stradling,  &c.  }Je  lived, 
■while  near  the  court,  at  a  house  in  Old-street, 
•where  he  composed  many  of  his  dramatic 
pieces,  but  in  his  cUl  Jigc  he -went  to  reside 


at  a  farm  which  he  had  at  Beckington,  Som- 
ersetshire, where  he  ended  his  days  in  peace 
and  retirement  1619.  His  poetical  works, 
consisting  of  dramatic  and  other  lighter  pie- 
ces, besides  a  poem  in  8  books  on  the  wars 
of  York  and  Lancaster,  were  published  in  2 
vols.  l^mo.  1718.  His  history  of  England  to 
the  end  of  Edward  IH.  in  2  vols.  4to.  contin- 
ued afterward  by  Ti-ussel,  was  written,  it  is 
said  "with  great  brevity  and  politeness,  and 
his  political  and  moral  reflections  are  very 
fine,  useful,  and  instructive."  This  historv, 
as  Langbamc  observes,  is  the  crown  of  all  his 
works.  There  is  another  Samuel  Daniel, 
mentioned  by  Wood  as  publisher  in  1642 
of  "archiepiscopal  priority  established  by 
Christ,  and  of  ♦'  the  birth.  Hie  and  death,  of 
the  Jewish  Unction." 

Daniel,  Gabriel,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Rouen,  8th  February  1649.  At  the 
age  of  IS  he  was  admitted  axuong  the  Jesuits, 
and  early  began  to  display  his  abilities  by  de- 
livering lectures  on  literature,  philosophy, 
and  theology.  One  of  his  first  performances 
was  a  voyage  to  the  ■world  of  Descartes,  a 
romance,  most  ingenious  and  excellent,  as 
Bolingbroke  observes,  which  ridiculed  the 
Cartesian  system,  and  which  became  so  cel- 
ebrated as  to  be  translated  into  several  lan- 
guages. His  great  -work  is  his  history  of 
France  to  the  death  of  Henry  IV.  published 
at  Paris  in  3  vols,  folio,  1713,  and  afterwards 
corrected  and  enlai'ged  in  7  vols.  4to.  1722. 
This  work  was  afterwards  continued  to 
the  death  of  Lewis  XIV.  but  in  an  inferior 
style.  Father  Daniel  wrote  besides  seA'eral 
theological  and  other  tracts,  one  of  which 
"  dialogues  between  Oleander  and  Eudoxus," 
passed  through  12  editions  in  less  than  2 
years.  All  these  smaller  tracts  were  col- 
lected in  two  vols.  4to.  This  very  learned 
and  amiable  Jesuit  died  at  Paris  23d  June 
1728. 

Dante,  Alighieri,  a  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  born  at  Florence  27th  May  1265,  of 
an  ancient  family.  He  early  displayed  his 
poetical  talents,  but  the  ambition  of  being  el- 
evated among  the  ruling  men  of  his  native 
city,  engaged  him  in  all  the  troubles  and 
miseries  of  violent  faction.  His  friends  were 
defeated  in  the  tumult,  and  he  sought  with 
them  safety  in  banishment.  In  his  exile  at 
Ravenna,  he  vented  the  severest  shafts  of 
his  resentment  against  his  enemies,  and  be- 
cause the  pope  and  Philip  of  Valois,  brother 
to  tile  Frencjj  king,  had  been  instrumental 
in  iiis  downfiil,  he  ridiculed  them  in  his  wri- 
tings, and  intimated  that  Hugh  Capet  the 
progenitor  of  the  monarch  was  risen  from 
the  mean  occupation  of  a  butcher.  He  also 
incited  the  prince  of  Verona  to  make  war 
against  the  Florentines,  and  to  procure  his 
I'ecall,  but  all  to  little  purpose.  In  his  hon- 
orable exile,  at  the  court  of  Guy  Polentano, 
prince  of  Ravenna,  he  was  sent  by  that  sove- 
reigii  to  negotiate  with  the  Venetians  who 
wished  to  make  Mar  against  him,  but  the  rna- 
gisti-ates  of  Venice  treated  the  ambassador 
with  contempt,  and  refused  to  admit  hirn 
within  their  walls.    This  arrogant   conduc' 


DA 


DA 


had  such  an  effect  upon  the  sensible  nnd  ir- 
I'itable  heart  of  Dante,  that  at  liis  I'etiwn  to 
llavenna,  unable  to  survive  the  affront,  he 
died  July  1321,  aged  57.  To  his  mibt'ortuncs 
perhaps  \vc  are  indebted  tor  bis  poems,  for 
unable  to  revenge  himself  by  force,  he  drew 
the  pen  of  satire  in  his  own  defence.  His 
triple  ])Ocm, of  paradise,  jmrgalory,  and  hell, 
tlisi>lays  astonishing  powers  of  genius,  and  at 
once  exhibits  the  swci-tness  and  gruecs  of 
poetry  Mith  the  bitterness  of  insatiable  enmi- 
ty. The  reputation  and  the  usurjied  power 
of  the  pope,  Bonifice  VHI.  the  ])e(ligree  of 
the  French  king,  and  the  i)robtituted  venality 
of  Florence,  that  den  of  thieves,  are  the  sub- 
jects which  engage  and  enfiametbe  virulence 
of  the  poet.  He  every  where  displays  s])irit, 
fire,  and  sublimity, and  from  his  compositions, 
succeeding  poets  have  learned  not  only  how  to 
point  the  shaft  of  satire,  but  to  write  with  el- 
egance, dignity,  and  grace.  His  works  were 
collected  and  printed  at  Venice  1564,  witli 
the  notes  of  Christopher  Landini,  and  vari- 
ous and  impi'oved  editions  have  since  that 
time  appeared.  He  wrote  also  a  Latin  work 
on  monarchy,  and  another  de  vulgari  elo- 
quentia. 

Dante,  Peter  Vincent,  a  native  of  Pe- 
rouse,  Avho  died  1512.  He  £o  successfnlh' 
imitated  the  verse  of  the  famous  Dante,  that 
he  was  called  by  his  name.  He  Avas  emi- 
nent for  his  skill  in  mathematics  and  archi- 
tecture, and  he  invented  several  useful  ma- 
chines, and  wrote  a  commentary  on  Sacro- 
bosco's  sphere. 

Dante,  Vincent,  grandson  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  well  known  as  a  painter  and 
sculptor  and  mathematician.  He  died  at  Pe- 
rouse  1576,  aged  40.  His  statue  of  Julius 
HI.  is  much  admired.  He  wrote  the  lives  of 
those  who  excelled  in  draAvings  for  statues. 
He  refused  the  invitations  of  Philip  H.  of 
Spain  to  finish  the  paintings  of  the  Escurial. 

Dante,  Ignatius,  a  descendant  of  the 
great  poet,  was  born  at  Perugia,  and  became 
knoAvn  for  his  skill  in  mathematics  as  Avell  as 
in  divinity  and  philosophy.  He  read  lectures 
on  geography  at  Bologna,  and  Avas  engaged 
by  Gregory  XHI.  to  draw  geographical  maps 
and  plans.  He  evinced  such  dexterity  in 
this  that  the  pope  raised  him  to  the  bishoi)ric 
ofAlatri.  He  died  1586.  He  published  in 
15G9  at  Florence,  a  treatise  on  the  astrolabe, 
besides  notes  on  the  universal  planisphere. 
He  made  a  sphere  of  the  w  orld  in  five  tables. 
The  meridian  line,  Avbich  he  di'cw  tlu'ough 
St.  Petronius' church  in  Bologna  157G,  was 
afterwards  finished  by  Cassini. 

Dante,  John  Baptiste,  of  the  same  fami- 
ly as  the  preceding,  Avas  l>orn  at  Perugia, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  mechani- 
cal powers  in  making  a  patr  of  Avings  with 
such  nicety  that  he  could  support  himself 
in  the  air,  and  fly  across  the  lake  Thrasy- 
menus.  In  one  of  his  exhibitions  before 
the  people  of  Perugia,  one  of  the  Avings 
broke  and  he  fell  on  the  top  of  a  church,  and 
shattered  his  thigh.  He  was  afterwards  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Venice,  and  died 
before  he  was  forty  years  old,  about  the  end 
of  the  15th  century.' 


Dan  TON,  George  James,  a  native  of  Ar? 
cis-sui"-AuI>e,  born  20)  h  October  1750.  He 
was  originally  a  lawyer,  but  the  revolution 
drew  him  into  pi\blic  notice,  as  the  associate 
of  Robespierre  an<l  .Marat.  To  an  unprin- 
cipled hatred  against  Lewis  XVI.  he  added 
the  most  ferocious  spii'it,  and  after  viewing 
(he  massacres  of  Septemair  with  ])leasure, 
lie  prepared  to  organize  the  public  I)wlie3  of 
(he  stale  to  i-tjsist  tlie  invasion  of  the  I'rus- 
sians.  Undismayed  amidst  the  general  ter- 
ror, he  opposed  the  project  of  removing  the 
convention  beyond  the  Loire;  but  while  he 
permitted  the  cruelties  of  anarchy,  he  se- 
cretly paved  the  way  for  his  OAvn  elevation  to 
the  sovereign  power.  For  a  while  Kobes- 
l)ierre  Avas  his  friend,  but  v.hcn  he  saAv  his 
superior  eloquence,  and  his  influence  among 
the  Jacobins-^  he  marked  him  for  destruction. 
Dragged  before  the  bloody  revolutionary 
ti'ibunal,  which  he  had  himself  established, 
Danton  shoAved  firumeos  and  indifference. 
He  Avas  guillotined  the  first  day  of  April  1794. 
Indolent  yet  cruel,  ambitious  and  vulgar, 
tliis  bloody  tyrant  possessed  with  a  stentorian 
voice,  the  imposing  powers  of  persuasion, 
and  w  hile  dcAoted  to  Avine  and  Ioav  pleasures, 
liC  gained  the  good  opinion  of  his  guilty  as- 
sociates by  gross  ribaldry  and  licentious  A^it. 

Dantz,  John  Andrew,  a  learned  Luthe- 
ran divine,  born  at  Sanhusen  near  Gotha. 
Alter  travelling  in  Holland  and  England,  he 
settled  at  Jena,  Avhere,  as  professor  of  the 
oriental  tongues,  and  of  theology,  he  distin- 
guished himself  He  died  of  an  apoplexy, 
1727,  aged  73,  He  Avrote  Hebrew  and  Chal- 
dee  grammars — sinceritas  sacrce,  scripture 
veteris  teslamenti — translations  of  rabbinicfil 
Avritings,  dissertations,  &c. 

Daran,  James,  a  native  of  St.  Frajon  ia 
(iascony,  who  became  surgeon  general  in 
the  imperial  army  at  Turin  and  Milan.  He 
refused  the  honorable  offers  of  Amadeus  to 
settle  in  Italy,  and  returned  to  France, 
where  he  died  1784,  aged  83.  He  w  rote  a 
treatise  on  the  virulent  gonorrhoea — obser- 
A-ations  on  the  diseases  of  the  urethra,  &c. 
He  Avas  very  expert  in  his  operations  in  dis- 
eases of  the  bladder,  of  the  urethra.  Sec. 

Darcet,  N.  an  able  chymist  and  physi- 
cian of  France,  Avho  v.as  professor  in  the 
national  institute,  and  died  at  Paris  1801, 
aged  75.  He  made  some  curious  experi- 
ments with  Kouelle  and  Macquer,  and  pub- 
lished some  valuable  memoirs  on  potteries, 
and  on  the  Aarious  kinds  of  earth  to  be  used 
in  those  manufactories.  He  also  analysed 
minerals,  and  gave  to  the  public  the  state  of 
the  Pyrenees,  with  conjectures  on  the  causes 
of  their  gradual  Avasting  away,  &:c. 

Darci,  Patrick  count,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher and  engineer,  born  in  Ireland  1725. 
As  he  was  attached  to  the  Stuart  family,  he 
removed  to  Paris  in  1739,  and  at  the  at-e  of 
17  he  distinguished  himself  by  a  new  solution 
of  the  problem  of  the  curve  of  equal  pres- 
sure, in  a  resisting  medium.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  Avar  of  1744,  and  A^as  taken 
prisoner  by  the  English.  In  1760  he  publish- 
ed his  essay  on  artillery,  Avith  curious  exper- 
iments on  the  chuTges  of  powder,  Sec,  and 


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in  1765  appeared  liis  memoir  on  the  du- 
ration of  tlie  sensation  of  sight.  This  is  the 
most  ingenious  of  his  works,  and  proves  him 
to  he  an  jiccurate  experimentalist.  His  me- 
moir on  iiydratdic  machines,  and  also  his 
otht,-r  works  ou  experimental  philosophy, 
evince  a  great  geniui*,  and  a  man  who  to  the 
patience  of  obt»rvation  united  great  and 
quick  liiscrimiiiation,  and  solidity  of  judg- 
ment. Thoiigli  an  e\ile  he  was  attached  to 
his  country,  and  loved  the  nante  of  an  Irish- 
man. He  died  at  Paris,  of  a  cholera  morhus 
in  177U. 

Dargonne,  Dom  Bonaventui'e,  a  learn- 
ed Carthusian  monk,  vho  died  1704,  aged 
6i.  He  is  author  of  un  traite  de  la  lecture 
des  percs  de  I'eglise — des  melanges  d'his- 
toire  &  de  literature — and  other  things. 

Darius,  the  Alede,  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  Cyaxarcs  the  sou  of  Astyages,  who 
died  at  Babylon,  about  348  B.  C. 

Darivs  I.  son  of  Hystaspes,  was  king  of 
Persia  after  Camhyses,  and  after  the  de- 
struction of  the  usurper  Smerdis.  His  se- 
lection out  of  the  seven  nobles,  who  had 
united  to  dethrone  the  impostor,  was  owinj^' 
to  the  neighing  of  his  horse.  He  destroyed 
Babylon,  and  restored  the  captive  Jev/s  to 
their  country.  His  forces  were  defeated  a* 
Marathon  by  Miltiades,  and  he  died  B.  C. 
4!i.5,  as  he  prepared  to  invade  Greece. 

Darius  H.  king  of  Persia,  afterhis  father 
Artaxerxes,  was  fathei'  of  Avtr.xer.'ics  and 
Cyrus  the  younger.  He  died  in  the  19th 
year  of  his  reign,  B.  C  404. 

Darius  HI.  the  last  king  of  Persia,  %vas 
defeated  by  Alexander  the  great,  in  the 
dreadful  battles  of  Granicus,  Issus,  and  Ar- 
hcla,  and  was  murdered  as  he  fled  from  the 
liekl  by  Bessus,  about  3.31  B.  C. 

Darq_uier,  Augustine,  an  eminent  astro- 
nonier,  born  at  Toulouse.  'i3(\  Nov.  1718.  He 
rai  ly  paitl  attention  to  mathematical  and  u;i- 
tronomical  pursuits,  and  as  he  was  blessed  with 
a  comfortable  independence,  he  provided 
himself  with  the  best  mstruments,  and  built  an 
observatory  in  his  own  house.  More  general- 
ly to  diffuse  his  extensive  know  ledge,  he  took 
pupils  whom  he  ably  instructed  in  astronomy. 
He  paid  the  expense  of  calculations  to  give 
greater  accuracy  to  his  observations,  and  re- 
ceived no  pecuniary  assistance  whatever 
from  the  government.  This  learned  and 
patriotic  man  died  in  his  native  town  18th 
Jan.  1802,  after  escaping  the  storms  of  the 
revolution,  and  being  admitted  member  of 
the  national  institute.  He  wrote  2  vols,  of 
observations,  published  at  his  own  expense — 
Lambert's  cosmological  letters,  translated 
and  printed  at  Utrecht — elements  of  geome- 
try from  Simpson — observations  on  the  solar 
eclipse  of  1778,  from  the  Spanish  of  Ulloa — 
letters  on  practical  astronomy.  His  last  ob- 
servations to  March  I7'j8  appeared  in  la 
Lande's  histoire  celeste. 

Darwin,  Erasmus,  an  English  poet  and 
physician,  born  at  Newark  in  Nottingham- 
shire, 1732.  As  his  family  was  respectable, 
he  received  a  liberal  education,  and  then  en- 
tered at  St,  John's  college, Cambridge,  where 


I  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  B.  1755.    From 
Cambridge  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  where  he 
more   particularly    devoted   himself  to   the 
I  study  of  physic,  and  where  he  took  his  med- 
^  ical  degrees.     He  afterwards  settled  at  Lich- 
i  field,  where  he  acquired  great  celebrity  in 
1  his  profession.     His  first  wife  was  miss  How- 
I  ard  of  Lichfield,  Avho  bore  him  three  sons, 
i  and  after  her  death,  which  happened  in  1770, 
!  he  married  the  widow  of  col.  Pole,  a  lady  of 
!  agreeable  manners,  and  possessed  of  a  hand- 
some fortune,  by  w^hose  persuasion,  in  1781 
he  retired  to  Derby .    He  died  at  Derby  very 
suddenly,  18th  April  1802.    In  private  life 
Dr.  Darw  in  was  amiable  and  benevolent,  in 
his  conversation  easy  and  entertaining,  and 
in  his  manners  affable.     The  best  known  of 
liis  works  are  his  botanic  garden  with  philp- 
sophical  notes,  in  two  parts — the  economy  of 
vegetation — the  loves  of  the  plants,  2  vol.';. 
8vo. — zoonomia,  or  the  laws  of  organic  life, 
4  vols.   8vo. — phytologia,  or   the  philosophy 
of  agriculture  and  gardening,  4to.     He  wrote 
besides,  treatise  on  female  education,  4to.— 
some  papers  in  the  philosophical  transactions, 
on    medical    and   philosophical   subjects — a 
thesis  on  the  movement  of  the  heart  and  the 
arteries,  m  consequence  of  the  stimulus  of  the 
blood — the  system  of  vegetables  of  Linnseus, 
published  by  the  Lichfield  botanical  society, 
&c.     As  a  poet  and   botanist,  the   name  of 
Darwin  is  respectable,  his  verses  display  ele- 
gance, grace,  and   beauty,  but  they  seldom 
rise  to  sublimity,  and  they  please  more  by 
the  easy  .tow  of  number,  than  by  the  fire  of 
description.    His  graces  are  the  tinsel  of  or- 
nament, not  the  animated,  the  fiery  language 
of  the  muse.    In  his  system  he  branches  out 
too  much  into  the  fields  of  fancy,  and  he 
seems  delighted   in  informing   his  readers 
that  his  notions  of  religion  were  vague  and 
unprincipled.     Ovid,    in   another  age,   had 
changed  men  into  trees  and  plants;  but  the 
poet  of  Lichfield  transforms  his  flowers  into 
human  beings,  and    with  all   the  feeling  of 
carnal  passion  he  describes  the  inhabitants 
of  his  parterre   and  of  his  green  house,  as 
conveying   their   amorous  sighs,   and    their 
tender  glances,  with  all  the  art  and  coquetry 
of  modern  times. 

DAR\i'iN,  Charles,  son  of  Dr.  Darwin, 
was  born  at  Lichfield  1758,  and  educated  at 
Christ's  church,  Oxford,  and  at  Edinburgh, 
w'liere  he  obtained  the  first  prize  medal  from 
the  Esculapian  society,  in  a  treatise  on  the 
means  of  distinguishing  pus  from  mucus. 
He  wTOte  in  Latin,  an  account  of  the  retro- 
grade motions  of  the  absorbent  vessels  of 
animal  bodies  in  some  diseases,  which  his 
father  published  in  English.  He  died  1778, 
at  a  time  when  his  father  promised  himself 
nnjch  happiness  from  the  exertions  of  his 
great  and  extensive  abilities  in  the  medical 
world. 

Dassier,  John,  medalist  to  the  republic 
of  Geneva,  struck  a  series  of  the  English 
kings,  with  a  hope  of  procuring  an  establish- 
ment in  the  English  mint,  which  however 
did  not  succeed.  His  nephew,  James  An- 
thony, in  1740  was  appointed  second  engraver 


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lo  the  mint  in  London,  but  returned  to  Ge- 
neva five  years  after.  Tlie  family  were  in- 
genious. Tljey  executed  a  set  of  the  reform- 
ers in  brass,  small,  and  also  large  medals  of 
the  great  men  then  living.  Their  bronze 
medals  of  Roman  history  are  valuable. 

Dassouci,  a  French  musician  and  poet 
of  the  irth  century.  lie  obtained  celel)rity 
by  his  buftbonery,  and  was  introduced  to  the 
court  of  Lewis  XIll.  and  XIV.  He  left  Pa- 
ris in  1655,  and  travelled  through  liVons, 
where  he  was  noticed  and  entertained  by 
Moliere,  and  afterwards  visited  Turin,  and 
other  places,  where,  by  his  wit,  drollery,  and 
artifices,  he  maintained  himself,  and  procu- 
red the  patronage  of  the  great.  He  (lied  at 
the  latter  end  of  the  I7th  century.  In  1674 
he  published  two  small  volumes,  composed 
in  the  Chatelet prison.  He  was  ridiculed  by 
Boileau,  and  severely  lampooned  by  Cyrano 
de  Bergerac,  under  the  name  of  Soucidas. 

Datames,  an  illustrious  general  of  Per- 
sia, who,  after  the  most  meritorious  services, 
was  treated  with  contempt  and  suspicion, 
and  in  consequence  revolted  against  his  sove- 
reign. He  was  assassinated  by  Mithridates, 
361  B.  C. 

Dati,  Augustin,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
where  lie  became  teacher  of  rhetoric  and  of 
the  classics,  and  afterwards  fir.st  magistrate. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  immortality  of 
the  soul — epistles — oi'ations — the  history  of 
Sienna,  &c.  printed  in  1  vol.  fol.  1503,  and  he 
died  1478,  aged  58. 

Dati,  Carlo,  a  native  of  Florence,  pro- 
fessor of  literature  there.  He  was  remarka- 
ble for  the  civility  he  showed  to  strangers 
■who  visited  his  native  city,  and  he  became 
known  by  his  works,  which  consisted  of  Ital- 
ian poems  on  Lewis  XIV.  and  other  things. 
He  proved  in  one  of  his  tracts,  that  Marsen- 
nus  is  not  the  inventor  of  the  cycloid,  but 
Galileo,  and  he  also  ascribes  great  merit  to 
Toricclli  for  the  explanation  of  the  suspen- 
sion of  quicksilver  in  a  glass  tube.  His  cliief 
Avork,  according  to  Boyle,  is  the  life  of  four 
of  the  illustrious  painters  of  ancient  times, 
Zeuxis,  Parrhasius,  Appelles  and  Protoge- 
nes.  Dati  died  1675,  respected  for  his  ami- 
able manners  not  less  than  for  his  extensive 
erudition. 

Davai,,  Peter,  a  barrister  of  the  Middle- 
temple,  known  as  an  able  mathematician.  He 
translated  cardinal  de  Re»z's  mex^ioirs,  1723, 
and  died  8th  Jan.  1763,  being  then  accomy)- 
tant  general  to  the  court  of  chancery.  His 
opinion  on  elliptical  arches,  at  the  time  of 
building  Blackfriars  bridge,  is  recorded  in 
the  London  magazine,  March  1760. 

Davanzati,  Bernard,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  translated  Tacitus  into  Italian, 
and  wrote  besides,  treatises  on  Tuscan  agri- 
culture— history  of  the  English  schism — an 
account  of  exchanges,  &cc.  and  died  1606, 
aged  77. 

Daub  ENTOX,  John  Lew  is  Marie,  an  emi- 
nent anatomist,  born  at  Montbard  in  Burgun- 
dy, May  1716.  When  he  had  completed  his 
medical  studies,  he  became  the  active  associ- 
ate  of  Buftbn,  in  the  preparation  and  the 


completi<m  of  his  valuable  natural  history, 
and  publislicd  besKles  instiuvlioii  for  sliep- 
herds — a  ti'calise  on  trees  and  sbruljs — and 
many  curious  and  interesting  memoirs  on 
subjects  of  mincr.'ilogy — on  the  improvement 
of  wool,  bic.  He  was  al  first  keeper  of  liie 
r(jyal  museum,  and  in  1744  was  elected 
meml)er  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  in 
179'J  he  was  chosen  inemlier  of  the  conser- 
vative senate,  lie  died  Jlst  Dec.  of  the 
same  year. 

Dai;den' TON,  William,  a  Jesuit  of  Aux- 
errc,  confessor  to  Philip  V.  of  Spain.  Jt  is 
supposed,  that  he  enjoyed  so  much  tlie  roval 
confidence,  that  the  monarch  intrusted  him 
with  his  intention  of  abdicating  his  throne, 
an  important  secret  which  the  favorite  dis- 
closed to  Orleans  regent  of  France.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  1723,  aged  75.  He  wi-ote 
some  funeral  orations — some  sermons,  2  vols, 
folio,  kc. 

Davenant,  John,  bishop  of  Salisburj-, 
was  born  in  AVatling-street,  1576,  where  his 
father  was  a  merchant,  he  was  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  fellow  in  1597.  He  took  his  degree 
of  D.  D.  16U9,  and  the  snme  year  was  elected 
lady  Margaret's  divinity  professor,  and  in 
1614  was  chosen  master  of  his  college.  His 
learning  recommended  him  to  James  I.  who 
sent  him  with  other  eminent  divines  to  the 
synod  of  Dort  1618,  and  he  was  in  1621  rais- 
ed to  the  see  of  Salisburj'.  He  however  in- 
curred the  king's  displeasure,  by  treating  in 
a  discourse  on  predestination.  He  died  of  a 
consumption,  20th  April  1641,  and  was  buri- 
ed in  his  catliedral.  He  was  a  learned  di- 
vine, and  very  exemplary  in  his  manners, 
but  a  strong  Calvinist.  He  published  an  ex- 
position of  the  epistle  to  the  Colossians, — 
questions  on  which  he  had  disputed  in  the 
schools,  in  numbers,  49 — a '.liraad versions 
on  Hoard's  treatises — and  other  theological 
tracts. 

Davenant,  William,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Oxford  1605.  As  his  fatlier  kept  an 
inn  there,  and  his  mother  was  a  great  beauty, 
malevolence  has  wantonly  insinuated  that  to 
Shakspeare,  who  generally  stopped  there 
on  Ills  road  between  London  and  Stratford, 
our  author  was  indebted  fi)r  his  life  and  his 
poetical  talents.  Young  Davenant  received 
his  grammar  learning  at  Oxford,  and  then 
entered  at  Lincoln  college ;  but  his  love  of 
poetry  led  him  from  the  university,  and  he 
became  page  to  the  duchess  of  liichmond, 
and  afterwards  to  lord  Brooke,  who  him.self 
had  some  poetical  talents.  In  1628  he  began 
to  write  plays,  and  soon  recommended  him- 
self to  the  friendsiiip  of  the  wits  «»f  the  age. 
In  consefpience  of  a  criminal  intercourse 
with  a  black  female  in  Axeyard,  Westmiu- 
stei*,  he  had  about  this  time  the  misfortune 
to  lose  liis  nose;  but  though  disfigured,  and 
though  ridiculed  for  the  adventure,  he  did 
not  part  with  his  merriment,  or  the  cause  of 
his  disgrace.  In  1637  he  succeeded  Bea 
Jouson  as  poet  laureat,  but  his  attachment 
to  the  king's  person  produced  an  accusation 
against  him,  and  he  wa'".  charged  v  iih  an  at- 


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tempt  to  seduce  the  army.  lie  was  bailed 
and  immediately  -withdrew  to  France,  and 
•fterwards  on  his  return  he  was  knighted  by 
tlte  king,  rrear  Glocester,  1G43.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  civil  ti'oubles,  he  again  retired 
to  France,  where  probably  to  ])lease  tlie 
court,  he  changed  his  religion,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  the  weight  he  thus  acquired  he 
•was  commissioned  confidentially  by  the  queen 
to  persuade  Charles  to  give  up  the  churcli 
for  his  security,  an  intimation  which  highly 
displeased  the  king,  who  forbail  Davenant 
ever  to  appear  before  him  again.  The  queen 
afterwards  employed  him  to  transport  some 
artificers  from  France  to  ^'irginia,  but  the 
sJiip  was  seized  by  the  English  cruizers,  and 
Davenant  thrown  into  prison,  and  threatened 
tilth  persecution  and  death,  from  which  how- 
e^'er  the  friendship  and  interference  of  Milton 
and  others  saved  lam.  After  tAvo  years'  con- 
finement in  the  tower  he  was  liberated,  and 
now  to  maintain  himself,  he  began,  as  trage- 
dies were  considered  as  profane,  to  exhibit 
moral  virtues  in  verse,  and  to  perform  in  reci- 
tative music.  At  the  restoration  he  obtained  a 
patent  for  acting  plays  in  Lincoln's  Inn  fields. 
He  died  17lh  April  1668,  aged  63,  and  was 
interred  in  Westminster-abbey,  where  these 
words  record  his  name,  "  O  rare  sir  William 
Davenant."  His  works  were  published  by 
his  widow  in  1G73,  and  dedicated  to  .lames 
duke  of  York.  They  consist  of  plays  and 
poems  ifJ  which  is  the  famous  Gondibert,  in 
which  his  favorite  black  female  is  introduced. 
Davenant,  Charles,  eldest  sdu  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  165G,  and  educated 
at  Cheam,  Surrey,  and  Baliol  college,  Ox- 
ford. He  took  no  degree,  and  at  the  n^e  of 
19,  he  distinguished  himself  by  the  acting  of 
the  only  tragedy  he  wrote,  Circe,  whicli  ap- 
peared with  great  applause  at  llie  dukt  of 
York's  theatre.  From  the  theatre,  howev- 
er, where  he  had  some  interest  from  the 
property  left  by  his  father,  he  turned  his 
thoughts  to  civil  law,  and  had  the  degree  of 
doctor  conferred  on  him  by  Cambridge.  He 
served  fpr  St.  Ives  in  the  parliament  of  1085, 
and  in  1698  and  1700,  for  Great  Bedwin. 
He  was  appointed  l)y  James  II.  to  inspect  all 
plays,  and  preserve  the  decorum  of  the  stage, 
and  he  afterwards  held  for  16  years  the  of- 
fice of  commissioner  of  excise,  and  lastlv 
that  of  inspector  general  of  the  exports  and 
imports,  till  his  death,  which  hapj)ened  sixth 
November  1714.  Dr.  Davenant's  knowledge 
of  the  constitution,  and  his  great  skill  in  fig- 
\ires,  rendered  him  an  able  political  and  fi- 
nancial writer.  Though  .some  of  his  ])am- 
phlets  for  their  freedom,  their  independence 
of  language,  and  severity  of  censure,  drew 
upon  him  the  attficks  f»f  some  able  oppo- 
nents, yet  his  abilities  were  universally  ac- 
knowledged, and  his  opini'^n  always  highly 
respected.  His  first  political  work  was  an 
essay  upon  the  ways  and  means  of  su])plyiiig 
the  war  lG95,  and  he  treated  the  subject  in 
so  masterly  a  manner  that  whatever  he  af- 
tcrwanfs  wrote  was  sought  with  avidity,  smd 
read  with  deference.  His  other  works  are 
all   upon   political    and     financial    subiects. 


They  were  the  best  part  collected  and  revi- 
sed bv  sir  Charles  Whitworth  in  five  vols, 
8vo.  1771. 

Davenant,  W^illiam,  fourth  son  of  sir 
William,  was  educated  at  Magdalen-hall, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A. 
1680,  and  entered  ijito  ordei's.  He  transla- 
ted into  English,  la  Mothe  le  Yayer's  ani- 
madversions on  Greek  and  Latin  historians. 
He  was  presented  to  a  living  in  Surrey  bj 
his  friend  Robert  Wymond  Sole  esquire, 
and  it  was  in  the  company  of  this  gentleman 
that  he  visited  Paris,  where  he  was  unfor- 
tunately drowned,  as  he  was  swimming  for 
his  diversion  in  the  summer  of  1681. 

Davenport,  Christopher,  a  learned 
Englishman,  born  1598  at  Coventry,  where 
he  received  his  grammar  education.  He  en- 
tered at  iMerton  college,  Oxford,  and  two 
years  after  went  to  Douay  and  Ypres,  where 
he  changed  his  religion  and  assumed  the 
habit  of  a  Franciscan.  He  afterwards  trav- 
elled into  England  under  the  name  of  Sancta 
Clara,  and  was  chaplain  to  queen  Henrietta. 
In  this  office  he  was  very  active  in  advancing 
the  cause  of  popery,  by  persuasion  as  well 
ashy  writing,  and  indeed  so  formidable  did 
his  influence  appear,  that  one  of  the  articles 
of  impeachment  against  Laud,  was  his  hold- 
ing conferences  with  this  dangerous  Francis- 
can. During  the  civil  wars  Davenport  was  a 
fugitive  residing  sometime  abroad,  and  some- 
time in  London  and  Oxford,  but  after  the 
restoration  he  Mas  appointed  chaplain  to 
Catharine  of  Portugal,  Cliarles's  queen,  and 
he  was  a  third  time  made  provincial  of  nis 
order  in  England.  He  died  31st  May  1680. 
He  wrote,  among  several  works,  paraphrasti- 
ca  exposilio  articulorum  confessionis  Angli- 
cie,  k  Deus,  Natura,  Gratia,  in  which  he  at- 
tempted to  reconcile  the  king,  the  church, 
and  the  articles  of  i-eligion,  to  the  church  of 
Rome. 

Davenport,  Jolm,  elder  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Coventry  1597,  and 
entered  at  Merton  college  1613.  He  did  not 
like  Jiis  brother  become  papist,  but  a  most 
zealous  puritan.  After-being  minister  of  St. 
Stephen's  church,  Coleman  street,  and  ad- 
n^ireil  for  his  oratory,  he  passed  over  to 
Amsterdam,  where  the  minister  of  the  Eng- 
lish church,  John  Paget,  prevented  his  asso- 
ciating with  his  congregation,  a  measure 
which  produced  a  controversy  between  the 
two  divines.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  re- 
ijcllion  he  returned  to  England,  but  soon  af- 
ter embarked  for  America,  where  he  be- 
came mini-ster  of  New-Haven.  He  died  at 
Boston  ICC'J.  He  wrote  sermons — a  cate- 
chism containing  the  chief  heads  of  the  chrisr 
tian  reliirion — and  other  theolosjical  tracts. 

D.wiD,  king  of  Israel,  was  born  at  Beth- 
lehem lOS.'i  B.C.  and  anointed  by  Samuel, 
whilst  he  was  keeping  the  ilocks  of  his  fath- 
er Jesse.  His  courage  in  killing  the  giant 
Goliah,  with  a  sling  and  a  stone  rendered 
him  conspicuous  in  Israel,  but  Saul,  who  at 
lirst  wished  to  patronise  him,  grew  jealous 
of  his  popularity,  and  pursued  him  with 
the  intention  of  putting  him  to  death.    Thus 


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expelled  from  his  country  David  wandorec! 
anion};-  t.'ie  ntif^liborin}^-  nalimis,  always  rrs- 
pcctctl  tor  valor  and  inti-grily,  and  at  the 
ilcatli  of  Saiif,  lie  was  ackno\vlc(li;;cd  kin}^  ol" 
llie  Irilji-  olJudali.  After  some  (iinc,oii  tliu 
death  of  Mepliibosluth  tliu  son  of  Said,  who 
had  lieen  i)laced  on  liis  father's  throne  by  the 
intrii^fues  of  Abner,  David  was  rcctived  as 
sole  monai-ch  by  all  the  tribes  of  Israel,  and 
his  reij^ii  for  30  years  was  marked  by  jiros- 
perily,  glory,  and  fame,  lie  extended  his 
tlominion  over  some  of  the  adjoinini^  conn- 
tries,  and  took.  Jerusalem  the  city  of  the  .It.-b- 
nsitcs,  which  he  called  the  city  of  David  ; 
hut  his  ri'imtation  v  as  stained  by  his  adulte- 
rous intercourse  with  Hathsheba,  and  his 
foul  murder  of  Uriah  her  htisband.  In  a 
moment  of  arrogance  too  he  caused  the  peo- 
ple to  be  numbered  which  was  severely  pun- 
ished by  the  visitation  of  a  plague.  His  trans- 
gressions were  also  visited  by  dissension  in 
his  own  family,  and  by  the  revolt  of  his  fa- 
vorite son  Absalom  who  proclaimed  himself 
king.  The  death  of  this  prince,  who  was 
slain  by  Joab,  greatly  aftected  the  mourning 
father,  who  in  his  old  age  resigned  the  gov- 
ernment into  the  hands  of  Solomon  his  son. 
David  died  aged  70  B.  C.  1015,  highly  re- 
spected for  his  character  of  benevolence, 
courage  and  piety.  The  psalms  which  he 
composed,  in  a  strain  of  great  sublimity  and 
commanding  eloquence,  are  strong  proofs 
of  his  devotion  as  well  as  of  his  trust  in  tiie 
Divine  Providence. 

David,  Saint,  the  patron  of  Wales,  was 
a  native  of  the  province,  and  educated  at 
Bangor  in  the  5th  century.  He  founded  sev- 
eral monasteries  in  Wales,  where  his  monks 
maintained  themselves  by  their  labor  and 
industry.  He  governed  the  see  of  St.  Da- 
vid's 65  years,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathe- 
dral there.  The  symbol  of  the  leek  attri- 
buted to  him  is  supposed  to  originate  in  the 
custom  of  Cymhortha,  still  observed  among 
the  farmers  of  the  country,  where  in  assist- 
ing one  another  in  ploughing  their  land,  they 
bring  each  their  leeks  to  the  common  repast 
of  the  wh^lc  party. 

David,  r.n  Armenian  philosopher,  in  the 
middle  of  the  fifth  c.enUiry,  who  studied  at 
Athens.  He  translated  some  of  the  works 
of  Plato  and  Aristotle,  and  other  learned 
(Greeks,  which  are  preserved  in  the  French 
king's  library. 

IJavid,  de  Dinant,  a  disciple  of  Amauri, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century,  who 
taught  that  God  was  original  matter,  a  sys- 
tem afterwards  nearly  adopted  by  Spinoza. 

David,  George,  a  fanatic  of  Ghent,  ed- 
ucated as  a  glazier.  In  15'25  he  began  to 
preach  as  the  true  Messiah,  the  third  David, 
the  nephew  of  God.  This  strange  doctrine 
created  followers  and  persecution,  and  he 
fled  to  Friesland,  and  afterwards  to  Basil, 
Avhere  he  died  1556.  He  prophesied  that 
after  three  days  he  would  Vise  again,  and 
about  that  time  the  magistrates  of  Basil  in 
contempt  of  his  o[)inions  dug  up  his  body, 
which  together  with  his  writings  "was  burnt 
by  the  executioner. 

VOL.  1.1  53 


David,  dc  Ponds,  a  Jewish  pliysician  of 
the  Ifith  century,  who  pretended  lo  be  des- 
cended from  the  trne  stock  of  Judah.  He 
wrote  de  senum  affectibus,  8vo. — u  rabbinical 
dictionary  ,  Hebrew  ami  Itali.'in,  Venice,  folio. 
15Sr,  very  nsiitul  and  learned. 

David,  (iantz,  a  Jewish  historian  of  the 
lOth  century,  author  of  a  Hebrew  chronicle, 
•ito.  part  of  which  was  translated  into  Latin 
by  \'orstius  with  notes,  Leyden  1044,  4to. 

D.vviD,  of  llirazng,  a  W'l  Isli  divine  and 
poet,  called  the  black,  about  I3.)t).  He  al- 
tered and  improved  the  grammar  and  pro- 
sody of  Kdeyrn,  at  the  time  of  the  conquest 
of  his  country  by  Edward  I.  and  accordin«^ 
to  the  new  institutions  atid  manners  which 
that  era  produced,  the  missal  or  the  ofKcc 
of  the  Virgin  was  translated  by  him  inta 
Welsh,  and  is  still  preserved. 

David  el  David,  a  Persian  Jw,  in 
tlie  12th  century,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
Messiah,  ami  j)rcvailed  upon  some  of  his 
countrymen  to  support  his  imposture.  He 
was  at  last  defeated  and  beheaded  in  the 
king's  presence,  who  ordered  the  Jews  to  be 
massacred  through  the  empire. 

Da  V I D  A  B  G \v  1 1,  u  M,  a  celebrated  Welsli 
bard,  patronised  by  Ivor  the  Generous.  His 
poetry  which  possessed  beauty,  lire  and  sub- 
limity was  chiefly  on  subjects  of  love,  and 
147  of  his  poems  were  inscribed  to  the  fair 
Morvid  his  mistress,  who  however  proved 
unkind  to  his  merits,  and  married  Khys 
Gwgan,  an  officer,  who  distinguished  liimself 
in  the  English  army  at  the  battle  of  Crecy. 
His  works  were  edited  at  London  1789. 

David,  emperor  of  Trebizonde,  at'tcr 
John  his  brother,  was  of  the  imperial  tam- 
ily  of  the  Commcni.  He  v\  as  defeated  by 
Mahomet  II.  who  insolently  ottered  him  the 
choice  either  of  being  converteil  tomaiiome- 
lanism,  or  to  suffer  death.  He  heroically 
chose  death,  and  suffered  1401. 

David  Ap  Edmlxd,  a  Welsh  poet  in 
the  15th  century,  born  at  Hanmer  in  Flint- 
shire. He  was  the  president  of  an  assembly" 
of  bards  vviio  met  at  Cacrmarthen,  at  the 
request  of  Edward  IV.  and  were  opposed  by 
a  poetical  band  from  another  province.  At 
that  meeting  a  number  of  canons  of  poetry 
were  established  and  agreed  upon. 

David  I.  earl  of  Northumberland  and 
Huntingdon,  was  king  of  Scotland,  after  his 
brother  Alexander  the  Fierce  1 1  '24.  He  was 
brought  up  in  England,  and  married  Maud 
the  grand  niece  of  William  the  conqueror, 
and  after  the  death  of  the  first  Henry,  he 
maintained  with  spirit  the  claims  of  the  em- 
press Aland  to  the  English  throne  against 
Stephen.  To  enforce  her  pretensions  he 
entered  England,  and  seized  Carlisle  which 
though  concmered  afterwards  at  the  battle 
of  Noith  Allerton  113S,  he  was  permitted 
to  retain.  He  died  at  Carlisle  11th  May 
1153,  universally  respected  as  a  mild,  pop- 
ular, and  benevoleriL  king. 

David  H.  king  of  Scotland,  was  son  of 
Robert  Bruce,  ^^hom  he  succeeded  when 
five  years  old.  During  the  invasion  of  his 
country  by  Baliol  he  was  conveyed  to  France, 


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but  returned  after  the  defeat  of  his  ene- 
mies 134'2.  He  was  in  154G  taken  prisoner  by 
an  English  array,  after  a  valiant  resistance, 
and  sent  a  close  prisoner  to  the  tower,  from 
which  after  a  long  confinement  of  10  years, 
he  was  liberated  on  paying  a  heavy  ransom. 
He  died  IS'l,  aged  47,  leaving  no  issue  by 
his  wife  Jane  daughter  of  Edward  H.  of  Eng- 
Lintl. 

Da V I Dis,  Francis,  a  Hungarian,  who  at 
various  times  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 
Roman  catholics,  the  Lutherans,  the  Cal- 
vinists,  the  Unitarians,  &c.  As  he  opposed 
both  Socinus  and  Blaudrata,  and  declared 
that  no  worship  was  due  to  Christ,  lie  was 
accused  of  favoring  Judaism,  and  was  in  con- 
sequence thrown  into  prison  where  he  died 
1579.  He  wrote  some  tracts  on  tlie  millen- 
nium, and  other  theological  subjects. 

Da  VIES,   sir  John,  a  lawyer  and  poet, 
born  at  Chisgrove,  Wilts  1570.     He  was  of 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  then  removed 
to  the  Middle  temple,  where  he  was  called 
to  the  bai".    He  was  member  of  parliament 
in  IGOl,  and  on  the  queen's  death  w  ent  with 
lord  llunsdon  and  otliers  to  Scotland  to  con- 
gratulate James,  who  knowing  the  charac- 
ter of  his  writings  received  him  with  great 
cordiality  and  respect.     He  was  solicitor  and 
attorney-general  to  the  king  in  Ireland,  and 
also  speaker  of  the  Irish  house,  and  on  re- 
turning to  England  in  16V2,  he  was  made  an 
English  Serjeant  at  law,  afterwards  one  of 
the  judges,  and  in  1G26  lord  chief  justice  of 
the  king's  bench.     He  died,  however,  sud- 
denly of  an  apoplexy  before  his  installation. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  spirit,  of  extensive 
erudition,  but  more   distinguished    for   wit 
and  learning,  than  as  an  able  lawyer.    His 
nosce  teipsura,  on  the  nature  and  immor- 
tality of  the   soul,   a    poem   dedicated    to 
queen  Elizabeth,  has  gone  through  several 
editions.    He  wrote,  besides  smaller  poems 
—orchestra — on  dancing — hymns  of  Astrea, 
&c.   edited   1773,   in    12mo.   and    some  law 
tracts — an  abridgment  of  sir  Edward  Coke's 
reports — jusimponendi  vectigalia,  &c.  edited 
1786,  8vo.  Sir  John  married  Eleanor,  daugh- 
ter of  lord  Touchet,  by  whom  he  had  a  son, 
an   idiot,  who  died   young,  and  Lucy,  who 
married   lord    Huntingdon.      Lady   Davies 
pretended  to  be  a  prophetess,  and  the  sun- 
day  before  her  husband's  death  she  suddenly 
hurst  into  tears,  which  she  declared  were 
his  funeral  tears.    She  died  in  London  1552, 
and  was  buried  at  St.  Martin's  in  the  fields, 
near  her  hiisband.     An  account  of  her  won- 
derful and  strange  prophecies,  was  published 
in  1649. 

Davies,  John,  was  born  at  Llanveres  in 
Denbighshire,  and  educated  at  lluthin 
school  by  Morgan,  afterwards  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph.  He  was  of  Jesus,  and  afterwards  of 
Lincoln  college,  Oxford.  He  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  1616,  and  became  rector  of 
Mallwyd  and  canon  of  St.  Asaph.  He  was 
an  excellent  scholar,  and  well  acquainted 
with  thi'  history  and  antiquities  of  his  coun- 
try. His  works  are — Antiqute  linguse  Bri- 
tannicje,    nunc    dictac    Cambro-Britannicse, 


&c.  rudimenta,  1621  8vo.  Dictionarium 
Latino — Britannicum  folio,  1632.  Adagia 
Britannica,  &c.  He  also  assisted  his  friends 
bishops  Morgan,  and  Parny,  to  translate  the 
bible  into  Welsh.     He  died  1644. 

Davies,  John,  an  eminent  critic,  born 
in  London  22d  April  167'J.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  the  charter-house  and  Queen's  col- 
lege Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
in  1701.  In  1711  he  was  made  rector  of 
Fen-ditton,  near  Cambridge,  aiid  prebend- 
ary of  Ely,  and  1717  chosen  master  of  his 
college  and  created  D.D.  He  died  7th 
March  1732,  aged  53,  and  was  buried  in  the 
chapel  of  his  college.  He  was  the  learned 
editor  of  the  works  of  Maximus  Tyrius, 
Ciesar,  Minucius  Felix,  Cicex-o's  philosophi- 
cal pieces,  &c.  Lactantius,  &c.  Though 
universally  admired  as  the  editor  of  these 
valuable  classics,  yet  the  abbe  d'Olivet,  has 
censured  Dr.  Davies  as  a  puerile,  weak,  and 
injudicious  annotator. 

Davies,  John,  a  poet  and  writing  master. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
resided  in  Fleet-street.  Most  of  his  poetical 
pieces  are  mentioned  by  Wood.  He  wrote 
also  the  scourge  of  folly,  in  epigrams,  and 
the  anatomy  of  fair  writing,  a  copy-book,  Jcc. 
He  died  about  1618. 

Davies,  Samuel,  an  American  dissent- 
ing clergyman,  born  at  Newcastle,  Dela- 
ware, 3d  November  1724.  He  succeeded  in 
1759,  as  president  of  the  college  of  New- 
Jersey,  and  died  February  4th  1761.  His 
sermons,  3  vols.  Svo.  were  published  by  Dr. 
Gibbons,  London,  and  are  in  esteem. 

Davies,  Tlvomas,  a  bookseller.  He  was 
in  1728  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  and 
in  1736  appeared  as  an  actor  at  the  Hay- 
market  theatre.  He  then  commenced  book- 
seller in  Duke's  court,  but  soon  returned  to 
the  theatre,  and  after  strolling  over  the 
country  he  appeared  in  1752  at  Drury-lane, 
with  his  wife,  a  Miss  Yarrow,  a  woman  of 
great  beauty  and  unspotted  virtue.  In  1762 
he  again  commenced  a  bookseller  in  Jiussel- 
street,  and  in  1778  became  a  bankrupt,  but 
the  influence  and  friendship  of  Dr.  Johnson, 
and  a  benefit  at  Drury-lane  from  Mr.  Sher- 
idan, restored  him  to  the  comforts  of  inde- 
pendence. In  1780  he  published  his  life  of 
GaiTick,  which  improved  his  income  and 
enlarged  the  number  of  his  friends.  He 
also  wrote  memoirs  of  Henderson,  a  life  of 
Massinger,  of  Dr.  John  Eachard,  Mr.  Lillo, 
sir  John  Davies,  and  also  dramatic  miscel- 
lanies 3  vols,  besides  some  fugitive  pieces  in 
the  newspapers.  He  died  5th  May  1785, 
and  was  buried  in  the  vault  of  St.  Paul's, 
Covent-garden. 

Da VII, A,  Henry  Catherine,  a  celebra- 
ted historian,  born  at  Cyprus,  from  which 
he  fled  when  that  island  was  subdued  by  the 
Turks  1571.  He  came  to  Avila  in  Spain, 
whore  he  understood  his  family  originated, 
and  he  afterwarxls  passed  to  France,  where 
he  became  a  favorite  at  the  court  of  Henry 
in.  The  death  of  the  monarch  disconcerted 
the  plans  of  Davila,  who  expected  there  for 
himself,  his  brother  and  two  sisters,  a  per- 


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manent  settlement,  and  though  he  remained 
lor  a  little  while  in  the  service  of  Ht-nry  IV. 
he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  was  honorably 
received.     On   his  way  to   Verona,  oii    llie 
affairs    of   the   Venetian    repul'Iic,    he    was 
grossly  insulted  by  a  ])erson  Avho  at  last  dis- 
«;harged  a   pistol  at  him,  and  wounned  him 
mortally.     The  son  of  Davila,  a  youth  of  IS, 
revenged  his  death,  and  immediately  cut  tlu- 
assassin   to  pieces.     During   his  residence  at 
Venice,  Davila  wrote  in  Italian   his  histoi-y 
of  the  civil  wars  of  France  in  fifteen  books, 
from  the  death  of  Henry  II.  153'J  to  1598. 
This  history,  considered  by  Bolingbroke  as 
equal  to  Livy's  annals,  is    highly  esteemed 
for    its    authenticity,   correctness,    and    the 
elegance    of  the    composition.      The    best 
edition  is  that  of  London  2  vols.  4to.  1755. 

Davila,  Peter  Francis,  a  famous  Span- 
ish naturalist,  who  in  the  pursuit  of  conchy- 
lioiogy,  and  mineralogy  corresponded  with 
the  most  learned  men  in  Euro|)e.  He  died 
at  Madrid  1785.  An  account  of  his  valuable 
cabinet  was  published  in  3  vols. 

Davis,  Henry  Edwards,  a  native  of 
Windsor,  11th  .luly  1756.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Ealing,  Middlese.x,  and  at  Bulinl  col- 
lege, O.xford,  of  which  he  befame  fellow 
and  tutor.  In  1778  he  wrote  his  examination 
of  Gibbon's  decUne  and  fall  of  the  Roman 
empire,  a  work  which  though  the  produc- 
tion of  a  5'oung  man  was  considered  as  so 
respectable,  that  of  many  attacks  it  was  the 
only  one  which  the  historian  deigned  to 
answer.  He  died  lOth  February  1784,  of  a 
lingering  illness,  and  left  behind  him  a  most 
respectal)le  character  for  erudition,  for 
goodness  of  heart,  and  amiableness  of  man- 
ners.    He  was  buried  at  Windsor. 

Davis,  John,  a  native  of  Sandridge,  De- 
vonshire, early  inured  to  a  sea  li.'e.  He  ob- 
tained in  1585  the  command  of  some  vessels 
to  discover  a  northwest  passage  to  the  East- 
Indies,  and  he  gave  his  name  to  the  straits 
which  he  visited,  and  the  next  year  he  pro- 
ceeded in  his  spirit  of  discovery  to  the  coast 
of  Greenland,  and  as  high  as  the  73d  degree 
of  north  latitude.  He  was  with  Cavendish 
in  1591,  in  his  expedition  to  the  South  seas, 
and  afterwards  he  was  employed  in  five 
voyages  to  the  East-Indies.  He  was  not  only 
an  able  seaman  but  a  correct  writer,  as  ap- 
pears by  the  account  of  his  voyages  which 
he  published.  He  was  unfortunately  killed 
on  the  shores  of  Malacca  in  a  quarrel  with 
some  Japanese  1605. 

Davison,  Jeremiah,  born  in  England,  of 
Scotch  parents,  was  pupil  to  Lely,  and  excel- 
led in  painting  satyrs.     He  died  1745. 

Daumius,  Christian,  a  native  of  Misnia, 
regent  of  the  college  of  Zwickau,  where  he 


died  16S; 


aged  75. 


He 


gave  proofs  of  his 


learning  in  his  tractatus  de  causis  ami.ssarum 
linguie  Latina;  radicum,  8vo. — epistolx  4to. 
— indagator  et  restitutor  linguie  Griec.  radi- 
cum,— and  poems. 

Daun,  Leopold  count,  a  great  general 
born  in  1705.  He  was  colonelin  1740,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  tlie  wars  of  Maria 
Theresa,  and  afterwards  with  greater  glory 


in  the  relief  of  Prague,  he  against  the  king 
of  Prussia  whom  he  defeated  at  Ch<jtche- 
mitch  in  1757,  to  commemorate  which  .t^rj  at 
victory  tlic  cuipress  instituted  the  miiitai-y 
order  which  bears  her  name.  He  again  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Hochkir- 
ciien  in  1758,  and  at  the  sic^e  of  Dres^len, 
but  he  was  t(»tally  defeated  at  Siplitz  near 
I'orgau,  in  176(>.  The  pcare  of  1763  re- 
btoi-ed  hini  and  the  country  to  tranquillity, 
and  he  died  at  ^'ienna  5lh  February  1766  at 
the  age  of  61,  having  behind  him  the  cha- 
racter of  a  brave  and  circumspect  general, 
a  humane  and  benevolent  man,  and  a  devout 
christian. 

Dal'Nots,  Countess,  acquired  some  ce~ 
lebriiy,  by  her  romances  and  travels  in  Spain. 
She  (lied  1705. 

Da u rat,  John,  a    French    poet,  horn 
near  the  head  of  tlie  Vienne  1507.     He  so 
ably  distinguished   himself  by    his    leariiing 
and  ajiplication,  that  he  became  Greek  i)ro- 
fessor  at  J*aris,  and  evinced  the  superiority 
of  his  mode  and  powers  of  education,  by  the 
number  of  able  and  illustrious  scholars  who 
studied   under    him.     Though    learned,   he 
was  careless  of  his  affairs,  and  consequently 
poor.     Charles  IX.  made  liira  his  poet  lau- 
reat,  and  was  frequently  delighted  with  his 
conversation.    Daurat  restored  the  cttstom  of 
writing  anagrams,  in  wlach  he  was  very  suc- 
cessful, and  so  prolific  was  his  muse,  that  it  is 
said  he  wrote  in  Greek  and  Latin,  not  less 
than  50,000  verse.s,  besides  poems  in  Frerich. 
He  was,  as  Scaliger  observes,  a  good  critic; 
but  he  foolishly  employed  the  last  years  of 
his  life  in  finding  out  the  bible  in  Homer's 
verses.     After  losing  his  first  wife,  by  whom 
he  had  some  children,  he  at  the  age  of  80 
married   a  young  giil,  by  whom  he  had  a 
son.     He  died  at  Paris  1588,  aged  81. 

Dawes,  sir  William,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Lyons  near  Braintree,  Essex,  12th 
September  1671.     From   Merchant-taylors' 
school  he  went  to  St.  John's  college,  Oxford  ; 
but  about  two  years  after,  in  consequence  of 
the  death  of  his  two  elder  brother.s,  and  his 
inheriting  the  estates  of  his  father  sir  John 
Dawes  bart.  he  removed  to  Cambridge,  as 
nobleman    of   Catherine-hall.      Soon    after 
taking  his  degree  of  M.  A.  he  married  Fran- 
ces, daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Darcy,  and  at 
the  proper  age  entered  into  orders,  and  in 
1696,  after  being  made  D.D.  b)-  royal  man- 
date, he  was  elected  master  of  his  college. 
King  William,  who  was  pleased  with  one  of 
his  sermons,  gave  him  a  prebend  of  Worces- 
ter, and  he  was  afterwards  made  rector  and 
dean  of  Bockiug,  Essex,   in  every  situation 
recommending  himselt"  to  the  good   opinion 
of  his  neighbors,  by  liis  affable,  benevolent, 
and  charitable  conduct.    On  (he  accession  of 
queen  Anne,  he  was  made  one  of  t!ie  royal 
chaplains;  but  a  sermon  which  he  preached 
offended  some  of  the  ministers,  and  the  see 
of  Lincoln  intended  for  him,  was  conferred 
on  Wake,  1705.    Two  years  after  however, 
the  queen  named  him  for  the  see  of  Ches- 
ter, and  in  1714  he  was  translated  to  York. 
He  died  of  a  diarrhwa.  and  an  inflaramatinn 


DA 


DE 


of  the  bowels,  3()th  April  1724,  and  wnsbuvicd 
near  his  lady  in  Catharine-hall.  He  had  seven 
children,  three  of  uhora  only  survived  him. 
This  respectable  and  worthy  man  published 
an  anatomy  of  Atheism,  a  short  poem,  1093 
— the  duties  of  the  closet — sernums  preach- 
ed on  several  occasions — the  duty  of  com- 
municating, bcc. — a  preface  to  Hhickall's 
ivorks.  His  whole  works  were  collected  in 
17.33  in  3  vols.  8vo. 

Dawes,  Richard,  the  celebrated  author 
of  Miscellanea  Critica,  was  born  in  1708,  and 
educated  under  the  famous  Antliony  Black- 
wall,  and  afterwards  at  Emanuel  college, 
Cambi'idge.  In  1730  he  published  a  speci- 
men of  a  Circek  translation  of  paradise  lost. 
His  attack  upon  Bentley,  is  censured  by 
Toup.  He  was  elected  njaster  of  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne  school  1738,  which  he  resigned 
eleven  years  after,  and  died  in  1760  at  He- 
worth  near  Ne\\'castle.  His  miscellanea 
critica,  has  been  very  learnedly  edited  by 
bishop  Burgess,  Oxford,  1781. 

Day,  John,  an  eminent  printer,  who  had 
a  shop  in  Aldersgate-strect,  and  another  at 
the  west  door  at  St.  Paul's.  He  died  23u 
July  15X4.  His  name  deserves  to  be  com- 
memorated, not  only  as  the  printer  of  a  bible 
dedicated  to  Edward  VI.  of  Latimer's  ser- 
mons, of  Tyndall's  works,  of  the  book  of 
martyrs,  isc.  but  as  a  man  whose  great  dili- 
gence in  his  profession,  widely  disseminated 
knowledge,  and  advanced,  not  in  a  slight  de- 
gree, the  progress  of  the  reformation. 

Day,  Thomas,  an  eminent  writer,  boi'n 
in  London,  '2-2d  June  1748.  His  father  was 
a  collector  of  the  customs,  and  at  his  death 
left  him  an  unprotected  infant,  but  with  an 
income  of  I'iOU^.  a  year.  After  being  eight 
or  nine  years  at  the  Charter  house,  he  en- 
tered at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford,  whei-e  he, 
however  took  no  degree.  He  afterwards 
wished  to  apply  himself  to  the  study  of  me- 
dicine, from  wliich  he  was  dissuaded  by  his 
friend  Dr.  Small,  of  Birmingham,  and  he  at 
last  entered  at  the  INIiddle  temple,  and  was 
called  duly  to  the  bar,  but  never  practised. 
In  his  opinions  of  mankind  he  was  romantic, 
he  was  an  enthusiastic  adn\irer  of  virtue, 
and  had  such  detestation  of  female  seduction 
that  he  challenged,  to  no  effect,  a  nobleman 
whom  rejjort  described  as  a  vile  and  licen- 
tious violator  of  virgin  innocence.  In  his 
'schemes  of  visionary  perfection,  he  selected 
two  girls  from  the  poor-house  at  Shrews- 
bury, with  the  intention  of  educating  them 
after  the  principles  of  llousseau,  and  of  se- 
lecting one  of  them  for  his  wife;  but  the 
conduct  and  affection  of  the  two  young  wo- 
men did  not  answer  his  sanguine  expecta- 
tions, though  he  honorably  performed  his 
engagements  towards  tliem,  and  presented 
them  with  500^.  each,  when  respectably 
married,  the  one  to  his  friend  Mr.  Bicknell, 
and  the  other  to  a  creditable  tradesman.  In 
the  beginning  of  the  American  war,  he  em- 
braced the  part  of  the  colonies,  against  the 
conduct  of  the  mr)ther  counir>',  and  he 
published  some  political  tracts,  and  two  po- 
ems called  the  devoted  legions,  and  the  deso- 


lation of  America.  Thous;h  lone;  rejjardless 
ot  the  sex,  and  afterwards  disappointed  in 
his  addresses,  he  married  miss  Esther 
Milnes,  and  retired  to  the  enjoyments  ot 
domestic  life  and  of  agi'icultural  pursuits  on 
his  estates  in  Essex  and  Surrey.  In  the  as- 
sociation for  the  redress  of  grievances,  jNIr. 
Day  was  frequently  a  leading  man,  and  an 
eloquent  speaker,  and  in  1786  he  published 
a  pamphlet  against  the  increase  of  taxes, 
and  another  concerning  the  bill  in  parlia- 
ment for  the  exportation  of  mooI.  The  work 
which  has  gained  him  celebrity,  is  his  Sand- 
ford  and  5lerton,  in  three  vols,  published 
separately,  in  1783,  86,  and  89,  for  the  in- 
formation of  youth,  a  coviipositi(»n  of  singu- 
lar merit,  which,  to  simplicity  of  diction, 
and  interesting  anecdotes,  unites  respect  for 
vu'tuc,  morality,  and  I'eligion.  On  the  28th 
September  1789,  Mr.  Day  attempted,  with 
more  boldness  than  prudence,  to  ride  a  fa- 
vorite but  untamed  horse,  which  by  a  sud- 
den plunge,  threw  off  his  rider,  and  by  a 
violent  kick  on  the  head  put  an  immediate 
end  to  his  existence.  Mrs.  Day  heard  the 
afflicting  intelligence  with  horror,  she  closed 
the  curtains  of  her  bed,  and  never  again 
suffered  the  light  of  the  sun  to  visit  them, 
and  after  two  yeai's  spent  in  this  melancholy 
retirement,  she  followed  her  husband  to  the 
grave.  The  epitaph  which  -Mr.  Day  had 
written  and  designed  for  his  friend  Doctor 
Small's  tomb,  was  inscribed  on  his  own. 

Deacon,  James,  an  English  gentleman, 
known  for  his  skill  in  music,  drawhig  and 
painting.     He  died  May  1750. 

Deageant,  de  St.  Marcellix,  Gui- 
chard,  a  French  writer,  at  first  in  the  service 
of  marshal  d'Ancre,  and  afterwards  of  the 
duke  of  Luynes,  whom  he  assisted  against 
his  fir.stpatjron.  He  was  employed  as  an  able 
negotiator  by  the  court,  and  when  he  became 
a  w idower,  Lewis  XHI.  wished  to  make  him 
bishop  of  Evreux,  but  he  preferred  a  second 
wife  and  politics  to  ecclesiastical  honors.  In 
the  fluctuations  of  court  favors,  he  was  at 
last  disgraced  and  sent  in  exile  to  Dauphiny, 
where  he  died  1639,  in  a  good  old  age.  He 
wrote  some  memoirs  of  state,  from  the  time 
o]f  Henry  IV.  to  the  year  1024,  which  though 
ihclegant,  contain  son»e  curious  particulars. 
They  were  printed  by  his  grandson  at  Gra- 
nule in  >2mo.  1008. 

De-bo  rah,  a  prophetess  of  Israel,  who 
pi'evailcd  on  Baruch  to  attack  Sisera  the 
general  of  Jabin.  ^Vhen  her  countrymen  had 
obtained  the  victory,  she  composed  a  beauti- 
ful ode,  B.  C.  1285! 

De  Bure,  William  Francis,  a  bookseller 
at  Paris,  well  known  for  his  bibliographe  in- 
structive, 7  vols.  8vo.  1703,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris  15th  July  1782,  aged  50. 

Decebabus,  a  kingof  Dacia,  who  by  his 
valor  in  defeating  the  Roman  legions,  obtain- 
ed a  yearly  tribute  from  Domitian  and  Nero. 
Trajan  more  warlike  refused  to  p.ay  the  dis- 
graceful subsidy,  and  conquei'cd  Decebalus, 
and  reduced  his  country  to  a  Roman  province, 
105. 

Decembrio,  Peter  Candido,  a  native  of 


DE 


DE 


Pavia,  secretary  to  the  pope,  and  aftcrwanls 
to  Alphniisiis  kiiip^  of  Arr:ii;oii.  He  wrote- 
lives  of  I'hilii)  -Miiriu  \  iscoiili,  and  Francis 
Sforza,  dukes  of  Milan, —and  besides,  pub- 
lished lt:di;in  transhitions  of  Quintns  (^ui-lius, 
and  Livy — and  a  Latin  vei-sion  of  Diodorus 
Siculus,  of  Appian,  and  of  part  of  Homer. 
He  dic«l  :tt  Mihin,  lt77  aj,'ed  7S 

Deciiai.es,  Claudius  l-'rancis  Milliet,  an 
eminent  matlicmatician  and  astronomer, 
born  at  Chamhcrry  1011.  ile  was  not  hss 
respectable  in  private  life,  than  as  a  man  of 
learning.  He  read  public  lectures  at  Paris 
for  four  vcars,  and  afterwards  tauj^ht  naviga- 
tion at  Marseilles,  and  died  ])rofesS(n-  of 
matlicmatics  at  Turin,  28th  March,  1078, 
ru'ed  07.  His  works  containing  an  edition  of 
Kudid's  elements — discourses  on  fortiUcation 
and  navigation — architecture optics hy- 
drostatics— trigonometry,  Iscc.  were  first  col- 
lected in  tlu-ee  vols,  folio,  called  Mundus 
mathematicus,  as  a  complete  course  of  ma- 
thematics, and  they  Avere  afterwards  impro- 
ved and  publislicd  in  4  vols.  lOOO  at  liyoiis. 

Decio,  Philip,  a  native  of  Milan,  lecturer 
in  jurisprudence  at  Pisa,  Pistoia,  and  other 
places  in  Italy,  where  he  acquired  such  cele- 
brit>,  that  no  one  could  dispute  with  him. 
'  He  afterwards  settled  in  France,  but  died  at 
Pisa  10.35,  aged  Si. 

Decius,  a  Roman  consul,  immortalized 
in  the  annals  of  his  country,  for  devoting 
himself  to  the  gods  manes  in  tluj  midst  of  a 
battle  against  the  Latins,  and  thus  insuring 
the  victory  to  his  army.  His  son  and  grand- 
son on  similar  occasions  followed  his  glorious 
example,  and  thus  obtained  the  victory  for 
their  country, 

Decit'S,  a  Roman  emperor  after  Philip 
He  defeated  the  Persians  in  battle,  but  un- 
tbi'tunately  perished  in  a  morass  with  his 
army,  in  a  fight  against  the  Goths,  251  A.  1). 

Decker,  or  Deckher,  John,  a  learnefl 
Jesuit,  horn  at  Hazebruck,  in  Flanders,  was 

1>rofessor  of  theology  at  Douai  and  Louvain. 
le  was  sent  on  an  embassy  into  Ntiria,  and 
was  made  chancellor  of  Gratz  university, 
where  he  died  1019,  aged  09.  He  wrote 
Tclificatio  sen  theoremata  de  anno  ortus  ac 
niortis  domini,  4to. — tabuliichronographica  a 
capta  per  I'ompeium  Jerosolynia  ad  deletam 
a  Tito  urbem,  -ito.  in  which  he  displayed 
"great  erudition  and  extensive  knowledge  of 
chronology. 

Decker,  Thomas,  a  poet,  in  tlie  reign  of 
James  I.  He  acquired  some  celebrity  by  the 
satire  of  Ben  Jonson,  who  ridiculed  him, 
in  his  Poetaster,  under  the  name  of  Crispi- 
lius.  Decker  resented  the  affront  in  liis  play 
of  Satyromastix,  where  Jonson,  under  tl>e 
name  of  young  Horace,  is  the  hero  of  the 
piece  ;  and  so  successful  and  popular  was  the 
poetic  invective,  that  the  play  was  universal- 
ly followed.  Decker  wrote  three  of  his  plays 
in  conjunction  with  Webster,  and  one  witli 
Rowley  and  Ford;  and  though  his  abilities 
were  not  of  a  superior  degree,  yet  he  was  ad- 
mired, and  his  "  honest  whore,"  and  **  old 
Fortunatus,"  are  said  to  possess  merit  equal 
to  any  of  the  coiupositions  oi'  other  L'ueatrical 


writers,  Shakspeare  excefitcd.  The  tinic 
ol'his  birth  and  death  is  unknown,  though  it 
is  certain  he  was  alive  after  10.58. 

Deuekind,  Frederic,  a  German  of  the 
10th  century,  who  publislnMl  a  vrry  ing<Miions 
ironical  eulogium  on  incivility  and  rudeness, 
intituled,  Grobianns,  sive  de  incultis  mori- 
bns  et  iimrbanis  gestibus,  Franckfort,  8\o. 
1;.5S. 

Di:r,  John,  a  mathematician  ofcnjinence, 
born  in    London    IRth   July,    l.VJZ.     He   was 
educated    at  (Jhilnisford,   and  St.  Jolui's  col- 
lege, Cambi-idgi',  where,  for  three  years,  be 
says,  he  devoted  each  day  4  hours  to  sleep,  - 
to  meals  and  exercise,  and  18  to  study.      He 
went  to  the  low  countrie.s  in  1547,  and  on  his 
return  he    was  made  fellow  of  Trinit'. -col- 
lege, just  founded  by  Henry  VHL     IJi^  at- 
tention  to  mathematical  studies,  so  closely 
connected    witli    astionoiny,   and,   in   those 
days,  to  astrology,  brought  upon  him  at  lhi;> 
time  the  suspicion  of  magician  ;  and,  to  avoid 
this,  lie  retired  to  Louvain,  in  1578,  where  it 
is  supposed  he  took  the  degree  of  L.  L,  D.    In 
1551  he  visited  Paris,  wliere  he  read  lectures 
on  Euclid's  elements  ;  but  the  most  flattering 
promises  could  not  prevail  upon  him  to  set- 
tlethere.  He  therefore  returned  to  England, 
1551,  and  was  so  highly  respected  that  he  was 
presented  to  the  king,  and  made   rector  of 
Upton -upon-Severn.      In  Mary's  reign,  I»is 
correspondence  with  Elizabeth's  friends  ex- 
posed him  to  the  suspicions  of  treason,  and 
therefore  !ie  was  arrested,  and  at   last  with 
difficulty  set  at  liberty.     He  paid  his  court  to 
queen    Elizabeth,    who    flattered    him    with 
com[)linients  ;  but  the  general   belief  of  liis 
being  a  conjuror   was  in  the  way  of  his  pro- 
motion, and  the  books   which   he  published 
countenanced  t)ie  in)putation,  from  the  mys- 
terious language  an»l  incomprehensible  sub- 
jects which  they  contained.      In  1504  he  left 
FiUgland,  to  present  a  work  to  tlie  emperor 
Maximilian;  and,  in   1571,  the  queen   paid 
such  respect  to  his  celebrity  that  she  sent  two 
physicians  to  attend  him  wlicn  confined  by 
sickr.ess  in  IjOuvain.     On  liis  return  to  Eng- 
land he  settled  at  iNIortlake,   where  he  col- 
lected a  choice  library  of  above  4000  volumes; 
which  however,  during  his  absence,  in  1583, 
was  plundered  by  the  populace,  wlio  firmly 
believed  that  he  had   a  famihar  connection 
with  the  devil,  by  his  magical  incantations. 
The  appearance  of  a  new  star  in  1572,  and 
of  a  comet  in  1577,  gave  liim  opportur.iiies  of 
distinguishing  himself  as  an  astronomer;  and 
he  engaged  the  queen's  patronage  by  his  able 
assertion  of  her  riglit  to  the  countries  disco- 
vered by  her  subjects,  and  by  his  ingenious 
plans  for  the  reformation  of  the  calenclar.  In 
1581  he  began  hisattempts  to  penetrate  more 
deeply  into  futurity,  and  assisted  by  Kellv,  a 
young  man  of  Worcestershii-e,  he  launched 
forth  into  those  extravagancies  in  mysterv  and 
superstition  by  which  he  pretended  to  hold 
intercourse  with  departed  spirits.      For  two 
years  he  was  engaged  in  these   unbecoming 
pursuit?,  and  was  at  last  perstnulcd  by  Albert 
Laski,    a   Polish  lord,  who  entertained   the 
same  notions   of  astrology,  to  pass  over  to 


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the  continent,  more  securely  to  indulge  their 
mysterious  incantations.  After  travelling 
tlirough  Germany,  the  three  conjurors  reach- 
ed Poland,  and,  after  an  introduction  to  the 
emperor  Rodoljdi,  and  to  Stephen  king  of 
Poland,  Dee  and  Kelly  were  at  last,  after  the 
exhibition  of  some  magical  tricks,  banished 
from  the  country  by  the  interference  of  the 
pope's  nuncio.  The  noise  of  this  fanatical 
adventure  reached  Elizabeth,  who  desired 
Dee  to  return,  lie  obeyed,  and  travelling 
with  great  pomp  and  becoming  solemnity, 
reached  England  2Jd  November  1589,  and  a 
few  days  aCter  was  presented  to  the  queen, 
who  received  him  gracious!).  But  though 
so  powerful  over  .supernatural  agents,  Dee 
was  poor,  and  therefore  he  petitioned  the 
queen  for  a  lil)cral  subsistence.  Twooom- 
naissioners  M'cre  appointed  to  examine  his 
]»apers  and  the  transactions  of  his  life;  and 
though  their  report  was  favorable,  he  yet  ob- 
tained no  relief.  At  last,  however,  hy  the 
interference  of  lady  Warwick  and  archbish- 
op Whilgift,  he  obtained  the  chancellorship 
of  St.  Paul's,  and,  two  years  after,  the  war- 
denship  of  JMancliester  college,  where  he 
spent  seven  years  in  a  disturbed  and  unquiet 
manner.  In  ir>04  he  petitioned  James  that 
he  might  he  tried,  and  that  all  aspersions  of 
magical  incantations  might  be  wiped  away 
from  his  character ;  hut  the  king,  knowing 
the  liabits  of  his  life,  disregarded  it;  and 
Dee  at  last  removed  to  Mortlake,  where  he 
hegan  again  to  practise  his  mysterious  arts. 
Though  old  and  infirm.  Dee  still  believed  in 
his  astrological  calculations,  and  the  vanity 
and  ostentatious  ambition  which  for  above 
fifty  years  he  had  displayed  forsook  him  not 
■when  sinking  into  the  grave.  He  died  mise- 
rably poor,  in  16US,  aged  SO,  and  was  buried 
lit  Mortlake.  He  was  twice  married,  and  he 
left  a  numerous  family.  The  eldest  of  his 
sons,  Arthur,  was  brought  up  under  Camden, 
and  was  physician  to  Charles  I.  His  writings 
were  very  numerous ;  but  besides  what  he 
published,  several  MSS.  are  preserved  in 
the  Cotton  library  and  in  the  Ashmolean  mu- 
seum. His  notes  and  preface  to  Billingsley's 
Euclid,  and  some  other  works,  prove  him  to 
}iave  been  a  very  able  mathematician.  An 
account  of  his  communications  with  spirits 
and  his  conferences  with  the  emperor  of 
Germany  and  the  king  of  Poland,  written  by 
his  own  hand,  was  published,  with  a  curious 
■preface,  by  Dr.  Merie  Casaubon,  in  1659,  fo- 
lio, and  it  attracted  for  some  time  the  public 
attention.  Dr.  Hooke,  some  years  after,  at- 
tempted to  show  that  Dee  was  not  an  astro- 
loger, but  that  he  was  a  spy,  and  that  the 
figures  and  hieroglyphics  he  used  were  not 
those  of  an  enthusiast  or  magician,  but  of  an 
artfid  man,  employed  to  watch  the  conduct 
and  devclope  the  measures  of  government. 
To  this  conjecture,  however,  few  assented. 

Defesch,  William,  a  German,  eminent 
for  his  skill  on  the  violin.  He  was  leader  of 
the  hand  at  Marybone-gardens,  and  also 
composed  for  Vauxhall.  His  musical  com- 
positions, songs,  and  ballads,  were  much  ad- 
mired.   He  died  about  1750,  aged  70. 


I  De  Foe,  Daniel,  was  horn  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Giles'  Cripplegate,  about  1668,  where 
his  father,  James  Foe,  was  u  butcher.  He 
was  educated  among  the  dissenters,  and 
warmly  embraced  their  tenets  ;  and  he  pro- 
bably prefixed  De  to  his  name  to  conceal  the 
obscurity  of  his  origin.  He  was  early  an 
author,  and  published,  1680,  a  pamphlet  on 
the  contest  between  the  Turks  and  Austri- 
ans.  In  1683  he  followed  in  arms  the  for- 
tunes of  Monmouth,  and  escaped,  much  to 
the  wonder  of  all  his  historians,  the  sanguin- 
ary grasp  of  Jeffries,  He  became  a  livery- 
man of  London  1688,  and  zealously  favor- 
ed the  revolution.  Alx)ut  this  time  he  was 
a  hosier,  though  he  afterwards  denied  the 
occupation  ;  and  in  1692  he  Avas  so  reduced, 
either  by  misconduct  or  by  the  unfavorable 
circumstances  of  the  times,  that  he  fled  from 
his  ci'editors,  though  he  afterwards  very 
honorably  discharged  the  best  part  of  his 
debts.  I'hough  offered  a  respectable  com- 
mercial situation  at  Cadiz  by  his  friends,  he 
determined  to  live  by  his  pen.  In  1695  he 
was  made  accountant  to  the  commissioners 
of  the  glass  duty,  in  which  he  continued  till 
the  suppression  of  the  tax  in  1699.  He  now 
published  various  pamphlets  on  political  and 
temporary  subjects,  one  of  which,  his  '*  trne 
born  Englishman,''  a  satire,  in  verse,  in  de- 
fence of  the  revolution,  recommended  him 
to  the  notice  of  king  William.  His  "  short- 
est way  with  the  dissentei-s,"  in  1702,  as  it 
reflected  on  the  government  and  the  church, 
was  noticed  by  the  house  of  commons,  and 
he  was  sentenced  to  stand  in  the  pillory,  to 
be  fined,  and  imprisoned.  He  was  liberated 
from  his  confinement  in  1704,  by  the  friend- 
ship of  Harley  and  of  Godolphin,  and  im- 
mediately retired  to  St.  Edmundsbu'/y, 
where  his  pen  was  again  employed  on  po- 
litical subjects.  In  1706  he  produced  some 
essays  to  remove  the  prejudices  of  the  Scotch 
against  the  union ;  and  so  great  were  his 
services  considered,  that  he  was  sent  by 
Godolphin  to  Edinburgh  to  confer  upon  the 
subject  with  the  leading  men  of  Scotland. 
Upon  the  conclusion  of  the  union,  he  was 
rewarded  for  his  services,  and  two  years  af- 
ter, 1709,  he  published  the  history  of  the 
union,  in  a  manner  so  satisfactory,  that,  in 
1786,  the  same  pamphlet  was  republished, 
when  the  Irish  union  was  projected.  In  1713 
some  of  his  publications  were  considered 
as  jacobitical,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
was  prosecuted,  but  at  last  liberated  from 
Newgate  by  the  influence  of  his  friend  lord 
Oxford.  He  found  himself  so  neglected  on 
the  accession  of  the  house  of  Hanover,  that 
he  published  his  appeal  to  honor  and  justice, 
the  last  of  his  political  tracts,  as  he  was  seiz- 
ed with  an  apoplexy  before  the  work  M'as 
finished,  and  as  he  afterwards  devoted  him- 
self only  to  useful  and  general  instruction. 
In  1715  he  wrote  the  family  instructor  ;  and 
in  April  1719  appeared  the  first  part  and 
August  following  the  second  part  of  Kob- 
inson  Crusoe ;  a  work  which,  though  abu- 
sed by  some  of  his  contemporaries,  has 
survived   by  its   merit  the  malevolence  of 


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ci-ilicism,  and  triumphed  over  tlic  opposi- 
tion of  party,  and  stimds  nf)\v  us  the  most 
lasting;  monument  of  lilerai'y  fame  an<l  mer- 
its of  llie  authoi*.  It  is  saitl  by  some,  indeed 
that  this  interesting  hook  w  as  dishonestly  hor- 
rowed  from  tlie  papers  of  Alexaiuler  Sclkik, 
a  Scoteltmau,  who  lived  four  years  and  four 
months  in  an  uninhaijited  island,  till  reliev- 
cil  hy  captain  AVood  li«)gers  in  1701).  bel- 
kirk's  adventures,  indeed,  appeared  before 
the  public  in  llie  captain's  voyai;;e ;  and 
therefore,  though  the  idea  of  a  man  tlirown 
upon  a  desert  island  might  be  borrowed 
from  Selkirk's  adv«;ntures,  yet  the  rest  of 
the  story  evidently  belongs  to  the  genius  and 
superstructure  of  De  Foe.  This  respecta- 
ble writer  died  at  his  house  at  Islington  17;51, 
leaving  one  daughter,  who  married  Mr.  H. 
JBaker,  the  naturalist.  The  publications  of 
De  Foe  are  very  numerous,  and  possessed 
great  merit,  and,  at  the  time  in  which  they 
appeared,  they  were  considered  as  very 
powerful  engines  in  the  hands  of  pai'ty. 
His  attempts  to  write  poetry  were  not  suc- 
cessful, after  the  noble  strains  of  Waller 
and  Dryden ;  and  if  his  vei-ses  were  read, 
it  was  more  in  consequence  of  the  satire 
which  they  conveyed  than  of  the  merit  and 
beauty  of  tlie  numbers.  The  life  of  a  polit- 
ical writer  must  be  exposed  to  tlie  attacks 
of  open  and  secret  enemies,  a  circumstance 
which  De  Foe's  political  career  sufficiently 
evinced,  hut  Avhatever  might  have  been  the 
provocations  which  he  gave  to  his  oppo- 
nents, it  is  to  be  observed,  to  the  discredit 
of  Pope,  that,  without  the  most  distant 
imputation  of  offence,  De  Foe  appeared  dis- 
graced in  1728,  in  the  libellous  lines  of  the 
Dunciad. 

Deghuy,  an  ingenious  French  engraver, 
who  died  1748.  He  engraved  the  pieces  of 
some  of  the  greatest  masters,  among  whom 
are  the  names  of  Rembrandt,  Vernct,  Aved, 
Tintoretto,  &c. 

Dejaure,  N.  a  French  poet,  who  died 
young,  and  suddenly,  October  1800.  His 
pieces,  called  le  franc  Breton — Montano — 
Lodoiska,  an  opera,  have  been  received  on 
the  stage  with  applause. 

Deidier,  Anthony,  a  medical  profes- 
sor of  Montpellier,  who  published  in  1723, 
a  curions  dissertation,  de  venercis  morbis, 
in  which  he  supposes  that  the  disease  is  com- 
municated by  a  number  of  small  animalcules. 

Dejotarus,  tetrarch  and  king  of  Gala- 
tea, espoused  the  cause  of  Pompe}'  in  the 
civil  w  ars,  for  which  he  was  dethroned  by 
Csesar. 

Delamet,  Adrian  Augustin  de  Bussy, 
an  ecclesiastic,  born  of  a  noble  family  in  Fi- 
cardy.  He  attended  his  relation  cardinal  de 
Retz  in  his  travels,  and  then  settled  at  the 
Sorbonne  at  Paris,  where  he  died,  20th  Ju- 
ly 1091,  aged  70.  He  wrote  among  other 
things,  a  resolution  of  cases  of  conscience, 
afterwards  republished  by  Treuve,  onder  the 
name  of  dictionary  of  cases  of  conscience, 
2  vols.  fol. 

Delanv,  Patrick,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  in  Ireland  about  15S6.    His  father  was 


originally  a  servant  in  the  family  of  sir  John 
Kcnuel,  the  judge,  and  afterwanls  rented 
a  small  farm.  Young  Delany  was  brought 
up  as  sizar  at  Trinity -college  Dublin,  ut 
which  he  became  fellow.  At  this  time  he 
formed  a  very  intimate  acquaintance  whh 
dean  Swift,  and  soon  distinguished  hims«  If 
as  a  popular  preacher,  and  as  an  a<tive  ami 
successful  tul(n-  in  his  college.  I'he  paU, 
however,  which  he  took  in  supporting  two 
young  men  who  had,  for  misconduct,  been 
cxi)eiled,  proved  olfensive  to  the  provost  and 
to  Bfiidtcr  the  primate,  who  wished  to  op- 
pose his  advancement.  Lord  Carteret,  iu 
17'jr,  presented  him  to  the  chancellorship 
of  Clu-ist  chui'ch,  and  a  prebend  in  the  ca- 
thedral of  St.  Patrick.  In  1729  he  began 
the  periodical  paper  called  the  Tribune,  con- 
tinued to  20  numbers;  and  in  1731  he  came 
to  London,  to  publish  his  "  revelation  ex- 
amined with  candor,"  a  work  to  which  h« 
added  a  second  volume,  and,  thirty  years  af- 
ter, a  third,  and  which  was  universally  and 
deservedly  admired.  When  in  London,  he 
married  Mrs.  Margaret  Tcnison,  a  rich  Irish 
widow,  who  died  December  6,  17il.  la 
1738  he  published  his  "  reflections  upon  po- 
lygamy," a  curious  work,  which  was  follow- 
ed, in  1740  and  1742,  with  an  historical  ac- 
count of  the  life  of  David  king  of  Israel,  in 
3  vols,  a  performance  which,  while  it  dis- 
played tl.e  ingenuity,  learuing,  and  judg- 
ment of  the  author,  little  contributed  to  the 
honor  of  the  sacred  writings,  whose  authenti- 
city and  character  cannot  rest  upon  the  la- 
bors of  men.  In  1743,  9th  June,  he  tocjk 
for  his  second  wife  the  widow  of  Alexander 
Pendarves,  a  w^oman  of  great  excellence 
and  known  genius;  and  the  following  year 
he  was  raised  to  the  deanery  of  Down.  The 
most  considerable  of  his  productions  after  he 
became  dean,  was  his  *'  remarks  on  the  life 
of  Swift  by  lord  Orrery."  Tliis  publication 
set  in  fairer  colors  the  character  of  Swift, 
and  exhibited  him  in  a  more  amiable  view, 
from  the  recollections  of  friendship  and  in- 
timacy, tlian  that  of  lord  Orrery.  His  la- 
bors, however  frieudly,  did  not  pass  uncen- 
sured  from  the  pen  of  Dean  Swift,  esq.  who 
reflected,  with  petulence  and  abuse,  on  the 
publication  of  Dr.  Delany ;  who  replied,  in 
1755,  with  great  temper  and  truly  christian 
moderation.  Besides  these,  he  pubhshed 
sermons,  and  some  theological  tracts.  He 
died  at  Bath,  May  17G8,  in  the  83d  year  of 
his  age.  Dr.  Delany  was  remarkable,  not 
moreforhis  learning,  than  for  his  benevolence 
and  hospitality.  He  left  little  property  be- 
hind him,  though  the  last  twenty  years  of 
his  life  his  annual  income  was  3000/.  which 
generously  were  distributed  at  the  call  of  in- 
digence and  distress. 

Delany,  Mary,  second  wife  of  Dr.  De- 
lany, was  daughter  of  Barnard  Granville, 
afterwards  lord  Lansdowne,  and  was  bom 
at  Coulton,.  Wilts,  14th  May  1700.  When 
she  was  17,  she  was  influenced  by  her  rela- 
tions, against  her  inclinations,  to  marry  Al- 
exander Pendarves,  esq.  of  Roscrow,  in  Corn- 
wall, a  gentleman  of   great  property,   but 


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much  advanced  in  life ;  but  though  she  lived 
unhappy,  her  time  was  usefully  devoted  to 
the  cultivation  of  her  miTid,  natui-ally  vigor- 
ous and  eager  after  improvement.     In  1724 
she  became   a  widow ;    in   consequence  of 
which  she  left  Cornwall,  and  resided  chiefly 
in  London.     After  a  widowhood  of  19  yeai-s, 
she  married,   in    1743,  Ur.   Delany,  whom 
she   had  long  known   as   tlie  friend  of  her 
learned  correspondent  dean  Swift,  and  with 
him  she  lived  the  happiest  of  wives,  till  his 
death,  in  176S.    When  this  melanchol}-  event 
took  place,  she  wished  to  settle  at  Batli,  but 
the  duchess  of  Portland  who  knew  and  lov- 
ed her  virtues,  insisted  upon  her  living  with 
her  at  Bulstrode,  and  she  continued  in  that 
hospitable  I'etreat  for  some  years.    On  the 
death  of  the  duchess,  the  king,  with  lauda- 
ble  benevolence,   assigned  ]Mrs.   Delany,  a 
house,  ready  furnished,  in  St.  Alhan's  street, 
Windsor,  and  granted  her  a  pension  of  .300^. 
a  year,  which   she  enjoyed    till   her   death, 
15th   April  1788,    at  the  advanced  age   of 
nearly  88.     Mrs.   Delany  is  well  known  for 
her    spirited   and    elegant   correspondence 
with  some   of  the  learned  and  of  the  Avitty 
of  the  times,  but  particularly  for  her  great 
skill  in  drawing  and   painting.     Her  pieces, 
■which  are  numerous  and  tastefully  executed, 
adorn  the  mansions  of  her  relations,  as  well 
as  her  works  in  embroidery  and  in  shells. 
She  is  also  known  for  inventing,  at  the  age 
of  74,  an  ingenious  Flora,  by  the  tasteful 
application  of  colored  papers  together,  skil- 
fully cut  with  scissars,  and  so  delicately  dis- 
posed, upon  black  ground,  as  to  imitate  and 
almost  equal  the  works  of  nature.    In  this 
elegant  accomplishment  she  continued  to  be 
engaged  till  her  83d  year,  when  her  sight 
began  to  fail ;  and  so  astonishing  was  her  as- 
siduity, that  not  less  than  980  plants  Avere 
exhibited  in  her  beautiful   flora,    which  is 
now  in  the  possession  of  her  nephew,  Court 
Dewis,  esq.     She  also  wrote  some  poetry. 

Delaune,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist, 
■who,  in  1G83,  wrote  an  answer  to  Dr.  Cala- 
iny's  discourse  concerning  a  scrupulous  con- 
science. His  book  called  '*  plea  for  noncon- 
formity," gave  such  offence,  that  he  was 
tried,  and  sentenced  to  pay  a  heaAy  fine  ; 
which  as  he  could  not  do,  he  died  in  ])rison. 
Deleyre,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Bour- 
deaux,  who  wrote  an  analysis  of  lord  Ba- 
con's wcn-ks,  3  vols.  12mo. — the  genius  of 
Montesquieu — the  spirit  of  St.  Evremond, 
&c.  He  also  assisted  Uaynal  in  his  history  of 
tbe  commerce  of  the  Indies,  and  contribu- 
ted some  valuable  articles  to  the  encyclo- 
pedic.    He  died  1797. 

Delft,  Jacob,  a  celebrated  portrait 
painter,  of  Delft,  who  died  1601,  aged  4 '2. 
He  was  grandson  of  Mirevelt,  whom  he  ri- 
valled in  the  efforts  of  his  pencil. 

Delius,  Christopher  I'raugott,  a  native 
of  WalhausL-n,  in  Thuringia,  who,  after  serv- 
ing in  the  army,  was  made  surveyor  of  the 
Hungarian  mines,  and  then  placed  at  Vien- 
na, in  the  department  of  the  mines  and  of 
the  mint.  He  was  an  eminent  mineralogist, 
and  w  rote  a  dissertation  on  mountains,  8vo. — 


4to. 


an  introduction  to  the  art  of  mining, 

He  died  in  Italy  1799,  aged  51. 

Delmont,  Deodalt,  an  historical  pain- 
ter, born  at  St.  Tion.  He  was  pupil  to  Ru- 
bens, who  highly  esteemed  him.  He  died 
1G34,  aged  53. 

Delobel,  a  French  painter,  of  the  17th 
century.  His  pieces  which  are  in  a  very  su- 
perior style,  adorn  chiefly  the  churches  and 
cathedrals  of  France. 

De  Lolme,  John  Lewis,  L.  L.  D.  a  na- 
tive of  Geneva,  who  for  some  years  resided 
in  England,  and  acquired  great  celebrity  as 
an  author.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he 
retired  to  the  continent,  and  died  in  Swit- 
zerland, March  1807.  He  was  in  his  character 
a  man  of  talents  and  information,  entertain- 
ing and  witty  in  his  conversation,  temperate 
in  his  living,  but  in  his  person  httle  attentive 
to  the  graces  of  outward  appearance.  He  is 
author  of  parallel  between  the  English  con- 
stitution and  the  former  government  ol'Swe- 
den,  1772 — treatise  on  the  constitution  of 
England,  1775,  a  work  of  singular  merit, 
often  reprinted,  and  commended  by  the  ap- 
probation not  only  of  lords  Camden  and 
Chatham,  and  other  great  political  charac- 
ters, but  by  the  nervous  writer  of  Junius' 
letters — essay  on  the  union  of  Scotland  with 
England,  1787 — memorials  of  human  super- 
stition— observations  on  the  tax  on  windows, 
1788 — observations  on  the  late  national  em- 
barrassments, 1789,  See. 

pELRio,  Martin  Anthony,  a  learned  Je- 
suit, born  at  Antwerp,  of  Spanish  parents, 
1551.  He  studied  at  the  universities  of  Paris, 
Douai,  and  Louvain,  where  he  displayed  as- 
tonishing powers  of  memory,  and  great  quick- 
ness of  learning.  He  was  admitted  L.  L.  D. 
at  Salamanca,  and  afterwards  became  a 
cotmsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Brabant,  and 
entered  the  Jesuits'  order  at  Valladotid.  He 
taught  belles  lettres  at  Liege,  Mayeuce, 
Gratz,  and  Salamanca,  and  died  at  Louvain, 
two  years  after  his  friend  Lipsius,  1608. 
Besides  notes  on  Seneca,  Claudian,  and  So- 
linus,  he  -wrote  explications  of  difticult  pas- 
sages in  scripture — commentaries  on  the  old 
testament — disquisitiones  magicce. 

Dei. RIO,  John,  a  native  of  Bruges,  dean 
of  Antwerp,  died  1624.  He  wrote  com- 
mentaries on  the  119th  psalm. 

Demades,  an  Athenian  orator,  for  some 
time  at  the  court  of  Philip  of  Macedon. 
He   was  put  to  death   by  Cassander,  B.  C. 

Demaratus,  a  king  of  Sparta,  who  was 
obliged  to  resign  the  crown  in  consequence 
of  the  imputation  of  his  enemies,  who  accu- 
sed hi'u  of  being  illegitimate.  He  retired 
to  Persia,  where  he  was  honorably  received. 

Demeste,  John,  M.  D.  chaj)lain  and  chief 
surgeon  to  the  forces  of  the  prince  of  Liege, 
was  a  native  of  Liege,  where  he  died,  Au- 
gust 20,  1783,  aged  38.  He  is  well  known 
as  the  author  of  some  ingenious  letters  on 
chemistry,  Paris,  1779. 

Demetrius,  Poliorcetes,  son  of  Antigo- 
nus,  M  as  honored  by  the  Athenians  with  the 
dedicationof  brazen  statues,  because  he  had 


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ucli\ci"cil  tluii'  fity  fr«)in  the  powc'r  of  Do- 1 
jiietriiis  Pliijereus,  ;uul  (lcro:\lc(I  Ciissiimlcr 
ut  l"ltcrni()[)ylu;.  'J'liougli  litjiicii  at  Uie  kat- 
tle  ol'  Ipsiis,  he  had  lln;  <^i>uil  rorlune  to  scat 
>iijuself  on  the  throne  of  Macedonia  ;  where 
Jiis  posteritv  renuuned  till  the  :i.q;e  of  Perse- 
us.    He  ilic'd  B.  C.  tiSr). 

Demetrius,  Soter,  kinp;  of  Syrin,  was 
son  of  Sclcnciis.  He  was  for  some  time  an 
iiostaj^e  at  Uome,  and  perished  in  huttle,  li. 
C.15U. 

Demetrius  11.  surnamed  Nicannr,  was 
kinp;  of  Syria  aftej-  his  father,  Demetrius  i. 
He  iornied  an  alliance  with  liie  .lews,  and 
AVas  at  hist  killed  by  the  governoi"  of 'I'yi-e, 

n.c.iZ7. 

Demetrius  Phaleueus,  a  philoso- 
pliei',  the  disciple  of  Theophrastus.  Ho 
Avas  liis^hly  Konored  by  the  Athenians,  and 
afterwards  was  liospitaijly  entertained  by 
Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt.  He  contributed 
'J0(),0()0  volume.s  to  the  Alexandrine  library, 
nnd  died  by  the  bite  of  an  asp,  2iii  H.  C. 

Demetuius,  a  cynic  pliilosophcr,  in  the 
reign  of  Caligula,  afterwards  baiii^ihed  by 
Vespasian  for  his  insolence. 

Demetrius,  czar  ol  Itussia,  son  of  tlie 
czar  John  liassilowitz,  is  by  some  lustori- 
ans  called  the  false  i)emetrius,  and  regar- 
ded as  an  obscure  native  of  Jaroslaw,  wiio 
"vvas  instructed  by  an  artful  monk  to  assume 
the  character  of  the  real  Demetrius,  who, 
jt  is  said,  had  been  innrdered  by  Doris  Gu- 
denow.  Tliis  youthful  adventurer,  whether 
really  tbe  prince  (jr  pretender,  invaded  Rus- 
sia with  a  small  army,  in  1004,  and  m  as  so 
successful  as  to  scat  himself  on  the  throne. 
After  a  shoi"t  reign  of  eleven  inonLlis,  he 
was  assassinated,  IfiOG.  He  had  married  the 
daughter  of  Mnicski,  palatine  of  Scndomir, 
who  had  warmly  espoused  his  cause. 

De  Missy,  Csesar,  a  learned  divine,  born 
at  Rerlin  2d  January  1703.  He  studied  at 
IJerlin  and  at  Prankfort  on  the  Oder ;  and 
after  preaching  for  five  years  in  several 
towns  of  the  United  Provinces,  he  came  to 
London,  wliere  he  was  ordained  to  serve 
ihe  Savoy  chi'.pel,  and  iu  1762,  named  by 
'he  bishop  of  London  Prench  cliaplain  to 
liie  king.  He  iiied  lOlh  August  1775.  He 
published  some  poetical  pieces — casays  on 
profane  and  sacred  litei-aturc — epitomes  .')f 
books,  memoirs,  &c.  but  generally  nnony- 
mouijly,  or  only  with  his  initials.  He  also 
assisted  many  of  his  friends,  particularly 
Westein,  in  his  edition  of  the  fjreek  testa- 
ment, and  Jortin  in  his  life  of  Erasmus,  lie 
was  H  learned  antl  pious  man. 

Democedes,  a  physician  of  Crotona, 
who,  after  serving  Pol3-crates  of  Samos,  he- 
came  tlie  slave  and  the  jdiysician  of  Darius 
king  of  Persia.  He  returiu:d  to  his  country 
by  stratagem,  and  married  llie  sister  of 
Milo,  the  celebrated  wrestler. 

Democri  rrs,  a  famous  philosopher  of 
Abdera,  whose  mental  actpiireiiients  were  so 
great  and  extraordinary  that  his  countrymen 
accused  him  of  raatlness.  Hippocrates, 
liowever,  saw  and  acknowieilged  his  merit. 
He  laughed  constantly  at  the  folUcs  of  man- 

VOL.    J.  di 


kind.     He   died    at  the    age  of   KiO,  about 
;j51. 

Demonax,  a  philosopher  of  Crete  in  tlie 
reign  of  Adrian.  He  had  the  highest  con- 
tempt for  riches,  and  lived  upon  the  acciden- 
tal sii|iplies  which  he  received  from  his 
friends  and  strangers.  Ho  lived  to  his  lOUtU 
year. 

Demoivke,  Abraham,  an  eminent  math- 
emafici:\n,  I'Otn  at  Vilri,  Champugne,  May 
1007.  He  left  Fiance  at  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  came  to  England, 
where,  by  studying  the  \)rincipiH  of  New- 
ton, he  made  himself  a  con^plete  master  of 
mathematics,  in  which  he  read  some  pop- 
ular lectures  for  his  support.  He  was  ad- 
mitted member  of  the  royal  .society  in  Lon- 
don, and  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  Paris ; 
and  died  in  Lon<lon  November  17.t4.  His 
works  are  strong  evidences  of  his  superior 
learning  and  great  application.  He  i)ublish- 
ed,  miscellanea  analytica,  4to. — a  treatise 
on  annuities — and  his  great  work,  "<loc- 
trine  of  chances,"  in  1718,  4to.  twice  re- 
printed, with  considerable  improvements. 

Demosthenes,  a  celebrated  orator  ot 
Athens.  Though  but  the  son  of  a  black- 
smith, he  rose  to  consequence  ;  and  tho.igh 
neglected  by  his  guardians,  and  impeded  in 
his  education  by  weakness  of  huigs,  and  an 
inarticulate  pronunciation,  his  assiduity  over- 
came all  obstacles,  and  enabled  him  to  rise 
superior  to  every  difficulty,  and  become  the 
most  illustrious  and  eloquent  orator  of  all 
antiquity.  He  warmly  resisted  the  x»olitics 
and  the  insinuating  conduct  of  Philip  of  Ma- 
cedon,  and  was  equally  violent  against  his 
son  and  successor,  Alexander  the  great ;  but, 
in  spite  of  his  eloquence,  the  arts  and  tlit; 
valor  of  the  Macedonians  prevailed,  and  De- 
mosthenes unhappily  found,  that  the  Athe- 
nians vv'hom  he  acldrcssed  were  only  the  de- 
generate sons  of  ih(>;e  hemes  wliohad  bled 
at  Marathon,  at  Salamis,  and  at  Thcrmopy- 
he.  Demosthenes,  wholiad  inveighed  against 
the  bribery  of  the  Macedonians,  himself  was 
accused  of  receiving  some  splendid  presentiS 
of  money  from  Harpalus,  the  deputy  of 
Alexander  ;  hut  the  unpopularity  of  his  con- 
duct co!itinucd  but  a  short  tiaie  ;  till  at  last: 
the  victories  of  Antii)ater  obliged  the  Athe- 
nians to  deliver  their  orator,  and  Demosthe- 
nes, ratlier  than  fall  into  the  liands  of  his 
enemies,  destroyed  himself  by  poison,  B.  C. 
S22.  The  best  edition  of  his  orations  is  that 
of  Reiske. 

Demours,  Peter,  a  native  of  Marseilles, 
known  for  his  eminence  as  a  physician  ami 
for  the  dexterity  of  iiis  surgical  operations, 
and  his  great  skill  as  an  oculist.  He  died 
at  Paris  2Gtii  June  171^5,  aged  03,  author 
of  r.ome  respectable  works  on  his  pi-ofession. 

Dempster,  ^\'illiam,  a  learned  Scots- 
man, born  in  the  shire  of  Angus,  14"J0,  and 
educated  at  St.  Andrew's,  from  whence  he 
went  to  I'aris,  and  was  successfully  employ- 
ed by  the  university  there  to\  refute  tlte 
book's  of  Raymond  Lully,  who  had  im- 
pugned Aristotle's  philosophy.  After  visit- 
ing Padua  and  othrn-  places,  he  returned  t- 


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ScoUuncl,  of  which  he  published  an  ecclesi- 
astical histoiy,  iii  which  he  raagnifies  the 
most  common  events  into  miracles.  He  died 
at  Paris  1557. 

Dempster,  Tiiomas,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who  studied  at  Paris,  and  there  taught 
classical  learning.  His  quarrelsome  temper 
however,  and  liis  sevei-ities  to  his  pupils, 
rendered  hira  ujipopular,  and  he  \vas  obli- 
ged to  fly  fi'om  Paris,  and  to  return  to  Scot- 
land. He  afterwards  went  to  Pisa,  where 
his  wife,  a  woman  of  great  beauty,  ran  away 
■\\itli  one  of  his  scliolars,  a  misfortune  which 
he  bore  with  all  the  indifference  of  stoicism. 
He  atterwards  read  lectures  on  polite  learn- 
ing in  various  universities,  and  obtained  a 
professor's  chair  atNismes,  fi'om  whence  he 
retired  to  Bologna,  where  after  some  years' 
residence  he  died  1G25.  He  wrote  some 
learned  works,  commentaries  on  Uosinus' 
Koman  antiquities,  and  on  Claudian, — four 
books  of  epistles, — dramatic  pieces  and  po- 
ems,— a  martyrology  of  Scotland, — a  list  of 
Scottish  writers,  &c.  He  was  u  man  of  as- 
tonishing memory,  so  tliat  he  w  as  properly 
called  a  living  library.  His  application  was 
indefatigable,  he  never  studied  less  than  14 
hours  daily,  but  he  wanted  judgment  and 
discrimination.  He  was  so  partial  to  his 
country  that  he  attributed  to  the  natives  of 
it,  nearly  all  the  books  which  English,  Welsli 
and  Irish  authors  had  composed.  He  has 
therefore  been  censured  by  protestants  as 
■well  as  papists,  and  Baillet  has  observed  that 
in  his  ecclesiastical  history  of  Scotland,  in 
19  books,  he  had  no  conscience,  he  forged 
titles  of  books  never  published  to  raise  the 
glory  of  his  native  country,  and  he  has  been 
guilty  of  several  cheating  tricks  by  which  he 
has  lost  his  creJit  among  men  of  learning. 

Dexham,  sir  John,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  Duljlin  1615.  His  father  was  chief  baron 
of  (he  exche(juer  in  Ireland,  and  when  af- 
terwards removed  tT)  the  English  bench,  he 
brought  his  son  with  him,  who  was  educa- 
ted in  London,  and  in  liijl  entered  at  Trin- 
ity college,  Oxford.  During  his  residence 
in  the  university,  and  afterwavds  while  a 
student  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  he  was  devoted  to 
gaming  and  dissipation,  more  than  to  learn- 
ing and  science,  and  his  father  not  only  au- 
gured the  most  fatal  conscquonces,but  threat- 
ened to  disinherit  him.  In  1041,  thi-ee  years 
afler  the  death  of  his  father,  he  published 
his  tragedy  of"  Sophy,"  which,  says  V\  alle;-, 
Vroke  out  like  the  Irish  rebellion  threescore 
thousaiul  strong,  when  nob(jdy  was  aware 
of  it.  Soon  alter  he  was  sheritt'of  Surry, 
and  governor  of  Farnham  castle,  but  not  un- 
derstanding military  afi'airs  he  came  lo  the 
king  at  Oxford,  where,  in  iOi-3,  he  publish- 
ed his  "  Cooper's  hill,"  a  poem,  says  Dry- 
den,  which  for  majesty  of  style  is  and  ever 
vill  be  the  standard  of  good  writing.  Hi^; 
attacbinent  to  the  royal  cause  during  the 
civil  Avars,  insured  him  the  confidence  of  the 
(jueen,  who  intrusted  him  with  a  commis- 
sion to  her  unfortunate  husband  a  captive  in 
the  army.  He  afterwards  went  as  anibassa- 
dgr  with  lord  Croft  from  Charles  II.  to   Po- 


land, and  in  1562  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  found  his  estates  greatly  reduced 
in  consequence  of  his  former  habits  of  ga- 
ming, and  the  ].ersecutions  of  the  civil  war» 
For  about  a  year  he  was  hospitably  entei- 
tained  by  lord  Pembroke.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  entered  upon  his  office  of  surveyor 
general  to  the  king's  buildings,  and  at  the 
coronation  he  was  created  K.  B.  In  the  lat- 
ter i>art  ofhislife,  in  consequence  of  some 
domestic  difference  on  his  second  marriage, 
he  unfortunatch'^  lost  his  senses,  which  he 
however  recovered.  He  wrote  some  verses 
on  Cowley's  death,  and  soon  followed  him 
to  the  grave.  He  died  March  1G68,  and 
was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey  near  the 
remains  of  Chaucer,  Spenser,  and  Cowley. 
Denham's  works  have  been  published  to- 
gether at  different  times,  the  sixth  edition 
of  which  appeared  in  1719.  These  poems 
are  above  20  in  number,  containing  besides 
the  Sophy,  and  Cooper's  hill,  the  destruc- 
tion of  Troy,  and  Cato  Major.  Wood  men- 
tions other  works  of  Denham,  such  as  a  new 
version  of  the  psalms,  a  panegyric  on  gen- 
eral Monk,  the  true  presbyterian,  Sec.  Den- 
ham, as  Johnson  has  observed,  is  deservedly 
considered  as  one  of  the  fathers  of  Enghsh 
poetry.  Cooper's  hill  is  the  work  that  con- 
fers upon  him  tht^  rank  and  dignity  of  au 
original  author.  He  seems  to  have  been,  at 
least  among  us,  the  author  of  a  species  of 
compc  sition  that  may  be  denominated  local 
poetry,  of  which  the  fundamental  subject  is 
some  particular  landscape  to  be  poetically 
described,  v  ith  the  a<ldition  of  such  embel- 
hshments  as  may  be  supplied  by  historical  ret- 
rospections or  incidental  meditation.  He  is 
one  of  the  writers  that  improved  our  taste 
and  advanced  our  language,  and  whom  we 
ought  therefore  to  read  with  gratitude, 
though  having  done  much,  he  left  much  to 
do. 

Denelle,  an  infamous  revolutionist. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Marat,  and  shared  all 
his  crimes,  and  at  last,  after  tryit!g  to  poison 
his  wife  and  five  children,  he  killed  them 
v\ith  his  own  hand  with  blows.  He  expiated 
his  crimes  on  the  scaffold. 

Denneu,  Balthasar,  a  portrait  painter, 
born  at  Hamburgh  1G85.  He  was  offeretl,  iii 
London,  for  his  excellent  portrait  of  an  old 
woman,  500  guineas  which  he  refused.  He 
died  17i7. 

Dennis,  Jokn,  an  Englisli  critic,  born  in 
London  1057,  and  educated  at  Harrow  and 
Caius  college,  Cambridge.  After  taking  his 
bachelor's  degree  he  was  expelled  for  at- 
tempting to  stab  a  person  in  the  dark,  upon 
which  he  travclle^l  over  France  and  Italy, 
and  at  his  return  set  up  for  a  man  of  fashiou 
ami  of  wit.  He  began  his  literary  career 
as  early  as  1090,  and  continued  to  write  till 
his  death  in  173.').  He  was  intimate  with  the 
gre;it  and  the  learned  of  the  times,  but  his 
tifinper  was  so  violent,  and  his  pride  atul  sus- 
picions so  great,  that  his  lite  was  a  continual 
scene  of  tumult  and  quarrel,  infftuued  and 
cherished  by  the  invertives  of  his  pen.  He 
wrote  in  1692,  a  pindaric  ode  ou  William'.'- 


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rictory  at  Aglirim,  and  lie  also  Iicuoved  the 
(loath  of  tliat  intjiiurch  iiiid  that  oi'his  <|iieen, 
with  poetical  iiKCtise.  lu  I7()t  «:>»iic  his  la- 
vorito  tragedy  **  Lihcrfy  asHcrled,"  in  which 
he  used  such  vioh-nl  lanmiavje  against  the 
French  nation  that  in  the  i»ride  ofself-con- 
setiticnce  he  persua<l*l  hlnl^nJl^■  peace  could 
never  he  rc-estahlished  hctween  the  two 
countries  without  ids  being  delivered  uj)  to 
the  olFendcd  enemy.  With  this  idea  lie  ap- 
plied to  the  duke  of  Marlborough  f<»r  his  pro- 
lectrin,  viii)  declared  to  the  alarnie<l  [»oet 
that  he  liad  no  inHuence  with  the  ministry, 
but  that  he  thought,  without  hriiig  terrilictl, 
Ills  own  case  as  desperate,  as  he  had  done  the 
Frencli  almost  as  much  mischief  as  Mv. 
Dennis  himself  This  singular  character 
thus  exposed  lo  ridicule,  is  said  on  another 
occasion  to  have  been  walking  near  the  sea 
while  the  guest  of  a  friend  in  Sussex,  and 
that  at  the  sudden  sight  of  a  ship  sailing  as 
lie  imagined  towards  him,  he  decamped  in 
the  greatest  hurry,  calling  his  friend  a  trai- 
tor for  conspiring  to  deliver  his  person  up 
lo  the  French,  llis  poems  on  the  battles  of 
Blenheim  and  Ilamillies  gained  him  the 
i'rieudsiiip  of  the  victorious  hero  of  the  day, 
^vho  presented  him  with  lOOl.  and  procure(l 
liim  an  appointment  in  the  customs  worth 
120/.  per  annum.  He  also  wrote  some  prose 
pieces,  especially  priestcraft  dangerous,  Sec. 
against  SachevercU's  political  union,  aud 
some  severe  reflections  on  Pope's  essay  on 
criticism,  and  Addison's  Cato.  This  not 
only  occasioned  a  curious  pamphlet  cdled 
the  narrative  of  Dr.  liobert  Xorris,  con- 
cerning the  strange  and  deplorable  frenzy 
of  Mr.  John  Dennis,  but  it  drew  upon  him 
the  satirist's  resentment,  and  entitled  him 
to  a  conspicuous  place  among  the  heroe-s  of 
the  Dunciad.  Though  now  disregarded  as  a 
writer  and  a  critic,  he  was  esteemed  in  his 
day,  hut  it  was  observed  by  a  wit  that  Den- 
nis was  the  fittest  man  in  the  world  to  in- 
struct a  dramatic  writer,  for  he  laid  doM  n 
rules  for  w  riting  good  plays,  and  showed  him 
■what  were  had  by  his  own. 

Denny,  sir  Antliony,  a  favorite  of  Henry 
Vni.  born  at  Cheshunt,  and  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  school  and  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. H^s  great  abilities  sooa  recommend- 
ed him  to  the  court,  where  he  became  gen- 
tleman of  the  bed  cliamlicr,  groom  of  the 
stole,  and  a  privy  counsellor.  He  was  also 
knighted  by  the  king,  and  in  the  general 
plunder  of  the  property  of  the  church,  sir 
Anthony  received  from  his  capricious  master 
very  large  and  valuable  grants  of  lands  in 
Hertfordshire.  When  Henry  was  on  his 
death  bed,  sir  Anthony  alone  had  the  cour- 
age a^id  humanity  to  approach  him,  to  re- 
mind him  of  his  situation,  and  to  exhort  him 
to  devote  the  few  remaining  moments  of  life 
to  the  momentousconccrns  of  religion.  The 
king  had  such  an  opinion  of  his  integrity, 
that  he  made  him  one  of  the  executors  of 
his  will,  and  of  the  counsellors  of  his  suc- 
cessor, and  gave  him  a  legacy  of  300/.  Sir 
Anthony  was  a  man  of  great  piety  as  wyll  as 
'earning.     He  died  1550,  leaving  by  his  ?ady 


Joan,  daughter  of  sir  Philip  C>hamprrnr,n  ci' 
.Modburv,  Devon,  six  children,  of  whnri 
Henry  the  eldest  was  faflier  of  Kdward  who 
was  knighted,  and  in  IG2G  made  earl  of  Nor- 
wich. 

Denton,  John,  an  Knglish  divine*,  ed<i- 
catcd  at  Clarchall,  Cimnbridge,  and  ejected 
for  nonconformity  from  tbe  living  of  OiwaM 
kii-k,  Yorkshire,  in  lC>h2.  He  afterwards 
conformed  and  after  being  rc-ordained,  was 
presented  to  the  living  of  Stonegrave,  .ind  a 
prebend  of  York,  w  hich  he  held  till  his  death 
4th  January  170S,  in  his  .S,3d  year.  He  pub- 
lished some  sermons  and  religious  tracts,  and 
was  the  intimate  friend  and  correspondent  of 
Tillolson  afterwards  the  primate. 

Dentrecoi.les,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Je- 
suit, born  at  Lyons  l66i..  He  went  to  China 
as  missionary'  with  Parcnnin,  and  he  died 
there  on  the  same  year  as  his  associate  1741, 
and  both  aged  77.  This  Jesuit  wrote  several 
works  in  the  Chinese  language  to  recom- 
mend the  christian  religion  to  the  disciple.s 
of  Confucius,  and  some  iuleresting  pieces  of 
his  are  also  found  in  "  lettres  edifiantes  &c 
curieiises,"  and  in  du  Halde's  China. 

Den  YS,  James,  an  historical  painter,  bortt 
at  Antwerp  lGi5.  He  studied  in  Italy,  and 
resided  for  some  time  at  the  court  of  Mantua, 
where  he  was  highly  honored.  He  returned 
afterwards  to  his  native  city,  where  he  died. 

DEPARCiEfX,  Anthony,  a  mathemati- 
cian, born  in  the  diocese  of  Usez.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  trigonometry  4to. — essays  ou 
tlio  probabilities  of  the  duration  of  human 
life  Hto.  a  \aluable  work,  which  obtained  liiin 
a  seat  in  the  academy  of  sciences, — memoir 
on  the  inundations  of  the  river  Seine,  kc. 
His  skill  was  much  applauded  in  his  con- 
struction of  smt-dials  on  a  new  ])lan,  and  also 
foF  his  meridian  lines.  He  died  17GS,  aged 
G5. 

Derby,  James  Stanley  carl  of,  an  Kng- 
lish nobleman,  celebrated  for  his  courage 
during  the  civil  wars.  W^ith  only  CoO  horse 
he  bravely  defended  himself  at  Wigan  against 
col.  Lilburne  and  500()  horse  and  foot,  but 
when  taken  at  the  battle  of  Worcester,  he 
was  basely  beheade<l  tliough  faithfully  pro- 
mised pardon,  October  15th,  1651.  His 
widow  imitated  his  heroic  conduct,  aiid  after 
the  brave  defence  of  Latham  house,  she  re- 
tired to  the  Isle  of  Man,  where  she  tlelied 
the  attacks  of  her  enemies.  She  was  the 
last  person  who  sabmiltcd  to  the  power  of 
the  regicides. 

DEiiCY  I.LIU  AS,  aLacedamonian  general, 
w4io  avenged  his  country  against  tUe  Persians 
and  defended  Chersonesus  against  the  in- 
roads of  the  Thracians  almut  400  B.  ('. 

Dereing,  Edward,  an  eminent  <livine, 
born  in  Kent,  fellow  of  Christ's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  pi-cacherat  St.  Paul's  Lon- 
don, and  distinguished  himself  by  his  elo- 
quence  before  the  court.  He  died  1576, 
much  respected  for  his  piety  as  well  as  learn- 
ing. He  wrote  sermons, — lectures  on  the 
epistle  to  the  Hebrew*, — answer  to  Harding, 

Derham,  WilliatD.  an  aide   philosopher 


DE 


BE 


and  divine,  boTii  at  vStougliton  near  Worces- 
ter, 26th  November   1657,  niul  educated  at 
Blockley,  and  Trinity  collcjje,  Oxford.     He 
Avas  presented  in   168'2  to   Wurgruve  vlcar- 
ao;c,  Berks,  and  in  1080  to  Upniinster  rcctorj-, 
Essex.     He  devoted  the  best  p^rt  oi'  his  time 
lo  mathematics  and   experimental  philoso- 
phy.    He  was  chosen  leliow  of  tlie  royal  so- 
ciety, and  enrichei]  the  philosophical  trans- 
actions with  many  cnrious  and  valuable  com- 
munications.    In  171 G  lie  was  made  canon  of 
Windsor,   and   the   imivcrsity  of  Oxford  in 
1730  honorabl}'  granted  liim   tlie  degree  of 
D.U.  for  his  meritorious  services  in  the  cause 
of  science.  This  pious  and  good  man,  a'ways 
employed  in   tlie   labors  of  philosophy,  hu- 
manity and  religion,   died    5th   April   17.3;), 
Aged  78,  and  was  buried  at  Upminster.     His 
publications  are  very  numerous,  not  less  than 
40,  and  mostly  on  philosophical  subjects.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  are  his  physico-the- 
olo»y,  16  discourses  preached  at  Boyle's  in- 
stitution 1711  and  V2,  and  in  1714  his  astro- 
theology,  and  in  1730  his  christo-theology,  a 
sermon  to  ])rove  the  divine  origin  of  Chris- 
tianity,   besides  the   artificial   clock-maker, 
an  ingenious     book     the  fourth    edition    of 
which  was  published  1734.     He  also  assisted 
some  of  his  literary  friends,  he  revised  the 
*' miscellanea  curioso,"   he  prepared  note.s 
and  observations  for  Eleazer  xMbin's  natural 
history  4  vols.  4to.  and  published  some  pieces 
of  Mr.   Ray,    and   also   the  experiments  of 
Dr.   Robert  Hooke.     He   left  behind  him  a 
very  valuable  collection  of  curiosities. 

Dering,  sir  Edward,    a  native  of  Kent, 
very  violent  in  parliament  in  favor  of  repub- 
lican principles.     He  brought  in  a  bill  for  the 
abolition   of   bisliops,   deans,   and   chapters, 
and  proposed  other  plans  of  reforms.    xVfter- 
Avards  Iwwever  he  changed  his  opinion  and 
espoused  the  royal  cause  which  he  supported 
with  a  troop  of  horse,  equipped  at  his  own 
expense.     He  was  a  gi-eat  sufferer  in  the  civil 
wars,  and  died  before  the  restoration.     His 
speeches  in  parliament  were  published  in  4to. 
Uerhick,    Samuel,    a   linen   draper   of 
Dublin,  who  in  1751    came  to  London  with 
the  intention  of  supporting  himself  as  a  lite- 
rary  character.     He    once   attempted   the 
character  of  Glocester  in  Jane  Shore,  but  with 
such  ill  success  that  it  was  never  I'epeated. 
After  this  he  subsisted  by  pampldet  writing, 
but  his  extravagance  led  him  into  perpetual 
difficulties.     He  was  on  Beau  Nash's  death 
by  means  of  his  friends  appointed  in  his  place 
•master  of  the  ceremonies  at  Bath  and  Tun- 
bridge,  but  ill  conduct  prevented  his  rise  to 
independence,  and  he  died  very  poor  7th  of 
March  17G'J,  aged  •>.'>.     He  translated  among 
other  things  Sylla,  a  dramatic  entertainment 
by  the  king  of  Prussia,  Svo.  1753. 

Dekyk  or  Derick,  Peter  Cornclins,  a 
landscape  painter  of  Delft,  the  pupil  of  Hu- 
bert Jacobs.  He  studied  afterwards  in  Italy, 
and  died  H)30,  aged  62. 

Deryke,  William,  an  historical  painter 
at  Antwerp,  who  died  1697. 

Desagumers,  John  Theophilus,  son  of 
a  protestant  minister  at  Kochelle,  where  he 
^va6  born   li'th    March  1683,  and  which  he 


left  at  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes. 
He  Avas  educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
and  he  succeeded  Dr.  Kiel  in  reading  lectures 
on  experimental  philosophj-.  In  1712  he 
married,  and  was  the  first  Avho  introduced 
the  reading  of  lectures  iu  l,ondon,  where  he 
had  for  his  audience  not  only  the  learned 
and  the  great,  but  also  George  J.  and  George 
II.  and  the  royal  family.  He  M-as  patronised 
by  the  duke  of  Ch;indos,  who  gave  him  the 
living  of  Edgwarc,  and  he  afterAvards  became 
cliaphiin  to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  had  a 
valuable  living  in  Essex.  In  the  latter  part 
of  his  life,  he  had  lodgings  under  the  piazzas, 
Covent-^ardiMi,  where  his  lectures  wei'e  con- 
tinued  till  his  death  174y.  He  Avas  member 
of  several  foreign  academies,  and  published 
a  course  of  experimental  philosophy,  2  vols. 
4to.  1734, — Grave.sand's  mathematical  ele- 
ments of  natural  philosophy, — and  an  edition 
of  (Trcgory's  elements  of  catoptrics  and 
dioptrics. 

Desaix,     Lewis    Charles    Antliony,    a 
French  general,  born  of  a  r'^spectabie  family 
at  Vegon,  near  Uiom  in  August   1708.     He 
embraced  the  military  yn*ofession  as  lieuten- 
ant in  the  regiment  of  Britany,  and    at  the 
revolution  he   assisted  Custine  as  his  aid-de- 
camp.    He  Mas  wounded  in  the  cheek  at  the 
battle    of  Lauterburg,   hut  disregarded   the 
pain  Avhile  he  boUlly  rallied  the  jiehling  bat- 
talions  to  the  fight.     He  Avas  general  of  di- 
vision under   Moreau,  wiiom  he  assisted  in 
his  glorious  retreat  from  the  Danube ;  and 
afterwards  he  drove  the  (ierraans  from  the 
Rhine,  and  at  the  battle  of  liastadt  he  obliged 
the  archduke  Charles  to  retreat.    He  bravely 
defended  the  bridge  of  Kehl,  and  aftei'wards 
in  consequence  of  the  treaty  of  Campo  For- 
mio,  he  attended  Bonaparte  into  Egypt.     In 
this   distant    country,    he  OAeiy  where  dis- 
played the  same  presence  of  mind,  the  same 
braver}',  and  after  disjjersing  the  x\rabs,  and 
the  scattered  forces  of  Murnd-bey,  and  El- 
phi-bey,  he  was  named  commander  of  Upper 
Egypt  Avhich   his  valor  and  steadiness  had 
completely  subdued.     After  Bonaparte's  re- 
treat from  Egyi)t    he   signed  the   treaty  of 
El-arisch   with   the  English  and  the  Turks, 
and  returned  to  Europe,  but  was  detained  as 
a  prisoner  by  lord  Keith.     When  set  at  lib- 
erty he  l.astened  back  to  France,  and  found 
his  friend  Bonaparte  advancing  to  the  con- 
(juest  of  Italy.     His  happy  arrival,   after  a 
severe  march  of  30  miles,  with  a  fresh  squad- 
ron, gave  the  decision  to  the  memorable  bat- 
tle of  Marengo,   hut   at   the   very   moment 
that  he  insured    the  victory  to  his    already 
yielding  countrymen,  the  brave  Desaix  re- 
ceived a  latal  shot  in  the  breast  and  immedi- 
ately expired  I4th  June  1800.     He  was  buri- 
ed with  the  military  honors  Avhich  his  ser- 
vices and  his  private  virtues  deserved. 

Desault,  Peter,  a  native  of  Arsac,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  piiysician.  His  treatise  on  riie 
venereal  disease  and  on  tlie  method  of  curing 
it  withoHt  salivation,  Avas  mucli  admired,  and 
also  that  on  the  stone  in  the  kidneys,  and  ihe 
bl.adder,  which  Avas  attacked  by  Astruc.  He 
died  at  Bourdeaux  1737,  aged  02. 
Desault,  Peter  Josppli;,  a  Frencli  sar- 


DE 


Di: 


{;eon  Avliosr:  journal  de  cliiinii'gie  was  trans- 
lated into  Ens'lisli  by  (iosliii!:;.  He  was  horn 
at  Magnibeniois  n<':»i;  M:\«;()ii,  and  liicil  .Iuim.- 
1st  1795,  in  his  -iOlli  yoai-,  not  willmiit  sunpi- 
ciou  of  hcins;-  poisoned  for  his  :Uttjn«ian«-r  on 
tlie  unforLunatc  Lewis  XV'II.  Jt  is  n  luark- 
able  that  his  successors,  Clopart  and  Dfiuhlet, 
died  within  four  ihiys  after.  He  had  been 
much  esteemed  as  a  professor  of  anatomy  at 
Paris  where  3(K>  pupils  top;ethcr  attended 
his  lectures,  and  also  as  surj^eon  at  the  hospi- 
tal of  ihai-ily,  and  at  ll»e  hotel  Di-.-ii. 

Des  Baureaux,  James  de  A'allec  lord, 
a  French  noblornan,  born  at  Paris  lOO-J.  He 
was  hroujjht  up  by  the  .lestiits,  u  bo  in  vain 
^•ndeavored  to  !,'uin  him  over  to  their  society, 
and  he  afterwai'ds  became  counsellor  in  llie 
parliament  of  I'aris,  where  his  wit  was  more 
admired  than  his  application.  He  exposed 
hiiuself  to  the  resentment  and  \)crseculion 
of  Riclielieu,  by  refusin,cij  to  yield  a  I'avorite 
.mistress  to  the  hoary  libertine,  and  thus 
banished  fron\  regular  emi)lo}  ment  he  spent 
liis  lime  in  visiling  his  friends,  and  in  pursu- 
ing his  pleasures.  About  four  or  five  years 
before  his  death,  however,  he  began  to  re- 
llect  upon  the  vicious  course  of  lus  conduct, 
and  after  disregarding  the  truths  and  the 
practice  of  Christianity,  he  gave  himself  up 
to  Sicrious  meditation,  and  to  penitence.  He 
retired  to  the  pure  air  of  Chaion  on  tlie 
Scan,  where,  niter  an  exemplai'y  close  of 
life,  lie  died  1647.  Some  time  before  his 
death  he  wrote  the  famous  sonnet  so  full  of 
conti'ition  "  grand  dieu,  tes  jra^emens,"  kc 
He  was,  in  tite  days  of  his  gaiety  and  liber- 
tinism, author  of  some  poems  in  Lalin,  and 
also  in  French,  and  of  sonie  popular  songs, 
&e. 

Desbii.i-ons,  Francis  Joseph,  a  French 
Jesuit,  horn  at  Chateauneuf  2;>th  January 
iril.  After  readuig  lectures  in  the  colleges 
of  Caen,  Xevers,  la  Fleche,  and  Boui'ges,  he 
came  to  Paris,  where  he  studied  for  15  years 
in  the  college  of  Lewis  XIV.  At  the  aboli- 
tion of  his  ordej-  1763,  he  retjred  to  Man- 
heim,  where  he  published  his  fables,  on  which 
lie  had  so  long  been  engaged,  530  in  number, 
divided  into  15  books,  in  two  vols.  He  also 
published  a  learned  edition  of  Phaidrus,  and 
wrote  some  Latin  poems,  and  left  in  MS. 
an  history  of  the  Latin  tongue.  He  died  19th 
March  178S,  aged  7S. 

Dr.sBois,  Francis  Ale.xander,  author  of  a 
military  dictionaiy  3  vols.  Svo. — a  dictionary 
of  agriculture  two  vols.  Svo. — a  dictionary 
of  animals  V  vols.  Svo.  and  other  works,  died 
in  the  public  hospital  at  Paris  1784.  aged  85. 

Des  Cartes,  Rene,  a  French  philoso- 
pher.    77V/ Carves. 

Deseuicius  or  Deseritt,,  Joseph  In- 
nocent, a  native  of  Nitra  in  Hungary,  made 
a  Koman  cardinal,  and  sent  by  Henedict 
XIV.  as  .-imbassador  to  the  hospodar  ofWal- 
lachia.  Ho  died  1765,  aged  03.  He  wrote 
7>ro  cultu  lilerarum  in  Ihmgaria,  ac  specia- 
tim  civilate  difficesifpie  vindicatio,  4to. — de 
initiis  k  majnribns  Hungarorum  con>men- 
taria,  5  vols.  fol. — historia  episuopatus  dia»cc- 
sis  &  civitatis  A"aeiensip,  fol.  8cc. 


Desgodt-ts,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Paris, 
eminent  as  an  architect.  When  going  to 
lionic  in  1671  he  was  captured  by  the  Alge* 
rines,  and  remained  Hi  months  in  jJavery, 
and  wh'-n  he  i-eacheil  the  c  i]>ital  of  Italy  at 
last,  he  composed  his  work  '*  l!ie  ancient  edi- 
fices of  Uonie  drawn  ami  measured  with  ex- 
actness,''fol.  which  was  newly  edited  1779. 
He  was  made  comptroller  of  the  royal  buil- 
dings ai  F'arisand  architect  to  the  king.  He 
died  17~S,  ag.-d  75.  'I'woof  hi.s  works  on  ar- 
chitecli'ie  have  app(!ar''<l  since  his  death. 

Desit  ,\  is,  Jolm  IJa^jtist  Henry,  a  French 
p;iinter,  l)orn  at  linuen  1729.  Under  the  di- 
rection of  ^'e:■mont,  Itestout,  and  Carlo  Van- 
loo,  he  improved  his  strong  natural  abilities, 
and  in  1751  obti.Ined  the  \):'i7.e  of  the  acade- 
my. After  vihilii;g  li'iiiie  for  improvement 
and  iiiformation,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and 
was  admitted  itito  t!'.e  academy  with  univer- 
sal apj)robatJon.  The  superior  merit  of  his 
pictures  ])i-omised  the  noblest  monumeiits  .of 
genius  to  adorn  the  Fren(di  school,  but  he 
unfortunately  died  in  the  midst  of  his  cai'eer 
in  1765.  The  most  celebrated  of  his  pie- 
ces are  the  marriage  of  the  Virgin,  the  re- 
surrection of  Lazarus,  Potiphar's  wife  and 
Joseph,  the  combat  of  Achilles  and  Xanthus, 
Jupiter  and  AntJope,  Artemisia  at  her  hus- 
band's tomb,  &c. 

Desiderius  or  Didier,  last  king  of 
liOmbardy,  succeeded  Astolphus  756.  His 
invasion  of  the  papal  dominions  was  resisted 
at  the  retjuest  of  the  pope  by  Charleraagne 
his  son-in-law,  and  Didier  was  made  prisoner 
and  died  in  France.  His  other  daughter  had 
married  a  brother  of  Charlemagn«,  Carlo- 
man,  tmother  son  of  Pepin  king  of  France. 

Desm.vhis,  Joseph  Francis  Edward  de 
Corsembleu,  a  French  writer,  born  at  Sua- 
ly-sur-loire,  who  died  February  25th  1761, 
aged  38.  He  was  a  man  of  great  abilities, 
verv  amiable  in  his  manners,  moderate  in  his 
wishes,  and  benevolent  m  his  mtercourse 
Avith  mankind.  He  used  to  say,  "  AVhen  my 
fi-icud  laughs,  it  is  his  business  to  inform  me 
of  the  cause  of  his  joy  ;  bi;t  Avhen  he  weep?, 
it  is  mine  to  discover  the  sources  of  his 
grief,"  He  wrote  the  comedy  of  the**  im- 
pertinent," which  met  with  great  applause. 
He  also  wrote  miscellaneous  works,  and  in 
his  poetical  pieces  displayed  ease,  grace,  and 
elegance.  His  works  were  publislied  1777, 
two  vols.  12mO.  Paris. 

Des  Mai2,eaux,  Peter,  a  learned  biog- 
rapher, born  at  Auvergne  1666,  where  his 
father  was  a  protcstant  minister.  He  came 
early  to  England  and  was  elected  secretary 
to  the  ro5-al  society.  He  died  1745.  He 
edited  the  works  of  St.  Evrcmont  three  vols 
4to.  and  also  published  the  life  of  Bayle,  pre- 
fixed to  his  dictionary.  He  had  some  band  in 
the  general  historical  dictionary,  10  vols.  fo:. 
and  in  other  useful  works,  and  wrote  the 
lives  of  Chillingworth  and  John  Hales. 

Desmares,  Toussaint,  a  priest,  native  '^f 
Vire  in  Normandy.  He  defended  the  cauv 
of  the  Jansenists  before  pope  Innocent  X. 
and  distingnished  himself  by  his  sermons. 
He  was  persecuted  for  his  opinions,  but  hu- 


DE 


DE 


jiianely  protected  bv  the  duke  ol'Liancourt^ 
at  ■whose  house  in  Beauvias  he  ended  his 
days  1G87,  aged  ST.  lie  vrote  tl«e  necro- 
loge  de  port  rcrval,  printed  4to.  1723,  and 
other  Avnrks. 

Desmarets,  Nicholas,  nephew  of  Col- 
bert, and  minister  of  state  and  coinptroHer  in 
the  reign  of  LeAvis  XIV.  died  1721.  He 
published  a  very  curious  and  interesting  ac- 
count of  his  administration. 

Desmoletp,  Veter  Nic])olas,  an  ecclesi- 
astic, born  at  Paris.  He  edited  Lamy's  trea- 
tise de  tabernaculo  fuederis  sancta  civitr.te  Je- 
rusalem k  teinplo  ejus  fol. — Ponget's  insti- 
lutiones  catholieaj  in  inoduiu  catcclitseos,  2 
vois.  tbl. — and  continaed  Sallengre's  rne- 
raoirs  of  literature,  11  vols.  iC'mo.  He  died 
17G0,  aged  S3. 

J3ESMOUL1NS,  Benedict Camille,  a  native 
of  Guise  in  Picardy,  xvlio  displayed  his  re- 
publican zeal  at  the  taking  of  the  Bastille,  and 
in  the  demolition  of  the  monarchy.  As  the 
friend  ofDanton  he  was  one  of  the  original 
founders  of  the  Jacobin  club,  and  he  had  a 
share  in  the  atrocities  of  the  20th  of  June 
and  the  10th  of  August  1792.  His  influence 
in  the  convention  was  seen  with  jealousy  by 
Robespierre,  and  he  marked  for  slaughter 
the  man  who  presumed  to  defend  Orleans, 
and  to  talk  of  a  committee  of  clemency  in 
the  midst  of  a  sanguinar}'  assembl^^  The 
fall  of  Dan  ton  was  !iis  own  ;  when  seized  in 
the  night,  .3 1st  March  1794,  he  opened  his 
windows  to  call  in  vain  for  help  against  the 
satellites  of  tyranny,  and  with  Young's  night 
thoughts,  and  Harvey's  meditations  in  his 
hand,  he  was  dragged  to  prison,  and  imme- 
diately after  to  the  scaffold.  His  writings 
were  periodical — the  revolutions  of  PVance 
and  Brabant — the  history  of  tiie  Brissotins — 
the  Vieux  Cordelier.  His  wife,  who  wished 
to  share  his  fate,  was  permitted  to  follow  him 
10  days  after  to  the  scatioid.  When  asked 
his  age  by  the  bloody  ti-ibunal,  he  answered, 
**  My  age  is  that  of  Jesus  Christ  when  he  suf- 
fered death,"  35. 

D'EsPAGN^E,  .lobn,  minister  of  a  French 
congregation  at  Durham-hoMse,  Strand,  died 
about  lOGO.  He  was  much  admired  as  a 
preacher,  and  several  of  his  works  have  been 
translated  into  English.  They  are  all  on  tlic- 
ological  subjects. 

i)ESPARD,  Edward  Marcus,  a  native  of 
Queen's  county  in  Ireland,  of  a  respectable 
family.  He  early  embraced  a  military  life, 
ftnd  was  employed  in  the  West  Indies,  on 
the  Spanish  main,  and  in  the  bay  of  Hondu- 
ras, where  he  was  appointed  superintendant 
ofthe  English  colony.  His  cotuluct  in  this 
office  gave  offence  to  the  settlers,  and  in  con- 
quence  of  their  ccnnplaints  he  was  recalled 
home  1790;  but  M'hen  he  applied  to  govern- 
ment to  investigate  his  administration  his 
representations  were  rejected  without  ex- 
planation. This  rendered  liim  a  disaffected 
subject,  and  the  French  revolution  no  soon- 
er tended  to  disseminate  principlcsof  disloy- 
alty and  rebellion,  than  he  warmly  embraced 
the  new  doctrines.  He  was  seized  for  his 
3<*iiitious  conduct,  under  the   suspension  of 


the  habeas  corpus  act,  and  cojifined  in  sev- 
eral prisons,  but  when  at  last  liberated,  past 
misfortunes  had  marie  no  impression  upon 
him,  but  rather  stimulated  him  to  revenge. 
He  now  formed  the  plan  of  seducing  the  sol- 
diery from  their  allegiance,  and  in  the  se- 
cret committees  which  he  held  Avith  liis  as- 
sociates, under  the  sanction  of  a  solemn  oath 
it  was  agitated  to  assassinate  the  king,  as  he 
proceed&d  to  the  opening  of  parliament.  This 
murderous  design  -was  happily  discovered  by 
come  of  the  accomplices,  and  Despard  and 
his  associates  were  seized,  and  tried  at  a 
spcicial  commission  in  Southwark,  5th  Febru- 
ary 1803,  and  on  an  impartial  trial  his  atro- 
cious guilt  was  made  too  evident  to  deserve 
pardon.  He  suffered  on  the  21st  March  witli 
nine  others,  and  after  their  lieads  had  been 
c«t  off,  tUetr  bodies  were  delivered  to  their 
friends  for  interment.  Witliout  contrition, 
sorrow,  or  concern,  this  infatuated  man  met 
his  fate,  and  convinced  the  spectators  how 
well  qualified  he  was  for  the  worst  of  nefari- 
ous attempts. 

Despautere,  John,  a  Flemish  gram- 
marian, who  was  born  at  Ninove,  and  died 
at  Comines  1520.  He  had  the  use  of  only 
one  eye.  His  works,  which  were  chiefly 
grammatical,  were  in  great  vogue  in  ail  schools 
at  one  time,  but  now  they  have  given  way 
to  more  modern  and  methodical  elements  of 
education. 

Despierres,  John,  superior  of  the  Ben- 
edictine college  at  Douay,  died  there  l66i, 
aged  67.  He  was  eminent  as  a  mathemati- 
cian, and  as  a  mechanic,  and  wrote  treatises 
on  the  lioman  calendar — a  defence  of  the 
vulgats  translation  ofthe  bible — a  commen- 
tai-y  on  the  psalms,  &c. — and  lie  also  con- 
structed an  iron  sphere  which  with  great  ex- 
actness represented  the  planetary  system. 

Desp LACES,  an  eminent  French  engra- 
ver, who  died  1749.  His  best  pieces  were 
his  soldier  holding  a  dagger  at  Astynax  in 
his  mother'sarms,  his  descent  from  the  cross, 
after  Jouvenet,  hisi-ape  of  Helen  after  Guido. 
Another  of  the  same  name  engraved  several 
pieces  for  the  cabinet  de  Crozat. 

Uesportes,  Claiwle  a  painter  of  Cham- 
pagne, who  died  at  Paris  1743,  aged  82.  He 
was  highly  favored  by  Lewis  XIV.  and  XV. 
His  best  pieces  are  preserved  at  Marly.  He 
excelled  in  grotesque  fi";ures,  and  in  animals, 
flowers,  fruits,  &c.  His  son  and  nephew 
were  equally  celebrated. 

Destouches,  Andi*ew,  a  Frenchman, 
who  went  to  Siam,  and  abandoned  the  pro- 
fession of  a  soldier,  for  that  of  inusician. 
Though  unacquainted  with  rules,  by  the 
mere  powers  of  gv'nius  he  produced  his  Isse, 
an  opera,  Avhich  so  highly  pleased  the  French 
king,  that  he  gave  him  200  louis,  with  many 
commendations.  Afterwards  he  studied  the 
rules  of  musical  composition,  but  his  other 
pieces  were  never  equal  to  Isse.  He  died 
1749. 

Destro  tJCHES,  Philip Nericaut, a  French 
dramatic  writer,  born  at  Tours,  and  educa- 
ted at  Paris.  He  shone  also  as  a  negotiator 
in  Swltzcrlaud,  and  lastly  in  London,  where 


DE 


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Ijc  nesided  seven  years,  and  wlicic  he  txv.w- 
riod.  On  liis  return  lo  I'aris  he  was  receiv- 
C(l  with  esteem  for  his  serviies,  lint  the  death 
of  the  re};;ent  slialteied  his  fair  liojx-s  of  pro- 
ferment aiul  reuar»l,  and  he  I'elired  to  I'ort- 
«>iseau,near  Mclun,  where  he  f<jr;j;(>L  the  in- 
fjratitude  of  the  eoiirL  in  the  cidtivatinn  oi' 
the  muses  and  of  a;>rieulture.  Cardinal 
Fk:tirj'  in  vain  \vislied  to  draw  him  fron\  his 
retirement  to  go  to  liussia.  He  died  ir.)i. 
His  works  were  puhhshed  hy  his  son,  by  the 
oriler  of  Lewis  XV.  4  vols.  175T,  an<l  10  vols. 
l'2mo.  Tliou);h  devoid  of  the  ,i;:iiety  of  Kei;- 
Bard,  and  the  strong  touches  of  Moliere,  he 
yet  commands  attention  by  ids  interesting 
scenes,  and  his  tender  an<l  afTeeling  delinea- 
tions of  nature.  His  Pliilosophe  3Iarie,  and 
his  Glorieux,  a  comedy,  rank,  next  to  the 
compositious  of  Voltaire. 

Dev  AL'Xj.Tolin,  a  native  of  Paris,  esteem- 
ed rs  a  surgeon,  and  author  of  a  treatise  on 
preserving  health,  by  inslinct — on  making 
reports  on  surgery — and  other  works,  be- 
sides translations  of  medical  works  into 
French.     He  died  1729,  aged  80. 

Devereux,  Robert,   earl  of  Essex,  the 
favorite  of  Elizabeth,  was  born  lOth  Novem- 
ber 1507,  at  Netherwood,  Herefordshire,  and 
under  the  guardianship  of  lord   Burleigh  he 
was  educated  at   Cambridge   by  Dr.    VVhit- 
gift   afterwards  primate.     His  first   appear- 
ance at  court   was   in   his  17th  year,  and  in 
15S5  he  accompanied  tVte  earl  of  Leicester  to 
Holland,  and  distinguished  himself  greatly  by 
liis  courage  at  the    battle  of  Zutphcn.      At 
his  return  he  was  master  of  the  liorse  to  the 
queen,  and  at  the  assembling  of  an  army  at 
'i'ilbury  fort  against  the  Spanish  invasion,  he 
was  declared  general    under   Leicester,  and 
soon  after  made  knight  of  the  garter.     Thus 
clevatodin  rank  he  disputed  for  the  qiieen's  fa- 
vor with  sjr  Charles  Blunt  earl  of  Uevont;!iire, 
who  wounded  him   in    the  knee,  but  after- 
wards became  his  most  inilmate  friend.     In 
1589  he  went  with  sir  John  Norris  and  Fran- 
cis Drake  in  the  expedition  to  replace  Anto- 
nio on  the  throne  of  Portugal,  hut  as  it   v/as 
without  the  queen's  permission,  he  was  soon 
recalled  with  marks  of  displeasure,   which, 
howevei',  his  presence  soon  dissi[)ated.     His 
private  niairiage  with  the  widow  of  sir  Phil- 
ip Sidne},  daughter  of  sir  Francis^  Walsing- 
ham,  was  also  disagreeable  to  tlie  queen,  and 
his   unsuccessful    expedition  to  assist  Henry 
IV.  of  France,   and   Ids   quarrel   with  lord 
Burleigh  aljout  the  Si>anish  war,    tended  to 
show  the  violence  of  his  temper  and  tlie  am- 
bition   of  his  heart.      Though  Burleigh,  by 
proposing  a  peace  with  Spain,  opposed  liioi, 
yet  he  loved  liim,  and  after  the  death  of  that 
statesman,  I'sscx  found   that   he   had  lost  a 
most  valuable  fi-iend,  whose  advice  and  pro- 
tection  often    interposed  between    him  and 
the   commission    of  wrong.      lie  succcoded 
Burleigh    as  cliancellor   of  Cambi-idge,    but 
his  enemies  viewed  the  increase  of  his  digni- 
ties with  a  jealous  eye.     When    a    consulta- 
tion toolv  i)lace  about  appointing  a  viceroy  in 
Ireland,   the   queen   recommetided  sir  "Wil- 
liam KnOUis,  and  i'^ssuv  sir  Gcorgo  Carcw, 


and  when  the  favorite  saw    his  mistress  un- 
willing to  yield   to    his    persuasion,   he  con- 
temptuously tujMietl  his  back  upon  hei\     Kli- 
iiabeth  resented  the  ill  ecjnductof  Lssex,  and 
gave  him  a  box  on  tho  car,  upon    which  he 
placed  his  hand  on  his  sword,  \>iih  threaten- 
ing 'attitude,    swearing    he    vv'ould    ut/L  t;ike 
such  an  atlVont  even   li-om  lier  fallier.     The 
cfiurtiers  \)resent  interfered,  and  Im-  left  the 
j)alace    with    unsubdued    indignation.      His 
friends  however  prevailed  upf>h  hiin  to  make: 
concessions,  and  he    was    app;ii-ently    recon- 
ciled to  Elizabeth,  and  soon   aft«;r  by  the  ar- 
tifice    of  his   enemies    sent  over  to  Ii-eland. 
The  ill  success  of  his  ministry  there  encour- 
a*:ed  his  opponents,  who  persuaded  the  queen 
to  levy  an  army  under  Nottingham,  to  coun- 
tei-act  the  rebellious  schemes  of  Essex.     Es- 
sex heai'd  of  their  plans,  and   coming  sud- 
denly over  to  England,   he  was   apparently 
received  with  cordiality,  but  soon  aflei'  strip- 
ped of  all  his  honors  excei)t  of  the  ofTice  ot" 
master  of  the  horse.     VV'hile  thus  disgraced, 
he  was  advised  by  his  favorite   Cutle    to  re- 
store himself  to  tlie    fiiieen's  partiality   by 
force,  but  though  he  disap?)roved  all  violent 
measures,   he  could    not   I'etrain  saying  the 
queen  grew  old  and   cankereiJ,  and  that  her 
ruind  was  as  crooked  as  her  carcass.     The 
rash  words  were  repovted  to  the  queen,  and 
Essex  was  summoned   to  appear  l)efore  the 
council,  but  he  conceived  his  person  in  dan- 
ger, and  instead  of  submitting  he    prepared 
to  resist.     After  an  unavailing  struggle,  and 
some   bloodshed,   he    surrendered    ami  vns 
conveyed  to  the  toMcr.     He  was   arraigned 
before  his  peers  on  the  I9th  Febrnarv  IGOI, 
and  condemned  to  lose  his  head,  and  his  e>s- 
ccution  took  place  on  the  ii5th.     He   was  ia 
person  tall,  but  careless  in   his   dress.      He 
was  learned  and  to  his  honor  protected  and 
encouraged    learned   men.      Warm    in    his 
friendships,  and  sound,  except  in  icw  instan- 
ces, in  Ids  morals,  he  was  a  good   protestant. 
It  is   remarkable   that  his    execution    took 
place   net    without  great    struggles    in   the 
(|ueen'3  aft'ections.      In    the    days  of   their 
friendship,  she  had  given    him   a  ring  with 
promises   that   it   would   restore    him  at  all 
times  to  her  favor,  aud  therefore  she  sultered 
to  he  sacrificed  the  mait  who  so  proudly  re- 
fused to  purchase  and  at  so   little   price  her 
pardon.     The  fatal  ring  indeed  was   sent  hv 
the  rcpeuting  Essex,  but  lady   Howard  the 
bearer  refused  to  deli  ve;;  it,  and  on  her  death- 
))cd  she  revealed  to  the  queen  her  ill  conduct, 
which  she  attributed  to  the    jealousy  f»f   Ijer 
hu.sband.      The   queen   heard    t'ne   dreadful 
talc     with    a^tonisliir.ent,   she   retired   over- 
whelmed w'lih  grief,  and  a  few  weeks  after 
expired. 

Deveret'X,  Rolicrt,  carl  of  Essex,  squ 
of  Klizabelh's  favorite  was  born  1502,  and 
educated  at  Mcrtou  college,  Oxford,  undvr 
sir  Hexiry  Saville.  His  marriage  with  lad)- 
Frances  Howard,  lord  Suffolk's  daughter, 
was  very  unfortunaU;,  for  the  lady  accu.'Jtd 
him  of  ioipotency,  and  obtained  a  <livorc.c 
that  she  might  many  her  new  favorite  Cair 
ca'rl  of  Som-ersct.     Essex  served  in  the  Pa- 


DE 


DE 


l:duia,te  under  sir  Horatio  Vere,  and  in  Itol- 
I'and,  under  prince  M:^iirice,  aud  on  his  re- 
turn to  Engiatul  appeared  in  parliament  as 
a  violent  opposer  of  the  measures  of  govern- 
ment. During  the  civil  wars  lie  headed  the 
parliameutary  army,  faced  the  king's  forces 
at  Edgehill,  and  at  the  tirst  battle  of  New- 
bury, and  after  reducing  Reading  and  re- 
lieving Giocester  he  in  1044  retiu-ned  to  the 
west  of  England.  Here  he  was  unsuc- 
cessful against  the  king's  troops,  and  he 
owed  his  safety  to  flight  by  sea  irom  the  un- 
tenable garrisons  of  Cornwall.  In  164.5  the 
parliament,  jealous  of  his  pov/er,  or  dissat- 
isfied witli  his  conduct,  dejjrived  inni  of  liis 
office  by  the  self-denying  ordinance,  and  the 
next  year  he  died  at  Essex-house  in  the 
.Strand. 

D'ewes,  sir  Symonds,  an  English  histo- 
rian and  antiquarian,   born  in  160i3,  at  Cox- 
den  Dorsetshire,  the  S'jat  of  Mr.  Symonds, 
his  mother's  lather.      His   ancestei-s  came 
from  the  Low  Countries.    In  1G18  he  cnter- 
c<l   at   St.  Jolm's  college,    Cambridge,  and 
two  years  after  began  Ins  collection  of  mate- 
rials for  an  hist  oiy  of  England.     His  learn- 
ing and  his  labors  rccoinmendcd   him  to  the 
jiofice  of  the  most  distinguished  characters 
of  the  times,  of  Cotton,  Spelman,  Selden, 
and    otiiers.     In    iG'Jf}    he    married    Anne 
dsiugliter  of  sir  "SMlliam  Clopton,  who  Avas 
scarce   IS,  with  m  liom  he  lived  in  great  do- 
mestie  happiness.     His  great  work  was  fin- 
ished when  he  attained  his  .30th  year,  but  he 
did   not  publisli  i(,  and   it  appeared    after- 
wards  under  the  title  of  Journals  of  all  the 
parliaments  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
bic  revised  by  Paul  JioAves  1682,  folio.     He 
served   tlie  office  of  sheriff  for  sufiolk,  and 
■vras  knighted,  and  in  1641  was  made  bai'onet ; 
but  iiothwitiistanding  these  marks  of  royal  fa- 
vor, he  embraced  the  cause  of  the  parliament. 
He   sat   in  the  house    till   December    1048, 
v.lien  he    was  ejected   for  supposed  attach- 
ment to  the  king.     He  died  April  ISth  1650, 
and  was  succeeded   by  bis  son  A\  illougbby, 
to  whom  tlie  journals  were  inscribed  by  Mr. 
Bowes.     The  mannei'  in  wliich  sir  Symonds 
spoke  of  Camden's  Britannia  has  drawn  up- 
on him  the  censures  of  se\cral  wrilers,  and 
be  certainly  was  very  injudicious  in  asserting 
that  scarce  a  page  of  it  was  free  (Vom  er- 
rors.    From  his  M.SS.  preserved  among  the 
Harleian  papers,  there  are  some  particulars 
of  his  life. 

I)e  Witt,  John,  the  famous  pensiona- 
ry of  Holland,  was  born  at  Dort  in  1625,  and 
educated  there.  His  abilities  were  so  great, 
and  his  improvement  so  rapid,  that  at  the 
age  of  23  he  published  his  "  Elementa  cur- 
varum  linearum,"  a  work  displaying  the 
<leepest  knowledge  of  mathematics.  After 
taking  the  degree  of  L.  L.  D.  and  travelling 
i'or  some  time,  he  was  made  pensionax'y  of 
iiis  native  town,  and  began  to  distinguish 
irimself  by  liis  skill  in  ]»oiilical  afiairs.  He 
warmly  hut  unsuccessfully  opposed  the  war 
between  England  and  his  country,  and  when 
afterwards  raised  to  the  high  office  of  pen- 
sionary   fHo'hnd,  ho  sent  amba'^sadors  to 


•  Cromwell,  to  negotiate  a  peace.     A  pacifi- 
I  cation  took  place,  but  tlic   secret  article  tf> 
I  exclude  the  family  of  Orange  from  the  stadt- 
I  hcldcrship,    brought   pubhc    odium   on    De 
I  Witt's  administration.     Notwithstanding  the 
clamors   of  his  enenues,  and  the   pulpit  in- 
vectives of  the  clergy,  he  subdued  all  oppo- 
sition   by  his  firmness,  and  when  his  office 
expired,  he  was  unanimously  re-elected   by 
the  states,  15th  Sept.  IGO.i.     AVhen  war  was 
unfortunately  declared  against  England,  af- 
ter the  restoration,  De  AVitt  exerted  all  his 
power  to  make  the  naval  armaments  as  res- 
pectable as  possible,  and  after  Opdam's  de- 
feat, he  was  one  of  those  named  to  preside 
over  the  licet.     The  fleet  was  shut  up  in  the 
Texel ;  but   whilst  the  commanders  consid- 
ed  it  impossible  to  sail  but  with  only  10  points 
of  the  compass,  he  by  matliematical  calcu- 
lation, convinced  them  that  only  four  points 
were  against  them,  and  28  for  them,  and  iu 
consequence  of  this,  the  ships  were   safely 
conveyed   through  a  passage,    which    since 
that    time  has  been  called  De  AVitt's  diep. 
Of  this  affair,  and  of  the  events  Avhich  took 
place    afterwards,  he  wrote  an  accurate  re- 
lation, for  whicii  he  received   the  thanks  of 
the  state.      Of  the   famous  battle  of  three 
days,  in  1666,  he  also  gave  a  full  account  to 
the  states,  and    in   1667   he    established  an 
edictfor  ever  to  abolish  tlie  stadtholdcrate  in 
Holland  ;  but  in  1672  wlicn  the  prince  of  Or- 
ange   was  nominated   captain   general,   the 
mob  invited  him  to  accept  the  office  of  stadt- 
holder,  and  De  Witt,  no  longer  popular,  re- 
signed his  office,  after  receiving  the  solemn 
thanks  of  tlie  states  for  his  services.     Whea 
Holland   was  invaded  by  the  French,    the 
odium  was  tlirown  by  the  friends  of  the  Or- 
ange family  on  De  Witt  and  Jus  party,  and 
so  violent  were,  the  tumults,  that  De  ^\'itt's 
brother,  Cornelius,  was  accused  by   Tick- 
laer,  a  barber,  and  though  declared  inno- 
cent, was  sentenced  to  exile,  and  soon  after 
the  jjrison  in  which  he  was,  was  attacked, 
and   he    as  well   as    Itis  brother,    who    un- 
fortunately  was   present,    were    inhumanly 
butchered.    Their  dead  bodies  were  drag- 
ged to  the  gallows,  and  the  Y»en£ionary's  re- 
mains were  hung  one  loot  higher  than  those 
of  his  brother.     Tlieir  bodies  thua  insulted 
■were  cut   into   a  thousand    pieces,  and  it  is 
even  said,  that  some  of  the  flesh  was  broiled 
and  cat  by  the  savage  murderers.     'J'hus  fell 
this  virtuous   and  araiablo  man,  in  liis  47t}i 
year.    As  a  politician  he  had  no  equal,  and 
his  love  to  his  country  was  inferior  to  none 
of  his  other  virtues.      AVithout   pride   and 
pomp,  he  lived  upon  little  more  than  700/.  a 
year,  tliough  at  the  head  of  a  government ; 
and  with  the  greatest  and  most  laudable  in- 
tegrity, he   refused  a  gift   of   10,000/.  with 
Avhicli  the  states  wislied  to  reward  his  noblv- 
services,  observing,  that  such  liberality  was 
a  bad  precedent  in  a  government.     His  work 
called,  '*  the  true  interest  and  political  max'- 
ims  of  the  republic  of  Holland,"  translated 
into  English  by  John  Campbell,  is  a  glorious 
monument  of  his   abilities   as   a  statesman, 
and  it  displays  the  ti-ue  maxims  by  M-hich  a 


DI 


ni 


govcrnmciii  ttiuy  bi-comc  po])uhir  at  home 
:ui<I  rcspccLal»le  abroad,  \\  jiilst  it  mHiiitaiiis 
j^isUce  willi  liljtMl},  atul  ciicourat^cs  trade 
without  oppression,  or  inom)pol\. 

Dewiti,  .lames,  a  paiiil«i-  of  AnisU-r- 
(1am,  Ijorii  101)5.  He  was  pii[)il  lr)  Van  Hal. 
His  best  work,  is  Moses  tippointiiig  the  70 
eiders,  painted  for  tlie  burgomasters  of  Am- 
stoinlani. 

Devnum,  John  Hapti;;t  Van,  an  emin- 
ent miniature  i»ainler  of  Antwerp,  born 
lGv>i). 

Deyster,  Lewis,  an  eminent  ])aintcr  and 
enj^raver  of  Hruges,  wbo  died  ITll,  aged  :y5. 
His  death  of  the  \  iiJ^iii,  is  his  best  pieee. 
His  daughter  Anne  was  etjually  famous  as  a 
painter,  bnt  she  rclintpiislied  the  profession 
10  construct  organs  and  hari»sidionis,  atid 
consecpiently  died  poor,  174C,  aged  50. 
D'hosier,  Peter,  a  native  of  .Marseilles,  the 
tir.st  wJio  formetl  genealogies  into  a  science. 
He  was  patronised  by  Lewis  XIH.  and  \l\ . 
vho  made  him  counsellor  of  state.  He  died 
iGfiO,  aged  G8. 

DiACONUS,  Paulus,  a  Lombard,  born  at 
Friali,  and  educated  at  the  court  of  l*avia. 
He  became  a  motik  in  the  monaster}'  of 
!Monte  Casino,  wiiere  lie  composed  his  his- 
tory of  the  Lombards,  in  six  books.  He  is 
considered  as  accurate  in  tlie  affairs  of  his 
own  nation,  though  not  equally  exact  in 
treating  foreign  afiairs.  He  died  770.  His 
history  was  printed  1611,  and  is  also  found 
in  Muratori's  Jierum  Ital.  Scriptores. 

DiAGORAS,  a  plulosopher  born  at  Melos, 
■who  professed  publicly  atlieism,  for  which 
he  was  accused  before  the  Athenians.  He 
afterwards  perished  in  a  sliip wreck,  412 
B.  C. 

DiA2,,  Bartiiolomew,  a  celebrated  Portu- 
guese navigator,  who  in  1406  discovered  the 
most  southern  cape  of  xVfrica,  to  which  he 
gave  the  name  ofthe  CapeofStorms.  Thisap- 
pellation,  so  ill  omened,  was  altered  by  John 
II.  king  of  Portugal,  to  the  name  of  tlie 
Cape  of  Good-hope. 

DiAT-,  John,  a  Spaniard,  who  studied  at 
Paris,  and  embraced  the  doctrines  of  Lu- 
ther. He  afterwards  visited  Calvin  at  Ge- 
neva, and  Bucer  at  Strasburg,  and  met  at 
Neuburg  his  brother  Alphonsus,  who,  as  a 
vinlcrnt  catholic,  endeavored  to  convert  him 
from  the  protestant  faith.  Unable  to  do 
this,  Alphonsus  pretends  to  return  home, 
and  the  ne.xt  morning,  instigates  an  assas- 
sin to  enter  his  brother's  a|)artment,  and 
with  aji  axe  to  dash  out  his  brains,  whilst  he 
himself  awaits  the  eveivt  at  tlie  door  of  his 
chamber.  The  assassins  were  jjursued  and 
seized  at  Inspruck,  but  Charles  V.  took 
their  ])unishnient  into  his  own  hand.  This 
dreadful  deed  was  perpetrated  the  ii'lh 
March  1546. 

DiCEAiiCHus,  a  philosopher  of  Messina 
in  Sicily,  who  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  geog- 
raphy of  Greece,  kc.  published  1709. 

Dicenet  s,  an  Egyptian  philosopher,  in 
the  ageof  Aiigustus.  He  travelled  into  Scy- 
thia,  where  iie  persuaded  the  people  to 
learn  and  to  practise  tempcrrmcc-. 

VOL.  L  55 


iJiCETO,  Ralph  de,  Kuthor  of  abl)re\ia- 
tiones  chronkorum,  or  au  e[)itome  of  Kng- 
libh  history  to  the  innipicst — k  imatiiics 
historiarum,  or  lives  of  some  Knglish  kings 
— was  ilean  of  St.  Pi.iil's,  l^ondon,  I'ilO. 

Hick,  sir  .\l(\;iii<Iei-,  son  of  .-jir  William 
Cunninghaiii  of  Copington,  by  the  daughter 
and  heiress  «d*  sir  James  Dick  of  I'reston- 
field,  was  born  1703.  He  studied  medicine 
at  Kdinbiirgh,  and  afterwards  under  Bocr- 
ha.tve  at  Leyilen,  where  he  took  his  degrees, 
and  after  visiting  se\er;d  countries  of  Eu- 
rope, he  returned  to  England,  and  began  to 
practise  in  l*e:nbiokeshire.  On  the  death 
of  his  bj'otlier  sir  \\  illiam,  he  assnuied  the 
name  of  his  UKttcrnal  grancyather,  and  re- 
tired to  his  f.iiuiiy  seal  at  l'restf)nfield,  where 
he  died  1785.  He  was  in  1756  president  of 
the  college  of  pliysicians  in  Edinburgh,  and 
liberally  coiiti'il)iU.ed  to  the  honor  and  sup* 
port  of  his  profession.  He  was  in  1774  hon- 
ored with  a  medal  from  the  London  society 
of  arts  and  coniinerce,  Ua'  his  successful 
culture  of  i-liubarb,  the  firbt  attempt  of  i-eai-- 
ing  whifh  in  England  was  owing  to  his  patri- 
otic views. 

Dickinson,  Edmund,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, son  ofthe  rector  of  Appleton,  Berk- 
shire, Avliere  he  was  boi  n  li>i4.  He  \sa» 
educated  at  Eton,  an»l  at  Merton  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  tof)k  his  medical  degrees. 
He  published  in  1655  iiis  Delphi  Phcenici'/- 
antes,  a  learned  work,  in  which  he  proved 
that  the  Greeks  borrowed  their  history  of 
the  oracle  oi"  Del[)hi  tVom  the  scriptures, 
especially  the  book  of  Joshua.  Tliis  boojk 
was  universally  admired,  and  Sheldon  the 
primate  w  ished  in  vain  to  turn  the  attention 
ofthe  ingenious  author  to  theological  stu<lies. 
After  jjractising  for  some  time  in  Oxford, 
where  he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his  first 
wife  in  childbed,  and  his  second  soon  after 
his  marriage,  he  in  1684  settled  in  London, 
wliere,  by  recovering  lord  Arlington,  he  ob- 
tained an  introduction  at  court,  :md  became 
physician  to  Charles  \l.  and  afterwa^ls  to 
his  successor.  Upon  the  abdicatio  i  he  re- 
tired from  practice,  and  applied  himself  to 
the  completion  of  his  Physica  vetus  &c  vera, 
kc.  which  when  just  fmisiiicd  was  unfortu- 
nately burnt,  and  cost  him  the  iiea-v}'  labors 
of  recomposition.  It  appeared  in  1702,  and 
it  provefi  ihat  the  method  and  mode  of  the 
creation  of  the  universe,  according  to  the 
princi{)ies  of  true  philos»)phy,  are  related  in 
a  concise  and  general  way  liy  Moses.  He 
wrote  besides,  diatriba  de  Noie  in  Italiam 
adventu,  he. — de  orgine  Druid um,  8cc.  He' 
was  also  an  able  chemist,  and  was  intimate 
with  The-odore  Munilanus,  an  illustrious 
pivifessor  in  that  science  at  Paris.  He  died 
of  the  stone  in  April  1707,  in  his  83d  year, 
and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  St.  Martin 
in  the  fields. 

Dickson,  David,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Paisley  15'Jl,  and  educated  at  Glasgow. 
He  was  an  eloquent  preacher;  but  he  was 
too  violent  against  the  episcopalians,  which 
subjected  him  to  much  obloquy,  and  to  per- 
secution.    Re   was  In  lfi3?J  a  commissioner 


DI 


DI 


(.0  the  general  asscmblv  at  Glasgow,  and  in  ! 
i6*i3  in  Westminster.  He  was  (ii\inity  \n'o- 
fessoi-  at  Edinbiiigli,  but  in  lCo£  lie  was 
stripped  of  all  Iiis  employments,  anr]  died  at 
Edinburgh  two  years  alter,  aged  73.  lie 
•wrote  a  i'ummei;tary  on  ht.  Matthew — the 
c'pistle  to  the  Ifehre-ws  a)Kl  Romans — and 
the  psalms,  kc. — besides  some  divinity 
tracts. 

DiCTYS  Cretexsis,  an  ancient  histo- 
rian,  said  to  have  been  engaged  in  the  Tro- 
jan war,  niuier  Idonieneun.  The  work  ex- 
tant \indcr  his  name  is  spurious. 

Di  DE  K  o  T,  Uioiiysius,  a  celebrated  writer, 
son  of  a  cutler,  was  born  at  l,angres  1713, 
and  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris.     His  father  wished  him  to  study 
the  law,  but  belles  lettres  were  his  favorite 
pursuits,  and  when  settled  in  the  capital,  he 
soon  acquired  by  his  wit,  his  learning,  and  his 
genius,    friends,    i)atrons,    and    encourage- 
ment.     His   fust   puI)Iication   Avas    Pensees 
philosophiquesin  1746  which  afterwards  was 
published   under  the   title  of  Efrennes  aux 
esprits  forts.      He  now    eiiixiloyed    himself 
■with  Eidons  and  Toussaint,  in  publishing  an 
^niiversal  dictionary  of  medicine.  In  six  vols. 
folio.     This  work,  though  deficient  in  many 
respects,  prut-ured  hin\  a  greater  share  of 
reputation,  and  he  now  formed  tiie  gigantic 
plan  of  a  Dictionnaire  encyclopedique.     In 
this  laborious  undertaking  he  was  assisted 
by  d'AIembert,  anil  by  several  other  asso- 
ciates, whose  genius,   diligence,  and  judg- 
jnent  were    united  to  produce   a  work  of 
merit,  and  of  universal  interest.      Diderot 
himself  took  the  arts  and  trades,  and  infused 
into  his  subjects,  all  the  knowledge,  the  bril- 
liancy, and  the  nervousness  of  language,  of 
Avhich  he  was  so   capable  ;  but  he   did  not 
Tind   in   his  fellow  laborers,  the  same  zeal, 
nor  the  same  abilities.     M'hile  his  own  part 
-was  completed  with  spirit  and  success,  his 
associates  proved  too   often   inadequate    to 
their,,  undertakings  ;    their  contributions  are 
ill  digested,  puerile,  and  contradictory,  with- 
out systcn),  without  miion,  and  devoid  of  in- 
terest  and    accuracy.       I'his    great    work, 
vhichcost  twenty  years'  labor  to  Uiilerot, 
was  retai-ded   ii;  i(s  ])rogress  by  the  suspi- 
cions of  the   court,   who  considered    some 
reflections  on  government  and  religion,  as 
improper  and  indelltate,  and  not  only  some 
copies   were  seized,  but  the  ]>rinters  them- 
selves were  sent  to  the  bastille.     The  work 
vas  delivered  to   the  public  between    1751 
and  1707,  and  soon  sold  olf,  but  Diderot  did 
not  find  that  increase  to  his  independence 
•which  he  expected,  so  that  he  Avas  oI)lige(l 
to  sell  his  library,  which  was  ])urchased  for 
50,000  livres  by  the  cmpi-css  of  Russia ;  but 
•with   a  generosity   truly  great,  the  philoso- 
pher was  permitted  the  use  of  his  books  as 
long   as  he  lived.     Though   laboriously  en- 
gaged  in  the  encyclopedia,   Diderot   found 
time  to  write  liis  Bijoux  indiserets,   2  vols. 
12mo.  a  licentious  and  disgusting  romance, 
the   Fils   natural,   and  the  Pere  de  famille, 
3757  and  1758,  two  prose  comedies,  which, 
in  an  elegant  and  nervous  style,  paint  the 
passions,  strongly  interest  the   heart,  and 


render  virtue   in    her  various  trials  ti'idy 
great,  noble,  and   amiable.     His  letters  on 
the   blind  appeared    in  1749,  bitt  the  free- 
doms,  and    the    scepticism    of  the   author 
cost  him  his  liberty,  and  he  was  imprisoned 
for  six   months  at   Vincenncs,   Avliere    the 
gloom  and   horrors   of  confinement  nearly 
deprived  him  of  reason,  had  not  the  conver- 
sation of  .1.  J.   ilousseau  and  other  literaiy 
men   comforted  ids  affliction.     In   1751    he 
deliA'cred  his  opinion  on  metaphysics,  poet- 
ry,  eloquence,   Sec.  in  a  letter  on  the  deaf 
and   dumb,  'i  vols    l'2mo.     Diderot's  other 
works  are — principles  of  moral  philosophy, 
12mo. — history  of  Greece,  translated  from 
Stanyan,  3  vols.  12mo. — pieces  on   mathe- 
matical  subjects — the   code  o4'  nature — the 
sixth  sense — of  public  education — reflections 
on  the  interpretation  of  nature — paneg}n'ics 
on   JJichardson — and  the  life   of  Seneca,  a 
useful    work.      He  died  suddenly  on  rising 
from  table,  31st  July  1784,  aged  71.     Dide- 
rot's character  has  been  variously  described. 
His  frankness  and  candor  are  extolled  by  hi» 
friends,  Avbilst  his  enemies  reproach  him  as 
an  artful,  interested,  pliant,  and  dangerous 
character.     Of  his  extensive  learning,  and  of 
his   knowledge  in  every  branch  of  science, 
his  writings  are  most  lasting  monumetits.    It 
is  however  to  be  lamented,  that  his  erudi- 
tion was  not  always  employed  in  the  support 
of  virtue  and  morality,  nor  his  abilities  ex- 
erted to  animate   man  in  the  cultivation  of 
Avhat  is  so  necessary  to  his  welfare  and  hap- 
piness, the  religious  duties,     A  ])artial  col- 
lection of  his  works  has  been  published  in  6 
vols.  Svo. 

DiDius  JuLiANUS,  M.  Salvius  SeA-erus, 
a  lioman  emperor,  who  purchased  the  dia- 
dem of  the  corrupt  soldiery.  SeA-erns  Avas 
soon  after  raised  to  the  throne,  and  Didius 
Avas  put  to  death  after  a  short  reign  of  G6 
days,  A.  D.  193. 

Di  DO  or  Elissa,  queen  of  Cnrthage,  fled 
from  Tyie  after  the  murder  of  her  liusband 
Sichteus,  by  his  brother  Pygmalion,  and  she 
settled  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  Avhere  she 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  new  empire.  Virgil 
and  others  rei)rcsent  her  as  visited  by  iEne- 
a.s,  after  Avhose  departure  she  destroyefl 
herself  through  grief  and  disappointed  love. 

DiDOT,  Francis  Ambrose,  an  emment 
printer  at  Paris.  The  Avorks  which  he 
[jiinti'd  were  ])eculiarly  admired  for  the  cor- 
rectness, elegance,  and  beauty  of  the  type, 
and  auHing  these,  the  edition  of  the  classics 
published  by  order  of  LcAvis  XYI.  for  the 
use  of  the  dauphin,  ranked  very  high.  He 
made  some  useful  improvements  in  paper 
mills,  and  in  ]>rinling  machines,  and  to 
his  ingenuity  the  invention  of  stereotype- 
printing  may  be  fairly  ascribed,  to  the  per- 
fection of  whidi  he  devoted  himself  with  so 
much  zeal,  that  at  the  age  of  73  he  perused 
five  times  successively,  the  edition  of  INIon- 
taigne  Avhich  his  sons  had  undertaken.  He 
died  at  Paris,  10th  July  1804,  aged  74,  and 
was  succeeded  in  his  business  by  his  sons, 
the  eldest  of  whom  is  lately  dead,  leaving 
his  concern  to  his  brother,  and  to  his  son. 
DiDYMrs,    of   A-lexaiidria,    an  ancient 


DI 


DI 


j^v.immarijm,  in  the  :i{jc  of  Auf;;irstais,  said  to 
luivc  l)ccii  llic  imtliorof  4<)()  books. 

DiiJYMi'S,  of  Alexandria,  an  abk;  writer, 
tltoiij;;li  blind  at  the  aj^e  of  five.  He  dieil 
393,  a|4;i'd  Hj. 

J)iECMAN,  John,  n  native  of  Stade,  who 
became  sui»crinlendaul  of  the  duciiieH  ol 
IJreiuen  and  \'erdun,  and  rector  of  Slade 
iniiversity,  where  he  died  IT'iO,  ageil  7li. 
Besides  sevecal  theological,  melapliv  sicai, 
and  philusophicjtl  worlvS,  lie  published  an 
edition  of  Luther's  bible,  used  at  Stade. 

Diem  EN,  Anthonv  \'an,  analive  of  Knil- 
enberg,  whei'o  his  father  was  burgomaster. 
He  went  to  tiie  Kast-ln<lies,  and  !j;radualiy 
rose  to  be  povei'nor  of  ilie  Dutcli  territories 
there,  an  ofiice  which  he  discharged  with 
5;i"eat  zeal,  ability,  and  success.  Jfe  sent  in 
1G4'2  Abel  Tasman  on  a  voyage  of  discovery 
to  the  southwaril,  and  the  land  which  was 
discovered  on  the  south  of  New  llolhuul, 
was  called  in  his  honor  \'an  Diemen's  land. 
He  died  1645. 

DiEMERBUoEK,  Isbr.nnd,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  Utrecht,  born  at  Alont- 
iord  in  Holland.  He  died  at  Utrecht,  IGTi, 
aged  05.  His  works  arc  a  treatise  on  the 
plague — an  history  of  ilistempers — a  miscel- 
lany of  pieces  on  physic  and  anatomy,  folio. 

DiEPEN'BECK,  Abraham,  a  painter  of 
Boisleduc,  w  ho  died  at  Antwerp  1675,  aged 
67.  He  studied  under  Rubens,  and  first 
painted  on  glass,  and  afterwards  in  oil.  His 
drawings  are  numerous,  and  his  temple  of 
the  muses  is  considered  as  a  master  piece. 

DiEST,  Adrian  ^'an,  a  landscape  painter, 
of  the  Hague,  \vho  died  170i-,  aged  4<J.  He 
spent  the  best  part  of  his  life  in  Kngland, 
Avhere  his  pencil  was  employed  in  delineat- 
ing the  beauties  of  the  we^stern  phxuts  of  the 
islanil. 

Di ETHIC,  John  Conrad,  a  Lutheran, 
native  of  Butzbach  in  Wetteravia.  He  was 
professor  of  Greek  and  history  in  his  native 
town,  and  removed  in  1653  to  Giessen, 
where  he  died  iGOr,  aged  55.  He  was 
author  of  a  book  de  peregrinatione  studio- 
X'um — auliquitates  Itomana;  lexicon  etymo- 
logico-griecum — antiquitates  novi  testaraenti 
— antiquitutes  biblia5,  kc. 

Dietrich,  John  A\'illiam  Krnest,  a  na- 
tive of  Weimar,  v\  iiere  his  father  was  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  of  battles,  and  of  portraits. 
After  studying  under  his  father,  he  went  to 
Dresden  to  improve  himself  under  Alexan- 
der Thiele,  and  thence  removed  to  Italy. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  the  public 
notice,  and  fie  was  made  professor  of  Dres- 
den academy,  and  director  of  the  painting 
school  of  Mtnssen,  and  died  1774,  aged  G'i. 
His  landscapes,  portraits,  scripture  pieces, 
conversations,  &c.  were  mucli  admired,  and 
he  acquired  some  celebrity  also  as  an  en- 
graver. 

DiETRY,  a  painter  of  Dresden,  who  dieil 
there  1730,  aged  45.  His  two  views  near 
Home  are  very  pleasing  proofs  of  his  great 
jskill  in  landscape  painting. 

DiEU,  Lewis  de,  an  eminent  divine,  born 
at  Flushing,  7th  April  1590.    He  early  dis- 


tingAiisliod  himiielf  as  H  preacher,  ami  refused 
to  lie  the  court  minister  at  the  Hague,  as  he  • 
was  more  desirous  to  censure  llian  counlen- 
aiieo  the  licttntious  niorals  of  the  .great.  He 
«ame  to  l,eyd<.n  to  te;ich  with  his  uncle  and 
pieceplur,  the  leai'iK.d  C(»loniu:-i,  and  he  wa» 
di\ini(y  professor  in  I  he  AValloon  colie,';c  till 
lii.s  de.'tlh  in  ItU'J.  He  pulili.,!u.(l  in  1051  a 
commentary  on  tlie  lour  gospels — and  notes 
on  the  Acts,  alter  a  cai'eliil  ex;»minalion  of 
several  tianslalicins, — the  history  of  our 
Saviour  in  the  i'ersian  larignage  by  the 
Jesuit  Jerome  Xa\ier,  and  a  Lalin  ti'ansla- 
tion — rudiments  of  tin.-  Hebrew  and  l*ei-siaii 
toiigues — besides  tiie  revelations  of  .St.  John, 
in  Hebrew  iind  Syriac,  with  a  l^aiin  versiji* 
— and  other  inferior  treatises.  His  father 
D.iniel  de  Dieii,  was  minister  of  I'lushing, 
and  a  very  learned  cn-alor,  who  could  fluent- 
ly preacli  in  German,  Italian,  rrench,  and 
English. 

Dicnv,  Everard,  an  English  gentleman 
(»f  Drystokc  in  llutlandshire,  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  He  wrote  some 
curious  and  learned  books,  de  arte  natandi, 
— de  duplici  methodo,  Sec. — thcoria  analiti- 
ca — a  dissuasive  from  taking  the  church 
livings,  &c.     He  died  1592. 

DiGBY,  sir  Kverard,  son  of  the  preceding', 
was  educated  in  the  Romish  church  after 
his  father's  deatli.  He  was  recommended 
to  (jueen  Elizabeth,  whose  court  he  attended, 
and  he  was  knighted  by  king  James.  Though 
of  mild  manners,  and  peaceful  disposition, 
and  rich  and  independent  from  his  own  pa- 
ternal estates,  and  the  property  of  )iis  wife, 
daughter  of  William  Mulsho  esq.  of  Go- 
ihurst,  Bucks,  he  yet  engaged  in  thescheines 
for  the  destruction  of  the  government. 
Though  not  immediately  an  agent  in  the 
gunpowder  plot  with  Guy  Fawkes,  he  gave 
15U0Z.  towards  the  expenses  of  it.  On  the 
discovery  of  this  diabolical  scheme,  there- 
fore he  was  sent  to  tlie  tower,  and  when  ar- 
raigned he  pleaded  for  his  conduct,  that  the 
king  had  broke  his  promises  to  the  catholics, 
and  that  the  restoration  of  the  catholic  re- 
ligion was  an  event,  Avhich  in  the  opinion  of 
this  inj'atuated  sect,  it  became  every  sub- 
ject to  accomplish  by  whatever  means  they 
coidd ;  and  he  added,  tliat  as  he  alone  v  as 
guilty,  i>ardon  should  be  extended  to  all 
others,  and  his  family  particularly,  not  ruin- 
ed. On  the  30th  January  IGOii,  i)ursuant  to 
his  ser.tence,  he  was  hanged,  «lrawn,  and 
quartered  at  the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  and  he  tlied  very  penitent,  and 
anxious  to  make  deep  atonement  for  the 
nieditated  hori'ors  of  the  conspiracy. 

DiGEY,  sii-  Kenelm,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher, eldest  son  of  the  preceding,  was  bora 
at  (jlothurst,  Bucks,  11th  June  1G03.  He 
was  educated  under  the  care  of  Laud  then 
dean  of  Giocester,  and  in  1018  he  entered 
at  Glocester-hall,  Oxford,  where  during  the 
three  years  of  liis  residence,  he  displayed 
such  great  abilities,  and  so  extensive  a  know- 
ledge, that  he  was  compared  to  the  celebra- 
ted Picus  de  Mirandula.  After  travellmg 
through  France,   Spain,  and  Italy,  lie.  re- 


DI 


DI 


to  the  gc.nei'al  assembly  at  Hlasgov.',  and  in  ! 
I6«i3  in  Westminstei'.  He  was  dixinity  pro- 
fessor at  Edinburgh,  but  in  iCu^  ha  was 
stripped  of  all  his  employments,  anr]  died  at 
Edinburgh  tvvo  years  after,  :ii:;cd  73.  He 
■wrote  a  eummeiitary  on  JSt.  Matthew — the 
epistle  to  the  Hebrews  h\k\  lionians — and 
the  psalms,  kc. — besides  some  divinity 
tracts. 

DiCTYS  CuETEXSis,  an  ancient  histo- 
rian, said  to  have  been  engaged  in  the  Tro- 
jan war,  under  Idonieneus.  The  work  ex- 
tant under  his  name  is  spurious. 

Di  DE  K  o  T,  Diohysius,  a  celebrated  writer, 
son  of  a  cutler,  was  born  at  l-angres  1713, 
and  educated  by  the  Jesuits,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris.     His  father  wis;hed  him  to  study 
the  law,  but  belles  lettres  were  his  favorite 
pursuits,  and  when  settled  in  the  capital,  he 
soon  acquired  by  his  wii:,  his  learning,  and  his 
genius,    friends,    patrons,    and    encourage- 
ment.     His  fiist   puI)lication   was   Pensees 
philosophiques  in  1746  whicli  afterwards  was 
published   under  tiie   title  of  Eirennes  aux 
esprits  forts.      He  now    employed    himself 
with  Eidons  and  Toussaint,  in  publishing  an 
universal  dictionary  of  medicine,  In  six  vols. 
folio.     This  work,  tliough  deficient  in  many 
respects,  pru«-.ured  him,  a  greater  share  of 
reputation,  and  he  now  formed  the  gigantic 
plan  of  a  Dictionnaire  encyclopedlque.     In 
this  laborious  undertaking  he  was  assisted 
by  d'Alembert,  and  by  several  other  asso- 
ciates, whose  genius,   diligence,  and  judg- 
ment were    united  to  produce   a  work  of 
merit,  and  of  universal  interest.      Diderot 
himself  took  the  arts  and  trades,  and  infused 
into  his  subjects,  all  the  knowledge,  the  bril- 
liancy, and  the  nervousness  of  language,  of 
which  lie  was  so   capable  ;  but  he   did  not 
fmd   in   his  fellow  laborers,  the  same  zeal, 
nor  the  same  abilities.     ^N'hile  his  own  part 
was  completed  with  spirit  and  success,  his 
nssociates  proved  too  often   inadequate    to 
their,  un(iertaki:igs  ;    their  contributions  are 
ill  dr^estcd,  pueiile,  and  contradictory,  with- 
out system,  wilh.out  union,  and  devoid  of  in- 
terest and   accuracy.       I'his    great    work, 
vhich  cost  twenty  years'  labor  to  Diderot^ 
was  retarded   iii  its  ])rogress  by  the  suspi- 
cions of  the   court,   who  considered    some 
reflections  on  government  and  religion,  as 
improper  ami  iiulellcali',  and  not  oidy  some 
copies   were  seized,  init  the  ]n-inters  them- 
selves were  sent  to  the  bastille.     The  work 
vas  delivered  to   the  inddic  between   17.^1 
and  1707,  «nd  soon  sold  off,  but  Di<!erot  did 
not  find  that  increase  to  his  independence 
Avhich  he  expected,  so  that  he  Mas  obliged 
to  sell  his  library,  which  Mas  ])urchased  for 
50,000  livres  by  the  emj)T-c£s  of  llussia  ;  but 
ivith  a  generosity   truly  great,  the  philoso- 
pher was  pcrnjitted  the  use  of  his  books  as 
long   as  he  lived.     Though   laboriously  en- 
gaged  in  tlie  encyclopedia,    Diderot   found 
time  to  write  his  Bijoux  indisercts,   2  vols. 
12mo.  a  licentious  and  disgusting  romance, 
the   Fils   natural,   and  tlie  Pei-e  de  famille, 
J 757  and  1758,  two  prose  comedies,  wJiich, 
in  an  elegant  and  ncrvons  style,  paint  the 
passions,  strongly  interest  the   licart,  and 


render  virtue   in    her  various  trials  tindy 
great,  noble,  and   amiable.     His  letters  on 
the   blind  appeared   in  1749,   but  the  free- 
doms,  and    the    scepticism    of  the   author 
cost  him  his  liberty,  and  he  was  imprisoned 
for  six   months  at   Yincenncs,   where    the 
gloom  and   horrors   of  confinement  nearly 
deprived  him  of  reason,  had  not  the  conver- 
sation of  J.  J.   itousseau  and  other  literaiy 
men   comforted  his  aifliction.     In   1751    he 
deliA'ered  his  opiidon  on  metaphysics,  poet- 
ry,  eloquence,   Sec.  in  a  letter  on  the  deaf 
and   dumb,  '2  vols    12mo.     Diderot's  other 
works  are — principles  of  moral  philosophy, 
12mo. — history  of  Greece,   translated  from 
Stanyan,  3  vols.  12mo. — pieces  on   mathe- 
matical  subjects — the   code  o(  nature — the 
sixth  sense — of  public  education — reflections 
on  the  interpretation  of  nature — panegj'rics 
on   Richardson — and  the  life   of  Seneca,  a 
useful    work.      He  died  suddenly  on  rising 
from  table,  31st  July  1784,  aged  71.     Dide- 
rot's character  has  beeu  variously  described. 
His  frankness  and  candcu"  are  extolled  by  hi» 
friends,  whilst  his  enemies  reproach  him  as 
an  artful,  interested,  pliant,  and  dangerous 
character.     Of  his  extensive  learning,  and  of 
his   knowledge  in  every  branch  of  science, 
his  writings  are  most  lasting  monume«its.    It 
is  however  to  be  lamented,  that  his  erudi- 
tion w  as  not  always  employed  in  the  support 
of  virtue  and  morality,  nor  his  abilities  ex- 
erted to  animate   man  in  the  cultivation  of 
what  is  so  necessary  to  his  welfare  and  hap- 
piness, the  religious  duties.     A  ])artial  col- 
lection of  his  works  has  been  published  in  6 
vols.  Svo. 

DiDius  JuLiANUS,  M.  Salvius  Severus^ 
a  Roman  emperor,  who  purchased  the  dia- 
dem of  the  corrupt  soldiery.  Severus  was 
soon  after  raised  to  the  throne,  and  Didius 
was  put  to  death  after  a  short  reign  of  C6 
days,  A.  D.  193. 

Di  DO  or  Elissa,  queen  of  Carthage,  fled 
from  Tyie  after  the  murder  of  her  iuisband 
Sichieus,  by  his  brother  Pygmalion,  and  she 
settled  f)n  the  coast  of  Africa,  where  she 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  new  empire.  Virgil 
and  others  rei»rcsent  her  as  visited  by  iEne- 
as,  after  whose  departure  she  destroyed 
herself  through  grief  and  disappointed  love. 

DiDOT,  Pi-ancis  Ambrose,  an  enunent 
printer  at  Paris.  The  works  which  lie 
printed  were  iieculiarly  admired  foi*  the  cor- 
rectness, elegance,  and  beauty  of  the  type, 
and  among  these,  the  edition  of  the  classics 
publisiied  by  order  of  Lewis  XYl.  for  the 
use  of  the  dauphin,  ranked  very  high.  He 
made  some  useful  im\)rovements  in  paper 
mills,  and  in  ])rinling  machines,  and  to 
his  ingenuity  the  invention  of  stereotype- 
printing  may  be  fairly  ascribed,  to  the  per- 
fection of  which  he  devoted  himself  with  so 
much  zeal,  that  at  the  age  of  73  he  perused 
five  times  successively,  the  edition  of  ISIon- 
taigne  which  his  sons  had  undertaken.  He 
died  at  Paris,  10th  July  1804,  aged  74,  and 
Mas  succeeded  in  his  business  by  his  sons, 
tfie  eldest  of  whom  is  lately  dead,  leaving 
his  concern  to  his  brother,  and  to  his  son. 
DiDYMVs,    of    A.l(rxaudria,    an  ancient 


DI 


1)1 


j:;v.immarijin,  in  the  :if;;e  of  Auj^itstus,  said  to 
l»;ivc  l)Ccn  llic  autliiirof  4<)U  boi)ks. 

DiuYMi'S,  of  Alc\aii(Jri:i,  an  abli;  writer, 
tltoiij^li  bliml  at  the  age  of  five.  He  dietl 
395,  a.ijeil  8.1. 

J)iECMA.v,  Jolin,  n  ii.Htive  of  Stack",  who 
became  sui»oriiiteii(laiil  of  the  iluciiies  ol 
lireiuen  and  \'ei'ilun,  and  ivctor  of  .Slade 
university,  where  he  (lie<l  IT'^O,  agetl  7ii. 
Uesides  .several  lheoloj;ical,  nielaphv  bical, 
and  |)hilus()[>hiu:iil  works,  he  published  an 
edition  of  Luthir's  bibic,  used  at  Statle. 

UiEME.N,  Anthony  \'an,  u  native  of  Kuil- 
enberg,  where  hi»  father  was  burjjomaster. 
He  went  to  the  East-Indies,  and  grachially 
rose  to  be  p^overnor  of  ihe  Dutch  territories 
there,  an  oflice  Mhicli  he  dischar,q;ed  with 
j»reat  zeal,  abihty,  and  success.  J^Ie  sent  in 
1C4'2  Abel  Tasman  on  a  voyage  of  discovery 
to  tlie  soulhwartl,  and  the  hind  wliich  was 
discovered  on  the  soutli  of  New  Holland, 
WAS  called  in  ids  honor  \'an  Diemen's  land. 
He  died  164-5. 

DiEMERBUoEK,  Isbrand,  a  learned  pi'o- 
fessor  of  anatomy  at  Utrecht,  born  at  Mont- 
ibrd  in  Holl.and.  He  ilied  at  Utrecht,  107  i, 
aged  65.  His  works  arc  a  treatise  on  the 
plague — an  history  of  distempers — a  miscel- 
lany of  pieces  on  pitysic  and  anatomy,  folio. 

Die  PEN' BECK,  Abraham,  a  painter  of 
Boisleduc,  who  died  at  Antwerp  1G75,  aged 
67.  He  studied  under  Rubens,  ancl  first 
painted  on  glass,  and  afterwards  in  oil.  His 
drawings  are  numerous,  and  his  temple  of 
the  muses  is  considered  as  a  master  piece. 

DiEST,  Adrian  Van,  a  landscape  painter, 
of  the  Hague,  who  died  1705-,  aged  4'J.  He 
spent  the  best  part  of  his  life  in  England, 
■where  his  pencil  was  employed  in  delineat- 
ing the  beauties  of  the  wejstern  plants  of  the 
island. 

Die  TRIG,  John  Conrad,  a  Lutheran, 
native  of  Bulzbach  in  Wetteravia.  He  was 
professor  of  Greek  and  history  in  his  native 
town,  and  removed  in  1033  to  Giessen, 
where  he  died  1607,  aged  55.  He  was 
author  of  a  book  de  peregrinatlone  studio- 
i"um — antiuuitatcs  lionianre  lexicon  etymo- 
logico-grtecum — antiquitates  novi  testamenli 
— antiquitates  bibliaj,  kc. 

Dietrich,  John  A\'illiam  Ernest,  a  na- 
tive of  Weimar,  v  here  his  father  was  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  of  battles,  and  of  portraits. 
After  studying  under  his  father,  he  went  to 
Dresden  to  improve  himself  under  Alexan- 
der Thiele,  and  thence  removed  to  Italy. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  the  public 
notice,  and  he  was  made  professor  of  Dres- 
den academy,  and  director  of  the  painting 
school  of  Meissen,  and  died  1774,  aged  G'i. 
His  landscapes,  portraits,  scripture  pieces, 
conversations,  &c.  were  much  admired,  and 
he  acquired  some  celebrity  also  as  an  en- 
graver. 

Die  TRY,  a  painter  of  Dresden,  who  died 
there  1730,  aged  45.  His  two  views  near 
liorae  are  very  pleasing  proofs  of  his  great 
jskill  in  landscape  painting. 

DiEU,  Lewis  de,  an  eminent  divine,  born 
at  Flushing,  7th  April  1520.    He  early  dis- 


tingAiishcd  himself  a's  a  preacher,  and  refused 
to  be  the  couit  inini.sler  at  the  Hague,  as  he 
was  more  desirous  to  censure;  than  counten- 
ance the  licenliou.s  niorals  of  the  great.  He 
came  to  Leyden  to  leacli  with  his  uncle  and 
pieceplor,  the  learn<;il  Colonius,  and  he  was 
di\ini(y  professor  in  the  Walloon  colle{;e  till 
hi.'4  de.'ith  in  ItU'J.  He  pu!>li.-.iied  iti  1G51  a 
commentary  on  the  four  gospels — and  notes 
on  the  Acts,  alter  a  carelid  examination  of 
several  translations, — the  history  of  our 
Saviour  in  the  I'eisian  laiigna^'o  by  the 
Jesuit  Jerome  Xavier,  and  a  Latin  transla- 
tion— rudiments  of  tin-  Hebrew  and  Persian 
tonixues — besides  tiie  revelations  (jf  .St.  John, 
in  Hebrew  anr]  Syriac,  with  a  l^iuin  versijrk 
— and  other  inferior  treatises.  His  father 
Daniel  de  Dieti,  was  minister  (A'  I'lushing, 
antl  a  ver_\  learned  (U'ator,  who  could  fluent- 
ly preach  in  German,  Italian,  French,  and 
English. 

Dicny,  Everard,  an  English  gentleman 
of  Drystokc  in  Ilutlandshii-e,  educated  at  St. 
.fohn's  college,  Cambridge.  He  wrote  sonie 
curious  and  learned  books,  de  arte  natandi, 
— de  duplici  methodo,  &cc. — thcoria  analiti- 
ca — a  dissuasive  from  taking  the  church 
livings,  &c.     He  died  1592. 

Dig  BY,  sir  Everard,  son  of  the  preceding;, 
was  educated  in  the  Romish  cliurch  after 
his  father's  death.  He  was  recommended 
to  queen  Elizabeth,  whose  court  he  attended, 
and  he  was  knighted  by  king  James.  Though 
of  mild  manners,  and  peaceful  disposition, 
and  rich  and  independent  from  his  own  pa- 
ternal estates,  and  the  property  of  Jiis  wife, 
daughter  of  AVilliam  Mulsho  esq.  of  Go- 
thurst,  Bucks,  heyeten^7;aged  in  the  schemes 
for  the  destruction  of  the  government. 
Though  not  immediately  an  agent  in  the 
gunpowder  plot  with  Guy  Fawkes,  he  gave 
1500Z.  towards  the  expenses  of  it.  On  the 
discovery  of  this  diabolical  scheme,  there- 
fore he  was  sent  to  the  towex',  and  when  ar- 
raigned he  pleaded  for  his  conduct,  that  the 
king  had  broke  his  promises  to  the  catholics, 
and  that  the  restoration  of  the  catholic  re- 
ligion was  an  event,  which  in  the  opinion  of 
this  ini'atuated  sect,  it  became  every  sub- 
ject to  accomplish  by  whatever  means  thcy 
could ;  and  he  added,  tliat  as  he  alone  v  as 
guilty,  i>ardon  should  be  extended  to  all 
others,  and  his  family  particularly,  not  ruin- 
ed. On  the  ;)Oth  January  IGOf),  i)ursuant  to 
his  sentence,  he  was  hanged,  drawn,  and 
quartered  at  the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  and  he  died  very  penitent,  and 
anxious  to  make  deep  atonement  for  the 
meditated  horrors  of  the  conspiracy. 

DiGBV,  sir  Kenelm,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher, eldest  son  of  the  jjreceding,  was  born 
at  (iothurst,  Bucks,  llth  ,lune  1G03.  He 
was  educated  under  the  care  of  Laud  then 
dean  of  Giocester,  and  in  IGIS  he  entered 
at  Glocester-hall,  Oxford,  where  during  the 
three  years  of  liis  residence,  he  displayed 
such  great  abilities,  and  so  extensive  a  know- 
ledge, that  he  was  compared  to  the  celebra- 
ted Picus  de  Mirandula.  After  travelling 
through  France,  Spaiu,  and  Ualy,  Uc.  re- 


DI 


m 


turned  to  England  in  1C^3,  and  waskniglit- 
cd.     He  then  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
learned  and  the  curious,  by  the  introduction 
frf  a  secret  medicine,  afterwards  well  known 
by  the  name  of  sympathetic  powder,  wliich 
he  tliscovcred  in  his  ti'avels.     He  became  a 
favorite  of  Charles  I.   and  when   a  quarrel 
arose  with  the  Venetians,  he  was  sent  with 
a  fleet  into  the  Mediterranean  in  16'28,  and 
acquired  great  reputation  by  his  conduct  at 
Algiers,  and  by  his  attack  of  tiic  liosliie  fleet 
In  the  bay  of  Scandei'oon.     In  1030,  after  a 
visit  to  France,  he   was  reconciled   to  the 
Tiomish  church,  much  to  the  regret  of  his 
jjuardian  and  friend  Laud,  v  ho  expostulated 
vith  him   in   vain,  and  lie  def-'Tuled  his  mo- 
tives, aiul  published  1038,  a  coiiference  with 
a  lady  about  the  choice  of  religion,  re-print- 
cd  1054.    In  1039  he  was  very  active  to  levy 
contril)Utions   among   the    papists    for    tlie 
king's  ser\ice,  for  wliicli  interference  he  was 
called  before  the  parliament,  and  imprison- 
ed in  Winchester-house,  from  which,  how- 
ever, he  was  released  in  consequence  of  the 
honorable   interference    of    the    queen    of 
France.     Upon  his  liberation   lie  retired  to 
Paris,  and  soon  after  visited  Des  Cartes  at 
Kgmont,  and   laid   tlie   foundation   of    tliat 
friendly  intercourse  and  literary  communi- 
cation, which  always  afterwards  prevailed 
between  these    two   celebrated    characters. 
Daring  his  retirement  in  France,  sir  Kenelm 
devoted   himself  to   philosophical    pursuits, 
and  published  his  treatise  of  the  nature  of 
bodies — and   another  on  the  operation  and 
nature  of  man's  soul,  Stc  1044 — an  instilu- 
tionum  peripateticarum  libri   quintfue,  kc 
1051.     Upon   the   destruction  ol   the   regal 
power,  he  returned  to  England  to  collect 
the  shattered  remains  of  his   fortune,  but 
(he   parliament  ordered   him  to  leave   the 
country  on  pain  of  confiscation  and  loss  of 
life.     His  return  to  Paris  was  agreeable  to 
queen  Henrietta,  whose  chancellor  he  had 
been  appointed,  and  he   was  sent  by  her  as 
negotiator  to  i>ope  Innocent  X.     The  eleva- 
tion of  Croniwell  to  supreme  power  enable.d 
him    to   revisit  England,   and  after  staying 
there  the  best  part   of  the  year  1655,  and 
engaging,    it   is   supposed,   to  reconcile  the 
papists  to  the  usurpation,  he  returned   to 
Par's.     He   afterwards  spent  some  time  at 
Toulouse  and  Montijellier,  wIk-M'c,  as  a  man 
of  letters  uiid  as  a  philosopher,  he  was  cour- 
ted and  respected.     At  the  restoration  he 
came  back  to  England,  and  became  a  favor- 
ite in  the  court  of  Cliarles  II.  though  his 
enemies  failed  not  to  represent  him  as  lately 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  usurper.    At 
the  establishment  of  the  royal   society  he 
■vas  made  one  of  the  council-     He  was  very 
grievously  afflicteil  the  latter  ])art  of  his  life 
by  the  stone,  of  which  painful  disorder  he 
died  at  his  house,  Covent-garden,  June  11th 
1005.     His  remains  were  interred  in  Christ- 
church,   Newgate.      His    valuable    library, 
vhicb,  during  the   troubles,   had   been   re- 
moved to  France,  became  at  his  death  the 
property  of  the  French  king.     Besides  the 
books  mentioned,  blr  Kenelm  published  ob- 


servations on  Dr.  Brown's  religio  medici— 
observations  on  the  2-2d  stanza  of  the  Otli 
canto,  second  book  of  the  fairy  queen — a 
discourse  on  the  vegetation  of  plants -a 
treatise  of  adhering  to  God,  translated  from 
Albertus  Magnus.  Sir  Kenelm  was  ridiculed 
for  asserting,  on  the  report  of  some  of  his 
friends,  that  there  was  a  city  near  Tripoli, 
whose  inhabitants,  beasts,  kc  had  in  a  few 
hours  been  turned  to  stone,  by  petrifyir>g 
vapor  from  the  earth  ;  a  circumstance  sup- 
ported by  the  observations  of  late  travellers, 
mentioned  in  l>r.  Itob.  Hook's  ])hilosophicat 
observations,  ^cc.  17'20,  8vo.  Sir  Kenelm 
left  an  only  son  John,  wlio  succeeded  him  to 
his  estate.  Another  son,  Kenelm,  was  slain 
in  the  king's  cause  at  the  battle  of  Saint 
Neots. 

DiGBY,  John,  a  nobleman  descended  of  a 
respectable  family  at  CoU-sliill,  \\'arwick- 
shire.  He  was  of  Alagdaleu  college,  O.xford, 
and  after  finishing  his  travels,  he  was  intro- 
duced to  James  1.  who  appointed  him  gentle- 
man of  the  privy  chamber,  and  in  lOOG 
knighted  him,  and  in  1611  and  1614  sent  him- 
as  hi:;  ambassador  to  Spain.  In  lOlO  he  be- 
came a  privy  counsellor,  and  chamberlain  to 
the  king;  tv.  o  years  after  he  was  made  baron 
Digby  of  Sherbourne,  and  l0'2O  sent  ambas- 
sador to  the  archduke  Albert,  and  next  year 
to  the  emperor.  In  1022  he  went  to  Spain 
to  negotiate  the  prince's  marriage  with  the 
infanta, and  on  his  return  he  was  created  earl 
of  Bristol.  He  opposed  Buckingham  in  par- 
liament, and  for  a  while  he  favored  the  popu- 
lar party ;  but  in  the  civil  troubles  he  was  ex- 
iled, and  died  at  Paris  21st  Jan.  1653.  He 
was  author  of  some  poems,  of  airs  and  dia- 
logues. He  also  translated,  it  is  supposed, 
at  James  l.'s  request,  Du  Aloulin's  defence  of 
the  catholic  faith,  contained  in  the  books  of 
king  James  against  the  answer  of  N.  Coeffe- 
teau,  &c.  10 id. 

Digby,  George,  earl  of  Bristol,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Madrid,  October 
1012.  He  was  educate^l  at  Magdalen  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  distinguished  hituself  by 
his  abilities,  and  by  his  Iricndship  with  the 
celebrated  Peter  Heylin.  In  his  politics  he 
embraced  the  popular  cause,  and  was  one  of 
Strafford's  accusers  ;  luit  he  afterwards  favo- 
red the  king's  ])arty,  and  was  expelled  from 
the  house  of  commons  for  spcfiking  in  the 
defence  of  that  unfortunate  nobleman.  Du- 
ring the  civil  wars  he  was  veiy  active  in  the 
royal  cause,  and  in  Ireland,  Jersey,  and 
France  he  displayed  his  zeal  in  the  service  of 
his  unfortunate  master.  After  Charles' death 
he  was  exemi)ted  from  pardon  by  the  parlia- 
ment, and  consequently  spent  Ids  life  in  ex- 
ile, but  at  the  restoration  he  was  made  a 
knight  of  the  garter,  but  he  violently  oppo- 
sed in  parliament  the  great  Clarendon.  He 
died  at  Chelsea,  20th  March,  1070.  It  is  re- 
markable, that  though  he  w  rote  against  i)ope- 
ry  he  died  a  papist,  and  though  a  papist  he 
spoke  in  favor  of  the  test  act. 

DiGGES,  Leonard,  a  learned  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Barham  in  Kent,  aud  educated 
at  University  college,   Oxford.      He   wwtf 


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DI 


Tectonicura,  to  shew  tlie  mrasuring  of  laiul, 
Jtc.  1550,  4t().  iiaprdvcd  ljy  liis  sou  'I'iionias 
159'2, — a  gcomclrical  practit'ul  treatise — paii- 
toiaetria,  published  hy  his  son  1;")'.U — pioj;- 
Dosticatioii  ot"  everlasiiny  rij;Iit,  pxxl  eHeci, 
w  rules  to  jud.^e  tlie  ucalher  by  tlie  sun, 
nioou,  st:irs,  ^^cc.  loOl.     lie  died  l.w-l-. 

DiGCES,  'riioiiias,  only  sou  ol'  Irt-'ouard, 
after  studyin<j  at  Oxford,  proved  hinibelf  a 
very  great  malhemalician.  He  went  as  inus- 
ler-iDaster  general  to  the  forces  sent  by  lili- 
ziibeth  to  defend  the  Nelherian<l>.  Uesides 
improving  some  of  his  father's  works,  he 
jnil)iished  alu;  sivc  senhu,  ^;e.  matlit-niatical 
ivings  or  ladders,  157.3,  4to. — an  arithmetical 
riiititary  treatise,  4to. — a  geometrical  trea- 
tise, ^c. — a  description  of  celestial  orbs,  bcc, 
— motive  for  association,  he. — England's  de- 
fence, kc.     He  died  15'J5. 

DioCES,  sir  Dudley,  eldest  son  of  Tho- 
mas, was  h(jrn  158.),  anti  edr.cated  at  IJni- 
■\ersity  college,  Oxford.  He  studied  the  law, 
find  after  being  knighted,  travelled  to  improve 
hiniaelfiu  foreign  buds.  He  wasseiitiii  1G18 
fiS  amhassador  to  Prussia  by  .lames  1.  and 
two  years  after  he  went  to  Holland  as  com- 
missioner. He  was  in  parliament  in  the  reign 
of  James,  and  of  Charles  1.  and  his  conduct 
was  very  independent,  and  often  hostile  to 
the  measures  of  the  court,  so  that  he  was 
sent  to  the  tower  for  his  accusation  against 
Buckingham.  So  powerful  was  his  influ- 
ence, that  measures  we«-e  adopted  to  gain 
him  over,  and  by  a  reversionary  grant  of  the 
otiice  of  master  of  the  rolls  in  l(i3(t,  which  he 
obtained  in  1636,  he  was  brought  over  to 
tuvor  the  measures  of  govtrrnment.  He  did 
not  long  enjoy  this  honorable  office,  as  he  died 
8th  March  1039,  universally  lamented.  He 
published  a  defence  of  trade,  -ito. — a  dis- 
course on  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  sub- 
ject, or  a  conference  with  the  lords  by  a 
committee  of  both  houses,  1628  and  164'-J — 
speeches  on  several  occasions  inserted  in 
lluthworth's  collections — lettei  s  between 
Walsingham  and  Burleigh,  and  others,  ajjoui 
Elizabeth's  marriage  with  ti;e  duke  of  An- 
jou. 

DiGGES,  Thomas,  brother  In  sir  Dudley, 
vas  educated  at  University  college,  and  im- 
proved himself  by  travelHitg  abroad.  He 
translated  (icrardq,  tiie  unfortnntite  Span- 
iard, from  Cespadcs — and  (JIaudian's  rape  of 
l"*roserpine  into  English  verse.  He  was  a 
Iearne«l  man,  and  died  1635. 

DiGGES,  Dudley,  third  son  to  sir  Dudley, 
was  educated  at  University  college,  and  be- 
came fellow  of  All-souls,  1033.  He  wrote  an 
answer  to  observations  on  his  majesty's  an- 
swers and  expresses — and  the  iuda\\  fulness 
of  subjects  taking  up  arms  against  their  sove- 
reign, 1643.     He  died  1643." 

Dii.LENlus,  John  James,  an  eminent  bo- 
tanist, born  at  Darmstadt  in  Cierniany  1081, 
and  educated  at  the  university  of  (iiessen,  in 
Upper  Hesse.  He  established  his  reputation 
as  a  learned  botanist,  by  his  valuable  commu- 
nications to  the  miscellanea  curiosa,  and  by 
his  other  ingenious  publications.  In  his  dis- 
sertation on  the  coftec  of  the  Arabiaps,  he 


gives  his  prcparat?on8  made  with  pea?,  bcaus^ 
S:c.  and  asserts,  that  from  rye  can  be  ju-odu- 
ce<l,  that  which  most  nearly   resembles  cof- 
fee.   He  ennmenites  not  less  than  980  {tlants, 
exclusive   of  musbiotmis    an<l  mosses  in  the 
neighbourhT)r»d  of  (iiessen,  and  thus  displays 
tlie    most  iiiilefutigable  atid  aidetit  industry. 
His  a<''|iiamtance  with  Dr.  Sherard,  who  had 
been  IJritish  consul  at  .Smyrna,  was  produc- 
tive of  an  alteration  in  his  plans  ;  lie  follow- 
ed his  frieml  to  England  in   IT-l,  and  tliere 
resided  the  rest  f)f  his  life.     He  first  engaged 
himself  in  this   country,  in  ;i  new  edition  of 
Kay's     synopsis     stirpiuni    JJrittannicarum, 
and  by  the  deitlh   of  his  fiiend   in   17*28,  and 
his  bequeathnig  of  .')()()()/.  to  the  university  of 
Oxford  for  a  Ii'itanical  |)rofessorship,  to  which 
Dilleiiius  was   first  to  be  api>ointed,  he  was 
raised    to    comfortable     iiirlependence,    and 
learned  rclii<'ment.     In  this  wished  for  situ- 
ation he  applieil  himself  diligently  to  tlie  iin- 
proveiwent  of  liot.any,  and  in  liishortus  Kltha- 
mensis,  417  plants,  chielly  exotics,  were  de- 
scribed and  figured  with  the  most  careful  at- 
tention.    His  expectatiot'S,  however,  did  not 
answer  ;  hnlnny  was  not  yet  a  favorite  study, 
and  the  author  sold   i'vw  of  his  copies,  and 
where  he  flattered  himself  with  profit,  he  ex- 
perienced only  toss.     In  1735  tlie  university 
granted  him  the  degree  of  M.D.  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  honored  w  ith  a  visit  from 
his  friend  and  correspondent  Linn<cus.      He 
now  devoted  himself  to  the  completion  of  an 
history  of  mosses,  and  probably  would  have 
undertaken  tlve  funguses,  had  not  death  clo- 
sed prematurely  liis  labors.      He  was  attack- 
ed the  last  week  in  March  1747  with  an  apo- 
plexy, and  died  on  the  '2d  April,  aged  60.   In 
his  private  character,  Dillenius  was  very  re- 
spectable, natarally  of  a  mild    temper,  but 
fond  of  i-etirement,  that  his  studious  pursuits 
miglit   meet  less  interruption.      His  draw- 
ings,  dried    plants,    MSS.    kc.  were     pur- 
chased by  Dr.  Sibthorpe  his   successor,  nnd 
now  enrich  the  treasures  of  Oxford. 

DiLLCv,    Wentworth,   earl  of  Uoscora 
mon.     Vid.  Roscommon. 

DiLWORTH,  Thomas,  a  diligent  school- 
master, whose  spelling  book — book-kcejier's 
assistant — school nuistcr's  assistHut — miscella- 
neous arithmetic,  8cc. — are  well  known  as 
useful  and  popular  books.  He  was  for  some 
time  engaged  at.Stratfoi-d-le-bow  with  Dychti, 
and  then  setup  a  school  for  himself  at  M'ap- 
ping.     He  died  1781. 

DiMSDA  LE,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
physician,  born  at  Thoydon-garnon,  Essex, 
where  his  father  was  a  surgeon.  His  family 
were  fj'iakers,  aiul  his  grandfatlier  was  tlie 
companion  of  I'enu  in  America.  Young 
Dimsdale,  after  studying  at  St.  Thomas' hos- 
pital, settled  at  Hertford,  which  he  quitted 
in  1745  in  conse(|uence  of  the  death  of  his 
wife,  and  engaged  as  surgeon  in  the  duke  of 
Northumberland's  army  in  the  Scolcli  cam- 
paign. On  the  taking  of  Carlisle  he  returned 
to  Hertford,  where  he  again  married,  and  in 
1761  began  to  practice  asphysician.  His  ce- 
lebrity as  an  inoculat.or  in  the  small-pox,  rc- 
commetided  him  tu  the  empress  Catharine, 


DI 


DI 


at  ^\hose  request  he  visrted  Russia  in  1768. 
His  successful  inoculation  of  the  empress, 
and  of  her  son  the  grand  duke,  was  rewarded 
■with  the  rank,  of  baron  of  tlie  empire,  of 
counsellor  of  state,  and  of  pliysician  to  tlic 
empress,  besides  a  pension  of  500/.  per  ann. 
and  a  present  of  12,000/.  His  son  who  had 
accompanied  him  shared  his  honors,  and  was 
presented  with  a  e^old  snutf-box  set  m  ith  dia- 
monds. In  17S1  Dimsdale  was  a.s;ain  in  Rus- 
sia to  inoculate  the  grand  duke's  two  sons^ 
and  so  respectah'e  was  his  character,  tJiat  he 
was  elected  menil.or  nf  parliament  for  Hert- 
ford in  17S0,  and  as;ai!i  1784,  but  resigned 
his  pretensions  at  the  next  gcncr:il  election. 
This  able  practitioner  had  the  misfortune  to 
lose  his  icye-sight  by  a  catarrh,  which  iiow- 
ever  was  happdy  removed  by  Wenzell.  He 
died  1800.  He  was  author  of  tracts  on  inocu- 
lation, with  an  account  of  his  journey  to  lius- 
sia,  Svo.  17S1. 

DiNARCH  us,  a  Greek  orator,  the  pupil  of 
Theophrastus.  He  was  banished  for  a  false 
accusation  of  receiving  bribes,  B.  O.  340. 

Dingle V,  Robert,  an  English  writer, 
educated  at  Magdalen  college.  He  became  a 
zealous  puritan,  aiul  was  made  rector  of 
Brixton  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  by  the  interest 
of  Ids  uncle  col.  Hammond,  when  governor 
there.  He  died  1659,  aged  40.  Among  his 
•works  are  mentioned,  the  deputation  of  an- 
gels, proved  by  the  divine  right  of  nature, 
from  many  rubs  and  mistakes,  isc. 

Ding,  compiler  of  the  six  books  of  decre- 
tals, and  author  of  a  valuable  commentary  on 
the  rules  of  law,  was  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence at  Bologna,  and  died  aboyt  1307.  It  is 
said,  that  he  expected  to  be  made  a  cardinal, 
as  the  reward  of  his  services,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  such  hopes  he  took  orders,  and  di- 
vorced his  wife. 

DixoCRATES,  a  Macedonian  architect, 
vhose  abilities  were  employed  in  the  building 
of  the  city  of  Alexandria.  His  offer  to  cut 
mount  Athos  into  the  form  of  a  statue  in 
honor  of  Alexander,  was  rejected  by  tlie 
monarch. 

DiNosTRATUS,  a  mathematician,  the 
pupil  of  Plato.  He  is  the  inventor  of  the 
quadratic  curve  Mhich  bears  his  name. 

UixoTH,  Richard,  a  protcstant  wi-iter  of 
Coutances,  who  died  1680,  leaving  an  accu- 
rate work,  de  hello  civili  G:drno. 

JJiNOUART,  Anthony  Joseph  Toussaint, 
canon  of  St.  Bennet,  Paris,  and  member  of 
the  academy  of  the  Arcades  at  Rome,  was 
horn  at  Amiens  1st  Nov.  1715,  and  died  at 
Paris  23d  April  1786.  He  first  enp;aged  at 
Paris  with  Joannet  in  periodical  publications, 
Avherethe  severity  of  his  remarks  lircw  u|)On 
him  trouble  and  law-suits.  In  1760hc  began 
liis  ecclesiastical  journal,  which  produced 
Jum  an  extensive  torrespon^lencewilllF^ance, 
but  he  was  little  attentive  in  this  i)eriodical 
work  to  proprietj,  as  nostrums,  antl  sermons 
•were  recommended  in  the  same  page  to  his 
readers,  and  large  quotations  from  various 
nuthors  were  made  without  any  acknowledge- 
ment. His  other  Avorks  are  embryologia 
sacra,  1 2mo. — the  manual  for  pastors,  3  vols. 


12mo.— the  rhetoric  of  preachers,  &c. — be- 
sides some  Latin  and  French  poems  of  infe- 
rior merit. 

Dig  Chrysostom,  an  orator  of  Pru^fk 
in  Bithynia,  wantonly  disgraced  by  Doml- 
tian,  but  treated  with  great  kindness  by 
l'r;ijan. 

Dioci.es,  a  mathematician  in  the  fifth 
century^  the  inventor  of  the  cissoid  or  curve 
line,  which  Newto«  calls  o«e  of  the  defec- 
tive hyperbolas. 

Diocletian,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Roman 
empcro!-,  born  of  an  obscure  family  in  D.d- 
matia.  He  succeeded  Numerian  in  284,  and 
after  a  glorious  reign  of  valor,  and  the  hon- 
orable patronage  of  virtue  and  learning,  he 
laid  down  his  power  at  Nicomedia  304,  and 
retired  to  privacy  at  Salona,  where  he  died 
313. 

Diodati,  John,  a  native  of  Lucca,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Geneva,  where  he 
died  1652,  aged  73.  He  is  well  known  for 
his  translations  of  the  bible  into  Italian,  Avith 
notes,  4to.  1607,  into  French,  1644 — and 
father  Paul's  history  of  the  council  of  Trent 
into  p'rencli. 

DioDORUs  SicuLus,  a  Greek  historian, 
born  at  Argyrium  in  Sicily.  Of  his  universal 
history-  only  15  books  remain,  best  edited  by 
Wesseling.     He  flourished  about  44  B.  C. 

DiODORUs,  bishop  of  Tarsus,  eminent  as 
a  divine,  and  also  as  an  instructor  of  youth 
in  the  fourth  century.  Of  his  writiqgs  only 
a  few  fragments  remain. 

Diogenes,  a  famous  c)-nic  philosoph-.H', 
born  at  Sinope,  in  Pontus,  B.  C.  414.  He 
w  as  so  independent  in  his  character  and  con- 
duet,  that  he  preferred  living  in  a  tub  to 
the  comforts  of  a  house.  Pride,  however, 
and  misanthropy,  seem  to  have  predomina- 
ted in  him,  over  virtue  and  ti'ue  philosophy. 

DiGGENES,  a  philosopher  of  Babylon, 
B.  C.  200.  He  succeeded  Zeno  in  his  schooJ, 
and  attended  Carn^ades  to  Rome  in  his 
embassy. 

Diogenes  Laertius,  a  Greek  histo- 
I'ian  ofCilicia.  His  lives  of  philosophers  in 
10  books  are  esteemed.     He  died  A.  D.  222. 

Diogenes,  a  Cretan  i)hilosopher,  the 
siiccessor  of  Anaximenes,  B.  C-  500. 

DiOGNETUS,  a  philosopher,  preceptor  to 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

Dion,  a  Syracusan,  celebrated  as  the 
friend  of  Plato,  and  particularly  as  the  re- 
lation and  the  opponent  of  the  Dionysi,  ty- 
rants of  Sicily.  After  successfully  expel- 
ling; the  younger  Dionysius,  he  was  himself 
soon  after  murdered  about  354  B.  C. 

Dion  Cassius,  an  historian  of  Bithynia 
in  the  third  century.  Of  his  Greek  history 
fiom  the  age  of  Romulus  to  the  reign  of 
Alexander  Severus,  much  has  been  lost. 

Dig  NTS,  Peter,  a  French  surgeon  who 
died  1718.  His  skill  in  anatomical  disser- 
tations and  chirurgical  operations  was  very 
great.  He  published  some  valuable  works, 
— uncours  (I'operations  de  chirurgie, — I'an- 
atomie  de  I'homme, — Sc  traite  de  la  maniere 
de  secourir  les  femmes  daus  les  accouche- 
mens,  &c. 


DI 


DI 


DiONYSlus  I.  tyrant  of  Sicily,  laised 
himself  tVom  obscurity  to  tlie  sovercipjii  pow- 
er, wliicli  he  mainlaiutd  with  great  vigor. 
Jlis  reign  is  however  marked  by  niuiiy  ac- 
tions of  cruelly  and  op|Messit>n,  an<i  his  con- 
duct towards  Plato,  whom  lie  ordered  to  be 
sold  as  a  stave,  -was  infamous  in  the  extreme. 
lie  died  366  li.  C.  after  a  reic^n  of  near  io 
years. 

DioNVSius  II.  succeeded  liis  father  as 
tyrant  of  Syraci'.se,  and  exceeded  him  in 
cruelty  though  he  was  inferior  to  him  in  su- 
tacity.  He  uas  at  hist  expelleil  by  IJion  B. 
C.  343,  and  died  a  private  man  at  Corinth. 

DioNVSii's  Periege'i  ES,  anihor  of 
Periegcsis,  or  geograpliy  of  the  woj-hl,  in 
tireek  verse,  was  patronised  by  Augustus. 

DioMVSius,  an  historian  of  ilalicarnas- 
sus,  who  settled  at  Rome  B.C.  30,  and  wrote 
a  valuable  work  called  Roman  antiquities,  ol 
vvliich  only  11  books  are  extant.  He  wrote 
some  other  works. 

DioNYSius,  a  tyrant  of  Ileraclca,  who 
married  a  niece  of  Darius.  He  was  remark- 
able for  his  corpulence,  and  died  304  B.C. 

Dig  X  ys  I  u s.  a  bishop  of  Corinth,  w  ho  suf- 
fei"ed  martyrdom  ITS. 

DioNYSius  a  bisliop  of  Alexandria,  the 
(Ijsciple  of  Origen.  He  wrote  some  things, 
and  was  exposed  to  persecution.  He  died 
5267. 

DioNYSius,  bishop  of  Rome  after  Sixtus 
5259,  condemned  the  heresy  of  Sabellius  in  a 
full  synod,  and  died  209. 

Dio.vYSius,  a  Romish  monk  called  the 
little,  in  the  fifth  centui-y.  He  compiled  a 
book  of  decretals,  and  translated  from  the 
tireek,  a  body  of  canons,  and  invented,  as 
it  is  said,  the  victorian  period,  or  method  oi 
calculating  the  time  of  Easter. 

DiONYSi  (js,  the  Areopagite,  a  learned 
Athenian,  member  of  the  court  of  the  areo- 
pagus,  ami  converted  to  Christianity  by 
Paul's  preaching  on  the  unknown  Cod,  as 
meritioned  in  the  Acts  17.  He  is  suppused 
to  have  suffered  martyrdom,  but  Avhen  or 
•where  is  unknown.  'I'he  works  published 
under  his  name,  Antwerp,  2  vols.  1034,  are 
spurious. 

UioPHANTUs,  a  mathematician  of  Alex- 
andria, said  to  have  invented  algebra.  The 
age  in  which  he  lived  is  unknown.  His  six 
books  on  arithmetic,  in  Greek  and  Latin, 
were  published  Paris  1C'21. 

DioscoRiDES,  Pedacus,  a  physician  un- 
der Nero.  He  wrcic  five  books  on  the  vir- 
tues of  plants,  edited  by  Saraceniis  151)8  fol. 

DiPPEL,  John  Conrad,  a  curious  and  ex- 
travagant character,  who  called  himself  in 
his  writings,  Christianus  Democritus.  He 
•warmly  opposed  the  Pietists  at  Strashurg, 
and  afterwards  supported  them  at  (Jiessen, 
When  unable  to  get  a  wife  and  a  professor's 
chair,  he  began  his  invectives  against  the 
protestants,  and  soon  after  turned  liis 
thoughts  to  chemistry,  and  pretended  to 
have  discovered  the  philosopher's  stone. 
But  though  thus  rich  in  his  opinion  Ue  -was 
literally  poor,  and  in  consequence  of  his  debts 
successively  couftned  in  the  prisons  of  Berlin, 


Copenhagen,  Frankfort,  Leyden,  Amstcr*. 
(iam,  K.C.  In  1727  he  went  to  Stockholm  la 
prescribe  for  the  king,  but  the  Swedi.sh  cler- 
gy, ihougri  pleased  with  the  recovery  of  ihe 
iiionaiTh,  b.iiiished  llie  o|)era*or,  who  rc- 
turned  U>  dermuny.  In  I7.i3  he  published 
a  slalement  to  prove  that  he  bhoujd  not  die 
till  the  yiar  I  SOS,  Ijut  the  next  year,  unfortu- 
nately for  the  prophecy,  lie  was  found  dead  in 
his  bed  at  Witlgenslein,  'J3th  April  1734.  He' 
wrote  some  entliusiHslic  works,  and  denied 
the  divine  inspiration  of  the  holy  s<rii)tures. 
HiKOls,  Francis,  tloctor  of  the  Sorbonxic, 
is  known  foj*  his  work  callixl  Preuves  be  pre- 
jugrs  ])')ur  la  religion  chretienne  hi  calho- 
li(|iie,  conliH-  Ics  fau.'sses  religions  &  atheism, 
and  for  other  ecclesiastical  labors.  He  died 
about  170(». 

Disney,  John,  a  native  of  Lincoln,  cduc«- 
ted  at  the  grammar  school  thei-e,  and  among 
the  dissenters,  and  aflerw  ards  removed  to 
the  .Middle  temi)le.  He  never  however 
practised  at  the  bar,  but  devoted  himself  to 
the  arduous  oiUces  of  public  magistrate  in 
his  native  country,  and  vas  so  upright  and 
zealous  in  the  support  of  virtue  and  morali- 
ty, that  he  received  the  thanks  of  tiie  judges 
at  the  assize.  Though  brought  up  among 
the  dissenters  and  the  son  of  a  dissenter,  he 
yet  honored  the  church  of  England,  and  at 
the  age  of  4'2,  took  orders  and  succeeded  to 
the  livings  of  Croft,  and  Kirkby  on  Baine, 
Lincolnshire,  and  in  l72'2to  that  of  St.  Mary, 
Nottingham.  He  was  author  of  two  essays 
on  the  execution  of  the  laws  against  immor- 
alit}'  and  ])rofaneness,  8vo. — Flora  prefixed 
to  ivapin'spoem  on  gardens,  ti-anslated, — re- 
marks on  Sacheverell's  sermon, — primitiae 
sacrre,  or  reflections  on  devout  solitude  8vo. 
— genealogy  of  the  house  of  Brunswick  Lu- 
nenburg,— vie'vv  of  ancient  laws  against  im- 
morality, he.  folio.  This  excellent  man 
died  at  Nottingham  1730,  aged  53. 

DiTHMAR.,  a  Benedictine  monk,  bisliop 
of  JNlersburg,  died  10'28,  aged  4-2.  He  is 
known  for  a  valuable  chronicle  of  the  em- 
perors Henry  I.  (3tho  11.  and  III.  and  Hen- 
ry II.  the  best  edition  of  w  liich  is  that  pub- 
lished by  Leibnitz  in  his  collection  to  illus- 
trate the  hi«tary  of  Brunswick. 

DiTiiMAU,  Justus  (Jhrislopher,  member 
of  the  academy  of  Berlin,  and  historical  pi*o- 
fcssor  at  Frankfort,  where  he  died  1737. 
His  woj-ks  on  the  history  of  Germany  evince 
great  leartung  anil  strong  application. 

DiTTOX,  Humphrey,  an  eminent  math- 
emaVcian,  born  at  Salisbury,  29th  May, 
1675.  He  entered  upon  the  laboi's  of  the 
ministry  at  his'  father's  request,  and  for 
some  time  officiated  at  a  dissenting  meet- 
ing house  at  Tunbridge,  where  he  married. 
The  death  of  his  father  soon  after  enabled 
him  to  pursue  his  favorite  studies,  and  to 
abandon  divinity  for  mathematics.  By  the 
interest  of  his  fri<Mid.s,  and  especially  sir 
Uaac  Newton,  he  was  ap])ointed  master  of 
the  mathematical  school,  Christ's  Hospital, 
w  here  he  continued  till  death  1715.  He  fa- 
vored the  world  with  some  learned  works, 
and  his  tracts  on  tht  tangents  of  cunesj  in 


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sphexLcal  catoptrics,  general  laws  of  na- 
nire  and  motion,  Alexoii<lrH's  synopsis  al.^- 
Lraica,  the  institution  f.t"  fluxions,  his  dis- 
course on  the  resurrection  of  Jesus,  and  the 
new  law  of  fluxions  and  a  treatise  ou  per- 
spective, arc  veil  known. 

Divixi,  Eiistai;hius,an  ttallan  artist,  em- 
inent in  the  making  of  tclesc<j]>cs.  lie  dis- 
puted with  Huygens  about  the  discovery  of 
Satan's  ring,  but  the  pamphlets  v.ritten  on 
this  occasion  show  that  the  Italian's  tele- 
aeopes  were  not  so  good  as  those  of  Jus  op- 
ponent.    He  died  about  lGfi4. 

Dlucoss,  John,  a  Pole,  who  hecame 
ai'clibisliop  of  Leo[)ol,  and  died  1480,  aged 
d5,  much  persecuted  by  king  Casimir.  His 
Iiistoi-y  of  Poland,  in  Latin,  though  accu- 
rate^ is  written  in  barbarous  language.  He 
brought  it  down  to  the  year  1444.  The 
12  first  books  were  printed  at  Frankfort 
1711,  folio,  and  the  13th  atLeipsic  1712. 

Dobs  ON,  William,  an  English  jiainter, 
horn  in  London  IGIO.  Undoi*  Pcake,  a  sta- 
tioner, he  JKtd  the  opportunity  of  copying 
Titian  and  Vandyck's  pieces  with  such  suc- 
cess that  he  was  generously  recommend'ed 
by  Vandyck  to  Charles  I.  who  patronised 
liim.  Tbovigh  highly  favored  at  court,  he 
died  poor  at  his  hotise  in  St.  Martin's  lane 
1647.  Had  his  genius  been  early  tutored 
by  Uie  hand  of  art,  he  might  have  become 
a  very  gr.eat  master.  His  jjieces  however 
in  history  and  portraiture  exhibit  unusual 
powers. 

DoD,  Jolin,  a  nonconformist  of  Jesus  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  who  died  about  1645.  His 
pious  observations  were  once  very  popular 
among  the  vulgar,  as  well  calculated  to  re- 
commend virtue  and  I'eligion.  He  was  cal- 
led the  decalogist,  from  his  exposition  of 
the  10  commandments  in  conjunction  with 
Itobert  Cleavej,'.  He  was  vei'V  eminent  as 
a  Hebrew  scholar,  in  which  he  instructed 
liis  friend  John  Gregory  of  Oxford. 

Do  DART,  Denys,  physician  to  Lewis 
XIV.  was  born  at  Paris  1634,  and  died 
1707,  greatly  regi-etted.  He  was  a  support- 
er of  Sanctorius'  notions  about  insensil)le 
perspiration,  and  he  made  an  experiment 
upon  himself  during  Lent,  by  which  he  found 
that  he  weighed  at  the  end  of  that  season 
of  abstinence  only  107  pounds  12  ounces, 
having  lost  during  that  time  eight  pounds 
five  ounces.  He  was  a  very  religious  and 
amiable  character  His  son  Claude,  was 
physician  to  the  king,  and  dit-d  at  Paris  1720, 
leaving  notes  on  I'omej's  history  of  drugs. 

DoDD,  William,  a  learned  but  unfortunate 
divine,  born  172'J  at  Bourne,  Lincolnshire, 
Avhere  his  father  was  vicar.  In  1745  he  en- 
tered at  Clare-hall,  Camliridge,  where  he 
early  distinguished  himself  and  took  his  de- 
grees. He  published  about  this  time  the 
beauties  of  Shakspeare,  2  vols.  12mo.  and 
having  entered  into  orders  in  1753,  he  became 
a  popular  and  eloquent  preacher  in  Lnndon, 
and  was  appointed  lecturer  to  some  chari- 
ties, especially  the  Magdalen  hosjiital,  in 
whose  establishment  he  had  been  zealously 
flctivc.    Iti  1761  he  wrote  a  sonnet  in  praise 


I  of  Dr.   Squire,  bishop  of  St.  Davld'3,  anri 
for  his  flattery  was  made    his  chaplain,  and 
afterwards    prebendary    of   Urecon.        But 
though  his  income  was  respectable  from  his 
ecclesiastical   ajipointments,    and    from    liis 
connections  with  the  booksellers,  who  allow- 
ed him  100/.  a  year  to  superintend  the  Chris- 
tian's  magazine,   his   expenses   were    gi-eat 
I  from  an  improper  spirit  of  extravagance  and 
g;dety  which  he   thoughtlessly   indulged.     In 
ir63  lie  began  to  \)ub!ish  in  weekly  numbers 
his  commentary  on  the  bible,    which   drew 
the  ])ubiic  attention,  as  being  collected  from 
the  papers  of  Lock,  Waterlarid,  West,  Cla- 
rendon, and  other  celebrated  men,  and  the 
work  was  completed  in  3  vols,  folio,  and  ded- 
i-cated  to    bishop    Squire,   who  unluckily  for 
the  author  died  soon  after.     In   1766,  as  be- 
ing king's  chaplain,   he  took    the   degree  of 
L.  L.  D.  and  soon   after  published  a  volume 
of  poems,  and  in  1760  he  translated  Massil- 
lon's  sermons,  inscribed    to   the   i)rince   of 
Wales.     In  1771  appeared   his  sermons    to 
young  men  3  vols.  12mo.  dedicated   to    his 
pupils  Charles  Ernst,  and   Philip  Stanhope, 
afterwards   earl    of  Chesterfield.      He    was 
l)resented  in  1772  to  the  living  of  Ilockliffe, 
Bucks,  by  his  pupil,  but  though  his  income 
w  as  enlarged   his   expenditure  increased  in 
far  greater  pi'oportion,  and  in  a  thoughtless 
moment  of  ambition  and  avarice,  he  endea- 
vored   to   obtain    the    vacant    living   of  St. 
George's  Hanover  sipiare,  by  oftei'ing  in  an 
anonymous  I'etter  3000/.  to  lady   Apsley,  if 
she  would  use  her  influence  for  the  appoint- 
ment.    The  unfortunate  letter  w  as  divulged, 
and  the  chancellor  Apsley  laid  it  before  the 
king,  in   consequence  of  which  Dodd,  now 
proved  to  be  the  author  of  it,  was  not  only 
erased   from  the  list  of  chaplains,  but  ridi- 
culed in  the  papers,  and  lampooned   on  the 
stage  in  one   of  Foote's  pieces   at  the  Hay- 
market.     Ashamed  of  his  conduct  he  fled  to 
Geneva,  where   his   pupil  lord  Chesterfield 
hoiiorably  gave  him  in  addition  the  living  of 
Winge  in  Bucks  ;  but  so  extravagant  and  ri- 
diculous was  the    conduct  of  this  ill  fated  di- 
vine, that  he  ;<ppeared  at  the  races  at   Sab- 
Ions  near  i'ai'is,  in  a  phaeton,  in  all  the  attire 
of  French   foppery.     On  his  return  to  Lon- 
don he  preached  his  last  sermon  at  the  Mag- 
dalen 2d  February  1777,  and  two  days  after 
signed  a  bond  for  4000/.  which  he  had  forged 
in   the  name    of  lord    Chesterfield,  and  by 
which  he  obtained   money  to  relieve  his  ne- 
cessities.    The  forgery  was  soon  discovered, 
Dodd  was  tried  and  condemned  iit  the    Old 
B.iiley  2ith  February,  and  executed  at  Ty- 
burn 27th   June.     Between   the   passing   of 
his   sentence   and  its  execution,  which  had 
been  delayed  in  consequence  of  doubts  about 
the  admissibility  of  the  evidence  of  the  man 
who  ha<l  drawn  up   the   bond,  great  interest 
was  made,  and  a  petition  signed  by  thousands 
presented  to  the  king,  to  save  from  ignomin- 
ious death  this   unfortunate   man,   but  all  in 
vain.     During  his  confinement  he  behaved 
with  great  penitence,  and  addressed  his  fel- 
low   prisoners   in   his  "  thoughts  in  prison," 
with  energy  and  CiiristiSfl  fortitude.     He 


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ti'auslated  Callimfiedius,  and  wrote  4  tola,  of 
sermons  on  the  uiitiicles  and  gambles  otuur 
Savionr.  His  luiblications  aic  said  to  have  al- 
together amounted  to  r>3  in  nuniLer,cIiicfly  on 
religious  and  moral  subjects.  JJtlore  the  com- 
mission ot"  lii.s  lorgei}  lie  oli'eied  proposals 
for  a  history  of  fiee-masonry  '2  vols.  -ito.  He 
was  nianied  in  1 75 1,  but  lit-  left  uo  children. 

DoDDUiucc  or  Do  uEiUDGE,  sir  John, 
a  native  of  Harnstaple,  Dcvoniihire,  educated 
at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  where  betook,  his 
bachelor's  degree  1670.  He  then  removed 
to  the  Middle-temple,  and  became  in  10O3 
Serjeant  at  law,  solicitor  to  the  king,  and  in 
Ifil'i  a  judge  of  the  common  pleas,  and  after- 
wards of  the  king's  bench.  He  died  at  Eg- 
ham,  Surrey,  and  Tsas  buried  in  Exeter  ca- 
thedriil,  wl»erc  a  monument  records  his  ser- 
vices. He  is  author  of  the  lawyer's  light,  or 
direction  for  the  study  of  the  law,  ito.  lGi29, 
— a  complete  parson,  or  description  of  ad- 
Towsons,  &c.  4to.  103O, — history  of  the  an- 
cient and  modern  estates  of  Wales,  Cornwall, 
and  Chester,  4to.  103O, — the  English  law- 
yer 4to.  1731, — opinion  on  the  anti(iuity, 
power,  order,  &c.  of  the  high  court  of  par- 
liament in  England  1658,  published  by  his  re- 
lation John  Doddridge  recorder  of  Barnstaple. 

DoDDiiiDGE,  Philip  D.  D.  an  eminent 
dissenting  divine,  son  of  an  oilman  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  born  26th  June  1702. 
He  was  educated  at  private  schools  at  Kings- 
ton-on-Tliamesand  at  St  Alban's,  and  began 
at  the  latter  place  a  lasting  friendship  with 
Dr.  Samuel  Clarke  Avho  becanie  his  religious 
instructor,  and,  on  his  father's  deatli,  his 
faithful  guardian.  Tinctured  with  the  tenets 
of  the  dissenters,  he  declined  the  liberal  of- 
fers of  the  duchess  of  Bedford,  who  wished 
to  bring  him  up  at  the  university,  and  to 
raise  him  to  preferment,  and  in  171'J  he  went 
to  the  academy  of  Mr.  Jennings  at  Kib- 
worth  in  Leicestershire,  where  he  displayed 
uncommon  diligence.  He  afterwards  took 
the  care  of  a  small  congregation  at  Kibworth, 
and  soon  after  succeeded  on  Jennings'  death 
to  his  academy,  Avhich,  at  the  invitation  of 
his  friends,  he  removed  to  Northampton, 
■where  he  continued  the  rest  of  his  days,  re- 
spected as  a  divine,  successful  as  an  instruct- 
or, and  beloved  as  a  private  man.  He  died 
26th  October  1751,  at  Lisbon^  whei'e  he  had 
gone  for  the  recovery  of  his  health,  and  was 
imried  in  the  ground  of  the  English  factory 
there.  This  amiable  character,  so  much  re- 
spected by  all  parties,  published  several  reli- 
gious tracts,  the  best  known  of  which  are, 
the  principles  of  the  christian  religion,  &c. — 
the  rise  and  progress  of  religion  in  the  soul, 
—remarkable  passages  in  the  life  of  col. 
James  Gardiner,  &c. — ten  sermons  on  the 
power  and  grace  of  Christ,  &c. — the  family 
cxpositoi",  containing  a  version  and  para- 
phrase of  the  New  testament  with  critical 
notes,  &c.  a  valuable  work,  in  6  vols.  4to. 
Some  of  his  letters  and  smaller  tracts  have 
been  published  by  Stcdman  of  Shrewsbury. 

Do  DO  ENS  or  DoDONiEus,  Rambert,  a 
botanist  of  Malines,  physician  to  the  empe- 
rors Maximilian  H.  and  Rodolplms  II.  and 
VOL.  I,  56 


professor  at  Leyden,  died  1 585,  aged  67.  He 
wrote  an  histoiT  of  plants,  Antwerp  f.jl. 
1616,  translated  into  Frtnoh  l>y  I'Ecluse. 

DoDSi.EV,  liobcrt,  a  well  known  boitksil- 
ler  anil  writer,  born  at  Manstiehl,  Notling- 
haiiiKhirc,  1703.  Jiecei\iiig  little  of  e«liication, 
he  began  life  as  footman  in  ihe  family  of 
Mrs.  Lowther,  but  in  this  servile  situation 
he  indidged  his  natural  talents  for  p(jetry 
ami  s.'itire,  and  wrote  the  nju.se  in  livery,  and 
a  small  dramatic  piece,  called  the  Toyshop, 
which  accidentally  was  seen  by  Pope,  ami 
engaged  all  his  attention.  Interesting  him- 
•selfiii  the  cauic  of  this  humble  poet,  he  |M'o- 
cured  for  hlia  the  inlroductif)n  of  his  piece 
at  the  theatre,  and  manifested  for  him  to  the 
end  of  life  the  most  cordial  and  honoi-able 
friendship.  The  Toy.shop  was  succeeded  by 
"  the  King  and  .Miller  of  Mansfield,"  in  1736, 
and  from  the  great  success  of  these  two  pieces, 
he  was  enabled  to  settle  himself  independent- 
ly as  a  London  booksellei*,  a  situation  in  which 
he  maintained  the  greatest  respectability  of 
character  with  the  most  benevolent  inten- 
tions and  great  humility  of  deportment.  Af- 
ter acquiring  a  very  handsome  forinne, 
Dodsley  retired  frcm  business  in  favor  of  his 
brother,  and  died  25th  September  1764,  ia 
his  61st  year,  at  the  house  of  his  friend  Slv. 
Spence  of  Durham,  and  was  buried  in  the  ab- 
bey church  at  Durham.  His  works  consist  of 
six  dramatic  pieces  of  which  the  Cleone,  a 
tragedy,  is  much  admired,  besides  public  vir- 
tue, a  poem  1754,  4to.  trifles  1745,  8vo.  Mel- 
pomene, agriculture  a  poem,  the  economy 
of  human  life,  and  another  book  of  triHes, 
collected  after  his  death.  He  also  collected 
some  scattered  poems  of  great  merit  in  6 
vols.  12mo.  and  also  plays  by  old  authors  in  1'^ 
vols.  ]2mo.  which  have  lately  been  reprinted, 
and  introduced  to  the  public  by  a  handsome 
and  well  deserved  compliment,  to  the  genius, 
character,  and  integrity  of  the  first  editor. 

DoDSON,  Michael,  a  native  of  Marlbo- 
rough, Wilts,  son  of  a  dissenting  minister. 
Under  the  protection  of  his  paternal  uucle, 
sir  Michael  Foster  the  judge,  he  studied  the 
law,  and  was  called  to  the  liar  1783.  In  ir70 
he  had  been  made  by  lord  Camden  commis- 
sioner of  bankrupts.  Besides  a  transltitioa 
of  Isaiah  with  notes  published  in  17\J0,  and 
ably  defended  against  the  attacks  of  Dr. 
Sturges,  he  wrote  the  life  of  judge  Foster, 
for  the  Biographia  Brit  and  t1ie  life  of  Hugh 
Farmer,  some  papers,  &c.  among  the  essays 
published  lor  the  pron)otion  of  scripture 
knowledge.     He  died  1799,  aged  67. 

DoDSWOUTH^  Roger,  an  indefatigable  to- 
pographer, born  2'Hh  July  1585,  at  Xewton 
Grange,  St-  Oswald,  Yovksbire.  He  died 
August  1654,  and  was  buried  at  Hufford, 
Lancashire.  In  his  laborious  researches  in 
the  antiquities  of  his  naiive  country  he  wrote 
122  volumes,  besides  other  MSS.  which  alto- 
gether amount  to  162  folio  vols,  which  wore 
never  published  but  are  deposited  in  the 
Bodleian  library.  Gen.  Fairfax,  was,  not- 
withstanding the  violence  of  the  times,  a 
great  p.ntron  of  Dodsworth,  and  to  the  libe- 
rality of  his  nephew,  deau  Fah-fax  of  Nor- 


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where  ho  soon  tbrmed  :i  lasting  tVieiul- 
leariicd    men,   especially 


ukh,  the  uiTiveri.it)'  of  Oxford  are  indebted 
lor  this  >al"jable  coUectioii. 

DoDWELi.,  rieiirv,  a  learned  wfitcr,  born 
in  Dublin  October  1641,  but  of  English  pa- 
rents fie  came  over  to  Knglaud  in  1648, 
and  was  placed  at  a  school  in  York,  but  the 
death  of  his  father  by  the  plague  at  Water- 
ford,  and  of  his  mother,  by  a  consumption 
soon  afler,  reduced  him  to  a  wretched  and 
indigent  situation,  from  whith  he  was  at  last 
relieved  by  his  uncle  a  clergyman  of  Suffolk, 
who  in  1654  sent  for  him,  paid  his  debts,  and 
yt'lerwards  bad  him  cofulucted  to  Dublin. 
In  16.i6  he  entered  at  Tj-inity  college  under 
Dr.  Stearnc,  and  hecame  I'ellow,  but  in  1660 
quitted  his  fellowship  because  lie  would  not 
go  into  orders,  as  tlie  statutes  required.  He 
then  ])asse(l  over  to  England,  but  afterwai'ds 
revisited  Ireland,  and  in  1674  settled  in  Lon- 
don, 

ship  with   several 

bislfop  Lloyd.  In  1 088  he  was  without  liis 
knowledge,  and  in  his  absence,  elected  Cam- 
«leii  professor  of  history  at  Oxford,  of  which 
employment  however  he  was  deprived  S 
years  after  for  refusing  to  take  the  oaths  of 
allegiance.  He  afterwards  settled  at  Cock- 
hani,  Berkshire,  and  separated  from  the 
church  because  new  bisliops  were  appointed 
to  succeed  such  as  refused  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance. In  consequence  of  his  acquaintance 
Mith  Mr.  Cherry  of  Shottesbrooke,  be  re- 
moved to  that  village,  and  after  the  death  of 
the  Dot! wells  his  nephews,  whom  he  nomi- 
nated his  heirs,  he  married  the  daughter  of 
the  person  where  he  lodged  at  Cookham  in 
16'j4,  by  whom  he  had  10  children,  six  of 
v;hom  survived  him.  He  was  afterwards 
reconciled  to  the  church,  and  died  at  Shot- 
tesbrooke 7th  June  1711,  aged  70.  His 
writings,  which  are  very  numerous,  and 
■which  pi'ove  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  in- 
defatigable diligence  and  extensive  learning, 
are  on  controversial,  theological,  and  classical 
subjects.  The  best  known  of  these  are  an- 
nals ot  Thucydides  and  Xenophon, — de  vete- 
ribns  Cirtecorum,  Homanorumque  cyebs,  obi- 
terqne  de  cyclo  Judscorum, — tetate  Christi, 
dissertiitiones  decern,  cum  tabuiis  necessariis  | 
4to.  1701,  a  most  excellent  book  according  i 
to  Dr.  ilalley,  an  epistolary  discourse  prov-  i 
ingfrom  the  scriptures  and  the  first  fathers 
that  the  soul  is  a  principle  naturally  mortal, 
but  inunorlalized  actually  by  the  pleasure  of 
God,  to  punishment  or  reward,  by  its  union 
\\h\i  the  divine  baptismal  spirit,  wherein  is 
proved  that  none  have  the  power  of  giving 
this  divine  iujmnrtalizing  spirit  since  the 
apostles,  but  the  bishops,  1706,  8vo.  a  work 
v-liich  gave  i  ise  to  a  violent  controversy, 
which  was  defended  by  the  author  in  three 
dirlcrent  treatises  against  the  attacks  of 
Cbiishull,  Xorris  atid  Cbirke,  bac. — chronolo- 
gy of  Dionysius  Halicnrnassus — exercita- 
tiones  duic,  S<:c. — Julii  vitalis  epitaphium,  &c. 

Do  DWELL,  Henry,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  author  of  an  anonymous  pam- 
phlet, "Christianity  not  founded  on  argu- 
ment ;"  an  artful  work,  in  which  he  attempt- 
ed to  aiidjinune  and  vilify  religion.    It  was 


answered  by  his  own  brother,  and  by  Leland, 
and  Doddridge.  He  was  brought  up  to  the 
law,  and  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  the  so- 
ciety for  the  promotion  of  arts,  manufactures, 
and  commerce. — His  next  brother,  William, 
D.D.  of  Trinity-college,  Oxford,  was  arch- 
deacon of  Berks,  prebendary  of  Sarum,  and 
rector  of  Shottesbrooke.  Besides  an  answer 
to  his  brother's  pamphlet,  he  wrote  a  disser- 
tation on  Jephthah's  vow — practical  dis- 
courses, 2  vols  — an  answer  to  Dr.  Middle- 
ton's  free  inquiry — defence  of  the  answer 
against  Toll,  1751,  he. 

Does,  Jacob  van  der,  a  Dutch  painter, 
M'ho  died  1G73,  aged  50.  As  his  temper  was 
gloomy,  it  is  supposed  his  pictures  partake 
strongly  of  his  feelings.  His  landscapes  are 
very  much  admired.  His  pieces  are  gene- 
rally in  the  style  oi'  Bombaccio. 
.  Do  ES,  Jacob  van  der,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Amsterdam,  and  died  1659,  aged 
19,  giving,  by  the  few  pieces  which  he  finish- 
ed, tlie  most  promising  tokens  of  a  great 
genius  in  the  art  of  painting. 

Does,  Simon  van  der,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, died  1717,  aged  04.  His  landscapes, 
portraits,  battles,  &c.  are  in  a  pleasing  style. 

DoGGET,  Thomas,  an  author  and  actor, 
born  in  Castle-street,  Dublin.  He  first  ap- 
peared on  the  Irish  stage,  but  afterwards 
came  to  England,  and  engaged  himself  in 
the  Drury-laue  and  Lincoln  s-inn-fields  com- 
panies, where  he  was  particularly  applauded 
in  the  characters  of  Fondle-wife,  in  the  Old 
Bachelor,  and  Ben  in  Love  for  Love.  He 
was  joint  manager  of  Drury-lane  with  Wilks 
and  (/ibber;  but  gave  up  his  concern,  because 
Booth  was  forced  upon  him  as  fellow -mana- 
ger in  the  house ;  and  he  retired  in  the  me- 
ridian of  his  reputation,  to  the  private  en- 
joyment of  a  moderate  fortune.  He  died 
highly  respected,  22d  September  1722.  lu 
his  principles  be  was  a  wliig,  and  so  strongly 
attached  to  the  house  of  Hanover  that  he  left 
a  waterman's  coat  and  silver  badge  to  be 
rowed  for  yearly  by  six  watermen,  on  the 
Thames,  against  the  stream,  from  the  Old 
Swan,  London -bridgt:,  to  the  White-Swan, 
Chelsea,  on  the  Ist  of  August,  the  anniver- 
sary of  George  I.'s  accession  to  the  throne. 
He  wrote  only  one  comedy,  *'the  country 
wake,"  1696, 4to.  better  know  n  in  its  altered 
form  of  "  Flora,  or  Hob  in  the  well,"  a  farce. 

DoissiN,  Lewis,  a  Jesuit,  who  died  1753, 
aged  32.  He  displayed  great  powers  in  the 
composition  of  elegant  Latin  verse,  in  his 
two  poems  on  the  art  of  sculpture  and  the 
art  of  engraving,  in  which  lie  celebrates  in 
an  animated  style,  the  immortal  labors  of 
Praxiteles,  Mii^on,  Sec. 

Do  LA  BELLA,  P.  Comelius,  son-in-law  of 
Cicero,  was  the  friend  of  Ctesar,  and  became 
governor  of  Syna.  When  besieged  in  Lao- 
dicea  by  Cassius,  he  killed  himself,  in  his 
27th  year. 

Dole  IN',  John,  descended  from  an  an- 
cient family  in  North  Wales,  Mas  born  at 
Stanwick,  Northamptonshire,  1624,  and  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  sciiool,  and  Christ- 
church,  QjJTorci.    touring  the  civil  wars,  he 


DO 


DO 


bravely  espoused  ihr  king's  sitle,  and  was 
major  in  his  army  ;  bin  ii|)on  Uk:  triumph  <jt 
the  republicans,  he  rctiirned  lo  a  colk'},Malc 
life,  and  was  turni-d  or.t  in  It)48.  At  llie 
restoration  he  became  canon  of  Chriat- 
c)mrch,  archdeacon  of  London,  riean  of 
"Westminster,  and  in  KUjI),  liisliojt  of  Kochts- 
ter,  and  in  1683  was  translated  to  York, 
■where  he  died  IfiSfi.  llo  was  an  elo«jiient 
and  adnjired  |)reHclier,  and  his  sermons,  <le- 
livereil  before  Charles  II.  and  on  other  occa- 
sions, possess  merit. 

Doi.CE,  Lewis,  a  nntive  of  Venice,  who 
died  there  l.lGS,  aj^ed  Oo.  He  wrote  several 
poems,  and  translated  some  ancient  authors, 
Ovid,  Seneca,  Euripides,  8cc.  in  a  style  pure 
and  elegant.  He  pidjlished  Dialogo  della 
pittura,  intitolato  I'Aretino,  Venice,  1557, 
8vo.  reprinted  at  Florence  1735 — cinque  pri- 
mi  canti  del  Sacripante,  1535,  Svo. —  I'rima- 
leone,  4to. — Achilles  aiul  iEneas,  1570^  4to. — 
poems  in  jlifferent  collections,  and  the  life  of 
Charles  V 

Dolce,  Carlo,  a  painter  of  Florence,  who 
died  1G86,  aged  70.  His  St.  John,  though 
painted  only  in  his  llth  3'ear,  was  much  ad- 
mired. His  religious  pieces  are  very  highly 
finished. 

Do  LET,  Stephen,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Orleans  1508  He  was  a  printer  and 
bookseller  at  Lyons,  where  he  published 
some  of  his  works  for  the  reformation  and 
improvement  of  the  French  language.  He 
ventured,  however,  to  give  way  to  licentious 
and  profane  ideas  in  his  writings,  which  drew 
upon  him  the  vengeance  of  the  inquisition,  so 
that  he  was  condemned  to  be  burnt  for  athe- 
ism. He  suffered  the  dreadful  punishment 
on  his  birth-day,  3d  August  1546.  Though 
some  attribute  his  sulferings  to  his  attachment 
f.o  Lutlieranism,  yetBcza  and  Calvin  seem  to 
place  him  is  the  number,  not  of  martyrs,  but 
of  impious  blasphemers. 

DoLOMiEu,  Deodat,  commander  of  the 
order  of  Malta,  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences  and  of  the  institute  at  Paris,  was 
made  inspector  of  the  mines.  In  the  pursuit 
of  knov,  ledge  he  exposed  himself  to  all  the 
inclemencies  of  the  air,  the  climate,  and  the 
seasons,  and  regarded  neither  expense  nor 
difficulties  for  his  favorite  studies  of  nature. 
He  was  in  Egy])t  with  Bonaparte,  and  on  his 
return  v-as  taken  prisoner,  and  confined  at 
iNIessina,  from  ^whence  lie  was  liberated  by 
the  kind  interference  of  sir  Josepli  Banks. 
He  died  suddetdy  at  Cree,  near  Macon,  in 
1802,  as  he  was  preparing  a  scientific  excur- 
sion to  the  north,  to  examine  tiie  rocks  and 
the  natural  curiosities  of  unexplored  regions. 
He  published  a  voyage  to  the  isles  of  Lipari, 
1781 — memoir  on  the  eaj'tliquake  of  Calabria 
in  17S3 — a  minrralogical  dictionary — a  trea- 
tise on  the  origin  of  basaites — memoir  on 
.*Etna,  &c. 

Do  MAT,  Jolin,  a  French  lawyer,  born  at 
Clermont,  in  Auvergne,  16'25.  He  studied 
the  learned  languages  and  belles  lettres  at 
Paris,  and  applied  himself  to  the  law  at 
JBourgcs,  where,  though  only  20  years  old,  he 
was  olfored,  on  account  of  his  great  proficien- 


cy, a  doctors  hood.  He  became  a  pleader  at 
(Vermont,  and,  as  advocate  t«» the  king,  which 
he  continued  lor  thirty  years,  he  was,  f<.r  his 
integrity  and  extensive  abilities,  the  aihiter 
of  ail  the  aH'jiirs  of  the  province.  In  1648  Jie 
ni.irried,  and  !)y  that  inari-iage  Iiad  thirteen 
cbildien  He  apjilietl  hinueil' to  simplify  the 
laws  of  the  slate,  and  to  retluce  them  Irora 
confusion  to  order  and  regtdai-ity  ;  and  was  so 
sncci.'sslul  in  his  plan  that  Lewis  XIV.  grant- 
ed him  a  pension  of  2000  livres,  and  encour- 
aged bini  in  the  prosecution  The  first  volume 
was  i)ul)lis|jed  16S0,  in  4to.  called,  "  the  civil 
laws  in  their  natuial  ordur;"  to  which  three 
volumes  of  equal  size  and  value  were  after- 
wards aided.  Domat  was  the  fiiend  of  Pas- 
cal, whom  he  assisted  in  some  of  his  ixperi- 
ments  on  air,  and  in  other  hranches  of  philo- 
sophy. He  died  at  Paris  1696.  A  new  edi- 
tion ot  his  works  appeared  in  1777,  in  folio. 

DoMENicHiN'O,  an  Italian  painter,  bora 
at  FJologna  1581.     He  was  the  pupil  of  Cal- 
vert the  Fleming,  and  Jifterwards  of  the  Ca- 
raeeis ;  but  he   was  so   slow  in   his  progress 
that  his  fellow  students  called  him  "  the  ox." 
AnnibLil  Caracci  ob.served,  upon  this  ridicu- 
lous appellation,   that  "  this  ox,   by  dint  of 
labor,   would   in   time    make   his   grour.d   .so 
fruitful  that  painting  itself  would  be  fed  by 
what  it  jiroducod" — api-ognostic  of  his  future 
greatness,  which  was  most  truly  fuliilied.  He 
applied   to  his  work  with   great   study  and 
zeal ;  and  though  he  wanted  genius,  yet  so- 
lidity and  judgment,  and  a  strong  enthusiastic 
ardor,  made  him  one  of  the  greatest  Italian 
masters.       According    to    N.    Poussin,    his 
communion   of  St.  Jerome    and    llaphael's 
transfigur.'ition,    were   the    two   best   pieces 
which  ever  adorned  ]{ome.     He  also  shone  as 
an  architect,  and  built  the  apo-tolical  palace 
for  Gregory   XV.      He   was   reserved,    but 
uiild    in  his  manners;  but   his   great    niei'if 
raise<l  him  many  enemies,  who  were  jealous 
of  his  fame,    and    envious  of  his   eminence. 
He  died  1C41,  not  without  suspicion  of  poison. 
Dominic,  de  Guzman,  a  Spaniard,  born 
1170,  at  Calahorra,  in  Arragon,  kno^sn  as  the 
founder  of  the  order  of  the  predicants,  and 
the  establisher  of  the  inquisition  in  Langue- 
doc.  Before  he  was  born,  his  mother  dream- 
ed she  had  a  dog  vomiting  fire  in  her  womb ; 
and  the  dream  was  fuTilled,  when  Dominic, 
followed  by  fire  and  sword  and  the  army  of 
Innocent  HI.    preached    to    the    .Mbigenses, 
and,  with  the  offer  of  death  or  abjuration, 
converted  above  100,000  souls.      He  was  the 
first  master  of  the  sacred  palace,  an  office 
which    at  liis  sug(\estion  Honorins  HI.  esta- 
bUshed.     He  died  at   Boli)gi>a  1221,  and  was 
afterwards  canoni/ed  for  his  great  services. 
The  great  men  of  the  order  were,  Thomas 
Aquinas,  Albertus  Magnus,  cardinal  Cajctan, 
Dominicns  Soto,  Lewis  of  Granada,  kc. ;  and 
it  is  said  that  the  Dominicans  produced  to  the 
church  no  less  than  3  popes,  4S  cardinals,  23 
patriarchs,  15(»(>  bishops,  600  archbishops,  43 
legates,    and  other  inferior  agents   actively 
eniploved     in    the    service  of  the   Romish 
church. 

DoMiMciiiNi,   Lodovico,  a  native   of 


DO 


DO 


Placetilia,  famous  for  his  volumfnous  trans- 
lations from  nncietit  nulliors  and  other  Morks, 
Avhich  are  mciitJo:»c(l  in  Baretli's  Italian  li- 
brary.    He  Mas  pti^r,  and  died  1574. 

DoMixis,  Mark  Antony  de,  originally  a 
Jesmt,  afterwards  bisliop  oi  Segni,  and  last- 
ly archbishop  of  Spolato,  in  Dalmatia,  in  the 
Kith  century.  He  was  very  unsettled  in  his 
religious  notions,  though  so  elevated  in  the 
church  ;  and  he  wrote  his  famous  book,  call- 
ed "  <Ie  republicH  ecclesiastica,"  in  which  he 
assaiJed  the  papal  power.  This  work  was 
seen  in  iMvS.  and  corrected  by  the  learned 
IJedeil,  will)  was  chaplain  to  sir  Henry  Wot- 
ton,  the  ambassador  of  Janies  I.  to  Venice, 
fuid  by  his  means  it  was  published  in  London. 
De  Dotiiinis  accompanied  his  friend  Bedell 
on  his  return  to  England,  and  was  received 
Avith  great  respect  by  the  English  clergy. 
He  was  favored  by  the  king,  anri  made  dean 
of  Windsor;  but,  after  preaching  against  the 
pope,  and  endeaAOuring  to  reconcile  and  re- 
imite  the  Rornish  and  English  churches,  he, 
with  his  usual  wavering  temper,  expressed 
an  inclination  to  return  to  Home.  He  there 
abjured  all  his  errors  lG2'-2,  and  was  received 
into  the  pope's  protection;  but  an  expression 
against  Beliarmine,  who,  as  he  said,  had  not 
refuted  hi;  arguments,  in  his  answer  to  him, 
rendered  him  suspected  to  the  catholics.  He 
was  seized  und  imprisoned,  and  died  in  con- 
finement, in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo,  1G45. 
It  was  afterwards  discovered,  that  his  wri- 
tings  and  correspondence  had  been  very  hos- 
tile to  the  pope,  and  therefore,  by  order  of 
the  inquisition,  his  body  was  dug  up,  and  to- 
gether with  his  writings  burnt  in  Flora's  field. 
He  wrote  besides  a  treatise,  de  radiis  visus  et 
luces,  &c.  in  whicli  he  was  the  first  who  gave 
a  rational  explanation  of  the  colors  of  the 
rainbow. 

DoMiTiAN,  Titus  Flavius,  a  Roman  em- 
peror, after  Titus  son  of  Vespasian.  From  a 
very  mild  character  at  the  beginning  of  iiis 
reign,  he  became  licentious,  debauched, 
cruel,  a)\d  vindictive,  and  was  at  last  assassi- 
nated 96,  in  liis  45th  vear. 

DoMiTiANUs,  Doruitius,  general  of  Dio^ 
clesian  was  proclaimed  emj)eror  in  Egypt 
288,  and  died  a  violent  death  two  years  af- 
ter. 

Do^'ATO,  Bcrnanlino,  Gi-eek  professor.it 
Padua,  and  other  Italian  cities,  died  about 
15*50.  He  was  the  lean.ed  author  of  a  Latin 
dialogue  on  ihediiference  between  Aristotle's 
and  Plato's  philo?;ophy,  and  translated  into 
Latin,  besides  some  of  (ialen's,  Aristotle's 
and  Xeuophon's  work.'^,  the  demonstratio 
cvangelica  pf  Eusebius,  b^c. 

Do  NATO,  an  .u'clutect  and  sculptor  of 
riorencc.  He  was  enrpioytd  by  Cosmo  de 
Medicis,  hy  Venice  and  nther  states.  His 
Judith  cutting  off  the  head  of  Holoferncs  is 
his  best  piece.     He  died  I'iGti,  aged  S'J. 

HoNATO,  Jcrom,  a  Vcr.eti.nn  ii'jbleman, 
<?rainent  for  his  learning,  for  his  military  ser- 
vices, and  particularly  for  his  negotiations. 
He  was  the  siJcccssfut  ambassador  in  t!ie  re- 
conciliation made  between  liis  country  and 
f.'jpe  Julitio  l».     "When  asked  itv  th*^   pope 


why  Venice  claimed  the  sovereignty  of  the 
Adriatic,  he  answered,  your  holiness  will  find 
the  concession,  on  the  back  of  the  I'ecord  of 
Constantine's  grant  to  pope  Silvester  of  the 
city  of  Rome  and  of  the  ecclesiastical  states 
— a  bold  answer  on  a  donation  about  doubt- 
ing which  in  former  times  1478  persons  had 
at  Strasburg  been  sent  to  j>ie  flames.  This 
great  statesman  died  of  a  fever  at  Rome 
1511,  just  before  the  pacification  was  signed. 

UoNATO,  Alexander,  a  Jesuit  of  Sienna, 
who  died  at  Rome  1640.  He  wrote  a  very 
valuable  description  of  Rome  1639,  4to.  call- 
ed Roma  vetus  &.  receng,  besides  poems  in 
8vo.  Cologne  16.30,  and  other  works. 

Do  NATO,  Marcellus,  an  Italian  count, 
who  held  some  important  offices  at  Mantua, 
and  died  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 
He  wrote  a  learned  work,  scholia  on  the 
Latin  writers  of  the  Roman  history  1607,  8vo. 
Frankfort. 

DoNATus,  bishop  of  Carthage  was  ban- 
ished ;i56.  He  maintained  that  the  three 
persons  of  the  trinity  are  of  the  same  sub- 
stance, yet  unequal. 

DoNATUs,  JElius,  a  grammarian  of  the 
fourth  century,  preceptor  of  St.  Jerome,  and 
author  of  commentaries  on  Terence  and 
Virgil. 

DoNATUS,  bishop  of  Xumidia,  founder  of 
a  sect  after  his  own  name  311,  was  deposed 
for  su])porting  Majorinus  as  a  candidate  fin* 
the  see  of  Carthage  against  Cecilianus. 

DoNCKER,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Couda, 
disciple  to  Jacques  Jordaens.  He  studied  at 
Rome,  and  died  1668.  There  was  also 
another  painter  named  John,  of  the  same 
place,  who  died  young. 

DoNDUS,  or  DE  DoNDis,  James,  a  phy- 
sician of  Padua,  surnaraed  Aggregator,  fwum 
the  number  of  medicines  he  had  made.  He 
was  also  well  skilled  in  mechanics  and  in 
mathematics,  and  he  invented  a  clock  on  n 
new  construction,  Mhich  pointed  out  not  only 
the  hours,  but  the  festivals  of  the  year,  and 
the  course  of  the  sun  and  moon.  He  found 
out  also  the  ."^ecrct  of  making  salt  from  the 
wells  of  Albano,  and  died  13.i0.  He  wrote 
Frompttiarjum  medicinal  Venice,  fol.  14SI. — 
de  fontibus  calidis  Patavini  agri,  1553,  folio. 
—  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  sea. 

Done  A  IT,  Hugh,  Donellus  of  Clialonssur- 
Soane,  professor  of  law  at  Bourgcs  ;ind  Or- 
leans, was  saved  from  the  massaci-e  of  Bar- 
tholomew by  the  aOcction  of  liis  scholars,  and 
esc'tped  into  (iermany,  and  died  at  Altorf 
151)1,  aged  64.  He  wrote  commentaria  de 
jure  civili,  five  vols.  fol.  reprinted  at  Lucca 
1 '2  vols.  fol.  1770. — Opera  jtosthuma,  Svo. 

Don  I,  Anthony  Francis,  a  Florentine 
pricKt,  who  possessed  great  satirical  powers, 
and  <lied  1574,  aged  61.  His  works  are,  let- 
ters in  Italian  Svo. — ]\  libraria  Svo. — la  Zuc- 
cafour  i)arts  Mith  phUes  Svo. — Imond,  celes- 
ti,  terrestri,  &c. — Imarini  cive  Raggiona- 
mcnti,  isc.  4to. 

DoNi  d'Atticui,  Lewis,  a  Florentine 
nob!e,  whose  modesty  and  learning  recom- 
mended him  to  Richelieu,  who  made  him 
bishop  of  Hciz,  and  afterw  ards  of  Aatun.  He 


DO 


DO 


.lied  1G64,  aged  08.     He  wrote  in  Frcncli  ai 
liistorv  qI  llic  Miiiiins,  4to.  asocicty  to  wliitli 
he  btlon};ed, — ami  in  liiilin  tlio  I  Ic  orciuccii  I 
.lonn  8v(). — ot' cardinal  tic  lliinlle   8vo. — and  | 
of  the  cardinals,  two  xjIs.  fol.  loGd.  I 

DoNi,  John  Bajitistc,  an  Italian,  whadicd 
in  his  native  city  ot"  Florence  1047,  a^etl  ."»l. 
He  was  protcssor  of  clo(juenc(!,  and  nieniber 
of  the  Florentine  and  del  crusca  academies, 
and  invented  a  musical  instrninenlcallrd  lyra 
barbarini.  lie  wrote  a  well  known  treatise 
on  music  in  liatin,  and  other  tracts  on  the 
same  subject  in  Italian. 

DoNNEj.lohn,  an  English  i)r)c't  and  divine, 
born  in  London   157.'),  and  descended  by  his 
raotlier  from  sir  Thomas  .More.     At  the  age 
of  II  he  went  lo  O.vford,    and   after    three 
years'   residence  lie  removed  to  Cambridge, 
and  three  years  after  to  Lincoln's-inn.     His 
friends  were    papists,  but   he  refused  to  be 
shackled  by  their  opinions  and  prejudices, 
and  at  the  age  of  19    he  embraced  the  pro- 
testant  faith.     When  21  he  began  to  travel, 
and  accompanied   the  earl  of  Essex  in  1590 
and  97,  against  Cadiz   and  the  Azores,  and 
afterwards  visited  Spain  and  Italy,  and  form- 
ed the  resolution  of  going  as  far   as  Jerus.a- 
lem,  whioh  how  ever  he  did  not  do.     On  his 
return  to  England    he  became   secretary  to 
Egerton  keeper  of  the  greatseal,  but  hissecret 
attachnient  and  his  marriage  to  the  daugh- 
ter of  sir  George  More,  chancellor  of  the 
garter,  threatened  for  a  time  every  possible 
misfortune  to  him.     The  father  was  so  irri- 
tated that  he  not  only  prevailed  upon  Eger- 
ton  to  dismiss  the  offender  from  b.is  service, 
but  he  procured  his  imprisonment,  and  that 
of  the   two  brothers,  Hrooke,  the  one   the 
minister  wholiad  married  him  and  tlie  other 
the  friend    who   had   given  the  lady  away. 
He  at  last  liberated  himself  and  liis  friends 
from   confinement,  and  was  with   difiiculty 
reconciled  to  his  father-in-law,  who  consen- 
ted to  make  him  a  decent  allowance.  I'liough 
not  replaced  in  the  favor  of  Egerton,  lie  ap- 
])lied  himself  diligently  to  the  study  of  civil 
and  canon  law,  and   w  as  much  respected  for 
his  learning  and  abilities.     About  the  year 
IGIC,  he  accompanied   sir  Robert  Drury  to 
Paris,  and  about  that  time  he  displayed  such 
ability   in  a  treatise  on  the   oaths  of  allegi- 
ance and  supremacy  then  agitated,  that  king 
James   highly   fav(jred   him,  and  in  compli- 
ance with  his  intimation  and  the  request  of 
his  friends,  he  now  applied  himself  to  divin- 
ity and  took  orders.    James   made  him  his 
chaplain,  and  the    university  of  Cambridge 
conferred  on   him  the    degree  of  U.  D.     xVt 
this  time  to  his  great  grief  his    wife  died   on 
the  birth  ofherl'2lh  child.     He  Avasnosoon- 
cr  ordained  than   14  livings  in    tlie  country 
w  ere  offered  to  him,  Avbich  lie  declined  to  rc- 
fiide  in  London,  where  he  became  Lincoln's- 
inn  pi-eacher,  and   two  years  after  m  as  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  lord  Doncasters  embas- 
sy to  Vienna.     In   16'il,  he  was  made  dean 
of  St.    I'aul's,  and    afterwards  he  was   i>re- 
sented  to  St.  Dunstan  in  the  west  and  anoth- 
er benefice.     His  eloquence   as   a  preacher 
was  great,  but  hi«  enemies  represented  him 


as  hostile  to  the  king,  and  thrrcfdrc  lie  whs 
obligeil   l(»  vindicate  himself  bef(ire  James 
who  expressed   himself  much  pleased  with 
bis   <onduct.     He  was  in  IftM)  attacked  by  a 
fever  which  brought  nu  a  cr)nsumplion.     He 
preached  at  couil  the  first  Friday  in  lent,  on 
the  woi-ds   "  tf>  (iod  the  Lord  belong  the  is- 
sues  tVonj  death,"   wbicli  was  cont.idered  as 
liis  funeral  seimon.      He   died   31st  .March 
I0.)1,  and  wasbniit-d  in  Si.  Paul's  cathedral. 
iJr.  Donne   was  in  his   character  an  anjiable 
and  benevolent  as  well  as  an   ing(Miious  and 
learned  man,  and  lord   Falkland  said  of  hint 
that  he    was   "  one  of  the    most    witiv  and 
most  elo(|uent  of  our  mo<lern  divines.'^     To 
his   Fseudomartyr  he  was  indebted  ii!  ^^ome 
degree    for   his    honors,    but  it  is  a  boi;k,  as 
Warbiirton   has  observed,    of  little  merit, 
agreeing  merely    with   the    o[)iiiions  of  the 
times,  and  apjjlauded  by   James.     He  pub- 
lished also   some  poems  consisting  of  songs, 
sonnets,   epigrams,  elegies,  satires,   inc.   all 
printed    in  one  vol.  l-^mo.  1719.     lu  speak- 
ing of  these,  Uryden  has  given  Donne  the 
character  of  the  greatest  wit,  though  not  the 
greatest  i)oet  of  the  nation.     Fope  has  shown 
the  highest  i-espect  to  his  memory  by  em- 
ploying his  pen  to  render  his  satires  into  mod- 
ern numbers  and  all  the   graces  of  his  own 
poetry.     He    wrote,   besides  paradoxes,  es- 
says, &c.  three   volumes  of  sermons,   essays 
in    divinity,  letters   to  several   persons,  the 
ancient  history  of  the  septuagint,  biathana- 
tos,  or  on  suicide,   Sec.     His  son  John  was 
educated  at  ^^'estmirlSter  sciiool,  and  Christ 
churcii,  Oxtbrd,  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
at  Padua,  and  had  the  same  at  Oxford.     He 
died   ICCii,    and    was   buried  in    St.   Paul's 
church  Covent-garden.      Wood  represents 
him  as  an  atheistical  I'uffi^on,  but  adds,   that 
Charles  H.   valued    him   as  a  man  of  sense 
and  parts.     He  wrote  some  frivolous  trifles, 
DoxxE,  Benjamin,  a  mathematician,  born 
1729,  at  Biddeford,  Dovenshirv.-,  where  for 
some  years  be  kept  a  school,  and  afterwards 
at  Bristol.     He  was  made  master  of  mechan- 
ics to  the  king  in  1790,  aiul  died  two  years 
after,  respected  as  a  very  ingenious  and  be- 
nevolent cliaracter.     He  wrote   mathemati- 
cal essays    in    Svo.    treatises   on    geometry, 
book-keeping,  and  trigonometry,  an  epitome 
of  natural  experimental  philosophy,  and  tlie 
Brili?h    mariner's   assistant,  and  in  the  first 
part  of  his  life  received  100/.  from  the  socie- 
ty of  arts  and  commerce  for  his  able  survey 
of  his  native  country. 

DooLiTTLE,  Thomas,  a  nonconformist, 
born  at  Kiddernjinster  1030,  and  educated  at 
Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge.  He  was  for 
nine  years  minister  of  St.  Alpagc,  London, 
from  which  lie  was  ejected  in  100'2.  He  af- 
terwards kept  an  academy  in  Monkwell- 
street,  Cripplcgate,  and  officiated  among 
(he  (lissenters  till  his  death,  on  the  2ith 
May  1707,  -it  the  age  of  77.  He  wrote  sev- 
eral books  of  practical  divinity.  His  treatise 
on  the  saciament  has  been  fi'equently  prin- 
ted, as  also  his  call  to  de'aying  sinners.  Me- 
moirs of  lum  arc  prefixed  to  his  "  body  of 
divinity,"  published   after  his   death.     His 


DO 


DO 


«on   Samuel  was  for  some  time  miuisfer  at 
Reading. 

Doppj.e-Maier,  John  Gabriel,  author 
<;f  some  tracts  on  geography,  dialling,  astron- 
oni)',  of  the  account  of  the  nuithematicians 
of  >>uremburg,  and  ot"  several  translations 
from  English  mathematical  works  into  La- 
tin and  German,  died  at  Nnremburg,  where 
he,  was  professor  of  mathematics  1750,  aged 
S.!.  He  was  tcliow  of  the  London  royal  so- 
ciety, and  ot  the  academies  of  Berlin  and  Pe- 
tersburg. 

DoRBAY,  Franels,  a  French  arcl»itect, 
who  furuishcd  the  design  of  several  beautiful 
works  at  tiie  Louvre,  'Ihuillerics,  he.  He 
was  born  at  Paris,  and  died  there  1097. 

DoRFLiNG,  a  Prussian,  wlio  from  the 
profession  of  a  tailor  becnme  a  soldier,  and 
gradually  rose  to  the  highest  militaiy  honors 
under  Frederic  William,  elector  of  Ilran- 
denburgh.  He  distinguished  himself  great- 
ly agai:ist  the  Swedes,  and  when  become 
field  marshal,  some  envying  his  elevation  ob- 
served he  had  still  tiie  api)earance  of  a  tay- 
ioi'.  "  Yes,"  says  the  valiant  Dorfling,  "  I 
■was  oiiee  a  taylor;  I  formerly  cut  out  clotli, 
but  now,  (cl;'pi)ing  Iiis  hand  to  the  hilt  of 
his  sword,)  here  is  the  instrument  with 
whicii  I  cut  off  the  ears  of  tiicm  that  speak 
Hi  of  me." 

DoRiA,  Andrev.-,  a  noble  Gctioese,  born 
at  Oneille  146S.  He  embraced  the  military 
profession,  and  sfgnalized  himself  in  Italy, 
and  particularly  in  Corsica,  which  island  lie 
bravely  reduced  under  the  power  of  the  re- 
public. Distinguisiic.d  as  a  warrior  by  l.;nd, 
his  countrymen  wished  to  employ  his  abili- 
ties by  sea,  and  accordingly  in  1513  he  was 
named  captain  genera!  of  the  gallies  of  Ge- 
noa, and  soon  enriched  himself  and  his  brave 
companions  by  successful  attacks  on  the  pi- 
i"ates  of  the  Mediterranean.  The  revolu- 
tions of  Genoa  engaged  Doria  in  the  service 
of  Francis  L  of  France,  after  whose  defeat 
at  Pavia,  he  became  admiral  to  pope  Cle- 
ment Vn.  Upon  the  sacking  of  Uome  by 
Bourbon  1527,  Doria  returned  to  the  French 
service,  and  v\  as  honorably  received  by  Fran- 
cis, who  granted  him  a  pension  and  appoin- 
ted him  admiral  of  the  seas  of  the  Levant. 
His  great  talents  were  now  employed  in  es- 
tablishing the  preponderance  of  the  French 
power  in  Italy,  and  the  emperor  baffled, 
saw  liis  fleets  destroyed  and  his  armies  de- 
feated by  the  genius  of  this  intrepid  repub- 
lican. But  when  Naples,  besieged  by  the 
French  forces,  was  ready  to  submit,  Doria 
changed  the  face  of  war.  Long  viewed  with 
jealousy  by  the  courtiers  of  Francis,  he  be- 
came suspected  to  the  monarch,  who  or- 
dered his  person  to  be  siezed  ;  but  Doria's 
vigilance  frustrated  the  designs  of  his  ene- 
mies, and  by  throwing  himself  under  the 
protection  of  the  emperor  he  was  received 
Avith  open  arms.  Francis  in  vain,  by  every 
sacrifice,  endeavored  to  regain  his  confi- 
dence, and  the  emperor  on  the  other  hand 
■wished  to  secure  him  even  by  making  him 
the  sovereign  of  Genoa,  an  ofhce  which  Do- 
ria rejected  -with  noble  patriotism.    Doria 


thus  successful  in  preventing  the  capture  of 
Naples,  attacked  Genoa,  which  liad  fallen 
under  the  French  power,  and  though  only 
with  13  gallies  and  500  men,  he  in  one  night, 
152S,  made  himself  master  of  the  place 
without  bloodshed,  and  was  Jjailed  by  the 
grateful  Genoese  by  the  endearing  terms  of 
father  and  the  deliverer  of  his  country.  A 
new  and  moderate  government  was  estab- 
lished, and  Doria,  now  owner  of  2-2  gallies, 
and  supported  by  brave  and  faithful  associ- 
ates, signalized  himself  in  maritime  affairs, 
took  Coron  and  Patras  from  the  I'urks,  and 
assisted  Charles  V.  in  the  reduction  of  Tu- 
nis and  Goulette.  The  expedition  against 
Algiers,  in  1541,  and  the  affair  of  Prevazzo 
undertaken  against  his  advice,  proved  how- 
ever very  unfortunate,  and  it  has  been  in- 
sinuated that  Doria,  when  opposed  to  Bar- 
barossa  the  commander  of  the  Turkish  for- 
ces, did  not  display  his  usual  valor,  but  se- 
cretly wished  to  prolong  a  war  which  ce- 
mented his  influence,  and  made  him  a  ne- 
cessary ally.  He  was  loaded  witli  honors  for 
his  eminent  services  by  the  emperor,  and  to 
the  raarquisate  of  Tursi  in  Naples,  Avas  ad- 
ded the  dignity  of  grand  chancellor  of  that 
kingdom.  Engaged  to  the  very  last  in  the 
service  of  his  countr}'  and  of  his  ally,  Doria 
(lied  25th  November  1560,  aged  93,  poor 
indeed  in  fortune,  but  honored  by  his  coun- 
try, and  respected  by  the  whole  world.  His 
life  was  twice  atteoipted  by  assassins,  but 
their  conspiracy  failed.  Doria,  though  of  a 
benevolent  nnd  humane  temper,  once  j  ield- 
ed  to  a  dishonorable  resentment,  and  order- 
ed de  Fresco,  a  man  viio  had  conspired 
against  him,  to  be  sewn  up  in  a  sack  and 
thrown  into  the  sea. 

Don  iGNY,  Michael,  a  French  painter  and 
engraver  in  aquafortis,  born  at  St.  Quintin 
1617.  He  was  professor  of  the  academy  of 
painting  at  Paris,  and  died  1665.  His  paint- 
ings are  seen  in  the  castle  de  Yincennes,  and 
his  engravings  were  of  his  own  pieces. 

DoRiGXY,  Nicholas,  an  eminent  P'rench 
engraver,  whose  finest  pieces  are  the  bark 
of  Lanfranco,  the  St.  Petrouilla  of  Gucrchi- 
no,  the  descent  from  the  cross  by  Voletcrra, 
the  ti'ansfiguration  after  Raphael,  &c.  He 
Avas  knighted  by  George  I.  and  died  at  Paris 
1746,  aged  90.  His  brother  LeM'is,  also  a 
painter,  died  at  Verona  1742,  aged  48. 

DoRiNG  or  DoRixK,  Mathias,  a  Ger- 
man Franciscan  professor,  born  at  Kiritz, 
where  he  died  494.  He  is  said  to  be  the 
author  of  the  abi-idgment  of  the  historical 
mirror  of  de  Beauvais  continued  to  1493. 
He  inveighs  with  asjierity  against  the  vices 
of  the  cardinals  and  popes,  and  he  may  be 
considered  as  the  forerunner  of  Luther. 

Doris  LA  us,  Isaac,  a  Dutchman  Avho 
came  fron)  Leyden  to  England,  and  by  the 
interest  of  Fulk  lord  Brooke,  read  lectures  on 
history  at  Cambridge.  When  expelled  by  Cf>- 
sin  the  vice-chancellor,  as  suspected  of  repub- 
lican pi'inciples,  he  became  jiidge  advocate  in 
the  royal  army  against  the  Scots,  but  with  an 
unpardonable  levity  he  quitted  the  king's 
service  for  that  of  the  parliament,  and  a?- 


DO 


DO 


sisted,  it  is  said,  in  drawing  up  the  articles 
of  accusation  against  his  sovereign.  Thus 
recon»mtnd('d  by  guilt  and  pnilligucy  to  the 
ruling  powers,  he  went  in  ItJ+'J,  as  ambassa- 
dor from  the  republic  to  HoUancI,  where  lie 
was  attacked  while  at  supper  by  sonic  en- 
thusiastic royalist  and  stabljed  to  the  heart. 
His  body,  by  the  direction  of  the  parlia- 
ment, was  brought  over  to  Knglund,  and  bu- 
ried in  Westminster-abbey,  but  removed  at 
the  restoration  to  St.  Margaret's  church- 
yard. 

DoRMANS,  John  de,  bishop  of  Beauvais, 
a  cardinal,  and  chancellor  of  France  under 
Charles  V.  died  7th  Nov  1373.  He  was  a 
liberal  patron  of  lutttrs,  and  founded  the 
college  which  bears  his  name  at  Paris. 

DoRNAVius,  Caspar,  a  physiclau,  born 
at  Zigenrick,  in  Voightland,  died   very  old,  i 
in  1631.     He  is  author  of  some  humorous  j 
and    whimsical   pieces — amphitheatrum   sa- 
pientia;  Socralicse,    two   vols,   folio. — homo 
iliabolus4to.  &c. 

DoiiSCH,  Everard,  a  Dutch  engraver  on 
gems  of  superior  abilities.  He  was  born  at 
Nuremberg,  and  died  1712,  aged  03.  His 
son  Christopher  was  equally  celebrated,  and 
finished  portraits  on  gems,  without  the  as- 
sistance of  drawings,  with  astonishing  accu- 
racy. He  was  also  a  painter.  He  died  1732, 
aged  56,  at  Nuremberg. 

DOSITH.SUS,  the  first  heresiarch,  a  ma- 
gician of  Samaria,  who  pretended  to  be  the 
true  Messijdi,  and  applied  to  himself  all  the 
prophecies  concerning  the  Saviour.  Among 
his  30  disciples  he  admitted  a  woman  whom 
he  called  the  moon.  He  privately  retired  to 
a  cave  where  he  starved  himself  to  death 
ihathe  might  iiersuade  his  followers  that  he 
•was  ascended  into  heaven.  His  followers  al- 
ways staid  24  hours  in  the  same  posture  in 
which  they  were  when  the  sabbath  began. 
They  existed  inEg}pt  till  the  si.xth  century. 

Doublet,  N.  an  eminent  Frencli  sur- 
geon, who  died  at  Paris  17'jj.  He  wrote 
some  valuable  pieces  on  his  profession. 

DouciN,  Lewis,  a  French  Jesuit  of  Ver- 
non in  Normandy.  He  wrote  an  history  of 
Nestorianism — a  work  against  the  Jansen- 
ists — and  other  pieces,  and  died  at  Orleans 
1726. 

UovE,  Nathaniel,  an  ingenious  penman, 
author  of  '*  the  progress  of  time,"  contain- 
ing verses  on  the  four  seasons  and  the  12 
months  of  the  year,  with  16  plates.  He  was 
clerk  in  the  victualling  office,  Tower  hill, 
and  kept  in  174o  an  academy  at  Hoxton.  He 
died  1754,  aged  44. 

DouFFET,  Gerard,  a  painter  of  Liege, 
born  16th  August  l.')94.  He  mus  the  pnpil 
of  Rubens,  and  distinguished  himself  by  the 
accuracy,  variety,  correctness  and  sweetness 
of  his  pieces.     Hedied  about  1660. 

Doug  A  DOS,  Venance,  a  capuchin  born 
near  Carcassone  1 764.  The  revolution  open- 
ed to  him  a  field  for  the  display  of  intiij^ue 
and  of  ambition,  but  as  the  friend  of  the 
federalists  he  was  dragged  to  the  scatibld  and 
suffered  1794.  He  wrote  some  poetical  pie- 
ces which  possess  merit,  and  have  been  pub- 
lished at  Nice. 


Douglas,  CJawin,  youngest  son  of  the 
sixth  earl  of  Angus,  was  bor»  ul  Hrechin  in 
Scotland  1471,  and  educated  .-it  St.  Andrew's. 
He  perfected  bis  education  by  travelling  in 
Italy  and  (iermany,  where  he  cultivated  the 
muses,  and  merited  the  .accjuaintance  and 
coinniendatioii  of  the  learned.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Scotland  in  l4yC,  he  was  made  pro- 
vost of  .St.  (iilt  s'scbiircb,  Kdinburgh,  in  I  US, 
bisho|)  of  l>iiike!d  to  m  liioh  tlie  ricli  abbey 
of  Aberbrothic  was  afterwards  added.  He 
wa.s  exposcil  t«>  the  virulent  persecutions  of 
the  times,  anti  came  to  IjOndon,  where  he 
died  of  the  plague  in  April  1.122.  His  chief 
works,  which  prove  him  to  be  an  eminent 
scholar  and  poet,  are  a  translaUon  of  Vir- 
gil's ^-neid — the  palace  of  honor,  a  poem — 
aurex  narrationes  &  conu-dite  r.acra? — de  re- 
bus Scoticis  liber.  As  Chaucer  in  I3ngland, 
so  he  in  Scotland  is  the  great  forerunner  of 
the  revival  of  learning. 

Do  VJG  (,AS,  William,  a  Scotch  nobleman, 
commissioned  by  Robert  Hruce,  who  had 
made  a  vow  whicli  he  could  not  fulfil,  to  go 
on  a  crusade,  to  carry  his  heart  to  the  holy 
land.  Douglas  set  out  after  the  king's  death, 
1327  ;  but  he  perished  by  the  way,  with  the 
illustrious  Scots  wiio  followed  in  his  train. 

Douglas,  James,  an  English  anatomist, 
and  great  practitioner  in  the  obstetric  art, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  18th  century.  He 
wrote  bibliographitc  anatomix  specimen,  8vo. 
miographias  comparatic  specimen,  1706 — de- 
scription of  the  periton;eum,  London,  173t> 
— a  history  of  the  lateral  operation  for  the 
stone,  8vo. — and  papers  in  the  pliilosophical 
transactions.  He  patronised  John  Hunter  ; 
and  died  1742.  His  brother  John  was  sur- 
geon in  the  Westminster-hospital. 

Douglas,  sir  Charles,  a  Scotsman,  en- 
gagcii  in  the  Dutch  navy,  and  afterwards  in 
the  English  service  during  the  Americau 
V.  ar.  He  comman<led  with  reputation  in  the 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  died  1789|  a  rear- 
admiral, 

Douglas,  James  earl  of  Morton  and  Ab- 
erdeen, was  born  at  Edinliurgh  1707,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  love  of  science 
and  literature.  He  established,  when  26, 
the  philosophical  society  of  Edinburgh,  and 
was,  in  1733,  elected  president  of  tlie  Lon- 
don royal  society.  The  academy  of  scien- 
ces at  Paris  paid  respect  to  his  virtues,  by 
electing  him  an  associate  ;  and  as  the  patron 
of  merit,  and  an  able  astronomer,  he  de- 
served the  good  opinion  of  the  learned  woi-ld. 
He  died  1768,  leaving  a  son  and  daughter. 

Douglas,  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
in  1721,  at  Pittenweem,  in  Fifesliire.  From 
Dunbar  school  he  removed,  in  1736,  to  St. 
.Mary -hall,  Oxford,  iiinl  two  years  after  was 
elected  to  an  exhibition  in  Baliol  college.  He 
took  his  first  degree  in  174l,  and  then  went 
to  -Montreal  and  to  (ihent,  to  acquire  a  coni- 
jietent  knowledge  of  the  French  language. 
As  cha])lain  of  the  3<l  regiment  of  foot  guanls, 
he  went  in  the  expedition  in  Flanders,  and 
WHS  [U-esent  at  the  battle  of  Fontenoy,  in 
17  i5.  He  afleivards  attended  lord  Puitncy 
in  his  travels  oa  ihe  continent ;  and  on  bis 
return   to  England,    in    1749,   lie    obtained 


DO 


DO 


irom  his  patron  the  donative  ot"  Uppiiigtou, 
Shropshire,  which  he  soon  after  exchanged 
lor  the  vicarage  of  High  Ertal,  in  the  same 
county.  By  tlie  interest  of  his  friends,  and 
by  his  own  merits  as  an  able  and  acute  wri- 
ter, he  rose  to  higher  honors  in  the  chnrcii. 
He  was  made,  in  1760,  chaplain  to  the  king; 
and  in  17()'2  he  obtained  a  canonry  of  Wind- 
sor, which  lie  afterwards  exchanged  for  the 
residentiaryship  of  St.  Paul's,  resigned  by 
him  in  ITSS  for  the  deanery  of  Windsor. 
He  had,  in  170 i,  exchanged  his  Sliropshire 
livings  for  St.  Austin's  and  St.  Faith's,  Wat- 
liiig-strect,  London;  and  in  1787  he  was 
raise(!  to  the  sue  of  Carlisle,  from  whicli  he 
Mas  translated,  in  1791,  to  Salisbury.  His 
powers  as  a  -writer  were  strong,  respectable, 
and  mullifari()Ur5.  His  first  work  was,  the 
vindication  of  Milton  from  the  charge  of 
plagiarism,  against  L'.iuder,  17o0 — and  he 
afterwards  publislied,  the  critci'iou  of  mii-a- 
cles,  1754,  a  -work  of  great  merit,  of  Mdilch 
he  prepared  another  edition  in  ISOG — an  apo- 
logy for  the  clergy  against  the  Hutchinsoni- 
ans,  kc. — the  destruction  of  the  French 
foretold  by  Ezekie! — several  pamphlets  a- 
gainst  Archib:dd  Bower — a  defence  of  lord 
George  Sackville — a  letter  to  twogi*cat  men 
on  the  approacli  of  per;ec,  kc.  Besides  these 
"works,  he  a^sisled  in  the  publication  of  lord 
Clarendon's  diary  and  letters — of  Cooke's 
voyages — of  lonl  Hardwicke's  miscellaneous 
papers,  he.  and  he  also  published  several  po- 
litical papei-s  in  the  public  advertiscT  and  in 
other  periodical  puhiications.  1/e  w:,s,  in 
17SG,  elected  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of 
the  antiquarian  society,  and  vns  also  one  of 
the  trustees  of  tiie  Britlaii  museum;  and  al- 
ter a  life  thus  actively  i!c voted  to  the  cause 
of  literature  and  religion,  retaining  his  foc- 
uUies  to  the  last,  he  died  of  a  gradual  dcenj', 
without  a  struggle,  18th  May  1807,  aged  Ho, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  George's  chapel,  Wind- 
sor. He  was  twice  married ;  first  in  17J2, 
when  hcbecame  a  widower  in  the  short  space 
of  three  months;  and  secondly  in  1763,  By 
his  last  wife,  d.aughter  of  Henry  Rvudeneil 
Uooke,  esq.  who  died  tv.o  years  before  him, 
he  left  one  son  and  one  daughtei-. 

DousA,  James,  a  noble  Dutchman,  born 
at  Nortiiwick  1545.  After  studying  v. ith 
great  reputation  at  Paris,  he  returned  to 
Holland,  where  he  married  early,  and  isp- 
plied  himself  to  political  aflairs.  For  twenty 
vears  he  was  curator  of  the  banks  and  dykes 
of  Hollaml,  and  distinguished  himself  so 
much  at  the  siege  of  Leyden  in  1574,  that  the 
prince  of  Orange  made  him  governor  of  the 
t  »v  n,  and  curator  of  the  uiii\ersily  founde<1 
there.  He  was  most  eminent  as  a  scholar, 
and  his  genius  was  disi>*ayed  in  several  poet- 
ical proiluctions.  He  also  wrote  th*^  aimals 
of  iiis  country,  besides  critii::d  rsolt-s  on  Ho- 
race, Sallust,  Plantns,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  SSiC. 
He  was  in  his  private  firaraclcr  fis  amiable  fis 
he  was  respeiteJ  in  hi;  publi«-  duties.  He 
d'lMl  1604,  and  his  mcinorv  wu.s  honoi-ed  bv 
llif  oration  of  Daniel  Heinsl'i  i.  He  had  four 
sons,  .Inmes,  George,  Francis,  and  'i'iicodo- 
rTJo.  James  wa.s  a  very  extraordinary  gen- 
ius, who  attained    muturily  f.i'   wisdom   and 


erudition  in  the  flower  of  youth.  Besides 
poems  of  great  merit,  he  wrote  at  the  age  of 
19,  his  book  de  rebus  ccelestibus — and  his 
panegyric  on  a  shadow — critical  notes  on 
several  Lacin  authors — and  assisted  his  father 
in  his  annals.  He  was  made  preceptor  to 
the  prince  of  Orange,  and  librarian  to  the 
university  of  Leyden;  but  he  unfortunately 
died  1597,  in  his  ii6th  year,  when  his  abilities 
promised  the  noblest  additions  to  the  great- 
ness and  learning  of  his  country.  George 
was  a  good  linguist,  and  published  an  account 
of  a  voyage  to  Constantinople.  Francis  pub- 
lislied  Scaliger's  epistles — annotations  on  the 
fragments  of  Lncilius,  &c.  Theodorus  pub- 
lislied Logotheta's  chronicon,  with  notes, 
isc. 

DouvRE,  Thomas  de,  a  native  ofBay- 
eux,  r^^ised,  for  his  learning  and  virtues,  by 
William  the  coiKi'.ieror,  to  the  see  of  York, 
where  he  rebuiit  his  cathedral.  He  com- 
posed some  books  on  music,  and  was  a  great 
patron  and  benefactor  to  his  clerg}'.  After 
being  archbishop  for  twenty-eight  years,  he 
died  1100. 

DouvRE,  Thomas  de,Jiephewto  the  fore- 
going, was  also  archbishop  of  York  in  1108. 
He  had  violent  quarrels  v.ith  Anselra  of 
Canterbuiy  about  the  precedency  of  the  two 
sees.  He  died  1114,  greatly  respected  for 
his  constancy,  virtues,  and  faith. 

DouvREj  Isabella  de,  of  the  same  family 
as  the  preceding,  v.-as  mistress  to  llobdrt  the 
bastard  of  Henry  L  of  England,  by  whom  she 
had  llicbard,  afterwards  bishop  of  Bayeux, 
1133.  She  retired  in  her  old  age  to  solitude 
and  penitence  at  Bayeux,  where  she  died 
UGG. 

Dow,  Gerai-d,  pupil  of  Rembrandt,  was 
born  at  Leyden  1613.  His  pieces  which  are 
all  small,  and  to  be  viewed  to  advantage  on- 
ly by  the  help  of  a  magnifying-glass,  possess 
astonisiiing  expression,  and  are  extremely 
delicate.  He  was  patient  in  his  labors,  and 
was  not  less  than  three  days  in  representing 
a  broomstick,  and  five  in  painting  a  hand. 
He  died  in  a  good  old  age,  but  when  is  not 
usrertained. 

DowAL,  William  Mac,  a  learned  Scots- 
man, born  in  1590,  and  educated  for  seven 
years  by  Nisbet  at  Musselburgh,  and  after- 
ward.s  at  St.  Andrew's.  In  1614  he  went  to 
Groningeu,  m  here  lie  studied  civil  law,  and 
took  his  doctor's  degree,  in  1625.  He  was 
made  advocate  to  the  army  of  count  Nassau, 
and  in  1629  and  16,35  came  as  ambassador 
to  Charlesl.  to  snppoK  the  freedom  of  the 
seas  about  the  herring-fisheries.  He  was 
made  by  Charles  one  of  the  council  of  state 
for  Scotland,  in  which  office  lie  was  continu- 
ed by  Charles  II.  with  the  additional  title  oi' 
ambassador  to  tlie  United  States.  He  died 
in  London,  but  \;  hen  not  known,  having  had 
two  wives,  both  Dutch  women,  the  last  of 
v.  horn  he  buried  1632. 

Do  \v>.'ii  AM,  John,  was  born  at  Chester, 
3on  of  the  bishop  of  that  see.  Fie  was  edu- 
cated at  CaUihridgc,  antl  is  author  of  that  pi- 
ous and  well  known  book,  *'  the  Christian 
wariiire."     He  died  in  London  1614. 

Don-Niyg,   Caiibut,    an    Kngtish   divine. 


DR 


DR 


doctor  of  btt's,  and  incumljcnt  of  Hackney, 
Middlesex,  nud  Ilickfoid,  Bucks.  He  was 
disappoi\itcd  in  lii.s  viewb  of  liljjlicr  [n-eft-r 
laent,  U[»()n  u'liitdi  he  enilirucc-rl  ihc  rcpulili- 
cun  party,  and  prcaclic<l  some  violent  ser- 
mons, asseriiiig  tlio  lawfulness  of  suhjfcta  to 
tiike  up  arniij  :ig;ninst  the  kinj^.  la  iG-iJ  he 
was  a  grand  co\ cnanter,  but  tiied  the  next 
ycai'.  Sonu-  of  his  scrnions  have  been  prin- 
ted. His  bi)n,  sir  lieorj^c,  was  secretary  lo 
the  treasury,  and  commissioner  of  customs 
niulcr  Charles  II. 

Dkai!  ici  vs,  Nitliolas,  an  enthusiast, born 
1587,  at  Stransnitz,  iu  Moravia.  He  beeame 
a  minister  in  \'ilC>  at  I)rak(nutz ;  bui  the 
])erseculions  against  the  proLestants  obliged 
him  to  fly  to  J-.eidnilz,  in  Huni|;ary,  where  he 
(urnetl  woollen  draper  for  his  sustenance. 
His  improper conduet  and  fiequent  ebriety 
exposed  him  to  the  censures  of  his  superi- 
ors; but  in  his  50th  year  he  determined  to 
distinguish  himself  as  a  j)rophet.  His  visions 
began  in  1638,  and  tiiough  at  first  little  re- 
garded, yet  tliey  engaged  the  curiosity  and 
accpvired  the  respect  of  the  vulgar,  and,  by- 
denouncing  destruction  against  the  liouse  of 
Austria  and  the  papal  power,  he  inspired 
^vith  fear  even  the  bravest  of  generals.  He 
was  assisted  in  his  fanatical  reveries  by  Co- 
Kienius,  a  man  of  learning,  but  weak  princi- 
ples, with  whom  he  published  his  revelation 
called  "  lux  in  tenebris."  Drabicius  was  per- 
secuted by  the  house  of  Austria,  for  the  ruin 
which  he  falsely  prophesied  against  it,  and 
what  became  of  him  is  unknown.  Some 
suppose  that  he  v.  as  burnt  as  an  impostor  and 
false  prophet,  and  others  say  that  he  died  in 
Turk-ey,  where  he  had  taken  refuge.  Co- 
meiiius  published  an  abridgment  of  the  re- 
veries of  Drabicius,  Kolterus,  and  other.s,  *  t 
Amsterdam,  in  1660,  and  reprinted  it  under 
the  title  of  lux  e  tenebris  novis  radiis  aiicta, 
Jscc.  IGGG. 

Draco,  a  celebrated  Athenian,  B.  C.  643, 
whose  laws  Avere  so  severe  that  they  were 
said  to  be  written  in  blood. 

Draconites,  John,  a  Lutliei'an  divine, 
horn  at  Carlstadt,  in  Franconia.  He  was  made 
a  bishop  in  Prussia,  and  was  the  learned  au- 
thor of  commentaries  on  the  prophets  and  the 
gospels,  and  began  a  polyglott  bible,  but  di- 
ed before  its  completion,  1506. 

Dragut,  Uais,  i.e.  captain  Ragut,  the 
favorite  and  successor  of  IJarbarossa,  was 
born  of  obscure  parents,  in  Natoiia.  In  abil- 
ities no  ways  inferior  to  liis  master,  he  dis- 
tinguished iiimself  in  the  courts  of  Xaplesand 
Calabria;  but  being  taken  by  Doria's  ne- 
phew, he  passed  seven  long  years  in  captivi- 
ty. In  1560  Doria  was  besieged  in  the  har- 
bor of  the  isle  of  Cerbes  ;  but  the  artful  pi- 
rate eluded  the  vigilance  of  his  enemies,  bv 
convoying  his  gallies  across  the  land,  and 
took  the  capital  of  iSitily,  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  his  opponents.  In  1566  he  assisted 
Solyman  II.  against  Malta  with  fd'teen  gal- 
lies and  Avhiie  rcconi-.oitring,  a  piece  of 
stone  struck  by  a  cannon  bali  gave  l»im  so 
violent  a  blow  on  the  ear  that  he  died  a  short 
time  after. 


VOL.    I. 


DaAKE,  sir  Francis,  an  illustrious  navign- 
tor,  son  of  a  sailor,  and  born  at  Tavistock  in 
Devonshire  15  i5.     fit-    wai   brought    iij)    by 
his  kins-ntan  sir  .lohn  Haw  kins,  and  at  the  age 
of  18  was  purser  to  a   Discnyan  trader,  and 
at  CO  went  to  (luinca,  and  at  '2'i  obfainiMl  (he 
c(imniand  of  the  Judith.     He   rli:.tinguish<.-il 
himself  greatly  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  under 
sir  John  Hawkins,  and  prdjected  exp<.'ditiohs 
against  the  Spani;irdi  in  .\meri(a,    which  he 
executed  with  great  firmness  and  success,  in 
1570,  and    157'2.     He  afierv.ard.s  tcrvcd   in 
Ireland  under  AV'alter  earl  of  Essex,  and  at 
his  death  he  was  recommended  by  sir  Chris- 
tO[>hcr  Hatton  to  nueen  F>!iv:abelh,   wlio  en- 
tered into  all  his  views  of  ;!tlack  and  discov- 
ery.    On  the  1.3Lh  of  Dec.  1577,  beset  out  on 
his  celebrated  voyage,   witii  five  small  shipr, 
and  only  164  able  men.     Of  these  ships  two 
were  destroyed  on  the  coast  of  Brasil  as  unfit, 
and  one  returned  home,  so  tliat  oidy  with  his 
ov/n   vessel    he    entered  the  straits  of  Ma- 
gellan, and  coasting  along  Chili  and   Peru, 
he  enriched    his  com\)anioiis  by  the  plunder 
of  the  unsuspecting  Spaniards.     He  sailed  as 
high   as  the    48   degree    noith  latitude  with 
hope  of  finding  a  passage  to  the  European 
seas,  and  gave  tiie  name  of  Xew  Albion  to 
the  country.    From  thence   he  set  sail  the 
'29th  Sept.  1579  for  the  Moluccas,  and  after 
visiting   some   savage   islands,  and  enduring 
many   hardships,    he   doubled   tlie   cape    of 
Good  Hope  on  the  15th  of  .March    15 SO,  ha- 
ving theii  only  57  men  and  three  casks  of  wa- 
ter.    He  continued  his  voyage,  and  after  wa- 
tering in  Cuinea, he  reached  Piymonth  on  the 
third  of  Nov.  after  an  absence  of  tuo  years 
and  ten  months.     The  glory  of  sailing  round 
the   worid,   and   the  vast   i)lunder   obtained 
from  the  Spaniards,  were   however  viewed 
with    indignation    by    some    who   regarded 
Drake  as  a  common  pirate  ;  but  the   queen 
approved    the   bold  expedition  of  her  naval 
hero,  and  on  the  4th  of  April  1581,  she  went 
on  board  his  ship  atDeptfurd  and  dined  with 
him,   and   conferred   on    him    the  honor  of 
knighthood.     This  ship  also  was  preserved  to 
commemorate  tlie  glory  of  the  enterpriser,till 
decaying  by    time    it  was  broken   up  and  a 
chair  made  of  the  timber  presented    to  the 
university  of  Oxford.     In  15S5    Drake  took 
St.  Jago,  St.  Domingo, Cartliagena,  ice.  in  the 
West  indies,  and  in  1587,  he  attacked  Cadiz 
and  burned  more  than   10,000   tons  of  ship- 
ping, w  hich    he   merrily  called    burning  the 
Spanish  king's  beard.     When  the   invincible 
armada    ai)pr()ached    England,    Drake    was 
made  vice  admiral  under  Icn-d    Howard,   and 
in  the  encounter  he  behaved  with  great  cour- 
age, though  his  eagerness  to  pursue  the  plun- 
der proved  nearly  fatal,  by  his    suffering  his 
admiral    to   be   exposed   in  the  miilst  of  llse 
hostile  fleet.     Fortune  however  favored  tlie 
English,  and  Drake  enriched  himself  and  iu& 
crew  by  the  seizure  of  Pedro's  galleon,  whicli 
produced  55,UO<»duc;-lsofgold.  In  l.^SP  Drake 
w  as  sent  to  restore  Antonio  to  the  kingdom 
of  Portugal,  l)Ut  w  ithoin  success  ;  and  lie  af- 
terwards went  to  the  ^Vest  Indies  where  his 
<[uarre!  v,  ith  sir  J  •''  ■•  ? J;;v, kin:- disacrr-'-rtcfi 


DR 


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the  plans  of  the  expedition  whicli  ended  un- 
successfully. Tliese  unfortunate  events  prey- 
ed much  upon  the  mind  of  Drake,  he  fell  in- 
to a  melancholy,  and  was  carried  oft' by  a 
bloody  flux  on  board  his  ship  near  the  town 
of  Xombre  de  Dios  28tfi  January  1596.  His 
death  was  universally  lamented,  for  he  Mas 
respected  not  only  as  a  naval  hero,  but  as  a 
worthy  private  character.  He  was  twice 
iaeml>er  of  parliament  for  Bossiney  and  af- 
terwards for  i'lymouth,  a  town  where  his 
name  is  still  revered  for  the  water  which  he 
conveyed  there  in  1587  by  a  circuitous  canal 
of '20  miles  from  springs  at  the  distance  of 
eight  miles.  His  widow,  daughter  of  sir 
( jeorge  Sydenham,  by  whom  he  had  no  issue, 
married  after  his  death  William  Courtenay, 
cs({.  of  Powderham  castle. 

Drake,  James,  a  physician  and  political 
writer,  born  at  Cambridge  1067,  and  educa- 
ted there.  In  1G96  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.D.  and  became  soon  after  fellow  of  the 
royal  society  and  of  the  college  of  physi- 
cians, but  he  prefercd  writing  for  the  book- 
sellers to  professional  engagement.  His 
"History  of  the  last  parliament  of  king 
William,''  1702,  was  considered  as  so  severe 
in  his  rcHections  on  that  monarch,  that  he 
was  prosecuted  by  the  attorney -general,  but 
acquitted.  In  1704,  upon  the  rejection  of  the 
bill  to  pi-event  occasional  conformity,  he 
ventured,  with  Poley,  member  for  Ips- 
■wich,  to  publish  the  memorial  of  the  church 
of  England,  8:c.  vhich  highly  oftcuded  Go- 
dolphin,  and  roused  the  vengeance  of  the 
house  of  commons,  who  oft'ered  a  reward  for 
the  discovery  of  the  author,  who,  however, 
though  suspected,  remained  unattacked.  In 
1706  he  AS  as  prosecuted  for  the  publication 
of  Mercurius  Politicus,  a  newspaper  which 
severely  reflected  upon  the  conduct  of  gov- 
ernment, and  though  acquitted  through  a 
flaw  in  the  information,  he  took  to  heart  the 
asperity  of  his  persecutors,  and  falling  into 
a  fever  he  died  at  Westminster  the  second  of 
Alarch  1707.  He  Avrote,  besides  the  "Sham 
lawyer,"  a  comedy, — an  English  translation 
of  Herodotus,  ncrer  published, — a  "  new 
system  of  anatomy,"  a  work  of  great  merit, 
published  by  Dr.  Wagstatfe,  and  again  in 
1717,  in  two  vols.  8vo.  M-itli  an  appendix, 
1728, — and  notes  te  le  Clerc's  history  of 
physic. 

Drake,  Samuel,  fellow  of  St,  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  publislied  in  172U,  folio,  a 
splendid  edition  of  archbishop  Parker's  "de 
antiquilate  Britannicte  ecclesite,  he." 

Drake,  William,  a  physician,  born  1687, 
at  York,  where  he  settled,  after  taking  his 
degrees  at  Christ-church,  Oxford.  In  Tiis 
old  age  he  collected  various  records,  and 
publi.slied  a  valuable  history  of  York,  with 
co])per-pIatc's,  kc.  folio.  He  was  the  friend 
of -Mead,  Fawkes,  ke.  and  died  greatly  re- 
spected 1760,  aged  7.3. 

Drake,  Jioger,  D.D.  a  physician,  wlio 
afterwi.rds  became  a  pop'alnr  preacher  in 
London,  and  was  one  of  the  Savoy  conimis- 
sioners.  He  died  alter  the  restoration.  He 
^vas learned,  i)iouT,and  charitable,  and  wrote 


some  sermons,  besides  a  sacred  chronologf . 

Drakenberg,  Christian  Jacob,  the  welT 
known  centenary  of  the  north,  was  born  at 
Stravenger,  Norway,  1624,  and  died  at  Aai'- 
rhuys  in  1770,  aged  146.  After  living  in  ce- 
libacy till  his  113th  year,  he  married  a  wi- 
dow aged  60.  His  great  old  age  brought 
about  him  many  respectable  visitors,  who 
Avere  pleased  with  liis  good  sense,  his  humi- 
'  lity,  and  the  sound  state  of  his  faculties. 

Drakenborch,  Arnoldus,  professor  of 
kistory  and  eloquence  at  Utrecht,  died  1748, 
aged  64.  He  is  well  kuown  as  the  editor  of 
Livy,  7  vols.  4to.  and  Silius  Itahcus  with  very 
learned  notes. 

Dran,  Henry  Francis  le,  a  famous  sur- 
geon and  lithotomist,  who  died  at  Paris  1770, 
aged  85.  He  was  author  of  observations  on 
surgery  2  vols.  I'imo. — on  gunshot  wounds, 
— on  the  various  modes  of  lithotomy, — on 
the  operations  of  surgery,  translated  into 
English  by  Gataker,  &c. 

Draper,  sir  William,  an  English  gene- 
ral, son  of  a  collector  of  the  customs  at  Bris- 
tol, educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge.  He  embraced  the  military  pro- 
fession, and  in  the  East-Indies  acquired  the 
rank  of  colonel.  In  1761  he  was  made  bri- 
gadier in  the  expedition  against  Belleisle, 
and  in  1763  he  went  with  admiral  Cornish 
against  Manilla.  The  place  was  taken,  but 
the  ransom  of  four  million«  of  dollars,  which 
the  governor  pledged  himself  to  pay,  was 
resisted  by  the  Spanish  government,  and 
the  conquerers  were  thus  robbed  of  their 
expected  reward.  Draper,  however,  warf 
made  in  co-.isequence  of  his  services,  knight 
of  the  bath,  and  on  the  reduction  of  his  re- 
giment, colonel  of  the  16th.  In  gratitude 
f  V  his  education  he  presented  the  colors  of 
the  conquered  fort  to  King's  college.  In 
1769  he  engaged  in  the  controversy  with  the 
celebrated  Junius,  in  defence  of  the  marqurs 
of  Granby,  and  his  two  letters  were  answer- 
ed Avith  great  spirit  and  severity  by  his  un- 
known antagonist,  whom,  however,  he  again 
attacked  under  the  signature  of  Modestus. 
In  October  1769,  he  Avent  to  America  for 
his  health,  Avhere  he  married  miss  de  Lan  • 
cey,  daugliter  of  the  chief  justice  of  NeAv- 
York.  In  1779,  he  Avas  mad^  lieutenant  go- 
vi-rnor  of  Minorca,  and  on  the  surrender  of 
the  place  he  exhibited  twenty-nine  charges 
against  the  goAernor,  Murray,  twenty-seven 
of  which  Avere  deemed  frivolous,  and  for  the 
other  two,  the  governor  Avas  reprimanded ; 
after  Avhich  the  accuser  was  directed  by  the 
court  to  make  an  apology  to  his  general,  to 
Avhich  he  acquiesced.  He  lived  afterwards 
in  retirement^  and  died  at  Bath  8th  January 
1787. 

Drayton,  Michael,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Harshull,  in  WarAvicksliire,  1563. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  Avhere,  how- 
ever, he  took  no  degree,  and  devoted  him- 
self early  to  the  cidtivation  of  the  muse';. 
In  1593  }ie  published  the  sbeplierd's  garland, 
afterAvards  re-printed  under  the  name  of 
pastorals,  aiwl  before  1598  he  i)rcsented  be- 
fore the  public  his  Baroiib'  Avars,  lungland's 


UR 


DR 


hcroical    epistles,  downlals  of  llohcrt  duke 
of  Normandy,  Matilda,  and  <iavcston.  'I'hus 
distinguished  as  a  riivorifc  of  the  muses,  lie 
■welcomed  tlie  arrival  of  James  I.  iu  a  con- 
^ratulatoi-y  |>oem,  I»ut  he  met  with  marked 
neglect  instead  of  remuneration    fi-om    the 
court.     In  10 J.)  he  published   the  first  pait 
of    bis    I'oly-Olbion,    a    descriptive    poem, 
■which    iu  its   accf)unt  of  the    rivers,  moun- 
tuins,  productions,  antitiuities,  and  remark- 
;djle  historical  fcatui-es,   contains  more  cor- 
rectness and   truth  of  <leliiiealion   than  real 
und  sublime  poetry.     The  metre  of  twelve 
syllables   is   parti«ularly   olfcnaive,    and  the 
poem  is  now  regarded  only  for  the  accuracy 
of  its    narrative  an<l  of  its   description.     In 
16'27  Drayton  published  a  second  volume  of 
Jtii  poems,   containing  the   battle   of  Agin- 
court,  miseries  of  queen  Margaret,  court  of 
iairies,  quest  of  Cynthia,  shepherds'  syrcna, 
elegies,  and  a  spirited  satire  against  female 
-aftectation  called  mooncalf.    In  1G.30  anotlver 
volume  appeared  called  the  muses'  elysium, 
etc.    Drayton  died    1G31,   and    -was   buried 
among   the    poets    in    ^V'cslminstejr-abbey. 
Though  called  poet  laureat,  it  is  a  compli- 
mentary appellation,  as  Ben  Jonson  was  the 
Jaureat  of  this  time.     Di-ayton's  Morks  were 
publislied  in  1748,  in  1  vol.  fol.  and  in  1753  in 
10  vols.  8vo. 

Drebel,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  philosopher, 
born  at  Alcmaer  157'2,  died  iu  London  16.'i4. 
As  he  pretended  to  be  an  alchymist  some 
curioTis  particulars  are  related  with  respect 
to  his  power  to  cause  rain,  cold,  &c.  by  the 
operation  of  his  machines.  To  his  ingenuity 
some  atti'ibute  the  invention  of  the  micros- 
cofie  and  the  thermometer,  to  which  some 
add  the  telescope.  Among  other  things  he 
wrote  de  nalura  elementorum,  8vo.  &c, 

Dreltn'court,  Charles,  a  cnlvanist  mi- 
nister, bora  at  Sedan,  July  15'.)5,  and  educa- 
ted there  and  at  Sauiuur.  Though  a  pro- 
testant  and  a  powerful  enemy  against  the  pa- 
pists, yet  he  was  universally  esteemed  and 
beloved  by  tliem  there  and  at  Saumur.  His 
discourses  as  a  preacher  were  very  edifying, 
and  his  writings  particularly  consolatory,  as 
interesting  the  soul  in  that  inward  devotion 
and  sincerity  of  prayer  which  alone  can 
prove  acceptable  to  the  God  of  purity.  I 
Alany  of  his  writings,  thirteen  iu  number,  I 
were  controversial.  Besides  these  lie  pub- 
lished consolations  against  the  fear  of  death, 
wliicli  hare  passed  through  more  than  forty 
«Mlitions,  and  have  been  translated  into  va- 
j'ious  languages, — his  charitable  visits,  in  5 
vols,  and  3  vols,  of  sermons,  &ic.  ail  equally 
remarkable  for  tiie  l>iety,  devotion,  and  re- 
ligious assertitjns  with  which  they  ins|>ire 
the  attentive  reader.  He  diitil  the  third  of 
November  lOfiO.  He  married  in  IG'25,  and 
.jy  his  wife  had  sixteen  children,  the  first 
seven  of  v,hom  v.  ere  sons,  and  the  rest  six 
sons  and  three  daughters  interjnixed.  The 
eldest  son  La'wrencc  was  an  able  prcnclier, 
and  his  sermons  and  sonnets  were  p'eatly 
esteemed.  He  died  1681,  aged  .'iO.  Hgnry 
the  second  son  was  minister,  and  publishe<l 
aho  some  sermons.    The  third  son,  Charles, 


W.1S  horn  ir»33  at  Paris,  and  hc-caine  M.U.  at 
Montpellit  r,  and  uas  appointed  physician  to 
the  king's   forces  in  Flanders  lunlcr  'i'nien- 
ne.     lie  was  :ificrwards  phyiiician  to  WilliMU^ 
and    Mary  of  Kngland,  and  dietl  at  Lcyden 
May  IG'jr,  leaving  a  son  ai'  his  own  name 
He  wan  n<»t   less  esteemed  as  a  private  cha- 
racter (ban  RS  a  medical  man,  at  Le  was  Jiu- 
mane,  pious,  benevolent,  and  learned.     His 
treatiseson  his  profession  are  highlv  esteem- 
ed.    The  fourth  son  of  Dreliiu-.ourl,  Antho- 
ny, was    a    ])hysidMii  at  C)ib<-s    in    .S\»il/,ei-- 
land  ;  the  fifth  died  at  Ceni  va,  stiidyingdiNi- 
nity;    the    sixth,    I'etei-,   died    dean   of  Ar- 
magh; the  other  children  died  young,   ex- 
cept a  daughter,  who  married  Malnoc,  ad- 
vocate of  the  parliament  of  Paris. 

Dresseuus,  Matthew,  a  (ierman,  born 
at  Jafurt  in  Thuringia,  153G.  He  became 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  history  at  Krfuit, 
and  afterwards  at  Jena,  and  in  1581  accept- 
ed the  chair  of  polite  learning  at  Leipsic. 
He  engaged,  though  unwillingly,  in  the  pue- 
rile disputes  which  in  those  days  divided  the 
attention  of  the  learned  between  the  dis- 
ciples of  Aristotle  and  of  liamus.  He  was 
learned  and  laboi'ious,  and  by  his  influence 
the  confession  of  Augsburgh,  v.  as  received 
in  the  university  of  Leipsic.  He  died  lf>07. 
He  had  been  twice  married.  His  writings 
were  chiefly  on  controversial  subjects,  aud 
are  no  longer  remembered. 

Drevet,  Peter,  two  famous  engravers 
at  Paris,  wlio  both  died  there  1739,  the  fa- 
ther, aged  75,  and  the  son  -i'i.  Their  works 
are  higlily  esteemed.  Claude,  their  relation 
possessed  also  merit  in  the  same  line. 

Dreux  du  IvADiER,  John  Francis,  an 
advocate,  born  at  Chateauneuf  Thimerais 
10th  of  May  1714.  He  abandoned  the  bar  for 
the  pursuits  of  literature,  but  he  did  not  gain 
much  reputation  as  a  poet,  as  his  verses 
were  dull,  incorrect,  and  i)rosai«.  His  prose 
writings  are  bibliotheque  historique  politique 
du  Poitou,  5  vols.  l-2mo. — I'Europe  illustrec, 
— tablettes,  anecdotes  des  rois  de  France,  3 
vols.  I'imo. — histoires  anecdotes  des  reines, 

kc.  six  vols.  l'2mo. He  died  the  lirst  of 

March,  17S0,  Though  sarcastic  in  his  writ- 
ings he  was  a  benevolent  man  in  his  character. 
Dkexelius,  Jeremiah,  a  Jesuit  of  Augs- 
burgh, who  died  at  Munich  1G3S,  aged  57. 
His  works  were  publishe<l  at  Antwerp  two 
vols,  folio.  He  has  a  curious  poem  on  hell 
torments,  in  which  he  calculates  how  many 
souls  can  be  contained  jn  a  nurrov/  space  iii 
those  dreadful  regions. 

Dhiedo,  John,  a  learned  divinity  profes- 
sor of  Louvain,  who  died  there  1535.  His 
abilities  were  engaged  in  the  opposition  of 
the  Lutheran  (Jalvaiiists,  and  he  published  4 
vols.  fol.  on  theologic.d  sul»jects. 

]3uiNKER,  Edward,  an  American  cente- 
nary, born  Dec.  24lh  IGSO  in  a  small  cabin 
where  the  corner  of  Walnut  and  Secono- 
streets,  Philadelphia,  now  stand.  At  the 
age  of  twelve  he  went  to  Boston  as  appren- 
tice to  a  cal)inet-maker,  and  in  1745  return- 
ed to  Philailelphia,  with  his  family,  where 
he  lived  the  rest  of  his  life.     He  wrs  foU" 


DR 


DR 


times  married,  and  had  IS  chiklix-ii,  ull  by 
Jjis  tirst  wiie,  and  before  liis  tlealh  lie  had 
a  jrrandchild  bcrn  to  one  of  his  graiuJuhil- 
(!r<.n,  being  the  fiftii  in  successiv^Q  troin  him- 
self, lie  retained  all  Ids  facidtics  lo  the  last, 
lliout^h  his  e^esiglit  failed  liiin  some  time 
before  his  death.  He  lost  all  his  teeth  about 
thirty  years  before  he  died.  In  his  meals  he 
was  moderate,  but  he  eat  often  and  never 
took  any  snppe!-,  and  he  was  never  seei;  in  a 
state  of  i'llo.xication.  His  memory  contin- 
ued so  iK-i'fect  that  he  could  relate  tlie  min- 
ritest  events  in  hig  youth,  and  never  repeated 
tljcm  twice  to  tlie  same  comxsany.  He  had 
the  unusual  happiness  of  seeing  a  place  of 
desolation,  the  Im-king  spDt  of  v  ild  beasts 
and  birds  of  prey,  converted  to  a  handsome, 
popidoiis,  and  floii.siiing  city,  and  after  living 


under  seven  sovereisrns. 


and   beholding  the 


great  Penn  establish  his  treaty  with  the  In- 
dians, and  the  congress  sign  tiieir  alliance 
Avith  France,  he  hailed  the  day  which  made 
America  a  free  independent  republic.  This 
venerable  man,  deservedly  respected  for  his  j  influence  of  his  relations,  insured  his  promo- 


lus  retirement  lie  wrote  the  history  of  the 
five  Jameses,  v  liich  was  published  after  his 
death.  He  also  wrote  other  pieces  which 
tended  to  pacify  his  countrymen,  and  rouse  u 
spirit  of  loyalty  through  the  nation.  He  was 
intimate  with  the  learned  men  of  the  times, 
with  Urayton,  Jonson,  the  marquis  of  Mon- 
trose, kc.  He  married  in  16-H,  and  had 
three  children,  and  died  1C49.  His  works, 
consisting  of  poetry  and  prose,  with  hir,  life 
prefixed,  were  printed  in  folio,  Edinburgh 
iril.  His  son  William  was  knighted  bv 
Charles  H. 

Drum  MO  XD,  Robert  Hny,  second  son  of 
the  seventh  earl  of  Kinncul,  by  a  daughter  of 
Robert  Harley  lord  Oxford,  was  born  lOtli 
Nov.  1711,  at  London,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster-sthool  and  Christ-church,  where  he 
wa.?  student.  In  1736  he  took  orders,  and 
the  next  year  v  as  made  king's  chaplain,  and 
in  1743  was  abroad  with  the  king,  before 
whom  he  preaciied  after  the  battle  of  Det- 
tingen.     His  abiliticp,   and  particnlarly   the 


virtues  in  private  life,  died  Nov.  17th  17  82, 
aged  103. 

UnoLiXGER,  Charles  Frederick,  privy 
counsellor  and  librarian  to  tlie  margrave  of 
Baden  Durlaeh,  was  admired  as  a  poet  and 
scholar.  He  died  1742,  and  his  poetical 
-works  appeared  the  next  year  at  Basil  in  Svo. 
full  of  energy,  elegance,  and  correctness. 

Drou,  N.  a  French  advocate,  distinguish- 
ed for  his  eloquence  as  well  as  humanity. 
He  defended  with  zeal  and  ability  the  cause 
of  iJie  poor  as  well  as  of  the  rich.  He  died 
June  1783  much  respected. 

Drol'Ais,  Hubert,  a  painter,  born  at  la 
Rouge,  Normandy,  died  at  Paris  Feb.  9th 
17C7,  aged  OS.  He  was  the  pupil  of  his 
father,  v\ho  was  likev/ise  a  painter,  and  lie 
enjoyed  the  suLlimest  of  satisfactions  of  sha- 
ring with  his  parents  and  in  the  bosom  of  his 
family  the  applauses  whicli  were  liberally  be- 
stowed on  the  exertions  of  his  pencil.  By  his 
genius  and  industry  he  raised  himself  from 
an  humble  situation  to  fame  an(l  opulence. 
His  son  Geriuain  John  was  a  painter  of  pro- 
mising abilities,  and  died  at  Rome  17'J0  aged 
-rfi  ■ 

Drouet,  Stephen  Fraticis,  a  lai>orious 
French  writer,  who  edited  Morcri  and  also 
Lenglet's  jMethode,  &c.  He  died  1779,  aged 
54. 

Drummond,  William,  a  Scotchman,  son 
of  sir  John  l^rummond  of  HuwthoiMuien, 
■where  he  was  born  1.585.  He  was  educated 
at  Edinburgh,  and  in  IGOG  he  jtassed  over  to 
France  and  studied  civil  law  at  Bourges.  He 
however  abandoned  the  pofessicn  ftf  the  law 
fpr  the  muses,  and  for  the  ]»eaccful  retire- 
ment of  HaM'thornden,  which  soon  became 
dis;;greeable  to  him  on  the  sudden  death  of  a 
j-oung  lady  to  whom  he  was  betrothed.  In 
consequence  of  this  he  went  to  settle  on  the 
continent,  and  resided  for  eight  years  be- 
tween Rome  and  Paris,  and  travelled  over 
Germany,  Italy,  and  France.  He  visited  his 
eountry  afterv.  ards,  but  soon  left  it  on  ac- 
eount  of  the  civil  broils  of  the  time.    During 


tion  in  the  church,  he  became  prebendary  of 
Westminster,  in  1748  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  in 
1761  bisliop  of  Salisbury,  and  soon  after  was 
translated  to  York.  He  published  six  occa- 
sional sermons,  besides  a  sensible  letter  on 
theological  study,  whieh  was  edited  in  one 
vol.  Svo,  1S03,  with  his  life.  He  died  in  1773 
leaving  only  three  of  several  children  by  his 
wife,  daughter  of  Peter  Auriol,  a  London 
merchant. 

Drury,  Robert,  was  shipwrecked  1762,  in 
the  Degrave  East  Indiaman,  on  the  south 
side  of  Madagascar,  where  he  remained  iu 
slavery  \5  years.  On  his  return  he  publish- 
ed, 17-29,  a  very  interesting  account  of  that 
uncivilized  country,  whicli,  though  extraor- 
dinary, is  considered  as  accurate,  as  it  cor- 
responded witii  th.e  papers  of  ^Ir.  Benbow 
who  shared  tlie  calamity.  Three  only  wkh 
Drury  escaped  tlie  ferocity  of  the  natives. 

DuuRY,  J)ru,  a  jeweller  iu  the  Strand, 
London,  better  known  as  fellow  of  the  Lin- 
n?;an  society,  fiiid  as  a  naturalist,  and  an  in- 
defatigable coliector  of  curiosities..  He  itied 
Jan.  1804,  and  after  his  death  there  were 
found  in  the  neck  of  liis  bUulder  three  large 
oval  stones,  more  tlian  tv.o  inches  long,  and 
one  deep,  nearly  two  ounces  in  Mcight.  He 
wrote  three  volumes  on  insects.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  he  was  descended  from  Dru  Dru- 
ry a  well  known  character  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth. 

Drusii.la,  Livia,  daughter  of  Germani- 
cus,  disgraced  herself  by  her  incestuous  com- 
merce with  lier  bro'Jier  Caligula.  She  died 
38  A.  D.  aged  29. 

Dru  SI  us,  John,  a  learned  protcstant, 
born  atOuib.nard  1555.  He  waseducateTl  at 
Ghent  and  Louvain,  and  upon  his  father's 
settlement  jn  England  came  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  leJlriicd  Hebrew.  His  return  to 
France  was  prevented  by  the  Bartholnmev/ 
massacre,  and  he  went  by  invitation  to  Ox- 
ford, wliere  he  became  professor  of  the  ori- 
ental languages  for  four  years,  thoug'i  only 
22.     lie  afterwards  studied  law  at  Louvaiii, 


1)R 


DR 


niid  seUlfcd  at  Lcydcn  as  professor  of  oriental 
langnaj;es,  wlicrc  he  inarrud,  and  then  re- 
moved ill  15S5,  in  conse(|U<-m:e  of  llic  scimti- 
ncss  (dhis  salai"}',  lo  FraiickcT,  u  here  In--  Id- 
led tlie  professor's  chair  with  great  creililiill 
hisdeatiiin  iCtO.  Fie  \iasv(  ry  learned  in  He- 
brew, ami  ill  the  Ji'wish  uNtinnilies,  :ind  the 
text  of  the  old  testament,  as  his  works  fully 
evince.  He  had  two  danj^ht<'rs  aiid  one  smi. 
One  of  ihe  danghters  iiiariied  Curi.mdei-  wlio 
•wrote  the  life  (jf  his  father-in-law.  His  son 
\vas  so  well  skilled  in  the  learned  langHage;;, 
that  he  could  write  at  12  extempore  in  vi.  rse 
and  prose,  and  at  17  he  made  a  Latin  speech 
to  James  I.  which  was  much  applauded.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  21,  of  the  stone.  He  left 
some  learned  works,  so  excellent  that  Sca- 
liger  declared  that  Drnsius  (he  son  knew  f  le- 
hrcw  better  than  his  father. 

Drusus,  son  of  Germanicus,  was  put  to 
death  l)y  Tiberius  through  (he  intrigues  of 
Sejanus,  A.  1).  9r>. 

Drusus,  M,  Livius,  an  anjbitious  Koman, 
murdered  for  his  attempts  to  recommend 
and  enforce  tlie  agrarian  law,  IJ.  C.  190. 

Drusus,  Nero  Claudius,  brother  of  the 
emperor  'I'lberiiis,  was  lionored  with  a  tri- 
umph for  his  victories  in  Germany,  and  died 
B.  C.  91,  aged  30. 

Drvsvs,  son  of  Tiberius  and  Vipsania, 
was  banished  by  the  intrigues  of  Sejanus, 
•whom  in  a  fit  of  resentment  he  had  si.ruck, 
AD.  23. 

Drvaxder,  John,  aphysician  and  matlie- 
raatician  of  Wcttcren  in  Hesse,  lecturer  at 
Marpurg,  wliere  he  died  20th  Dec.  1560. 
]-Iis  works  are  valuable  on  medicine  and 
mathematics,  and  his  discoveries  in  astrono- 
liiy  and  his  invention  of  mathematical  iustru- 
))ients  are  important. 

Drydex,  John,  an  illustrious  English  po- 
et, was  bora  of  a  very  respectable  family  at 
Aldwincle  near  vJundlc,  Northampton.'ihire, 
(he  9th  of  Aug.  1G31.      He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  under  Busby,  and   at  Trinii.y 
college,  Cambridge.      He  early  gave  proof  nf 
superior  poetical  abilities,  and  even  while  at 
schcol  translated  the  third  satire  of  Pei'siu.<;, 
and  wrote  a  poem  on  (be  death  of  lord  Hast- 
ins:s.     In  1658  he  Dubiished  heroic  stanzas  on 
Cromwell,  and  in  1660,  Astrea  redux,  on  the 
restoration  of  <Jharles  H.     In   1662   hi;  ad- 
dressed  a   poem    to   ch.ancellor   Hyde,  and 
publislied  his  satire  on  tiie  Dutch.      In  1666 
appeared  his  Aniius-mirablis,  and  inl66S,  he 
was,  pn  the  death   of  Davcnant,  api)ointed 
poet  laureat  and  historiographer  to  the  king. 
He  next  wrote  his  essay  on  dramatic  poetry, 
inscribed  to  the  earl  of  Dorset,  and  in   1669, 
appeared  his  Ih-i-t  play  '*  The  wild  gallant," 
which  was  not  well  leccivcd,  but  ill  sr.ccess 
ilid   not  however  discourage  him,  as  in  the 
space  of  25  years  he  produced  27  plays.     He 
was  satirized  an<l  ridiculed,  in  1671,  uuder  the 
character  of  Bays  in  the  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham's comedy  of  the  llehearsal,   an  attack 
which  he  aftected  (o  despise,  but  wliicli  he 
fully  resented  by  representing  the  duke  as 
Zimri  in   his  Absalom  and   Achitophcl.     In 
16~0  he  nnblished  wit!'  loiJ  >.] nigra ve  his  c^- 


say  on  satir**,  hut  as  it  reflected  on  tiie  cha- 
racter of  the  duchess  of  Portsmouth  and  lord 
Kocluster,  (hree  men  were  hired  soundly  to 
cudgel  him  for  his  insolence,  in  ^^  ills' coffee- 
house ('ovcnt  gar»len.       In   I6S()  he  was  con- 
cerned in  the  translation  of  bome  of  Ovid's 
ei)islles,  and  (he  next  year  he  published  his 
celebrated  j)Oem  Absalom  and  Achitophcl,  in 
which  he  saiirized  severely   tli'.-  rebels  who 
espf)used  tin"  cause  of  Monmouth  against  the 
king.      Ihc  king  ai)iieared  under  (he  name  of 
David,  Monmouth  «(f  .\li:;;doiii,  Shaftesbury 
ol'  Achitophel,   and  Buckingham    of  Zimri- 
This  poem  was  deservedly  popular,  and  was 
translated  into  Latin  Terse  by  both  Dr.  Cow- 
ard and  the  famous  Alterbiiiy,    but  the  au- 
thor never  could  be  i)ersuadc<l  to  finish  the 
story,  as  he  w^.s  unwilling  to  shew  Absalom 
unfortunate.       A    second   part   indeed    was? 
written  by  Tate  to  whicli  Dry  den  contributed 
about  200  lines,  but  far  inferior  to  the  first. 
In  1681  appeared  the  Medal,  a  satire  against 
sedition,  in  conserpicnce  of  Shafte.sbury's  ac- 
quittal, and  the  next  year  Heligio  laici  was 
published,   and  in    1683  the  tragedy   of  the 
duke  of  Guise,  which  proved  so  offensive  to 
the  whigs.     The  translation  of  Maimbourg'i? 
history  of  the  league  was  published  in  1684, 
and  the  next  year  Dryden  changed  his  reli- 
gion to  please  his  patron  James  II.     His  con- 
duct deservedly  exposed  him  to  the  ridicule 
and  satire  of  the  wits  of  the  times,  and  par- 
ticularly T.  Browne,  Burnet  and  Stillingflcet, 
whose  attacks  he  wished  to  repel  by  defend- 
itig  the  Romish  faith.     His  Hind  and  Panther 
was  published  iu  1687,  but  while  he  repre- 
sents the  church  of  Rome  under  the  former 
beast,  and    under  the  latter  the  church  of 
England,  he  betrays  weakness  of  argument, 
and  a  gross  abuse  of  poetical  talents,  and  hi? 
ridiculous    allusions    are    well    and  humor- 
ously  exposed    in    "  the   hind  and  panther 
transversfcd  to  the  story  of  the  country  mouse 
and   city   mouse,"  by  the  united    labors  of 
Montague  lord  Halifax,  and  of  Prior.       The 
Britannia  i-edivlva  appeared  in  1688,   and  ou 
that  year  the  poet,  in  consequence  of  his  re- 
ligion, was  removed  from  the  appointment  of 
laureat,   wliich  was  bestowed  on  ShadwelJ. 
Lord  Dorset  however  behaved    with   great 
liberality,  and  while  as  chamberlain   he  dis- 
missed tlie  catholic  poet,  he  allowed  a  pen- 
sion out  of  his  own  pocket  equivalent  to  the 
royal  salary.      The  spleen  of  Dryiien  on  this 
occasion  was  discharged  with  astonishing  ef- 
ficacy on  his  successor  iu  the  Mac  Flccknoe, 
a  satire,  the  severest  that   has  appeared  in 
any    cciuntry   or  language.     About  this  time 
he  translated  father  Bouhour's  life  of  XaviiT, 
and  in  1693,  he  published  tlie  Juvenal  of  Per- 
sius,  assisted  by  some  of  his  friends.     In  1695 
he  translated  in  prose  du    Fresnoy's  art  of 
painting,  aiu!  two  years  after  his  Virgil  ap- 
peared, a  work  which  has  in  various  editions 
continued  to  commandthe  public  admiration, 
and  which,  as  Pope  observes,  isr.otwithstand- 
ing  some  human  errors  the  most  noble  and 
spirited  traiislation  in  any  language.     In  1098 
he   published  his  fables  ancient  and  modern 
from  llumer^.  Ovid,  Boceace,  and  Chaucer. 


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iiesiJes  these  luancrous  v oiks  he  was  enga- 
ged in  the  translation  of  some  of  Plutarch's 
lives   and  various  other  niiscellrinies.     This 
great  man  died  in  consequence  of  the  inflam- 
mation in  his  foot  ra'ised  hy  the  growing  of 
his  nail  under  the  flesh,  May  the  1st,  1701, 
and  he  was  interred  in  Westminster  abbey, 
'•where  a  monument  was  erected  over  his  re- 
mains by  John   Shefiield   duke  of  Uucking- 
ham.     He  had  married  lady  Elizabeth  How- 
ard daughter  of  the  earl  of  Berksliirc,  who 
survived  him  eight  years,  by  whoiu  he  had 
three  sons,  Charles,  John,  and  Henry.      The 
eldest  was  usher  of  the  palace  to  pope  Cle- 
ment n.  and  soon  after  his  retiirn  to  England 
•was  drowned  in  the  Thames  near  "Windsor 
170i.     He    had  written  .some  pieces.     John 
•was  the  author  of  "  tl)e   husband  liis   own 
cuckold,"  a  comedy   printed   1096.     Henry 
entered  into  a  religious  order.     It  is  said  in 
"Wilson's  memoirs  of Congreve,  that  Dryden's 
remains  were  indecently  insulted  by  Jefferies 
the   dissipated   son   of  the  chancellor,   who 
upon  the  pretence  of  paying  greater  h on oi- 
to  the  deceased  poet,  stopped  the  funeral  in 
the  midst  of  the  procession,  and  afterwards 
disdainfully  left  it  to  the  care  of  an  underta- 
ker.    Hryden's   character  as  a  prose   writer 
is  as  veil  established  as  that  of  a  poet.      His 
fledications,   essays,   prefaces,   ?vc.  are  very 
elegant  and  masterly  productions,  and  display 
great   powers   of  judgment,    criticism,    and 
erudition.     His  ])oems  prove  him  one  of  the 
i^'catest  poets  of  his  country,  and  as  Cougreve 
.says,  no  man  has  written  in  any  language,  so 
much  and  so  various  matter,  and  in  so  vari- 
ous manners,  so  wcVi.       His  ode  on  St.  Ceci- 
lia's day,  and  liis  fables,  though  composed  in 
the   latter  part   of   life,  show  him    in   ima- 
gination and  fire  even  greater  than  himself. 
l''or  the  correctness  of  his  prose  he  owned 
liimself  indebted  to  the  frequent  I'cading  of 
Tiriotson's  excellent  writings.     His  dramatic 
tvorks  are  perliaps  tlie  least  vahuible  of  his 
poetry,  and  he  confesses  himself  to  be  not  ve- 
i-y  fit  for  that  sort  of  writing  in  w  Inch  his  prede- 
cessors had  shone  so  superior  to  liimself.  The 
great  fault  and  ]>robablj'  the  oidy  fault  which 
criticism  can  observe  in  his  works  is  the  as- 
tonishing  rapidity  with  which  he  composed, 
■which  consequently  prevented  correctness, 
and  all  t4ic  accuracy  which  must  arise  from 
frequent  meditation  and  impartial  revision. 
If  he  had  \s  ritten  but  the  tenth  part  of  what 
lie  has  published,  his  name  would  have  stood 
liigh  in  the  list  ot  fame,   and  if  he  had  ap- 
plied himself  only  to  one  species  of  tlie  vari- 
ous subjects  on  which  he  has  treated,  still  he 
would  have  appeared  a  most  respectable  and 
eminent  author  entitled  to  preference  and 
distinction.     Dr.  Johnson's  critique  on  Dry- 
den  is  well  worth  the  most  attentive  perusal. 

DuAUEN,  Francis,  a  French  civilian,  born 
at  St.  lirienne  in  Bretagne  1509.  He  taught 
civil  law  at  Bourges,  where  he  died  1559. 
His  works,  which  arc  chiefly  on  law,  were 
publi.shed  in  his  life  time,  Lyons  1.55-i,  nnd 
after  his  death  a  moi'e  complete  edition  ap- 
peared by  his  scholar  Cisner  1579-  I 

D  V  3  o  CA  c  E,  Mary  Anne  le  Page,  a  French  | 


lady,  horn  at  Rouen  1710,  She  early  dis- 
played her  poetical  powers  by  a  spirited 
translation  into  French  of  Pope's  temple  of 
fame,  atid  afterwards  of  Milton's  paradise 
lost,  and  of  the  death  of  Abel.  Her  Ama- 
zons, a  ti'agedy,  w  as  received  with  flattering 
applause  in  1749,  and  soon  after  her  Colum- 
I)iud,  an  ej)ic  poem  in  10  cantos  on  the  dis- 
covery of  America,  proved  her  to  be  ani- 
mated by  the  strongest  fire  of  the  muses. 
She  \tul)lishe<I  besides,  her  ti'avels  through 
England,  Holland,  and  Italy,  in  the  form  of 
letters,  and  also  tlie  composition  which  ob- 
tained the  first  prizt^  granted  by  the  Kouen 
academy  in  1746.  She  was  member  of  the 
learned  academies  of  Rome,  Bologna,  Pa- 
dua, Lyons,  Rouen,  &.c.  and  died  August 
1 80 J.  Her  works  were  collected  in  three 
vols.  Lvons. 

Dunois,  "William  du,  a  Fi-ench  prelate, 
son  of  an  apothecary  at  Limosin.  Though 
originally  but  a  valet  in  St.  Michael's  college, 
Paris,  he  rose  to  consequence  hy  the  influ- 
ence of  the  regent  Orleans,  to  whom  he  was 
reader,  and  afterwards  preceptor,  and  whom 
he  ably  supported  in  all  his  schemes  of  licen- 
tious pleasure,  and  of  Mild  ambition.  In 
1693  he  obtained  the  rich  abbey  of  St.  Just, 
and  afterwards  became  counsellor  of  state, 
and  in  1717,  passed  as  ambassador  to  Eng- 
land to  sign  the  triple  alliance.  He  was  next 
appointed  minister  and  secretary  of  state, 
presciited  to  the  archbishopric  of  Cambray, 
in  1721  made  a  cardinal,  and  in  1722  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  prime  minister.  He  died 
1723,  aged  07,  leaving  behind  him  the  una- 
miable  character  of  a  mean  intriguing  politi- 
cian, of  an  immoral  priest,  and  a  designing 
hypocrite. 

l)uB0  3  s,  Dorothea,  daughter  of  Annesley, 
afterwards  earl  of  Anglesea,  hy  Anne  Syrap- 
son,  married  a  musician,  and  endeavored  by 
her  writings  to  reclaim  her  rights  and  privi- 
leges from  her  father,  who  had  meanly  «le- 
nied  his  marriage  with  her  mother,  and  dis- 
owned lier  as  his  child.  She  wrote  the  di- 
vorce, a  mu.4cal  entertainment, — and  Theo- 
dora, a  novel,  two  vols.  1770,  in  Avhich  she 
deline.'ites  her  unfortunate  history.  She  died 
at  Dulilin  1774. 

Dubois,  Simon,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
who  came  to  England,  where  he  met  great 
encouragement.  His  battles,  cattle,  &c.  were 
highly  finished.     He  died  170S. 

D I'  R  o  s,  Charles  I'l-ancis, a  Frenchmau,  au- 
thor of  the  life  of  Barillon  bishop  of  Lucon. 
He  continued  the  jjucon  conferences  in  17 
vols.  12mo.  and  died  1724,  dean  of  St.  Lucon, 
aged  CiS. 

DuBos,  Jf*hn  Baptist,  abbot  of  Re  sons, 
died  1742,  aged  72.  He  Avrote  critical  re- 
flections on  poetry  and  painting,  two  vols. 
12mo.  critical  history  of  the  establishment 
of  the  French  monarchy  in  Gaul,  besides 
soK.e  j)oliticaI  ]>ieces,  kc. 

DuBos,  Jerome,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
representation  of  hell  was  finished  with  such 
ef^'ct  that  it  struck  astxmishment  and  terror 
into  tlic  spectators.  IFc  lived  in  tlie  begin- 
ning of  the  iClh  century. 


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DL-nouciiEu,  Matthew,  a  n:\tive  of  Dak, 
•who  piibhsht-'il  some  hiw  tracts,  besides  a 
l)Ocm  on  friciulship,  a  drama,  and  an  opera 
ill  three  acts.     lie  died  I. SOI. 

DuRUAir,  or  DuRRAvius  ScALA,  John, 
bishop  of  Ohiuilz  in  Moravia,  Avas  born  at 
Piltzen  in  Bohemia,  and  dic<l  I55J.  He  was 
einpU)}'ed  as  ambassador  in  Silesia,  and  uas 
the  author  of  some  learned  works,  especially 
a  valuable  history  of  IJohemia,  in  33  bonks, 
edited  1575,  and  afterwards  improved  Frank- 
fort 1688. 

Due,  Fronton dn,  FrontoDiicccns,  a  Jesuit 
of  IJ<Jurdeaux,  well  known  as  a  learned  critic 
:uid  an  excellent  <jit;ek  scholar.  Me  devot- 
ed his  time  to  study,  devotion,  and  absti- 
nence. He  is  the  editor  of  CIirysostf)m's 
work,  six  vols.  fol.  1613, — three  volumes  of 
controversy, — of  the  history  tragiqiie  de  la 
puci'Ue  d'Orleans,  &cc.  He  died  of  tlie  stone 
at  Paris  27th  September  16'24.  A  stone 
weighing  five  ounces  was  found  in  liis  blad- 
der. 

Due,  John  Ic,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  1036, 
at  the  Hague,  where  he  was  director  of  the 
academy  of  painting.  He  was  the  disciple 
of  Pai;l  Potter,  and  equalled  his  master  in 
execution. 

J)uCAREL,,  Andrew  Coltee,  a  learned  an* 
tiquarian,  born  at  Greenwich,  1714,  and  ed- 
i;cated  at  Eton,  and  St.  Jolm's  college,  Ox- 
ford,   where   he   took  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  became  member  of  Doctor's  Commons 
1743,  and  married   1749.     In    1757   he  was 
made  Lambeth  librarian  under  the  primate 
Hutton,   and  he  devoted  himself  with  great 
care  and  assiduity  in  perfecting  and  improv- 
ing the  catalogues  of  that  valuable  collection. 
Of  all  his  preferments  that  which  pleased 
liim  most  was  his  commissariate  of  St.  Cath- 
arine's,  of  which  peculiar  he   has   given  a 
very   elaborate  history,   with  beautiful  en- 
gravings.   He   was   so  devoted  to  the  pur- 
suit of  antiquities,  that  he  generally  travelled 
every  year  in  company  v,  ith  his  friend  Sam- 
uel Gale  esquire,   witli  a  Camden's  Britan- 
nia and  a  set  of  maps,   and   by   proceeding 
about  15  miles  a  day,   enjoyed  the  opportu- 
nity of  examining  every  place  with  leisure 
and  accuracy.     He  was  a  very  cheerful  and 
hospitable   man,    and  of   his   knowledge  of 
antiquities  the   best  specimen  is  his   history 
of  Croydon  palace,  and  of  Lambeth,  l)esi(!cs 
the  account  of  Doctor's  Commons,  whicl*  he 
did   not  live   to  complete.     Ho  died    tlir(;e 
«lavs  after  his  return  from  his  visitation  as 
official   of  Canterburv,   at  South  Lambeth, 
aged  72,  29th  May  1785. 

DucART,  Isaac,  a  flower  painter,  born  at 
Amsterdam.  He  painted  generally  on  satin, 
and  with  extraordinary  e^le^.•t.    He  died  1  {Vj7, 

aged  07. 

DuCAS,  Michael,  a  Creek  historian,  au- 
thor of  a  histoiy  of  the  Grecian  empire  from 

Andronicus  th<.'  elder  to  the  fall  of  the  em- 
pire. Though  his  language  is  harsh  and  in- 
elegant, yet  he  relates  \vith  accuracy  and  im- 

pailiality.     The    work    was   printed   at  the 

Louvre,  fol.  1049,  and  tra-nTjlatc^l  by  Cousin 

into  Frcncli  107£* 


DuciiAL,  .Tames,  a  dissenting  mlniateCF 
born  in  Ireland  1097,  and  educated  at  Glas- 
gow, where  he  took  the  degree  of  D.D.  Af- 
ter being  11  years  minister  of  a  dissenting 
congreg.ilion  at  (Janibridgv,  on  the  removal 
of  his  friend  Abernetby  from  Antrim,  he 
succeeded  him  there,  and  at  his  death  was 
chosen  minister  of  the  congjegation  in 
Wood-street,  Dublin.  He  died  1701.  In 
the  decline  of  life  he  w  rote  above  70(J  ser- 
mons, out  of  which  were  selected  the  three 
vols.  Svo.  published  1704.  During  his  life  he 
published  a  volume  of  sermons. 

DuCH  ANGE,Gaspaid,aFrench  engraver, 
who  died  0th  January  1757,  aged  97.  After 
engaging  on  the  engraving  of  Leda,  lo,  and 
Daiiae,  without  draperies,  he  executed  the 
driving  of  the  money  changers,  and  tho 
Pharisee's  supper,  'i'he  palaces  of  France 
are  adorned  with  the  best  of  his  pieces. 

DucHAT,  Jacob  le,  a  Frencliman,  born  at 
Metz  1658.  He  followed  the  profession  of 
the  bar  till  the  revocation  of  ihe  edict  of 
Nantes,  and  in  1701,  he  settled  at  Berlin, 
where  he  died,  1735.  He  was  learned,  and 
he  is  known  rather  as  an  e<!itor  than  aiv 
author.  He  edited  the  Menippean  satires^ 
the  works  of  Rabclai-s,  &c.  and  contributed 
much  to  the  completion  of  his  friend  Basle's 
dictionary.  A  book  called  Ducatiana  ap- 
peared at  Amsterdam  1738,  two  vols.  12mo. 
DucHATEi.,  Gaspard,  a  deputy  in  the 
French  convention,  celebrated  for  liis  able 
and  manly  defence  of  the  unfortunate  Lewis 
XVI.  These  honorable  efforts  in  the  cause 
of  innocence  were  regarded  by  the  tyrants 
with  envy,  and  Duchatcl  falely  accused  of 
holding  a  treasonable  correspondence  Avith 
the  Vendean  rebels,  was  guillotine;*  Xovem- 
ber  1793. 

DucH  AT  elet-d'Haraucourt,  Lewis 
Marie  Florent  due,  a  native  of  Saumur,  who 
became  colonel  in  the  French  army,  and 
was  one  of  the  deputies  in  the  national  as- 
sembly. He  was  imprisoned  for  his  attach- 
ment to  his  royal  master  on  the  10th  August, 
and  fell  on  tlie  scaffold  November  1792,  aged 
00.  He  leu  memoirs  of  his  uoission  as  am- 
bassador in  England,  lately  published. 

Duche'  de  Vancv,  Joseph  Francis,  a 
French  poet  born  at  Paris  29th  October 
1008.  He  was  patronised  by  Madame  de 
Maintenon,  and  he  engaged  and  insured 
universal  respect  by  the  mildness  of  his 
manners,  his  iiiofTensive  conduct,  and  his 
genuine   Avit,   never  directed  again-st  virtue 


or  religion 


He  Avas  member  of  the  academy 
of  inscriptioiir,  and  belies  letties,  and  died 
Ktli  December  1704,  aged  37.  He  Avrotc 
three  tragedies,  Jonathan,  Absalom  and  De- 
borah, besides  ballets  and  pieces  for  the  ope- 
rfi,  which  had  great  merit,  and  were  receiv- 
ed with  universal  applause.  liis  hymns, 
sacre<l  canticles,  and  edifying  stories,  com- 
posed for  the  pupils  at  St.  Cyr,  possess  great 
excellence. 

Duck,  Arthur,  a  civilian  born  in  DcAxn- 
sliire  1580,  and  educated  at  Exeter  coiloge, 
and  Hart-hali,  Oxford.  lie  became  fellow 
of  AU'S'.'i'"!,  a;i'l  trok  hi*'  dogref"-'  in  lc.r>\  and^ 


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after  travelling  through  France,  Italy,  and 
Germany,  he  was  made  chancellor  of  Bath 
and  Wells,  afterwards  of  London,  and  then 
master  of  the  requests.  He  suffered  much 
during  the  civil  wars  for  his  attachment  to 
the  royal  family,  and  died  in  his  retirement 
at  Chiswick  1G4G.  He  wrote  vita  Henrici 
Chichele,  bcc. — &  de  usu  et  authoritate  juris 
civilis  Romanorum""  in  dominiis  principium 
Chrisiianorum,  an  useful  book,  often  reprint- 
ed. 

Duck,  Stephen,  a  poet  of  extraordinary 
fortune,    who   from  a  thresher  became   the 
respectable   minister  of  a  parish.     Though 
little  blessed  with  education,  he  was  natural- 
ly endowed   with  a  strong  mind  and  perse- 
vering temper;  and  at  the  sgeof  24he  began 
to  apply  himself  laboriously  to  the  acquisition 
of  knowledge,  and  devoted  to  retired  study 
those  (ew  hours  which  he  could  spare  from 
the  active  and  menial  occupatiojtof  a  servant. 
By  little   and  little  he   purchased  a  few  and 
necessary  books,  and,  with  a  scanty  libraiy, 
and  great  application,  he  became  something 
of  a  poet   and  of  a  philosopher.     The  lines 
of  Milton  enriched  his  imagination,  and  the 
correctness  of  Addison's  Spectators  improv- 
ed his  understanding,  and  helped  him  in  the 
regular  disposition  of  his  thoughts.     By  do- 
grees  his  poetical  atten^pts  became  respecta- 
ble, and,  by  being  reported  iu  his  neighbor- 
hood, were  made  known  to  some  of  the  cler- 
gy, and  at  last  to  queen  Caroline,  who,  pleas- 
ed with  him,  settled  a  pension  of  30/.  upon 
him,  and  thus  enabled  him  not  only  to  live 
independently,    but   to  take   orders;    after 
which  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of  By- 
tiect,  Surry.     In  this  new  office  he  behaved 
U'ith  grc».t  propriety ;  he  was  followed  as  a 
preiicber,  and  respected  as  a  man  ;  but  his 
spirits  sunk  into  a  dreadful  melancholy,  and, 
in   an   unfortunate  moment,   robbed    of  his 
reason,  he  thi-ew  himself  from  a  bridge,  near 
Reading,  into  the  Thames,  and  was  drowned. 
May  or  June  175G.     His  poems  have  been 
published ;    and  though  he   v.-as   not  a  fzrst- 
rate  poet,  yet  he  possessed  merit,  and  de- 
served th.e  censure  of  the  cynical  SwiJt. 

DuCLOS,  Charles  Dineau,  historiograplicr 
•f  France,  and  secretary  co  the  French 
academy,  was  born  at  Dinant,  in  Bretagnc, 
1705,  and  eilucated  at  Paris.  In  174-i  he  v  as 
mayor  of  Dinant,  and  in  1755  received  a 
patent  of  nobility,  and  died  '2Gth  March  1772, 
respected  and  beloved.  Though  consider- 
ed as  O'le  of  the  philosophei's  of  France,  he 
l>rovcd  bv  his  conduct,  writings  and  conver- 
sation, that  he  wa';  moderale  in  his  opinions 
and  the  friend  of  morality  and  virtue.  He 
nev»;r  published  any  thing  as  hirttoiiograjdier, 
anfl  (»bserved,  that  lie  never  would  riiiu  him- 
self by  .speaking  truth,  nor  debase  himself  bv 
flatfery.  His  history  of  Lewis  X^^  was,  af- 
ter his  dcatl),  lode:ed  in  the   hands   of  the 


little  in  his  delineation  of  characters,  and  the 
interest  of  his  narative.  He  was  also  engaged 
iu  the  dictionary  of  the  academy,  and  in  the 
continuation  of  the  history  of  that  society. 

Duct.os,  Mary  Ann,  a  P'rench  actress,  of 
great  merit,  horn  at  Paris.  She  excelled 
chiefly  in  the  representations  of  queens  and 
princesses,  and  for  many  years  engaged  the 
public  applause.  Her  maiden  name  Avas 
Chateauneuf;  that  of  Duclos  was  assumed; 
and  she  married,  in  1730,  Duchemin,  aii 
actor,  from  m hom  she  was  divorced  three 
years  after.     She  died  at  Paris  1748,  aged  78. 

DuCREUx,  N.  a  native  of  Paris,  eminent 
as  a  painter.  He  was  at  Vienna  to  take  por- 
traits of  the  imperial  family.  He  died  at 
Paris  of  an  apoplexy,  ISOti,  aged  64, 

DucROisv,  Philibert  Gassaud,  a  French 
actor,  intimate  with  Molierc.  It  was  for 
him  that  the  poet  "wrote  the  excellent  char- 
acter of  his  TartufFe. 

DudeffaihT,  N.  a  French  lady,  well 
known  in  Paris  for  her  knowledge  of  criti- 
cism, her  elegant  taste,  and  her  pleasing  and 
agreeable  manners.  She  was  acquainted 
with  all  the  learned  men  of  the  times,  who 
frequented  her  house.  She  died  1780,  aged 
84,  the  last  thirty  of  which  siie  had  been 
blind. 

Duditji,   Andrew,    a    divine,    born    at 
Buda,  in  Hungaiy,  fitli  February  1533,  and 
employed  by  Ferdinand   II.  in  affairs  of  im- 
portance, and   rewarded  with  the  bishopric 
of   Tina,   in   Dalmatia.     He  was  a   man  of 
great  learning,  and  of  such  application  that 
be  is    said  to  have   transcribed  three  times 
the  works  of  Cicero,   to  make  himself  per- 
fect  master    of  his  style  and   manner.     He 
was  deputy  at  the  council  of  Trent,  wliere 
he    became    intimate    v.ith   cardinal   Pole  ; 
and  at  his  retu)'n  he  embraced   the  protest- 
ant    religion,    resigned     his   bishopric,    and 
married  one  of  the  queen's  niaids  of  honor, 
by  Avhom  he  had  a  son,  who  gave  him  great 
trouble.     After  her  death  he  married  a  sec- 
ond time,  and  died  23d  February  1589.     His 
works  on  physic,  controversy,  and    poetry, 
are  numerous,  and  possess  merit.     He   Mas 
a  man  of  great  luildncss,  benevolence,  and 
regularity. 

Dun  LEY,  Edmun<l,  a  celebrated  laAvycr 
and  statesman,  born  in  liCy.i,  of  a  respecta- 
ble family.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
and  removed  to  Cray's  inn;  and  he  became 
so  resjiectable  for  his  knowledge  of  law,  and 


minister.  His  v/orks  arc,  romances,  ingeni- 
ous and  intercitiug — tlie  confessions  of  count 
*** — the  baj'oncss  de  Luz — history  of  Lewis 
XI.  3  vols.  l'2mo. — memoirs  on  the  manners 
offhelSth  century — .VcajoUjkc.  Though  he 
took  Tacitus  for  his  model,  he  rcccmbles  him 


for  his  general  informatioji,  that  Henry  "S'll. 
admitted  him  of  the  privy  council,  and  made 
him  one  of  hisfivorites.    In  1494  lie  married 
Elizab(>lh  Grey,  daughter  of  viscotmt  I'Jsle. 
In  I50i  he  was  speaker  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons,  and  two  years  after  he  obtained  the 
stewardship  of   tlie  rape  of  Hastings.     His 
services  to  his  master  were  jiumerous  ;  and 
it  is  said  that  Henry,  to  fill  his  coffers,  used 
this  art  fid  favorite,  who,   little  regardless  of 
conscience    or   of  reputation,   joined    with 
Fiinpson  to  oppress  and   harass  the  people, 
and   by  various   methods    of   influence,    in- 
trigue, or  tenor,  extorted   gi'eat   fines  and 
ransoms,  10  that,   according  to  Bacon,  thej^' 


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fiirneJ  law  iiikI  juf.licc  to  wormwooil  and 
rapine.  This  comJuct,  liowuvcr,  ilitl  net 
pass  unpuiiisliril.  llcmy  was  scarce  in  liis 
j^ravc  l)ol"i>r«;  tin-  pnldii;  iiidi.^iKiiioti  c:iI1(mI  fur 
rhc  puuibhmciU  ol"  his  wicked  and  corrupt 
ministers  ;  und  Empson  and  Dudley  were 
both  yieldetl  up  l»y  Ifciiry  Vllf.  ;uul  ii[\cv 
1)eing  aU:iiii<cd  and  convirtcd  ol  high  trea- 
sfon,  they  lost  their  luadson  Towcrhill,  I81I1 
^Nugust  Ifilo.  Durin;^  Ills  imprisonment  in 
the  'i'owei',  Dudley  wrote  "the  tree  of  the 
commonwcallh,  by  Kdmund  Dudley,  esq. 
late  rounsellor  to  llcury  VII.  the  same  l^d- 
munrl  bein«>-  al  the  coni[»ihng  thereof  pris- 
oner in  the  'I'ower,  1  ilenry  Vill."  It  is 
still  in  manuscript. 

Duui.E  V,  John,  sou  of  llic  above,  baron 
Malpas,  \iscount  I'lsle,  earl  of  Warwick,  and 
duke  of  NorLhumberland,  was  born  iu  15U2. 
He  was    restoreil  in  blood    from    the  igno- 
miuious  attainder  of  his  father,  and  soon  be- 
came known  at  court  as  the   friend   of  Suf- 
folk, of  >Vols3y,  and  of  Cromwell,  and  as 
the   favorite  of  the  king.     Henry,   pleased 
•with   tlje   versatility  of  his  talents,  created 
him  viscount  risle,  and  knigUt  of  the  garter, 
and  afterwards,   for  bis  many  services  and 
}»is  great  courage,  appointed  him  high  admi- 
ral  for  life.     He    also    received    impoi'tant 
grants  of  church  lands,  and   Avas  nominated 
one  of  the    sixteen   e.xecutors   of  the  king's 
Avill.     On   the  death   of  Henry,  Dudley  was 
succeetled    as  high   admiral   by  sir  Thomas 
Seymour,  brother  to  Somerset  the  protec- 
tor ;  but,  as    an   equivalent   for  his   loss   of 
dignity,  he    was   created  earl  of  Warwick, 
and   chamberlain  of  England.     His  military 
abilities  were  now  employed  against  the  in- 
surgents of  Norfolk,  and,  by  a  well  mana- 
ged   negotiation,    instead  of  fighting  them, 
lie  prevailed  upon  them  to  lay  down  their 
arms,  and  to  deliver  up  their  leadei's.     }Iis 
influence  in  the   cabinet   Mas  now  so  great, 
that  the  young  king  confided   much  to    his 
advice  and  authority  ;  he  was  made  duke  of 
Northumberland  ;  and   a  short-lived  recon- 
ciliation was  effected    between  him  and  the 
duke   of  Somerset,  by  the  marriage  of  his 
eldest  son  with  the  latter's  daughter.   Rival- 
.sliip,  however,  could  never  be  extinguished. 
Somerset,  though    uncle  to  the  king,   was 
tried,  condemned  and  executed  foi»    a  pre- 
tended  conspiracy  against  Northumberland. 
The  victorious   but   guilty  favorite  now  suc- 
ceeded to  all  the  honors  of  his  fallen  enemy, 
he    bceame   chancellor    of  Cambridge,   and 
not  only  guided  the  young  king,  but  in  conse- 
quence of  his  weak  state  of  health  determin- 
ed to  raise  his  own  family  to  the   sovereign 
power.     He  with    precipitation    eflectcd    a 
marriage  between  his  fourth  son,  lord  Guild- 
ford  Dudley,  and   lady    Jane    Cray,   eldest 
daughter  of  the  duchess  of  StifTolk,  in  whose 
favor  he  caused  the  yielding  Edward  to  settle 
the  succession     N"o  sooner  had  Edward  expi- 
red than  Jane  was  conveyed  to  the  tower  by 
her  ambitious  father-in-law,  ;:nd  on  the  lOtU 
of  July   pi'ochiimcd  queen.     Submission  to 
these  measures  was  demanded  from  Mary, 
and   v.  hen  the  men  of  Suffolk  rose  up  in  her 


VOL.    f. 


;8 


favor,  Nortli'imbevland  advanced  witji  a  body 
of  troops  to  check  the  insurgents.  Me  sooi^ 
found  however  the  unpopularity  of  his  mea- 
sures, uhin  be  reached  St.  Edmundsbury, 
no  supplic)  arrived  to  support  his  plans,  and 
he  retiretl  to  (Jainbri<lge,  where  seeing  his 
folhjwcrs  deserting  his  stiindard,  he  affected 
attachment  to  Alary,  and  caused  her  to 
be  proclainied  queen,  and  threw  up  his  cap 
into  the  air,  in  sign  of  Joy.  iMary  pleased 
with  her  success  did  not  relent  towards  her 
enemy,  Northumberland  was  arraigned  and 
condemned,  and  he  bjst  his  heail  on  Tower- 
hill,  after  making  a  protession  oi"  the  U(>- 
mish  religion  2'2d  Aug.  1553.  Thus  fell  this 
powerful  subject,  whose  many  virtues  were 
lost  by  a  restless  and  at  last  fi'al  ambition, 
which  swept  away  not  only  him  but  the  in- 
nocent lady  Jane  and  her  virtuous  consort. 
Northumberlaiul  had  eight  sons  aixl  five 
daughters,  some  of  M-hom  died  before  him. 

Dudley,  Ambrose,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  15.30.  He  was  knighted  for  ids 
bravery  against  the  Norfolk  insurgents,  and 
shared  the  condemnation  of  his  unfortunate 
father,  but  was  pardoned  by  the  queen  \5V£. 
In  1557,  he  distinguished  himself  with  his 
two  brothers  Robert  and  Henry,  at  the 
siege  of  St.  Quintin,  and  for  his  gallant  ser- 
vices was  restored  in  blood  by  the  kindness 
of  Mary,  and  was  afterwards  under  Eliza- 
beth created  baron  I'lsle  and  earl  Warwick. 
His  services  to  the  country  were  great,  and 
to  his  honor  it  is  mentioned  that  he  had  no 
share  in  the  intrigues  and  disgraceful  meas- 
ures of  the  times,  and  therefore  was  deser- 
vedly called  "  the  good  earl  of  Warwick.'* 
He  died  in  consequence  of  the  amputation 
of  his  leg  from  a  wound  received  in  his  val- 
iant defence  of  Newhaven  against  the 
French,  Feb.  1589.  Though  three  times 
married  he  left  no  issue. 

Dudley,  Robert,  baron  Denbigh,  earl  of 
Leicester,  son  of  John   duke  of  Northum- 
berland,  and    brother  of  Ambrose    carl   of 
AVarwick,  was   born    153'2.     He   became  a 
favorite   at  the  court   of  Edward,  and    was 
knighted,   and  in    1550,   he  married    Amy 
daughter  of  sir  John  Rohsart.     Under  Mary 
he  tell  into  the  same  disgrace   as  his  lather, 
and  he  was  condemned,    but  by  the  queen's 
favor  pardoned  in   1554,  and  afterw  ards  re- 
stored in  blood.     On  the  accession  of  Eliza- 
beth he   became   a  great  favorite,  and  was 
made  knight  of  the  garter,   master  of  the 
horse,  and  a  privy  counsellor,  and  so  much 
honored  by  the  queen  and  flattered   by    the 
peopl<^,  that  he   was  called    "  the  heart  of 
the  couit."     Though  opposed  in  some  of iiis 
measures  by  the  earl  of  Sussex,  he  yet  shar- 
ed tUe  queen's  tavor,  and  obtained  the  grant 
of  whatever  lands  and  otRces  be   ])Ieaserl,  to 
gi'atify  his  i)ride,  or  the  avarice  of  his  triend.?. 
Elizabeth,  to  siiow  bow  much  she  esteemed 
him,  propo.sed    him   in  marriage  to   Mary 
queen  of  Scots,  with  the  intention  of  admit- 
ting him  to  share  Inr  bed,  if  that  unfortunate 
princess    listened    to   the    prop<t.<;al.      .Mary 
however   rejccJi-d    this  ofler    trom    Dudley, 
who  it  i5  said  <iu  tJie  Sth  of  Se])teii)l(,:- 15(30 


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Iiad  caused  his  ill-fated  -wife  to  be  strangled 
and  thrown  down  a  pair  of  stairs  at  Cumnor 
near  Abingdon,  that   she  might  not  stand  in 
the  way  of  his  criminal  ambition.     In  1564 
he  was  created  earl  of  Leicester  with  unu- 
sual solemnity,  and  to  the  honors  of  chancel- 
lor of  Oxfoitl  and  high  steward  of  Cambridge, 
was  added  tbe  order  of  St.  Michael  from 
the    king  of  France.     About  15T2  he    pri- 
vately married   lady  Douglas  Sheffickl,  but 
though  he  had  h\   her  a  son  whom  he  cal- 
led his  base  ^on,  antl  a   daughter,  he   never 
acknowledged   her  as  his  Avifc,  and  when  he 
Of^poused    lady  Essex,  he,  after   attempting 
in  vain  to  ])acifv  her,  and  to  silence  her  pre- 
tensions to  his   hand   and    heart,  endeavored 
to  cut   her    off  by  poison,  from  \vhich  she 
however  escaped,  with  tlic  loss  of  her  hair 
and  nails.     Wlien  on  her  progress,  Elizabeth 
and  her  suite  were  sumptuously  entertained 
for  17  days  at  Kenihvorth  castle,  Warwick- 
shire, a  mansion  M'hich  the  earl  had  obtain- 
ed from  the   favor  of  his  mistress,  and  had 
cmbelhslicd     at    the    expense    of     6U,000/. 
Thougli  Leicester  stood  so  high  in  the  gra- 
ces of  the  queen,  there  were  not  wanting  at- 
tempts to  destroy   bis  influence  and  conse- 
quence.     Elizabeth   was   highly   displeased 
■with  his  union  with  lady  Essex,  of  which  she 
had  been  for  some  time   kept  ignorant,  and  I 
in  158-i'  a  virulent  attack  was  made   on   the 
iavoi'ite  by  a  work  called  "  Leicester's  com- 
monwealth,"  which   exhibited   him  in   the 
odious  character  of  an  atheist,   a  traitor,  a 
public  oppressor,  and  a  monster  of  ambition, 
cruelty   and  lust.     This  famous  book,   cou- 
Mdered  as  so  hostile  to  overgrown  ministers, 
and  afterwards  republished  to  bring  into  dis- 
grace  the    government    of   Charles   I.   and 
Anne,  w-as  read  with  avidity  by  the  people  ; 
but   Elizabeth  screened    her  favorite   with 
the  shield  of  her  never-ceasing  partiality  and 
esteem.     In  1585  he  went  to  the  Low  Coun- 
tries as  governor,  at  the  request  of  the  dis- 
tracted inhabitants,  but  his  conduct  was  dis- 
pleasing to  the  queen,  and  he  was  recalled, 
and   though  criminated  by  his  enemies  for 
violence  and  maladministration,  he    was  re- 
instated in  the  royal  favor.     In  1588  he  was 
made  lieutenant-general  of  the  army  assem- 
bled atTilbury  to  oppose  the  Spanish  arma- 
da, and  he  there  received  high  and  flattering 
commendation   from   the   queen.     He   died 
Sept.  4th,  1588,  at  Cornbury,  Oxfordshire, 
and  was  buried    with  great  magnificence  at 
Warwick.     This  ambitious  favorite  was  en- 
dowed   with    great    talents  ;    the   influence 
v.hich  he  possessed  over  the  queen  he  main- 
tained  by    his   intrigues  and  duplicity.     He 
aft'ected  regularity  and  piety  to  an  oflensive 
<legi'ee,  but  when  his  views  were  thwarted, 
jieither  virtue  nor  innocence  could  resist  the 
secrecy  of  his  measures,  or  the  perseverance 
of   his    guilt.      Poisoning   was    the  favorite 
recipe  to  which  he  had  recourse  to  remove 
his  enemies  or    rivrJs.     He  left  the  greater 
part  of  his  estates  to  his  base  son  Robert. 

Dudley,  Robert,  son  of  the  earl  of  Lei- 
cester by  lady  Douglas  Sheffield,  was  born 
al  Sheen  in  Surrev  157o.    His  bijth  was 


carefully  concealed  from  the  knowledge  c/ 
queen  Elizabeth,  as  well  as  of  lady  Essex,  to 
whom  the  earl  was  either  betrotlied  or  mar- 
ried.   He  was  sent  to  school  at  Oflinghara  in 
Sussex,  and  removed  to  Christ-church,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  became  known  for  his  many 
mental      and      personal      accomplishments. 
Though  he  inherited   the  better  part  of  his 
father's  estate,   after  the  death  of  his  uncle 
Ambrose,  yet  dissatisfied  with  a  life  of  indo- 
lence,  he  projected  a  voyage  to  the  South 
seas,  which  however  the    government  would 
not  suffer  to  proceed,  till  Nov.  1594.  His  first 
wife  was  the  sister  of  the  famous  Thomas  Ca- 
vendish, and    for  his   second  he  took  Alice 
daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Leigh.     In  1605,  he 
commenced  a  suit  to  prove  the  legitimacy 
of  his  birth,  but  in  this  he   was  opposed  by 
the  lady  dowager  of  Essex,  who  tlireatened 
to  pi'osecute  him  for  a  conspiracy.     Upou 
this  he  retired  to  the  continent,   where  he 
assumed  the  title  of  the  earl  of  Warwick, 
for  Avhich  he  was  summoned  back  to  Eng- 
land,  and  on   his  refusal  his  property  was 
forfeited  to  the  crown  during  his  hfe.     He 
settled  at  Florence,  where  he  was  patron- 
ised by  the  duke  Cosmo  II.  and  by  the  influ- 
ence of  his  consort,  sister  to  the  emperor 
Ferdinand  11.  he  was  created  a  duke  of  the 
Roman  empire,  and  ten  years  after  he  was 
enrolled  by  pope   Urban  VIII.    among  the 
Roman  nobility.    These  high  honors  were 
deserved  by  the  services  which  he  performed 
for    his   patrons.     He  formed  the    plan   for 
draining  the  extensive  morass  between  Pisa 
and   the   sea,  and  by  his  wise  regulations  he 
raised  Leghoi'u  from  an  insignificant  town, 
to  a  respectable  and  populous  sea  port.     He 
lived  in  great  magnificence,  and  to  hie  titles 
assumed    that  of  tluke  of  Northumberland. 
He  died  at  his  castle  of  Corbello,  three  miles 
from  Florence,  Sept.  1659.     In  philosophy, 
chemistry,  and    physic,  he  was  as  eminent 
as  in  politics.     The  account  of  his  voyage  is 
published  in  Hackluyt's  collection,  and    his 
principal  work    besides  is  •*  del  arcano  del 
mare,"  kc.  Florence  1630,  1646.     It  is  very 
valuable  for  its  charts  and  plans,  and  for  pro- 
jects there  oftered  for   the  improvement  ot 
commerce   and   navigation.     He  also  wrote 
a  proposition  to  bridle  the   imi)ertinence  of 
parliaments,   kc.    v  hich  was   submitted    to 
James,  and  which  was  intended  to  pave  the 
recall  of  the  intriguing  author  to  England  ; 
but  instead  of  being  approved  it  drew  upon 
him  the  censure  of  politicians,  and  was  made 
a    charge    of    indirect    accusation     against 
James  and  bis  unfortunate  son.     Though  he 
left  liis  wife  lady  Alice  and    four  daughters 
in  England,  yet  he  afterwards,  by  a  dispen- 
sation froju   the    pope,  married  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  sir  Robert  Southwell,  a  young 
lady  who  had  accompanied  him  in  Ids  exile 
in  the  habit  of  a  page,  and   who  atoned   for 
the  follies  and  the  immodest  conduct  of  her 
youth,  by  the  exemplary  deportment  of    a 
respectable  matron.     By  her  he  had  a  son, 
Charles,    who  Called  himself  earl  of  War- 
wick, and  lour  daughters. 
DuFPET,  Thomas,  froiu  the  professiou 


DU 


DU 


of  a  niifUncr,  rose  to  the  rnnk  of  a  di-a- 
^natic  writer.  He  travestied  IJrydtri,  Sliad- 
^ve\\,  and  Settle,  but  liis  iduys,  which  lor  a 
H-hilc  commanded  the  [xdjlic  attention,  have 
long  since  heen  forj^otten.  His  Moclc  tem- 
pest. Psyche,  Emperors  of  Morocco,  ate 
rnenlioned,  hut  they  lived  for  a  day.  lie 
florished  in  the  I Tth  century,  hut  the  tinje 
of  his  death  is  not  mentioned. 

DuFiins.VK,  Abraham  Alexis  Quinault, 
a  French  actor  of  eminence.  The  noblest 
idiaracters  of  the  theatre  were  exhibited  by 
liim  with  great  success,  but  it  is  remai-ka- 
ablc  that  in  private  life,  he  could  scarce  for- 
get the  authority  which  he  exercised  as  a 
tliontrical  monarch.  He  ilied  17C>7  aged  7-2. 
DuFRESNOY,  Charles  Alplionse,  a  na- 
tive of  Paris,  who  acquiretl  some  emin- 
ence as  a  painter,  and  as  a  poet.  He  died  of 
a  paralytic  stroke  16G.5,  aged  54. 

DuFRESNY,  Charles  l{ivici-e,  a  native  of 
Paris,  called  grandson  of  Henry  IV.  from 
his  great  resemblance  to  that  monarch.  He 
■was  employed  about  the  court,  in  laying  out 
the  garden  and  pleasure  grounds,  and  wiien 
dismissed  he  became  a  diamatic  writer. 
His  works  were  published  in  G  vols.  12mo. 
He  died  very  poor  I7'2i,  aged  80. 

DirCAUD,  William,  son  of  a  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Bromsgrove,  AVorcestershire, 
1606,  and  educated  at  Worcester  school,  and 
Sydney  college,  Cambridge.  About  1631 
he  was  appointed  master  of  Stamford  school, 
and  in  1637  master  of  Colchester  school,  and 
1644  master  of  Merchant  t.-^ylors,*  London. 
He  was  displaced  for  assisting  in  the  print- 
ing of  Salmttsius's  defence,  and  Avas  impri- 
soned in  Newgate,  and  his  wife  and  child- 
ren reduced  to  poverty,  1650.  Upon  his 
release  he  opened  a  private  richool,  the  same 
year,  and  the  following  September  was  rein- 
stated at  Merchant-ta}  lors.'  In  16G2  however 
he  was  ejected  for  the  violation  of  some  of  the 
rules,  and  opened  a  school  in  Coleman-street, 
■where  nc  had  1U3  scholars.  He  was  a  man 
of  grerit  learning,  and  much  and  deservedly 
esteemed  as  a  teacher.  He  died  1682.  His 
"  Lexicon  Grycci  Testamenti"  has  been  im- 
proved and  edited  by  Uowyer.  He  wrote 
besides  a  compendium  of  rhetoric,  a  Greek 
grammar,  a  selection  of  Lucian's  dialogues, 
Sec. 

DuGDALE,  sir  W^illiam,  an  eminent  his- 
torian and  antiquary,  born  at  Shustoke  near 
Coleshill,  Warwickshire,  12th  Sept.  1605. 
He  "was  educated  at  Coventry  grammar- 
school,  and  instructed  by  his  lather  in  civil 
law  and  history.  In  1623  he  murr'ed  at  his 
lather's  request,  and  two  years  after  settled 
at  BIythe-liall  near  ('olcshill,  on  an  estate 
■which  he  purchased.  He  devoted  himself 
deeply  to  the  study  of  antiquities,  and  in 
1638  he  came  to  London,  and  by  the  influ- 
ence of  his  frientls  Hatton  and  Spelman  he 
l)rocuredan  appointment  in  the  Heralds'  of- 
iice.  In  this  favorite  retreat  he  had  the 
means  of  improving  his  collections,  and  by 
the  encouragement  of  sir  Christopher  Hat- 
Ton  he  was  employed  in  taking  draughts  of 
*-he   most  cctehraled  of  the  English   cathe' 


i]ri\\s,  which  were   afterwards  deposited  in 
the    liitiary  of  his  friends.      He    was    with 
(Jhailesat  the  battle  of  K«lge-hill,  and  at  the 
siege  of  O.vlord,     \\here    he    was   in    1012, 
made  .M.  A.     Upon  tli<  reduction  of  Oxford 
he  returned  to  [..ondon,  autl  after  compound- 
ing ior  his  estate  he  a|)piied    hint  self  labori- 
ously with  hi.s  friend  Dodsworth  in  con»plpt- 
ing   their  collecfifjn  from  the  reronls  ot' the 
Tower,  and  other  places.     Of  his  .Monusti- 
con  Anglicanuni  the  first  V(,lunH'   appeared 
in  folio  1655,  the  second  1661,  and  tlie  third 
167.3,  a  cnrious  collection  of  all  the   fonndu- 
tion    charters  of  the  dissolved  monasteries. 
His  antiquities  of  Warwickshire   were  pub- 
lished in  1656,  aftei-the  laborious  researches 
of  20  years,  of  which   valuable  compilation 
a  second  edition   appeared   in    1730    by  Dr. 
Thomas.     His  history   of  St.  Paul's   cathe- 
dral   was   published    in   1658,  and  it  was  af- 
terwards greatly  improved  and  edited  by  Di*. 
Maynard.     At  the  restoration,  he  was  made 
norroy   king  at  arms,  and  in  1677   created 
garter,  and  kndghtcd  by  the  king.     He  died 
at  lilythe-hall,  of  a  cold,   lOth  Feb.  1686,  in 
his  81st   year,  and  was  buried  in  Shustoke 
church,  where  he    had  erected  a  tablet  of 
white    marl)Ic.      With   his   wife,    who  died 
18th   Dec.  1681,  aged  75,  he  lived  59  years, 
and  by  her  he  had  several  children.     One  of 
his  daughters  married  Ash  mole  of  antiqua- 
rian memory,  his  sons  all  died  young  except 
John,  who  was  Windsor  herald,  and  norroy 
king  at  arms,  and  was  kniglitcd,  and  dietl 
Aug.  31st,  1690.     Besidos  the  works  already 
me  n:oned,  sir  Wdliam  wrote  the  history  of 
drainingandembankingfensandmarshe6,"&c. 
republished  1772 — Spdman's  councils  from 
1066  to  1531 — Spelman's   glossarium  archa- 
iologicum,8cc. — origines  juridicales,kc  — the 
baronage  of  England  three  vols.  fol.  whichj 
though  the  labor  of  30  years,  is  not  without 
inaccuracies — a  short  view  of  the  late  trou- 
bles in  England,  &c. — the   ancient  usage  of 
bearing  arms,  kc. — a   perfect  copy  of  the 
summons  of  nobility  to  the   great   council.^, 
&c.     Many  of  his  manuscript  collections,  to 
the  number  of  43  vols,   in  folio,  he  gave  to 
the   university  of  Oxford,   where  thev   are 
now  preserved,  besides  several  books  "to  the 
Heralds'  office,  London. 

DuGOMiEU,  N.  a  French  general,  boivi 
at  Martinico.  In  the  revolution  war  he  was 
appointed  commander  in  Italy,  and  was  af- 
terwards successful  in  retaking  Toulon  from 
the  English.  He  next  was  employed  ar;aiiist 
the  Spaniards,  and  defeated  them  in  various 
encounters;  but  he  was  killed  17th  Xov. 
171)4,  at  thg  battle  of  St.  Sebastian.  His 
name  was  insci-ibed  in  the  P.antheon. 

Ducuav-Tro  uiN',  Rene,  a  celebrated 
Frenchadmiral,born  at  St.  Maloes,  lOthJune 
1673.  He  early  distinguisheil  himself  by  his 
intrepidity  and  perseverance,  and  in  vaiious 
encounters  with  the  English  and  the  Dutch 
he  came  oft' victorious.  In  1711  he  took  Jiio 
Janeiro  from  the  Portuguese,  and  every 
where  in  the  Indies,  and  also  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean against  the  corsairs,  he  displayed  the 
greatest  jkjU  utiil'cd  Mith  the  most  consurti- 


DU 


DU 


rijate  wisdom.     This  brave  man,  honored  by  i 
the  king,  and  respected  by  the  nation,  died 
at  Paris  irili  Sept.  17.50.     His  mtmuirs  ap- 
peared at  I'aris,  in  4lo.  by  de  hi  Garde. 

DucuET,  James  Joseph,  a  French  wri- 
ter, born  1649.  He  was  a  priest  of  the  or- 
atory, and  went  to  Brussels  to  his  friend  Ar- 
iiauld,  but  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  led 
a  very  retired  Ufe,  and  died  1733.  lie  was 
a  raau  of  great  learning,  and  iincominou 
sweetness  of  manners,  ?)ut  his  firm  opposi- 
tion to  the  bull  unigenitus,  exposed  him  to 
much  obloquy  and  trouble.  He  wrote  near- 
ly 20  works  in  French,  on  theological  sub- 
jects, iu  a  style  clear,  pleasing,  and  perspi- 
cuous. 

DuHALDE,  John  Baptist,  a  French  Je- 
suit, born  at  Paris.  His  liistorical  and  ge- 
ographical description  of  the  empire  of  Chi- 
na, and  Ciiinese  Tartary,  in  4  vols.  fol.  Avas 
compiled  from  the  records  of  French 
missionaries,  a  work  of  great  merit.  He 
wrote  besides  Latin  poems — essays — letters 
— kc.  and  died  at  Paris,  1743,  aged  69. 

DuHAMEL,  John  Baptist,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, born  at  Vire,  1621,  and  eminent 
as  a  philosopher  and  a  maji  of  science.  He 
published  astronoraia  ph)sica — de  meteoris 
in  fossilibus — de  mente  human.-i — de  corpore 
animato — de  consensu  veteris  &;  novas  philo- 
sophise— and  other  learned  works,  and  died 
6th  August  I70G,  aged  82. 

DuHAMEL  DU  MoNCEAU,  Henry  Lew- 
is, a  learned  Frenchman,  who  devoted  him- 
self to  the  improvement  of  agricuUure  and 
commerce,  of  the  marine  and  of  mechr  o"cal 
arts.  He  published  various  ingenious  works, 
and  died  universally  respected  for  his  abil- 
ities and  patriotic  exertions,  23d  Aug.  1782, 
aged  82. 

DuHAN,  Lawrence,  a  professor  ofphy- 
losophy  for  38  years  at  the  college  du  Pies- 
sis.  He  died  canon  of  Verdun  1730,  aged 
70.  He  left  a  book  "  philosophus  in  utram- 
Qtie  partem,'"'  of  great  use  iu  scholastic  sub- 
tilties. 

UuiLLius,  Nepos,  the  first  Koman  who 
ot)tained  a  naval  victory  over  Carthage.  A 
column  was  erected  to  his  honor,  B.  C.  260. 
DuiSBURG,  Peter  de,  a  native  of  Duis- 
burg,  iu  the  duchy  of  Cleves,  in  the  IGth 
century,  author  of  a  chronicle  of  Prussia 
from  1226  to  1325.  It  contains  many  valu- 
able particulars. 

DujARDiN,  Charles,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam,  lie  died  at  Venice 
1674,  aged  34.  Me  was  the  able  disciple  of 
Bergham,  and  excelled  in  the  delineation  of 
markets,  robbers,  mountebanks,  and  land- 
scapes. His  productions  are  greatly  esteem- 
ed. About  50  of  his  engravings  in  aquafor- 
tis are  preserved. 

Duke,  lUchard,  a  poet,  educated  at  West- 
minster and  made  fellow  of  I'rinity  college, 
Cambridge,  where  h.e  took  his  degrees  of  M. 
A.  1683.  He  was  the  friend  of  Otway,  and 
of  the  poetical  wits  of  the  times,  and  was 
for  some  time  tutor  to  the  duke  of  Rich- 
mond. His  poetry  is  not  verj' respectable.  He 
■wrote  a  poem  on  the  marriage  of  Anne  and 
the  duke  oi'  Denmark.    He  was  made  cjiap- 


laiu  to  the  king,  prebendary  of  Giocestcl, 
and  obtained  the  rich  living  of  Witney,  Ox- 
fordshire, where  he  was  found  dead  in  his 
Ijed,  after  returning  the  preceding  evening 
from  an  entertainment,  lOfh  Feb.  1711.  He 
published  a  volume  of  sermons  and  another 
of  poems. 

Dui.au,  John  IMarie,  a  native  of  Veri- 
gueux,  who  became  archbishop  of  Aries, 
and  wasin  the  states  general,  of  1789.  Though 
he  did  not  venture,  through  timidity,  to 
speak  in  favor  of  moderation,  yet  he  wrote 
with  spirit  and  ability  against  the  banish- 
ment of  the  priests.  He  was  arrested  by  the 
suspicious  jacobins,  and  was  one  of  those 
wretched  victims  sacrificed  in  the  prison  of 
the  Cannes  iu  Sept.  1792. 

DuLAunENT,  N.  a  native  of  Artois,  v/ho 
employed  his  great  abilities  on  subjects  of 
licentiousness.  The  best  known  of  his  im- 
moral works,  is  his  Compere  Matthieu,  3 
vols.  This  worthless  ecclesiastic,  who  prov- 
ed so  great  an  enemy  to  religion  and  morali- 
ty, died  about  the  end  of  the  last  century. 

Dull  ART,  Herman,  a  painter  and  poet 
of  Rotterdam,  the  disciple  of  Rembrandt. 
He  was  of  a  weak  constitution,  and  refused 
to  become  one  of  the  magistrates  of  Rotter- 
dam. He  so  successfully  imitated  his  mas- 
ter, that  their  pieces  are  frequently  mista- 
ken one  for  the  other.  He  was  well  skilled" 
in  music.     He  died  1684,  aged  48. 

Dumas,  Lewis, a  native  of  Nismes,  natu- 
ral son  of  Montcalm,  lord  ofCandiac.  I'hough 
bred  to  the  law,  he  was  eminent  as  a  mathe- 
matician, and  invented  the  bureau  typograph- 
ique,  to  teach  children  reading  and  writing 
mechanically,  and  also  another  instrument 
for  musical  instruction.  He  wrote  an.  histo- 
ry of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  and  died  1744, 
aged  68. 

DuMEE,  Joan,  a  learned  lady,  born  at  Pa- 
ris. She  married  very  young,  and  at  the 
ago  of  17  lost  her  husband,  who  fell  in  Ger- 
many at  the  head  of  his  company.  She  de- 
voted herself  with  unusual  application  to  as- 
trononiy,  and  published  at  J*aris,  in  1680, 
"  discourses  of  Copernicus  on  the  mobility  of 
the  earth,"  4to.  in  which  siie  displays  great 
knowledge  and  extensive  erudition. 

DuMESNiT,,  N.  a  professor  of  rhetoric 
at  Paris,  author  of  Latin  svnonym.s.  He  died 
at  Valognc  1802,  aged  82*. 

DuMoxT,  John,  baron  of  Cariscroon,  his- 
toriographer tothc  emperor, flcdfrom  France 
to  Holland,  upon  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  lie  wrote  *' dcs  memoirs  poli- 
tiques,  kc."4  vols.  12mo.  an  useful  perform- 
ance, which  contains  every  fact  of  import- 
ance from  the  peace  of  Munster,  to  the  year 
1676 — travels  in  France,  Italy,  &c.  4  vols. 
12mo. — universal  diplomatic  body,  kc.  8  vols. 
fol. — Historical  letters,  &c.  He  died  about 
1726  at  a  great  age. 

DuMCNT,  George,  a  native  of  Paris,  se- 
cretary to  the  French  embassy  at  Peters- 
burg. He  was  author  of  history  of  the  com- 
merce of  English  colonies — present  state  of 
English  commerce — treatise  on  the  oircula- 
.  tion  of  credit,  &c.  and  died  1788,  aged  6'3. 


x>u 


DU 


DuMONT,  N.  a  Frencli psiintei*,  siirnuiocAl 
the  Koiuiiii.  Ilediediil  i'aris  17S1,  veiyoUI. 
His  pieces  possess  merit. 

DuMO  uui  Eli,  Aiilliouy  Francis  Uiipcrier, 
H  native  otPuris,  cniirieiitus  u  comiuiHsar)  in 
tUe  French  armies.  He  was  author  ol  Ui- 
chardet,  a  poem,  'J  vols. — some  eoui«;dies 
transhited  iVoni  the  ItuHan,  Spanish,  and 
English, — an  opera,  ^c  He  died  1767,  a^ed 
60. 

Dun,  David  Erskiac  lord,  bwn  at  Dim, 
and  cducateil  at  St.  Andrew's  and  I'aris, 
where  he  stndied  tlie  hiw.  He  was  i-alled  to 
the  bar,  1690,  and  opposed  the  Scottish  union, 
but  was  a  benefactor  to  the  persecnied  epis- 
copal clergy.  He  was  calletl  to  the  liench 
1711,  and  look  the  name  ot  Dun.  He  died 
at  Dun  1755,  five  years  after  he  had  retired 
tVom  tlic  court  of  justiciary,  aged  85.  His 
"  advices,"  12mo.  is  an  excellent  perl'orm- 
ance. 

Dunbar,  William,  an  eminent  poet  of 
Scotland,  born   1405  at  Salton,  on  the  south 
of  Kast  Lothian.    He  was  originally  poor,  and 
after  travelling  as  a  noviciate  of  the  francis- 
ean  order,  lie    returned    home    iu  his  '25th 
year.     His  "  thistle  and  the  rose,"  was  writ- 
ten on  the  marriage  of  James  IV.  of  Scotland 
uiih  Margaret  daughter  of  Henry   VH.  but 
whilst  he  expected  ecclesiastical   preferment 
for  the  ofleriiig  of  his  poetry,  he  unfortunate- 
ly was  disappointed  ;  for  the  great  listen  with 
deliglit  to  the  llattering  compliments  of  the 
learned,  but  seldom  rewiird  merit.  He  wrote 
besides,  the  golden  terge — the  freirs  of  lier- 
A\  ick  —the  twamarrit  wemen — and  the  wetlo. 
His  poetry    i.i    commended   by   WarLon,   as 
next  in  rank  to  Chaucer's  and  I.) dgate's,  and 
Pinkerton,  with  national  partiality,  says,  that 
he  surpasses  the  morals  and  satires  of  l«ang- 
land,  Chaucer's  humor  and  knowledge  of  life, 
Gower's   allegory,    and    the    descjiption   of 
Lydgate.      His  works  were  published  with 
learned  notes  by  sir  David  Dalrymple.     He 
died  about  15S0. 

DuxCAN,  Mark,  a  Scotch  physician,  pro- 
fessor of  pliilosophy,  and  principal  of  the 
Oalvjnists'  college  at  Saumur.  He  was  invi- 
ted by  James  i.  to  settle  near  iiis  person, 
which  he  declined,  and  lie  died  1040  at  Sau- 
mur, where  he  had  married.  He  wrote 
some  philosophical  works,  and  a  treatise 
against  the  nosse-ssion  of  the  Ursuline  nuns  of 
London,  which  excited  some  public  resent- 
ment against  liim. 

Duncan,  Daniel,  an  eminent  physici.m 
!)orn  at  Montauban  in  Languedoc,  1049,  of  a 
lamily  of  Scottish  original.  'Ihe  loss  of  his 
parents  while  in  his  cradle,  wascouipensaleil 
Sy  the  paternal  attention  of  his  mother's 
brother,  Daniel  Paul,  a  learned  counsellor 
of 'I'oulouse,  who  had  him  educated  at  I'uy 
Jiaurens,  and  at  Moiitpellier,  where,  under 
the  care  of  Dr.  Charles  Rabeyrac,  he  studie<l 
eight  years,  and  when  '24  he  took  his  degree 
of  M.  D.  From  Moiitpellier  he  came  to 
I'aris,  where  he  resided  seven  years,  and 
published  his  "  explication  aouvelle  tc  me- 
chanique  dcs  actions  animalcs,  1G78,''  which 
v^s  well  received,  nnd  the  fo!jov>ing  yeav  he 


vi^ted  London,  for,  business  as   wcU  as  to 
make  in(iuirie«  into  the  effect.^  of  the    [daguc 
of  1C05.     After  a  residenc<.*  of  t'no  years  he 
was  recalled  to  l*arii»,  on  account  of  the  de- 
clining health  of  his  great  friend  and  pati-ou 
C'olbtM't.     About    this  time  he   publidied  hi-< 
'*  » Ii}  niie  naturellf,  ou  (•x[»licatioii  de  la  iiour- 
rituiv- de  Tanimal,"  which,  when  completed 
iu  three   part.s,  was  read   with   nniver.ial  ap- 
plause.    Dn  I  he  lU  ath  ot   (Ji^Ibt  rt  he  left  Pa- 
ris, 108.1,  and  retired  to  .Montauban  with  the 
intentiou  of  selling  his  ]>roperty  and  seltliiif; 
in   Loudou.     litre,   howe\ei-,    he    cMitmueif 
till    the    [lersecniion  .against   the   protcbL-intt 
forced  him  for  refuge  to  Geneva,  anil  after- 
wards to  Merne,  where  he  obtained  the  pro- 
fessorship  of  anatomy.       After  residing  at 
Berne  eight  or  nine  years,  he  went  to  attend 
the  princess  of  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Cas- 
sel,  where,  for  three   years  he  was  treatetl 
with  tlio  respect  due  to  Jiis  merit.      At  this 
time   he   wrote  liis  pO[)ular  treatise   on   the 
abuse  o(  hot  licpiors,  esp«.'cially  tea,  coftee, 
and  chocolate,  which   had  lately  been  intro- 
duied  into  (iermany,  and  he  publishfd  it  af- 
terwards at  Hutterdam  1705,  at  the  request 
of  Dr.   Boerhaave.     His  chaiacter   antl  the 
benevolence  -sn  ith  which  lie  treated  the  va- 
rious protestant  emigrants  whom  persecution 
drove   out   of  France,    recommended    liim 
strongly  to  the  king  of  I'russia,  by  whom  he 
was    honorably   invited    to     Berlin,     where, 
though  physician  to  the  househohl,  he  sLiid  a 
little  time  and  removed  to  the  Hague.     For 
12  years  he  resided  at  the  Hague  and  finally 
settled  in  London  in  171  i.     He  died  in  Lon- 
don April  30th,  1735,  aged  80.    This  amiable 
man,  so  universally  respected  for  his  human- 
ity and  benevoL'iice,  wrote  besides  the  bcwks 
already    mentione<l     "  histoire   de    ranimal, 
&c."  and  left  besides  several  manuscripts  on 
medical    tjubjects.     His  conversation    "  says 
his  biographer,"  was  easy,  cheerful  ami  in- 
teresting, pure  from  all  taint  of  party  s<  an- 
dal  or  idle  raillery;  this  made   his  company 
desired  by  all  wlio  had  a  capacity  to  know  its 
value,  and  he  afforded  a  striking  instance  th.^t 
religion  must   naturally  gain  slrength    from 
the  successful  study  of  nature.    It  is  remark- 
able that  for  ilirec  |2;enerations  before  him 
medicine  found  most  respecU^ble  professors 
in  his  family. 

Du  .N'c.v:-.",  William,  a  learned  writer,  pro- 
fessor of  phiiosophy  in  the  Marisehal  college 
of  Aberdeen.  He  was  born  at  Aberdeen  in 
July  1717s  aiid  was  educated  there  under  the 
celebrattai  Dr.  Bl.iikvse!!.  He  came  to  Lon- 
don in  1739,  and  there  chietly  emidoyed  him- 
.'.elf  ill  M  riling  for  the  booksellers.  His  works 
appi  ared  generally  without  hi.s  name.  He 
transl.atcd  some  books  from  the  French,  and 
Mas  concerneil  in  that  translation  of  Horace 
known  under  llie  name  of  Watson.  He  was 
the  coadjutor  of  Dr.  Johnson,  Campbell,  and 
Fonlyce,  in  tiie  preceptor  which  Dotlslcy 
publisiied,  and  he  w  ri>te  for  his  share  the  lo- 
gic;:! jjart.  He  also  translated  several  of 
Cicero's  orations,  and  Hkewise  Ca^-sar's  com- 
mentaries whidi  appeared  in  1752,  tbiip, 
with  *ine  cut*;.    Ju  1 75.i  he  removed  to  Aber- 


DU 


Dy 


■^€cn  ^vhere  he  had  been  the  preceding  year 
appointed  professor  of  philosophy.  He  died 
a  bachelor  May  1st  1760,  aged  43.  Though 
a  man  of  no  superior  genius,  he  possessed 
4aste,  judgment,  and  good  sense,  and  his 
abihties  were  rather  solid  than  shining.  He 
"Was  universally  beloved  in  private  life. 

DuNCAX,  Adam  lord,  a  well  known  Eng- 
lish admiral,  born  at  Dundee  of  a  respectable 
ftmih'.     As  a  younger  son  he  was  bred  to  the 
sea,  and  in  1761,  was  made  post  captain.  He 
served  under  Keppel  as  his  captain,  and  in 
1787  was  made  i-ear  admiral,  in  1793  vice  ad- 
miral, and  in  1795  admiral  of  tbe  blue.     His 
station  diu'ing  the  late  war  was  in  the  north 
sea  to  block  up  the  Texel,  but  in  his  tempo- 
rary absence  during  the  mXitrny  of  the  fleet, 
the   Dutch    escaped  from  their   ports,   and 
"were  soon  brought  to  an  engagement  by  tbe 
English  admiral,  near  Camperdown,  within 
five  miles  of  their  own  shores.     On  this  cele- 
brated day,  1 1th  October  1797,  tlie  Dutch  ad- 
miral De  AVinter  struck  with  eight  ships  to 
the  supei-ior  valor  of  the  English,  and  in  re- 
ward for  his  conduct  Duncan  was  created 
the  2lstof  the  same  month  viscount  Duncan 
of  Camperdown,  baron   Duncan  of  Lund ie, 
Perthshire,  with  a  pension  of  !2()00^.  on  him- 
self and  his  two  successors  in   the  peerage. 
Lord  Duncan,  whose  character  in  private  life 
as  a  man  and  as  a  christian,  was  equal  to  his 
braver)-  as  a  seaman,  died  1804-.      He  was  in 
stature  a  comely  person,  full  six  feet  tbree 
inches  tall,  so  that  be  observed  jocosely  to  the 
Dutch  admiral  who  vrfts  likewise  a  m.in  of 
tall  stature,  I  wonder  bow  you  and  I  have  es- 
caped the  balls  in  this  hot  battle.     During  the 
mutiuy  of  his  fleet  the  adraii^al  addressed  the 
crew  of  his  ship,  the  Veteran,  with  a  tone  of 
affection  and  of  fiimness,  and  in  a  speech  so 
sensible  and  so  judicious,  as  to  call  forth  the 
admiration  even  ot'his  rebellious  crew. 

Du>:coMBE,  William,  an  English  writer, 
born  at  Stocks,  Hertfordshire.  In  1726  he 
married  the  only  sister  of  John  Hugfies, 
whose  poems  he  edited  in  two  vols.  12mo. 
1735,  and  the  miscellanies  of  the  other  bro- 
ther Jabez,  in  one  vol.  1737.  He  translated 
Racine's  Athaliah,  which  met  with  applause, 
and  aftciwards  edited  the  works  of  Mr. 
Needier,  and  he  produced  his  L.  J.  Brutus 
on  the  boards  of  Drury  lane,  and  it  was  pub- 
hshed  in  1735  and  1747.  He  bcsi<ks  edited 
some  of  Herring's  sermons,  and  ]"iblished 
Horace  in  English  verse  by  several  hands 
1757.     He  diedi  26  February  1709,  aged  80. 

DuNCOMBE,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
■was  born  in  1730.  He  was  educated  at  pri- 
vate schools  at  Romford  and  Fclsted,  where 
he  displayed  great  regularity,  uncommon  ap- 
plication, and  superior  talents.  At  the  age 
of  16  he  was  admitted  at  Benet's  college, 
Cambridge,  at  the  recommendation  of  arch- 
bishop Herring  his  fathers  friend.  In  1750 
he  was  chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  and  three 
years  after  took  orders,  and  became  assistant 
preacher  at  St.  Anne's  Soho,  where  his  elo- 
quence as  an  orator,  and  his  amiable  man- 
ners in  private  life,  gained  him  the  respect  of 
a  populous  neighborhood.      In  1757,  thepri- 


in.Hte  Herring  gave  him  the  livings  of  Sf.  An- 
drew and  St.  Majy  Bredman,  Canterbury, 
but  the  death  of  that  excellent  patron,  two 
months  after,  cut  off"  all  hopes  of  further  and 
more  valuable  preferment.       He  married  in 
1763,  the   daughter   of  Mr.    Highmore   the 
I>aintei*,  m  rth  whom  he  enjoj-ed  23  years  of 
uninteiTupted  domestic  happiness.     In  17Gf>, 
Seeker  apjjointed  him  one  of  the  six  Canter- 
;  bury  preachers,  and  the  next  primate,  Corn- 
'  walhs,  presented  him,  iti  1773,  to  the  living 
of  Heme,  six  miles  from  Canterbury.     He 
Mas  also  master  of  Marbledown  and  St.  John's 
hospitals,  which,  though,  places  of  trust  and 
not  emolument,  enabled  him  to  display  his 
regard  lor  the  poor,  and  his  humane  endea- 
vours to  relieve  their  necessities.     He  was  al- 
so an  active  magistrate,  and  in  tliis  oflice  he 
was  the  means  of  encouraging  virtue  and  of 
checking  vice.     He  was  attacked  by  a  para- 
lytic  stroke  21st    June    1785,   from    which 
he  never  recovered,  and  died  on  the  18th  of 
the   following  January.     He    left   only   one 
daughter.     His  works  are  chiefly  fugitive  pie- 
ces published  in  Dodsley's  collection,    and  in 
periodical  magazines,  besides  the  Semincad, 
and  a  poem  on  the  death  ofFredertck  prince 
of  Wales.    He  also  greatly  tissisted  his  father 
in  his  translation  of  Horace,  and   published 
the    seventh    satire   of  the  second   book  in 
1752,   imitated,   and  inscribed  to  R.   Owen, 
Cambridge. 

DuxGAL,  a  monk  of  St.  Dennis  in  the 
ninth  centuiy,  supposed  to  be  an  Irishman. 
He  was  consulted  by  Charlemagne  with  res- 
pe«t  to  the  two  eclipses  of  the  sun  whrtih 
happened  810,  and  his  answer  is  preserved  in 
the  lOth  vol.  4to.  of  d'Acheri's  spicilegium- 
A  tract  alsc  by  him  against  the  w^orship  of 
images,  may  be  found  in  the  Bibhotheca  pat- 
rum  1608,  Svo. 

Dun  LOP,  Wihiam,  M.  A.  was  born  1692 
at  CHasgow,  wliere  his  father  was  principal  of 
the  university.  He  applied  himself  for  about 
two  years  to  the  study  of  the  law  at  Utrecht, 
but  abandoned  the  plan  at  the  representation 
of  Mr.  Wisbart,  and  became,  by  means  of 
his  friend,  regius  professor  of  divinity  and 
church  histoi-v  at  Edinburgh  1716.  He  dis- 
tingnished  biraself  much  a-i  a  preacher,  and 
died  of  a  dropsy  1720,  aged  28.  He  publish- 
ed two  volumes  of  sermons  12mo.  and  an  es- 
say on  confessions  of  faith. 

DuNi.op,  Alexander,  M.  A.  brother  to» 
the  above,  was  born  in  1GS4,  in  America 
where  his  fat'ier  was  in  exile.  He  came  over 
at  tbe  revolution,  and  was  in  1720  appointed 
professor  of  Greek  in  Glasgow  university. 
He  piiiilished  in  1736,  a  (ireek  grammar 
which  still  maintains  its  superiority  in  the 
Scotch  university,  and  died  at  Glasgow  174v2, 

Dun:t,  Samuel,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian boi  n  at  Crediton,  Devonshire,  where  he 
kept  a  school  for  some  3H-ars,  and  where  he 
founded  a  mathematical  school.  He  after- 
wards removed  to  Chelsea,  where  he  kept 
school,  anr!  was  appointed  mathematical  ex- 
aminer of  those  ofiicers  who  entered  into  the 
East  India  company's  service.   He  died  1792.. 


DU 


DU 


avrtlior  of  several  mathematical  treatises — an 
ytlj^s — treatises  on  book  keeping 

Dunning, 'John,  lord  Ashburton,  was 
horn  IStli  October  1731,  at  Ashburtoti,  in 
Devonshire,  lie  rose  by  his  merit  at  tlie 
bar,  and  greatly  distinguished  liimsell'in  par- 
liament. He  was  raised  to  the  peerage  in 
178'2,  and  made  chancellor  of  the  duchy  of 
Lancaster,  and  recorder  of  Bristol.  He  died 
ISlii  August  irSo,  leaving  only  one  son. 

DuNOD  DC  Chaknace,  Francis  Igna- 
tius, the  learned  professor  of  law  at  Hesan- 
con,  his  native  town,  died  tliere  1751.  He 
vrote  "  memoires  of  the  court  oJl  Dourgog- 
ne"  three  vols  4to. — history  of  the  churcli 
&c.  of  Besancon,  two  vols.  4to. — treatise  of 
dtscriptions,  6ic.  His  son.losepli,  left  some 
notes  on  his  father's  works.  I'eter,  a  Jesuit 
of  the  same  family,  published  a  curious  work, 
called  the  discovery  of  the  town  of  Autre  in 
Fianche  Comte. 

D  UNO  IS,  John,  count  of  Orleans  and  Lon- 
gueville,  was  the  natural  son  of  Lewis  duke 
of  Orleans,  and  born  -3d  November  1407. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  arms,  in  tfce  de- 
feat of  the  earls  of  Warwick  and  Suflblk,  and 
in  the  defence  of  Orleans,  till  it  was  relieved 
by  Joan  of  Arc.  He  pursued  the  English,  and 
took  from  them  Blaic,  Bourdeau.K,  Bayonne, 
&c.  He  was  rewarded  for  his  services  by 
Charles  VH.  who  called  him  the  restorer  of 
Lis  country,  and  gave  him  large  grants  of 
fands,  with  the  office  of  grand  chamberlain  of 
France.  This  great  hero,  so  respectable  al- 
so for  the  virtues  of  private  life,  died  2ilb 
November  1468,  aged  61. 

Duns,  John,  commonly  called  Duns  Sco- 
tus,  a -celebrated  theologian  of  the  franciscan 
order,  born  at  Dunstance,  Northumberland. 
He  became  fellow  of  Merton,  Oxford  and, 
then  went  over  to  Paris,  where  his  abilities 
and  his  acuteness  in  disputalifni  procured  him 
the  appellation  of  the  subtil  doctor.  He  op- 
posed the  doctrines  of  Thomas  Aquinas, 
hence  his  followers  were  called  Scctists,  and 
his  opponents  Thomists.  He  afterwards  went 
fo  Cologne  where  he  died  1308.  It  has  been 
said  by  Paul  Jovius  that  he  was  attacked  by 
«an  apoplexy  and  buried  as  dead,  and  that  up- 
on his  recovery,  he  languished  in  a  most  mis- 
erable manner  in  his  co/Tin  till  he  expired. 
His  works  were  printed  at  Lyons  1C39,  10 
vols,  folio,  and  are  now  little  regarded. 

Du>iSTAN,  St.  archbisliop  of  Canterbury, 
Avas  born  in  92i.  He  embraced  the  ecclesi- 
astical life,  and  was  made  by  Edgar,  bishop 
of  Worcester,  and  alLevwards  in  959  transla- 
ted to  Canterbury.  He  was  also  abbot  of 
Glastonbury.  He  is  well  known  as  a  man  of 
intrigue,  and  of  great  spiritual  power,  which 
he  showed  with  unusual  obstinacy  in  the  V.n- 
glish  court,  especially  under  Edmund.  The 
pope  knowing  bis  influence,  made  him  his  le- 
gate.    He  (^ed  98S. 

DuNTOX,  John,  a  bookseller,  born  at 
Craffliam,  Huntingdonslure,  I4th  May  1659. 
Upon  failing  in  his  business  as  bor)kseiler, 
after  twenty  yeai's'  success,  he  began  author, 
and  in  1701  was  emi>loveil  in  the  i'ost  angel 
papei';.    Kc  ai'terwards  began  tha  Athenian 


Mercur)',  which  was  a  plan  to  answer  ques- 
tions, monthly  pro[)Ose<l  by  unknown  per- 
sons, an<l  whicii  was  re-jiublished  by  Bell 
under  the  name  of  the  Athenian  Oracle,  4 
vols.  8vo.  In  I71i»  he  published  his  Atheni- 
anism,  containing  i'lW  treatise  ;,  in  prose  and 
verse,  on  all  subjects.  Though  i>roliv  and 
sometimes  obscure  as  a  writer,  he  yet  pos- 
sesses merit  as  a  satii-ist,  and  some  of  his  pie- 
ces will  be  read  with  pleasui'e.  He  also 
wi'ote  "  Dunton's  life  anil  errorb."  He  died 
about  17-5. 

Du  Patv,  advocate  general,  afterwards 
president  of  tlie  parliament  at  Bonrdeattx, 
was  born  at  llochelle,  and  died  at  Paiis  178S 
not  far  advanced  in  life.  He  distinguishetl 
himself  as  an  elorpient  and  powerful  orator, 
ami  as  an  upright  magistrate.  His  historical 
reflections  on  penal  laws,  arc  a  very  valuable 
work.  He  wrote  also  academical  letters  and 
discourses  on  Italy,  two  vols.  8vo.  17>jS.  He 
afiectcd  to  imitate  Diderot,  and  was  deficient 
in  taste.  Voltaire  with  sarcastic  self-conse- 
quence spoke  with  indifference  of  his  abili- 
ties. 

DuPERRAY,  Michael,  a  Frencli  lawyer, 
who  died  at  Paris  1730,  aged  90.  He  wrote 
some  works  chiefly  on  ecclesiastical  sub- 
jects, he. 

DuPHOT,  N.  a  French  general,  who  after 
serving  with  distinction  in  Italy,  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  the  pope.  He  was  there  as- 
sassinated in  1797,  in  a  popular  tumult,  anci 
though  the  pope  could  not  prevent,  and  was 
not  privy  to  llie  commotion,  the  death  of 
the  ambassador  was  made  a  pretext  by  the 
French  for  seizing  the  ecclesiastical  states. 

Du PIN,  Lewis  Ellis,  a  learned,  and  well 
known  critic,  was  born  at  Piaris  17th  June 
1657.  He  early  displayed  great  partiality 
for  literature,  and  embraced  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal profession,  and  became  doctor  of  the 
SorboniKJ  1684.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
composition  of  his  great  work  called  "  Bi- 
bliotheque  universelle  des  auteurs  eccleslas- 
tiques,"  the  first  volume  of  which  appeared 
1686.  The  boldness,  however,  with  which 
he  spoke  of  various  writers  gave  offence  to 
the  critics,  and  the  author  was  obliged  bf 
Harlay,  archbishop  of  Paris,  to  retract  some 
of  his  o])inions,  and  to  suppress  the  work  in 
1693,  v.ith  the  privilege  of  continuing  it  un- 
der the  altered  title  of  Bibliotheque  nou- 
velle.  Besides  this  great  work  which  was 
brought  down  in  several  volumes  to  the  end 
of  the  16th  century,  Dupin  wi'ote  otliert,  the 
chief  of  which  are — prolegomena  to  tie 
bible, — notes  on  the  psalms  and  pentateuch, 
— a  profane  history — a  treatise  of  po^u  er  ec- 
clesiastical and  temporal, — and  method  of 
stu<lyiiig  divinity,  &c.  He  was  professor  of 
the  Royal  college,  from  which  he  was  re- 
moved in  the  famous  cas  de  conscience,  but 
afterwards  restored.  He  died  at  Paris  1719, 
aged  6'2.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive  eru- 
dition, and  of  indefatigable  application.  His 
ecclesiastical  bibliotheque,  so  valuable  for 
the  analytical  account  of  antliors  and  of  their 
V.  ritings,  whicli  it  accurately  gives,  has  beci 
translated  iuto  English  with  tiotcs,  kc    Hz 


t)U 


DU 


eoprcspondcJ  with  Wake  the  Enghsh  i»ri- 
inate  about  the  union  of  the  two  churches. 

Du  PL  ANIL,  J.  D.  a  French  physician, 
■who  translated  various  works  into  JTrench 
from  the  EngUsh,  among  -which  was  Buch- 
an's  domestic  medicine.  He  died  at  Paris 
1S02 

Duple IX,  Scipio,  was  born  at  Condom 
1566,  and  noticed  by  queen  Margaret,  who 
brought  liim  to  Paris  in  IG05,  and  made  him 
master  of  requests,  and  afterwards  historio- 
grapher of  France.  In  his  old  age,  Avhich 
he  reached  witliout  sickness  or  infirmity,  he 
vvrote  a  book  on  the  hberties  of  the  (iailican 
church,  which  he  presented  to  chancellor 
Seguier  for  the  libert}'  of  printing,  but  the 
courtier  with  unparalleled  audacity  threw  it 
into  the  fire,  which  so  shocked  the  venerable 
author,  thiit  he  returned  to  Condom  and 
died  soon  after,  of  deep  vexstion,  1661,  aged 
9-2.  His  works  are  memoirs  of  the  Gauls 
1650,  foUo,  a  book  of  great  value, — history 
of  France  in  six  vols,  folio,  not  very  ac- 
curate or  impartial — an  account  of  the  flat- 
teries heaped  on  Richelieu,  and  the  violent 
reflections  tlirown  on  tlie  deceased  Marga- 
ret, now  no  longer  the  patroness  of  the  au- 
thor,— Roman  history  three  vols,  foho,  an 
insipid  performance, — a  course  of  philoso- 
phy three  vols.  l'2mo. — natural  curiosity, 
&c.  Svo.  insignificant  and  often  licentious, — 
tlie  liberty  of  the  French  language  against 
Vaugelas,  Sec. 

DuPLZix,  .Joseph,  a  French  merchant, 
appointed  in  1730  director  of  Clianderna- 
gore  in  the  East-Indies,  a  colony  whicJi,  bv 
his  wisdom  and  firmness  he  raised  from  po- 
verty and  fhstress  to  consequence  and  opu- 
lence. He  inspired  his  countrymen  v.ith 
the  spirit  of  commerce  and  enterprise,  and 
established  mercantile  connexions  with  the 
Red  sea,  the  Maldives  Goa,  the  Manillas, 
&c.  He  was  appointed  governor  of  Pon- 
dicherry  in  1742,  and  defended  the  place 
with  uncommon  bravery  in  1748  for  forty- 
two  davs  aeainst  the  attack  of  two  Endish 
admirals.  For  these  services  he  was  re- 
warded by  the  French  king  with  the  red 
riband,  and  the  title  of  marquis,  and  by  t!ie 
great  Mogul  w  ith  the  title  of  nabob.  He 
was  recalled  in  1753  during  the  war  wliich 
broke  out  in  the  East  between  the  English 
and  the  French,  in  the  support  of  two  rivals 
Ibr  the  nabobship  of  Arcot,  and  he  was  so 
hurt  at  the  idea  of  being  called  away  from 
the  exercise  of  sovereign  power  to  a  private 
station,  and  of  soliciting  the  French  East- 
India  company  for  the  payment  of  his  ar- 
rears, that  he  fell  under  a  dejection  of  spi- 
rits and  dieil  soon  after.  His  conduct  to- 
wards la  Bourdonnaye,  his  rival  in  the  East, 
is  the  most  exceptionable  part  of  his  charac- 
ter. Jealousy  of  power  prompted  him  to 
use  severe  measures  against  him,  in  1747, 
and  afterwards  Bounlonnaye  had  influence 
enough  to  procure  the  recijl  of  his  prosper- 
ous a«lversaiy. 

DuPORT,  James,  a  learned  divine  educa- 
ted at  (,'ambridge,  where  hi'  became  pn'ofes- 
sor  of  Greek,  and  master  of  Magdalen  col- 


lege, lie  was  raised  to  the  deanery  of  Pe- 
terborough, and  died  1680.  His  great  eru- 
dition as  a  clnssica  scholar  is  evinced  in  his 
learned  works.  He  wrote  a  Greek  version 
of  the  psalms, — gnomologia  Homeri  cum 
duplice  parallelisimo,  Cambridge,  1660 — po- 
etica  stromata,  1676,  Svo. — and  lectures 
published  with  Nedham's  Theophrastus' 
characters,  1712. 

DuPORT,  Francis  Mathurin,  counsellor 
of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  i-evolution  as  a  violent  enemy 
to  the  measures  of  the  court.  His  con- 
nexion A'lth  Orleans  at  last  pi-oved  fatal  to 
him,  and  he  suftered  under  the  guillotine 
20tb  of  April  17'j4,  aged  46. 

DUPPA,  Brian,  a  learned  prelate,  horn 
1589  at  Lewisham,  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Westminster,  and  Christ-church,  Oxford. 
In  lol'2  he  was  elected  fellow  of  All-souls, 
and  after  having  travelled  in  France  and 
Spain,  he  took  his  degree  of  D  D.  in  1625, 
and  was  in  1620,  by  the  interest  of  the  earl 
of  Dorset,  made  dean  of  Christ- church.  In 
1638  he  became  tutor  to  the  prince  Charles, 
and  to  his  brother  James,  and  about  that 
time  w  as  raised  to  the  see  of  Cliichester.  In 
1641  he  was  translated  to  Salisbury,  but  he 
received  little  benefit  from  it,  and  on  the 
suppression  of  episcopacy  he  attended  his 
master,  especially  in  the  isle  of  Wight,  and 
assisted  him,  it  is  said,  in  the  composition  of 
the  Eikon  Basilike.  He  afterwards  lived  in 
retirement  at  Richmond,  till  the  restoration^ 
when  he  was  made  bishop  of  Winchester, 
and  lord  almoricr.  He  died  in  1662  aged  73, 
at  Richraond,  in  Surrey,  a  place  which  he 
loved,  and  where  he  erected  and  endowed 
an  ahns-house.  A  few  hours  before  he  ex- 
pired, Charles  II.  visited  this  venerable  pre- 
late, i.ud  kneeling  by  his  bed-side  implored 
his  blessing,  which  the  dying  man,  placing 
one  hand  on  tlie  king's  head,  and  raising  the 
otlier  to  heaven,  gave  him  w  ith  great  fervor 
and  piety.  He  was  buried  in  \^'cstminster- 
abbey.  He  left  many  charitable  legacies  to 
those  places,  or  societies,  with  which  either 
by  bii'th,  office,  or  predilection,  he  had  been 
connected.  He  wrote  some  things  chiefly 
on  devotional  subjects,  as  "  a  guide  for  the 
penitent,"  "  the  soul's  soliloquies,  &cc." 

DuPRAT,  Anthony,  an  eminent  French 
statesman.  He  was  first  at  the  bar,  and 
rose  gradually  to  the  first  presidency  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  1507,  and  the  chancel- 
lorship of  France  1515.  He  was  tutor  tf> 
Francis  I.  when  count  of  Angoulemc,  and 
by  checking  his  criminal  passion  for  the 
wife  of  Lewis  XII  he  gained  his  confidence 
and  patronage.  He  advised  his  master, 
whose  necessities  were  great,  to  raise  money 
by  selling  the  offices  of  judicature,  and  by 
his  suggestions  the  chamber  Called  TouiTjellc 
was  establisiit'd,  which  augmented  the  taxes 
and  improved  the  royal  revenue  by  tlie  op- 
pression cf  the  poor.  By  the  advice  of  his 
favorite,  Francis  also  abolished  the  pragma- 
tic sanction,  and  established  the  concoi"dat, 
by  which,  while  the  king  nominated  to  va- 
cant benefices,  the  pope  received  a  hrge  an- 


DL 


DU 


R«Jinal  income  from  the  churches.  This  step 
rendered  Diiprat  a  favorite  :it  lionic,  he  be- 
crimc  an    ecclesiastic,  aii«l  from  the  sees  of 
AIe:ui\',  AIbi,  Valence,  Die,  tiaj),  and  Sens, 
V  hicli  he  successively  filled,  he  was  honor- 
ed witfi    the   pur[>le    13-27.      lie    mms  afler- 
wards  a  legate  in  France,  and  on  tlie  deatli 
of  (jlemeut  \\\.  it  is  said  lie  a«i)ired    to  tlie 
tiara,  an   ambitious  step   which  the  French 
kin,!;  riilicuh:d  and  by  no  menus  prorioted. 
This  artful   jjrelate,   to  whom    his  amljJtiou 
ami  his  intrigues  i-aised  many  etiemicii,  dietl 
at  his  chateau  de    Xantoil'et  '.Hh  July  15.15, 
overwlielmcd  vilh  remorse,  «nd  uoru  out 
by  diserises.     He  was  a  man  of  the  most  am- 
bitious an<l   selfish  character,   whose  whole 
conduct  was  guide«l  by  interest  aiul  avarice. 
To  incrcasv^his  power  or  eular.ije  his  fortune 
he  scrupled  at  wi  sacrifice  on  e:ther  of  fame 
or  virtue,  rind  therefore  liis  death  v,as  as  un- 
lamented  as  his  life  had    been  guilty.      lie 
hnilt   at  the  hotel  de  Dieu  at  Paris   a  hall 
which  still  bears    his  name,   on    Miiich    the 
kingobser\ed  that  it  should  have  been  much 
larger,  if  it  could  contain  all  the  poor  Duprat 
had  made. 

DiTRE,  T)i:  GuYEU,  Jolin,  a  hermit  said 
to  have  built  with  only  the  assistance  of  his 
servant  the  hermitage  of  Fribiirg  in  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  solid  rock,  the  chimney  of 
which  riseu  90  feet  in  height. 

DuPRE,  Mary,  a  learned  lady  of  the  17th 
century,  born  at  Paris,  and  educated  by  her 
uncle  (les  Alarets  de  St.  Sorliu  in  the  learn- 
ed languages  and  in  rhetoric,  versiJi cation, 
and  philosophy.  She  also  studied  Descartes, 
and  was  called  the  Cartesienne.  She  was 
intimate  with  the  learned  of  her  time,  and 
her  pieces  of  ])oetry  and  also  lier  prose  v.ri- 
tings  were  read  with  great  applause. 

DuPRE  d'AuxAY,  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Paris,  ruember  of  several  learned  academies. 
He  died  1758.  He  wrote  letters  of  the 
generation  of  animals, — traile  des  subsis- 
tances  militaires,  two  vols.  4to. — reflec- 
tions on  the  transfusion  of  blood,  12mo,  &c. 
"DuPRE  dc  St.  Maur,  Nicholas  Francis, 
a  native  of  Paris,  who  died  there  December 
the  1st,  1774,  aged  80.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  French  academy.  He  translated 
^lilton's  Paradise  lort,  \vith  Addison's  odes, 
?«nd  also  Para»lise  regained,  by  a  Jesuit,  four 
vols.  li2mo.  lie  wrote  an  essay  on  the  coins 
of  France,  1740,  4to.  a  valuable  v.orlc, — in- 
quiries on  the  value  of  money,  kc. — the 
table  of  the  duration  of  huraan  life.  He  was 
veil  informed  in  matters  of  agriculture, 
economy,  and  commerce. 

Dui'Uis,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  of 
merit  who  died  at  Paris,  174'2  aged  57.  His 
brother  Gabriel  Nicholas  was  also  an  emi- 
nent engraver,  and  died  1771,  aged  73. 

Dl'CLUESXE,  Abraiiam,  a  native  of  Xor- 
Tiiandy,  who  distinguished  himself  in  the 
French  navy  in  various  fights  against  the 
Spaniards,  the  Dutch,  the  Genoese,  kc. 
He  died  at  Paris  the  second  February  1CS8, 
aged  78,  much  and  deservedly  respected, 
not  less  in  his  private  IhRu  his  pubhc  cha- 
racter. 

YOU  T.  S^ 


DuRAND,  William,  a  native  of  Provence, 
eminent  «8  a  lauyer,  and  afterwards  raised 
to  a  bishopric  by  t!ie  jtope.  He  died  at 
Home  I'JlM'),  aged  .'•9,  author  of  a  Speculum 
juris,  i<o.  a  «ork  of  merit.  His  ntphew 
was  also  a  bishop,  ai:d  wrote  on  general 
councils. 

Di'KA.VD,  DE  St.  I'oi'ucAiN,  AVillJam, 
a  Fret  eh  bi-hop,  talied  from  his  powers  of 
argumentation  the  resolute  doctor.  He  was 
aiithor  of  conunentaries  on  the  sentences 
and  other  works,  and  died  1.S.32. 

DuRANUE,  N.  a  physician  of  eminence 
at  Dijon,  who  published  scuTie  interesting 
tracts  on  his  profession.  He  died  at  Dijon, 
1799. 

DiFRAXT,  (iilles,  sieur  de  la  IJergerie, 
advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Paris.  He 
was  one  of  the  nine  appointed  by  the  court 
to  reform  the  customs  of  Paris.  Jle  pos- 
sessed great  talents  for  ludicrous  poetry,  and 
his  verses  on  the  ass  that  had  joined  the 
league,  and  had  i'allen  during  the  siege  of 
Paris  1590,  are  much  admired  He  wrote 
other  humorous  pieces,  Mliich  equally  com- 
mand the  approbation  of  the  public,  though 
some  are  of  a  licentious  tendejicy.  Some 
suppose  that  he  was  broke  on  the  wheel, 
JOth  of  July  1018.  for  a  libel  on  the  French 
king,  but  the  sufl'erer  was  another  person, 
who  with  his  two  brothers  endured  tlu't 
savage  punishment.  Duraut's  works  were 
printed  1594. 

DuRAXTi,  John  Stephen,  a  native  ci 
Toulouse,  of  V.  Iiose  parliament  he  was  advo- 
cate-general, and  afterwards  in  15ill  lirst 
president.  He  violently  (tppnsed  the  league, 
and  perished  in  a  tumult  which  he  endea- 
vored to  appease,  being  sliot  by  a  musket 
ball  10th  of  Feb.  1589,  and  treated  w  i,h  every 
mark  of  insult  and  indignity  by  the  mob. 
'I'his  meritoriou.s  martyr  had  the  year  before 
successfully  employed  his  influence  to  pre- 
serve Toulouse  from  the  plague,  and  lie  had 
deserved  tlie  affection  of  his  country  by  his 
liberality  and  charity  of  some  institutions 
which  he  founded  for  the  education  of  yoHlU 
and  the  relief  of  indigence.  He  wrote  also 
a  book  de  ri'Jbus  ecclesiaj,  printed  at  Rome 
1591  folio. 

DuRBACH,  Anne  liouisa,  a  German  pn- 
etess,  born  1722.  From  the  mean  occupa- 
tion of  v.atcliing  cattle,  she  raised  herself  to 
disiinction  liy  the  reading  of  books,  and  by 
uncommon  r.pplication  to  literature.  At  17 
she  maiTicd  a  woolcomber,  but  with  b.im  and" 
with  another  afterwards,  sljc  was  e.xposed  Uj 
great  pov;u"tr,  till  the  age  of  40,  when  her 
muse  celebrated  in  a  triumphal  o<le  tin'  bat- 
tle of  Lowosehutz.  This  piece  was  noticed, 
and  recommended  to  the  Prussian  monarch, 
who  sent  for  the  poetess  to  Berlin,  and  by 
his  patron.^ge  placed  her  a!)ove  want.  Her 
poems  have  been  published,  and  possess 
great  merit.     She  died  about  1780. 

UuRELL,  John,  a  divine  of  eminence, 
born  162G  in  the  island  of  Jersey,  and  edu- 
cated at  Merton  college,  w'uich  he  left  at  the 
beginning  of  the  civil  wars,  aud  then  passed 
to  r'aen,  where  he  took  lus  degree  of  MA. 


DU 


t)U 


was  ordained  by  the  Ijishop  oi'  Galldwa^-,  1  cUurcli,  wliere  his  tVien 
*aris  1G51,  ami  was  afterwards  invited  b_v     an   honorable   instripti( 

Besi<les  his  great  i-eputation  as  an  artist,  he 


govern- 


He 
at  P 

the  church  of  Caen  to  supply  the  place  of 
the  fanions  Bocliart  during  his  absence  at 
the  court  of  Christina  of  Sweden,  an  honor- 
able appointment,  which  however  he  did 
not  aciept.  At  the  restoration  he  was  chap- 
lain to  tiie  kiiig,  and  preferred  to  a  prebend 
at  Salisbury,  afterwards  at  Windsoi',  and 
then  at  Duihani.  In  1G69  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  i).  U.  at  Oxford,  and  in  1077  was 
raisefl  to  the  deanery  of  Windsor.  For  this 
preferment  he  was  indebted  to  his  abilities 
as  well  as  to  the  partiality  of  Charles,  who 
■jvas  v.ell acquainted  with  his  merits,  and  had 
known  him  in  Jersey  and  in  France.  He  di- 
ed lOS.i,  jvged  58,  and  was  buried  at  Wind- 
sor. His  writings  were  chielly  controversial — 
a  vindic:ttion  of  the  church  of  England 
against  schismatics — n  view  of  tlie 
ment,  See.  of  the  church  of  England,  4to 
besides  a  translation  of  the  liturgy  into  Latin 
and  Frencli. 

Dure T. I.,  Uavid,  a  native  of  Jersey,  edu- 
cated at  Pembroke  college,  0.\ford,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree.  He  afterwards 
became  fellow  of  Hertford  college,  of  which 
}n  1757  he  was  made  principal.  In  1764  he 
took  his  dcgiee  of  D.  U.  and  in  1767  was 
made  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  He  ser- 
ved the  oflice  of  vice  chancellor  and  died  1775, 
aged  47.  He  was  author  of  critical  remarks 
on  the  books  of  Job,  Psalms,  Eccit^siaste 
andiJanticles,  4to. — tlie  Hebrew  text  of  the 
parallel  prophecies  of  Jacob  and  Moses,  re- 
lating to  the  12  tribes,  with  a  translation  and 
notes,  See.  4to. 

DuRER,  Albert,  a  celebrated  painter  and 
engraver,   born  at   Nuremberg   20th    May 

After  being 
in  arithmetic,  perspective, 
and  geometry,  he  began  to  exhibit  some  of 
bis  pieces  before  the  public,  and  his  three 
'^^•aces  were  the  first  ijerformance  whiuli  tix- 
ed  the  admiration  of  his  country  upon  him, 
in  1497.     He  painted  little,  therefore  his  pic- 


id  Pirkheimer  plaaed 


ion  over   his  remains. 


1471,   of  IIungHrian  parents, 
■well  instructed 


tures  are  very  ss^arce,  and  as  highly  valued. 
His  Adam  and  Eve  are  still  preserved  in  tiie 
royal   ])alace  of  Pj  ague,  and  also  a  picture 
of  Cllri^>t  bearing  the  cross,  an  adoratioQ  of 
the  wise  men,  and  at   Fi  ankfort  two  pieces 
of  tiie  passion  and  an  assumption  of  exqui- 
site beauty.     In  the  senators'  hall  at  Nurem- 
berg  are  also  stiil   exhibited   with  national 
pinde,   a  portrait  of  Charlemagne,    and  of 
some  of  the  emperors,  with  the  V2  apostles. 
His  engravings  are  highly  admired.     Instead 
of  the   tedious   mode   of  engraving  on  cop- 
per, he  first  attempted  to  work  on  wood,  and 
his  first  pieces^  in  that  way,  were  the  behead- 
ing of  John  the   Iiaptist,  and  the  presenta- 
tion of  his  head  to  Herod,  published  in  1510. 
One  of  his   best  pieces  is  said   by  Yasari   to 
be  a  St.  Eustachius  knueling  before    a  stag. 
The  luerit  of  Durer  was  not  lost  in  obscuri- 
ty, he  was  esteemed  by   the  great,  and  the 
emperor   Maximilian   not   only    patronised 
him  but  granted  him  a  pension  and  a  patent 
(if  nobility.     He  (Ued  in  his  native  city,  6th 


possessed  Avbat  is  equally  valuable,  a  respec- 
table character  in  private  life.  He  was 
cheerful  but  not  licentious  in  his  conversa- 
tion, tlie  firm  fiiend  of  virtue  and  piety,  and 
he  never,  like  some  of  Ids  fallow  artists, 
employed  his  talents  on  any  thing  that  was 
either  obscene  or  profane.  He  wrote  some 
books  iu  German,  j)ublished  after  his  death, 
on  tlie  rules  ot  painting — institutiones  geom- 
etrise,  &c.  His  wife,  who  was  beautiful,  but 
is  described  by  some  as  a  Xantippe,  sat  to 
him,  and  from  her  features  he  painted  the 
face  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

DuRE;T,Ijewi3,  aphysicaUjbornatBeauge- 
la-Ville  in  Brescia.  He  practised  with  great 
success  at  Paris,  and  was  in  the  household 
of  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  III.  He  was  par- 
ticularl)'  esteemed  by  this  last  monarch,  who 
granted  him  a  pension  of  4<K)  crowns  of  gold, 
Avitli  a  survivance  to  his  five  sons,  and  in 
proof  of  his  great  esteem  was  also  present 
at  the  marriage  of  his  daughter.  Duret  di- 
ed 2'2(\  January  1586,  aged  59.  He  was  a 
true  follower  of  Hippocrates,  and  treated 
medicine  afterj  the  manner  of  the  ancients. 
His  best  work  is  a  commentary  on  Hippo- 
crates published  Paris  16'>]I,  folio,  after  bfe- 
ing  completed  and  revised  by  his  son  John^ 
who  like  liimself  was  eminent  as  a  physi- 
cian.    The  son  died  1629,  aged  66. 

H'Urfey,  Tliomas,  a  facetious  English 
poet.  His  parents  who  were  Huguenots, 
left  llochelle  before  it  ss  as  besieged  by  Lew- 
is XHI,  in  162S,  and  they  settled  at  Exeter, 
where  the  poet  was  born.  He  applied  him- 
self to  the  law,  but  the  liveliness  of  his  gen- 
ius, and  the  volatility  of  his  mind,  carried 
him  to  the  cultivation  of  poetry,  and  as  he 
possessed  the  powers  of  wit  and  the  keen- 
ness of  satire,  liis  plays  were  received  on 
the  stage  with  great  applause.  His  face- 
tionsness  and  easy  manners  recommended 
him  to  the  notice  of  the  great,  and  Chai"les 
11.  was  often  seen  viith  this  favorite  of  the 
muses,  most  famiii;ir!y  leaning  on  his  shoul- 
der, or  humndng  over  a  eoiig  with  })im. 
But  though  popular,  his  ballads,  songs,  and 
plays  possessed  all  the  coarseness  of  wit,  li- 
centiousness, and  indelicacy  which  were 
fashionable  in  the  days  of  the  second  Charles, 
and  which  better  times  have  happily  banish- 
ed, so  that  within  30  years  after  his  death,- 
none  of  his  pieces  were  suffered  to  appear  on 
the  stage.  This  humorous  author,  familiarly 
known   bv   the  narae  of  Tom.  lived   much 


with  the  earl  of  Dorset  at  Knole,  wher<; 
there  is  stiil  preserved  a  picture  of  him,  ta- 
ken by  stealth,  as  he  was  sleeping  in  his 
chair  after  dinner,  but  in  the  last  part  of 
his  life  he  was  haunted  by  i>overt)',  foi',  re- 
gardless of  tlie  morrow  he  liad  always 
squaniiered  the  present  away.  'I'o  relieve 
him  from  distres>s,  the  players  very  gener- 
ously, at  the  solicitation  of  Addison,  came 
forward  to  perform  "  the  Plotting  sisters'* 
for  the  benefit  of  the  author,  who  humor,- 
April  loiiSj,  and  was  buried  iu  St,  John's  1  ously  said,  he  had  written  nix)rc  o^es  than 


uu 


DU 


Horace,  and  fonrtimes  as  ni:i;i}  •  onudif,'?;  tis 
Terence,  and  tliis  tcnii)or.\ry  roliil "set  fiini 
ubove  want.  He  died  'JOiU  J'el»i*uary  17'2;J, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  .Ijine.s'  <'lnireli\ ;  rd, 
"Westniiii.slcr.  liisage  is  i)oLe.\Mctl\  kuoun, 
thcugli  it  must  liave  been  alirmt  70.  His 
Honucts,  ballads,  Jscc.  are  eoiitaip.cd  in  0  vnl.s. 
I'imo.  and  called  '•  Pills  to  \»urge  nielambo- 
ly,"  and  they  are  Iiandsoinely  recommend- 
ed bv  the  -JOth  nuniiier  of  tlu-  (iuarrii.in,  in 
tbe  firth  number  of  uhicli  uork  also  may 
be  founil  a  Immorows  aecoimt  of  llic  antbor. 

Di'KilAM,  .lames,  a  Scolib  divine,  born 
in  West  Lotliiun  l0v.'O,  and  educated  in  .St. 
Salvador's  enllet^e,  St.  Andrew 's.  At  tlie  as.;e 
ef  .i(t  by  tbe  pci-siiasion  of  bis  friends  be 
took  orders,  and  became  a  very  popular  and 
clocjuent  preacIuM*  at  (JIasgow.  lie  died  of 
a  consumiitiou  iG.^b",  aged  ;>S.  lie  wrote  a 
commentary  on  tbe  revelations — discourse 
on  scandal — sermons  on  tbe  .')3d  of  Lsaian 
and  Ibc  Song  of  Solomon,  !scc. 

DuRiXGER,  Melcbior,  professor  of  ec- 
clesiastical liistory  at  IJenic,  passed  Ids 
v/bole  life  in  celibacy,  solitude,  and  mebui- 
cboly.  He  fell  iron^  the  story  «>1  bis  bouse, 
which  Avas  unfoi'timately  on  iire,  aiul  died 
an  hour  after,  1st  Jannar}'  IT'-I.y,  aged  76, 
'I'he  author  of  pb}sica  sacra,  printed  at  Am- 
sterdam 173'2,  is  much  indel>ted  to  the  la- 
bors of  Duringer. 

DuRY  or  JDuRViius,  John,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine, who  labored  earnestly  to  reconcile  the 
l^utherans  and  Calvinists,  but  to  little  jiur- 
pose.  He  began  about  16M  to  travel  through 
Europe,  engaged  in  this  gigr.ntic  undertak- 
ing, and  after  conferring  with  tbe  divines  of 
England,  Ciermany,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Hol- 
land, Geneva,  aud  other  places,  be  at  last, 
■after  40  years'  laborious  pursuit,  found  him- 
self disappointed,  .-md  though  all  commend- 
ed his  spirit  and  extolled  the  purity  of  his 
intentions,  none  would  resign  their  opinions 
And  their  faith  to  tbe  decision  of  llicir  neigh- 
bors. It  is  unknot  n  when  lie  <lied,  but  iii 
the  last  part  of  bis  life  be  was  honorably 
patronised,  by  Hedwig  Sophia,  princess  of 
Hesse,  who  allowed  him  a  comfortable  re- 
tirement, with  a  table  well  furnished,  and 
f'very  convenience.  He  wrote  much  in  fa- 
vor of  his  grand  plan,  and  evinced  himself 
a  man  of  extensive  learning,  great  zeal,  be- 
coming piety,  but  rather  tanatical.  His  let- 
ter to  Dumoulin,  concerning  tbe  churches 
of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  uiuler 
Cromwell,  is  curious.  It  is  piiblislied  l-ou- 
don  lG58,  l'2mo. 

DusART,  a  pair.ter  of  Hacrlcm,  disc-ij)'e 
o£  Adrian  Ostade.  He  was  chic  fly  gre:it  in 
i.he  description  of  taverns  and  low  company. 
He  <lied  I704-,  aged  ;>0. 

DussAui.x,  John,  a  native  of  Chartrcs, 
who  after  distinguishing  himself  in  tbe  war 
of  Hanover  under  llitbelieu,  «levoted  bim- 
sxilf  to  literary  pursuits.  At  tbe  revolution 
lie  became  member  of  the  convention,  but 
his  conduct  was  moderate  and  humane,  and 
he  was  one  of  tlie  73  proscribot!  deputies 
v.ho  were  imprisoned  for  opposijjg  the  mea- 
s^ures  of  their  hkH'^  violent  associaios.,   He 


w.Ts  .•ilKiv. ards  mrmber  ot'  the  council  of 
ancients,  and  presiib  nt  <tf  tiie  national  insti- 
tute, and  died  at  I'aris  Kith  March  17'J'.>, 
:.l^vi]  71.  He  publislied  a  traiislatiuii  of  .(u- 
vetiai — de  la  pa.ssi«)n  du  jeii,  H\(). — eloge  «lo 
IJIancbel — memoiresur  les  satiri(pies  Latins, 
bcc. 

DuvAi.,  Peter,  geograplicr  royal  of 
I'rance,  wa.s  born  at  Abbeville.  He  died  at 
Paris  1  OS.),  agcil  G5.  He  studied  geography 
under  his  learned  maternal  tmde  .Sansmi, 
and  is  tlie  autlujr  of  some  gcograpical  tracts 
and  maps,  formerly  in  great  i  ■^teem. 

J)uvAi,,  Nicholas,  a  Hutch  painter,  wJio 
died  173'2,  aged  88.  He  .studied  in  Italy  nu- 
clei' Cortona,  and  was  made  by  >\  illiiim  HI. 
director  of  tbe  academy  at  the  Hague. 

Duval,  Valentine  Jamerai,  an  extraor- 
dinary eharaclei-,  born  in  Ifi'Jo  at  Artonay 
in  ('bampagne.  At  tlie  age  (){  10  be  lo::-t  bis 
fal'ier  who  was  a  poor  laborer,  but  thus  des- 
titute, overwhelmed,  Avilh  his  iiiothcr  ;uul 
her  family,  by  poverty,  he  began  to  hope  for 
lK;Uer  times.  He  hired  himself  with  a  pea- 
sant of  tlie  village,  and  even  in  the  employ- 
ment of  keeping  tbe  po'.dtry  yard,  he  drew 
the  attention  of  hisyouthfid  associates,  atiU 
by  his  superior  agility  guided  Uieir  innocent 
.sports.  In  the  winter  of  170.)  he  travelled 
towards  Lorraine,  and  in  the  cold  journey 
he  was  attacked  by  the  small-pox  under 
which  he  must  have  sunk  but  for  t!ie  tiniely 
assistancR  of  a  shepherd  near  Monglat,  who 
supplied  him  with  dry  brearl  and  watei-,  in 
a  misciabic  s!ieep-pe+i  where  the  breath  fif 
the  Crowded  sheep  b.nstent:^!  tiie  termination 
of  his  di.sordcr  by  occi-sioni'isr  a  stnui"-  and 
lasting  perspiration,  ]^.:covered  from  tiiis 
dreadful  malady  he  went  to  Clezantitie,  a 
village  on  the  borders  of  l^oi-raine,  where  ln> 
contnuied  two  years  in  tiie  service  of  anoth- 
er sUepberd,  and  then  i)ecamc  an  attendant 
on  brother  Palemon  at  tlie  bermil:;ge  of  La 
lincbette  near  Deneuvve.  Pi'om  this  peace- 
ful abode  he  was  soon  removi'd  to  tbe  her- 
mitage of  St.  Anne  near  LuneviMc,  and 
there  employed  in  the  scr\ice  of  i7;nr  her- 
jnits  and  in  acts  of  charitable  bos[»ita!ily,  he 
learnt  to  write,  and  with  cagerncssdevoured 
the  books  vhich  !iis  indigent  abode  aflcrded. 
His  activity  was  here  employed  in  the  pur- 
suit of  game  whiiidi  he  sold  and  converted  to 
the  increase  of  Ids  books  and  k?if)wiedgc, 
and  his  accidental  finding  of  a  seal  belong- 
ing to  Mr.  Eorst^r,  an  English  gentlen::ui  re- 
sident at  IjUneville,  which  be  very  honora- 
bly advertised,  procured  him  new  and  solid 
:Kivai:tages.  For.ster  rewarded  bin  lione.'ty, 
un<l  assisted  him  in  the  j)urclia^e  of  bf)oks 
and  of  maps,  and  his  library  soon  increased 
to4(<0  volumes.  Here,  while  one  day  en- 
gaged deeply  in  the  study  of  a  map  at  the 
foot  of  a  free,  he  was  found  by  the  attend- 
ants of  the  princes  ofLorraim;,  and  the  i)er- 
tincnt  and  very  sensible  r«;marks  whic'i  he 
made  on  tbe  in<[uirii  s  of  bii  illustrious  visitors, 
engaged  so  much  their  attention  that  tbey 
proxnisedhim  their  protection,  nnd  inti'Ofluc- 
ed  him  to  Lcoimbl  duke  of  Lorraine.  Tlie 
yoifngudvCntuv.t  r  quitfcfd  the  hcrmitago  wlt'ii 


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tears  of  gratitude,  nnd  soon,  under  the  cftre 
of  the   Jesuits  oi'  Pouta-Mousson,  he  made 
himself  inaster  of  his   favorite   studies,  his- 
tory, geography,  and  antiquities.     liis  pro- 
gress here  was  astonishhig;,  but  ^vhile  lie  en- 
deavoured oiu-e  to  cure  the  impetuous  jjassiou 
of  love  by  tieuiiotk,  as  he  read  in  St.  Jerome, 
he  nearly  destroyed  himself,  and    long  after 
felt  the  terrible  effects  of  this  \io!t  ut  remedy. 
In  171S  he  visited  Paris  in  the  suite  of  iiis  pat- 
ron Leopok],  and  at  hisretiirnT>ec;'.me  his  li- 
brarian,and  also  professor  of  history  at  Lune- 
ville.     In  tiiis  new  office  J)uval  distinguished 
himself  greatly,  he  Avasatter.ded  ly  several 
Knglishmen,  and  i)articutariy  by  Pitt  aftei- 
•wards  earl  of  Chatliam,  v,  huse    genius   and 
manners  he  admired,  and  whose  future  em- 
inence he  prophetically  announced,   lie  no'.v 
found  himself  raised  to  comfortable  indepen- 
dence, and  in  the  fullness  of  his  heart  he 
showed  his  gratitude  to  the  hermits  of  St. 
Anne    his    benefactors,   by  rebuilding  and 
adorning  their  residence,  and  enabling  them 
to  extend  their  charities.     On  the  death  of 
Leopold  in  1738,  he  follosved  his  son  Francis 
Avho  exchanged  Lorraine  for  Tuscany,  but 
though  Ploi'cnce   afforded   him  many   com- 
forts from  the   salubrity  of  its  climate,  and 
the  rich  treasures  of  its  libraries,  he  yet  sigli- 
ed  for  his  native  land.     Francis,  on  his  nuu'- 
riage  with  the  heiress  of  Austria,  soon  grat- 
ified his  wishes,  and  when  removed  to  Vienna 
he  called  his  respectable  attendant  near  his 
person,  and  gave  him  the  care  of  his  collec- 
tion of  medals.     In  this  situation  Duval  lived 
respected  and  beloved,  and  when  in  1751  he 
■was  nominated  preceptor  to  the  young  prince 
Joseph,  he  did  not  offend  his  imperial  pat- 
rons by  modestly  refusing  an  office  so  flat- 
tering to  vanity.     He  enjoyed   good    health 
from  the  temperance  of  his  habits,  and  the 
hard  mode  ci'  life  to  w  hich  he  had   inured 
himself,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  literature  and  to  the  correspondence 
of  his  friends,  especially  of  madame  de  Gut- 
tenberg,  lady  of  the  bed-chamber  to  the  em- 
press,  a  woman  whose  understanding  was 
similar  to  his  own,   and  whose  goodness   of 
heart  like  his  own  was  displayed  in  frequent 
a-ots  of  benevolenc*  and  charity.     In  17.52, 
Duval  visited  Paris,   and   was  honoi-ably  re- 
ceived by  the  learned,  and  on  his  return  pas- 
sing by  Artonay  his  native  village,  he  pur- 
chased the  house  which  the  indigence  of  his 
sister  had  sold,  and  built  on  the  spot  where 
he  was  born  a  neat  house,  "which  he  appro- 
priated to  the  residence  of  the  public  school- 
master of  the  place.     This   venerable  and 
pious  character  died  third   November  1775, 
ageci  81,  displaying  in  his  last  moments  that 
resignation  and  faith  which  close  the  life  of 
a  good  man. 

DuvENEKE,  Marc  Van,  an  historical 
painter  of  Bruges,  who  died  1729,  aged  55. 
He  was  the  pupil  of  Carlo  Maratti,  and 
painted  chiefly  for  churches,  and  many  of 
his  pieces  are  still  preserved  at  Bruges. 

DycHE,  Thomas,  an  English  clergyman, 
well  known  as  a  schoolmaster,  at  Straftord- 
le-bow,  and  as  the  author  of  an  English  dic- 


tionary, spelling-book,  Latin  vocabulary,  &e. 
He  died  about  1750. 

Dyer,  sir  James,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
horn  at  Roundhiil,  Somersetshire,  1511,  and 
educated  at  Broadgate  hall,  Oxford,  and  re- 
moved to  the  Middle  temjjle,  London. 
Here  by  assiduity  he  distinguished  himself, 
and  in  1552,  he  was  made  sergeant  at  law, 
and  elected  speaker  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons. In  1556  he  was  made  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  common  pleas,  in  1557  remo- 
ved to  the  king's  liench,  and  in  1559  again 
restored  to  the  common  pleas,  and  the  next 
January  he  was  made  chief  justice  of  that 
court.  This  respectable  and  upright  ma- 
gistrate died  at  his  seat  of  Stanton,  Hunting- 
donshire, 24th  March  1581,  aged  70.  He 
wrote  a  large  volume  of  reports,  published 
20  years  after  his  death,  and  reprinted  often, 
and  deservedly  commended  by  sir  Edward 
Coke.  He  left  also  some  other  law  tracts, 
and,  for  h.is  learning  and  great  excellence  of 
character,  fully  merited  tl:e  eulogium  passed 
on  him  by  Camden. 

Dyer,  William,  a  nonconformist,  ejected 
from  his  living  of  Cholesbury,  Bucks,  in 
li)62.  He  turned  qu;ikcr  the  latter  part  of 
his  life,  and  died  1696,  aged  60  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Southwark.  He  wrote  some  ser- 
mons, and  theological  tracts  mucl)  in  the 
style  j,of  Bunvan's.  They  were  reprinted 
1671. 

Dyer,  John,  au  English  poet,  boi'n  at  Ab' 
erglasney,  Caermarthcnshire,  17('0.  He  was 
educated  at  Westminster  school,  and  re- 
turned home  to  study  the  law,  liis  father's 
profession,  but  he  had  a  greater  relish  for 
poetry  and  design,  and  therefore  he  deter- 
mined to  become  a  painter.  In  1727  he  pub- 
lished his  *'  Grongar-hill,"  a  beautiful  little 
poem,  and  afterwards  set  out  for  Italy  to  de- 
lineate the  antiquities  of  that  celebrated 
country,  and  employed  much  of  his  time 
among  the  enchanting  prospects  near  Home 
and  Florence.  At  his  return  home  in  1740 
appeared  his  poem  "  the  ruins  of  Rome," 
and  soon  aftei',  by  the  advice  of  his  friend.s, 
he  took  orders.  He  was  presented  to  Cal- 
thorp,  Leicestershire,  which,  after  a  re- 
sidence of  10  years,  he  exchanged  for  Belch- 
ford,  Lin coh^. shire.  In  1752  he  was  present- 
ed by  sir  John  Heathcote  to  Coniugsby,  and 
in  1756  the  chancellor  added  to  it,  Kirkby 
on  Bane  ;  but  whilst  he  began  to  enjoy  him- 
self, and  prepared  the  improvements  of  his 
parsonage  house,  and  of  his  garden,  the  cu[> 
of  felicity  was  dashed  from  his  hand,  and  be 
was  carried  off  by  a  rapid  consumption  1758, 
and  buried  at  Coniugsby,  where  no  memo- 
rial records  the  virtues  of  its  i)astor.  He  left 
a  widow  and  four  children,  one  son  and 
three  girls.  The  son,  heir  to  his  father's 
taste  and  classical  knowledge,  died  in  Lon- 
don April  1782,  aged  52,  as  he  was  prepar- 
ing to  extend  his  travels  to  Italy.  The 
"  fleece,"  which  was  published  a  little  before 
the  poet's  dcatli— Grongar-hill — and  the  ru- 
ins of  Rome,  are  the  three  poems  which 
raised  Dyer  above  mortality.  The  simplici- 
ty of  his  lines  is  enriched  Avith  true  sublimi- 
ty, and  the  •v\hoIc  breathe  forth'  the  purest 


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flames  of  benevolence  and  liumanlty,  and 
li;nc  fjainrii,  and  will  priscrve  uuivcisal 
.'iduiirutidii.  His  uurks  were  printed  la  utie 
vol.  Svo.  1761. 


Dv.-rAMUS,  a  rhetorician  of  the  fourtl» 
centiirv,  born  at  IJoicUaux,  w!iicli  lie  kit  on 
an  accusation  of  adidt«ry.  lie  died  30(>  in 
Spuin^  where  lie  had  married  a  rich  widow. 


EA 


En 


];^  ACIIAHI),  Dr.  .I(.hn,an  English  divine, 
,_j  born  in  Sulfolk  ICj.if).  He  vas educated 
at  Catharitu!-hall,  Cambridge,  of  wliich  he 
became  ft'llow,  and  in  1075  master,  tlie  year 
after  whirh  he  took  his  (h-_e;ree  of  I).  D.  He 
died  7tli  July  liYjT,  aged  61,  and  was  buried 
in  the  chajiel,  where  a  handsome  inscription 
is  placed  over  his  remains.  He  is  well  known 
as  the  anther  of  the  grounds  and  occasions 
of  the  contempt  of  the  clerg)'  and  religion  in- 
qnired  into,  in  a  letter  to  U.  L.  1G70,  which 
Mas  attacked  by  several  writers,  and  ans- 
•wercd  by  him.  In  167i  he  published  Air. 
Hobbes'  state  of  nature  considered,  in  a  dia- 
logue between  I'bilanthus  and  Timothy, 
dedicated  to  Sheldon  the  primate,  which 
Hobbes  never  noticed,  and  perhaps  visely, 
as  his  superior  pov,  ers  must  have  sunk  be- 
Ibre  the  M'it  and  raillery  of  his  opponent. 
These  two  performances  were  long  in  es- 
teem, and  deserved  the  high  commendations 
of  Swift.  All  Dr.  Eachard's  works  were 
printed  complete  in  1774. 

Eames,  John,  a  native  of  London,  edu- 
cated at  Merchant-t.aylors'  and  intended  for 
the  ministry  among  the  independent  dissen- 
ters. A  strong  defect  in  the  organs  of 
speech  rendered  it  impossible  for  him  to 
appear  with  advantage  before  a  congrega- 
tion, and  therefore  he  employed  himself  in 
I'-ducating  young  persons  at  the  expense  of, 
the  independent  fund,  and  after  undertak- 
ing the  class  of  mathematics,  the  learned 
languages,  and  philosophy,  he  fdled  the  chair 
of  divinity  with  considerable  respectability. 
His  learning  recommended  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  sir  Isaac  Newton,  nnd  other  eminent 
men,  and  procured  him  a  seat  in  the  roval 
society,  whose  transactions  he  abridged  with 
the  assistance  of  another  person.  He  died 
1744. 

Eari.e,  John,  a  native  of  York,  educated 
at  Merton-coUege^  Oxford,  and  made  tutor 
to  Charles  prince  of  Wales.  He  vas  a  great 
sufferer  during  the  civil  wars,  and  at  the 
restoration  was  made  dean  of  Windsor,  then 
bishop  of  Worcester,  and  in  ICfiS  bishop  of 
Salisbury,  w  here  he  died  two  years  after. 
He  was  author  of  a  translation  of  the  Icon 
liasilikc  into  Latin — micro  cosmographv,  or 
a  piece  of  the  w  orld  characterized  in  essavs 
and  characters,  12mo. — an  elegy  on  Francis 
Heaumont  the  poet,  8cp. 

Earle,  William  Benson,  a  benevolent 
character,  born  at  Shaftesbury,  7th  .lulv 
1740.  He  was  a  man  of  polished  manners, 
well  acquainted  with  the  circle  of  belles  let- 
Ires,  and  in  disposition  most  humane  and 
charitable.  He  left  by  his  will  2000  guin- 
eas to  the  matrons  in  bishop  Ward's  ho.«;pi- 
tal,  Sarum,  and  to  various  other  })ublic  institu- 
tions Jo  WincUestcrj  Salisbury,  Bristol,  Lon- 


don, Bath,  &c.  hand.^ome  legacies,  expressive 
of  his  respect  for  those  foundations,  which  of- 
fer relief  to  the  aged,  the  weak,  the  indigent, 
and  the  unfortunate.  Other  legacies  also 
were  left  for  the  improvements  o!'  the  Salis- 
bury concert,  and  for  agricultural  purposes. 
This  benevolent  man  died  '21st  March  17%, 
in  the  Close,  Sarum,  and  was  buried  with- 
out pomp  with  his  ancestors  in  Newton- 
Toney  church. 

EnERTUS,  Theodore,  a  learned  profes- 
sor of  FranUbrt  on  the  Oder,  in  the  17th 
century.  His  works  are,  Chronologia  sanc- 
tions linguaj  doctorum, — elogia  jurisconsul- 
torum,kc.  Svo. — Poetica  Hebraica,8vo.  1028. 
Ebiox,  the  founder  of  a  sect  about  the 
year  72.  St.  John  is  supposed  to  have  writ- 
ten his  gospel  against  the  doctrines  of  the 
Ebionites  who  denied  the  divinity  of  our 
Saviour,  and  acknow  ledged  as  true  only  a 
mutilated  and  interpolated  copy  of  St.  Mat- 
thew's gospel,  rejecting  all  the  other  books 
of  the  new  testametit.  Some  authors  sup- 
pose that  there  was  no  such  person  as  Ebion. 
EccARD,  John  Ceorge  d',  a  Cierrnan  his- 
torian and  anti(piary,  born  at  Duingen, 
Brunswick,  1C7().  He  was  professor  of  his- 
tory at  Ilelmstadt,  and  succeeded  his  friend 
Leibnitz  in  the  chair  of  Hanover  171 S. 
His  debts  obliged  him  to  leave  his  situation 
172.1,  and  turning  Roman  catholic  lie  retired 
to  Wurtzburg,  where  he  obtained  the  office 
of  episcopal  counsellor  and  librarian.  He 
was  ennobled  by  the  emperor,  and  died  1730. 
His  works  are  Corpus  historicum  medii  tevi 
a  Caroli  magni  tempor.  ad  finem  seculi  xr. 
two  vols.  fol.  a  learned  and  valuable  work, — 
leges  Francorum,  Sec. — de  origine  Germa- 
norum, — historia  studii  etymologici,  &c. 

EccHELr.ENSis,  Abraham,  a  Maronitc 
professor  of  oriental  languages  at  Rome. 
He  translated  from  the  Arabic  into  Latin 
some  of  the  books  of  ApoUonius' conies,  and 
went  to  Paris  to  assist  le  Jay  in  the  publica- 
tion of  his  polyglott  bible.  He  quarrelled 
with  le  Jay,  and  also  with  Flavigny,  w  ho  had 
attacked  his  edition  of  the  bible,  and  he 
showed  himself  wantonly  severe  and  licen- 
tiously satirical.  He  was  recalled  from  Paris 
to  assist  the  translating  of  the  scriptures  into 
Arabic,  and  died  at  Rome  1604. 

EccLES,  Solomon,  an  English  musician, 
who  in  the  zenith  of  his  fame  turned  qua- 
ker  and  destroyed  his  instruments.  He  now 
became  as  ridiculous  as  before  he  had  been 
admired,  and  for  a  while  amused  the  public 
by  his  foolish  plans,  to  reconcile  all  mankind 
to  one  religion.  The  confinement  of  a  pris- 
on at  last  cured  him  of  his  follies,  but  he  died 
without  religion  the  last  years  of  the  17th 
century. 
EbroiNj  mayor  of  the  palace  under  CIo- 


ED 


ED 


thftire  III.  and  Thiery  I.  maintained  for  a 
while  the  great  power  whicli  his  intrigues 
and  hypocrisy  had  obtained,  but  his  pride 
and  cruelty  offended  the  French  nobles,  and 
he  Avas  at  last  confined  in  a  monastery.  He 
however  escaped,  and  soon  returned  with  an 
army  to  regain  his  lost  influence.  His  e«ie- 
mies  and  rivals  were  sacrificed  to  his  ambi- 
tion and  revenge,  and  the  greatest  atrocities 
Avere  exercised  in  the  name  of  public  justice. 
This  tyrant,  execrated  by  the  people,  was  at 
last  assassinated  by  Hermanfroi,  a  noble 
whose  death  he  meditated,  681. 

EcHARD,  Jacques,  a  dominican  who  was 
born  at  Rouen,  and  died  at  Paris  March  15th 
1774,  aged  60.  He  wrote  an  account  of  the 
learned  men  whom  his  order  had  produced, 
two  vols.  fol.  Paris  1719,  and  1721. 

EcHARD,  Lawrence,  an  Englisii  historian 
and  divine,  born  at  Bassam  near  Beccles, 
Suffolk,  1671,  and  educated  at  Christ  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M. 
A.  1693.  He  took  orders  and  obtained  the 
livings  of  Welton  and  Elkinton,  Lincolnshire. 
In  1706,  he  published  his  history- of  England, 
from  the  time  of  the  Ilonians  to  .lames  1. 
in  one  volume  folio,  to  which  lie  added  a  se- 
cond and  a  third  volume  I71S,  up  to  the  set- 
tlement of  William  and  Mary.  He  wrote 
also  an  ecclesiastical  history,  and  an  Englisii 
txanslation  of  Plautus  and  Terence,  besides  a 
gazetteer,  kc.  He  was  made  prebendary  of 
Lincoln,  and  in  1712,  aiThdeacon  of  Stowe, 
and  soon  after  presented  to  the  livings  ol' 
Rendlesham,  Sudborn,  and  Alfoid,  Suffolk. 
His  declining  state  of  health  o])!igcd  liim  to 
go  to  Scarborougii  for  the  v,  aters,  but  he  di- 
ed by  the  way,  while  in  his  chariot,  16th  Au- 
gust 1730.  He  was  an  author  of  great  judg- 
ment and  perseverance,  but  the  labors  of 
more  modern  and  elegant  writers  have  i-eu- 
dered  his  works  oI)solete.  He  was  twice 
married,  but  had  no  chiidren. 

EcKius,  John,  a  learned  professor  of  Iii- 
goldstadt,  born  in  Suabia  14S3.  He  warmly 
opposed  the  great  leaders  of  the  reformation, 
and  disputed  at  Leipsic  with  Luther,  before 
the  duke  of  Saxony,  and  at  Worms  against 
Melancthon.  He  v.as  a  divine  of  great  abili- 
ties, warm  zeal,  and  extensive  erudition.  His 
v/ritings  are  chiefly  on  controvers'ial  sub- 
jects, in  support  of  the  popisli  supremacy 
against  the  protcstants.  He  died  at  Ingold- 
stadt  1543. 

EcLusE,  Chai'les  do  f  Clusius,  a  physi- 
cian of  Arras,  Avho  liad  the  care  of  the  sim- 
X)les  of  MaximilJJiu  H.  and  Rodolphus  H. 
Disliking  the  life  of  a  courtier,  he  retired  to 
Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  and  then  to  Ley- 
den  where  he  died  professor  of  Botany,  4tli 
April  1609,  aged  84.  His  Avorks  on  botanical 
subjects  were  published  two  A'ols.  fol.  Ant- 
wei'p  1601-5. 

EcLUSEDES  LoGES,  Pierre  Mathuran 
de  1'  doctor  of  the  "Sorbonne  Avas  born  at  Fa- 
laise,  and  obtained  the  prize  of  eloquence  at 
the  JFrench  aca(femy  1743,  and  died  1775. 
He  edited,  but  Avith  great  partiality,  the  me- 
moirs of  Sully. 

Jj^DELiNCK,  Gerard,  an  ergraA-er, born'at 
Antwerp  l(i,4l.    The  muxi|ficetipe  of  LcAvis 


XIV.  invited  him  to  France,  where  he  exe» 
cutcd  in  the  most  finished  style  the'holy  fam- 
ily of  Raphael,  Alexander  in  Darius'  tent  by 
le  Brun,  and  Mary  Magdalen  also  by  le  Brun, 
Some  of  his  portraits  are  excellent,  especiall}' 
hisoAvn.  He  died  1707,  aged  66,  at  the  ho- 
tel of  the  Gobelins. 

Edema,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
in  Friesland.  He  visited  Surinam,  and  af- 
terAvards  America,  to  paint  the  views,  the 
trees,  insect*,  &c.  of  the  country,  and  came 
to  London  1670.  He  was  much  admired  for 
the  bold  features  of  his  landscapes;  and  Ids 
rocks,  iiiountains,  and  cataracts  displayed 
aAvful  grandeur.  He  hastened  his  dissolution 
by  excessive  drinking,  and  died  about  1700. 

Eder,  George,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the 
16th  centiiry,  born  at  Friesingen,  and  coun- 
sellor to  the  emperors  Ferdinand,  Maximili- 
an, and  Ifodolphus.  His  best  Avork  is  ffico- 
nomia  bibliorum  seu  partionum  biblicarum  li- 
bri  ([uinque  folio. 

Edgar,  saccceded  on  the  throire  of  Eng- 
land after  his  brother  Edwy  959,  and  deser- 
ved from  his  Mildness  the  name  of  peacea- 
ble. He  was  a  warlike  prince,  and  obtained 
some  important  victories  in  Scotland  and  in 
Irelantl,  and  also  in  ^\'ales,  Avhere  he  exact- 
ed fi-om  the  inhabitants  a  tribute  of  wolves' 
heads,  which  thus  cleared  the  country  from 
those  rapacious  animals.  After  the  death  of 
his  queen  Egelflida,  he  married  the  bcautifnl 
Elfrida,  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Devonsiiire, 
Avhom  liis  faA'orite  Etiichvolfe,  over]>OAveied 
with  the  love  of  her  beauty,  claimed  for  him- 
ticlf  instead  of  demanding  hci- for  his  master. 
Edgar  died  975,  aged  33. 

Edgar,  son  of  iMalcolm  HI.  Avas  king  of 
Scotland,  and  died  1107.  His  sister  married 
Henry  king  of  England,  and  by  this  union 
restored  peace  between  the  two  countries. 

Edmer  or  Eadmer,  an  English  benc- 
dictiue  of  Canterbury,  afterwards  abbot  of 
St.  Alban's,  and  bishop  of  St.  Andrew's  in 
Scotland.  He  Avrote  the  history  of  his  own 
times  from  1(»66  to  1122,  called  Historia  no- 
A'orum,  and  also  the  life  of  Anselm  and  Wil- 
fred and  some  other  tracts.  His  historia  was 
printed  Avith  notes  by  Selden  1623,  and  re- 
printed 1675  by  Gerberon. 

Edmondes,  sir  Tlioraas,  a  statesman 
born  in  DeAonshire  about  1563,  and  introdu- 
ced at  court  under  the  patronage  of  sir  Fran- 
cis Walsingham.  He  Avas  employed  by  Eli- 
zabeth in  some  negotiatioiis,  but  Avheu  lier 
ambassador  at  Paris  he  Avas  allowed  only  205. 
a  day,  so  that  he  complains  scA'erely  of  his  in- 
ability to  support  the  dignity  of  a  royal  rep- 
resentative,  and  adds  that  "he  has  not  the 
means  whepeAvith  to  put  a  good  garment  on 
his  back,  to  appear  in  honest  company."  He 
Avas  sent  in  1599  to  Brussels,  and  Avas  after- 
Avards  employed  as  one  of  the  clerks  of  the 
privy  council.  He  was  knighted  by  James  I. 
and  engaged  in  affairs  of  trust  and  importance, 
and  afterwards  appointed  to  the  offices  of 
comptroller  of  the  king's  household,  and  pri- 
vy counsellor,  and  in  1618,  of  treasurer  of  the 
household.  In  the  tAvo  first  parliaments  of 
Charles  1.  he  sat  for  Oxford,  and  some  of 
his  spet'ches  ar&  preserved-    In  1629  lie  Avent 


jnu 


Kid 


as  ambaskatlor  to  tlie  French  court,  and  af- 
terwards retired  from  olllee,  ami  died  in 
peacefid  \)rivacy  1039.  He  -was  a  iiiait  of 
threat  abililies,  eminent  as  a  nej^oliator,  active 
as  a  courtier,  uprii^lit,  firin,  and  incf)rrnpti- 
Ijle,  as  attaclied  to  llie  prixiiegis  of  his  kiiij^ 
and  coiiiilry.  Some  of  liis  papers,  wliicli 
once  consisted  of  1'2  vols,  folio,  have  been 
preserved,  and  soimj  of  liis  letters  are  \)uh- 
libhed  in  Sawyer's  three  volumes  of  memo- 
rials of  afl'iiirs  of  state  1 7'25,  and  iJr.  Bireh's 
View  of  nei:;otiali()iiS  Jxc.  1749,  8vo. 

Edmonues,  Clcnieiit,  sou  of  the  precc- 
<ling,  Avas  born  at  Sharwanline  in  Shi(tpshire, 
and  educated  at  All-souls'  eolleg*,-,  of  which 
he  became  fellow  1590.  IJy  the  iiiterest  of  his 
fatlicr  lie  was  made  seU'etary  for  the  French 
to  Hl;zal)Ctli,  and  afterwards  reniembranecr 
of  the  city  of  London,  master  of  the  requests, 
and  clerk  to  the  council,  ami  in  1017  knitjht- 
ed.  He  was  a  man  of  IcarniiiL;,  well  skilled 
in  arts  and  sciences.  lie  wrote  observa- 
tions on  the  first  5  books  of  Ccesar's  civil  wars 
IGOU,  folio,  besides  observations  on  the  com- 
mentaries, kc.  lie  died  in  St.  Martin's  in 
the  fields,  l'2ih  October  1022,  and  was  buried 
at  Preston  near  Northampton. 

Edmund,  St.  king  of  the  East  Angles, 
was  for  his  sanctity  uiade  one  of  the  sivints  of 
the  calendar.  lie  was  taken  prisoner  in  870, 
by  Ivar  tlie  Dane,  and  shot  to  death  with  ar- 
rows, after  being  fastened  to  a  treo.  He  was 
buried  at  St.  Edmundsbury,  Suflblk. 

Edmund,  St.  a  native  of  Abingdon,  who 
studied  ai  Paris,  and  for  bis  eminence  as  a 
preacher  was  made  arcbbisliop  of  Canterbury 
by  Innocent  III.  A  quarrel  with  Henry  HI. 
obliged  him  to  leave  the  kingdom,  and  retire 
io  France  where  lie  died  12i0.  Ho  was  Ciin- 
onized  by  Innocent  IV.  1249. 

Edmund  I.  son  of  Edward  the  elder,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Athelstan  us  king  of  En- 
gland 941,  and  added  Mercia,  Northumber- 
iand,  and  (vumberiand,  to  his  dominions.  He 
Avas  stabbed  to  death  at  Packle  church, 
<ilocestershiro  948,  by  JLeolf,  a  robber, 
T.hom  he  liad  banished. 

Edmund  H.  surnamed  Ironside,  succeed- 
ed his  father  Etheldred  lOlG,  and  took  for 
iiis  partner  on  the  throne  Canute  who  oppo- 
sed him.  He  was  asfjissinated  at  Oxford,  by 
Two  of  li-is  servants  1017. 

Edward,  the  elder,  succeeded  his  father 
Alfred,  as  king  of  England  900.  He  defeat- 
ed the  Scotch  and  Wclsli,  and  repressed  the 
invasion  of  the  Danes.  He  erected  five 
bishoprics,  and  by  founding  the  university  of 
Caml)ridge,  he  extended  his  protection  to 
Jearning.  He  died  925,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  ill'^gitimate  son  Aldestan. 

E Dw A  u  D,  St.  or  -Martyr,  tlie  younger,  son 
«^f  Edgar  the  great,  succeeded  to  the  English 
crown  975,  and  was  baselj  murdered  at 
Corfc  castle  978,  by  his  step-mother  Elfrida, 
"who  wished  to  place  her  own  son  Ethelred 
on  the  thr'jne. 

Edward,  surnamed  the  confessor,  son 
of  Etlielrcd,  :iicceeded  his  brother  Ilardica- 
nute  1041.  He  was  a  n  eak  and  impolitic 
prince,  and  sulTei'cd  his  kingdom  to  be    go- 


verned by  carl  Ciodwin,  whose  daughttfr  he 
had  married.  At  his  death,  unable  or  un- 
willing to  settle  tiie  succession  about  which 
he  had  considted  his  friend  William  of  Nor- 
mandy, he  Uft  his  kingdom  a  piey  to  ambi- 
tious factions,  lie  died  5l!i  January  106G, 
and  aftei"  the  short  but  imfortunate  reign  of 
Harold,  he  was  sucreedfd  the  following  Oc- 
tuhcr  by  ^\'illian\  llr;  c(;nqucror. 

Edward  I.  king  of  England,  son  and  suc- 
cessor of  Henry  Hi.  was  Ijorn  at  Winchester. 
He  was  recalled  from  his  expedition  in  Asia 
ag:«inst  the  inlidcis  toasrend  thethrotiC  1272, 
and  he  di.-;tiiigiiishe<i  himsidf  by  the  vigor  and 
wisdom    of  his   go.cjument.      The   >V'el3h 
were  subdued,  and  to  reconcile  them  to  their 
chang*;  of  master,  the  king  created    his  own 
sf)n  prince   of  Wales.     In   12^0  he   was  ap- 
pointed umpire  between  the  rival  comiteti- 
tors  for  the  ciown  oi'  Scotland,  and  he  soart- 
lully  conducted  himself,  thnt  he  nearly  made 
the  whole  kingdom  subservient  to  his  power. 
He  died  at  Carlisle  jth  July   1307,  aged  68, 
as  he  was  preparing  to  march   against   the 
Scots,  wlio  had  revolted  against  him,  and  ou 
hisdeatli-bcd  he  recommended  to  his  son  the 
prosecution  of  the  war.     From   the  wisdora 
and  equity  of  the  laws  which   he  established, 
Edward  has  been  called  the  English  Justini- 
an, and    to  iiis  fondness  for  w:»r  and  his  e\- 
pcjisive  leviesj  the  people  may  be  said  to  be 
indebted  for  tlieir  iinerties,  which  were  ce- 
mented by  the  weight  and  consequetice given 
to  their  representatives  first  called  to   sanc- 
tion snd  to   support  the  measures  and  the 
taxes  of  government.     After  the  death  ot  bis 
first  wife  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  III. 
king  of  Castile,  he  married  Margaret  daugh- 
ter of  Phihp  the  hardy  of  France 

Edward  II.  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Caernarvon,  and  as- 
cended the  tlirone  1307.  He  was  devoid  of 
that  vigor  and  firmness  requisite  in  the  head 
of  a  turbulent  kir  gdom,  and  his  ill  judged 
attaclunent  to  his  worthless  favorites  Gaves- 
ton  and  the  Spencers  raised  his  barons  in 
opposition  to  his  measures  and  embittered 
the  whole  of  his  life,  .""ot  only  his  people 
but  his  own  wife,  rose  up  againM  him,  and 
after  the  punishment  of  his  favorites  he  was 
solemnly  deposed  by  the  nobles,  and  shut  up 
in  Berkeley  castle,  where  soou  after  he  was 
murdered  in  the  most  barbarous  and  insult- 
ing manner,  1327,  aged  42. 

Edward  HI.  son  of  the  preceding,  Vas 
born  at  Windsor  1312,  and  ascended  th»i 
throne  on  his  father's  death  1327.  After  a 
glorious  campaign  in  Scotland,  where  Baliol 
paid  homage  to  him  for  his  crown,  he  turned 
liis  arms  against  E^lulip  king  of  France.  Hi's 
successes  l)rought  on  the  celebrated  victory 
of  Creasy  1;»4G,  in  which  30,0(X)  French  fell, 
and  after  the  capture  of  Calais,  peace  wSs 
re-established  between  the  two  countries. 
The  succession  of  John  on  the  French  throne 
renewed  the  war,  and  in  1357  another  dread- 
ful battle  w  as  fouglit  at  P<iitiers,  by  the  black 
prince,  who  in  the  midst  of  the  slaughter 
took  the  French  monarch  prisoner.  The 
arms  oC  Edward  Iwd  also  been  succ«si^ul 


ED 


ED 


against  the  Scotch,  and  tljeir  king  David 
Ei'uce  was  taken  prisoner,  and  thus  England 
saw  two  captive  motiarths  in  lier  capital. 
These  glorious  actions  were  unfortunatel} 
obscured  by  the  misfortunes  of  the  latter 
end  of  the  king's  reign.  The  monarcli 
abandoned  the  cares  of  government  to  his 
rapacious  ministers,  and  lost  himself  in  the 
grossest  sensuahty.  lie  died  23d  July  137", 
aged  65,  and  Avas  succeeded  by  his  grandson 
Richard  II.  During  his  reign  England  Avas 
greatly  improved  by  her  connexion  with 
the  continent,  and  the  arts  and  manufac- 
tures of  the  Flemish,  were  transplanted  into 
tl»e  island,  where  the  industry  and  the  bold 
genius  of  the  inhabitants  have  since  cherish- 
ed and  improved  them.  The  order  of  the 
garter  was  established  in  this  reign. 

K.DV/ARD  IV.  son  of  Ricl.ard  duke  of 
York,  claimed  the  crown  as  descended  from 
the  second  son  of  Edward  III.  in  preference 
to  the  reigning  monarch  Henry  VI.  the  de- 1 
scendant  of  a  third  son  of  Edward  III.  This 
rivalship,  which  filled  the  kingdom  with 
blood,  had  already  been  disputed  in  six  bat- 
tles, in  one  of  which  Richard  the  duke  of 
York  fell,  and  in  seven  others  it  continued  to 
engage  the  passions  of  contending  ara^ies, 
till  Edv.ard  prevailed,  and  -w^as  crowned  at 
Westminster  1461.  His  marriage  with  Eli- 
zabeth Woodville,  disgusted  greatly  his 
friend  Warv/ick,  who  received  the  surname 
of  king-maker,  and  the  dissatisfaction  w  as  so 
rooted,  that  another  civil  war  was  to  decide 
the  dispute.  AVarwick  joining  himself  to  the 
forces  of  the  deposed  Henry,  defeated  Ed- 
ward's army  at  Banbury  1460,  and  soon  after 
took  him  prisoner.  Edwai'd  found  means  to 
escape,  and  Warwick,  defeated  in  his  turn, 
fled  to  France  for  new  supplies,  and  soon 
returned  to  place  Henry  from  a  prison  on 
the  throne.  In  his  turn,  Edward  became  a 
fugitive,  but  unbroken  by  misfortunes,  he 
collected  forces  on  the  continent,  and  on  his 
i-eturn  defeated  his  enemies,  and  slew  War- 
Avick  in  the  field  of  battle,  and  in  another 
fight  in  Tewsksbury  park  so  completely 
routed  the  forces  of  Margaret,  the  heroic 
queen  of  the  cowardly  Henry,  that  no  fur- 
ther opposition  Avas  raised  against  him.  Re- 
spectable as  a  Avarrior  and  as  a  negotiator, 
Edward  became  despicable  as  a  monarch, 
and  lost  himself  in  efferainac)^,  and  in  the 
indulgence  of  the  most  sensual  appetites. 
He  died  9th  April  1483,  aged  41. 

Edward  V.  son  of  Edward  IV.  was 
only  tAvehe  years  old  on  his  father's  death. 
'i'he  guardianship  of  his  minority  Avas  in- 
trusted to  his  uncle  Gloucester,  Avhose  am- 
bition prompted  him  to  the  commission  of 
the  foulest  crimes.  The  young  monarch, 
with  his  brother  the  duke  of  York,  Avere  on 
pretence  of  greater  safety,  conducted  to  the 
tOAver,  and  soon  after  barbarously  smothered 
1483,  and  the  cruel  uncle  ascended  the  va- 
cant throne,  under  the  name  of  Richard  III. 
The  bodies  of  these  unfortunate  princes 
were  discovered  in  1678,  and  conveyed  to  a 
decent  burial  in  Westminster-abbev- 

Edward  VI.  son  of  Henry  VH(.  h}'  Jane 
Seymour,  ascended  the  English  throne,  at 


the  age  of  10,  1547.  His  diaracter  exhibited 
strong  marks  of  benevolence,  virtue,  and' 
humanity,  but  the  goodness  of  his  inclina- 
tions Avas  often  prevented  by  the  intrigues 
or  the  malice  of  his  ministers.  He  continued 
the  Avork  of  the  reformation  begun  by  his 
father,  and  by  the  powerful  co-operation  of 
Cranuier,  nearly  settled  the  rehgious  estab- 
lishment in  the  form  in  which  it  now  exists. 
'I'o  avoid  the  errors  of  a  popish  reign  he  set ' 
aside  by  his  Avill  his  two  sisters  Mary  and 
Elizalieth,  and  settled  the  crown  on  his 
cousin  tlie  lady  Jane  Grey,  but  his  benevo^ 
lent  Avishes  failed,  and  the  bloody  reign  of 
Mary  OAX-rturned  for  a  while  his  excellent 
institutions.  He  died  of  a  consumption  1553, 
aged  IG.  He  shoAved  himself  a  munificent 
patron  of  literature,  by  the  foundation  of 
seA'cral  schools  in  the  kingdom,  and  by  the 
liberal  endowment  of  Christ-church,  Bride- 
Avell,  and  St.  Thomas's  liospital. 

Edward,  prince  of  Vv'ales,  surnamed  the 
black  prince  from  the  color  of  his  armour, 
was  eldest  son  of  EdAvard  III.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  valor  in  the  field  of 
battle  in  the  wars  of  France  under  his  father, 
especially  at  Cressy,  and  afterwards  he  com- 
manded tiie  English  forces  on  the  glorious 
victory  of  Poictiers,  Avhere  he  took  John 
the  king  of  France  and  one  of  his  sons  pris- 
oner. Sensible  of  the  deference  due  to  roy- 
alty he  w  aited  behind  the  chair  of  this  illus- 
trious prisoner  on  the  eA-ening  of  the  battle, 
and  Avhen  he  conveyed  him  to  London  lie 
entered  the  capital  mounted  on  a  small  black 
horse,  while  the  royal  captive  Avas  borne  by 
a  beautiful  Avhite  cljarger  richly  caparisoned. 
This  Avarlike  prince,  Avho  Avas  the  idol  of  the 
nation,  died  of  a  consumption  before  his  fa- 
ther 1S76,  aged  46;  and  by  a  daug'.iter  of 
Edmund  of  Kent,  bvother  to  Edward  II.  a 
AvidoAv,  he  left  one  son  Richard,  who  ascend- 
ed the  throne  after  the  death  of  Edward  III. 
The  crest  Avhich  he  took  from  the  blind  king 
of  Bohemia  became  afterwards  the  crest  of 
the  succeeding  princes  of  Wales,  distin- 
guished by  three  ostrich  feathers  and  the 
motto  Ich  dien,  I  serve,  pjdward,  as  bene- 
volent as  he  was  brave,  extended  his  protee- 
tion  to  Peter  the  cruel  king  of  Castile,  and 
received  him  in  AquiUiine,  which  he  had  ob- 
tained by  the  treaty  of  Bretigny  ;  Imt  though 
replaced  on  his  throne  by  the  expulsion  of 
his  usurping  brother  Henry  count  of  Tran.s- 
tamare,  the  ungrateful  prince  forgot  his  ob- 
ligation to  the  English  victor,  and  even  refu- 
sed to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  troops 
Avhich  had  restored  his  fortunes. 

Edavards,  Richard,  an  English  Avriter, 
born  in  Somersetshire,  1523,  admitted  of 
Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,  and  elected 
student  of  Christ's  church.  He  Avas  made 
gentleman  of  Elizabeth 's  ciiapel,  and  taught 
music  to  the  children  of  the  choir.  He 
wrote  three  plays,  the  first  of  Avhich  is  dated 
156'2,  besides  poems  published  after  hi.s 
death  in  a  collection  called  "  a  paradise  of 
dainty  devises"  1578.  He  was  member  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  in  his  last  illness  wrote 
"  the  soul's  knell,"  Biuch  esteemed.  He 
died  15G6. 


ED 

Edwards,  Thoirias,  an  English  ilivinc, 
cilucittcd  .'it  'I'linity  college,  IJainbi-idgr, 
where  he  tOf>k.  his  maslci's  deforce  KJU'J. 
He  was  !i  nunconformist,  and  viuh-titly  op- 
posed the  royalisrs  dui-iHj;  tlie  ci\il  wars. 
Jfe  j^cnecally  preached  about  Loiithji),  and 
at  Hertford,  and  after  tlie  fall  of  royally, 
lie  cx|>resscd  his  disappr')baLion  at;aiiibt  the 
sect  of  independents,  w  ith  such  frecdoui  that 
upon  the  triumphal  rettirn  of  ^>onn«cll  to 
London,  he  lied  to  Holland,  wheit^'  he  tlied 
of  a  quartan  at;uc,  -''nh  August  1047,  at;c«l 
48.  His  writin!;s,  which  are  exlvenicly  vir- 
ulent and  abusive,  uro  chiHly  in  favor  of  tl)e 
puritans,  and  of  the  pre.sbyiery.  'l"he  most 
known  of  these  are  his  (jaujjr^na  in  tliree 
parts, — antapnlogia,  kc.  Mr.  Kdwards  pro- 
fesses himself  to  be  "  a  plain  open  l»carted 
man,  who  hated  tricks,  reserves,  and  de- 
signs, zcalovis  tor  the  assembly  of  divines, 
the  use  of  the  Lord's  prayer,  bee."  He  was 
from  his  zeal  culled  the  young  Lythcr  at 
Cambridge.  He  had  by  his  wife,  who  was 
an  heiress,  four  sons  and  one  daagljter. 

Edwards,  John,  a  divine  of  the  church 
of  England,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Hertford  t2Gth  February  1637.  He  was 
educated  at  Merchaat-laylors'  and  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  He  took,  his  master's  degree  IGGl, 
find  was  soon  after  ordained,  and  then  un- 
dertook the  cure  of  Trinity  church,  Canir 
bridge,  where  his  sensible  discourses  and 
olocpient  delivery  procured  Ivim  a  large  and 
admiring  audience.  In  10(»8  he  went  fur 
one  year  to  reside  at  St.  Edmondsbury  as 
lecturer,  and  on  his  return  to  the  univer- 
sity, in  consequence  of  some  dispute  with 
the  society  of  his  college,  he  removed  to 
Trinity-hall,  and  then  became  minister  of 
St.  Sepulchre's  church  there.  In  1G76  he 
married  the  widow  of  Mr.  Lane,  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  then  went  to  reside  on  tliQ  small 
living  of  St.  Peter's,  Col*^hester,  where  f«r 
three  years  he  continued  tlie  respected  and 
beloved  pastor  of  his  parishoner^.  In  1697, 
displeased  with  the  conduct  of  the  Colches- 
ter clergy  towards  him,  he  I'enioved  W 
Cambridge,  where  two  years  after,  he  pi'O- 
ceeded  to  his  degree  of  D.U.  In  1701  he 
lost  his  wife,  and  some  time  after  lip  took 
for  his  second  wife  a  niece  of  his  first  life's 
lirst  husijand.  He  died  iGth  April  1 71G, 
aged  TO,  and  his  wife  survived  him  thirty- 
nine  years,  and  died  January  4,  1745,  aged 
HI.  Dr.  Edwards,  after  his  return  to  Cam- 
hridge,  a|)plieil  himself  vei*y  assiduously  to 
the  service  of  litei-ature.  Though  \tt  had 
no  collection  of  books,  lie  drew  much  assis- 
tance from  the  libraries  of  the  university, 
and  in  his  writings,  which  are  numerous, 
showed  himself  most  indefatigable,  wc^l 
skilled  in  ccclesijSiStical  hlfctory,  and  a 
subtle  and  able  polemic.  That  he  was  oc- 
casioualiy  unpopular  among  the  clergy  arose 
from  his  decided  i)artiality  lor  calviiilsUc 
principles,  and  his  bias  towards  the  al^jured 
doctrines  of  the  old  ])uritans.  Dr.  Kippis 
has  called  him  tlie  Paii^,  the  Augustine,  the 
Bradwardine,    the  CuUin,  of  his   age;  but 


ED 

Ihougli  lie  possessed  merit  in  a  very  ^'csft 
degree,  the  commendation  is  j)<rli:ips  im- 
moderate. His  writings  are  now  little  known. 

KuwARUS,  George,  the  father  of  ornitho- 
logists, Willi  born  at  Stratford,  Es.si.'X,  third 
April  101)4.  He  was  brought  up  to  trade, 
but  the  gr<;at  powers  of  his  genius  began  to 
be  develop(.-d  by  the  perusal  of  b»ioks  on 
natural  history,  antiqiuties,  kc.  and  at  the 
expiiation  of  his  appi-enliceshii),  in  U'cn- 
cliurch-str'.et,  he  travelled  abroad,  and  visi- 
ted Holland,  and  two  years  after,  Norway, 
where  his  researches  were  attended  with 
the  most  uubotuided  friendship  and  hospi- 
tality from  the  natives.  In  1733  he  was,  by 
the  recommendation  of  sir  Hans  Sloane, 
chosen  lil>rarian  of  the  college  of  physicians, 
wJierc  he  obtained  apartments;  and  he  be- 
came afterwards  fellow  of  the  royal  and  an- 
tu[uariaii  societies,  London,  and  other  learn- 
ed societies  abroad.  The  first  of  his  learned 
and  valuable  labors  appeared  in  the  history 
of  birds,  4  vols.  4to.  in  the  vears  1743,  1747, 
175U,  and  1751 ;  and  in  1758,  17C0  and  17G4, 
three  more  4to.  vols-  were  added,  *•  called, 
"  gleanings  of  natural  history :"  tw(>  most 
valuable  works,  containijig  engravings  and 
descriptions  of  upwards  of  GOO  subjects  in 
natural  history  never  before  delineated. 
This  worthy  man  died  23d  July  1773,  aged 
81. 

Edwards,  Dr.  Jonathan,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  wrote  against  the  Scjcinians.  He 
was  of  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  of  which,  on 
the  ]5romoUon  of  Dr.  Lloyd  to  the  see  of  St. 
David,  he  became  principal,  lO.SG.  His  wri- 
tings are  chiefly  controversial,  and  show  him 
to  have  been  a  zealous  but  bigoted  dispu- 
tant. 

Edwards,  Thojuas,  an  elegant  Mriter. 
He  purchased  Turrick,  in  Bucks,  whei-e  he 
chielly  resided  ;  and  he  died  on  a  visit  to  hi"3 
frien(l  Richardson,  at  Parson's  Green,  8tu 
January  1757,  aged  58,  and  v  as  burled  in 
Eilesborough  chui-ch-yurd,  Bucks.  He  dis- 
tinguished himseU'  as  an  able  critic  and  a 
good  scholar  in  his  canons  of  criticism,  first 
printed  1747,  and  his  letter  to  the  author  gi 
a  late  correspor.denco,  &c.  wliicli  drew  upon 
him  the  severity  of  Warburtpn's  vengeance, 
illiberally  wreaked  in  a  note  on  the  Dunciad. 
He  also  wrote  some  sonnets,  thirteen  of 
w  hich  are  preserved  in  Dodsloy's  collection, 
eight  in  Pearch's,  and  four  in  XlcUuls'.  His 
trial  of  the  letter  Y  is  elegant. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  an  e/ninent  divine 
(f  the  church  of  England,  hoi-n  at  Coventry 
10th  August  1729.  He  was  educated  partly  at 
Coventry  school,  and  partly  under  hi.i  father, 
wiio  was  the  vicar  of  St.  Michael's,  Coveii- 
l,ry,  and  in  1747  he  entered  at  Clare-hall, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
early  <lisplayed  his  knowlege  of  the  learned 
languages  by  the  publication  of  a  new  Eng- 
lish translation  of  the  psalms  from  the  o:-igi- 
nal  Hebrew,  witji  notes,  8vo.  17.55.  In  175S 
he  was  chosen  master  of  Coventry  gram- 
mar-schoolj  and  rector  of  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist in  that  city;  and  the  same  year  married 
the  dan^htiir  rff  Stonyer  Parrot,   esq.  by 


ED 


ED 


against  the  Scotch,  and  their  king  David 
Ei-uce  was  taken  prisoner,  and  thus  England 
saw  two  captive  monavtiis  in  her  capital. 
These  glorious  actions  were  unfortunatel} 
obscured  by  the  misfortunes  of  the  latter 
end  of  the  king's  reign.  The  monarch 
ahaadoned  the  cares  of  government  to  his 
rapacious  ministers,  and  lost  himself  in  the 
grossest  sensuahty.  lie  died  23d  July  i377, 
aged  65,  and  Avas  succeeded  by  his  grandson 
Richard  II.  During  his  reign  England  Avas 
greatly  improved  by  her  connexion  with 
the  continent,  and  the  arts  and  manufac- 
tures of  the  Flemish,  Avere  transplanted  into 
the  island,  where  the  industry  and  the  bold 
genius  of  the  inhabitants  have  since  cherish- 
ed and  improved  them.  The  order  of  the 
garter  was  established  in  this  reign. 

Edv/akd  IV.  son  of  Ricliard  duke  of 
York,  claimed  the  crown  as  descended  froiTi 
the  second  son  of  Edward  III.  in  preference 
to  the  reigning  monarch  Henry  VI.  the  de- 
scendant of  a  third  son  of  Edward  III.  This 
rivalship,  which  filled  the  kingdom  with 
blood,  had  already  been  disputed  in  six  bat- 
tles, in  one  of  which  Kichard  the  duke  of 
York  fell,  and  in  seven  others  it  continued  to 
engage  the  passions  of  contending  armies, 
till  Edward  prevailed,  and  w»as  crowned  at 
Westminster  1461.  His  marriage  with  Eli- 
zabeth Woodville,  disgusted  greatly  his 
friend  Warwick,  Avho  received  the  surname 
of  king-maker,  and  the  dissatisfaction  was  so 
rooted,  tliat  another  civil  war  was  to  decide 
the  dispute.  Warwick  joining  himself  to  the 
foi'ces  of  the  deposed  Henry,  defeated  Ed- 
ward's army  at  Banbury  1469,  and  soon  after 
took  him  prisoner.  Edward  found  means  to 
escape,  and  Warwick,  defeated  in  his  turn, 
fled  to  Fi-ance  for  new  supplies,  and  soon 
returned  to  place  Henry  from  a  prison  on 
the  throne.  In  his  turn,  Edward  became  a 
iugitive,  but  unbroken  by  misfortunes,  he 
collected  forces  on  the  continent,  and  on  his 
veturn  defeated  his  enemies,  and  slew  War- 
wick in  the  field  of  battle,  and  in  another 
fight  in  Tewsksbury  park  so  completely 
routed  the  forces  of  ISIargaret,  the  heroic 
queen  of  the  cowardly  Heniy,  that  no  fur- 
ther opposition  Avas  raised  against  him.  Re- 
.spectable  as  a  Avarrior  and  as  a  negotiator, 
Edward  became  despicable  as  a  monai-ch, 
and  lost  himself  in  effeminacy,  and  in  the 
indulgence  of  the  most  sensual  appetites. 
He  died  9th  April  1483,  aged  41. 

Edward  V.  son  of  EdAvard  IV.  was 
only  tAveUe  years  old  on  his  father's  death. 
The  guardiaJiship  of  his  minority  Avas  in- 
trusted to  his  uncle  Gloucester,  whose  am- 
bition prompted  him  to  the  commission  of 
the  foulest  crimes.  The  young  monarch, 
with  his  brother  the  duke  of  York,  were  on 
pretence  of  greater  safety,  conducted  to  the 
tower,  and  soon  after  barbarously  smothered 
1483,  and  the  cruel  uncle  ascended  the  va- 
cant throne,  under  the  name  of  Richard  III. 
The  bodies  of  these  unfortunate  princes 
were  discovered  in  1678,  and  conveyed  to  a 
decent  burial  in  Westminster-abbev- 

Edward  VI.  son  of  Henry  VIll.  h}'  Jane 
Seymour,  ascended  the  English  throne,  at 


the  age  of  tO,  1547.  His  character  exhibitetT 
strong  marks  of  benevolence,  virtue,  an([' 
humanity,  but  the  goodness  of  his  inclina- 
tions was  often  prevented  by  the  intrigues 
or  the  malice  of  his  ministers.  He  continued 
the  Avork  of  the  reformation  begun  by  his 
father,  and  by  the  powerful  co-operation  of 
Crannier,  nearly  settled  the  religious  estab- 
lishment in  the  form  in  Avhich  it  now  exists. 
I'o  avoid  the  errors  of  a  popish  reign  he  set ' 
aside  by  his  Avill  his  two  sisters  Mary  and 
Elizabeth,  and  settled  the  crown  on  his 
cousin  the  lady  Jane  Grey,  but  his  benevo^ 
lent  Avishes  failed,  and  the  bloody  reign  of 
Mary  overturned  for  a  while  his  excellent 
institutions.  He  died  of  a  consumption  1553^ 
aged  16.  He  showed  himself  a  munificent 
patron  of  literature,  by  the  foundation  of 
seA'cral  schools  in  the  kingdom,  and  by  the 
liberal  endowment  of  Christ-church,  Bride- 
well, and  St.  Thomas's  hospital. 

Edward,  prince  of  Vfales,  surnamed  the 
black  prince  from  the  color  of  his  armour, 
was  eldest  son  of  EdAvard  III.  He  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  valor  in  the  field  of 
battle  in  the  wars  of  France  under  his  father, 
especially  at  Cressy,  and  afterAvards  he  com- 
manded the  English  forces  on  the  glorious 
victory  of  Poictiers,  Avhere  he  took  John 
the  king  of  France  and  one  of  his  sons  pi'is- 
cner.  Sensible  of  the  deference  due  to  roy- 
alty he  V  aited  behind  the  chair  of  this  illus- 
trious prisoner  on  the  evening  of  the  battle, 
and  when  he  conveyed  him  to  London  he 
entered  the  capital  mounted  on  a  small  black 
horse,  while  the  royal  captive  Avas  borne  by 
a  beautiful  Avhite  charger  richl3^caparisonetl. 
This  Avariike  prince,  Avho  Avas  the  idol  of  the 
nation,  died  of  a  consumption  before  his  fa- 
ther 1276,  aged  46;  and  by  a  daughter  of 
Edmund  of  Kent,  brother  to  EdAvard  II.  a 
widoAv,  he  left  one  son  Richard,  who  ascend- 
ed the  throne  after  the  death  of  Edward  III. 
The  crest  which  he  took  from  the  blind  king 
of  Bohemia  became  afterwards  the  crest  of 
the  succeeding  princes  of  Wales,  distin- 
guished by  three  ostrich  feathers  and  the 
motto  Ich  dien,  I  serve.  Edward,  as  bene- 
volent as  he  Avas  brave,  extended  his  protes- 
tion  to  Peter  the  cruel  king  of  Castile,  and 
received  him  in  Aquit-.iine,  Avhich  he  had  ob- 
tained by  the  treaty  of  Bretigny  ;  but  though 
replaced  on  his  throne  by  the  expulsion  of 
his  usurping  brother  Henry  count  of  Tran.s* 
tamarc,  the  ungrateful  prince  forgot  his  ob- 
ligation to  the  English  victor,  and  even  refu- 
sed to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  troops 
Avhich  had  restored  his  fortunes. 

Edwards,  Richarcl,  an  English  Avriter, 
born  m  Somersetshire,  15'23,  admitted  of 
Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford,  and  elected 
student  of  Christ's  church.  He  Avas  made 
gentleman  of  Elizabeth's  ciiapel,  and  taught 
music  to  the  children  of  the  choir.  He 
wrote  three  plays,  the  first  of  Avhich  is  dated 
I5&2f  besides  poems  published  after  hi.s 
death  m  a  collection  called  "  a  paradise  of 
dainty  devises"  1578.  He  was  member  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  in  his  last  illiiess  wrote 
"  the  soul's  knell,"  »uich  esteemed.  He 
died  1506. 


ED 


ED 


Edwards,  Thoinns,  nn  English  divine, 
cduciitcd  !it  Trinity  collr^e,  (Jarnbi-idf;;*', 
■where  he  took  l»is  master's  deforce  KJU'J. 
He  was  :»  nuiiconlbrmist,  and  violently  op- 
posed the  roy.'disrs  duriuj;;  the  ci\il  wars. 
He  j^enerally  preache<l  about  liOndfjn,  and 
at  Hertford,  and  after  tlie  fall  of  royally, 
lie  expressed  his  ilisapprf)bation  a,L;aiiisl  l In- 
sect of  independents,  w  ith  such  freedom  that 
upon  the  tiiumphal  return  of  ^>onn«ell  to 
London,  he  iled  to  Holland,  where-  he  died 
of  a  (piar-tan  au;ue,  'Ji-th  August  iG-i",  aged 
48.  His  writings,  which  are  extremely  vir- 
ident  and  abusive,  are  cjjidly  in  favor  of  the 
puritatis,  and  of  the  presbyiery.  'I'he  most 
known  of  these  are  his  (jaugrcena  in  three 
parts, — antapo'.ogia,  8cc.  Mr.  Edwards  i>ro- 
lesses  himself  to  l)e  "  a  plain  open  lBCartt'<l 
man,  who  hated  tricks,  reserves,  and  de- 
signs, zealous  tor  the  ussend)ly  of  divines, 
the  use  of  the  Lord's  pra}er,  kc,"  He  was 
from  his  zeal  called  the  young  Lythcr  at 
Cambridge.  He  had  by  liis  wife,  who  was 
an  heiress,  four  sons  and  one  daughter. 

Edwards,  John,  a  divine  of  the  church 
of  England,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Hertford  'iGtli  February  1637.  He  was 
educated  at  Merchant-tayloi-s'  and  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  He  took  his  master's  degree  ICGl, 
ftnd  was  soon  after  ordained,  and  tlien  un- 
dertook the  cure  of  Trinity  church,  Canir 
bridge,  Avhere  his  sensible  discourses  and 
eloquent  delivery  procured  lyjn  ^  large  and 
admiring  audience.  In  l(jt")8  he  went  fur 
one  year  to  reside  at  St.  Edmondsbury  as 
lecturer,  and  on  his  return  to  the  univer- 
sity, in  consequence  of  some  dispute  vvitli 
the  society  of  his  college,  he  removed  to 
Trinity-hall,  and  then  became  minister  of 
St.  Sepulchi-e's  church  there.  In  1076  he 
nnfarric<l  the  widow  of  Mr.  Lane,  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  then  went  to  reside  on  tliQ  small 
living  of  St.  Peter's,  Co'i^hester,  where  f«r 
three  years  he  continued  Uie  respected  and 
beloved  pastor  of  his  parishoner^.  In  1697, 
displeased  with  the  conduct  of  the  Colches- 
ter clergy  towards  him,  he  I'cruoved  to 
Cambridge,  where  two  years  after,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  his  degree  of  D.U.  In  1701  he 
lost  his  wife,  and  some  time  after  lip  took 
for  his  second  wife  a  niece  of  his  first'wife's 
lirst  luisi;and.  He  died  16th  April  1716, 
aged  79,  and  his  wife  survived  him  thirty- 
nine  years,  and  died  January  4,  1745,  aged 
HI.  Dr.  Edwards,  after  his  return  to  Cam- 
bridge, aj)plied  himself  very  assiduously  to 
the  service  of  literature.  Thougli  h^  had 
no  collection  of  books,  h.c  drew  much  assis- 
tance from  the  libraries  of  the  university, 
and  in  his  writings,  which  are  numerous, 
showed  himself  most  indefatigable,  wcil 
skilled  in  ecclesiiijStical  history,  and  a 
subtle  and  able  polemic.  That  he  was  oc- 
casionally unpopular  among  the  cler.gy  arose 
iVom  his  decided  jjartiahty  for  calvinistjc 
principles,  and  his  bias  towards  the  al:jiured 
doctrines  of  the  old  puritans.  Dr.  Kippis 
has  called  hiui  the  Pau^,  the  Augustine,  the 
Rradwardine,   tl^e  Cahin,  of  his   age;  but 

vaT-.    I.         *  ()0 


though  lie  posscased  merit  in  a  very  ^'csft 
degree,  the  c(jmn»endation  is  ])''rliaiis  im- 
moderate. His  writings  are  now  little  kn')un. 

Edwards,  George,  the  father  of  ornitho- 
logists, was  born  at  Stratford,  Essex,  third 
Ajuil  1094.  He  was  brougbt  u[»  to  trade, 
but  the  gn.-at  jiowcrs  of  his  genius  began  to 
be  developed  by  the  peruf.al  of  books  on 
natural  history,  antiquities,  8:c.  an<l  at  the 
expiiation  of  his  appi-enticeship,  in  Jj'en- 
church-str<.ef,  he  travelled  abro.ui,  and  visi- 
ted Holland,  and  two  years  after,  Norway, 
where  his  researches  were  attended  witii 
the  most  uuboiinded  frientlsliip  awd  hospi- 
tality from  the  natives.  In  1733  lie  was,  by 
the  recommendation  of  sir  Hans  Sloane, 
chosen  librarian  of  the  college  of  physicitnis, 
wJierc  he  obtained  apartments;  and  he  be- 
came afterwards  fellow  of  the  royal  anfl  au- 
tuiuarian  societies,  London,  and  other  learn- 
ed societies  abroad.  The  first  of  his  learned 
and  valuable  labors  appeared  in  the  history 
of  birds,  4  vols.  4lo.  in  the  years  1743,  1747, 
1750,  and  1751 ;  and  in  1758,  17C0  and  17G4, 
three  more  4to.  vols,  were  added,  "called, 
"  gleanings  of  natural  history :"  two  most 
valuable  works,  containing  engravings  and 
descriptions  of  upwards  of  600  subjects  in 
natural  history  never  before  delineated. 
Tliis  worthy  man  died  23d  July  1773,  aged 
81. 

Edwards,  Dr.  Jonathan,  an  English  di- 
vine, who  wrote  against  the  S(;cinians.  He 
was  of  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  of  which,  on 
the  promotion  of  Dr.  Llcyd  to  the  see  of  St. 
David,  he  became  principal,  iQ.Srt.  His  wri- 
tings are  chiefly  controversial,  and  show  him 
to  have  been  a  zealous  but  bigoted  dispu- 
tant. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  an  elegant  Mritcr. 
He  purehusrd  Turrick,  in  But-ks,  where  he 
chielly  resided  ;  and  he  died  on  a  visit  to  hi's 
friencl  Richardson,  at  Parson's  Green,  8tJi 
January  1757,  aged  58,  and  v  as  burled  in 
Eilesborough  chui-ch-yurtl,  Bucks.  He  dis- 
tinguished himseU'  as  an  able  critic  and  a 
good  scholar  in  his  canons  of  criticism,  first 
printed  1747,  and  his  letter  to  the  author  wi' 
a  late  correspor.dence,  &c.  which  drew  upon 
him  the  severity  of  Warburtpn's  vengeance, 
illibet-ally  wreaked  in  a  note  on  the  Dunciad. 
He  also  wrote  some  sonnets,  thirteen  of 
which  are  preserved  in  Dodslcy'-J  collection, 
eight  in  Pearch's,  and  four  in  Nichols'.  His 
trial  of  the  letter  Y  is  elegant. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  an  ejninent  divine 
(f  the  chui-ch  of  England,  born  at  Coventry 
10th  August  1729.  He  was  educated  partly  at 
Coventry  school,  and  partly  under  his  father, 
who  was  the  vicar  of  St.  Michael's,  Coven- 
try, and  in  1747  he  entered  at  Clare-hall, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  Ho 
early  displayed  his  knosvlege  of  the  learned 
languages  by  the  publication  of  a  new  Eng- 
lish"" tra\islation  of  the  psalms  from  the  origi- 
nal Hebrew,  witji  notes,  Svo.  1755.  In  175S 
he  was  chosen  master  of  Coventry  gram- 
mar-school^ and  rector  of  St.  John  the  Bap- 
tist in  that  city  ;  and  the  same  year  married 
the  danghtjir  rff  Stonyer  Parrot,   esq.   by 


ED 


EG 


whom  he  had  one  son,  Df.  Eilwards,  of 
Cambridge.  In  1759  he  published  his  useful 
work,  "  the  doctrines  of  irresistible  grace 
proved  to  have  no  foundation  in  the  writings 
of  the  new  testament ;"  and  in  1752  he  at- 
tacked Dr.  Lowth's  "  mctricae  Hariana; 
brevis  confutatio ;"  and  by  thus  supporting 
Hare's  metrical  system,  he  began  a  contro- 
versy, wliicli  was  continued  for  some  time, 
and  after  some  pamphlets  between  the  rival 
divines,  ended  at  last  in  the  general  opinion 
of  the  superiority  of  Lowth's  arguments. 
la  1766  our  author  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
and  in  1770,  upon  obtaining  the  valuable 
living  of  Nufieaton,  Warvvickshire,  from  the 
crown,  he  retired  from  Coventry,  and  fixed 
his  residence  there  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 
The  loss  of  his  wife,  May  1784,  greatly  af- 
flicted him,  and  he  never  recovered  the 
shock.  He  died  at  Nuneaton  50th  June 
1785,  aged  56.  Besides  the  above.  Dr.  Ed- 
wards published  two  dissertations,  on  bigot- 
ry, and  on  the  interpretation  of  the  new 
testament,  and  some  very  learned  notes  on 
some  of  the  idyllia  of  Theocritus.  As  a 
teacher,  Dr.  Edwards  was  able  and  assiduous, 
and  as  a  minister  he  was  attentive,  exemp- 
lary, and  devout.  The  habits  of  a  sedentary 
life,  however,  rendered  him  little  fond  of 
company,  and  though  the  correspondent  of 
some  learned  men,  he  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  l'e\v,  among  whom  bishop  Law  of 
Carlisle  was  the  chief. 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  an  American,  born 
at  Windsor  in  Connecticut,  and  educated  at 
Yale  college.  He  was  the  minister  of  a 
presbyterian  congregation  at  New-York 
172'2,  and  two  years  after  he  was  made  tutor 
in  his  college  ;  but  resigned  in  1726,  to  as- 
sist his  grandfather,  the  minister  of  North- 
ampton. He  was  in  1750  ejected  by  his 
oongregatiou,  for  refusing  to  administer  the 
sacrament  to  some  particular  persons;  and 
the  next  year  he  went  as  missionary  among 
the  Indians.  In  1757  he  was  made  president 
of  the  college,  New-Jersey,  and  died  of  the 
small.pox  the  next  year.  He  was  author  of 
the  life  of  David  Brainerd,  a  missionary — 
narrative  of  the  work  of  God  in  the  conver- 
sion of  many  hundred  souls  in  Nortiiampton 
— the  doctrine  of  original  sin  defended — 
inquiry  into  tlie  freedom  of  will  as  supposed 
to  be  essential  to  moral  agency — sermons, 

Edwards,  William,  a  comwion  mason, 
who,  by  the  strong  powers  of  his  untutored 
genius  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a  bridge- 
builder.  His  bridge  over  the  river  Taaff, 
which  is  the  segment  of  a  circle,  the  chord 
of  which  is  147  feet  fi«om  the  surface  of  the 
water,  is  a  i-emarkable  instance  of  his  inge- 
nuity. He  was  occasionally  a  methodist 
preacher;  and  died  1789,  aged  81. 

Ed  WY,  succeeded  his  uncle  Edre.d  as  king 
of  Eiiglaiul  1)55,  and  married  Elgiva,  who 
was  related  to  him  within  the  prohibited 
degrees.  This  circumstance  proved  his  ruin, 
and  that  of  his  queen,  who  was  seized  by 
Odo,  the  archbishop,  and  after  being  brand- 
efl  \iiih  a  hot  iron  in  the  face,  to  destroy  her 


beantiful  featuresj  was  banished  to  Ireland, 
where  she  expired  by  a  most  cruel  and  violent 
death.  The  king  was  also  excommunicated, 
and  died  in  exile  959. 

Eeckhout,  Gerbrant  Vanden,  apainter, 
born  at  Amsterdam  19th  of  August  1621. 
He  studied  the  manner  of  his  master  Rem- 
brandt with  such  success  that  his  pictures 
drew  equal  applause,  and  possessed  equal 
merit.  He  preferred  historical  subjects  to 
portraits,  and  excelled  chiefly  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  feelings  of  the  soul  in  the 
features  of  the  countenance.  His  be^t  pieces 
are — a  Jesus  among  the  doctors, — the  infant 
Jesus  in  the  arms  of  Simeon, — Abraham 
dismissing  Hagar  and  Ishmael, — the  conti- 
nence of  Scipio, — and  a  woman  looking  for 
the  fleas  of  her  dog.  He  died  22d  July  1674> 
a  bachelor. 

Eeckhoute,  Anthony  Vanden,  a  painter, 
born  at  Bruges.  He  travelled  into  Italy 
with  his  brother-in-law  Deyster,  and  while 
he  executed  the  flowers  and  the  fruits,  his 
companion  completed  the  figures  of  the  se^ 
vei'al  pictures  which  were  thus  conjointly 
pi-oduced.  After  his  return  home,  Ecck- 
houte  purchased  an  honorable  post  under 
the  bishop  of  Bruges;  but,  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  all,  he  suddenl)'  ahandoned  his  coun- 
try,  where  he  was  loved  and  patronised,  and 
embarked  for  Italy.  In  his  way  he  was 
carried  by  a  storm  to  Lisbon,  where  his 
works  soon  I'fecommended  him  to  general 
notice  ;  and  after  the  residence  of  two  years 
he  married  a  lady  of  quality,  and  of  opulent 
ortune.  His  rivals,  however,  viewed  his 
success  with  jealousy,  and  as  he  was  ridins? 
out  in  his  coach,  he  Avas  shot  with  a  ball  and 
instantly  expired  1695.  The  causes  of  this 
melancholy  catastrophe  are  unknown.  His 
fortune  descended  to  his  sister  who  had 
married  Deyster. 

Egbert,  last  king  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy, 
and  first  king  of  England,  was  proclaimed 
monarch  of  Wessex  800,  and  of  all  Etiglaiiil 
in  828.  He  died  10  years  after,  distinguished 
for  valor  and  success  against  his  Danish  inva- 
ders. 

Egede,  John,  a  Dane,  who  went  as  mis- 
sifwiary  to  Greenland  1721,  where  he  resided 
15  years.  His  description  of  Greenland  ap- 
peared 1729,  and  he  died  1758.  His  son 
Paul  assisted  him  in  his  endeavors  to  con- 
vert the  Greenlanders,  and  was  appointed 
bishop  of  the  country,  and  died  1789,  aged  81. 
He  republished  his  father's  history,  besides 
a  journal  about  the  occurrences  of  Green- 
land. 

Egerton,  Thomas,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
natural  son  of  sir  Richard  Egerton,  of  Rid- 
ley, Cheshire,  born  15-5*0.  He  was  educated 
at  Brazen-nose  college,  Oxford,  and  removed 
to  Lincoln's  Inn,  v.here  he  assiduously  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  law.  In  1591  he  was 
made  solicitor  general  to  the  queen,  in  1592 
attorney  general,  and  knighted,  and  after- 
wards he  ro^e  to  the  ofiice  of  master  of  the 
rolls,  and  of  keeper  of  the  great  seal.  James 
I.  in  1603  created  him  baron  Ellesmcre,  and 
made  him  elianc^llor  of  England      In  IGIC 


KG 


EI 


iie  vas  elected  cliMiircllor  of  Oxford  and 
made  viscount  Biackk) .  He  died  I5tli 
March  IfilZ,  at  York-house  in  the  Strand, 
and  was  buried  at  Dodlcstou  Chesliirc.  lie 
left  some  law  manuscripts,  and  publislieil 
some  observations  on  his  oHlcc,  its  priviU'ges 
and  prerogatives,  and  a  speech  conce^-ning 
tlic  postnati.  His  descendants  uow  enjoy  his 
estates  represented  by  the  earl  of  Bridge- 
water. 

Egerton,  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
30th  November  1721,   in  London,  and  ecUi- 
cated  at   Kton,    and  Oriel    college,    Oxford. 
He  was  son  of  the  bishop  of  Hereford,  and 
descendc«l  from  tlie    earl    of  Bridjjowatcr's 
family.     On  taking  orders  he  was  presented 
by  his  fatlier  to  the  living  of  lioss,  afterwards 
made  archdeacon  of  Hei'cford,  and  the  year 
after  prebendary  of  Hereford.     In  174>S,  he 
married  lady  Ann  Sophia,   daughter  to  the 
duke  of  Kent,  and   the  year   after  became 
chaplain  to  tlie  king,  and  in  1750  was  made 
dean  of  Hereford.     In  175G  he  was  consecra- 
ted bishop  of  Bangoi',  anil  by  dijdoma  frotn 
Oxford  made  LLD.     In  17G8  lie  was  transla- 
ted to  Licldield,  and  in  1771   to   the   see  of 
Durham.   These  high  and  rapid  preferments 
were  not  undeserved.     The  bishop  possessed 
among  his  many  virtues  the  manners  of  coji- 
ciHation   and  humility,   and  by  a  temperate 
condescending    conduct  he   restored   peace 
and  good  will  among  the  political  contending 
factions  which  unhappily  divided  his  county 
when  he  succeeded  to  Durham.     By  hospi- 
tality and  affability  he  recommended  himself 
to  his  clergy,  and  by  his  anxious  concern  for 
tlie  general  improvement  ot  agriculture  and 
the  encouragement  of  useful  projects  tlirough 
the  diocese,  he  rendered  himself  deservedly 
popular,  and  greatly  beloved.    Tlie  respect- 
ability of  the  pastor,  and  the  conifoi'ts  of  the 
poor  were  always  nearest  his  heart,  there- 
fore his  patronage  was  extended  oidy  to  the 
virtuous  and  good,  and  his  charity  tended  to 
encourage  humble  poverty   in    honest  pur- 
suits and  in  industrious  diligence.     This  very 
virtuous  and  venerable  prelate,  after  a  life 
usefully  spent  in   distributing  liberally   and 
judiciously   the   many   favors  which    Provi- 
dence had  placed  at  liis  command,  died  at 
liis  house,  Cirosvenor-square,  London,  18th 
January  1787,  and  was  privately  buried  ia 
St.  James's  cliurch.     His  lordship  was  mai'- 
ried  to  his   second  wife  Mary  sister  of  sir 
Edward   Boughton   in    1782,    who  survived 
him  without  issue.     Though  well  educated, 
and  with  a  mind  stored  with  all  the  learning  of 
ancient  and  modern  times,  lie  puldished  only 
three   sermons   preaclied    on    public   occa- 
sions. 

Egcelixc,  John  Henry,  a  native  of 
Bremen,  who  travelled  over  Europe  to  in- 
crease his  knowledge  and  enlarge  his  mind. 
On  his  return  he  was  made  secretary  tp  his 
republic,  and  died  respected  1715,  aged  74. 
He  wrote  explications  of  medals  and  otlier 
ancient  monuments. 

Eginhart.      Vid.  iEoiXIlARD. 
Eg  MO  NT,    Lamoral  count,   one   of    the 
lords  of  the  Low  Countries,  born  iu  Hol- 


land 1522.  He  distinguished  liimstlf  in  the 
seivicc  of  Charlea  V.  in  Africa,  and  also 
under  I'biMp  H.  at  the  battles  of  St.  Qnin- 
tin  and  (jravelines,  where  lie  was  general  oi 
horse.  Though  attached  to  his  sovereign, 
he  setjnied  unwilling  to  assiiit  in  the  enslav- 
ing of  his  country,  anri  therefore  being  su:  • 
pected  by  the  duke  of  Alva  of  favoring  the 
cause  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  more- 
over hated  by  the  tyrant  for  his  superior 
abilities,  he  was  beheaded  by  tlie  governor's 
order  at  Brussels,  5th  June  1jG8,  together 
with  I'hilip  dc  .Montmoreticy  count  Horn. 
On  thi.-}  dreadful  occasion  the  French  am- 
bassador wrote  to  Jiis  court  that  he  had  seen 
that  head  fall  which  had  twice  made  France 
to  tremble,  and  Philip  observed  that  the 
ht;uls  of  salmons  were  of  greater  account 
than  many  thousands  of  frogs.  Some  others 
of  the  family  were  equally  illustrious  ia 
arms.  The  count's  last  descendant  died 
1707,  aged  38,  in  the  .service  of  France. 

Egmon-t,  Justus  Van,  a  painter,  born  at 
I^eydcn  1002.  He  travclle<l  early,  and  re- 
si(le*l  a  long  time  in  France,  ivb.ere  he  was 
painter  to  Lewis  XHI.  and  XIY.  and  one  of 
the  twelve  ciders  in  the  establishment  of  the 
academy  for  painting  and  sculpture.  He  re- 
turned to  Antwerp,  wiiere  he  died  Sth  Jan. 
1C74,  and  his  wife  June  1685. 

EcNArius,  John  Baptist,  a  learned  man, 
born  at  Venice  1473.     He  was  pupil  to  the 
famous  Politian,  and  like  him  he  contributed 
by  the  force  and  excellence  of  his  instruc- 
tions  to   the    revival   of   learning.      When 
gi'own  old,  the  republic  paid  him  tf»e  highest 
honors  for  his  eminent  services  in  education, 
and   for  his  virtp.es,  and   <Iecreed   that   his 
stipend  should  be  continued  as  public  teach- 
er, and  that  he  should  be  exempted  from  all 
taxes.     The  works  which  he  published  are 
numerous,  hut  they  do  not  exhibit  any  marks 
of  superior  excellence,  as  the  abilities  of  the 
author  consisted  chiefly  ni  an  astonishing  re- 
tentive memoiy,  in  a  striking  ready  elocu- 
tion, and  in  a  convincing  mode  of  conveying 
instruction.     This  respectable  man  died  at 
Venice  1553,  leaving  his  estatt.-  and  fine  li- 
brary  to  the    three    illustrious    families  of 
Molino,    Lauredano,   and    Br.tgadeno.     His 
works   are   orations, — epistles, — a    poetical 
panegyric  on  Francis  1.  of  France, — de  Ko- 
manis  principibns    vel   Ca?saribus, — de   e.x- 
emplis  virorum  illustrium, — on  the  origin  of 
the  Turks,  &c. 

Eh  RET,  George  Dionysins,  a  German, 
eminent  as  a  painter  of  flowers.  After 
p.;inting  for  Mr.  Clifford  of  Holland,  the 
beautiful  figures  of  the  Hortu?  ('liffortianus, 
he  came  to  England,  where  he  met  witb 
great  encouragement,  and  was  ma<le  mem- 
ber of  the  royal  society.  One  hundred  of 
his  botanical  figures  appeared  in  the  Planta; 
selcctaj.     He  died  1770,  aged  GO. 

EiSEE,  Charles,  an  artist,  who  died  poor 
at  Brussels,  January  4lb  1778.  He  made 
excellent  (lesigns  for  Fontaine's  t<«les,  17G2, 
for  Ovid's  metamorphoses  17C7,  for  the 
Henx'iade,  &c. 
EisENGP.Eiy,  Martin,  D.D.  a  native  of 


EL 


EL 


Stutgard,  char.ccller  of  tlic  liiiiversity  of 
Ingoistaclt,  died  1578.  Thongh  he  gloried  i;i 
abiindnning  the  pra-ty  of  antichrist,  ^vith  the 
protestants,  he  atterwartJs  altered  liis  opin- 
ion, embraced  the  popij-h  religion,  and  he- 
came  a  violent  supporter  of  its  tenetsf.  His 
"writings  wei'e  mostlv  controversial. 

EisENSCHMiDT,  ,foIin  G»spar,  a  German 
mathematician  and  physician,  horn  at  Stras- 
burg,  where  he  died  1712,  aged  56.  He  Avas 
intimate  with  du  V'erney,  Tournefort>  and 
other  learned  men.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  weights  and  measures  of  various  nations, 
and  the  value  of  ancient  coins,  and  a  treatise 
on  the  figure  of  the  earth. 

Ekijsis,  .loftery,  D.D.  an  t'.nglish  divine, 
educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college,  Cain- 
Bridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
held  successively  the  rectories  of  Quainton, 
Sedgcfield,  and  Morpeth,  Durliam,  and  was 
made  dean  of  Carlisle.  He  published  a 
translation  of  ApoUonius  Rhodius'  loves  of 
Jasou  and  JSIedea,  3  vols.  4to.  1771,  and  died 
1791. 

Elbee,  N.  d',  a  native  of  Poitou,  for 
some  time  engaged  in  the  service  of  Saxony. 
Dui-ing  the  revolution  he  espoused  the  cause 
of  his  sufFei'ing  countrymen  in  la  Vendee, 
and  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  royalists 
there,  1793,  and,  by  the  most  masterly  ma- 
noeuvres, the  greatest  intrepidity,  and  the 
most  consummate  prudence,  he  succeeded  in 
defeating  all  the  republican  foi'ces  sent  for 
liis  destruction.  After  the  victories  of  Grol- 
leau,  Thonars,  Sauniur,  Chatenay,  Ciissot, 
&c.  he  A\'fis  unfortunately  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  Chollet,  and  retired  to  Noirmon- 
tiers,  where  he  was  taken,  and  condemned 
to  be  shot.  This  extraordinary  man,  the 
bravest  and  the  most  formidable  of  the  roy- 
ahsts  of  la  Vendee,  Mas  then  aged  4'2. 

Ei.BENE,  Alphonsus  d',  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, bishop  of  Albi,  died  8th  February 
1608,  in  an  advanced  age.  His  works  are, 
de  regno  Burgundiie  &  Arelatis,  4to.  1002 — 
de  famiha  Capeti,  1595,  8vo.  kc.  He  Avas 
succeeded  as  bishop  by  his  nephew  Alphon- 
sus, Avho  quitted  his  dignity,  in  the  civil 
troubles  of  Languedoc,  and  died  at  Paris, 
counsellor  of  state,  1661. 

Elbceuf,  Rene  de  Lorraine,  marquis  d', 
seventh  son  of  Claude  duke  of  Guise,  died 
1566.  His  grandson  Charles  mai-ried  Catha- 
rine, the  daughter  of  Henry  IV.  and  Ga- 
brielle  d'Estrees,  and  died  1657.  These 
great  and  illustrious  characters  were  con- 
cerned in  the  intrigues  and  tumults  of  the 
French  convt  under  RicheUeu  and  Mazarin. 
The  last  male  descendant  of  this  noble  house 
•was  Emanuel  Maurice,  due  d'Elbceuf,  who 
died  in  France  1763,  aged  86.  He  is  par- 
ticularly known  as  the  discoverer  of  Hercu- 
Janeum.  As  he  had  served  the  emperor  in 
^aples,  he  settled  there,  at  Portici,  and  be- 
ing offered  pieces  of  ancient  marbles,  to  or- 
Jiament  his  villa,  by  a  peasant,  who  found 
them  in  digging  a  well,  he  purchased  the 
ground,  and  by  carefully  making  excava- 
tions Herculatieum  was  discovered. 
Elbrucht,  John  Van,  a  paiater,  liorn 


at  Elbourg,  u«ar  Carapen,  loOO.    lie  settifed 
at  AntAverp,   where  some  of  his  pieces  are 
preserved,  especially,  in  the  Fislimonger's 
chapel,   the   miraculous  draught  of  fishes. 
His  landscapes,  human  figures,  and  his  stor- 
my sea,  Avere  admii'able. 
Eleanor, Duchess  or  Guienne,  suc- 
ceeded  her   father,  William   IX.  in    1137, 
though  only  1.^,  and  the  next  year  she  mar- 
ried  Lewis  VH.  king  of  France,  whom  she 
accompanied  to  the  holy  land.     Lewis  was  a 
character  full  of  oddity  and  superstition,  and 
Avhen   he  cropped  his  hair,  and  shaved  his 
head,  at  the  instigation  of  Peter  of  Lombar- 
(ly,  who  told  him  that  God  hated  long  hair, 
he   soon    appeared    ridiculous,   and    conse- 
qiientl}-  despicable  to  his  wife,  who  was  play- 
ful and  volatile.    His  conduct,  it  is  said,  pro- 
duced inconstancy,  and  Eleanor  passed  many 
guilty  hours  in  the  company  of  her  uncle 
ILayinond,  prince  of  Antioch,  and  of  Saladin, 
a  Turk  of  commanding  appearance;    and 
Avlien  LcAvis  complained  of  her  levity,   on 
his  return  to  France,  a  quarrel  arose,  and 
a  diA'orce  ensued,    1152.     Six  Aveeks  aftei', 
Eleanor  main-ied  Henry  duke  of  Normandy, 
afterwards  Henry  II.  of  England,  by  Avhom 
she  had  fotir  sons  and  a  daughter.    Guienne 
and  Poictou,  the  dowry  Avhich  she  brought 
to    her    husband,    afterwards    proved    the 
source  of  those   dreadful   wars   Avhich    for 
three  centuries  deluged  France  A?ith  English 
blood.     Eleanor  gave  up,  in   1162,  Guienne 
to  her  second  son,  Richard,  and  died   1204, 
a  nun   in  the   abbey   of  Fontevrault.     Her 
history  Avas  published  at  liotterdam  by  Lar- 
rey,    1691,   12mo.      Her   quarrel  with  her 
husband,  who  had  an  adulterous  intercourse 
Avith  the  fair  Rosamond  of  Clifford,  in  Wood- 
stock-park, incited  her  to  encourage  the  re- 
bellion of  her  sons  against  their  father,  and 
at  last  procured  her  imprisonment  for  six- 
teen years. 

Eleazar,  high-priest  of  Judea  after  his 
brother  Simon,  292  B.  C.  It  is  said  that  he 
gaA'e  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  a  copy  of  the  bi- 
ble, Avhich  Avas  by  order  of  the  monarch 
translated  by  70  persons,  and  is  now  knOAVu 
by  the  name  of  the  septuagint. 

Eleutherius,  a  native  of  Nicopolis, 
made  pope  170.  He  opposed  the  Valentini- 
ans  Avith  great  zeal,  and  died  185. 

Eli,  the  high-priest  and  the  judge  of  tlm 
Israelites,  B.C.  1156,  was  regardless  of  the 
licentious  conduct  of  his  sons,  Hophni  and 
Phineas,  against  whom  the  anger  of  the  Lo«'d 
was  announced  in  a  vision  revealed  to  the 
young  prophet  Samuel.  The  aged  father 
heard  the  threatened  punishment  Avith  i*e- 
signation,  and  Avhen  the  ark  of  God  Avas  taken 
by  the  Philistines,  and  his  two  sons  slain  in 
battle, he,  at  the  melancholy  i-eport,  fell  back 
from  his  scat,  and  bi'oke  his  neck,  th©  93d 
year  of  his  age. 

E  L I A  s,  MatthcAv,  a  painter,  born  at  PeeuQ, 
near  Cassel,  of  obscure  parents,  1658.  Ashe 
Avas  one  day  keeping  the  only  cow  belonging 
to  his  widowed  mother,  Corbeen,  the  famous 
painter,  observed  him  making  a  fortification 
of  mud  by  the  road-side,  and,  jrfeased  with 


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r'ne  regularity  of  his  works,  and  iho  attitutle 
of  his  figures,  he  stopi)C(l,  :uhI  pi-evailrd  iipCMi 
him  to  come  lo  I)uiikii-k  aiul  li\«'  witli  him 
Here  lie  eiig:t|^etl  the  :itH'i'ti()n  of  his  fiifml 
ai»il  patro!!,  I>y  his  great  application 'and  liis 
superior  abililies  ;  and  at  the  ai^e  of 'iO  lie  was 
tnabled  to  go  to  I'uris,  fufther  to  improvL' 
himself  His  pieces  soon  gained  the  pMl)lic 
attention;  but  though  courted  and  llattereil, 
Elias  never  forgot  iiis  gratitude  and  respect 
to  liib  kind  benefactor.  He  inarrie<l  at  I'aris, 
and  was  appointed  professor  at  St.  l.uke, 
and  raised  to  other  respectable  ofiices.  He 
afterwards  visited  Dunkirk,  and  settled  there, 
employing  Ins  pencil  in  adorning  the  churclj- 
es  and  ciiapels  of  that  part  of  France.  He 
lived  always  with  the  same  re4;nlarity  and 
temperance.  Mild  in  liis  manners,  inoffen- 
sive in  his  conduct,  he  was  seldom  seen  but 
at  church  and  in  his  work  room.  He  worked 
till  the  last  period  of  life,  and  expireil  -226 
April  1741,  aged  S'J,  liighly  respected.  He 
had  only  one  souj  A\hodied  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
honne  at  Paris ;  and  he  never  had  more  than 
one  pupil,  Carlicr,  as  he  rather  discouraged 
the  attempts  to  painting,  wliicli  were  attend- 
ed w  ith  great  trouble,  and  often  unrewarded. 
Though  correct  and  grand  in  his  drawings, 
he  failed  in  his  draperies;  and  some  of  his 
female  figures  are  represented  -without  judg- 
ment and  w  ithout  taste. 

Ei^iAS,  Levita,  a  German  rabbi,  of  tlie 
l6th  century.  He  taught  Hebrew  at  Venice 
and  liome,  and  was  a  very  learned  man  and 
a  most  judicious  critic.  He  publi^ied,  lexi- 
con Chaldaicum,  1541,  folio — tradilio  doctri- 
iiaj,  1538,  4to. — some  Hebrew  grammars — 
uomcnclatura  Hebraica,  1542,  4to. — collec- 
tio  locorum  in  quibus  Chaldscus  paraphrastes 
interjecit  uomen  Messise  Christi,  &c.  1572, 
Svo. 

Elich,  LcwisPliiiip,  anativeofMarpurg, 
known  in  the  17th  century  for  his  foolish 
book,  de  magia  diabolica,  which  was  cancelled 
by  the  magistrates,  but  afterwards  published 
at  Frankfort  under  a  different  title,  1607.  He 
now  avoided  persecution  by  fligiit,  aad  turn- 
ed Roman  catholic.  He  published  another 
hook  at  Frankfort,  1609,  de  miseria  liomines, 
&:c.  He  was  ijnmoral  and  impious  in  his  sen- 
timents, and  his  conduct  has  been  warmly  at- 
tacked and  exposed  by  his  opponent,  Tanuler, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Witteml)erg. 

Elichm.\n,  .lohn,  anative  of  Silesia,  who 
practised  physic  at  Leydcn,  and  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  sixteen  languages,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Salraasius,  superior  to  every  European 
in  the  knowledge  of  Persian.  He  wrote  in 
Arabic,  de  usu  Arabicae  lingua;  in  medicina, 
l6.)6 — a  dissertation  de  terniino  vitte,  h<.c. 
1G39 — and  a  Latin  translation  of  Ct'bes' pic- 
ture, printed  at  Leyi'en,  1C40,  with  a  Greek 
and  Arabic  version. 

Eliexer,  a  rabbi,of  the  8th  century,  said 
by  some  to  be  contemporary  with  Christ. 
His  valuable  "  chapters,  or  sacred  history,"' 
were  translated  into  Latin,  with  notes,  by 
Vorstius,  1664,  4to. 

Elijah,  an  illustrious  prophet  of  Israel, 
under  Ahab  iind  Ahaziah.    After  suffering 


great  persecution  from  queen  Jezebel,  he 
was  taken  up  lo  lu-avcn  in  a  chari'>l  of  fire, 
S'J5    15.  ('.  and  left   his   mantle  ar.d   iiis    pro- 
phetic pciwcis  Id  his  .servant  Elislia. 

I'jLiot,  'I'homaB,  a  nativ*' of  Sufi'olk,  she- 
I'iff  of  (jamhi-idge  und<*r  Henry  VIH.  H(? 
chicdy  rcsid«<i  at  (Cambridge,  and  was  the 
nnihor  of  the  first  dictionary,  Latin  and  F-ng- 
lisli,  evel'  [mblishcd  in  England.  He  diel 
1540. 

Eliot,  .lohn,  a  purit:m,  Icirn  in  I)i*von- 
sliire  or  Cornwall,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
biidgo.  He  went  to  America  in  ir>Jl,  and 
established  a  grammar  school  and  an  inde- 
pendent congregation  at  itoxlrirg.  In  his 
zeal  lo  make  converts,  he  applied  himself  to 
learn  the  Indian  language,  1040,  and,  as  a  vo- 
Uuitary  missionary,  he  converted  many  of 
the  natives  to  the  Christian  religion,  and,  lo 
enlarge  their  understanding,  translated  into 
their  language  the  bible,  and  some  popular 
tracts.     He  died  at  lloxbui'g  1689. 

Eliott,  sir  John,  a  native  of  Peebles,  ot 
obscure  origin.  He  showed  great  application 
in  his  youlli,  and,  by  the  direction  of  liis  fa- 
ther-in-law, he  became  well  acquainted  with 
Latin  and  Greek.  He  was  first  employed  iu 
the  shop  of  an  apothecary  in  the  Hay-market, 
London,  and  quitting  this,  for  more  venturous 
services,  he  went  to  sea  as  surgeon  A  rich 
prize  soon  rewarded  his  labors,  and  enabled 
him,  on  his  return  to  I.,ondon,  to  assume  tlie 
air  and  the  name  of  physician.  He  was  in 
this  new  character  befriended  by  sir  William 
Duncan,  and  soon  gained  reputation  and  opu- 
lenpe.  His  address  greatly  recommended 
him,  and  thou^di  he  was  neither  very  learned 
nor  very  ingenious,  he  however  became  oiie 
of  the  moat  popular  physicians  in  London  ; 
his  fees  amounted  to  little  less  than  50O0/.  a- 
ycar  ;  and  such  was  his  consequence,  that  he 
was  created  a  baronet,  by  the  influence  of 
raadame  Schwellenbergen  and  lord  Sackville. 
Thus  raised  to  eminence,  and  patronised  by 
the  prince  of  Wales,  and  courted  by  the 
great,  sir  John  shoM'ed  that  he  knew  well 
how  10  use  the  favors  of  fortune.  His  hospi- 
tality was  very  great ;  but  while  the  friend  of 
tlije  witty  an(I  the  learned,  while  courted  by 
M*Pherson,  Horace  Walpole,  Astle,  Town- 
ley,  Whitetoord,  Arm*;ti'ong,  and  others, 
he  did  not  forget  the  labors  of  his  profcssioa, 
nor  did  he,  while  attending  the  opulent,  dis- 
dain to  administer  to  the  poor  without  fee  or 
I'eward.  It  is  supposed  that  the  liospitablc 
treats  v  ith  whicli  he  delighted  his  friend.*, 
and  the  pleasures  of  the  table,  in  which  he 
moderately  indulged,  hastened  the  decay  (>'' 
his  constitution.  In  the  l.inguisliing  hour  vi' 
sickness  he  tried  in  vain  the  waters  of  Bath 
and  other  places,  and  sea  voyages.  He  <licd 
suddenly,  at  Brnckct-hall,  it  was  imagine*?, 
from  the  rupture  of  one  (if  the  b-.i-ger  vessels, 
and  was  buried  at  Hatfield,  1787.  He  left  a 
handsome  fortune,  to  be  divided  among  hfs 
eight  surviving  children. 

Eliott,  (ieorge  Augustus,  the  brave  de- 
fender of  Gibraltar,  was  Loi-n  at  Stobbs, 
Uoxburgshire,  1718,  the  youngest  of  the  nine 
sons  of  Sir  Gilbert  Eliott,  of  an  ancient  faini- 


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•y,  said  to  have  acoornpanied  tTic  conqueror  in 
Iiis  invasion  of  England.  He  was  educated 
niider  a  private  tutor,  and  then  went  to 
Levtien,  v.here  he  made  great  progress  in 
military  science,  which  he  completed  at  the 
ecole  royale  of  La  Fere  in  Picardy.  He  af- 
terwards served  in  tlie  Prussian  service,  and 
on  his  return  to  Scotland  in  his  17th  year,  he 
entered  as  volunteer  in  the  23d  regiment  of 
foot.  The  next  year  he  went  into  the  engi- 
neer coi^iS  at  Woolwich,  and  then  hy  his  un- 
cle's interest  hecame  adjutant  of  the  second 
troop  of  horse  grenadier.  He  went  with 
tins  highly  disciplined  regiment  into  Germa- 
ny, and  was  at  the  battle  of  Dettingen,  whei*e 
he  was  wijumled.  After  rising  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant  colonel  in  this  regiment,  he  re- 
signed his  commission  as  engineer,  and  was 
soon  after  made  aid-de-camp  to  (ieorge  II. 
In  17.^9  he  quitted  his  regiment  to  raise  and 
|]iscipline  tlje  first  regiment  of  light  horse 
called  after  him  Ehott's,  and  with  them  in 
the  character  of  brigadier  general,  he  went 
in  an  expedition  to  the  French  coast,  and  af- 
terwards to  Gei'many,  where  discipline,  ac- 
tivity, and  enterprise  reflected  the  highest 
honor  on  the  general,  and  on  the  men.  He 
•M  as  recalled  from  Germany  to  be  second  in 
command  in  thfi  expedition  against  the  Ha- 
vaunah,  where  his  intrepid  courage  in  the  ac- 
tion, and  his  great  humanity  towards  the 
conquered,  were  eminently  displayed.  At 
tjie  peace,  the  gallant  regiment  v/as  rcviev/ed 
in  Hyde  ])ark  hy  tlte  king,  who  was  so  pleased 
with  their  appearance  and  so  gi'ateful  for 
their  valor  that  he  bestowed  upon  them  the 
appellation  of  royal.3.  In  1775,  general  Eli- 
ott  succeeded  A'Court  as  commander  in  chief 
in  Ireland,  but  before  I.e  had  completely  ta- 
ken possession  of  his  office,  he  was  nominated 
governor  of  Gibraltar,  an  appointment  for 
•which,  by  his  habits,  his  intre-{)idity,  and  his 
experience,  he  was  well  calculated.  While 
he.  established  in  the  garrison  a  severe  but 
salutary  system  of  discipline,  l»e  exhibited  to 
his  soldiers  an  example  for  them  to  follow. 
He  inured  himself  to  the  severest  privations, 
he  eat  no  flesh,  nor  drank  wine,  but  lived  on 
vegetables  and  water;  he  never  slept  more 
than  four  liours  at  a  time,  and  therefore  the 
abstemiousness  and  the  vigilance  of  the  gene- 
ral were  soon  seen  and  imitated  as  the  best 
qualifications  of  a  good  soldier.  Thus  perse- 
vering, active,  vigilant,  he  maintained  the  ho- 
nor of  his  country,  and  defended  a  barren 
rock  vith  victorious  success  against  the  com- 
bined forces  of  Spain  and  France.  The  skill 
and  valoi'  displayed  in  the  memorable  siege  of 
1782,  had  fixed  upon  the  gallant  commander 
and  his  brave  garrison  the  eyes  and  the  ad- 
miration of  the  world,  and  therefore  on  his 
return  to  England,  at  the  peace,  he  was 
gi-eeted  by  the  naticm  with  acclamations,  by 
the  senate  with  thanks,  and  by  the  king  with 
the  honorable  reward  of  a  peerage  by  the  ti- 
tle of  lord  Heathfield,  baron  Gibraltar.  This 
illustrious  veteran  died  at  his  chateau,  at  Ai.\- 
Ja-Chapelle,  of  a  second  attack  of  the  palsy, 
sixth  July  1790,  in  his  73d  year,  at  a  moment 
\vhen  he  %as  preparing  tp  return  thr£>ugh 


Leghorn  to  liis*  favorite  garrison.  HiS'fe- 
mains  were  brought  over  to  England,  and  bu- 
ried at  Heathfield,  Sussex,  where  a  handsome 
monument  is  erected.  Lord  Heathfield  had 
married  Ann  daughter  of  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
who  died  1769,  leaving  a  son,  who  succeeded 
to  his  father's  honors,  and  a  daughter  mar- 
ried to  J.  T.  Fuller  of  Bailey-park,  Sussex. 

Eliott,  Richard,  an  EngUsh  divine,  bom 
at  Kingsbridge,  Devon,  and  educated  at  Be- 
net  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  pi-oceed- 
ed  A.  B.  and  took  orders.  He  was  expelled 
from  St.  George's  chapel,  Hyde-park,  for 
printing  a  sermon  on  salvation  by  faith  with- 
out works,  and  afterv/ards  became  minister 
of  a  dissenting  congregation,  Glass-house 
yard,  Aldersgate  street.  He  died  suddenly 
in  his  pulpit  1789.  He  published  some  con- 
troversial tracts  and  sermons,  and  defended 
himself  against  the  attack  of  Dr.  Dodd,  about 
his  discourse  on  faith. 

Eli  SUA,  a  prophet  among  the  Israelites. 
He  was  called  from  the  plough  to  become 
the  servant  of  Elijah,  and  afterwards  when 
his  master  was  c;arried  up  to  heaven  in  a 
chariot  of  fire,  he  received  his  mantle  and 
was  appointed  his  successor.  He  was  highly 
respected  by  the  people  of  Judea  and  by  the 
Syrians,  who  frequently  consulted  him.  He 
died  at  Samaria  about  830  B.  C. 

Elizabeth,  queen  of  England,  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  VUl.  by  Ann  Boleyn,  was 
born  seventh  September  1533.  She  was  de- 
clared illegitimate  by  her  capricious  father, 
but  her  dying  mother  recommended  her  to 
the  care  of  Parker,  afterwards  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  by  whom  her  principles  of 
religion  were  fixed,  and  her  mind  cultivated 
and  improved.  She  lived  in  privacy  and  re- 
tirement, but  ou  Mary's  accession  she  was 
imprisoned  and  nearly  saci'ificed  to  the 
queen's  bigotry  by  the  influence  of  bishop 
Gardiner,  who  represented  her  as  the  fu- 
ture prop  of  protestantism.  Philip,  how- 
ever, interceded  for  her,  as  Jie  already 
marked  her  for  his  second  wife  on  Mary's 
decease.  She  was  drawn  from  prison  to  sit 
on  the  throne  1558,  and  thus  educated  in 
the  school  of  adversity,  she  came  to  govern 
a  gallant  and  rising  nation,  and  by  her  wis- 
dom and  energy  to  fix  their  destinies  on  the 
most  glorious  basis.  With  a  soul  heroic  and 
magnanimous,  an  understanding  polished  by 
the  knowledge  of  literature  and  of  the  learn- 
ed languages,  she  yet  possessetl  the  weak- 
ness of  her  sex,  and  loved  to  be  admired  and 
courted  for  the  elegancies  of  her  dress,  and 
the  beauties  of  her  pei'son.  Prudent  and 
discerning  in  all  her  measures,  she  proceed^, 
ed  with  caution  in  her  determination  to  es- 
tablish the  protestant  religion,  she  treated 
the  catholic  party  with  tenderness,  and  pro- 
fessed a  great  willingness  to  be  on  amicable 
terms  even  with  pope  Paul  IV.  Before  she 
ascended  the  tlu'one  the  king  of  Sweden 
made  proposals  of  marriage  to  her,  which 
she  rejected.  Philip  her  brother-in-law  was 
equally  unsuccessful,  and  the  duke  of  Ajijoa 
who  for  a  while  seemed  to  be  treated  with 
partiality  and  aftectton,  was  dismissed  at  lajt 


<^ 


EL 


j:l 


with  coldness  and  inflifTci'encc.  Ilcr  parlia- 
iiicnt  imlctd  intcrl'crcti,  but  hlie  dcclaretl 
that  she  was  wedded  to  h<r  p«to[)lL',  nud  tliut 
■she  wished  her  toinlj-stone  to  record  that 
after  reigning  so  lon^^  she  had  lived  anil  died 
a  virgin  queen.  Authors  have  been  pir^/.led 
10  account  lor  this  Sfttletl  aversion  to  ihe 
marriage  state,  and  whil:il  sonic  iiave  sug- 
gested tliat  this  cohlness  of  constitution  arose 
Iroin  natural  causes,  others  iiavc  intimated 
that  her  hoiws  of  retirement  ^rere  not  al- 
ways devoted  to  continence.  The  suspicions 
are  wanton,  false  and  iUiLerrd  ;  though  die 
was  beautiful  and  young,  and  loved  entcr- 
tainraents,  ilress,  and  pleasure,  though  she 
selected  tho  liandsoinest  and  he.'J;  shaped 
men,  such  as  Leicester  and  Essex,  fur  lior 
favorites,  yet  nothing  can  be  advanced  with 
truth  against  the  chastity  of  her  character. 
Thougii  she  had  tavorites,  in  uo  instance  is 
it  mentioned  that  she  forgot  her  rank  or  the 
dignity  of  her  sex,  and  indeed  there  were 
so  many  watchful  eyes  about  her  court  and 
person,  that  had  she  been  incontinent,  her 
weakness  would  have  been  divulged,  and 
her  amours  recorded  to  posterity.  That  she 
wished  to  govern  her  favorites,  and  by  them 
her  people,  by  the  soft  influence  wliich  fe- 
male charms  possess  over  the  heart  is  pro- 
bable :  but  when  it  is  considered  that  w  hen 
iiettled  on  her  throne  she  was  nearly  thirty, 
that  the  warmer  passions  of  youth  had  sub- 
sided, and  that  her  great  ambition  was  to 
rule  w  ithout  a  superior  or  rival  in  the  affec- 
tion of  her  subjects,  the  w  ondcrs  of  her  celi- 
bacy will  cease.  She  was  fortunate  in  tlic 
choice  of  her  ministers,  but  though  she 
could  depend  on  Cecil  and  on  ^V^alsingliam, 
she  yet  loved  business,  and  regarded  the 
prosperity  and  happiness  of  the  nation  as 
lier  immediate  care.  It  is  unnecessary  herje 
to  mention  the  glorious  events  which  mark- 
ed her  reign.  The  most  indelible  blot,  how- 
ever, on  her  character,  is  her  treatment  of 
the  unfortunate  INIary,  whom,  as  her  rival 
in  beauty,  and  as  her  presumptive  heir  she 
hated.  Instead  of  pitying  her  raisfortuocs 
iudeod,  slie  deceived  her;  and  instead  of 
granting  her  Uberty,  or  re])lacing  her  on  her 
throne,  she  ignominiouslv  led  her  to  a  scaf- 
fold,  and  then  meanly  pretended  to  blame 
the  horrible  proceedings  as  the  act  of  her 
ministers.  After  an  illustrious  reign  of  44 
years  four  months  and  six  days,  and  after 
seeing  her  people  grown  powerful  in  arms, 
successful  in  extending  navigation  and  com- 
merce, and  distinguished  in  science  and  lite- 
rature, this  great  princess  died  twenty -fourth 
March  1603,  aged  70.  Never,  says  a  Jesuit, 
did  a  crowned  head  better  understand  the 
art  of  government,  and  commit  fewer  er- 
rors in  it,  during  a  long  reign.  Iler  aim  Avas 
to  reign,  to  govern,  to  be  mistress,  to  keep 
lier  people  in  subjection.  She  was  not  a 
warlike  princess,  but  she  knew  so  well  how 
to  train  up  warriors  that  England  had  not 
for  a  long  time  seen  a  greater  pumber  of 
them,  nor  more  experienced. 

Ei.iXABETii,    of   Austria,    daughter    of 
MaxniiiHaTi  II.  was  married  to  C^haries  IX. 


of  France  2Gllt  Xovcmbcr  1.^70  at  ^fezieijcSk 
Th'j  dreadful  massacre  of  St.  Hartholunie^f 
fAirw  helmed  her  with  grief,  but  as  she 
never  inedilled  iu  the  public  rtttairs  of  liie  • 
king<h»in,  she  avoided  lire  dangers  of  politics 
and  retained  the  ailcclions  of  her  capricious 
hu:jbj!iil,  who  on  his  death-bed  tenderly  re- 
com mended  her  and  her  tlaughter  to  the 
kindness  of  Henry  !V.  kir»g  of  Navarre  his 
successor,  'i'hns  re^'pecletl  and  beloved  in 
I'rance  as  a  most  vuluous  wile  and  most  be- 
nevolent quecri,  she  retired  to  N'ienna  after 
her  husiiand's  deaths  ;iiul  though  her  sister- 
in-law,  Margaret  of  Navarre,  was  ditfercnt 
from  her  in  temper  and  character,  yet  she 
honored  h«r  with  her  friendship,  an<l  sent 
her  two  book'i  she  had  written  with  her  own. 
hand,  one  on  the  word  of  (iod,  and  tlie  olh- 
«;r  on  the  remarkable  «vcnlT  that  had  occur- 
red during  her  resilience  in  France.  She 
died  at  Vienna  in  a  conve;»t  which  she  her- 
self had  founded,  1592,  ageil  .IS,  deservedly 
beloved  and  sincerely  lamented. 

Elizabeth,  Pctro^vna,  daughter  of  Pe* 
ter  the  (ircat,  was  born  1709.  Her  rnnk  and 
personal  attractions  made  lier  an  objeit  ot 
admiraliou  among  her  neighbors,  and  among 
her  suitors  are  mentioned  Lewis  XV.  ot* 
France,  Charles  Augustus  bishop  of  Lubec^ 
Charles  Margrave  of  Anspach,  Kouli  Khan, 
and  Lewis  of  Brunswick,  but  she  rejected  all. 
She  did  not  howevqr  dislike  favorites,  as  hei* 
amours  were  frcqueot,  and  as  she  declared 
to  her  conlidants  she  never  was  happy  but 
in  love.  She  ascended  the  tlirone  of  llussia 
in  1741,  and  iieceived  the  appellation  ot" 
humane,  because  she  made  a  vow  that  no 
capital  punishment  should  be  inflicted  (lu- 
ring her  reign.  Severities  however  were 
practised,  the  public  prisons  were  filled  wiili 
w  retches  who  frequently  expired  under  iov- 
turcs,  and  Elizabeth  herself  gave  a  strong 
example  of  cruelty,  iu  condemning  two  la- 
dies of  her  court,  women  of  beauty  and  rank, 
the  countess  Bestuchcf  and  Lapookiu,  to  re- 
ceive 5y  strokes  of  the  kuoot,  in  the  open 
square  of  Petersburg,  to  have  their  tonguies 
cut  out,  and  to  be  banished  lo  Siberia  for  di- 
vulging the  secret  amours  of  the  empress. 
Though  thus  given  to  i)rivate  incontinence, 
Elizabeth  pretended  to  be  a  strict  devotee  ; 
she  was  scrupulous  in  her  yearly  confessions 
at  Easter,  she  expressed  contrition  for  her 
faults,  and  was  most  punctual  in  all  the  ex- 
ternal otRces  of  religion.  She  died -5tii  De- 
cember 1761,  in  the  2l?;t  year  of  her  reign 
and  52d  of  her  age.  The  punisliment  of 
torture,  which  hitherto  was  permitted,  was 
abolished  gradually  by  her  successors. 

Ei.LER  DE  Brookiiusex,  Johu  Theo- 
dore, physician  to  the  king  of  Prussia,  was 
born  at  Pletzkau  in  Anha  It-Bern  burg,  and 
died  at  Berlin  1760,  aged  71.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  learning  and  of  extensive  experience 
in  his  profes.^ion.  He  wrote  a  Latin  treatise 
on  the  knowledge  and  treatment  of  diseascj. 
translated  by  Le  Roy  into  Frencli. 

Elligek,  Ottoniar,  son  of  a  physician, 
was  born  at  Gotlenburg  18th  September 
1033.    His  father  \nshcd  to    make  Ivm   c. 


EL 


TvL 


schpkr,  but  nature  had  formed  him  fur  a 
painter,  and  at  last  the  inclination  of  tlic 
son  prevailed,  and  under  Daniel  Seghers  the 
Jesuit  of  Antwerp,  he  soon  displayed  supe- 
rior excellence  in  painting  flowers  and  fruit. 
He  was  invited  to  Berlin,  where  he  hecame 
a  great  favorite  at  court.  His  pieces  are 
much  admired  in  Germany.  The  time  of 
};is  death  is  unknown. 

ELLiGER,Ottomar,  son  of  the  preceding, 
■was  born  at  Hamburgh  iGth  February  1666. 
He  studied  under  his  father,  and  under  Mi- 
chael Van  ]Musscher,  at  Amsterdam,  but 
Jiis  great  master  Mas  Lairesse.  Instructed 
by  him  he  soon  imitated  his  copies,  and  ta- 
king nature  for  his  model,  he  finished  his 
pictures  in  a  style  pleasing  to  the  man  of 
laste  as  well  as  the  scholar.  In  his  back 
grounds  he  introduced  the  finest  remains  of 
Egjptian,  Grecian,  or  Roman  architecture, 
and  every  where  displayed  correctness  of 
conception  and  sublimity  of  genius.  His  best 
pieces  are  the  death  of  Alexander,  and  the 
nuptials  of  Thetis  and  Peleus^  made  for  the 
elector  of  Mentz,  which  the  pinnce  wished 
to  reward  b}  granting  the  painter  a  hand- 
sonae  pension,  and  making  him  his  principal 
minter.  These  lionors  Elliger  refused,  pre- 
ferring liberty  to  the  service  of  the  greatest 
potentates.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
clouded  by  intemperance  and  debauchery. 
He  died  24th  November  1732,  aged  60. 

Ellis,  Clement,  M.  A.  a  native  of  Cum- 
berland, brought  up  under  his  uncle,  Potter, 
bishop  of  Carlisle.  He  afterwerds  went  to 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  at  the  refor- 
mation obtained  the  living  of  Kirkbj'-wcst- 
ern,  Notts,  and  in  1693  the  prebend  of  South- 
well. He  died  1700,  aged  70.  He  was  lear- 
ned and  examplary  as  a  divine,  and  wrote 
the  genteel  sinner, — the  scripture  catechist, 
— the  self-deceiver,  Sic. 

Ellis,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  in  the 
pgrish  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  Londtwi,  2'2d 
March  1698.  As  his  father  was  a  man  of  an 
eecentricjunsettled  character,  and  his  mother 
a  fanatical  dissenter,  who  punished  him  se- 
verely even  for  looking  at  a  toj)  on  Sundiiy, 
?iis  education  was  little  attended  to,  though 
his  application  made  up  fully  for  the  defi- 
ciencies of  parental  care.  He  was  placed  in 
the  office  of  Tavcrner,  a  scrivener,  in 
Threadneedle-street,  wliere,  besides  the 
knowledge  of  his  business,  he  hcar-d  and  at- 
tended to  the  classical  instructions  whicli 
yoHug  Taverner,  an  idle  scholar  of  ]Mer- 
chant-taylors'  school,  regularly  received 
from  his  fond  father.  AV'itU  this  indolent 
youth,  after  the  father's  death,  Ellis  was 
united  in  partnership,  and  from  his  impru- 
dence he  was  a  great  sufferer,  and  was  long 
involved  in  difficulties,  which  injured  his 
peace  of  mind,  and  prevented  his  prosper- 
ous settlement  in  the  world.  His  literary 
qualifications  introduced  him  to  the  acquaint- 
ance of  the  learned,  and  among  his  friends  of 
merit  and  virtue  he  could  numbcrMr.FaytiRg 
of  Cambrideje, Dr. King  of  Oxford, MoscsAlen- 
dez  esq.  and  Dr.Jobnson.  Though  for  seventy 
years  he  wrote,  without  however  puhlidiiug, 


small  po"fettcal  pieces,  he  did  not  neglect  his 
business,  and  as  a  scrivener  of  probity  and 
moral  honesty,  he  was  the  agent  of  many  re- 
spectable families.  In  1750  he  was  elected  a 
common  councilman  of  London  ;  an  office 
M'hich  he  retained  till  his  death.  He  was 
also  for  many  years  deputy  of  his  Avard,  and 
lour  times  elected  master  of  the  scriveners* 
company,  and  so  highly  esteemed  by  that 
respectable  body  that  a  picture  of  him  was 
hung  up  in  their  hall.  I3y  tcm.perance  and 
exercise  he  attained  a  grtat  age,  though  he 
had  a  weakness  in  one  of  his  eyes,  which,  in 
his  SGth  year,  passed  to  the  other  in  a  sin- 
gular manner,  which  he  has  described  in  a 
letter  to  his  friend  Dr.  Johnson.  The  last 
year  of  his  life  was  clouded  with  distress, 
from  which  howfcver  his  friends  extricated 
him,  by  rehevinghim  from  indigence,  in  con- 
sequence of  liis  having  incautiously  trusted 
some  money,  perhaps  the  whole  of  his  pro- 
perty, into  the  hands  of  an  artful  villain,  who 
was  a  bankrupt.  Cheerful  and  strong  even 
to  the  last,  he  was  capable  of  walking  twen- 
ty and  even  thirty  miles  a-day  even  to  his 
85th  year.  He  died  gently,  sitting  in  his 
chair,  the  3lst  December  1791,  in  his  94tli 
year^  and  was  buried  on  the  5th  of  January, 
in  St.  Bartliolomew's  churchy  Exchange,  at- 
tended by  a  great  number  of  persons,  who 
paid  this  last  respect  to  his  memory.  As  he 
had  been  brought  up  a  dissenter,  he  soon  saw 
with  disgust  the  hypocrisy  of  the  sect,  and 
instead  of  following  them,  he  expressed  the 
strongest  aversion'  for  them.  His  hours  of 
relaxatioji  were  alv  ays  employed  in  walking  ; 
and  when  questioned  why  he  neglected  to  go 
to  church,  he  replied,  "  Nathan  walked  with 
the  Lord."  To  the  character  of  an  honest, 
upright,  and  independent  man,  he  added 
that  o*"  poetical  merit  ;  and  though  his  pieces 
possessed  not  superior  sublimity,  yet  they 
were  distinguished  for  neatness,  elegance,  spi- 
rit and  naivete.  Many  of  his  poems  were  long 
jM-eserved  in  manuscript.  Besides  some  pieces 
to  be  found  in  Dodsley's  collection,  he  wrote 
a  translation  of  Dr.  King's  templura  liberta- 
tis — a  HndibrastictraAtsty  of  Mapha^tis — the 
South  Sea  dream — the  surprise,  or  the  gen- 
tleman turned  a])(!thecary — a  translation  of 
some  of  the  epistles  and  of  the  metamorpho- 
ses of  Ovid, — some  parts  of  iEsop's  fables, 
of  Cato,  and  others. 

Eluwood,  Thomas,  a  nativcof  CroweU, 
Oxfordshire,  who  turned  quaker,  by  the  in- 
fluence of  Isaac  Pennington,  and  thus  lost 
the  protection  of  his  father.  He  was  for  some 
time  reader  to  Milton,  and  cxpoeed  himself 
to  persecution  on  account  of  his  religious 
tenets,  which  he  ably  defended.  He  Mrote 
a  sacred  poem  on  the  life  of  David — an  his- 
tory of  the  old  and  new  testaments — besides 
an  edition  of  George  Fox's  journal,  inc.  He 
died  1713,  aged  74. 

Ellys,  Anthony,  an  English  prelate,  bora 
in  1093,  and  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cam- 
bridge. In  1724  he  was  vicar  of  St.  Olave's, 
.lowry,  rector  of  St.  Martin's  Ironmonger's 
lane,  the  next  year  prebendary  of  Glouces- 
ter, and  iU  1728* he  took  his  degree  of  D.  D. 


EL 


^L 


Tn  I7r»'2  he  M'as  made  bisliop  of  St.  David's, 
:<nddic<l  at  liloi.icester  1701,  ami  was  hilritMl 
in  the  cathedral  tlicre.  Hcsi<l»s  thrir  <»cc:i- 
sinnal  sermons,  hi-  piihlishtMl,  in  ir.iC),  a  ph^a 
lor  the  sacM-anieiital  les(,  kc.  ^to. — rernai'ks 
on  Hume's  essay  on  niii\udes;  an<l  Idl  iin- 
puhlished  tracts  on  tlio  liluiMy,  spiritual  and 
temporal,  rff  pi-otestants  in  E!ij;land,  8cc.  the 
first  ]»art  of  uhicii  was  printed  1703,  the 
second  in  I7f>5.  These  works  prove  liic 
antlior  to  have  h(;en  a  man  possessed  of 
leaniinij;,  of  candor,  of  heiievoience,  and 
every  christian  virtue 

Ei.MACiNUS,  (ieorj^'O,  an  l\c?yptian,  of  the 
l.Sth  century,  author  of  a  Saracen  lii.sLoiv, 
from  Afoliammed  ici  the  year  1118.  lie 
professed  himself  to  ho  a  christian,  and  lield 
])laces  of  honor  under  tlie  caliphs ;  hut  the 
favorahle  mannci' in  which  lie  ;,peaks  of  l lie 
rnussulmans,  of  Mohammed,  and  of  liis  reli- 
s^ion,  suggests  a  suspicion  that  he  liad  little 
of  the  ciiristiau  besides  the  name.  This 
history  has  been  translated  Irora  the  Saractn 
into  Latin  by  Erpenins  and  completed  by 
(-ioliu.o,  Lcyilen,  lO^Jl,  folio,  and  into  Fi-encJi 
by  Vattier,  Paris,  1G57;  but  both  transla- 
tions are  very  incorrect. 

Ei,ME.v>ioiiST,  Ceverhart,  a  critic,  of 
Jlam])urgli,  who  died  10'21.  He  published 
Cebes,  Leytlen,  lOlS,  and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  learned  notes  on  Minutius  Felix, 
ami  other  ancient  authors. 

Elmenuoust,  Henry,  author  of  a  Ccr- 
inan  treatise  on  public  spectacles,  Ham- 
burgh, 16S8,  4to.  He  doos  not  consider 
them  as  injurious  to  manners.  This  subject 
lias  been  U'eated  by  Rousseau  and  d'Aleru- 
bert. 

Elphixstone,  William,  a  Scotcli  di- 
vine, born  in  the  county  of  Stirling  14.52, 
and  educated  at  St.  Salvador's,  St.  Andrew's, 
and  at  Paris,  where  he  studied  the  law.  On 
his  return  home  he  took  orders,  and  became 
arch-deacon  of  St.  Andrew's,  provost  of  St. 
Ciiles,  Edinburgh,  and  bishop  of  Aberdeen. 
In  14S.3  he  went  as  ambassador  to  Prance, 
and  in  liHd  to  Henry  VH.  of  England  ;  and 
in  149.1  he  was  made  chancellor  of  Scotland. 
The  death  of  king  James,  at  t}\e  battle  of 
Flodden-field,  1513,  so  overpowered  liis  spi- 
rits that  be  died  soon  after,  aged  81.  He 
was  a  munificent  benefactor  to  the  university 
^f  Abcrtleen,  and  his  learning  is  evinced  by 
the  history  of  Scotland,  a  MS.  copy  of  which 
is  ]»reserved  in  the  Bodleian. 

Ei.sHEiMER,  Adam,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter, born  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine  1.574. 
Though  tlie  son  of  a  tailor,  he  by  his  in- 
dustry was  enabled  to  go  to  Itome,  where 
he  soon  became  a  distinguished  artist.  His 
landscapes,  histories,  and  night-pieces,  are 
so  highly  finished,  so  scarce,  and  so  valuable, 
that  they  are  to  be  seen  only  in  the  collec- 
tion of  princes.  He  was  a  man  of  a  melan- 
ch(tly  disposition,  and  died  1010. 

Elsner,  James,  a  Prussian,  professor  of 
theology  and  oriental  languages  at  Lingen, 
and  afterwards  master  of  .loachim's  school, 
Herlin.  In  17,30  he  became  pastor  of  one  of 
the  Berlin  cliurchcs,  an»l  \ras  Miado  fticmljifr 
\OU  I.  61 


of  the  acidemy  of  sciei  cjs,  and  rnnfcfisor  of 
the  royal  conaislory.  He  wrote  observa- 
liones  sacrai  in  iiovi  tesiam.  lihroo  I'tra:. 
I7'2<t,  17'2K — exphuiatiiiii  ot' the  (;[)islK;  to  Hie 
Philippi.'ins — slate  of  the  (Jreek  church  in 
Turkey,  8vo.  17J7.  Ho  tlicd  175(1,  tiged 
fifty -eight. 

I'ii.sroii,  Williain,  a  learned  divine  and 
.Sa\on  linguist,  liDrn  at  Newcastle  1073, 
and  educ.dcd  at  Eton  and  'Jatharine-hall, 
(-'nmhridge.  He  afu-rwards  remov<.'d  to 
<iuei;n's  college,  Oxford,  .iml  thence  v.\i 
chosen  fellow  f»f  University,  when;  he  was 
tutor,  lu  \Hy2  h<:  became;  rector  of  vSai:i^ 
I  Swithin  and  St.  Mary  Bothaw,  London, 
j  where  lu;  died,  twelvi;  years  af"ler.  He  pub- 
lished Lupus'  Saxon  history  translnt.  (f  into 
l/itiii,  and  alsf)  Ascham's  Latin  letters,  and 
I  wrote  an  essay  on  the  great  affinity  atul 
mutual  agreement  of  the  two  pi-c^fessions, 
law  and  divinity.  He  was  engaged  al.so  in 
the  laborious  edition  of  the  Saxon  laws,  with 
notes,  8:c.  whicfi  he  did  not  live  to  com- 
plete, ami  which  was  fmislied  by  Di\  W\[~ 
kins,  17'21. 

Els  TOE,  Elizalieth,  sister  of  the  preced- 
ing, born  in  108J,  was  well  skilleil  in  the 
Saxon  language.  She  retired,  after  her 
brother's  death,  to  Evesham,  \Vorcester- 
shire,  where  she  kept  a  small  scliool.  iJy 
lord  Oxford's  interference,  she  obtained 
from  fpiecn  Caroline  aji  aimuily  of  '2 J/,  but 
after  the  death  of  her  majesty  she  was  a^ain 
reduced  to  poverty,  and  though  skilled  ia  S 
languages,  she  was  obliged  to  become  a 
governess.  She  was  then  engaged  iu  the 
duchess  of  Portland's  family,  where  she 
continued  seventeen  years,  and  died  at  Bul- 
strocie  30th  May  1756.  She  gave  an  Engiisfi 
translation  to  the  homily,  which  lier  lirolher 
published  from  the  Saxon  170'.).  In  1715 
she  published  a  Saxon  grammar,  and,  as 
Rowe  Mores  observes,  *'  slie  was  the  inde- 
fessa  comesof  her  brother's  studies,  a  female 
student  of  the  university,  upon  a  genteel 
fortune,  but  pursuing  too  much  the  drug 
called  learning." 

Ei.swicH,  John  Herman  d',  a  Luthcrau 
divine,  who  was  born  at  Rensburg,  ilobtein, 
and  died  at  Stade  1721,  aged  37.  lie  |)ub- 
lished  Simonius'  boolt  de  literis  pei'cuntibus,. 
with  notes, — Launoius  de  varia  Arisiotelis 
fortuna,  &c. 

Elsyxge,  Henry,  an  English  gentleman, 
appointed,  by  Laud's  interest,  clerk  of  the 
house  of  commons.  He  was  born  at  Batter- 
se.i  1598,  and  educated  at  Westminster  antl 
Christ-church,  Oxford.  He  spent  some 
years  in  travelling;  and  when  appointed 
clerk  to  the  commons,  he  tlisplayed  such 
correctness  and  ability  in  liis  office  that  he 
was  respected  by  all  partie.s,  and  consulted 
on  every  occasi(in.  He  resigned  this  honor- 
able office  when  he  saw  the  determination 
of  parliament  to  try  the  king;  and  here- 
tired  to  fiis  housii  at  llounslow,  where  he 
died,  1054.  'I'o  learning,  and  the  know  iedgii 
of  French  and  Italian,  he  addeil  the  nof)Ie 
character  of  an  honest  man.  He  published 
'•  the  ancient  mcfhod  arrd  mnnrier  of  holding 


EL 


EM 


parliaments  in  England,"  1G63,  reprinted 
1768,  and  wrote  a  tract  concerning  the  pro- 
ceedings in  parliament,  never  published,  and 
other  things. 

Elvius,  Petei*,  a  native  of  Upsal,  secre- 
tary to  the  Stockholm  royal  academy  of  sci- 
ences, lie  was  eminent  for  his  knowledge 
of  mathematics  and  his  love  of  science.  Me 
made  surveys  of  the  Swetliiih  lakes,  and  of 
the  coasts  of  the  countrj',  besides  observa- 
tions on  the  heavenlv  bodies,  from  Uraiii- 
bm-g ;  and  he  constructed  also  some  ingeni- 
ous machines  worked  upon  by  water.  He 
v.i'ote  a  journal  of  a  tour  in  Sweden,  pub- 
lished, Stockholm,  1751,  He  did  1749,  aged 
39. 

Elwes,  John,  of  saving  memory,  was 
son  of  a  brewer  iu  Soiithwark,  of  the  name 
of  Meggot.    Though  he  lost  his  father  when 


'S)0' 


four  years  old,  he  was  sent  to  Westminster-  j 
school,  where  he  continued   ten  or   twelve 
years;   from  whence    he  went  to   Geneva, 
-where,  for  three  years,  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  dividing  the  palm  of  horsemanship 
t\'ith  Mr.  Worsley  and  sir  Sydney  INIeadows. 
On  his  return  to  F/ngland  he  visited,  in  the 
assumed  garb  of  a  miser,  his  uncle,  sir  Har- 
vey Elwes,  who  lived  in  Essex,  and  whose 
sole  pleasure  was  the  hoarding  up  of  money. 
He    afterwards   succeeded   to  his    fortune, 
which   was    little    less  than    250,000/.    and, 
agreeable  to  his  will,  changed  the  name  of 
IVIeggot  for  that  of  Elwes.     He  was  then  40 
years  old ;    but  though  known,  for  the  last 
fifteen  years,  in  all  the  circles  of  fashion  and 
dissipation  in  London,  he  did  not,  upon  the 
acquisition   of  such   an    ample  fortune,   to 
■which  indeed  his  own  was  equal,  launch  out 
into  the  extravagancies  of  the  times,  but  fol- 
lowing his  uncle's  example,  he  determined 
to  increase  it  with  all  his  poAver.     He  was 
naturally  fond  of  gaming,  and  did  not  give  it 
up  till  late  in  life.     "  He  has  been  known," 
as  his  biographer  has  observed,   *'  after  sit- 
ting up  a  w  hole  night  at  play,  for  thousands, 
in  elegant  apartments,  ornanriented  with  the 
most  splendid  decorations,  and  with  waiters 
at  his  call,  to  walk   out   about  four  in  the 
morning,  and  proceed  to  Smithfield,  to  meet 
his  own  cattle  coming  to  market  from  Thoy- 
don-hall,  Essex,  where  he  had  a  farm.    For- 
getful of  the  scenes  uhich  he  had  just  left, 
this  singular  man  would  stand  there,  often 
in  the  cold  and  rain,  disputing  with  a  cai'cass 
butcher  for  perhaps  a  shilling.     Sometimes, 
when  the   cattle  did  not  arrive  at  the  hour 
he  expected,  he  v.  ould  walk  on,  in  tlie  mire 
and  dirt,  to  meet  then),  and  more  than  once 
he  has  gone   the  m  hole    way  to  his  farm, 
without  stopping,   though    seventeen   miles 
from  London.    Denyinghimself  every  earth- 
ly comfort,  he  would  walk  home  to  London 
in  the  rain,  sooner  than  pay  a  shilling  for  a 
coach;  he  would   sit  in  wet  clothes,  rather 
than  have  a  fire  to  dry  them ;  he  would  eat 
his  provisions  in  the  last  state  of  putrefac- 
tion, sooner  than  have  a  fresh  joint  from  the 
butcher ;  and  he  wore  a  wig  for  a  fortnight, 
which  I,"  says  the  biographer,    "  saw  him 
pick  up  from  a  rut  in  a  lane."    Yet  when 


this  inordinate  passion  of  saAing  did  not  in- 
terfere, he  lerformed  very  kind  offices,  and 
even  went  a  great  way  to  serve  those  who 
applied  to  him.  In  1774,  when  aged  sixty, 
he  Avas  elected  member  for  Berkshire,  and 
for  tAveive  years  served  the  county,  the 
most  independent  man  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons. He  came  in  Avithout  expense,  and 
therefore  expected  no  favor,  and  voted  as  in 
the  purest  days  of  parliamentary  represen- 
tation. Jn  1788  he  began  to  feel  the  infir- 
mities of  age,  but  Avitli  the  strongest  antipa- 
thy to  the  di'ugs  and  pills  of  apothecaries, 
he  endeavored  to  sup[>ort  life  by  regular 
exercise  and  by  temperance.  In  November 
1789  nature  seemed  exhausted,  and  no  lon- 
ger able  to  walk,  he  crept  into  his  bed  on 
the  l21yt,  and  on  the  26th  expired,  Avithout  a 
groan,  leaving  besides  entailed  estates  at 
Alarcham,  I»erks,  in  Essex,  &c.  upwards  ot 
500,0'3OZ.  to  his  natural  sons.  Though,  Iioav- 
ever,  so  fond  of  money,  he  never  di<l  an  un- 
just action  to  increase  his  store.  He  was 
cruel  to  himself,  and  benevolent  to  others. 
To  others  he  lent  much,  to  himself  he  de- 
nied every  thing. 

Ei.XAi,  or  Elxjeus,  founder  of  a  sect 
among  the  Jews  in  the  second  century,  com- 
manded his  fol'oAvers,  Avhenever  tliey  pray- 
ed, always  to  direct  tlieir  faces  towards  Je- 
rusalem. As  he  Avas  an  enemy  to  continence, 
he  obliged  all  foUoAvers  to  marry.  This  sect 
spread  around  Jordan,  Palestine,  and  Ara- 
bia, Avas  not  extinct  till  the  4th  century. 

E  L  Y  o  T,  Thomas.     Vid.  Eliot, 

Elys,  Edm«nd,  a  natiA'e  of  Devonshire, 
educated  at  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  became  felloAv,  and  published  some  divine 
poeiTis  and  miscellanea,  in  Latin  and  English 
verse,  1G58.  In  1659  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  rector  of  East  Allington,  Devonshire,  from 
which  he  was  afterwards  ejected  as  a  non- 
juror. He  was  a  man  of  extensive  learning. 
His  pamphlet  against  Tillotson's  sermons  on 
the  incarnation,  and  his  volume  of  lettei's, 
Avere  much  admired.     He  died  after  1693. 

Elzevirs,  celebrated  printers  at  Am- 
sterdam and  Leyden,  inferior  to  the  Ste- 
phens in  learning,  but  superior  to  them  in 
the  neatness  and  elegance  of  their  small 
characters.  There  were  five  brothers,  Lcav- 
is,  Bonaventure,  xVbraham,  Lewis,  and  Dan- 
iel. LeAvis  became  known  at  Leyden  1595, 
and  was  tlie  first  who  marked  the  distinc- 
tion bctAveen  v  consonant  and  u  vowel.  Dan- 
iel, though  he  left  some  children  in  his  pro- 
fession, Avas  the  last  of  his  family  distinguish- 
ed over  other  printers.  He  died  1C81.  The 
catalogue  of  their  editions  was  printed  at 
Amstei'dam  1674,  12iiio.  Their  ^'irgil, 
Terence,  and  Greek  testament,  are  most 
beautiful  and  valuable  books. 

Emanuel  succeeded  John  II,  as  king  of 
Portugal  1495,  and  distinguished  iiimself  by 
the  liberal  manner  in  Avhich  he  pati'onised 
commercial  adventures  among  his  subjects. 
Their  ancient  privileges  were  restored  to 
the  nobility ;  and,  by  the  persevering  bold- 
ness of  the  Portuguese,  the  way  to  India  by 
the  Cape  Avas  discovered  by  Gama ;  Brafif 


EM 


EM 


was  visited  in  1501  by  Cahral,  and  a  I'c^nlar 
intercouise  was  esUldislicd  witli  tlic  kinj;;- 
dom  of  Congo  and  the  other  states  on  the 
African  coast.  'I'his  populat-  inonarch,  de- 
servedly calleil  the  tjrcat,  dicil  1.''>'JI,  a^ed 
fifty-three. 

KmebrA-ET,  a  I'loniish  painter,  who,  af- 
ter living  some  time  al  Itonie,  seUhd  at  Aiil- 
•  >verp,  and  at'quired  distinction  in  landscape 
painting-  His  best  piece  is  in  the  church  of 
the  CarnieUtes  at  Antwerp,  He  lived  in  the 
middle  of  tlie  17th  century. 

Emeri,  Sebastian,  an  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  in  the  10th  century, 
known  for  his  independent  spirit  in  refusing 
to  defend  the  duchess  of  Angoideme  against 
tfie  constable  of  Boiirbon.  His  severe  sa- 
tire against  Poyet,  afterwards  chancellor  of 
France,  who  espoused  Iier  cause,  procured 
liis  banishment  iVum  court.  He  retired  in 
disgust  to  a  monastery,  where  lie  died,  devot- 
ed to  tlie  services  of  religion. 

Emerson,  William,  an  eminent  mathe- 
Tnatician,  born,  14th  May  ITOl,  at  Hurworth, 
in  the  county  of  Durham.  He  for  a  while 
followed  the  profession  of  his  father  as  school- 
master ;  but,  cither  from  dislike  to  the  em- 
ployment, or  warmlli  of  temper,  lie  resign- 
ed it,  and  lived  satisiied  with  u  sinall  pater- 
nal estate  of  about  GO/,  or  70/.  a  year.  His 
mind  had  been  well  cultivated.  He  was  not 
only  a  general  scholar,  but  well  skilled  in 
•classical  learning,  and  knew  something  of 
physic.  With  a  noble  independence  of  mind, 
his  manners,  as  well  as  his  dress  and  conver- 
sation, were  singular  and  eccentric.  His 
dress,  when  in  company,  consisted  of  a  flax- 
en wig  %vithout  a  single  crooked  hair  in  it; 
Ijis  shirt  liad  no  opening  before,  but  button- 
ed close  at  the  collar  behind  ;  his  waistcoat 
always  open  before,  e.\cept  the  lower  but- 
ton; and  his  coat,  the  only  one  he  had,  al- 
"v^ays  open  ;  with  one  hat,  wliich  served  him 
the  whole  of  life,  as  lie  gradually  lessened 
the  flaps,  bit  by  bit,  as  it  lost  its  elasticity. 
He  always  walked,  though  he  kept  a  horse; 
and  when  pressed  by  the  duke  of  Manches- 
ter, Avho  often  was  delighted  to  pay  him  a 
visit,  to  get  into  his  coach,  he  would  answer, 
*'  Damn  your  whim-wham,  1  Inid  rather 
walk."  When  he  had  any  thing  for  the 
press,  lie  walked  to  I..ondon,  and  cor- 
rected every  sheet  himself.  He  was  very 
fond  of  fishing,  and  generally  stood  up  to  his 
middle  in  the  water  while  engaged  in  it.  Af- 
ter hard  study  he  retired  to  the  ale-house 
for  relaxation,  and  there  procured  Avhom- 
ever  he  could  to  drink  and  to  talk  with  him. 
He  was  a  married  man.  He  lived  very  heal- 
thy,  till  1781,  when,  being  afflicted  with  the 
stone,  and  apprehending  his  dissolution,  he 
sold  all  his  books  to  a  York  bookseller.  He 
expired  2Cth  May  1782,  aged  near  81.  His 
pubhcations  were  sixteen  in  number,  and  all 
on'  mathematics,  fluxions,  algebra,  optics, 
iKUngation,  and  mechanics.  They  are  con- 
sidered as  very  learned  and  accurate,  as  he 
never  advanced  a  proposition  before  he  had 
tirst  tried  it  in  practice. 
■    !l^MiLiANO,  John,  an  Italian  philosopher 


and  physician,  of  the  lOth  ci-ntury,  author 
of  a  tract  pidilished  at  N  enice,  1.584,  4to. 
called  historia  naturalis  de  ruminantibus  et 
runiinatione. 

I'^i.M  i.Y.N',  Thomas,  a  learned   English    di- 
vine.    He  was   born  at   .Stamford,  Lincoln- 
shire, 27th    May  l(»i"i.5,  .ind  educated  by  his 
parents   for  the  iniiu>liy  anuing  the  dissen- 
ters.    After  being  at  a  [irivate  school,  he  en- 
tered at  Enranuel  colb  u;e,  Cainbriflge,  uhere 
however   he   staid  little  time,  and  I'emovcrl 
to  l>jolitlle's   academy,  ncai*  London.     He 
became,  iii  108.3,  cha[»lain  to  the  countess  of 
Donegal,  and    went   over   to   IJelfaHt  in  Ire- 
land, and  lived  in  her  family  even  after  her 
marriage  to  sir  William  l-'/anklin.     He  was 
here  so  much  respected  anfl  beloved  that  his 
l)atron    sir  William   offered  liim  a  living  in 
England,  v.hich  he  I'efused,  in  consequence 
of  liis  ad!ier>:'iice  to  the  noncoTd'onnists  doc- 
trines.    The  troubles   of  Ireland,  however, 
soon  put  an  cr.d  to  his  peaceful   retirement, 
and    these,    together    with    some   domestic 
quarrels,  occasioned  the  breaking  up  of  lady 
Donegal's  family,  so  that  Endyn  returned  to 
London  about  1G88.     Though  he  occasional- 
ly officiated,  he  acquired  no  permanent  set- 
tlement till   may  1G89,  when,  on  the  invita- 
tion of  sir  Robert  liicli,  one  of  the   lords  of 
the    admirality,  he  undertook  the  care  of  a 
dissenting  congregation   at  Leostoff     Here 
he   continued  about  a  year  arid  a  half,  and 
applied   himself  to  the  examination   of  the 
then  warmly  disputed  trinitarian  controver- 
sy.    With  Manning,   a  neighboring  noncon- 
formist, he  deeply  studied   the  subject;  but 
he  did  not  agree  with  his  friend  in  embrac- 
ing Socinian  doctrines,  but  inclined  in  opin- 
ion to  Arianism.     The  flight  of  James  IT. 
from  Ireland  allowed  the  dissenters  to  re-es- 
tablish their  regular  congregations,  and  Em- 
lyn,  who  was   well  known  as  a  preacher  in 
Dublin,  was  invited   to    settle  there  by  his 
friend    Boyse,  and  to  share  with  him  the  la- 
bors of  the  ministry  over  his  congregation 
in  Wood-street.     Emlyn  consented,  and  iu 
1691  removed  to  Dublin,  and  three  years  af- 
ter he  married  a  ricli  widow  of  the  name  of 
Bury.      In   this   active   scene   he   displayed 
great  powers   of  eloquence   as  a  preacher ; 
he  was  universally   followed  ;  and   he  insur- 
ed, the   ])ublic  esteem  by  his   fliscourses,  es- 
pecially by  that  pathetic  sermon  called  fun- 
neral    consolations,    which  he   delivered  in 
consequence  of  his  wife's  death.    This  event, 
which  happened  1701,  and  was  followed   by 
the  death  of  his  mother,  and  soon  after  of  a 
son,  aflected  Idm   most  bitterly;  but  to  do- 
mestic calamities  was  now  to  be  added  pub- 
lic persecution.     His  opinions   with  respect 
to  the  Trinity  began  to  be  suspected  by  some 
of  the  neighboring  ministers,  and  he  openly 
declared  his  sentiments,  and  after  much  dis- 
putation he  was  suspended  from  liis  office, 
and  persuaded  abruptly  to  leave  the  coun- 
try.    He  came   in  consequence  to  London, 
where  he  published  his  case  ;  but,   after  ten 
weeks'  absence,  he  determined  to  return  to 
Dublin   to  his  family,  and  there  roused  the 
indignation  and  the  animosity  of  all  parties 


EM 


EN 


iigainsthim  by  the  publication  of  Iits  *'  hum- 
ble iuqnii-}  into  tlie  scripture  account  of  Jf- 
fus  Christ,  or  a  shci't  argument   conccrniiifij 
Iiis  dt'ity  anil  gloiy,  accordiiig  to  the  gospel." 
Tills  bt!ok,   whicli,  'iliatever  were  its  ir.vv- 
its  or  demerits,  ouglit  to  have  been  candid- 
ly examined,  drew  tirj  arm  ot  the  law  upou 
itsautlioi'.     He  was  arrested  at  the  instance 
of  the  dissenters,  liis  book  was  seized,  and 
]ie    Mas   tried,  and  found  giiiity   of  biasphe- ' 
lucKisly   asserting  that  Jesus  Chi-istwas  not  1 
equal  to  God  the  Father,  to   whom  he  was 
subject,  and  that  with  a  seditious  intention. 
He  was   acijordiiigly   sentenced  by  (he  lord 
chief  justice  to  sutler  a  year's  impiisonment, 
to  pay  a  fine  of  lOOOJ.  to  t!ie  queen,  and  be 
confined  till  paid,  and  to  lind  sureties  for  his 
future  gotxl  beliavior.     The  ignominy  of  the 
piilury  w  as  not  added  to  this  sentence,  as  he 
■was  a  man  of  letters;  but  he  was  conducted 
vourid  the  four  courts  to  be  exposed  with  a 
label  on  his  breast.     After  two  years'  con- 
finement the  fine  %vas  reduced  to  701.  and  he 
ivas    liberated.      He   returned    to   London, 
ivhere  he  occasionallj-  preached  among  the 
dissentei's  ;    hut   by    the    death    of  some  of 
his  friends  and  supporters,  his  congregation 
vas  diminished,  and    at    last  he  retired   to 
peaceful  solitude,  v,  here   he    engaged  him- 
self in  polemical  divinity.     He  was  cTi^aged 
with  several  divines  in  erutroversy  about  va- 
rious parts  of  .scripture,  especially  about  tho 
autlicnticity  of  the  7tli  verse   of  St.  John's 
.'5th  chapter  1st  epistle,  whiali  he  maintkined 
to  be  surreptitious  ;  an  opinion  which  sever- 
al learned  men  have  adopted.     Though  his 
enemies  were  numerous,  yet  lie  had  sever- 
al Invitations  to  take  an  active   part  in  tho 
ministry,    particidarly    at    Exeter;    hot    all 
these  he  rejected,  satisfied  with  his   retire- 
inent,  and   the   partial  assistance   which  he 
occasionally  gave  his  friends.     He  was  much 
esteemed  by  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  who  visiteil 
liim  with   real    friendship    and    undisguised 
confidence.      Emiyn   died   30th   J^dy    174.3, 
aged  7[).     He  was    buried  in  Runhiil-fields, 
and  his  funeral  sermon  was  preacjud  In  his 
friend  Mr.  Forster,  and  he    is  represented 
as  **  one  of  tlie  highest  exarpples  of  substan- 
tial unaftlcted  pict}',  of  serious  i-atiotnd  ije- 
yotion,  of  a  steady  unshaken  integrity,  and 
an  undaunted  christian  courage."     His  m  rit- 
ing.s,  which   arc   namerous,  and  on  contro- 
versial subjects,  are   even  now  held  in  esti- 
rnntion   by  some,   who  have  embraced  his 
opinions  as  an  unitarian  or  high  arian.     Some 
memoirs  of  his  life  were  also  published  by 
his  son,  Soilom  EmIyn,  in  174G,  prefixed  to 
^  collection  of  his  works,  2  vols.  8vo.     Sol- 
lorn  Endyu  was  a  counsellor,  and  edited  lord 
Hale's  history  of  the   pleas  of  the  crown,  '2 
vf)Is.  folio,  1731,  and    died  }75t''>.     His   son, 
Thorny,  is  a  barrister,  and  fellow  of  the 
yoyal  spcietj'. 

i'-.MMA,  daughter  of  Richard  H.  duke  of 
Normandy,  raari'ied  Ethcidred  king  ct'  Eng- 
land, with  whom  she  fied,  on  the  invasion 
of  the  IX;\ncs.  She  afterwards  married  Ca- 
putc;  and  when  her  son  Edward,  called  the 
^qntpssorj  ascended  the  throne,  she  reigned 


conjointly  with  him.  Her  enemy  the  earl 
of  Kent  opposed  her  ;  and  M-hen  she  appeal- 
ed for  assistance  to  her  relation  the  bishop  of 
Winchester,  she  was  accused  of  criminal  in- 
tercourse with  that  prelate  ;  a  circumstance, 
fr'om  wiiich  she  extricated  herself  by  walk- 
ing baiefoot,  and  unhurt,  over  nine  burning 
ploughshares,  after  the  niatmer  cf  the  times. 

Emmius,  Ubo,  a  professor  of  Croningen, 
born  at  Gretha,  in  East  Friesland,  1.'j47. 
He  studied  successively  at  Embden,  Bre- 
men, Rostock,  and  Geneva,  and  at  his  re- 
turn was  appointed  rector  of  Nordcn  col- 
lege, l.^7'J.  He  was  however  expelled  from 
his  office,  for  refusing  to  subscribe  the  con- 
lession  (;f  Augsburg,  and  l.^SH  he  became 
r(  e.tor  of  Leer  college,  which  he  raised  to 
high  eminence  and  distinction.  In  1594  he 
was  a})pointed  over  Gronirgen  college,  and 
when  it  was  changed,  in  1014,  into  an  uni- 
versity, he  was  selected  to  be  professor  of 
histfjry  ami  Greek.  After  a  life  usefully  and 
Iionorably  spent  in  the  service  of  the  public, 
this  worthy  and  learned  man  died  at  Gron- 
ingen  l(i'25,  leaving  several  Bhildrcn  by  two 
wives.  He  was  autiior  of  several  works,  the 
most  known  of  which  are,  Vetus  Grsecia  il- 
lustrata,  3  vols.  piiblishe<l  after  his  death — 
history  of  William  Lewis  count  Nassau — de- 
cades rerttm  Fi-isicarum,  &c. — chronological 
and  s;enealos;ical  works — vita  et  sacra  cleiisi- 
uia  Davidis,  Georgn,  8cc. 

Empedocles,  a  philosopher  of  Sicily, 
v/ho  IVdlowed  the  doctrines  of  Pythagoras, 
B.  C.  444.  He  wrote  tragedies,  he.  and  re- 
fused the  sovereign  power  over  his  country, 
otlercd  him  by  his  fellov/  citizens.  Accord- 
ing to  the  more  received  opinion,  he  threw 
hiriiself  into  the  crater  of  mount  il^tna. 

Empeueur,  a  well  known  French  engra- 
ver, in  the  18th  century,  whose  best  pieces 
are,  the  triumph  of  Silcnus  and  the  bathers, 
after  Vanloo — Aurora  and  Tit  bonus,  and 
the  rape  of  Eui'opa,  after  Pierre — Pyran^- 
us  and  Thisbe,  from  Natoirc,  &c. 

Emtereuu,  Constantino  1',  of  Oppyck, 
in  Holland,  was  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Ley- 
den,  and  died  1G4S,  at  an  advanced  age. 
Mis  works  arc  chiefly  translations  of  .lewish 
aiul  'i'ah.iudical  books,  which  display  deep 
research  and  great  knowledge  of  oriential 
literature.  He  wrote  also  de  nicnsuris  tem- 
pli,  4to.  1630. 

Em  PC  i^  I,  Jacopo  da,  an  historical  painter 
of  Empoli,  born  1554.  He  studied  Andrew 
del  Sarto's,  works,  and  rose  to  great  emin- 
ence.    He  died  1G40. 

Emporii'S,  a  learned  rhetorician  in  the 
7th  century.  His  writings  on  his  art  were 
printed,  Paris,  IS'J'J,  4to. 

Empson,  sir  Richard,  the  favorite  of 
Henry  VIL  was  son  of  a  sieve-maker  at 
Towcester,  Northamptonshire.  His  con- 
duct in  raising  the  king's  revenues,  and  the 
oppressions  of  which  he  was  guilty,  render^ 
ed  him  unpopular,  and  in  Jie  beginning  of 
the  next  reign,  he  was  i)eheaded,  with  his 
friend  and  coadjutor  Dudley,  I.SIO. 

Encoepius,  the  favorite  of  the  emperor 
Alexander,  whoso  historv  he  wrote.    The 


EN 


KN 


work  is  not  extant,  tliougli  n  tniubliiiioii  <.r 
it  was  iiitroducod  to  the  world  li)-  'I'liotijas 
Eliot,  ill  llic  rcivjii  of  lleiiiy  \  111.  wlm  .said 
he  h.id  obtained  the  original  Circek  niaiiii- 
:;frii)t  IVoni  a  Xnipolitan  calli  <1  I'mlcrif.  it 
is  liow  over  considt'rcd  as  an  inii>nsiiioii  ni»oi( 
llie  puhlic,  prohably  attcinjilcd  in  coiise- 
•  (Uciiec  of  tlie  sucic-ss  of  tlie  similar  liand 
of  liuo\"ara,  who  jfriteiidi'd  tr»  j^ive  the  lil-; 
of  ^laixus  Aurclius  taken  Irom  an  ol<l  Jiian- 
uycrii>t. 

Enficld,  William,  a  native  of  Sndhury, 
educated  at  liavt-ntry,  under  Dr.  Asliworlli, 
and  iiiauc  in  ITCo  the  minister  of  a  disscnt- 
iiij;  congregation  in  Liverpool.  He  was  in 
irrO  tutor  in  belles  lettres  to  tlie  Warring;- 
ton  aeademy,  and  afterwards,  in  178."i,  set- 
tled as  pastor  of  a  dissenting  niei'linij  at 
Norwich,  vvliere  he  died,  1797,  aged  5C. 
Jle  published  two  volumes  of  sei'inons,  of 
eoi«c;idera])lc  iDcrIt — an  history  of  i^iverpool 
— -instUutes  o(  natural  philoKophy — prayeis 
and  hymns — an  history  of  philosophy, '2  vols. 
4to. — luDgrapliical  serr.ioiiS — the  si)L'aker,  a 
popular  school  book — and,  since  his  death, 
.3  vols,  of  sermons  have  appeared,  with  his 
life  by  Dr.  Aikin. 

ExGEL,nRECHT,  John,  a  (German  Lu- 
theran, born  at  Brunswick  1.t99.  After 
working  as  a  clotliier,  lie  became,  in  IG2'2,  a 
fanatical  visionary,  and  gained  the  attention 
of  the  vulgar  iiy  his  pretended  intercourse 
with  spirits,  angels,  and  dc\il.s,  and  even 
■with  Christ  himself,  who,  as  he  said,  siiOMcd 
liim  his  fiv(j  holy  v.ounds.  As  heaven  and 
hell  were  thus  open  to  his  view,  he  received 
divine  letters  from  above,  and  was  called  the 
moutli  of  the  Lord,  lie  died,  neglected  and 
despised,  in  Ifiil.  His  doctrines  have  been 
revived  by  Swedcnborg,  -who  appears  to 
have  been  a  more  rational,  though  equally 
eccetitric  fanatie. 

ExcHEi.BKzcHTSEN-,  Comelius,  a  pain- 
ter, born  atLcyden  1  i9S.  He  studied  ihe 
works  of  John  Van  Eyck,  and  was  the  first 
Dutcliman  who  painted  in  oil.  His  Christ  on 
the  cross,  his  Ai)rahain's  saerilicc,  and  his 
descent  Irom  the  cross,  are  preserved  in  the 
church  of  Notre  Dame  du  Marais;  but  his 
best  piece  is  a  picture  uilh  two  sides,  de- 
signed for  the  tombs  of  the  barons  Lock- 
horst,  representing  the  lamb  of  the  apoca- 
lypse. This  great  painter  died  at  Leyden 
1533,  aged  03. 

ExGH  ELK  A.MS,  Comcllus,  R  painter  in 
water  colors,  born  at  Malines  13'27.  His 
■works,  which  are  on  religious  subject?!,  arc 
scattered  about  (iermany  ;  but  his  pi-iiuipal 
pieces  arc  in  tlie  church  of  St.  llombout,  rej)- 
resenling  the  works  gf  mertv.  He  died 
15 S3,  aged  56. 

E.vcHiEN,  duke  of,  son  of  the  duke  of 
Bourbon,  and  gramlson  of  tlie  prince  of 
Conde  was  siezed  in  the  night  at  his  seat  at 
Ettenheim,  in  the  territories  of  the  elector 
of  Baden,  by  an  armetl  force,  by  direction 
of  Bonaparte,  and  hurried  to  Paris.  This 
atrocious  .step  was  followed  by  a  mock  trial, 
and  the  prince  condemned  for  having  carri- 
ed arms  against  his  country  during  the  tyran- 


nical reign  of  liobespicrrc.  The  scnteute 
of  his  jiiilges  was  currii-d  into  e.v«tii*loii  in 
thf  iiigiil  of  Ihe  '2'Jd  of  .March  180i,  and  he 
was  bhot  in  the  wootl  of  Viiicciiiies.  lie  <li- 
<'d  vciiTi  heroic  re:.igiialio1i,  and  rejoiced  in 
his  i:iH  moments  that  the  soldiers  wjio  shot 
hiiu  were  ii<jt  i'renchinen,  hut  the  jncrcina- 
ry  hifeliiij^s  of  the  body  guard  of  iiis  bio(»dy 
ninrdii-er. 

Enolish,  He.ster,  a  Jrcnchwoniau  by 
descent,  was  eminent  tor  fnie  writing  in  the 
reigns  ol  Elizabcih  rind  Ja'nes  I.  Her  per- 
formances are  preser\ed  m  libraries  and 
private  hamio.  tJne  of  her  pieces  was  pre- 
served liy  Mr.  Cripps,  surgeon,  London,  cal- 
led, "  Octoiiaires  upon  the  vanitie  aii<l  in- 
Coiihtancie  of  the  v^orld,  written  by  Ester 
Iiiglis,  the  firste  of  .lanuarie  IGOO."  It  is  au 
oblong  Svo.  f  rench  and  Engli.di  verse,  the 
Ernie h  in  a  priid  hand,  the  English,  Italian 
or  secretary,  cuiiour.ly  ornamented  with  Hov- 
ers anrl  fruits,  painted  i:i  water  colors,  con- 
taining on  I  he  first  leaf  her  own  picture  in  a 
small  form,  with  the  motto,  "  de  Dieu  ie 
bien,  de  moy  Ic  rien."  At  the  age  of  4f), 
she  married  Baitholomew  Kello,  a  North 
Britf)u,  !))•  whom  siie  had  a  son,  educated  at 
O.xtord,  and  mIio  died  170t),  minister  of 
Speckshall,  Sufioik.  One  of  her  \ISS.  pre- 
served in  the  Bodleian,  is  de«licatcd  to  her 
very  singular  friend  Josepli  Hall,  bishop  of 
Norwich. 

ExjEDiM,  George,  an  ingenious  unitari- 
an of  Hungary,  who  died  1507.  He  wrote  a 
learned  book,  called  explicatiolocorum  scrip, 
turse  vcttM-is  et  novi  testamenti,  ex  quibus 
dogma  Trinitatis  stabiliri  solct,  4to. 

Ex  NIL'S,  Quintus,  a  famous  old  Latin  po- 
et, born  in  Calabria  about '237  B.  C  He  was 
the  firpt  Roman  w  ho  wrote  in  heroic  verst. 
His  poems  have  perished. 

Enxodius,  Magnus  Felix,  an  eminent 
writer,  born  in  Italy  about  473.  The  loss  of 
an  aunt,  at  the  age  of  16,  reduced  him  to 
poverty,  from  which  he  was  relieved  by  mar- 
rying a  lady  of  fortune  and  quality.  He  af- 
terwards  altered  his  mode  of  life,  an»l  took 
orders  ;  and  his  lady  also  retired  to  the  se- 
clusion of  a  religious  life.  His  writings  rais- 
ed his  reputation,  and  in  all  he  was  advan- 
ced to  the  bishopric  of  Pavia,  and  was  after- 
wards engaged  to  p.egotiate  an  union  be- 
tween the  western  and  eastern  churches. 
Thougli  unsuccessi'ul,  he  disjilayed  great 
prudence  as  a  negotiator.  He  diet!  at  Padua 
521.  His  works  were  published  by  Scottus 
at  Tournay  10 10,  and  at  Paris  by  Sirmond 
1611,  with  notes  to  illustrate  the  history  of 
the  age  of  the  author.  Another  edition  was 
published  in  IG'JG  at  Paris,  and  one  at  Ve- 
nice 1729,  folio. 

Enoch,  son  of  .Tared,  and  the  seventh 
from  Adam,  is  celebrated  in  tlie  holy  scrip- 
tures for  his  integrity  and  virtues,  for  which 
he  was  taken  up  to  heaven  without  tlying,  B. 
C.  3017,  in  the  365th  year  of  his  age.  The 
prophesies  of  Enoch  are  preserved,  but  are 
regarded  as  apocryi)hal. 

ExsEXADA,  Zeno  Some  de  Silva,  mar- 
quis de  !a,  au  able  minister  of  Spain.     From 


EO 


EP 


obscurity  and  tlie  office  of  a  book-keeper  to 
a  banker,  he  rose  to  places  of  honor  and 
trust;  ami  being  ennobled  by  the  king:,  took 
the  name  of  Ensenada  {notI}J.nff  in  itsQlf,)  ci- 
ther from  modesty  or  from  laudable  ostenta- 
tion. He  was  intimate  with  I'arinelli,  wlio, 
like  l:imseir,  had  risen  from  obscurity  to  con- 
sequence ;  and  when  dismissed  from  oftice, 
by  the  intrigues  of  the  duke  of  Huescar,  his 
friend  had  tlie  boldness  to  roiiect  upon  the 
^severity  of  the  measure  in  tlie  presence  of 
the  queen.  Thougli  never  reinstated  in  the 
ofiice  and  influence  of  prime  miuistei',  he 
3'et  retni'.ied  in  privacy  the  esteem  and  good 
nill  of  his  sovereign.     He  died  1755. 

Ext,  George,  an  ingenious  physician, 
born  at  Saadwicli,  Ker.t,  6th  November 
1604,  and  educated  at  Sydney  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  afterwards  travelled,  took  his 
degree  of  M.  1).  in  Padua,  and  at  his  return 
Jiome  was  elected  fellow,  and  afterwards 
president,  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and, 
at  the  restoration,  kniglited  by  Charles II. 
He  died  in  London  J3ih  October  1G8G,  and 
^  was  buried  in  St.  Lawrence  church,  Jewry. 
He  was  eminent  not  only  for  extensive  'prac- 
tice, but  great  learning.  As  the  friend  of 
Harvey,  lie  wrote  apol'^gia  ])ro  circulatione 
sanguinis,  contra  iEmilium  Parisanum,  8vo. 
3041 — animadversiones  in  ]Malacliiffi  Thrus- 
toni,  M.  D.  diatribam  de  respirationis  usu 
primarJo,  Svo. — &  observationes  ponderis 
testudinis,  &c. 

Entick,  John,  an  English  clergyman, 
and  school-master  at  Stepney,  well  known 
as  the  author  of  a  Latin  and  of  a  spelling 
dictionary".  He  also  wrote  a  history  of  the 
war  terminated  in  1763,  5  vols.  Svo.  and  a 
liistory  of  London,  4  vols.  Svo.  abridged 
from  Stow  and  Maitland,  and  other  works. 
He  died  1780  and  Avas  buried  in  Stepney 
church-vard. 

ExTixoPE,  an  architect  of  Candia,  in 
the  5th  century,  one  of  the  chief  founders  of 
Venice.  He  fled  from  the  invasion  of  the 
Goths,  in  405,  and  concealed  himself  in  the  ! 
marshes  on  the  borders  of  the  Adriatic,  and 
the  house  he  built  there  was  the  beginning 
of  the  republic.  The  people  of  Padua  sought 
the  same  residence  afterwards,  and  twenty- 
Ibiu'  houses  were  erected  there  in  413.  The 
house  of  Entinope  avp.s  afterwards  conver- 
ted into  a  church,  dedicated  to  St.  James, 
and  still  exists  in  the  liialto. 

Ex7.ix.\s,  Francis,  a  native  of  Burgos, 
1515,  known  also  by  the  name  of  Dryander 
and  du  Chesne.  He  became  a  disciple  of 
Melancthon,  and  at  Wittemberg  turned 
protestant,  as  his  brotlier,  John  Dryander, 
had  done.  He  translated  the  new  testament 
into  Spanish,  for  which  he  was  im])risoned 
fifteen  months  ;  and  escaping  from  imprison- 
ment, he  fled  to  Calvin  at  Geneva,  1545.  He 
wrote  a  history  of  the  Low  Countries,  aud 
of  Spain,  which  forms  part  of  the  protestant 
martyrology  printed  in  Germany.  His 
brother  was  burnt  at  Home  as  a  heretic, 
1545. 

EoBAN'us,  Elias,  surnamed  Hessus,  as 
born  in  an  open  field  near  Hesse,  1418,  was 
professor  of  be!!e.=:  tettres  at  Erfurt,  Nurem- 


berg, and  Marpurg.  Though  a  good  poe?, 
an  elegant  scholar,  and  a  learned  man,  he 
was  very  fond  of  drinking,  and  he  is  said  to 
have  conquered  a  hard  German  drinker  by 
emptying  a  bucket  of  beer.  He  possessed  all 
the  case  and  elegance  of  Ovid,  though  he 
was  inferior  in  imagination.  He  died  Octo- 
ber 5,  1540,  aged  52.  His  works  are,  Latin 
translations,  in  verse,  from  Theocritus  and 
from  Homer — elegies — sylvte, — bucolics, 
much  esteemed — epistolse,  bic.  The  poems 
were  published  under  the  name  of  Poema- 
tiim  farragines  duse,  Halle,  1539,  Svo.  and 
Fi-ankfort  1564,  Svo. 

Eon,  de  I'Etoile,  a  fanatic  of  Britany. 
Taking  advantage  of  his  name,  he  thought 
himself  the  son  of  God,  and  the  judge  of 
quick  and  dead,  per  eiini  qui  justificatuinis 
est  vivos  et  mortuos.  He  gave  rank  to  his 
followers,  calling  some  angels  and  some  in- 
ferior spirits ;  and  as  he  bribed  those  who 
were  sent  to  seize  him,  it  was  considered 
by  the  vulgar  that  it  was  impossible  to  ap- 
prehend him.  He  was  brought  before  pope 
Eugenius  at  the  council  of  Itheims  in  1148, 
and  pretended,  that  when  he  held  up  to 
heaven  the  forked  stick  in  his  hand,  two 
thirds  of  the  world  were  under  the  power 
of  God,  and  the  other  of  himself,  and  when 
he  turned  the  stick  to  the  earth,  that  his 
authority  extended  over  two  parts  and  that 
of  God  only  over  one.  He  died  wretched  iu 
prison,  and  some  of  his  followers  chose  to 
be  burnt  rather  than  abjure. 

EoN  DE  Beaumont,  Charlotte-Gene- 
vieve-Timothee  d',  a  native  of  Tonnerre  sur 
Armen^on,  born  5th  October  1728.  She 
was  brought  up  as  a  boy  by  her  parents, 
Avho  wished  at  her  birth  to  have  a  son,  and, 
after  going  through  the  labors  of  a  school 
and  college  education,  she  was  recom- 
mended to  the  court,  and  sent  three  times 
as  ambassador  to  Russia.  She  afterwards 
served  in  the  army  under  marshal  Broglio, 
and  behaved  with  unusual  courage,  and 
after  the  peace  of  1762,  she  was  sent  as 
secretary  to  the  embassy  in  London,  and 
also  succeeded  as  ambassador.  A  wager  de- 
termined her  sex  in  London,  and  before  the 
king's  bench  she  declared  hei'self  to  be  a 
woman.  The  pension  she  had  received  was 
continued  by  the  French  king,  but  on  con- 
dition she  assumed  the  dress  of  her  sex.  Thi? 
extrjiordinary  woman  died  in  1790.  She 
published  tracts  relative  to  the  negotiations 
in  which  she  had  been  engaged. 

Epaminondas,  a  Theban  general  of 
great  celebrity.  He  defeated  the  Spartans 
at  the  battle  of  Leuctra,  and  afterwards  fell 
nol)ly  at  Mantinea,  B.  C.  363. 

Epaptiroditus,  a  bishop  of  Philippi, 
who  carried  tlie  contributions  of  his  counti*y 
to  the  saints  of  Jerusalem,  and  brought 
back  St.  Paul's  epistle  to  his  church,  A, 
D.  62. 

Epee,  Charles  Michael  de  1',  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  celebrated  for  his'most  humane 
efforts  to  restore  tlie  deaf  and  dumb  to  the 
blessings  atul  the  enjoyment  of  society.  By 
his  salutary  instruction,  these  unfortunate 
members  of  the  community  have  been  able 


EP 


EP 


to  acquire  li»e  knowled^je  of  even  six  dilTor- 
ent  languages,  they  have  hecome  prrtfoiuid 
mathcnuiticiaiis,  and  ready  calculators.  This 
^^orthy  an«l  most  heuevolei>t  man,  after  re- 
ceiving tile  most  h()noral)le  marks  of  eslt:ein 
and  gratitude  from  the  empress  of  liussia, 
the  emperor  of  (lermaiiy,  the  king  of 
Prance,  and  the  whohr  of  Kurope,  (hetl  at 
I'aris,  Fchruary  i7'J0.  lie  was  succeeded 
ill  liis  l)enevolent  institution  hy  i'ahhc  Sicarcl. 

Ephorus,  an  lustoi-ian  of  Cnni.t,  the 
pupil  of  Jsocrates.     lUsuorksare  lost. 

Ephraim,  son  of  Joseph,  was  adopted, 
with  his  brother  Manasseh,  among  the  Irihes 
of  Jacob.  He  was  born  in  Egypt  about  1710 
B.C. 

Epurem,  St.  a  father  of  the  cinirch,  horn 
at  Edessa,  or  Nisibis  according  to  some.  I  I'e 
devote<l  himself  to  (he  monastic  life,  and  rc- 
fuseil  to  be  a  bishop.  He  wrote  several 
books  in  Syriac,  which  arc  liighly  esteemed. 
They  have  been  translated,  and  were  edited 
at  Oxford,  in  folio,  170S.  Ephrem  was  a 
Tuan  of  great  charity,  and  of  uncommon 
chastity,  so  that  he  would  not  even  fix  his 
eyes  upon  a  woman.  He  died  378,  and  or- 
dered the  monks  who  attended  him  to  keep 
his  garments  as  relicts,  but  to  bury  him  witli- 
out  funei'al  pomp.  His  works  were  edited 
at  Rome,  1747,  G  vols.  fol. 

Epicharmus,  a  Pythagorean  bishop  of 
Cos,  said  to  have  invented  the  letters  ©  and 
X.     He  died  aged  97. 

Epicie,  an  eminent  French  engraver. 
His  pieces  in  the  cabinet  de  Crozat  are  liigh- 
ly esteemed  ;  but  his  finest  performance  is 
considered  to  be  the  bashaw  having  the  pic- 
ture of  his  mistress  taken,  after  Carlo  Ven- 
loo.  The  heads  in  this  piece  are  most  beau- 
tifully engraved.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown. 

Epictetus,  a  stoic  philosopher,  horn  at 
Hierapolis  in  Phrygia.  He  wrote,  in  the 
age  of  Domitian,  Enchii-idion,  a  woi-k  aboun- 
ding in  excellent  rules  of  morality,  transla- 
ted from  the  Greek  by  Mrs.  Carter. 

Epicurus,  founder  of  the  sect  which 
bore  his  name,  was  born  at  Gargettus,  near 
Athens,  342  B.  C.  His  sumnuim  bonum 
Avas  pleasure,  but  pleasure  Y'J'oducerl  and 
tempered  hy  virtue,  a  .system  which  has 
been  much  misrepresented  and  abused.  He 
died  aged  73. 

Epimenides,  a  poet  of  Crete,  said  to 
have  slept  at  one  time  fifty  years. 

Epiphanius,  a  father  of  the  church, 
bishop  of  Salamis.     He  died  403. 

Epiphanius,  a  writer  of  the  Clh  centu- 
ry, who  translated  the  histories  of  Socrates, 
Sozomen,  and  Theodoret. 

Epiphanius,  son  of  Carpocratcs,  was 
the  author  of  a  heresy.  He  supported  the 
necessity  of  a  community  of  women,  and  at- 
tempted to  vindicate  some  of  his  opinions 
from  the  words  of  St.  Paul,  Avliich  mention 
that  before  the  law  there  was  no  sin.  He 
was  after  death  revered  as  a  saint,  and 
had  a  temple  at  Sama  in  Cephelenia  conse- 
crated to  him. 
Episcopius,  Simon,  an  able  divine,  born 


of  protest-xnt  parents  at  Amsf.^rdam,  i:,&3, 
and  educated  there  arid  at  Leyden.  Durinj;- 
the  controversy  between  Gomarus  and  Ar- 
miuius  about  predestination,  he  embraced 
life  opinions  of  llie  latter,  and  wa^j  consc- 
<|U«iitly  exposed  to  persecution  and  obloffuy, 
'■'uti  considered  ui  the  public  di^Liirbcr* 
of  the  church.  He  was  ordained 'in  loll,*, 
and  two  years  after  was  appointed 
divinity  profes.sor  .-^l  Leyden,  in  the  vuov.i 
of  (iomai'us.  In  1Ij15  he  went  to  Paris; 
but  tliis  journey,  undeitaken  for  jiurposes 
of  curirjsity,  was  viewed  Mith  suspicion  by 
his  enemies,  ancl  he  was  on  his  return  accu- 
sed of  concert  ing  with  father  Cotton  tl»e 
ruin  of  the  prolestant  church  and  the  Uni- 
ted States.  He  was  conse'iuently  oblijjjcii  to 
appear  before  the  sj  nod  at  Dort,  and  be- 
cause he  and  his  friends  refused  to  submit  l'» 
the  autliorily  of  arbitr.xry  judges,  they  were 
<leposed  from  their  functions,  and  banished 
from  the  territories  of  the  coranujuwefllh. 
He  retired  to  Antwerp,  and  in  his  banish- 
ment employed  his  pen  in  the  support  of 
his  opinions,  and  in  severe  attacks  upon  the 
popish  tenets.  He  afterwards  visited  Paris  ; 
and  in  the  revolutions  of  party  zeal  and  reli- 
gious persecution  he  was  again  permitted  to 
return  to  Hollaml,  in  1G26,  where  he  be» 
came  minister  of  the  remonstrants'  church 
at  Rotterdam.  In  IG'27  he  married,  and  in 
1C34  he  was  chosen  rector  of  the  college 
founded  by  his  sect  at  Amsterdam.  He  died 
4th  April  1643,  of  a  retention  of  urine,  a 
di-eadful  disorder,  which  liad  two  yeurs  be- 
fore carried  off  his  wife.  As  the  moon  was 
under  an  eclipse  at  the  moment  of  his  death, 
his  friends,  in  tJie  wildness  of  their  grief, 
considered  it  as  tlie  emblem  of  the  church, 
which  lost  its  brightest  light  b}'  the  depar- 
ture of  that  shining  luminan'  Episcopius. 
Though  a  man  of  great  learning  and  vast 
erudition,  Episcopiusdid  not  always  actwitk 
that  humiiit}-  of  temper  and  moderation  so 
becoming  a  chi-istian.  His  character  w*as 
highly  respected  by  Grotius,  who  always 
cai'ricd  with  him  his  tlieoiogic.Tl  institutions; 
and  even  Mabiilon,  tJiough  a  papist,  has  spo- 
ken mtich  in  his  commendation.  As  an  Ar- 
minian,  and  the  leader  of  the  remonstrants, 
he  was  engaged  in  severe  controversies,  in. 
whicti  he  displayed  commanding  eloquence 
and  ardent  zeal.  His  works  have  appeared 
in  2  vols,  folio,  the  first  published  in  his  life- 
time, and  the  last  after  his  death,  under  the 
care  of  I.imborch,  who  had  married  his 
brother's  daughter. 

Eppzndouf,  Ilenrv,  a  German  noble, 
Avho  acquired  celebrity  i)y  his  dispute  with 
Erasmus.  He  was  borujiear  Friburg,  a  city 
of  Misnia,  and  though  he  boasted  of  his  no- 
bility, he  was  the  son  of  a  plebeian.  He  re- 
flected with  vulgar  severity  on  the  illegiti- 
mate birth  of  Erasmus,  who  in  his  turn  re- 
torted against  his  adversary  and  censured 
him  for  his  petulcnce,  falsehood,  and  defa- 
mation. The  interference  of  friends  at  last 
produced  a  reconciliation,  but  it  was  mo- 
mentary, and  a  war  of  letters  arose  more 
fierce  and   inveterate   than  ixrforc.     Thp?»- 


ER 


ER 


tilings  are  to  belfimented  in  tlic  life  of  men 
Qi"  litei"ary  merit  and  ciiristian  virtue,  but 
too  many  unfortunatelr  tbi'i;;et  their  charac- 
ter and  profession  while  intent  to  repel  or 
aven!>e  an  injury.  The  tim-e  of  Eppendorfs 
deatii  is  not  recorded* 

Erasis  TRATUS,  a  Creek  physician, 
known  for  discovering  the  passion  which 
Antioeluis  had  conceived  fT)r  his  niother-in- 
hiw.  fie  is  said  to  have  First  dissected  hu- 
man bodies. 

Erasmus,  Desiderius,  a  most  ilhistrious 
character  in  ll«?  republic  of  literature,  antl  in 
the  cause  of  ri'iigion,  was  l)Orn  28th  October 
1467,  at  Roltordam.  Ills  father  (ierard,  wiio 
lived  at  Tei'gou,  fell  in  love  with  Margax'et 
uaUffhter  of  Peter  a  physician  of  Luvciiher- 
^t-ii,  and  after  mutual  promises  of  marriage, 
Avhich  were  never  realized,  the  Covers  for^-ot 
themselves  in  criminal  intercourse,  and  gave 
birth  to  two  sons.  One  of  these  died  early, 
and  the  other  was  called  Cerard  after  fiis 
father,  a  name  which  he  exchanged  for  I)e- 
siderius,  which  in  Latin  signiiies  the  same  as 
Gerard  in  Dutch,  that  is,  amiable.  The  con- 
duct of  Gerard  gaTC  such  uneasiness  to  his 
relations  that  they  determined  to  make  him 
an  ecclesiastic,  but  he  fled  from  tiieir  pur- 
suits to  Rome,  where  he  maintained  himself 
by  transcribing  ancient  authors.  In  this  dis- 
tant retreat  he  was  falsely  informed  by  his 
friends  that  his  beloved  Margaret  was  no 
more,  and  in  despair  he  devoted  himself  to 
that  profession,  to  avoid  which  he  had  aban- 
doned his  home,  and  became  a  priest.  On 
his  return  to  Tergou,  however,  he  was  aston- 
ished to  find  his  Margaret  alive,  but  dis- 
pleased as  he  was  with  the  meanness  of  his 
.relations,  and  attached  by  the  tenderest  feel- 
ings to  the  first  object  of  his  love,  he  abstain- 
ed from  all  improper  intercourse,  and  Mar- 
gjiret  herself,  faithful  to  her  first  vows,  led 
ever  after  a  life  of  seclusion  and  celibacy, 
tjerard  now  devoted  himself  to  the  education 
of  his  only  son,  and  saw  with  admiration  the 
opening  of  those  powers,  which,  according  to 
Rhenanus  t!ie  master  of  Deventer  college, 
ATOuld  some  time  prove  the  envy  and  wonder 
of  all  Germany.  His  studies  at  Deventer 
where  he  had  for  liis  friend  and  fellow-stn- 
denl  pope  Adrian  \  I.  were  interrupted  by 
the  plague,  which  proved  fatal  to  his  mother, 
who  from  excessive  attection  had  accompa- 
nied her  son  to  this  seat  of  learning.  The 
deatk  of  Margaret  was  followed  by  that  of 
Gerard,  who  tlu-ough  grief  could  not  survive 
the  woman  in  whom  all  his  aft'ections  had 
centered,  and  Erasmus  now  an  orphan,  war, 
removed  from  Deventer  to  Tergou,  about 
the  age  of  14,  and  placed  under  the  care  of 
guardians,  who  wished  to  obtain  possession  of 
his  small  patrimony  by  devoting  him  to  the 
seclusion  of  a  monasteiy.  He  was  first  icnt 
to  a  convent  at  Bois-le-duc,  where,  as  he  saj  s, 
he  lost  3  years  of  his  life,  then  removed  to 
Sion  near  Delft,  and  afterwards  to  St(Mn  near 
Tergou,  where,  overpowered  by  the  unceas- 
ing solicitations  of  his  guai'dians,  he  became  a 
regular  canon  i486.  Tu  the  retreat  of  a  con- 
vent, which,  as  he  describes,  is  a  place  of 


impiety  rather  than  of  religion,  whei-c  evei-'J' 
thing  was  done  to  vv  liicli  a  depraved  inclina- 
tion could  lead,  under  the  sanction  and  mask 
of  piety,  and  where  it  was  hardly  possible  for 
any  one  to  keep  himself  pure  and  unspotted, 
Erasmus  could  not  loH^g  be  confined      He  was 
introduced  to  Henry  a  Bergis,  archbishop   of 
Cambray,  who  wanted   a  learned  secretarv 
on  his  visit  to  Home  ;  but  though  the  journcy 
was  laid  aside  by  the  prelate,  Erasmus  de'- 
termincd   not  to  return  to  the  convent,  but 
after  being  ordained  priest  at  Utrecht  I4'jl2, 
he  set  out  for  Paris  in  1406,  to  prosecute  his 
studies.     To  maintain  himself  he  in.structed 
f,ome   {uipils,  some  of  whom  were  English- 
men, and  auiong  them  Y\^i!iiam  Blunt,  lord 
-Montjoy,  who  ever  after  treated   him   witii 
respect.     In  1497  he  left  Paris,  and  was  kind- 
ly rpceived  at  Cami)ray  by  the  bishop,  who 
hail  however  violated  his  promise  of  support- 
ing him  wlalc  in  the  capital  of  France.    The 
same  year  he  visited  England  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  his  pupil  lord   Montjoy,  and    he 
enteied  at  St.  Mary's  college,  Oxford,  Avhere, 
in  the  company  and  conversation   of  Colet, 
Grocyn,  Linac^r,  Latimer,   and   Moore,  he 
devoted  himself  to  classical  studies,  and  es- 
pecially to  the  learning  of  Greek,  which  now 
began  to  revive  in  England,  and  of  which  he 
knew  nothing.     After  nearly  a  yeat''s  resi- 
dence, he  returned  to  Paris,   and  in  conse- 
quence of  the  plague  which  prevailed  in  that 
city,  he  passed  to  Orleans,  and  in  1498,  com- 
pleted his  Adagia.      The  kiiulnesses  he  had 
experienced  in  England  could  never  be  for- 
gotten, an<l  he  again,  in  1499,  visited  for  a  lit- 
tle time  that  country,  -which  he  describes  33 
abounding  with   humanity,   politenes.s,    and 
learning.     His  Adagia  was  published  at  Pa- 
ris 1500,  and  to  it  he  added  a  panegyric  on 
England,  and  soon  after  he  printed  his  book 
de    copia     verborum,     &   dc    conscribendis 
epistolis.     But  whilst  rising  in  literary  fame, 
and  devoted  zealously  to  the  cultivation  of 
literature,  Erasmus  was^poor  ;  and  though  he 
flattered  his  patrons,  he  found  them  indift'e- 
rent,  and  frequently  regardless  of  his  neces- 
sities.    The  prelate  of  Cambray  pretended  to 
be  offended  with  him,  lord  Montjoy's  assist- 
ance was  slow,  and  from  the  marchioness  of 
Vere,  and  Antonius  a  Bergis,  abbot  of  St. 
Bertin,  he  could  receive  little  but  fair  words 
aiul  unnaeaning  promises.      It  was  his  inten- 
tion to  study  divinity  in  Italy,  but  this  plan  he 
did  not  immediately  adopt,  as  in  1.502,  he  was 
pursuing  theological  studies  at  Louvain,  un- 
der  his  friend   Adrian  Florent,   afterv.ards 
Adrian  VI.     In  1503,  he  pubUshcd  Iiis  "En- 
chiridion militis  Christiani,"   which  assailetl 
the  corruptions  and  the  superstition  of  the 
Romish  church.     He  had  now  applied  close- 
ly for  three  years  to  the  Greek,  and  he  dis- 
jdayed  his  pi'oficiency  by   publishing   some 
translations   from    Greek   authors.     One   of 
Plutarch's  treatises   he  dedicated  to  Henry 
VIIJ.  the  Hecuba  of  Euripides  to  archbishop 
Warham,  and  Lucian's  Toxaris  to  Fox  bish- 
op of  "Winchester.     He  now  travelled  to  Ita- 
ly, and  taking  his  degree  of  D  D.  at  Turin, 
he  proceeded  to  Floreni(}c,  and  was  present 


\LR 


ER 


rd  the  pompous  and  trinmplial  eutiy  of  pope 
Julius  11.  into  the  conquered  city  of  Bologna, 
a  ceremony  which  excited  liis  surprise  and 
indignation,  when  he  compared  the  meek  en- 
try ot"  the  lowly  Jesus  into  Jerusalem,  to  the 
splendiil  mtignificence  of  iiis  proud  vicege- 
reut.  After  staying  about  a  year  Jit  Bologna, 
he  went  to  Venice^  wliere  Aldns  printed  a 
new  improved  edition  of  his  Achigia,  and  of 
his  trauslulionsfrom  I'.uripidcs,  Terence,  and 
Plantus.  At  I'adua  he  superintended  the 
education  of  Alcxanrhr  tlic  natural  son  of 
James  IV.  of  Scollaml,  then  nominally  ap- 
pointed archbishop  of  Si.  Andrew's,  lie  af- 
terwards passed  to  Sienna,  and  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  received  with  all  the  respect 
and  deference  due  to  his  merit  and  learning 
hy  the  cardinals  and  great  men  of  the  city. 
The  solicitations  which  he  had  to  settle  there, 
particularly  from  th«  pope  himself  and  from 
cardinal  (jrimani,  were  so  pressing,  that  he 
would  have  accepted  them,  had  he  not  pre- 
viously engaged  to  return  to  England.  Going 
back  therefore  to  Sienna,  where  he  had  leit 
his  royal  pupil,  he  parted  with  him  at  Cu- 
Ttix,  and  hail  afterwards  the  misfortune  to 
hear  that  he  had  perished  in  the  bloody  bat- 
tle of  Flodden  field  1513.  From  Italy,  Eras- 
mus pasjsed  through  Constance,  Brisgau, 
Strasburg,  Holland,  and  Antwerp,  and  arri- 
ved in  England  in  tho  beginning  of  1510 
Tliough  flattered  with  expectations,  and  pro- 
mised an  honorable  settlement  by  his  friends, 
he  found  himself  greatly  disappointed,  and 
i'egrctted  seriously  he  had  not  hxcd  his  resi- 
dence at  Rome.  While  in  England  he  lodg- 
ed in  the  house  of  sir  Thomas  Moore,  where 
in  the  course  of  a  week  he  wrote  his  "  enco- 
mium raorire,"  in  which  he  lashed  the  indo- 
lence and  the  follies  of  tlie  church  of  Rome. 
He  afterwards  went  to  Cambridge  upon  the 
invitation  of  Fisher  bishop  of  Rochester  and 
chancellor  of  the  university,  by  whose  recom- 
mendation he  was  appointed  lady  Margaret's 
divinity  professor,  and  also  professor  of 
Greek.  How  long  he  continued  in  these  of- 
fices is  not  known,  he  had  unfortunately  a 
fondness  for  wandering,  which  distracted  the 
plans  of  his  best  friends,  and  the  poverty 
which  still  persecuted  him  in  the  midst  ofl)is 
literary  reputation,  rendered  him  easily  dis- 
satisfied with  the  slow  progress  of  prefer- 
ment, which,  while  it  frequently  falls  rapidly 
on  the  head  of  persons  of  no  merit,  with 
difficulty  overtakes  those  whose  services  have 
been  most  active  and  successful  in  the  cause 
of  science  and  of  virtue.  In  1514  Erasmus 
was  in  Flanders,  and  was  flattered  with  the 
title  of  counsellor  to  Charles  of  Austria  at  the 
court  of  Brabant,  and  in  1515  Ijc  went  to 
Basil,  with  the  intention  of  printing  there 
his  new  testament,  his  epistle  of  St.  Jerome, 
and  other  works.  The  new  testament  ap- 
peare»l  in  151G,  and  as  itw'as  the  first  time  it 
Avas  printed  in  Greek,  it  drew  upon  the  edi- 
tor the  envy  and  the  censui-e  of  ignorant  and 
malevolent  divines.  But  to  his  labors,  per- 
haps more  than  to  any  other  man,  was  learn- 
ing indebted  for  its  revival.  The  compre- 
hensive powers  nfhi<5  mind  worn  omplnved 
VOL.    T'.  <S? 


not  only  m  producing  before  the  public  cor- 
rect editions  of  respectable  writers,  but 
in  rousing  by  his  VHrious  comiiositionB 
tlie  attention  and  improving  the  taste  ot" 
mrinkind,  after  a  gloomy  period  of  igno- 
rance, snpnrstition,  bigotry,  and  persecution. 
AVIiile  thus  engaged  in  the  cause  ot  ru<ra- 
ture,  the  opinions  of  the  worM  were  agitated 
by  the  opposition  of  liUtber  to  the  i)apalau- 
thority,  and  the  principles  of  the  church  of 
Rome.  It  was  expccteil  that  Erasmus  would 
have  zealously  joined  tlie  reformer,  as  in  his 
Enchiridion  he  had  ridiculed  the  popish  ce- 
remonies, and  aa  he  was  considi  red  by  ma- 
ny "  to  have  laid  the  egg  v.hich  Luther 
hatched  ;"  but  though  solicited  by  Luther,  he 
declined  to  take  a  share  in  the  dispute,  and 
expressed  his  hopes  that  a  reconciliation 
might  be  effected.  This  timidity  from  Eras- 
mus was  agreeable  to  neither  party,  who 
eagerly  wished  cftch  for  his  great  abilities  to 
defencl  and  support  their  cause,  and  there- 
fore while  he  pretended  on  one  side  to  be 
well  affected  towards  the  pope,  and  on  the 
other  hand,  commended  the  conduct  and  ta- 
lents of  Luther,  an»l  declared  thr.t  he  learn- 
ed more  from  one  page  of  his,  than  from  all 
the  volumes  of  Thomas  Aquinas,  he  at  last 
found  that  his  wavering  disposition  exposed 
him  to  the  odium  and  persecution  of  all.  In 
1518  he  was  invited  with  offers  of  great  pre- 
sents from  Henry  VIII.  to  settle  in  England, 
but  he  was  suspicious  of  Wolsey,  and  thank- 
ed the  king  in  general  terms.  At  last  to  an- 
swer the  expectations  of  some  of  his  friends, 
Erasmus  attacked  Luther  on  free  Avill,  and 
bestowed  high  encomium  on  the  book  which 
Henry  VHI.  had  published  against  the  re- 
former, but  these  things  appeared  feeble  to 
the  catholics,  and  the  publication  of  the  Col- 
loquia,  provccl  that  the  author  had  no  objec- 
tion to  ridicule  the  indulgences  of  the  pope, 
and  the  vicious  follies  of  his  monks.  The  •, 
book,  though  full  of  wit,  and  good  sense,  was 
afterwards  condemned  by  the  faculty  o£  the- 
ology at  Paris,  and  prohibited  by  the  pope. 
On  the  succession  of  Adrian  VI.  to  the  chair 
of  St.  Peter,  Erasmus  congratulated  liis  old 
friend  and  school-fellow,  but  thongh  repeat- 
edly invited  by  liim  to  come  to  Rome,  with 
every  offer  of  patronage  and  protection,  he 
refused  to  trust  liimself  into  the  hands  of  men 
whom  he  had  in  his  writings  and  cnnvet.sa- 
tion  offended,  and  with  justice,  for  he  sooa 
discovered  that  the  advice  which  he  offered 
about  iiealing  the  dissensions  of  the  ehurch, 
was  received  at  the  Vatican  not  only  with  in- 
difference, but  with  evident  marks  of  dis- 
pleasure. The  latter  part  of  his  life  wa^ 
spent  chiefly  at  Basil,  where  his  laborioug 
studies,  the  precarious  state  o{  his  health, 
and  the  malevolent  reflections  of  his  enemies, 
ailtcndedtoenfeeble  his  constitution.  Though 
exasperated  by  Luther,  who  in  his  answer  to 
his  book,  in  a  mixture  of  compliment,  seorn, 
ridicule,  and  invective,  called  it  **  an  excre- 
ment in  a  golden  dish,"  and  displeased  with 
the  philippics  of  Julius  Scaliger  against  his 
*'  Ciceronianus,"  he  still  preserved  that  neu- 
trali'^v  which  either  th»'  ^ovr"  ofcasr,  or  more 


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properly  cowardice,  had  suggested  him  to 
tbllow.  It  is  said  that  as  his  liealth  declined 
he  was  flattered  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  and 
with  the  highest  preferment  of  the  coui-t  of 
"llome,  which  no  doubt  would  have  been 
lavished  upon  him,  but  he  firmly  resisted. 
lie  died  at  Basil  li3th  July  1536,  aged  69, 
and  was  buried  there  in  the  cathedral,  where 
a  Latin  inscription,  is  placed  on  his  tomb. 
Basil  still  retains  her  respect  for  the  ashes  of 
this  great  man,  the  house  in  which  he  died 
is  shown  with  enthusiastic  ceremony,  and  his 
ca])inet  containing  his  ring,  his  seal,  his 
sword,  knife,  pencil,  and  his  will  written  by 
himself,  and  his  picture  by  Holbein,  is  still 
visited  with  veneration  by  the  curious.  Rot- 
terdam also  has  not  forgotten  tbe  celebrity 
glic  derives  from  giving  birth  to  her  favorite 
citizen.  The  house  in  which  he  was  born  is 
marked  out  to  the  admiration  of  the  traveller 
by  a  becoming  inscription,  the  college  bears 
the  name  of  P.ra.smus,  and  a  beautiful  copper 
statue  erected  in  lG2tJ,  in  an  open  part  of  the 
citv,  points  out  with  how  much  pride  the  in- 
habitants reckon  Erasmus  in  the  number  of 
their  fellow-citizens.  Tlie  person  and  the 
manners  of  Erasmus  have  been  faithfully  de- 
lineated by  his  friend  Beatus  Rhenanus,  and 
liis  features  are  most  correctly  expressed  by 
the  pencil  of  Hans  Holbein.  Great  and  re- 
spectable as  t!ie  character  of  lirasmus  is,  he 
had  his  failings.  Too  fickle  in  his  attach- 
ments, and  irresolute  in  his  opinions,  he  has 
been  censured  by  ie  Clerc  for  lukewarmness, 
timidity,  and  unfairness  in  the  reformation. 
Though  disgusted  with  the  superstition  and 
hypocrisy  of  Rome,  his  meek  spirit  was 
equally  hurt  by  the  violence  and  animosity  of 
the  reformers,  and  perhaps  to  the  prejudi- 
ces of  his  early  education  may  be  ascribed, 
the  conduct  he  pursued  in  not  warmly  em- 
bracing the  tenets  of  Luther.  Indifferent  to 
jjjl  the  success  or  jealous  of  the  labors  of  the  re- 
formers, Erasmus  claims  the  gratitude  of 
posterity  by  the  number  and  excellence  of 
his  wi'itings,  in  the  composition  of  which  he 
spent  a  long  and  laborious  life,  in  opposing 
ignorance  and  superstition,  and  in  promoting 
literature  and  true  piety.  His  works  which 
are  very  numerous  and  wliich  display  the 
eloquence  and  the  graces  of  Cicei'o,  Avere 
correctly  published  in  10  vols,  folio,  by  la 
Clerc.  The  life  of  Erasmus  has  been  given 
to  the  world  by  Dr.  Jortin. 

Erastus,  Thomas,  a  physician  and  di- 
vine, born  at  Baden  1524.  lie  was  educated 
at  Basil,  and  afterwards  studied  at  Bologna, 
and  after  10  years  spent  in  Italy  he  returned 
to  his  native  country.  He  practised  physic 
with  great  rei)utation  at  Henneberg,  and  at 
the  court  of  Frederic  III.  elector  palatine, 
and  became  professor  of  physic  at  Heidelberg 
university.  The  disputes  about  the  real  pre- 
sence at  the  sacrament  engaged  his  pen,  and 
he  attended  the  conference  held  on  the  sub- 
ject between  the  divines  of  Wirtemberg  and 
the  palatinate,  and  he  eloquently  maintained 
that  the  v.ords  flesh  and  blood  are  to  be  used 
metaphorica!!}-.  He  retired  to  Basil  after- 
wards, where  he  died  31st  December  1583. 


Of  his  hooks  on  divinity  the  best  known  is 
"  de  excommunicatione  ecclesiastica,"  pub- 
lished after  his  decease,  which  was  attacked 
by  various  divines,  who  wished  to  maintain 
that  tbe  censures  of  the  church  extended  be- 
yond this  life. 

Erastosthenes,  a  Greek  philosopher 
of  Cyrene,  librai'ian  at  Alexandria.  He  first 
discovered  the  method  of  measuring  the 
earth's  circumference,  and  diedB.  C.  194. 

Erchembekt,  a  Lombard,  in  the  ninth 
centuiy,  who  trom  a  soldier  became  a  bene- 
dictine  monk,  and  retired  to  the  monastery  ofe" 
Monte  Cassino.  He  wrote  a  chronicle  of  the 
Lombards  from  774  to  888,  which  is  suppo- 
sed to  be  lost,  but  an  abridgment  of  it  was 
published  by  Caraccioli,  at  Naples  1620,  ia 
4to.  and  by  Camillus  Peregrinus  1643,  4to. 

Ercill-ya-Cuniga,  Don  Alonzo  d',  a 
Spaniard,  in  the  service  of  Maximilian.  He 
was  at  the  battle  of  St.  Quintin  under  Philip 
II.  in  15i>7,  and  afterwards  travelled  through 
France,  England,  and  Italy.  Animated 
Avith  romantic  bravery  he  went  to  the  attack 
of  the  Indians  who  had  revolted  in  Chili  and 
Peru,  and  he  defeated  them,  and  made  his 
adventures  the  subject  of  his  poem  called 
Araucana.  This  poem,  Avhich  consists  of 
36  cantos,  contains  many  tedious  repetitions, 
but  it  abounds  in  bold  descriptions,  and  pos- 
sesses all  the  charms  of  animated  poetry. 
The  best  edition  is  that  of  Madrid  1632,  in 
12mo. 

Erckern,  Lazai'us,  a  German,  super- 
intendant  of  the  mines  of  Hungai-y,  the  Ty- 
rol, &c.  He  published  an  useful  work  on 
metallurgy,  at  Frankfort  1694,  Avhich  has 
been  translated  into  Latin. 

Ercole,  a  painter,  son  of  Cax'l  Antonio^ 
the  pupil  of  his  uncle  JuHo  Cesare.  He  was 
patronised  by  the  court  of  Savoy,  and  died 
1676,  aged  80. 

Eremita,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
intimate  with  Scaliger,  and  by  his  introduc- 
tion with  Casaubon.  He  went  with  M.  de 
Vic  the  ambassador  to  Switzerland,  and  by 
his  persuasion  was  converted  to  the  Romish 
religion.  He  was  insinuating  in  his  manners, 
but  without  principle,  and  in  his  conversa- 
tion very  licentious.  He  was  by  his  intrigues 
recommended  to  the  great  duke  of  Flor- 
ence, and  obtained  a  pension  for  his  verses 
on  the  marriage  of  the  duke  with  Magdalen 
of  Austria  1608.  He  went  in  the  suite  of  the 
duke's  envoy  to  Germany,  and  made  him- 
self ridiculous  on  his  return  by  the  bold  and 
shameless  untruths  which  he  delivered.  He 
became  afterwards  a  deist,  and  died  at  Leg- 
horn 1613.  His  opera  vai'ia  were  published 
at  Utrecht  by  Grievius,  among  which  were 
his  four  books,  de  aulica  vita  ac  civili,  writ- 
ten with  elegance,  ease,  and  purity  of  style. 
He  wrote  besides  Latin  poems,  is.  relatio  de 
itinere  Germanico,  &c. — &  de  Helvetico- 
rum,  &c.  situ,  he. 

Eric  IX.  ^ing  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway,  after  Margaret  1412,  married  the 
daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  England.  His 
pilgrimage  to  the  holy  land  and  his  captivity 
in  Syria  disordered  the  affairs  of  his.  king- 


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dom,  and  on  liis  return  to  Kiiropc  lie  Ibund 
tlu;  Swedes  dissatisfied  with  his  governineiit, 
and  the  Daiics  anxious  to  rc\olt  from  him, 
because  he  wished  to  render  their  cronn 
hereditary  and  not  eli'ctive.  'I'houj^Ii  he  at- 
tem[»tttl  to  niaintniii  his  .'nilhority  l>y  :trms, 
lie  fou(i<l  opposition  un:ivailin(^,  he  was  srt- 
lemnly  deposed  14.)'J,  and  retired  to  I'oinc- 
rania  wiiti-e  lie  died  in  privacy  145'J.  He 
■wrote  in  his  exile  an  history  of  Denmark  to 
the  year  I'JSS. 

Eric  Xi\'.  succeeded  his  father  Ciustaviis 
on  the  throne  of  Sweden,  and  hecame  the 
unsuccessful  suitor  of  Eli/alielh  •|uecn  of 
England.  His  marriage  Milli  the  daMght(;r 
of  an  ohscnre  peasant,  iMiiidered  him  un[)op- 
ular  and  his  people  dissatisfied.  Mis  cruel- 
ties increased  the  general  di!5satisfaction, 
and  he  was  at  last  obliged  to  resign  the  crown 
15G8, and  died  in  coutinemeut  l.SZS. 

Eric,  Peter,  a   Venetian    achniral,    who 
sieied  in  IdSA-  a  vessel  wliich    was  carrying 
the  widow  of  the  bashaw  of  Tripoli  to  Con- 
slantitiople  with  all  her  treasures.     Mot  sat- 
isfied to  obtain  the  gold,  he  put  to  death  the 
sailors,  and   oflered  violence  to  the  females, 
and  then  cut  their  bodies  to  pieces  and  tiirew 
them  into  the  sea.     This  barbarity  was  pun- 
ished, and  Eric  was  beheaded  by  order  of 
the  Venetian  senate,  and  his  [ilundcrcd  rich- 
es restored  to  Amurath  emperor  ot  Turkey. 
Erigena,    John    Scotus,    a    cehdjrated 
scholar  in  tlic  ninth  centui-y,  horn  at  Ayr  m 
Scotland,  though  others  give  him  a  A\'els]i, 
others  an  Irish,  origin.     Eager  in  the  pursuit 
of  knowledge,  he  quitted  his  native  country 
where  only   ignorance  and  superstition  pre- 
vailed, and  travelled  into  foreign  lands,  and 
at  Athens  so  perfected  himself  in  classical 
and  oriential  literature  and  science  that  he 
proved  the  greatest   philosopher  and    most 
learned  man    of  the  age.     At  the  invitation 
of  Charles  the  Bald  he  resided  for  some  years 
at  the  French  court,  and   the  king  ottered 
liim  the  most  munificent  and  honorable  pat- 
ronage, and  bore    Avith   the  severity  of  his 
raillery   with  good  liumour  and  most  forgiv- 
ing composure\     As  the   monarch   and    the 
philosopher  sat  one  day  opposite  each  other 
at  table,  Charles  asked  him  in  a  merry  mood. 
Pray  Avhat  is  between  a  scot  and  a  sot  ?  Noth- 
ing but  the  table,  answered  the  bold  cour- 
tier.    The   king  heard  the  rebuke  without 
being  oftended,  Ijut  laughed   heartily.     Sco- 
tus  in  this  happy  retreat  wrote  some  Avorks 
at  the  recommendation  of  his  royal  patron, 
but  though  all  admired  his  learning,  the  cler- 
gy, -were  offended   with   the  boldness  with 
■which  he  attacked  their  notions  of  pi-edesti- 
nation,  and  the   doctrine   of  transnbstantia- 
tion.     His  books  therefore  were  regarded  as 
heretical  by  Wemlo  archbisiiop  of  Sens,  and 
as  thcv  seemed  to  contain  all  tlie  errors  of 
Pelagius,  they  were  attacked  by  Prudentius 
bishop  of  Troyes,  and  by  Florus  a  deacon  of 
Ijyons.     His  next  work  was  a  translation  of 
the   works  of  Dionysius,  which  the    Greek 
emperor  had  sent  as  a  present  to  Charles, 
and  which  Erigena  at  the  request  of  his  sove- 
reign presented  to  tlic  Morld  in  a  Latin  dress. 


'I'he  work,  as  being  considered  though  false* 
ly  the  labor  of  Dionysius  the  Areopagite  the 
first  christian  jircaclier  of  France,  was  re- 
ceiveil  with  gratitude  by  the  western  clergy, 
but  as  it  attacked  in  some  passages  the  ac- 
knowledg«;d  faith  ol"  the  liomish  church, 
pope  Nicholas  sent  a  threatening  letter  to 
the  I''rench  king,  desiring  the  banishment 
f)f  Eiigcn.'i,  and  his  appearance  at  Home. 
(Charles  lia«l  too  much  i-egard  I'uv  his  Icarneil 
friend  than  to  trust  him  into  the  hands  of  the 
liope,  he  therefore  permilled  him  to  escape 
to  England.  Here  be  was  (;m[ilo3fcd  under 
Alfred  in  restoring  literature  in  Oxford. 
According  to  'I'anner  he  was  in  879  profcs- 
sorof  mathematics  and  astronomyin  tliat  uni- 
versity, and  in  conseciuence  of  some  dispute, 
after  three  years'  residence  he  retired  to 
Maimsbury,  where  be  opened  a  school. 
Hi^5  severity  in  this  place  was  said  to  be  so 
great  that  his  pupils  murdered  him  with 
iron  bodkins,  the  instruments  with  whicU 
they  then  wrote,  though  some  imagine  that 
the  atrocious  deed  was  committed  at  the  in- 
stigation of  the  monks,  who  were  jealous  of 
Scotus  for  his  learning  and  hetero(io.''cy.  This 
ev..'nt  is  placed  in  the  year  883,  by  souic  in 
8Si,  and  by  others  in  880,  but  by  Macken- 
zie in  874,  ten  years  alter  his  return  to  Eng- 
land. The  most  ccleln'ated  of  Scotus'  works 
is  bis  treatise  on  the  division  of  nature,  pub- 
lished from  the  MS.  by  Dr.  Cale  1G81,  Ox- 
ford. It  is  written  with  great  acuteness  and 
metaphysical  subtiity,  and  mu.'^t  rank  ito  au- 
thor if  not  anion  ,-  atheistical  philosopliers, 
}et  among  fanatical  enthusiasts. 

Erinn.\,  a  <irecian  poetess,  cotemporary 
with  Sappho. 

Erizzo,  Lewis  and  ?*Iark  .\iithony,  two 
brothers  of  a  noble  Venetian  family.  They 
cons])ired  in  the  murder  of  their  uncle,  a 
senator  of  Uavenna  154G,  to  obtain  his  great 
I'ichcs.  Their  bloody  deed  was  discovered 
by  a  soldier  who  was  an  accomplice,  and 
Lewis  was  beheaded  and  Mark  died  in  pri- 

SOD. 

ERT2.ZO,  Paul,  a  noble,  of  the  same  fam- 
ily, governor  of  Negropont.  When  obliged 
to  caj)itulato  to  the  Turks,  on  condition  of 
having  his  life  spared,  Maliomet  11.  disre- 
garding his  promises,  ordered  him  l-iC>9  to 
be  sawn  in  two,  and  cut  off,  with  his  own 
hands,  the  head  of  his  daughter,  who  indig- 
nantly refused  to  gratify  his  licentious  pas^. 
sions. 

Eri7,zo,  Sebastian,  a  noble  Venetian,  au- 
thor of  an  Italian  treatise  on  medals,  4to. 
Venice  1571.  He  wrote  also — des  nouvellcs 
en  six  journces  1507,  4to.  and  tratlato  ticlla 
via  inventrice  o  delP  instrnmcnto  de  gli  an- 
tichi,  Venice  1554.     He  died  15S5. 

Erkivins,  a  famous  architect  of  Stein- 
bach,  who  died  1305,  He  began  the  erec- 
tion of  Strasburg  tower,  which  v,  as  not  com- 
pleted till  144'.!. 

EuLACii,  .lohn  Lewis,  a  native  of  Berne, 
of  the  head  of  the  six  families  of  that  name, 
so  illustjious  in  Switzerland.  He  chose  a 
military  life,  .ind  so  distinguislicd  himself  in 
the  service  of  France,  especially  in  the  t^t- 


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pi'Operly  cowardice,  had  suggested  him  to 
ibllow.  It  is  said  that  as  his  health  declined 
he  was  flattered  with  a  cardinal's  hat,  and 
witli  the  higliest  preferment  of  the  court  of 
llome,  wJiich  no  doubt  would  have  been 
lavished  upon  him,  but  he  firmly  resisted. 
lie  died  at  Basil  li3th  July  1536,  aged  69, 
and  was  buried  there  in  the  cathedral,  where 
a  Latin  inscription  is  placed  on  his  tomb. 
Basil  still  retains  her  I'espect  for  the  ashes  of 
this  great  man,  the  house  in  which  he  died 
is  shown  witli  enthusiastic  ceremony,  and  his 
cabinet  containing  his  ring,  his  seal,  his 
sword,  knife,  per.cil,  and  his  will  written  by 
himself,  and  his  picture  by  Holbein,  is  still 
visited  with  veneration  by  the  curious.  Rot- 
terdam also  has  not  forgotten  the  celebrity 
slic  derives  from  giving  birth  to  her  favorite 
citizen.  The  house  in  which  he  was  born  is 
marked  out  to  the  admiration  of  the  traveller 
by  a  becoming  inscription,  the  college  bears 
the  name  of  Erasmus,  and  a  beautiful  copper 
statue  erected  in  lG2tj,  in  an  open  part  of  the 
city,  points  out  with  how  much  pride  the  in- 
habitants reckon  Erasmus  in  the  number  of 
their  fellow-citizens.  The  person  and  the 
manners  of  Erasmus  have  been  laitlifuUy  de- 
lineated by  his  friend  Beatus  lihenanus,  and 
his  features  are  most  correctly  expressed  by 
the  pencil  of  Hans  Holbein.  Great  and  re- 
spectable as  t!ie  character  of  Erasmus  is,  he 
had  his  tailings.  Too  fickle  in  liis  attach- 
ments, and  irresolute  in  his  opinions,  he  has 
been  censured  by  le  Clerc  for  lukewarmness, 
timidity,  and  unfairness  iu  the  I'eformation. 
Though  disgusted  with  the  superstition  and 
hypocrisy  of  Rome,  his  meek  spirit  was 
oijually  hurt  by  the  violence  and  animosity  of 
the  reformers,  and  perhaps  to  the  prejudi- 
ces of  his  early  education  may  be  ascribed, 
the  conduct  he  pursued  in  not  warmly  em- 
bracing the  tenets  of  Luther.  Indifterent  to 
j^  the  success  or  jealous  of  the  labors  of  the  re- 
formers, Erasmus  claims  the  gratitude  of 
posterity  by  the  number  and  excellence  of 
his  wintings,  in  the  composition  of  which  he 
spent  a  long  and  laborious  life,  in  opposing 
ignorance  and  superstition,  and  in  promoting 
literature  and  true  pietj'.  His  works  which 
are  very  numerous  and  wliich  display  the 
eloquence  and  the  graces  of  Cicero,  were 
correctly  published  in  10  vols,  folio,  by  le 
Clerc.  The  life  of  Erasmus  has  been  given 
to  the  world  by  Dr.  Jortin. 

Erastus,  Thomas,  a  physician  and  di- 
vine, born  at  Baden  1524.  He  was  educated 
at  Basil,  and  afterwards  studied  at  Bologna, 
and  after  10  years  spent  in  Italy  he  returned 
to  his  native  country.  He  practiseil  physic 
with  great  reputation  at  Hennebei'g,  and  at 
the  court  of  Frederic  III.  elector  palatine, 
and  became  professor  of  physic  at  Heidelberg 
university.  The  disputes  about  the  real  pre- 
sence at  the  sacrament  engaged  his  pen,  and 
he  attended  the  ccMiference  held  on  the  sub- 
ject between  the  divines  of  Wirtemberg  and 
the  palatinate,  and  be  eloquently  maintained 
that  tlie  v.ords  flesh  and  blood  are  to  be  used 
metaphorically.  He  retired  to  Basil  after- 
wards, where  he  died  31st  December  1583. 


Of  his  books  on  divinity  the  best  known  id 
"  de  excommunicatione  ecclesiastica,"  pub- 
lished after  his  decease,  which  was  attacked 
by  various  divines,  who  wished  to  maintain 
that  the  censures  of  the  church  extended  be- 
yond this  life. 

Erastosthenes,  a  Greek  philosopher 
of  Cyrene,  librarian  at  Alexandria.  He  first 
discovered  the  method  of  measuring  the 
earth's  circumference,  and  diedB.  C.  194. 

Erchembert,  a  Lombard,  in  the  ninth 
century,  who  from  a  soldier  became  a  bene- 
dictine  monk,  and  retired  to  the  monastery  ofc" 
Monte  Cassino.  He  wrote  a  chronicle  of  the 
Lombards  from  774  to  888,  which  is  suppo- 
sed to  be  lost,  but  an  abridgment  of  it  was 
published  by  Caraccioli,  at  Naples  1620,  in 
4to.  and  by  Camillus  Peregrinus  1643,  4to. 

Ercill-ya-Cuniga,  Don  Alonzo  d',  a 
Spaniard,  in  the  service  of  Maximilian.  He 
was  at  the  battle  of  St.  Quintin  under  Philip 
II.  in  1557,  and  afterwards  travelled  through 
France,  England,  and  Italy.  Animated 
Avith  romantic  bravery  he  went  to  the  attack 
of  the  Indians  who  had  revolted  in  Chili  and 
Peru,  and  he  defeated  them,  and  made  his 
adventures  the  subject  of  his  poem  called 
Araucana.  This  poem,  which  consists  o^ 
36  cantos,  contains  many  tedious  repetitions, 
but  it  abounds  in  bold  descriptions,  and  pos- 
sesses all  the  charms  of  animated  poetry. 
The  best  edition  is  that  of  Madrid  1632,  in 
12mo. 

Erckern,  Lazarus,  a  German,  super- 
intendant  of  the  mines  of  Hungary,  the  Ty- 
rol, &c.  He  publislied  an  useful  work  on 
metallurgy,  at  Frankfort  1694,  which  has 
been  translated  into  Latin. 

Ercole,  a  painter,  son  of  Carl  Antonio^ 
the  pupil  of  his  uncle  Juho  Cesare.  He  Avas 
patronised  by  the  court  of  Savoy,  and  died 
1676,  aged  80. 

Eremita,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
intimate  with  Scaliger,  and  by  his  introduc- 
tion with  Casaubon.  He  went  withM.de 
Vic  the  ambassador  to  Switzerland,  and  by 
his  persuasion  was  converted  to  the  Romish 
religion.  He  was  insinuating  in  his  manners, 
but  without  principle,  and  in  his  conversa- 
tion very  licentious.  He  Avas  by  his  intrigues 
recommended  to  the  great  duke  of  Flor- 
ence, and  obtained  a  pension  for  his  verses 
on  the  marriage  of  tl»e  duke  Avith  Magdalen 
of  Austria  16t>8.  He  went  in  the  suite  of  the 
duke's  envoy  to  Germany,  and  made  him- 
self ridiculous  on  his  return  by  the  bold  and 
shameless  untruths  Avhich  he  delivered.  He 
became  aftervvards  a  deist,  and  died  at  Leg- 
hoi'n  1613.  His  opera  varia  Avere  published 
at  Utrecht  by  Grtevius,  among  Avhich  were 
his  four  books,  de  aulica  vita  ac  civili,  writ- 
ten with  elegance,  ease,  and  purity  of  style. 
He  wrote  besides  Latin  poems,  &  relatio  de 
itinere  Germanico,  &c. — &  de  Helvetico- 
rum,  &c.  situ,  &c. 

Eric  IX.  j^ing  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Norway,  after  Margaret  1412,  married  the 
daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  England.  His 
pilgrimage  to  the  holy  land  and  his  captivity 
in  Syria  disordered  the  affairs  of  his.  king- 


ER 


KIl 


dom,  and  on  his  return  to  ?'iiroj)C  lie  I'otind 
tho  Swedes  dissatisfied  with  liis  goveriiiueiit, 
and  the  Dunes  aiixif)us  to  rc\olt  f'rftiu  him, 
because  he  wished  to  render  their  crown 
hereditary  and  not  eh'ctive.  'I'lioiif^li  he  at- 
tempftd  to  maintain  his  ;iiilln)rify  l>y  arms, 
he  t"outi<i  opposition  unuvaihn^^,  he  was  so- 
lemnly <Joi)o;;eil  14.59,  and  retired  tf)  I'oinc- 
rania  where  he  died  in  privacy  I'lS'J.  He 
■wrote  in  his  exile  an  history  of  Denmark  to 
tho  year  ieS8. 

Euic  XIN'.  succeeded  his  father  Ciiistavns 
on  the  tlirt)ne  of  Sweden,  ami  hecame  the 
unsuccessful  suitor  of  Eli/alielh  <|ueen  of 
England.  His  marriage  Mith  tlic  daughte-r 
of  an  ohscnre  peasant,  iHiiidered  him  un[)0})- 
ular  and  his  people  dissatisfied.  His  cruel- 
ties increased  the  general  dissatisfaction, 
and  he  was  at  last  obliged  to  resign  the  crown 
1568, and  died  in  coutinement  l.'>78. 

Eric,  Peter,  a   Venetian    admiral,    wlio 
sieied  in  l;li84  a  vessel  which    was  carrying 
the  widow  of  the  bashaw  of  Tripoli  to  Con- 
stantinople with  all  her  treasures.     Not  sat- 
isfied to  obtain  the  gold,  he  put  to  death  the 
sailors,  and   oflered  violence  to  the  females, 
and  then  cut  tlieir  bodies  to  pieces  and  threw 
them  into  the  sea.     This  barbarity  was  pun- 
ished, and  Eric  was  beheaded  by  order  of 
the  Venetian  senate,  and  his  plundered  rich- 
es restored  to  Amurath  emperor  ot  Turkey. 
Em  GEN  A,    John    Scotus,    a    celebrated 
scholar  in  the  ninth  century,  horn  at  Ayr  ni 
Scotland,  though  others  give  him  a  ^\'clsh, 
others  an  Irish,  origin,     finger  in  the  pursuit 
of  knowledge,  he  quitted  his  native  country 
■where  only   ignorance  and  superstition  pre- 
vailed, and  travelled  into  foreign  lands,  and 
at  Athens  so  perfected  liiniself  in  classical 
and  oriential  literature  and  science  that  he 
proved  tiie  greatest   philosopher  and    most 
learnetl  man   of  the  age.     At  the  invitation 
of  Cliarles  the  Bald  he  resided  for  some  years 
at  the  French  court,  and   the  king  ottered 
]iim  the  most  munificent  and  honorable  pat- 
ronage, and  bore    with   the  severity  of  his 
raillery   with  good  humour  and  most  forgiv- 
ing composure?^     As  the   monarch   and    the 
philosopher  sat  one  day  opposite  each  other 
at  table,  Charles  asked  him  in  a  merry  mood, 
Pray  Avhat  is  between  a  scot  and  a  sot  ?  Noth- 
ing but  the  tahle,  answered  the  bold  cour- 
tier.    The   king  heard  the  rebuke  without 
being  oftended,  but  laughed   heartily.     Sco- 
tus  in  this  happy  retreat  wrote  some  works 
at  tlie  recommendation  of  his  royal  patron, 
but  though  all  admired  his  learning,  the  cler- 
gA',  ■vvere  offended   with   the  boldness  with 
which  he  attacked  their  notions  of  predesti- 
nation, and  the  doctrine   of  transubstantia- 
tion.     His  books  therefore  were  regarded  as 
heretical  by  Wemlo  archbishop  of  Sens,  and 
as  thev   seemed  to  contain  all  the  errors  of 
Pehigius,  they  were  attacked  by  Prudentius 
bishop  of  Troyes,  and  by  Florus  a  deacon  of 
Ijyons.     His  next  work  was  a  translation  of 
the   works  of  Dionysi-as,  which   tlie    Greek 
emperor  had  sent  as  a  present  to  Charles, 
and  which  Eriger.a  at  the  request  of  his  sove- 
reign presented  to  the  world  in  a  l^Rtin  dress. 


'I"he  work,  as  being  considered  though  false- 
ly the  labor  of  Dionysius  the  Areopagite  ihc 
first  christian  preacher  of  France,  Mas  re- 
ceived with  gratitude  by  the  western  clergy, 
hut  as  it  attacked  in  some  passages  the  ac- 
knowledged faith  of  the  Komish  church, 
pope  Nicholas  sent  a  threatening  letter  to 
the  French  king,  desiring  the  banishment 
of  Erigena,  and  liis  appearance  at  llonie. 
(/Iiarles  had  too  much  i-egard  for  his  learned 
friend  than  to  trust  him  into  the  hands  of  the 
pope,  he  therefore  permitted  him  to  escape 
fo  England.  Here  he  was  employed  under 
Alfred  in  restoring  literature  in  Oxford. 
-Vccording  to  Tanner  he  was  in  ST'J  profcs- 
sorof  mathematics  and  astronomyin  tliat  uni- 
versity, and  in  consequence  of  some  dispute, 
after  three  years'  residence  he  retired  to 
-Malmsbiiry,  -where  he  opened  a  school. 
His  severity  in  this  place  was  said  to  be  so 
great  that  liis  pupils  murdered  liim  with 
iron  bodkins,  tlic  instruments  with  which 
they  then  wrote,  though  some  imagine  that 
the  atrof.ioMH  deed  was  committed  at  the  in- 
stigation of  the  monks,  who  were  jealous  of 
.Scotus  for  his  learning  and  heterodo.xy.  This 
evi-nt  is  placed  in  the  year  8S3,  by  souic  in 
SSi,  and  by  others  in  886,  but  by  Macken- 
zie in  874,  ten  years  after  his  return  to  Eng- 
land. The  most  cclelirated  of  Scotus'  works 
is  his  treatise  on  the  division  of  nature,  pub- 
lished from  the  MS.  by  Dr.  (iale  1G81,  Ox- 
ford. It  is  written  with  great  acuteness  and 
metaphysical  subtiity,  aiid  mu.=t  rank  its  a'U- 
thor  if  not  anion  ,•  atheistical  philosopliers, 
}et  among  fanatical  enthusiasts. 

Erin>:.\,  a  (irecian  poetess,  cotcmporary 
with  Sapplio. 

Erizxo,  Lewis  and  ?*Iark  Anthony,  two 
brothers  of  a  noble  ^'enetian  family.  They 
conspired  in  the  murtler  of  their  uncle,  a 
senator  of  liavenna  154G,  to  obtain  his  great 
riches.  Tlieir  bloody  deed,  was  discovered 
by  a  sohlier  who  was  an  accomplice,  and 
Lewis  was  beheaded  and  Mark  died  in  pri- 
soo. 

Ert2,2,o,  Paul,  a  noble,  of  the  same  Gun- 
ily,  governor  of  Negropont.  When  obliged 
to  capitulate  to  the  Turks,  on  condition  of 
having  his  life  spared,  Maliomet  H.  disre- 
garding his  promises,  ordered  him  14C>9  to 
be  sawn  in  two,  and  cut  off,  m  itli  his  owa 
hands,  the  head  of  his  daughter,  vvho  indig- 
nantly refused  to  gratify  his  licentious  pas* 
sions. 

Erii2.o,  Sebastian,  a  noble  Venetian,  au- 
thor of  an  Italian  treatise  on  medals,  4to. 
Venice  1571.  He  wrote  also — de^  nouvellcs 
en  six  jourmJcs  1567,  4to.  and  trattato  dellu 
via  inventrice  o  dell'  iustrumcnto  de  gli  an- 
tichi,  Venice  1554.     He  died  15.S5. 

Erkivins,  a  famous  architect  of  Siein- 
bach,  who  died  1305,  He  bugan  the  erec- 
tion of  Strasburg  tower,  which  v.as  not  co.!ii. 
plcted  till  144'J. 

Erlacii,  .lohn  Lewis,  .a  native  of  Berne, 
of  the  head  of  the  six  families  of  that  name, 
so  illustiious  in  Switzerland.  He  chose  a 
military  life,  and  so  distinguished  himself  in 
the  service  of  France,  especially  i:i  the  tut- 


ER 


ER 


ing  of  Bi-lsach  1039,  and  at  the  battle  of  Lens 
1648,  that  Lewis  XIV.  made  him  comman- 
der in  cliicf  of  his  troops  on  the  defection  of 
Turenne.  He  died  IG50,  aged  55,  at  Bri- 
sach,  of  which  he  was  govei'nor,  when  the 
Frencli  monarch  was  preparing  to  send  him 
as  a  negotiator  to  Xurembei'g,  and  to  bestow 
upon  him  greater  marks  of  honor  and  of 
confidence. 

Ernesti,  John  Angustus,  a  native  of 
Tennstadt,  professor  of  theology  at  Leipsic, 
and  afterwards  of  ancient  literature,  and  el- 
oquence. He  died  1781,  aged  74,  universal- 
ly respected  for  learning,  and  indefatigable 
zeal  in  the  service  of  literature.  Besides 
excellent  editions  of  Cicero,  Xenophon, 
Suetonius,  Homer,  Tacitus,  Callimachus, 
8cc.  with  learned  notes,  he  publislied  institu- 
tio  interpretis  Novi  I'cstam.  Leips.  1701- — 
opuscula  oratoria,  orationes  prolusiones  he 
elogia,  8vo — opusculorum,  oratorum  no- 
vum volumeu,  8vo.  1791 — opuscula  critica, 
8vo.  &c. 

Erostratus  or  Eratostratvs,  an 
Ephesian,  who,  to  acquire  celebnty,  set  the 
temple  of  Diana  on  fire  B.  C.  356. 

Erpenius,  Thomas,  or  Van  Erpe  in 
Dutch,  a  learned  writer,  born  at  Gorcum  in 
Holland  11th  September  1584.  He  studied 
at  Leyden,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
doctor  in  philosopliy  1G08,  and  afterwards 
travelled  for  four  years  into  England,  France, 
Italy,  and  Germany.  His  extensive  learn- 
ing, and  the  fame  of  his  works  made  him 
know  n  to  the  learned  of  Europe,  and  among 
his  friends  and  correspondents  were  Casau- 
bon,  Joseph  Scaliger,  Bedell,  Vossius,  &c. 
In  1G12  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Ara- 
bic and  of  oriential.^  languages  at  Leyden, 
where  he  died  of  a  contagious  disease  13th 
November  1624.  His  abilities  were  so  much 
admired  that  he  was  earnestly  solicited  to 
settle  in  England,  also  in  Italy,  and  in  Spain, 
and  his  knowledge  of  Arabic  was  so  connect 
that  the  emperor  of  Morocco  shewed  his 
nobles,  as  a  curiosity  for  its  elegance  and  pu- 
rity, a  letter  in  Arabic,  Avhich  he  had  re- 
ceived from  him,  as  the  mterpreter  and  cor- 
responding secretary  of  the  states  of  Hol- 
land, to  the  powers  of  Asia  and  Africa. 
Though  lie  was  but  40  years  old  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  yet  he  published  19  various 
works,  on  oriental  history,  and  on  subjects 
connected  with  his  professorship,  m  which  he 
displayed  the  great  pov/ers  of  his  mind,  and 
the  vast  stores  of  his  retentive  memory. 

Erskine,  Ralph,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Alloa,  1628,  and  educated  there  and  at 
Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
M.  A.  He  was  made  minister  of  Falkirk  in 
1054,  but  ejected  for  nonconformity  1662, 
and  when  afterwards  imprisoned  by  the  per- 
secution of  his  enemies,  he  was  liberated  by 
the  influence  of  his  kinsman,  the  earl  of  Mar. 
On  the  re-establisbment  of  the  presbytery 
by  the  toleration  act  of  James  II.  he  was 
made  1690  minister  of  Churnside,  Berwick, 
where  he  died  1696,  aged  68.  He  left  some 
Latin  MSS.  on  difficult  passsigcs  of  scripture, 
never  published. 


Erskine,  Ebenezer,  son  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  1680,  in  the  prison  of  Bass, 
where  his  father  was  confined  in  the  perse- 
cutions of  the  times.  In  1701  he  took  his 
master's  degree  at  Editiburgh,  and  the  next 
year  was  ordained  minister  of  Portmoak, 
Fifeshire,  from  whence  he  removed  in  1728 
to  Stirling.  In  1747,  in  consequence  of 
sOme  disputes  with  the  clergy,  he  joined  the 
seceders  called  bui-ghers,  and  died  at  Stir- 
ling 1755,  aged  75.  Four  volumes  of  his 
sermons  were  printed  at  Glasgow,  1762,  8vo 
and  a  fifth  at  Edinburgh  1765. 

Erskine,  Ralph,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  at  llo.v burgh  1682,  and  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  where  he  took  his  mas- 
ter's degree  1704.  He  Avas  minister  of  Dun- 
fermline, Fifeshire,  1711,  and  was  deposed 
by  the  general  assembly  1734,  for  joining  the 
seceders.  He  died  1751,  aged  69,  much  res- 
pected as  a  divine  and  as  a  preacher.  His 
works  were  published  2  vols.  fol.  1760,  eon- 
srsting  of  a  polemical  treatise,  jjospel  son- 
nets, and  above  200  sermons,  &c. 

Erskine,  James,  lord  Alva,  was  born 
at  Edinburgh  20th  June  1722,  and  made  one 
of  the  barons  of  the  Scotch  erichequer  1754, 
which  he  resigned  in  176J,  on  being  appoin- 
ted to  the  supreme  civil  court  of  Scotland. 
He  assumed  the  name  of  lord  Barjarg,  which 
he  afterwards  exch.anged  for  that  of  Alv?., 
He  died  at  Drumsheugh,  near  Edinburgh, 
13th  ]May  1796.  He  was  twice  married,  and 
had  children  only  by  his  first  wife,  two  sons 
and  two  daughters. 

Erxlebex,  John  Christian  Polycarp,  a 
native  of  Quedhnburg,  who  studied  at  Got- 
tingen,  and  gave  lectures  in  physic,  the  vet- 
erinary art  and  natural  history.  He  was  an 
able  naturalist,  and  his  principles  of  natural 
history  in  8vo.  1768,  are  particularly  admi- 
red.    He  died  1777,  aged  33. 

Eryceira,  Ferdinand  de  Meneses  count 
d',  was  born  at  Lisbon  1614,  and  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  military  affairs,  as  governor  of 
Penicha  and  of  Tangiers.  He  was  also  an 
able  historian,  and  wrote  the  history  of  Tan- 
giers, fol.  printed  1723, — hi^*to^y  of  Portu- 
gal, 2  vols,  folio,  from  1640  to  1657, — and 
the  life  of  John  I.  king  of  Portugal. 

Eryceira,  Francis  Xavier  de  Menesee 
count  d',  greatgrandson  of  the  foregoing, 
was  born  at  Lisbon  1673,  and  died  1743.  He 
was  known  also  as  a  Uterary  and  miUtary 
character.  He  was  honored  by  several  prin- 
ces, and  many  learned  men,  and  by  the  pre- 
sent of  their  works  and  other  munificent 
donations,  he  increased  tlie  valuable  library 
of  his  ancestors  with  15,000  new  volumes, 
and  1000  manuscripts.  He  wrote  above 
100  different  publications,  the  best  known 
of  which  are  his  memoirs  on  the  value  of 
the  coins  of  Portugal, — reflections  on  acade- 
mical studies, — 58  parallels  of  illustrious 
men, — and  12  of  illustrious  women, — the 
Henriade  of  Voltaire  translated,  with  obser- 
vations, &CC.  4to.  &c. 

Erytrophilts,  Rupert,  a  German  di- 
vine, in  the  17th  century,  minister  of  Han- 
^  ovci';  who  -,vrotc  a  iriCthcdic:;!  coiv.rccv.io.vy 


ES 


ES 


oil  the  history  of  the  passion — and  catenjc 
aureic  in  hiirmoiiiam  cvungclicam,  4to. 

Es,  James  Van,  a  paintfr  of  Antwerp, 
well  known  for  his  pittiiPfs  of  birda,  llo'.v- 
ers,  lishes  and  fruit,  ilis  lobsters,  crubs, 
oysters,  he.  are  in<;oin|i;iial.>le,  and  in  Ins 
grapes,  nature  is  so  bliilftdly  iniitntod,  that 
the  stones  are  visible  throii}j;h  the  skiti. 

Esau,  son  of  Isaac  and  Hcbecca,  sold  Iiis 
rJgljfs  of  primogeniture  to  iiis  brutlier 
Jacob,  who  afterwards,  also  obtained  by  ar- 
tifice his  father's  blessing.  This  conduct  of 
Jacob  proved  so  oflViisive  to  Esau,  that  he 
meditated  his  death,  but  though  he  caused 
liim  to  Hy  into  Mesopotamia,  he  was  after- 
Avards  reconciled  to  him.  lie  was  the  father 
of  the  Edomites,  and  died  about  1710  B.  C 


aged  1'26 


EscALO,  Mastin  do  1',  was  elected  po- 
destat  of  Verona  1259,  but  though  ])rudent 
and  humane  in  the  administration  of  affairs, 
1)6  raised  himself  enemies  by  whom  he  was 
assassinated  1273.  The  sovereign  authority 
remained  however  In  his  family,  and  his  de- 
scendant Mastino  Uf.  added  Vicenza,  Bres- 
cia, and  even  Padua  to  his  dominions,  llis 
tyranny  at  last  was  repressed  by  the  Vene- 
tians, and  he  died  1387,  after  a  life  of  cruelty 
and  perilous  adventures.  The  families  of 
I'Escalo  and  the  Carraras  of  Padua  had  long 
and  bloody  contests,  but  Verona  at  last  I)e- 
eame  indepeiident  till  overpowered  by  the 
intrigues  of  her  neighbors. 

BscALQ.uE^"s,  \Villiam,  capitou  of  Tou- 
louse 1326,  rendered  himself  knosvn  by  caus- 
ing himself  to  be  carried  in  a  coffin,  with  all 
the  funeral  ^jomp  of  a  departed  saint,  to  the 
cathedral,  and  after  the  completion  of  the 
solemnity,  inviting  the  attendants  of  this  ri- 
diculous ceremony  tx)  a  sumptuous  enter- 
tainment. The  circumstance  was  agitated 
by  the  bishop  and  clergy  in  full  council,  and 
it  was  forbidden  to  practise  such  supersti- 
tious ceremonies  on  pain  of  excommunica- 
tion. Charles  V.  however  renewed  it  in 
Spain  about  200  years  after. 

Escobar,  Bartholomew,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
of  Seville,  who  went  to  America  as  a  monk 
employed  in  works  ofchai-ity.  He  died  at 
Lima  1624,  aged  66.  He  wrote  some  reli- 
gious pieces  in  Latin,  scarce  known  in 
Spain. 

Escobar,  Marine  d',  a  native  of  Valla- 
dolid,  who  died  Dth  June  1033,  aged  70,  and 
is  known  as  the  foundress  of  the  reconcilia- 
tion of  St.  Bridget  in  Spain.  Her  nieruoirs 
have  been  AvriLten  in  folio,  by  father  Dr.pont, 
her  conl'essor. 

Escobar,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
sur;iame<l  of  Mendoza,  who  died  4th  July 
IWCi'J,  aged  8t).  His  Avorks,  which  are  theo- 
logical, in  16  vols,  folio,  and  his  principles  of 
morality  in  7  vols.  fol.  have  been  ridiculed 
by  Pascal. 

EscouBLEAU,  Erancis  d',  cardinal  dc 
Sourdis,  archbishop  of  Bourdeaux,  was  a 
great  favorite  with  pope  Leo  IX.  and  hi.i  four 
iiuccessors.  He  was  a  warm  advocate  for 
church  discipline.  lie  died  8th  February 
1586,  3ged  5j. 


EscouBi.EAir,  Henry  d',  brother  and 
successor  to  the  preceding,  as  archbishop  of 
Bourdeaux.  He  was  at  the  siege  of  liochelle, 
uikNt  Lc'A'is  XIII.  au*^  at  the  retaking  of 
the  isles  of  Lerins  under  llarcourt.  He  quar- 
relled with  l!ie  duke  ot  Epernon,  who  struck 
him  u  blow,  which  v  as  punished  liy  the  ex- 
communication of  the  guilty  lord,  which 
disgrace  howincr  v/as  reinoverl  by  his  falling 
on  ids  knees  before  the  liauglity  prelate. 
He  died  1C45. 

Esc u RE,  N.  de  V,  one  of  the  generals  of 
la  Vendee,  remnrkalde  fji-  his  loyalty,  cour- 
age, a!id  virtues.  With  a  small  force  he 
defeated  the  more  numerous  arniv  of  the  re- 
publicans at  Thouai'ri,  but  unfortunately  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  (Jhollct,  and  died 
in  consequence  of  the  wounds  1794,  aged 
20. 

EsPAGXAC,  John  Baptist  Joseph  de  Sa- 
puguet  Dama.zil  baron  d',  a  i'rencli  gene- 
ral, born  at  Brive-la-Gaillarde  25th  March 
1713,  and  died  at  Paris  28th  February  1783. 
He  signalized  himself  in  the  campaigns  of 
Italy,  and  Bavaria,  and  was  made  major- 
general  of  the  army  under  marshal  Saxe, 
and  as  governor  of  the  Hotcl-des-invalides 
he  introduced  some  useful  regulations.  He 
wrote  several  books  on  the  military  profes- 
sion, among  which  arc  his  campaignes  du 
roi,  1745,  6{c.  4  vols.  8vo.  essai  sur  la  science 
de  la  guerre,  a  valuable  work,  3  vols.  8vo. 
Historic  du  rnarechal  de  Saxe,  3  vols.  4lo. 
kc.  He  had  tour  sons  and  a  daughter  by 
his  wife  baroness  de  Beyer. 

EsPAGNANDEL,  Matthew  r,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  who,  though  a  protestant,  adorned 
several  of  the  Paris  churches,  and  also  the 
park  of  Versailles,  by  his  works.  He  lived 
at  tiie  conclusion  of  xhc  ITth  centurv. 

EsPAGXE,  John  (!',  a  native  of  Dauphine, 
who  came  to  England  in  James'  reign,  and 
ofhciated  as  minister  of  a  French  protestact 
congregation  in  London,  till  the  restoration. 
He  wi'Ote  a  treaiise  of  some  merit  on  popu- 
lar errors  in  religion,  w  ith  sonie  strictures 
on  Calvin's  principles,  dedicated  to  Charles 
I.      His    works  appeared  together  in  2  vol.'!. 


12mo.  1674,  Hague. 

EsPAGNET,  John  d',  president  of  the 
parliament  of  Bourdeaux,  became  known  bv 
his  Enchiridion  physicic  restitutio,  in  which 
he  establishes  a  complete  system  of  physics 
contrary  to  the  tenets  of  Aii.=;totle.  He  con- 
siders earth  and  water  to  be  the  only  ele- 
ments, and  he  places  the  real  fire  of  the 
world  in  the  sun,  which  he  calls  tlie  oyc,  not 
only  of  the  universe  but  of  the  (.rcator. 
He  wrote  also  arcanum  heriiiiticoe  philoso- 
phic; optiE,  on  tiie  philosoplnir's  ?tone,  &c. 
In  1616  lie  published  an  old  manuscript, 
called  le  liozier  des  guerres,  of  which  an 
earlier  edition  had  appeared  in  1.'>2.S. 

Ei  PAG  N'o LET.  Joseph  Kibcria  I',  a  Span- 
ish painter,  born  at  Xativa,  in  Valencia  1.580. 
lie  ptudied  the  manner  of  Carnvagio,  and 
surpassed  him  in  correctness.  In  povcrtv 
he  was  extremely  happy  in  his  dclineatior;?, 
but  prosperity  rendered  him  indolent,  an! 
rcgurd^cs.'  of  his  r.rt.     The  countenances  of 


ES 


EX 


some  poems  and  plays,  and  it  is  said  that, 
like  MoHere  and  Mallierbe,  he  read  his  pie- 
ces for  the  stage  to  his  maid  servant,  on 
>vhose  approbation  proceeding  from  simple 
and  ingenuous  motives,  he  could  depend.  His 
od-es  are  published  in  the  recueil  des  poetes 
Francois,  1692,  five  vols.  12mo. 

EsTOUTEViLLE,  William  d',  of  an  illus- 
trious Norman  family,  Avas  archbishop  of 
ilouen,  and  a  cardinal,  lie  reformed  the 
University  of  Paris,  and  enjoyed  the  confi- 
dence of  Charles  VII.  and  Lewis  XI.  and  M-as 
a  man  of  great  firmness  of  character,  and  of 
the  strictest  integrity,  and  very  charitable. 
He  died  at  Rome  '22d  December  148.3,  aged 

80.  Besides  his  archbishopric  he  held  six 
hishoprics  in  France  and  Italy,  four  abbeys, 
and  three  grand  pi-iories,  and  was  dean  of  the 
cardinals. 

EsTRADES,  Godfrey  count  d',  marshal  of 
France  and  viceroy  of  America,  was  also  an 
able  negotiator.  He  was  ambassador  in  Eng- 
land in  1661,  and  the  next  year  he  negotia- 
ted with  Charles  II.  for  the  evacuation  of 
Dunkirk,  which  he  effected  though  contrary 
to  the  wishes  of  the  English  parliament.  In 
1666,  he  had  a  dispute  with  Yattcville  the 
Spanish  ambassador,  about  precedency  in 
London,  and  the  year  following  he  negotia- 
ted the  peace  of  Breda,  and  in  1G73,  assisteil 
at  the  conferences  of  Nimeguen.  He  died 
i26th  P'ebruary  1686,  aged  79.  His  negotia- 
tions were  printed  at  the  Hague  1742,  nine 
vols.  12mo.  from  the  originals,  which  consist- 
ed of  22  vols.  foho. 

EsTREES,  ,lohn  d',  page  to  queen  Anne 
ofBritany,  was  afterwards  grand  master  of 
the  artillery  of  Fran«e,  and  ched  1567,  aged 

81.  He  distinguished  lumself  greatly  in  seve- 
ral battles  and  especially  at  the  taking  of 
Calais  1558.  He  improved  the  manner  of 
casting  cannon.  He  was  the  first  gentleman 
of  Picard\-  who  embraced  the  protestant  re- 
liginn. 

"^EsTREES,  Francis  Annibal  d',  son  of  the 
pi'eceding,  was  born  in  157.3,  and  embraced 
the  ecclesiastical  profession,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Laon  by  Henry  IV.  He  soon  how- 
ever quitted  the  church  for  the  army,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  taking  of  Treves, 
and  by  other  military  exploits.  He  was  made 
duke,  peer,  and  marshal  of  France,  and  was 
employed  in  1636,  as  ambassador  to  the  court 
of  Rome,  where  he  offended  the  pope  Ur- 
ban and  his  nephews,  for  which  he  was  re- 
called. He  died  at  Paris  5th  I\Iay  1670,  aged 
98.  He  wrote  in  an  unadorned  style,  but 
with  great  fidelity,  memoirs  of  the  regency 
of  Mary  deMedicis,  printed  1606,  12rao.  and 
relation  of  the  siege  of  Mantua  in  1630,  and 
another  of  the  conclave  which  elected  Grego- 
ry XY.  pope,  1621. 

EsTRKES,  Csesar  d',  cardinal,  abbot  of  St. 
Germain  de.'j  Pres,  was  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  was  born  1528.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Laon  1653,  and  produced  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween the  pope's  nuncio,  and  four  of  the 
French  bishops  who  resisted  his  authority. 
He  was  afterwards  employed  by  the  French 
kjnc:  at  the   court  nf  Bavaria,    and  also  at 


Rome,  where  he  skilfully  conducted  himself 
to  procure  the  elections  of  the  popes  Alex- 
ander VIII.  Innocent  XII.  and  Ctement  XI. 
He  accompanied  Philip  V.  Avhen  he  took  pos- 
session of  the  Spanish  throne,  and  he  died 
ISth  December  1714,  aged  87,  respected  as 
an  able  negotiator,  a  benevolent  man,  and 
an  agreeable  companion. 

Es TREES,  Gabrielle  d',  sister  of  Francis 
Annibal  d'Estrees,  became  the  favorite  mis 
tress  of  Henry  IV.  who  saw  her  first  in  1591, 
at  the  castle  of  Coeuvres.  The  king  was  30 
partial  to  her  that  to  please  her  he  embraced 
the  popish  religion,  and  delcimiined  to  marrv 
her,  though  he  was  himself  married  to  Mar- 
garet de  Valois.  While  engaged  in  procu- 
ring the  divoi'ce,  Gabrielle  died  suddenly 
lOth  April  1599.  It  was  suspected  that  she 
was  poisoned  by  the  financier  Zamet,  as  her 
head  the  day  after  her  death  was  so  distort- 
ed that  her  beautiful  features  had  totally  dis- 
appeared. During  her  amours  she  had  mar- 
ried d'xVmerval,  lord  of  Liancourt,  witli 
whom  however  she  never  cohabited.  She 
had  three  children  by  Henry.  The  kingput 
on  mourning  for  her,  and  honored  her  me- 
mory as  if  she  had  been  a  queen.  Though 
passionately  fond  of  her,  Henry  did  not  how- 
ever forget  hii  duties  to  his  subjects ;  and 
when  Gabrielle  was  displeased  with  some  of 
his  ministers,  and  solicited  their  dismission, 
he  firmly  replied  that  he  would  sooner  part 
with  10  mistresses  than  one  of  his  favorite  and 
long-tried  servants. 

Es TREES,  Victor  Mane  d',  vice-admiral 
of  France,  after  his  father  John,  was  bora 
1660.  He  bombarded  Barcelona  and  Alicant 
1691,  and  again  in  1697  he  besieged  Barcelo- 
na. In  1701  he  was  made  commander  in  chief 
of  the  French  and  Spanish  fleets,  and  in  1703 
was  created  marshal  of  France,  and  after- 
wards grandee  of  Spain,  and  knight  of  the 
golden  fleece.  He  was  a  man  w  ell  acquainted 
with  literature,  and  he  was  member  of  seve- 
ral learned  bodies.  He  died  at  Paris  28th 
December  1737,  aged  77. 

EsTREES,  Lewis  Ciesar  duke  d',  marshal 
of  France  and  minister  of  state,  was  born 
first  July  1695.  His  father  was  Francis  Mi- 
chael le  Tellier  de  Courtanvaux,  and  by  his 
mother  he  was  descended  from  John  count 
d'Estr6es,  vice-admiral  of  France,  He  first 
distinguished  himself  in  the  war  against 
Spain,  and  afterwards  in  the  war  of  1741, 
where,  at  the  blockade  of  Egra,  the  battle  of 
Fontenoi,  the  sieges  of  Mons  and  Charlerpi, 
and  the  victory  of  Lafeldt,  under  marshal 
Saxe,  his  bravery  was  conspicuous,  and  his 
services  were  most  meritoi'ious.  In  the  war 
of  1756  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
French  forces  in  Germany,  and  he  gave  bat- 
tle to  the  duke  of  Cumberland  at  Hasten- 
back,  and  paved  the  way  for  the  success  of 
Closterseven,  which  Richelieu,  who  superse- 
ded him  through  intrigue,  obtained  over  the 
Hanoverians.  He  was  made  a  duke  in  1763, 
and  died  1771,  second  January,  aged  76, 
leaving  no  children  behind  him. 

Eth ELBERT,  king  of  Kent,  became  a 
christian  by  the  preaching  of  Austin,  -whc 


ET 


EV 


cAHie  to  Kiigland  at  ilic  invitatioji  of  RcrUia 
(lie  qiK'Ciijduugliteron'aJ'ibci'l  kill!;  of  France. 
!lc  eiiatte«l  a  code  of  laws,  and  died  GIG,  in 
the  5 Gill  }eai'  of  his  reign. 

E'l  iiELiiEur,  second  son  of  I'UIuhvolf, 
succeeded  his  brother  i^lhelliald  as  kiiii;  ol 
EnglHtid  8G0,  and  was  a  popular  and  benevo- 
lent prince. 

Ethem<ku,  son  of  Edgar,  was  king  of 
England,  after  liis  brother  Edward  the  Mar- 
tyr OrS.  '1  o  delivei-  himself  frqni  the  op- 
pressive (ax  which  he  paid  to  the  Danes, 
called  lianegelt,  he  caused  those  unfortunate 
foreigners  to  be  all  nuinlen  (I,  in  consccpiencc 
of  which  Swevn  the  Danish  king  invaded  the 
"kingdotn,  and  obliged  hiui  to  lly  lo  Norman- 
dy. After  Svveyn's  death  lie  re.'iuni.ed  his 
authority  an<l  died  lUlG. 

Ethklwolf,  king  of  Knglaud  8.3S,  went 
to  Konicto  improve  the  education  of  liis  son 
the  great  Alfred.  He  died  SjT,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Winchester. 

Etheuege,  Cieorge,  a  dramatic  writer, 
born  IG.'jG,  of  an  ancient  family  in  Oxford- 
shire. It  is  sni)posed  that  he  studied  at 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  applied  himself 
lo  the  law  at  one  of  the  inns  of  court  in 
London.  His  comedy  of  "  'I'lie  comical  re- 
venge, or  love  in  a  tub,"  appeared  in  1GG4, 
and  recommended  him  to  the  Avits  of  the 
times,  to  Charles  duke  of  Dorset,  Villiers 
duke  of  Bucks,  AVilmot  ewrl  of  Rochester, 
sir  Car  Scroop,  Sedley,  Saville,  kc.  in  whose 
company  he  shone  as  a  man  of  humor,  live- 
ly in  his  conversation  and  of  a  refined  taste. 
His  second  plaj'  appeared  with  equal  ap- 
plause in  1CG8,  called  "  She  would  if  she 
could,-''  and  the  last  in  1G76,  called  the 
*'  Man  of  mode,  or  sir  Fopling  Flutter." 
Of  these  three  plays  the  last  was  the  most 
finished,  and  as  it  represented  the  charac- 
ters and  censures  on  the  vices  of  some  of  the 
fashionable  men  of  the  times,  it  was  for  some 
time  very  popular.  His  gayety  and  intem- 
pci'ance  rendered  him  poor,  but  to  recruit 
his  finances,  he  paid  his  addresses  to  a  rich 
old  widow,  who  however  refused  to  many 
liim  except  he  was  knighted;  and  to  make 
her  a  lady  therefore,  and  obtain  her  fortune, 
he  solicited  the  honor  of  knighthood,  which 
was  conferred  about  1685.  Ethercge  whose 
manners  were  so  fascinating  that  he  was 
humorously  called  gentle  George,  and  easy 
Ethercge,  was  j;reatly  patronised  by  the 
duchess  of  York,  in  whose  household  lie 
was,  and  by  whose  Jrifluencc  he  was  sent 
ambassador  abroad.  He  was  at  Ratishon,  in 
16SS,  where,  after  entertaining  some  com- 
jiany,  and  probably  drinking  Miih  more 
freedom  than  prudence,  he  tumbled  down 
stairs  and  broke  his  neck,  though  some  ac- 
counts state  that  he  followed  his  master 
James  II.  to  France  upon  his  abdication,  and 
died  soon  after.  Ethercge  Jiad  no  chihlrcn 
by  his  wife,  but  ].'i  had  "a  daugliter  by  Mrs. 
liarry  the  actress,  with  v.  horn  in  those  days 
of  licentiousness  and  general  depravity  he 
lived.  Besides  his  ]>lays  he  wrote  various 
sonnets,  songs,  and  short  poems,  wliich  with 
great  ease  and  elec-ance  contain  the  Yoluptu- 
VOL.    L  ^      i^3 


o«8  dcscjnplioas,  and   the  immoral  levities 
whicli    were    so   I'ashionalile  in  the  reign  of 
Charles    U.      His    coniediis,    tliongh    very 
I)oi)ni.'ir,   arc  not  free  from  licentionsnc-is ; 
and  liowt\er  we   m;i\  admire  the  ])oliteues'4 
of  thi-  t;ialogne,  the  sprightiiiicss  of  tho  con* 
ver.salion,  llie  huthful  delinealiuii  uf  the  cha- 
raclcrs,  and  the  inleresling  intricacies  of  the 
plots,  yet  the  loose  tendency  and  the  impu- 
rities of  the  whole   cannot   cscaiic  the   se- 
vei'cst  icnsiircs  of  e\ery  friend  of  virtue  and 
nioj-aiily.     Sir  (ieorge  Eihertge  had  a  bro- 
ther who  was  a  soldier  in  the  wara  of  kin}? 
Wjlliaiu,  and   who  died   at   Ealing  in  Mid- 
dh'se.v,  abovit  the  lliird  or  fourth  ol' (ieorge  1. 
E  riiRYG,  George,  orElheridge,  orEdry- 
cus,  a  native  of  Tlianie,  O.xforddiire,   e<lu- 
caled  at  (/or[)US  Christi  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  15J9.     In  1553  he 
was  appointed  king's   (ireek  professor,  but 
in  Elizabeth's  reign  he  was  dismissed  I'roju 
the  ofiice  in  consequence  of  tlie  persecution 
which   he    had  encouraged  against  the  ])ro- 
testants  in  Mary's  reign.    He  then  prac'Jsed 
medicine  at  Oxford  with   success,   and  en- 
gaged in  the  education  of  young  persons  of 
liis  persuasion,   though  he  was   exposed  to 
severe  trials  on  account  of  his  popish  tenets. 
He  was  living  in  1588,  but  the  year  of  his 
death  is  unknown.  He  excelled  in  the  know- 
ledge not  only  of  the  Greek  and  Hebrew, 
and  of  medicine,  but  also  of  music.     Some 
of  liis  musical  compositions  and  of  his  Latin 
poems  are  extant  in  manuscript. 

Est  J.  ACER,  Christopher,  a  writer  of 
Steirtaark,  in  the  beginning  of  the  ISth  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  Synopsis  rei  nummariie 
veterum,  Steycr  17'24,  l2mo. 

Ettmui.leu,  Michael,  a  physician,  borr> 
at  Leipsic  2fith  May  1644,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  M  D.  1G66.  After  travelling 
through  France,  England,  Holland,  and  Italy, 
he  was  appointed  assessor  of  the  medicinal 
faculty  167G,  and  in  1681  professor  of  botany. 
He  died  in  conscfjuence  of  an  unsucecsslut 
oper;rt.ion  in  chemistry  March  9th,  IGSJi.  He 
wrote  several  things  on  medicinal  subjects, _ 
and  some  of  his  works  were  published  by 
his  soo  at  Frankfort  1708,  and  afterwards  by 
prf>ressur  Cyrillo,  live  volumes  folio,  Naples, 
17'29. 

Ettmulleh,  Michael  Erne  St.  son  of 
tlie  preceding,  Mas  born  at  Leipsic  i2olii 
/VngUbt  167 J,  and  educated  there  and  at 
AVittemberg.  He  took  his  degree  of  M.D 
at  Jjeii>sic  l(i99,  after  visiting  England,  Hol- 
land, and  Germany,  and  was  elected  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  and  surgery  at  the  Lazai-et- 
to,  Leipsic  170G,  and  after  many  honorable 
ajipointments,  he  was  ii.ade  in  \Tji.\  director 
of  the  imperial  academy  of  nature  curioso- 
rum,  and  died  '25th  September  Ud'-i.  He 
published  his  father's  works,  with  a  preface, 
and  wrote  several  learned  and  curious  trea- 
tise's on  medical  subjects. 

EvAGORAS,  king  of  Cyprus,  was  defeat- 
ed by  the  Persians,  and  w  as  assassinated  574 
B.  C.  His  grandson  of  tlie  same  name,  w  a5 
deposed  bv  his  uncle  Protagoras,  and  ft  J;!^';; 
put  to  dcatti  by  Artuxerxes  Ochus. 


EV 


EV 


EvAGORAS,  ft  Greek  writer  in  the  age  ot 

Augustus,  author  of  an  history  of  Egjpt,  he. 

EvAGRius,  a  monk  of  the  fifth  century, 

author  of  Altercatio  Simonis  Judsei  k  Theo- 

phiii  Christiani. 

pjVAGRius,  a  hishop  of  Antioch,  whose 
election  was  disputed  by  Flavianus.  He 
died  59'2. 

EvAGRius,  Scolasticus,  an  historian  of 
Epiphania,  in  Syria  in  the  sixth  century,  au- 
thor of  shi  books  of  ecclesiastical  history  from 
431  to  594,  printed  Paris  1544,  and  edited 
again  Cambridge  1720,  fol. 

EvAGRius,  Ponticus  or  Hyperborita,  a 
monk  of  the  fourth  centuiy,  surnaraed  Pon- 
ticus, from  the  place  of  his  birth.  He  was 
archdeacon  of  Constantinople,  and  wrote 
some  treatises,  in  which  he  espoused  the 
tenets  of  Origen. 

EvAXGELiSTA,  a  capuclun  of  Canobio, 
m  the  Milanese,  who  was  general  of  his  or- 
der, and  died  aficr  his  return  from  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent  1595,  aged  S4.  He  was  also  a 
learned  civilian,  and  Avrote  consulta  varia  in 
juro  eanonico,  bic. — Annotationes  in  L.  L. 
decretalium,  Milan  1591. 

Evans,  Cornelius,  son  of  a  Welchraan 
by  a  Provence  woman,  Avas  born  at  Marseil- 
les. During  the  civil  wars  he  played  the  part 
of  an  impostor  and  came  to  an  inn  at  Sand- 
wich in  164S,  pretending  that  he  was  the 
prince  of  "Wales  who  had  escaped  from 
Prance.  When  the  imposition  was  discover- 
ed he  was  sent  to  Newgate,  but  he  had  the 
dexterity  to  extricate  himself  from  confine- 
ment, and  though  search  was  made  after 
him,  it  never  was  known  Avhat  became  of 
him. 

Evans,  Arise,  a  Welch  conjuror,  brought 
up  at  Oxford.     He  took  orders,  and  resided 
on  a  curacy  at  Enfield,  in  Staffordshire,  from 
■which  place  he  fled  on  account  of  the  irreg- 
ulaintics  and  the  immorality  of  his  conduct. 
He   came  to  London  in   l6r)2,  where  Lilly 
learned  astrology  under  him.     He  was  con- 
sidered as  so  powerful  in  the  management 
of  supernatural  beings,  that  he  was  solicited 
by  lord  Both  well,  and  sir  Kenelni  Digby,  to 
show  them  a  spirit.     At  the  appointed  time, 
when  all  were  within  the  magical  circle,  and 
after  some  invocations,  Evans  was  suddenly 
carried  out  of  tlie  room  and  thrown  into  a 
field  at  Battersea-causey  near  the  Thames, 
where  he  was  found    by  a  countryman  the 
next  morning  asleep.     These  astrological  in- 
cantations w^ere  the  fashionable  study  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  and  when 
nobles  and  learned  men  lent  their  influence 
to  the  profession,   it  is  no  wonder  the  vul- 
gar believed  them.     Evans  died  about  the 
time  of  the  rebellion. 

Evans,  Abel,  known  best  by  the  name  of 
Dr.  Evans  the  epigrammatist,  was  of  St. 
John's  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  :M.A.  1699,  and  of  D.D.  1711.  He 
was  intimate  with  the  wits  and  poets  of  the 
times,  especially  Pope,  dean  Swift,  &c.  He 
was  vicar  of  St.  Giles',  Oxford,  and  bursar 
of  I'.is  college.  His  poetry  is  now  forgotten. 
A  good  spccilirtn  of  it  may  be  seen  in  Nich- 


ols' select  collections,  especially  his  "  appa- 
rition," &c.  and  "Vertumnus,"  and  some 
epigrams. 

Evans,  John,  D.D.  a  dissenting  minister 
born  in  Shropshire  1680.  He  was  ordained 
minister  of  a  meeting  in  Shropshire,  and  in 
1716,  succeeded  Dr.  Williams  as  pastor  in 
Petty  France,  Westminster.  He  w  as  popu- 
lar as  a  preacher.  He  printed  some  occa- 
sional sermons,  but  his  thirty-eight  sermons 
on  the  christian  temper  is  his  best  work,  in 
great  esteem  with  many  divines.  He  died 
of  the  dropsy  1732,  aged  52. 

Evans,  Caleb,  a  native  of  Bristol,  where 
his  father  was  a  dissenting  baptist  ministei-. 
He  became  also  himself  a  preacher  and  in- 
structed young  people  for  the  dissenting 
ministry.     He  was  made  D.D.  by  the  king's 


college,  Aberdeen,  and  died  1791,  aged  54. 
He  published  scripture  doctrine  of  tihe  son 
and  holy  spirit, — hymns  for  public  worship, 
— address  to  serious  professors  of  Chris- 
tianity— the  doctrine  of  atonement  or  Christ 
crucified. 

Evans,  Evan,  a  native  of  Cardiganshire, 
educated  at  Jesus  college,  Oxford.  Though 
a  clergyman,  he  obtained  no  preferment,  bat 
unfortunately  addicted  himself  to  intemper- 
ate drinking,  and  died  1790,  aged  60.  He 
published  two  vols,  of  sermons  by  Tillotson 
and  others,  translated  into  Welch, — the  love 
of  our  country,  an  English  poem, — disserta- 
tio  de  bardis,  with  specimens  of  Welch  po- 
etry, 4to. 

EvANSON,  Edward,  a  native  of  Wai'ring- 
ton,  educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, after  which  he  became  curate  to  his 
uncle  at  Mitcham,  Surrey,  and  then  obtain- 
ed in  1768,  south  Mimms  living,  Middlesex. 
In  1770,  he  was  pressnted  to  the  living  of 
Tewksbury,  Gloucestershire,  and  afterwards 
to  Longdon,  Worcestershire.  His  con<luct 
in  these  parishes,  and  the  alterations  which 
he  presumed  to  introduce  in  the  liturgy  anrl 
in  the  forms  of  the  church  duty,  highly  of- 
fended his  auditors,  but  though  he  escaped 
the  punishment  of  the  ecclesiastical  law, 
from  some  irregularity  in  the  proceedings 
adopted  agamst  him,  his  unpopularity  con- 
tinued to  increase  and  he  I'csigned  his  livings 
in  1778.  He  afterwards  resided  at  IMitcham, 
where  he  took  some  pupils  and  he  died  at 
Colford,  Gloucestershire,  25th  September, 
1805,  aged  74.  He  published  without  his 
name  in  1772,  the  doctrines  of  a  trinity  and 
the  incmrnation  of  God,  examined  on  the 
principles  of  reason  and  common  sense,  &c. 
— the  dissonance  of  the  four  generally  re- 
ceived evangelists  1792,  8vo. — Argument 
against  and  for  the  observance  of  Sunday, 
&c. — letter  to  Dr,  Priestley, — reflection  on 
the  state  of  religion  in  Christendom,  &c. — 
and  he  was  also  engaged  in  a  controversy 
with  bishop  Hurd,  on  the  subject  of  prophe- 
cy. An  account  of  the  prosecution  estab- 
lished against  him  was  published  1774,  fol. 
EvANTius, an  old  Latin  poet,  who  wrote 


(I 


de   ambiguis,    sive   hybi*idis   animalibus,' 
generally  printed  with  Petronius  h  Achros- 
ticon  in  funus  genitoris  sui  Nicholai,"  in- 


EU 


EV 


scrtcd  among  the   works  of   Eiigcnius    of 
T.)ledo. 

EvANi  US,  called  also  Evantius,  Eventiiis, 
and  Aveiitius,  a  bishop  of  A'icniie  in  the  sixth 
century,  lie  nssistud  at  several  councils  and 
died  580. 

EvARiSTUS,  hisliop  of  Itonic  100,  was 
martyrt'd  nine  years  alter.  lie  gave  tft  the 
emperoi'  an  cxceilunt  apology  tur  tJ»e  chris- 
tian religion. 

Ebui.iues,  a  philosopher  (if  Miletus,  au- 
thor t»l  sonje  comedies,  and  a  tract  against 
Aristotle 

Ei'CH  .VDius,  Angustinus,  a  Latin  liisto- 
rian,  anllior  of  **  vitic  ncto  iuiperalorurji  ct 
desoriptio  Danubii,"  preserved  in  the  library 
at  ^  ienna. 

Ei'CHARius,  or  HoucHARius,  Eligius, 
a  divine  and  poet  of  dlient,  who  studied  at 
Paris,  and  then  settled  in  liis  native  country, 
in  the  hesinninsr  of  the  l6th  century.  He 
■wrote  the  lives  of  St.  Levinus,  (Joleta,  and 
Bertulfius — a  comedy  of  the  ])atience  of 
Chryselleis — panegyric  of  St.  Agnes  and 
Catherine — and  some  other  works. 

EuciiERiuSj  arclibishop  of  Lyons,  was 
canonized  for  his  great  j)iely.  He  assisted  at 
some  councils,  and  wrote  vai-ious  works,  in 
the  ascetic  taste  of  the  times  ;  and  died  about 
454. 

Euclid,  a  celebrated  mathematician  of 
Alexandria,  whose  books  of  geometry  are 
well  known.  Ptolemy  was  among  his  pupils. 
He  florished  B  C.  300. 

Euclid,  a  ])hilosopher  of  Megarn,  the 
disciple  of  Socrates,  and  the  founder  of  the 
sect  of  wranglers. 

EuD.ff:MON,  John  Andrew,  a  Jesuit,  horn 
in  the  I.sland  of  Candia,  died  at  Rome  1025. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  is  **  admonitio 
ad  regem  Ludovicum  XHI."  4to.  wliich  was 
censured  by  the  Sorbonne  and  the  assembly 
of  the  clergy,  and  answered  by  Garasse. 

EuDES,  John,  brother  of  the  historian 
iVIezerai,  was  born  at  liye,  in  the  diocese  of 
Sees,  in  1601.  In  1643  lie  founded  the  con- 
gregation of  tlie  Eudists,  wliich  greatly  in- 
creased in  Normandy  and  Britany.  He  died 
at  Caen  19th  August  1080,  aged"79,  and  left 
several  devotional  works. 

EuDOCiA,  or  Atkexais,  an  AUieiiian 
lady,  daughter  of  the  pbilosopiier  Leontius. 
When  left  little  property  by  her  father,  who 
bequeathed  his  inheritance  to  his  two  sons, 
slie  went  to  Constantinople,  and  became  the 
favorite  of  the  empress  Pulchcvia,  and  in 
421  married  the  emperor  'i'heodocius,  who 
in  a  fit  of  jealousy  divorced  her.  She  re- 
tired upon  this  to  Jerusalem,  where  she 
died,  devoted  to  religious  duties,  4G0.  She 
wrote  some  Greek  poems,  &c. 

EuDOCiA,  or  EvDOXiA,  snrna«ncd  Ma- 
crembolitissa,  ascended  the  imperial  throne 
of  Constantinople  at  the  death  of  her  lius- 
hand,  Constantine  Ducas,  1007.  One  of  her 
generals,  Komanus  Diogenes,  conspired 
against  her ;  but  the  empress  condemned 
him  to  death,  and  afterwards  struck  Avith  the 
elegance  of  his  person,  she  ])ardoned  him, 
aud  when  he  liad  retrieved  h'ts  character  bv 


valor  and  fidelity,  slie  made  him  her  hus- 
band. In  1071,  her  son  Michael  proclaimed 
himself  emperor,  and  sliut  up  his  mother  in 
a  monasteiy,  where  she  ended  her  days  in 
devotion  and  study.  Some  MSS.  of  her 
writing  on  mytholngy,  fcuc.  were  preserved 
in  the  French  kifig's  library. 

EuDociA,  Eeoiloreuna,  «laughtcr  of  the 
boyar  Feo^lor  Lapookin,  was  made,  iCJi'J, 
the  first  wife  of  Peter  the  great,  whom  he 
chose  out  i)f  the  hundred  young  girls  that  he 
liad  by  proclamation  assembled  at  Moscow 
Her  complaints  against  the  infidelity  of  her 
husband  produced  her  disgrace.  She  was 
hurled  from  the  throne,  divorced  in  1090, 
and  confined  in  a  convent  at  Susdal.  In  her 
retirement  she  formed  an  intimacy  with  gen- 
eral Clebof,  and,  trusting  to  the  predictions 
of  a  fanatic  bishop,  ahe  expected  the  de»ith 
of  her  husband,  and  her  restoration  to  pow- 
er undei-  the  reign  uf  her  son.  Peter  was 
informed  of  her  ]ilans,  Rn<l  she  was  scourged 
by  two  nuns,  and  then  immured  in  the  con- 
vent of  Nova  Ladoga,  and  afterwards  in  the 
fortress  of  Shiusselliurgh,  from  which  she 
was  released  at  the  accession  of  her  grand- 
son, Peter  IT.  at  whose  coronation  she  was 
present.  She  died  in  the  monastery  of  l)e- 
vitza,  17.31,  aged  59.  (ilebof  was  cruelly 
put  to  death  by  order  of  the  itdtuman  Pe- 
ter, and  with  h.s  last  hreath  he  asserted  his 
innocence,  and  that  of  the  injured  empress. 

EuDOXius,  an  Arian  of  Arabisso,  in  Les- 
ser Armenia,  bishop  of  Germanicia,  and 
then  of  Antioch,  from  which  he  was  depo- 
sed. He  was  made  patriaich  of  Constanti- 
nople by  Constantius,  and  died  .370,  at  Ni- 
cxa.  He  wrote  a  discourse  on  the  incarna- 
tion of  the  wonl. 

EuDOXus,  of  Cnidus,  studied  in  Egypt 
with  Plato,  and  opened  a  school  of  phdoso- 
p!iy  at  Athens. 

Evelyn,  John,  a  learned  writer,  de- 
scended of  an  ancient  and  respectable  fami-. 
ly,  in  the  county  of  Salop.  He  was  Ijorn  at 
SVotton,  in  Surrey,  Slst  October  1G20  ;  and 
after  being  educated  at  Lewes  grammar- 
school,  he  entered  at  Baliol  college,  in  1637. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  wars  he  obtain- 
ed permission  to  travel,  from  king  Charles 
himself,  and  in  1044  he  left  England.  To 
enlarge  his  mind  by  observations  on  the  man- 
ners and  habits  of  various  countries,  to  ex- 
amine accurately  their  commercial  and  ag- 
ricultural concerns,  and  the  curiosities,  the 
])roductions,  the  antiquities,  the  arts,  and 
the  sciences,  of  every  place,  was  the  great 
and  the  commendable  object  of  liis  inten- 
tions ;  and  to  these  purstiits,  so  honorable  to 
himself,  and  so  advantageous  to  his  country- 
men, about  seven  years  of  liis  iife  were  de- 
voted. In  1G47,  wldle  at  Paris,  he  m.nrried 
Mary  the  only  daughter  of  sir  Richard 
lirowne  hart,  the  king's  minister  at  the 
French  court;  and  on  his  return  to  England, 
in  1051,  he  fixed  liis  residence  at  her  seat, 
at  Sayes  Court,  near  Deptford,  in  Kent. 
Attacijcd  by  choice  to  a  life  of  rctii-eineHt, 
'  he  had  little  concern  with  public  afHiirs;  but 
I  after   the  expulsion   of  Richard  Crr  nnvcll 


EV 


EV 


tVora  the  protectorate,  he  was  zealously  cu-  j 
gaged  in  promoting  the  restoration  of  the  ; 
roynl  family ,  and  his  services  were  acknow-  j 
ledged  by  Charles  at  his  return.  At  the  es- 
tablisliment  of  the  royal  society,  in  1662, 
ZVIr.  Evelyn  Avas  apjjointed  one  of  the  first 
iellows,  and  counsel ;  a  distinction  to  which 
he  was  entitled  by  his  virtues  aiul  the  great 
merit  of  his  works.  In  1604  he  was  made 
one  of  the  commissioners  of  tiie  sick  and 
M'ounded,  and  was  afterv.ards  appointed  one 
of  the  commis^oners  for  the  rebuilding  of 
St.  Paul's.  In  1669  he  visited  Oxford,  where 
he  was  honored  with  tlie  degree  of  LL.I). 
This  was  granted  out  of  respect,  not  only 
to  his  great  abilities  and  universal  benefi- 
cence, but  the  active  part  v.hich  he  had  ta- 
ken in  procuring  tlie  Arundclian  marbles, 
■which,  by  his  intercession  with  lord  Henry 
Howard,  were  handsomely  presented  to  that 
learned  body,  for  which  he,  together  with 
the  noble  doner,  received  the  tlianks  of  the 
tnuvcrsity  by  their  delegates.  About  this 
time  he  was  nominated  one  of  the  members 
of  the  board  of  trade;  and  under  James  II. 
he  w-as  one  of  the  commissioners  to  execute 
the  ofhcc  of  lord  privy  seal ;  and  after  the 
revolution  he  became  treasurer  of  Green- 
wich liospital.  This  great  and  good  man  di- 
ed in  the  86th  year  of  his  life,  'J7ih  Februa- 
ry irofi,  and  was  interred  at  Wottoti,  in  a 
stone  co.lin,  over  which  m  as  this  inscription  : 
•'  Tiiat  living  in  an  age  of  extraordinary 
events  and  revolutions,  he  had  learned  from 
thence  this  truth,  which  he  desired  might 
thus  be  cummuuicated  to  posterity,  that  all 
is  vanity  which  is  not  honest,  and  that  there 
is  no  solid  Avisdom  hut  in  real  piety."  His 
••vife  survived  him  till  yth  February  1709, 
in  her  74th  year,  and  she  was  deposited  in  a 
Etone  coffin  near  him.  By  her  he  had  live 
sons  and  three  daughters.  All  the  sons  ex- 
cept one  died  young,  and  only  one  daughter 
Furvi\ed  him,  Susannah,  married  to  Mr. 
Draper,  of  Addiscombc,  Suri'cy.  ]Mr.  Eve- 
lyn's works  amount  to  more  than  25  various 
publications,  besides  communications  and 
other  papers  inserted  in  the  transactions  of 
the  royal  and  other  societies.  Of  these,  the 
most  known  are  liis  sculptura,  or  the  his- 
tdry  and  art  of  chalcography  and  engraving 
in  copper,  with  an  ample  enumeration  of 
the  ntiost  renowned  masters  and  tlicir  works, 
with  the  new  manner  of  engraving,  or  mez- 
zo-tinto,  communicated  by  his  highness 
prince  iiupert  to  the  author  of  this  treatise, 
London,  1662,  8vo.  a  very  learned  and  val- 
uable work,  edited  again  in  1755,  and  high- 
ly commended  by  Mr.  Walpole — Sylva,  or 
a  discourse  of  forest  trees,  and  the  pro])aga- 
tion  of  timber  in  his  Majesty's  dominions,  to 
which  is  annexed,  Pomona,  concex'ning fruit- 
trees,  &c.  1664,  folio,  a  popular  work, 
which,  as  the  author  says  in  the  second  edi- 
tion, 1669,  was  the  cause  that  more  than  two 
millions  of  timber  trees  had  been  i'urnished 
in  the  three  kingdoms.  The  sixth  edition  of 
this  excellent  book  was  published  by  Dr.  A. 
'  Hunter  of  York,  enriched  with  notes  and  a 
life  of  the  author,  177G.     He  wrote   also  a 


parallel  of  ancient  architecture  with  the  mo- 
dern, &p.  the  third  edition  of  which  appear- 
ed in  1733,  folio — kalendarium  Hortense, 
1664,  a  publication  many  times  edited,  and 
from  which  ali  modern  icardening  books  are- 
borrowed — public  employment  and  active 
life  preferred  to  solitude,  in  reply  to  sir 
George  Mackenzie's  book  on  a  contrary  title 
— the  perfection  of  painting  demonstrated 
from  the  principles  of  art  Sec. — a  philosophi- 
cal discourse  of  earth,  relating  to  the  culture 
and  improvement  of  it  for  vegetation,  &c.— 
mundus  muliebris,  or  the  lady's  dressing- 
I'oom  unlocked,  and  lier  toilet  spread,  in 
buiK'sque — Numata,  a  discourse  on  medals, 
ancient  and  modern,  with  some  account  of 
heads  inid  elligies,  &:c.  Besides  these,  he 
planned,  but  never  completed,  a  general 
history  of  all  trades — also  elysium  35ritan- 
nicum.  It  was  a  hap])y  addition  to  the  vir- 
tues and  extensive  powers  of  mind  which  he 
possessed,  that  he  was  in  easy  and  indepen- 
dent circumstances,  whicli  left  him  no  wish 
unsatisiied  whicli  a  man  of  worth  and  virtue 
could  form.  His  library  was  large  and  se- 
lected ;  his  grounds  and  gardens  about  his 
mansion  were  neatly  cultivated,  and  adorned 
with  all  the  embellishments  of  nature  and  art 
wiiich  his  fertile  genius  ecu  id  suggest  ;  and 
among  his  friends  he  couh'  number  the 
greatest  and  the  most  ingenious  and  learned 
men  of  the  times.  His  services  to  literature 
and  mankind  have  been  celebrated  by  Cow- 
ley, Joseph  Glanville,  Dr.  AYotton,  bishop 
Burnet,  Jiogcr  North,  kc.  and,  among  for- 
eigners, by  Morhoff  and  others.  He  was 
also  an  artist,  for  "  if  he  had  not  been,"  says 
Mr.  Walpole,  "  I  should  have  found  it  dif- 
ficult to  deny  myself  the  plea-sure  of  allotting 
him  a  ])lace  among  the  arts  he  loved,  pro- 
moted, patronised.  If  I  have  once  or  twice 
criticised  him,  they  are  trifling  blemishes, 
compared  with  his  amiable  virtues  and  be- 
neficence. It  may  be  remarked,  that  the 
Avorst  to  be  said  of  him  is  that  he  knew  more 
than  he  ahvays  communicated.  His  life  was 
a  course  of  inquiry,  study,  curiosity,  instruc- 
tion, and  benevolence.  The  woi'ks  of  the 
Creator,  and  the  mimic  labors  of  the  crea- 
ture, were  all  objects  of  his  pursuit.  He 
adored  from  examination,  was  a  courtier 
that  flattered  only  by  informing  his  prince, 
and  was  really  the  neighbor  of  the  Gospel, 
for  there  was  no  man  that  might  not  have 
been  the  better  for  him.  He  promoted  the 
royal  society,  he  obtained  the  Arundelian 
marbles  for  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  he 
proposed  to  Mr.  Boyle  the  erection  of  a 
philosophical  college  for  retired  and  specu- 
lative persons,  and  he  had  the  honesty  to 
write  in  defence  of  active  life  against  Mr. 
MackenTiie's  essay  on  solitude.  He  knew 
that  retirement  in  his  own  hands  was  indus- 
try and  benefit  to  mankind,  in  those  of  otli- 
ers  laziness  and  inutility." 

EvEt^YN,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Sayes-court,  near  Deptford,  14th 
January  1654.  In  1666  he  went  to  Oxford, 
under  the  care  of  Dr.  Bathurst,  of  Trinity 
college,  but  did  not  till  two  yeai's  after  be 


EU 


£U 


come  a  member  of  the  unlvcKsity.  When 
little  more  than  l.>,  he  wrote  that  I'lc-j^aut 
(ircck  poc'iu  which  is  [nefixcd  to  the  scc- 
oiul  edition  of  his  latiier's  Sylva.  The  pow- 
ers ol"  j^eiiiiis  thus  earl)  disidnyed  wore  vul- 
livalcd  nilu  the  greatest  ultcntion,  and  i;avc 
birth  to  some  other  orig^inal  pieces  of  poetry, 
inserted  in  l)rv(!ei»'s  miscelliinies.  He  also 
translated,  in  elegant  language,  the  four 
books  of  gardens  from  the  poems  of  Uenalns 
K^.pinus,  l(jr.3 — besides  Alexander's  life, 
from  Plutarch,  inserted  in  the  -ith  volume  of 
Plutarch,  by  several  hands — and  the  history 
of  the  grand  visicrs,  ^c.  w  ith  t!»c  secret  in- 
trigues (»f  the  seraglio,  Wi77,  Svo.  lie  mar- 
ried Martha  daughter  of  Richard  Spenser 
esq.  by  whom  he  had  two  sons  and  three 
dauglitcrs  He  was  one  of  tlie  conimissioii- 
ers  of  the  revenue  in  Irelami,  an«l  died  in  the 
llowcr  of  his  age,  in  liOndon,  'i4th  Marcii 
IG'JS,  aged  4;).  His  eldest  son  and  two  daugh- 
ters died  infants;  the  other  daughter  marri- 
ed the  eldest  sou  of  lord  chancellor  liar- 
court  ;  and  tlie  son  married,  170'^,  tlicdaugli- 
ler  of  Mr.  IJoscawen,  and  was  in  1713  crea- 
ted a  baronet.  He  was  a  commissioner  of 
tlie  customs,  and  fellow  of  the  royal  society. 

Ever  DING  EN,  Ciesar  van,  a  Dutch  pain- 
ter, born  at  Alcmaer,  died  1G79,  aged  73. 
His  victory  of  David  over  Cioliah,  in  the 
church  of  Alcmaer,  is  his  best  piece.  His 
nephew  Albert  was  eminent  as  a  landscape 
painter.     He  died  1G75,  aged  54. 

Eugene,  Francis,  prince  of  Savoy,  was 
born  in  1663.  He  was  son  of  Eugene  Alau- 
ricc,  general  of  the  Swiss  and  Grisons,  gov- 
ernor of  Champagne,  and  earl  of  Soi.ssons, 
by  Olympia  ^lancini,  niece  of  cardinal  Ma- 
zarin.  He  was  early  intended  for  the  church, 
and  received  an  abbey  from  the  French  king, 
as  a  step  to  a  cardinal's  hat  ;  but  the  death  of 
his  father,  before  he  was  10  years  of  age,  al- 
tered the  prospects  of  liis  future  life.  'l"he 
unjust  banishment  of  his  moliier  to  the  Low 
Countries  raised  his  imlignation  ;  and  as 
Curtius  and  Csesar  seemed  more  favorite  au- 
thors with  him  than  all  the  divines  of  the 
church,  he  panted  for  miiitaj'y  employments, 
and  when  refused  by  the  king  he  removed 
to  Vienna  with  his  brother  Philip.  The  em- 
peror received  them  with  great  courtesy, 
and  from  that  time  the  two  lu'otliers,  reject- 
ing the  offers  of  France,  determined  to  be- 
come the  faithful  subjects  of  the  imperial 
house.  They  soon  distinguished  tiieinselves 
against  the  'ru'-is  ;  but  the  death  of  IMiilip, 
whilst  l;ravely  fighting,  left  Eugene  to  avenge 
his  fall,  and  to  coiuluct  his  regiment  to  vic- 
tory. In  IGS3  Eugcrve  displayed  astonishing 
powers  of  valor  in  the  presence  of  the  prin- 
ces and  generals  of  the  Austrian  troops,  in 
the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Vienna  ;  and  at 
New  Lausel  and  Buda  his  bravery  again  be- 
came so  conspicuous,  tliat  the  duke  of  Lor- 
raine, in  presenting  him  to  the  emperor, 
said,  "  May  it  please  your  majesty,  this 
young  Savoyard  Avill  sometime  or  other  be 
the  greatest  captain  of  the  ag^."  The  dcc- 
Laration  of  war  against  the  empire  by  Lewis 
XIV.  called  forth  all  the  abilities  of  Eugene  ; 


he  was  remove<l  from  the  less  imi>wtant 
campaign  H^ainst  the  Turks,  to  resist  tin* 
rrene.il  ;  and  he  so  efiectuallv  blocked  up 
Mantua  that  for  two  years  his  enemies  were 
unable  to  advance  a  single  step  in  Italy. 
'I'he  peace  b»tveen  Savoy  uuil  France,  in 
IG9G,  enabled  Lewis  to  ttegociatc  with  Eu- 
gene ;  but  the  (jfl'er  of  the  government  of 
Champagne,  of  a  marshal's  baton,  and  oi' an 
antiual  ]ici)sion  of  'JUOD  pisi.olea,  could  not 
shake  his  fidelity  tf)  the  emperor,  lii.-*  at- 
tacliintnt  was  so  well  tried,  that  he  was 
made  commander  in  chief  (if  the  imperial 
ff)rces  in  Hnng.iry,  when.'  he  cninpleteil  the 
c.im[taign  l)y  the  total  defeat  ot  the  Turkish 
army,  comi.iantled  by  the  graiid  seignor  ia 
person,  1G',)7.  In  this  famous  battle,  t'onght 
at  Zenta  near  Peter wardin,  the  Tuiks  lost 
'20,000  men  kdled,  l'J,OOU  drowned,  and 
GOOO  prisoners,  besides  oxen,  camels,  and 
horses,  and  a  booty  vhich  amounted  to 
several  millions  of  pounds  sterling,  whil.st 
the  Germans  had  no  more  than  430  men 
killed.  The  peace  of  Carlowitch,  in  iGy'J, 
was  thu.s  insured  by  the  valor  of  Eugene, 
and  put  an  end  to  a  war  of  15  years,  but 
neu  laurels  awaited  the  hero,  on  the  death 
ojtbe  king  of  Spain.  While  France  claim- 
ed the  succession,  the  emperor  set  forth  also 
his  title  to  the  crown,  and  Eugene  was  sent 
to  Italy  to  oppose  the  French  forces  under 
A'illeroi.  Though  inferior  in  numbers,  Eu- 
gene obtained  the  superiority  in  every  en- 
counter, anil  planned  his  measures  with 
such  wisdom  that  he  surprised  Crcmona> 
and  carried  Villeroi  away  his  prisoner,  by 
a  coup  de  main.  To  the  imperialists  were 
soon  added  the  English,  who  viewed  with 
jealousy  the  elevation  ol  tlie  duke  of  Anjou 
to  the  throne  of  Spain,  and  resented  the 
aeknowledgemcnt  of  the  pretender  for  king 
of  England  by  Lewis.  Eugene  at  tlie  head 
of  the  im[)erial  counci  of  the  wai",  and  in  the 
Held,  ditplayed  his  usual  abilities,  and  the 
hnltles  of  Schellenburg,  Blenheim,  I'urin, 
tec.  became  the  :icenes  of  the  superior  pow- 
ers of  his  mind  and  of  the  succcisfal  execu- 
tion of  his  plans.  His  influence  was  so  great 
that  his  enemies  determined  to  cut  him  off 
by  ])oison.  He  accordingly,  in  1710,  receiv- 
ed a  letter,  enclosing  a  paper  poisoned  to 
such  a  degree  that  it  maile  him,  and  three 
more  who  touched  it,  ready  to  swoon,  and 
killed  a  dog  upon  the  .spot  upon  bis  swallowing 
the  noxious  contents.  In  1712  he  came  over 
to  England,  to  induce  the  court  to  continue 
the  war  ;  but  he  was  surprised  to  find  his 
friend  and  comrade  Marlborough  in  disgrace, 
and  a  new  ministry  totally  averse  to  his  mea- 
sures. He  however  received  the  honor  due 
to  his  rank  and  merit  ;  he  was  magnificently 
feasted  in  the  city  of  London  ;  he  i-eceived  a 
sword  worth  5()00r'.  from  the  queen,  which 
he  wore  on  her  birlli-ilay  ;  but  in  the  mi(!st 
of  the  compliments  paid  him  he  still  showed 
his  respect  for  Marlborough,  by  taking  his 
abode  solely  with  hiin.  Unsuccessful  iu, 
London  as  a  negotiator,  he  returned  to  the 
armies,  wjierc  he  was  forced  to  act  upon  the 
defensive,    to    check    t'if  advance  of  the 


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French  forces  into  Germany.  In  March 
1714  he  sic^ned  with  marshal  Villars  prcHm- 
inarv  articles  of  peace,  wliich  were  the  Sep- 
tember ibllowing  conchided  by  a  solemn 
treaty.  He  was  received  at  Vienna  in  the 
mostflattcring  manner  by  the  emperor;  but, 
in  the  bosom  of  peace,  new  victories  awaited 
him.  The  Turks  began  to  threaten  the  im- 
perialists in  1716,  and  Eugene,  placing  him- 
self at  the  head  of  the  army  in  Hungary,  de- 
feated them  with  dreadful  slaughter,  and 
took  Temeswacr,  of  which  tbey  had  had  pos- 
session 164  years,  and  afterwards  besieged 
and  reduced  Belgrade.  After  the  peace 
■with  the  Turks,  Eugene  liad  Uttle  to  do  with 
the  disputes  between  Spain  and  the  emperor. 
In  1733  he  was,  however,  engaged  in  the 
wars  between  the  imperialists  and  the  kings 
of  France,  Spain,  and  Sardinia,  where  his 
usual  prudence  and  success  Avere  cmi- 
jiently  displayed.  He  died  at  Vienna  10th 
Aprif  1735,  aged  73.  His  death  was  sudden, 
asthe  preceding  day  he  had  entcjrlained  com- 
pany, and  he  is  supposed  to  Iiave  been  clioak- 
ed  in  the  night  by  a  strong  defluction  of 
rheum.  This  heroic  general  deserved  equal 
commendation  in  the  character  of  a  privale 
man.  He  wasaftable,  modest,  generous,  and 
humane.  He  was  also  the  patrow  of  learned 
mer.,  and  himself  no  indifferent  scholar. 
Thomas  a  Kempis'  book,  dc  imitatione,  was 
the  consumt  companion  of  his  travels  and 
campaigns,  and  he  wisely  observed,  with 
Gnstavus  Adolphus,  that  a  good  cbristian  al- 
ways made  a  goad  soldier.  His  collection  of 
books,  pictures,  and  prints,  is  preserved  in 
the  imperial  library.  His  funeral  sermon 
"was  preaclied  by  cardinal  Passiouei,  nuncio 
at  Vienna,  from  these  words  of  Alaccabees, 
**  Alexander,  ?on  of  Piiilip  the  Macedonian, 
made  many  wars,  took  manv  strong  holds, 
went  through  the  ends  of  the  earth,  took 
spoils  of  many  nations.  The  eartli  was  quiet 
before  him.  After  these  things  he  fell  sick, 
and  perceived  that  he  should  die.'' 

EuGENius  I.  St.  pope,  after  Martin,  654, 
died  three  years  after,  1st  June.  He  was  a 
picas  and  benevolent  pontiff. 

ErGEN'ius  H.  succeeded  Pascal  I.  824, 
and  tlied  tbrce  years  after,  27th  Octoijer. 
He  supported  the  water  ordeal,  and  was  an 
advocate  for  image  woi-ship,  though  it  was 
condemned  by  the  council  of  Paris. 

EuGEN'i  us  III.  was  made  pope  1145  ;  but, 
disatisfied  with  the  tumultncus  conduct  of 
the  Romans,  he  retired  to  Pisa,  and  thence 
to  Paris,  and  to  Rheims,  where  he  called  a 
council.     He  died  at  Tivoli  7th  July  1153. 

EuGENius  IV.  Gabriel  Condolmerp,  a 
Venetian,  elected  pope  1431,  after  Martin 
V.  He  had  a  violent  dispute  with  the  coun- 
cil whicli  had  assembled  at  Basil,  and  issued 
a  hull  to  dissolve  it ;  but  the  bishops  resisted 
his  atithority,  and  he  was  at  last  obliged  to 
as.sent  to  their  resolutions,  and  to  confirm 
tliem.  Another  council  at  Ferrara  was 
equally  obstinate,  tliough  the  pope  proposed 
a  reconciUation  and  union  between  the  east- 
ern and  western  churches,  supported  by  the 
presence  and  authority  of  the  emperoi*  John 


Paloeologus,  and  of  several  Greek  bishoiw- 
The  sudden  breaking  out  of  a  plague  disper- 
sed the  council,  which  removed  to  Florence  ; 
but  the  terms  of  pacification  which  were 
there  adopted  were  soon  violated.  The 
council  of  Basil  presumed  to  depose  the  pon- 
tiff, and  to  appoint  Amadeus  VIII.  duke  of 
Savoy  in  his  room,  under  the  title  of  Felix 
V. ;  but  the  cause  of  the  dishonored  Eugen- 
ius  prevailed,  and  he  died  at  Rome  in  the 
full  enjoyment  of  liis  privileges,  1447,  aeed 
64. 

EuGENius,  a  grammarian,  whom  count 
Arbogastus  proclaimed  emperor  in  Dau- 
phine,  after  the  death  of  Valentinian  the 
younger,  392.  Though  successful  in  his  first 
attempts  upon  Milan,  and  in  his  invasion  of 
Italy,  he  was  soon  after  defeated  by  Theo- 
dosius,  and  fell  in  battle,  394. 

EuLER,  Leonard,  an  illustrious  mathema- 
tician, born  at  Basil  l4th  July  1707.  His 
father,  Paul  Euler,  who  was  protestant  min- 
ister of  Richen,  intended  hin»  for  the  min- 
istry, and  he  instructed  him  himself  in  math- 
ematics, for  the  ground  work  of  all  other 
improvements  ;  but  the  genius  of  the  son 
was  bent  to  philosophical  pursuits,  rather 
than  theology.  Encouraged  by  the  Bernou- 
illis,  ho  soon  followed  them,  1727,  to  Pe- 
tersburgh,  where  Catharine  I,  had  founded, 
in  1723,  an  academy  of  sciences,  and  in  1727 
he  was  appointed  adjutant  to  the  mathema- 
tical class  of  the  academy.  His  different 
publications  on  the  nature  and  propagation 
of  sound,  on  curves,  on  the  calculus  integra- 
lis,  (he  movement  of  the  celestial  bodies, 
and  other  useful  suiijects,  had  alreadj*  raised 
his  7'eputalion,  and  ranked  him  among  the 
greatest  of  philosophers.  The  powers  of 
his  mind  were  indeed  astonishing.  While 
his  fellow  academicians  asked  four  months 
to  complete  an  important  calculation,  he 
finished  it  in  three  days,  but  so  intense  had 
been  his  application  tlsat  it  produced  a  fever, 
whicli  robbed  him  of  the  sight  of  one  of  his 
eyes.  He  gained,  in  1740,  with  Maclaurin 
and  D.  Bernoulli,  tlie  prize  of  the  academy 
of  Paris,  on  the  nature  of  tides  ;  and  the  la- 
bors of  these  three  illustrious  men,  thus  ad- 
judged equally  meritorious,  traced  the  ef- 
fects, tliough  by  different  roads,  to  t!ie  same 
causes.  In  1741  he  removed  to  Berlin,  at 
the  invitation  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  and 
assisted  the  monarch  in  the  establishment 
of  an  academy  of  sciences,  whose  memoirs 
he  enriched  by  valuable  communications. 
Still  indefatigable,  he  produced  his  theory 
of  the  motions  of  the  planets  and  comets,  the 
theory  of  magnetism,  the  theory  of  light  and 
colorsagainst  Newton's  system  of  emanations, 
and  the  theory  of  the  equilibrium  and  motion 
of  floating  bodies  and  the  resistance  of  fluids. 
In  1773also  he  published  histheorie  complette 
de  la  construction  et  de  la  manoeuvre  des 
vaisseux,  which  valuable  work  was  translated 
into  all  languages,  and  was  rewai'ded  with 
GOOD  livres  from  the  French  king,  as  his 
theorems  before  had  been  rewarded  with 
300/.  from  the  British  parliament.  His  la- 
bors of  thirty  years  on  tire  most  intricate 


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subject  of  infinitesimals  were  communicated 
to  the   i)ul)lic    l>y  his  "  introduction    to    lljt- 
analysis  ot  infinitesimals,"  and    I'ollowetl    i>y 
lessons  on  the  calculus  integralis,  and  ditier- 
cntialis.     'I'iius  eni^aged  in  the  cause  of  hci- 
ence,  and   for   the  henefit    of  mankind,    hi- 
contintted  in  the  enjoy nient   of  health  to  a 
j;ood    old     iige,     and     while     urranj^in}^    his 
thoughts  on    the  motion  of  the  aerostatical 
globes,  and  conversing  with  his  friend  Lex- 
ell  on  the  new  {jlancl,  he    was  suddenly  at- 
tacked by  a   lit  of  apoplexy,  as   he    played 
■with  one  of  his  grandchildren    at  tea-time. 
The  stroke   was   sudden,    and  immediately 
fatal.     "  1    urn   dyin^;,"  were  his  last  words, 
an<l  a  few  hours  after  he  expired,  7th    Sep- 
tember   1783,   aged   70   years   r>    months    3 
days.     Besides  the  works  already  enumera- 
ted, there  are  many  others,  equally  valuable, 
on  geometrical   and    philosophical  subjects. 
He  was  a  man,  indeed,  as  his  impartial  and 
eloquent  eulogist,    Fuss,  has   meutioned,  of 
astonishing  powers,  great  and  extensive  eru- 
dition, and  of   sucli   retentive  memory  that 
he  could  repeat  the  whole  of  the  iEueid,  and 
in  one  night  he  calculated  in  his  head  the  six 
first  powers  of  all   the   numbers  above  20, 
which  he  repeated   the  next  day   most  cor- 
rectly to  his  astonished  friends.    Affable,  hu- 
nuine,  and   benevolent  in    his   conduct,   he 
could  abandon  ibe  most  abstruse  studies  to 
mix  with  the  general  amusements  of  society, 
and,  with  unusual  vivacity,  enter  into  all  the 
trifles  and  the  frivolous  anecdotes  which  of- 
ten fill  up  the  vacuum  of  company.  His  piety 
was  ardent  but  sincere,  he  loved  mankind, 
and   defen<led  the  great  truths  of  religion 
with  earnestness  and  fidelity.     He  was  t-A-ice 
married,   and  was  father  of  thirteen    chil- 
dren ;   four   of  whom   only  survived   him. 
The  ehlest  son  was  his  assistant  and  succes- 
sor ;  the  second,  physician  to  the   empress  ; 
and  the  the  third,  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
artillery  ;  the  daughter  married  major  Bell. 
These  four  children  gave  him  5S  grandcliil- 
dreii,  among  whom  he  was  viewed  as  a  ven- 
erable and  deservedly  respected    patriarc'i. 
The  list  of  his  works  naakes  50  pages,  14  of 
which  contain  the  MS.  works.     The  printed 
works  amount  to  3S  volumes,  and  are   found 
in  the  Petersburg,  Paris,  Berlin  acts,  &c. 

Ku LOG  I  us,  a  patriarch  of  Alexandria, 
intimate  with  Gregory  the  great.  He  wrote 
against  the  Novatians  and  died  OOS. 

EuLOGius,  tlie  martyr  of  Cordova,  put 
to  death  l>y  the  Saracens,  859,  after  being 
elected,  but  not  consecrated,  archbishop  of 
Toledo.  He  wrote  a  history  of  some  mar- 
tyrs, &ic. 

KuMATHius,  a  Greek  writer  of  amato- 
pial  compositions.  He  wrote  Ismenias  and 
Ismenc.  The  age  in  which  he  lived  is  un- 
known. He  is  some  times  called  Eusta- 
thius. 

EuMENES,  a  celebrated  general  of  Alex- 
ander t])e  great.  He  was  at  last  overpow- 
ered in  the  dissensions  which  divided  the 
generals  of  Alexandria,  and  put  to  death  bv 
Antigonus,  316  B.  C. 
F.uMENES,  a  kingof  Pergamus,  B.Q.  2G3. 


His  nephew  of  the  same  name,  was  king,  197 
B.C.  and  reigned  38  years. 

K I  M  i:  .N 1 1 3,  an  eniinent  orator,  aliout  310 
A.l). 

Eln.a.1'1us,  a  physician  of  the  iili  centu- 
ry, a  violent  enemy  of  chri:>tianity.  He 
wrote  the  lives  of  philosophers  and  sophists, 
the  history  of  the  Caisni-s,  fc<c. 

EuNOMius,  a  native  of  C^ppadocis,  in 
the  4th  century,  disciple  of  jE tins,  an<l  fodU" 
der  of  a  sett  called  Eimoniians,  who  denied 
the  essential  ileity  of  Christ,  lie  wh»  made 
bishop  of  Cyzicum,  360,  but  was  several 
times  banished  for  his  fanatical  opinions,  ami 
died  very  old,  3'J4,  after  experi«'ucing  a 
great  variety  of  sufferings 

EuPHEMiA,  Flavia  Elia  Man-is,  the  coii- 
cubine  and  then  the  wife  of  the  emperor 
Justin  I.  died  without  children,  ^23.  She 
showed  herself  a  great  and  btmevolent  pnn- 
cess  OH  the  throne. 

EuPHEMius,  a  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple, who  quarrelled  with  the  popes  abt^u  the 
insertion  of  names  among  the  saints,  and  was 
banished  by  Anastasius  to  .A-ucyra,  where  he 
died,  515. 

EuPH ORION,  a  Greek  poet  and  hi&lorian 
of  Chalcis,  in  Eubtea,  B.  C.  '27A.  'I'here  were 
two  other  writers  of  the  same  name. 

EuPHRAXOR,  an  Athenian  paintii*  an^ 
sculptor,  B.  C.  352. 

E  u  P II R  A  T  E  s,  a  heretic  of  tlie  '2d  centarjr. 
He  and  his  followers  imagined  that  our  first 
parents  were  deceived  by  Christ,  in  the  form 
of  a  serpent,  and  therefore  they  paid  dirine 
honors  to  serpents,  antl  thence  were  called 
ophites,  or  serpentarians.  There  was  apia- 
tonic  philosopher  of  this  name  under  Fer- 
diccas,  and  another,  a  stoic,  in  the  fsge  of 
Adriaa. 

EuPOLis,  a  comic  poet,  of  Athens,  B.  C. 
435,  said  to  have  been  thrown  into  the  sea  by 
AlcVjiades,  because  lie  had  written  a  play  to 
satirize  him. 

EvERMoxD,  St. Charles  de  St.  Denis  lord 
of,  a  we\l  known  French  writer  of  a  noMe 
family  in  Normandy,  born  at  St.  ]>enis  Ic 
Guast,  April  1st,  1C13.  He  was  educatc»lia 
the  college  of  Clermont,  Paris,  and  at  Caen« 
and  being:  a  younger  son,  was  intendeil  fiw 
the  law,  but  his  inclinations  turned  to  a  miii« 
taiy  life,  and  before  he  was  sixteen  he  obo 
taii'.ed  an  ensigncy.  He  signalized  hinist-lfin 
the  ai-my,  and  was  as  well  known  for  his  po- 
liteness and  literary  accomplishments,  as  fw 
his  valor  in  the  field,  so  that  the  duke  of 
Finghien  admiring  his  character  made  him 
lieuteuaut  of  his  guards  to  have  him  near  his 
person.  He  was  at  the  siege  o(  Arras  in 
iG'iO,  and  served  in  the  campaigns  of  Koeroy 
and  Frlljurg,  and  was  wounded  in  the  knee, 
in  the  battle  of  Nortlingeii.  After  the  taking 
ofFurncsin  1G4G,  the  duke  commissioucd 
him  to  convey  the  news  to  the  court,  and  to 
concert  with  Mazarin  measures  for  the  siege 
and  reduction  of  Dunkirk,  but  he  was  in 
1048,  for  some  satirical  remarks  dismissed 
from  the  confidence  and  friendsliip  of  the 
duke,  who  unfortunately  loved  raillery,  but 
was  not  inagnarJnious   enough  to  pardon  it. 


EV 


EL 


He  -uas  aftcrwanls  reconciled  (o  the  ccwt, 
and  the  king,  well  acquainted  \\ith  his  me- 
rits, made  him  in  155-2  a  major  general,  and 
granted  him  a  pension  of  3000  livres  a  year. 
He  served  in  Guienne  under  the  duke  of 
Candale,  and  after  a  confinement  of  tlu'ee 
months  in  the  hastile  for  reflections  on  Ma- 
zarin's  character,  he  was  permitted  to  attend 
the  campaign  of  Flanders  in  1G54.  In  1657 
he  fought  a  duel  with  the  marquis  de  Force, 
■which  proved  so  offensive  to  the  court,  that' 
he  retired  into  the  country,  till  his  friends 
could  procure  his  pardon.  In  the  campaign 
CI  1649  he  served  in  Flanders,  and  soon  after 
he  accompanied  Mazarin  in  the  negotiation 
and  conclusion  of  a  treaty  with  the  Spanish 
iTiinistry.  Of  this  journey  and  negotiation 
he  gave  a  Avritten  account  to  the  marquis  of 
Crequi,  which  contained  such  severe  reflec- 
tions on  the  character  of  INlazarin,  and  such 
odious  charges  of  sacrificing  the  honor  of 
France,  to  private  interest,  that  the  compo- 
sition was  considered  as  treasonable,  and 
though  the  cardinal  Avas  dead,  the  writer  m  as 
obliged  to  fly  to  Holland,  in  1661,  from  the 
persecution  of  the  court.  From  Holland  he 
immediately  passed  to  England,  where  he 
had  been  sent  the  yeaf  before  by  the  French 
king  to  congratulate  Charles  on  his  restora- 
tion, and  he  Mas  received  with  great  cour- 
tesy by  Buckingham,  and  the  English  nobil- 
ity. Devoting  himself  here  to  literature, 
and  the  society  of  his  friends,  he  did  not 
however  forget  his  native  conntry,  and  he 
solicited  his  return  from  the  court,  but  to  no 
purpose.  He  afterwards  visited  Flanders, 
Spa,  and  Liege,  and  wished  to  fix  his  resi- 
dence in  Holland,  but  the  invitations  of 
Charles,  by  the  hands  of  sir  William  Temple 
and  lord  Arlington,  prevailed  upon  him  to 
return  to  England  where  the  king  granted 
him  a  pension  of  3001.  a  year.  On  the  death 
of  Charles  he  lost  his  pension,  and  his  appli- 
cations to  the  French  king  for  pardou,  f>y  the 
means  of  his  fi^iend  Crequi,  proved  ineffec- 
tual ;  but  thoug^i  d&serted  by  his  country,  he 
refused  to  accept  near  James's  person  the 
honorable  office  of  private  secretary  of  the 
cabinet.  The  revolution  proved  more  fa- 
vorable to  his  interests,  William  honored  the 
illustrious  stranger  with  his  friejidJiip,  and 
■while  he  liberally  patronised  him,  he  de- 
lighted in  his  conversation,  and  eagerly  heard 
from  him  the  recital  of  the  wars  and  adven- 
tui'es  of  his  youthful  days.  At  last  the 
French  king  relented,  and  offers  of  recon- 
ciliation Averc  sent  by  count  trammont, 
but  St.  Evremond  now  i-efused  to  quit  a  coun- 
try where  he  had  been  so  hospitably  treated, 
and  where  his  old  age  and  iufirmitics  could 
meet  Avith  a  continuation  of  long  experienced 
comforts.  He  died  on  the  9th  of  September, 
1703,  of  a  strangury,  in  his  95th  year,  and 
was  buried  in  Westminster-abbey,  Avhere  a 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory.  St. 
Evremond  was  an  accomplished  gentleman, 
and  though  his  morals  were  not  rigid,  he  was 
generous  in  his  conduct,  humane  and  bene- 
voler.t.  Though  suspected  bv  Bayle  of  being 


a  freethinkcrr,  lie  ahvays  professed  the  Ko- 
mish  faith,  and  though  occasionally  giving  a 
loose  to  satire,  and  making  pleasure  the  sole 
business  of  life,  he  never  fipoke  Avith  jocula- 
rity, or  indecorous  freedf)rn  of  religion  or 
morality.  Common  decency,  says  he,  and 
the  regard  due  to  one's  felloAv-creaturcs,  will 
not  sutler  it.  He  describes  himself  as  a  phi- 
losopher equally  remote  from  superstition 
and  impiety,  a  voluptuary,  who  has  no  less 
aversion  for  debauchery  than  inclination  for 
pleasure,  Avho  lived  in  a  condition  despised 
by  those  Avho  have  everj'^  thing,  and  envied 
by  those  Av ho  have  nothing,  but  relished  by 
those  Avho  make  reason  the  foundation  of 
their  happiness.  He  is  well  pleased  Avith  na- 
ture, and  does  not  complain  of  fortune,  he 
hates  vice,  is  indulgent  to  frailties,  and  la- 
ments misfortunes.  He  searches  not  after 
the  failings  of  men  to  expose  them,  and  on- 
ly finds  out  the  ridiculous  in  them  for  his 
OAvn  diversion.  Of  his  Avorks,  which  consist 
of  light  pieces  of  poetry  aiul  prose,  the 
best  edition  is  that  of  Amsterdarii  17'i6,  5 
vols.  l'2mo.  Avith  two  other  volumes  of  pieces 
attributed  to  his  pen,  Avith  his  life  prefixed, 
by  des  ^Nlaizeaux.  They  haA-e  been  trans- 
lated, London,  1728,  3  vols.  8vo. 

Euripides,  a  Creek  tragic  poet,  born  at 
Salamis  about  480  B.  C.  Only  19  of  his  sub- 
lime tragedies  are  extant. 

EuRYDiCE,  Avife  of  Amyntas,  king  of 
Macedonia,  Avas  the  mother  of  Philip,  the 
father  of  Alexander,  and  conspired  against 
her  husband. 

Eurydice,  daughter  of  Aridceus,  was 
put  to  death  by  Olympias,  Avith  the  rest  of 
her  fantiily. 

EusDEX,  Lawrence,  an  English  poet, 
tlescended  from  an  Irish  family,  and  born  at 
Spotsworth  in  Yorkshire,  Avhere  his  father 
Avas  rector.  He  Avas  educated  at  Trinity  ^ 
college,  Cambridge,  and  upon  taking  orders, 
Avas  made  chaplain  to  lord  Willoughby  de 
Broke.  He  Avas  also  patronised  b}^  lord  Ha- 
lifax, and  by  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  Avhose 
marriage  Avith  lady  Henrietta  Codolphin  he 
celebrated  in  verse,  for  Avhich  the  duke,  on 
Howes  death,  appointed  him  laureat  1718. 
This  elevation  Avas  viewed  Avith  jealousy  by 
the  contemporary  bards:  and  Pope,  a\  ithout 
any  knoAvn  cause,  assigned  to  the  laureat  a 
distinguished  place  in  his  Dunciad.  Eusdeit 
died  at  his  rectory  at  Coningsby,  Lincoln- 
shire, 27th  September  17S0.  One  of  his  bi- 
ographers has  asserted  that  in  the  latter 
part  of  his  life,  he  became  a  very  great 
drunkard,  but  perhaps  Avichout  authority. 
He  left  a  MS,  translation  of  Tasso.  Some 
of  his  poems  are  preserved  in  Nichols's  select 
collection. 

E USEE  I  A,  abbess  of  St.  Cyr,  or  St.  Savi- 
our's, at  Marseilles,  Avho  is  said  to  have  cut 
ofther  nose,  to  secure  herself  from  the  bru- 
tality of  Saracen  ravishers.  Her  niuis  fol- 
lowed her  example,  but  they  were  all  mur- 
dered by  the  disappointed  barbarians,  731. 
A  similar  story  is  related  of  an  abbe=is  of  Oc^- 
dingham  in  England: 


EU 


EW 


EusEBius,  a  Gfcck  bishop  of  Rome,  after 
Marcelltis,  310.  He  violently  opposed  the 
readinisbion  of  lapsed  chrisliaiis  to  the  com- 
muiiioi),  tor  vvliicli  he  Mas  banislicd  to  Sicily 
by  the  emperor  Maxciitius,  and  <Iied  the 
same  year. 

EusEBius,  Famphilus,  an  ecclesiastical 
liistoriaujborn  at  I'alcstme,  and  made  bishop 
ot  Ciesarca  313.  He  opposed  Arius,  though 
his  personal  friend,  an<l  died  about  338.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  ConstantKie, an  ecclesi- 
astical history,  fci:c. 

EusEBius,a  bishop  of  Berylus,  ami  after- 
•wards  of  Constantinople,  who  died  3-il. 

EusEUius,  a  bishop  of  Emesa,  in  Syria, 
author  of  some  homilies.     He  <Iied  360. 

EusEBius,  bishop  of  Vercell,  in  Pie«l- 
mont,  strenuously  defended  Athanasius,  and 
died  371. 

EusEBius,  bisliop  ofSamosata,  favored 
but  afterwards  opposed  Arianism,  and  died 
by  the  fall  of  a  tile  378. 

EuSEBius,  bishop  of  Doryleum  in  Phry- 
gia,  was  deposed  by  the  Eutychians,  whom 
he  opposed,  449. 

EusTACHE,  David,  a  protestant minister, 
of  Montpellier,  sent  in  16C9  by  the  Synod  of 
Liudun,  to  address  the  French  king.  His 
speech  to  the  monarch  on  this  occasion  was 
much  admired.  He  was  author  of  some  the- 
ological and  -controvei'sial  tracts. 

EusTACHius,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
physician  of.the  16th  centuiy,  born  at  San- 
Severino.  He  settled  at  Urbino,  and  after- 
wards at  Rome,  where  his  anatomical  tables 
were  engraved  1552,  though  not  published 
till  1714,  and  the  second  edition  17'J8.  His 
opuscula  anatomica  were  republished  by 
Bocrhaave  1707.     He  died  1570. 

EuSTATiiius,  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of 
TTcErea  and  Antioch.  He  was  banished  by 
Constantius  for  opposing  the  Arians,  and  he 
<lied  at  Trajanopolis  360.  His  writings  are 
lost. 

EuSTATHius,  a  learned  Cireek  commen- 
tator on  Homer  and  Dionysius  the  geogra- 
pher. He  was  bishop  of  Thessalouica  and 
«hed  about  ll'j4. 

EusTOCHiuM,  a  Roman  lady,  like  her 
mother  Paula,  well  skilled  in  Greek  and  He- 
brew. She  was  a  disciple  of  St.  Jerome,  and 
lived  in  a  monastery  at  BetWehem,  from 
which  F.he  fled  during  a  persecutioD,  and 
died  419. 

EvsTRATius,  a  bishop  of  Nice,  Avhose 
commentaries  on  Aristotle's  analytics  and 
etliics,  have  been  published  at  "V^enice  1534, 
and  1536,  and  I'^aris  1543.  He  lived  in  the 
12th  century.  There  was  a  priest  of  Con- 
stantinople of  that  name  in  the  6lh  century, 
author  of  a  work  on  the  state  of  the  dead. 

EuTHYMius,  an  Isaurian,  made  patri- 
arch of  Constantinople,  by  Leo  VI.  900,  and 
displaced  by  Alexander  II.  He  died  in  ex- 
ile 910  or  911,  and  was  buried  at  Constan- 
tinople. 

EuTHYMius,  Zigabenus,  or  Zigadenus,  a 
Greek  monk  of  Constantinople,  the  favorite 
of  Alexius  Commenus.  He  wrote  at  tlie  em- 
peror's command,  Panoplia  dogmatica  ortho- 

voL.  r.  61 


doxa  fidei,  or  the  whole  armour  of  the  or- 
thfxlox  faitb,  against  heretics.  He  wrote 
nine  other  works  besides.  The  time  ot  his 
death  is  unknown,  though  it  was  after  1118. 

EuTocits,  a  (ireck  ntuthematician  of 
Asculon,  in  Palestine,  w  ho  wr«ite  commen- 
taries on  tlic  conies  of  Apollonius,  publi;5hed 
in  llalley's  edition,  lie  wrote  also  commen- 
taries on  Archimedes,  published  at  Oxford 
1792.  He  18  a  very  learned,  accurate,  and 
judicious  commentator.  He  flourished  in  thp 
sixth  century. 

EuTuoi'ifS,  Flavins,  a  Latin  historian, 
secretary  to  Constantine.  He  wrote  an  epi- 
tome of  the  Roman  history. 

EuTROPius,  an  eunuch,  minister  to  Ar- 
cadius.  He  was  consul  399,  but  proved  in 
his  conduct  so  tyrannical,  that  he  was  banisU- 
ed,  and  afterwards  beheaded. 

EuTvcHES,  abbot  of  a  convent  near  Con- 
stantinople, opposed  violently  the  Nestori- 
ans,  and  maintained  in  his  zeal  that  Christ's 
body  was  an  aerial  form,  and  therefore  not 
human.  These  notions  were  censured  in 
the  council  of  Constantinople  448,  ;ind  Et*ty- 
ches  was  deposed,  though  another  council 
was  summoned  to  reverse  the  sentence  ;  and 
a  third  composed  of  630  bishops  confirmed 
the  sentence  of  the  first,  and  declared  that  in 
Christ  were  united  two  natures  without  mix- 
ture or  confusion. 

EuTYCHiANUS,  popc,  a  nstivc  of  Tusca- 
ny successor  of  Felix  275,  and  succeeded  in 
283,  by  Caius,  on  his  martyrdom. 

EuTYCHius,  a  monk  of  AmasKa,  made 
patriarch  of  Constantinople  by  Justinian,  553, 
and  deposed  by  him  564.  He  was  restored 
by  Tiberius  II.  and  died  5!iSf  aged  73. 

EuTYCHius,  a  cbjistian  author,  born  at 
Cairo  876.  He  practised  physic  with  great 
success  among  the  Mahometans,  and  after- 
wards became,  in  933,  patriarch  of  Alexan- 
dira,  and  exchanged  his  name  of  Said  Ebn 
Batrick  for  its  Greek  correspondent  word 
Eutychius.  He  wrote,  in  Arabic,  annals 
from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  900,  curi- 
ous, but  not  always  authentic.  He  wrote 
also,  de  rebus  Sicilia;,  preserved  in  MS.  in 
Cambridge  public  library  ;  and  died  950.  An 
extract  from  his  annals  relating  to  the  church 
of  Alexandria  appeared,  in  Arabic  and  Latin, 
at  Oxford,  by  Selden,  1642,  4to.  and  the 
whole  annals  were  published,  Arabic  and  La- 
tin, by  Pocock,  1659,  4to. 

EuzoRius,  a  deacon  of  Alexandria,  de- 
posed and  condemned  by  the  council  of  Nice 
for  his  attachment  to  the  tenets  of  Arius. 
He  satisfied  Constantine  on  articles  of  faith 
afterwards,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Antioch 
361.    He  baptized  Constantius,  and  died  376. 

Another  of  the  same  name  was  bishop 

of  Ctesarea. 

EwAi.D,  .Tolm,  a  n.stive  of  Copenhagen, 
who,  in  the  hopes  of  seeing  the  world,  em- 
braced the  military  profession,  and  became 
a  sergeant  iu  the  Prussian  service.  He  after- 
wards deserteil  from  his  regiment,  and  re- 
turned to  Denmark,  where  he  studied  divi- 
nity, but  did  not  enter  into  orders.  Poetry 
was  hia  favorite  pursuit,  am^,  to  enlargQ,hi* 


EY 


EZ 


understanding,  lie  studied  the  best  English 
poets.  He  wrote  poems  iu  the  style  of  Os- 
Sian — Adam  and  Eve,  a  dramatic  poem — a 
theatrical  piece  called  the  fisherman— and 
other  poems,  Avhich  possess  great  merit 
and  rank  high  iu  the  temple  of  poetry. 
He  died  1781,  aged  38,  and  his  works  were 
collected  together  at  Copenhagen  iu  1791,  in 
4  vols. 

ExpiLLi,  Claude  d',  presidentof  the  par- 
liament of  Grenoble,  was  born  at  Voiron, 
Daupliiny,  and  died  at  Grenoble  163C,  aged 
75.  He  M'as  a  writer  of  some  merit,  tliough 
better  known  as  an  upright  magistrate.  He 
published  pleadings,  Paris,  4to.  1612 — poems, 
4to.  1024 — a  life  of  Bayard,  1650 — a  treatise 
on  French  orthography,  1618,  fol. 

Ex  u PERI  us  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of 
Toulouse,  distinguished  for  his  charity  in  the 
time  of  a  famine.  After  {)ariing  with  all  his 
property,  he  sold  the  gold  and  silver  utensils 
of  the  church,  to  supply  the  necessities  of  the 
poor.     He  died  about  417. 

EyCK,  Hubert  Van,  a  painter,  born  at 
IMaseik  on  the  Maese,  died  1426,  aged  60. 
He  painted  much  for  Philip  the  good,  duke 
of  Burgundy,  his  friend  and  patron. 

Eyck,  John  Van,  brother  and  disciple  to 
the  preceding,  died  1441,  aged  71.  He  is 
supposed  to  be  the  inventor  of  painting  in 
oil,  which  he  discovered  by  mixing  linseed 
oil  in  the  composition  of  a  hritliant  varnish. 
The  seci'et  was  conveyed  to  Italy  by  one  of 
his  pupils,  and  divulged  to  the  world.  He 
is  sometimes  called  John  of  Bruges.  His 
historical  pieces  and  landscapes  are  much 
admired. 

Eykens,  Peter,  q.  painter  of  Antwerp, 
born  1599.  His  last  supper,  and  John 
pi-eaching  in  the  desert,  are  admired  pieces, 
preserved  in  the  churches  at  Antwerp. 

Eymak,  a.  M.  d\  a  deputy  ironi  Porcal- 


quier  to  the  states-general  in  1789,  evinced 
his  attachment  to  the  opinions  and  the  sys- 
tem of  Rousseau,  as  a  lover  of  republican- 
ism. He  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Pied- 
mont, and  discovered  the  treaty  which  the 
Sardinian  king  had  made  to  espouse  the  cause 
of  the  confederates  against  France;  and  in 
consequence  of  this,  by  his  intrigues,  he  for- 
ced the  unfortunate  monarch  from  his  Italian 
dominions.  He  was  afterwards  prefect  of 
Leman,  and  died  at  Geneva  1805.  He  wrote 
some  small  tracts,  not  devoid  of  merit. 

EiEKiEL,  the  third  of  the  great  pro- 
phets, was  son  of  Buzi,  and  descended  from 
Aaron.  He  was  a  captive  at  Babylon  with 
Jehoiachim  king  of  Judah,  597  before  Christ, 
and  there  he  wrote  his  prophecies,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Chebar.  His  style,  according 
to  bishop  Lowth,  is  bold,  vehement,  and  tra- 
gical, abounding  with  figurative  expressions, 
and  worked  up  occasion:iliy  to  a  degree  of 
tremendous  dignity.  He  foretold  to  his  peo- 
ple the  coming  of  the  Messiah,  and  their 
restoration. 

EzEKiEL,  a  Greek  Jew  and  poet,  author 
of  some  tragedies  on  scripture  subjects. 
Large  fragments  of  his  tragedy  of  the  depar- 
ture of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt  are  pre- 
served by  Clemens  of  Alexandria  andEuse- 
bius.  It  is  supposed  that  he  florished  about 
300,  or  according  to  some  200,  years  before 
Christ. 

ExRA,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Aaron, 
son  of  Straiah.  He  shared  the  captivity  of 
Babylon,  and  was  permitted  by  Artaxerxes 
to  conduct  a  colony  of  his  countrymen  to  Je- 
rusalem, and  to  rebuild  the  temple  and  es- 
tablish the  laws  of  Moses,  about  467  before 
Christ.  A  book  bearing  his  name  in  the  bi- 
I  ble,  and  two  in  the  apocrypha,  are  preser- 
ved. He  died  in  Persia,  or  according  to  Jo- 
seiihus  at  Jerusaleto. 


FA 


FA 


FABEH,  John,  a  German  divine,  born  in 
Suubia,  and,  from  one  of  his  works 
against  the  reformers,  called  the  ^Mallet  of 
Heretics.  He  was  made,  1526,  confessor  to 
Ferdinand,  king  of  the  Romans,  and  in  1531, 
advanced  to  the  see  of  Vienna,  where  he 
died  1542,  aged  63.  He  owed  his  elevation 
to  his  zeal  in  the  defence  of  the  papists  j 
against  Luther  and  his  adherents.  His  works, 
vhich  display  wai'mth  and  fluency  of  lan- 
guage, are  contained  ki  3  vols,  folio,  Cologne, 
1537-1541. 

Faber,  Basil,  a  zealous  Lutheran,  born 
1520,  at  Soraw  in  Lusatia.  He  was  teacher 
in  the  schools  of  Nordhausen,  Tennstadt,  and 
Quedlinburg,  and  rector  of  Erfurt.  His  chief, 
and  most  valuable  work  is  Thesaurus  Erudi- 
tionis  Scholasticse,  published  1571,  and  im- 
proved afterwards  by  Cellarius  and  others. 
The  best  edition  is  2  vols,  fol.  1735.  Faber 
died  1576. 

Faber,  Antonius.  Vid.  Favre,  Anthony. 
Faber,  Jacobus.  Fzf/.  Fevke,  James.  ' 


I  A^ 


Fabek,  Nicolaus.  Vid.  Fevre,  Nicolas. 

Fabek,  Tanaquil.  Vid.  Fevre. 

Fabert,  Abraham,  an  officer,  who  rais- 
ed himself,  by  his  extraordinary  merit,  to  the 
dignity  of  marshal  of  France  under  LcAvis 
XIV.  He  distinguished  himself  in  1635,  at 
the  siege  of  Turin  1640,  when  he  was  badly 
Avounded,  at  the  siege  of  Perpignan  1642, 
and  in  1654  at  the  taking  of  Stenai.  As  he 
was  not  duly  qualified  by  nobility  of  ances- 
tors, he  refused  the  collar  of  the  royal  order, 
observing,  he  would  not  be  decorated  with  a 
cx'oss,  with  his  soul  disgraced  by  an  impos- 
ture. Though  brave,  he  was  childishly  ad- 
dicted to  astrological  calculations. 

Fab  1  AX,  Robert,  a  merchant  of  London, 
sherift'and  alderman  of  his  native  city,  where 
he  died  1512.  He  had  some  skill  in  Latin 
and  English  poetry  ;  but  his  chief  work  is  his 
"  Chronicle  of  England  and  France,"  first 
printed  1516,  and  again  1553,  2  vols,  folio. 
The  first  volume  begins  with  Brute  and  ends 


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at  the  death  of  Henry  U.  and  tho  second, 
which  is  vciy  valuable,  ends  1501.  St(jw 
calh  the  work  a  paiidul  lal)oi',  to  the  great 
honor  of  the  city,  and  of  the  whole  realm. 
Because  he  spoke  too  plainly  of  the  revenues 
of  the  church,  Wolsey  caused  as  many  co- 
pies of  llic  hook  as  poiisihle  to  he  destroy*-*!. 
Fabian  was  buried  at  St.  Michael's,  Condiill. 

Fabian,  a  saint  of  the  Koinish  church, 
made  pope  32G.  He  was  active  in  the  di.s- 
seminatitii)  of  Christianity  and  the  build in|^ 
of  churches,  and  he  suffered  martyrdom  in 
the  persecution  of  Decius. 

Fab  I  us,  Maximus  Rullianus,  a  Roman, 
master  of  the  horse  to  the  dictator  Papirius. 
He  triumphed  over  seven  nations,  and  was 
himself  dictator,  B.  C '287. 

Fab  I  us,  Ma.ximus  Quintus,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  who  opposed  Annibal  in  Italy,  and 
in  consequence  of  his  dilatory,  but  salutary 
measures,  was  called  Cunctator.  When  the 
senate  refused  to  ratify  a  ransom  of  prisoners 
on  which  he  had  agreed,  he  sold  his  estates 
to  pay  the  money.     He  (lied  B.  C  '203. 

Fab  I  us,  Pictor,  the  first  Latin  historian 
mentioned  among  the  Romans,  B.  C.  'iii5. 

Fabre,  Jean  Claude,  a  priest  of  the  ora- 
tory of  Paris,  who  filed  there  1753,  aged  85. 
He  is  known  as  alal)orious,  but  not  judicious, 
compiler.  He  wrote  two  dictionaries,  an  in- 
different translation  of  Virgil,  and  a  continu- 
ation of  Fleury's  Ecclesiastical  History,  and 
some  articles  in  Richelet's  Diwtionary. 

Fabre,  N.  a  native  of  Latiguedoc,  famous 
for  his  filial  piety.  When  his  father  was  con- 
demned to  the  gallies  for  his  adherence  to 
Calvinism,  in  175'2,  he,  unj)erceived,  took 
his  place  among  the  condemned,  and  re- 
mained for  six  years  in  confinement,  till  this 
virtuous  sacrifice  was  made  known  to  Mire- 
poi.\,  the  governor  of  the  province,  who  libe- 
rated him,  and  presented  him  to  the  court 
as  an  illustrious  character. 

Fabre,  d'Eglantine,  Philip  Francis 
Mazaire,  was  born  at  Carcassone,  28th  Dec. 
1755,  and,  with  a  restless  spirit,  became  suc- 
cessively an   actor,   a   comic  wi^iter,   and    a 
statesman.     In   the  convention  he  was  the 
friend  and  confidential  associate  of  Datiton, 
Dcs  Moulins,  and  the  other  pi'omoters  of  the 
massacres,  and  of  the  miseries  of  France,  and  j 
though  originally  poor,  he  soon  hecame  very  i 
rich.     Robespierre,  Mho  viewed  his  assumed  i 
consequence  with  jealousy,  hurled  him  from 
his  eminence  before  the  revolutionary  tribu- 
nal, and  lie  was  guillotined  5th  April,  1794.  j 
He  wrote  some  plays  which  possess  merit,  j 
and  he  is  particularly  known  as  the  person  j 
Av  lio  recommended  and  introduced  in  France 
tfiat  puerile  calendar  which   combated   the 
habits,  the  opinions,  and  the  prejudices   of 
the  i*est  of  Europe. 

Fa  BRET  T 1,  Raphael,  a  learned  antiquary, 
born  at  Urbino  in  1619.  He  studied  at  Cagli 
and  Urbino,  and  then  practised  at  Rome  as 
an  advocate.  He  was  sent  by  cardinal  Impe- 
X'iali  to  negotiate  into  Spain,  and  he  conduct- 
ed him.self  there  with  such  success  and  ability 
that  he  was  made  procurator  fiscal  of  the 
kingdom.  After  13  years'  residence  in  Spain 


he  rcturjied  to  Rome,  where  he  was  appoint- 
ed judge  of  appeals  to  the  capitol,  and  afler- 
waids  auditor  of  the  legation  of  Urbino,  un- 
der Cerri  the  lc;ate.     Some  time  after   he 
was  engagi:d  in  drawing  up  the  apostolical 
briefs  to  the  pope's  \iciir,  and  lastly  was  se- 
cretary of  the  memorials  to  po|)e  .\le\ander 
V  III.     After  Alexander's  <leath  he  devoted 
himself  to  his  favorite  pursuits,  the  study  of 
atiti(|uities,  and  with  his  horse,  to  which  hi.s 
friends  gave   the   name  of  Marco  Polo,  Jie 
made    excursions   in    the    neighboihood    of 
Rome   to   visit  and   examine    whatever  was 
most  rare,  curions,  and  valuable.     Innocent 
XII.  had  such  respect  for  him  that  he  drew 
him  from  his  retirement  to  make  him  master 
of  the  secrets  of  the   pope's  temporal  state. 
He  died  7th  Jan.  1700.     He  published  these 
valuable  works,  I)e  Aquis  k  Aquieductibus 
Veteris  Romx  Dissertationes  tres,  4to.  108O 
— Ue  Columna  Trajana  Syntagma,  &c.  foJ. 
1683.    Jasithei   ad   (ironovium  Apologema, 
in  cjusque  Titivilitia,  sive  de  Tito  LivioSom- 
nia  Animadversiones  1086,  4to. — Inscription- 
um  Antiquarnm,  &.c.  Explicatio,   fol.   1C99, 
he.     He  was  learned,  and  in  his  researches 
mdcfati  gable. 

FABiii,  Honore,  a  learned  Jesuit,  boi'n  at 
Bellay,  near  Lyons,  1607;  professor  of  phi- 
losopliy  at  Lyons,  and  penitentiaiy  at  Rome, 
where  he  died  1G88  He  wrote  several  large 
works  on  theology,  optics,  plants,  &e.  and  he 
is  said  by  some  to  have  discovered  the  circu- 
lation of  the  blood  before  Harvey. 

Fabriano,  (^entile  da,  an  historical 
painter  of  Verona,  who  merited  to  be  raised 
to  the  honors  of  Venetian  nobility,  and  died 
141 '2,  aged  80. 

FABRicius,Caius,  a  Roman  general,  who 
obtained  some  victories  over  the  Samnites 
atid  Lucanians,  and  indignantly  rejected  the 
offers  of  Pyrrhus,  who  attempted  to  bribe  his 
integrity.  He  afterwards  discovered  to  Pvr- 
rhus  the  plot  w  hiclj  his  physician  had  fornied 
to  poison  him.     He  diecl  B.  C.  250. 

Fabricius,  George,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Chemnitz,  in  Misnia,  l.nie,  and  fa- 
mous  for  his  Latin  poeti'y.  He  travelled  to 
Italy  a.s  tutor  to  a  nobleman,  and  at  Rome  he 
composed  his  w  ork  called  Roma,  containing 
an  interesting  and  very  animated  description 
of  that  city.  After  returiung  home,  1k'  was 
for  26  years  master  of  the  school  of  Niessein, 
where  he  died  1571.  His  poems,  which  are 
v/ritten  with  great  powers  of  genius,  and  in 
the  most  elegant  and  correct  language,  ap- 
peared at  Basle  1567,  2  vols.  8vo.  He  wrote 
also  some  odes,  hymns,  &c.  besides  prose 
works,  such  as  the  Annals  of  Messeln,  in  se- 
ven books,  Origines  Saxonicse,  2  vols,  folio, 
&c.  2  vols,  on  the  affairs  of  Germany,  &c. 

Fabricius,  Jei'ome,  an  Italian  physician, 
called  Aquapendente,  from  tiie  jilace  of  his 
birth.  He  studied  l;mgnages  at  Padua,  and 
acquired  his  medical  knowledge  ur.derFallc- 
pius.  He  practised  for  40  yeai*s  at  Padua, 
and  with  such  repute  that  Venice,  sensible 
of  his  great  merits,  settled  an  ani.ual  pension 
of  1000  crowns  of  gold  on  him,  besides  the 
honor  of  a  golden  ihajn,  and  of  a  statue,   llf 


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died  about  1603,  and  left  2  vols,  folio,  the 
one  on  surgeiy,  published  Holland,  1723,  and 
the  other  on  anatomy,  Leyden,  1738. 

Fabric  I  us,  William,  a  surgeon,  born 
near  Cologne,  who  became  public  physician 
at  Berne,  where  he  died  1634,  aged  74.  He 
wrote  tracts  on  gangrene  and  sphacelus — on 
burns,  on  gun-shot  wounds,  on  litliotomy — 
Six  Centuries  of  Observations  and  Cures,  &c. 
1606,  in  4to.  His  works  were  all  published 
at  Frankfort  in  fol.  168<J. 

Fabricius,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Schaffhausen,  professor  of  theology  and  phi- 
losophy at  Heidelberg,  and  also  ecclesiastical 
counsellor  to  the  elector.  He  was  author  of 
tracts  Uc  Viis  Dei,  et  quousque  sunt  similes 
Viis  Horainam — l)e  Symbolica  Dei  Visione 
— on  Infant  Baptism,  ^c.  He  died  at  Frank 
fort  1697,  aged  58. 

Fabricii>s,  John  Albert,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Leipsic,   Uth  Nov.  1668,  and 
educated  at  Quedlinburg.     He  showed  asto- 
nishing powers  of  application,  a:id  after  stay- 
ing five  years  in  the  house  of  his  friend  Meyer 
at  Hamburgh,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
eloquence   in   that  city   1699,   and   created 
D.  D.  at  Kiel.    He  was  invited  by  the  Ian- 
grave  of  Hesse  Cassel,  to  settle  in  his  domi- 
nions, but  so  great  was  his  reputation  at 
Hamburgh,  that  the  senators  prevailed  upon 
hira,  by  a  superior  salary,  not  to  relinquish 
his  residence  among  them.    This  most  inde- 
fatigable scholar,  equally  admired  for  his  mo- 
desty, and  the  simplicity  of  his  manners,  died 
at  Hamburgh,  3d  April,  1736.    Of  his  nume- 
rous works,  the  most  useful  are  Bibliotheca 
Latina,  sive  Notitia  Auctorum  Veterum  La- 
tinorum  quorumcunque  Scripta  ad  nos  per- 
venerunt,  2  vols.  4to.  republished  by  Ernesti, 
t>  vols.  8vo. — Bibliotheca  Gricca,  sive  Notitia 
Scriptorum  Veterum  Griecorum,   quorum- 
cunque Monumenta  Integra,  autFragmenta, 
Edita  extant,  turn  Plerorumque  ex  MSS.  & 
Deperditis,  14  vols.  4to. — Codex  Apocryphus 
Novi  Testamenti,  Collectus,  &c.  3  vols.  8vo. 
1719. — Codex  Pseu-depigraphusVeterisTes- 
tamenti,  2  vols.  8vo.  1722,  and  1723. — Biblio- 
graphia  Antiquaria,  sive  Introductio  in  No- 
titiam  Scriptorum  qui  Antiquitates  Hebrai- 
cas,  Gi'secas,  Romanas,  &  Christianas  Scrip- 
tis  illustraverunt,  4to.  1716. — Delectus  Argu- 
nieutorum,  &  Syllabus  Scriptorum  qui  veri- 
tatem   Relig.  Christ,  adversus  Atheos,  &cc. 
asseruerunt,  4to.  1725. — SalutarisLex  Evan- 
gelii,  he.  4to.  1731. — Bibliotheca  Medise  k 
Infimas  Latinitate,  5  vols.  8vo.  1734,  and  6 
vols.  4to.  1754,  Padua. 

Fabricius,  Vincent,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Hamburgh  1613.  He  wrote  Latiti 
poetrj'  with  great  ease  and  elegance.  He 
M  as  counsellor  to  the  bishop  of  Lubec,  and 
afterwards  syndic  to  the  city  of  Dantzic, 
where  he  became  burgomaster,  and  was  13 
times  deputy  to  Poland.  He  died  at  War- 
saw, during  the  diet  of  the  kingdom,  1667. 
The  first  edition  of  his  poems  was  printed 
1632  at  the  recommendation  of  his  friend 
Daniel  Heinsius;  but  the  best  is  that  of  Leip- 
sic 1685,  under  the  care  of  his  son. 
Fab.riciVs,  Baron,  a  German  writer. 


the  favorite  of  Charles  XII.  with  whom  ha- 
resided  as  envoy  of  the  court  of  Holstein, 
during  that  monarch's  captivity  at  Bender; 
He  was  afterwards  in  the  service  of  Stanis- 
laus of  Poland.  He  was  also  in  the  service 
of  George  I.  and  he  accompanied  hira  in  his 
last  journey  to- Hanover,  so  that  the  king  ac- 
tually died  in  his  arms.  Fabricius  is  known 
for  his  interesting  letters,  which  give  an  ac- 
count of  Charles  XII.  while  resident  in  Tur- 
key. They  have  been  translated,  and  they 
appeared  in  London  1761,  Svo. 

Fabricius,  Charles,  a  painter,  born  at 
Delft.  His  house  was  destroyed  by  the  blow- 
ing up  of  a  powder  magazine,  and  he  with 
his  pupil  Spoors  perished.  He  was  in  the 
flower  of  youth,  and  promised  the  fairest 
talents  for  fame. 

Fabroni,  Angiolo,  a  native  of  Marradi 
in  Tuscany,  educated  at  Fienza  and  at 
Rome.  He  was  made  by  Peter  Leopold 
prior  of  St,  Lorenzo's  church  at  Florence, 
and  afterwards  curator  of  Pisa  university. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  the  learned  men  of 
Italy  in  the  17th  and  18th  centuries,  of  which 
21  vols,  were  published,  and  one  wa3  left  un- 
finished. He  published  also  an  account  of 
Cosmo,  Lorenzo,  and  the  other  illustrious 
members  of  the  house  of  Medicis,  besides 
some  religious  tracts,  &c.  He  died  at  Pisa 
1802,  aged  70. 

Fab  ROT,  Charles  Hannibal,  a  French 
lawyer,  born  at  Aix  in  Provence,  158Q, 
where  he  became  advocate  and  professor  of 
law.  In  1617  he  came  to  Paris,  and  in  1637 
he  was  prevailed  upon  by  Seguier  the  chan- 
cellor, who  granted  him  a  pension,  to  give  an 
edition  of  the  Basilicje,  or  constitutions  of 
the  Eastern  emperors.  This  great  work 
appeared  in  7  vols.  fol.  1647,  with  a  Latin 
translation  and  notes,  and  two  years  after 
he  published  Cedrenus,  Nicetas,  Anastasius 
Bibliothecarius,  Constantine  Manasses  and 
Glycas,  in  2  vols.  fol.  witii  curious  notes. 
In  1658  he  published  the  works  of  Cujacius, 
revised  and  with  notes,  10  vols.  fol.  His 
great  application  brought  on  disorders,  which 
put  an  end  to  his  life,  1659.  He  wrote  be- 
sides notes  on  the  Theodosian  code,  and  a 
treatise  against  Salraasius,  &c. 

Facciolati,  Giacomo,  an  Italian  ora- 
tor and  grammarian  of  Padua,  who  died 
1769,  aged  87.  He  edited  Cicero's  Oration 
pro  Quinct.  and  wrote  some  philological  and 
other  learned  works. 

Fachetti,  Pietro,  an  eminent  painter 
of  Mantua,  who  died  at  Rome  1613,  aged  78. 
Pacini,  Pietro,  an  historical  painter  of 
Bologna,  who  died  1602,  aged  42.  He  was 
pupil  to  Annibal  Caracci.  His  Christ  with 
the  three  disciples,  and  Mary  weeping  at  the 
death  of  Lazarus  is  in  the  Wilton  collection. 
Facio,  Bartholomeo,  a  learned  Italian, 
born  at  Spezzia  near  Genoa.  He  was  secre- 
tary to  Alphonso  king  of  Naples,  and  inti- 
mate with  jEneas  Sylvius,  afterwards  pope 
Pius  11.  He  died  about  1457.  He  wrote  de 
Bello  Veneto  Claudiano,  seu  inter  Venetos 
&  Genuenses,  anno  1391,  Svo.  1578 — de 
Rebus  ab  Alphonso   NeapoHt.  gestis,  Libii 


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decern — de  HumaiiK  Vita  Felicitate  ad  Al- 
phonsum.  Neap.  Ke^. — de  Viris  lllustr.  sui 
'remporis,  1745.  His  enmity  to  Laurentiua 
Valla  was  almost  proverbial. 

Facundus,  bishop  of  llermiannm  in 
Asia,  known  for  liis  defence  of  the  three 
chapters,  at  Uic  council  of  Consti^ntiiiople, 
547.  In  consequence  of  his  zeal  on  this  oc- 
casion, and  in  favoring  the  Ni'slorians,  he 
was  banished  by  Justinian,  but  in  his  exile  lie 
still  defended  his  opinions,  and  wrote  no  less 
than  1'2  books  addressed  to  the  emperor. 

FadlallA-H,  or  (yliodsa  It^tschid  Addin, 
a  Persian  historian,  viste*-  to  Cazan  ti>e  sul- 
tan of  Taurus.  He  wrote  at  the  desire  of 
his  roaster,  an  History  of  the  Moguls,  finisli- 
ed  1294,  to  which  he  added  a  supplement. 
The  first  part  of  the  work  appeared  in 
French  by  fa  Croi.x. 

Faernus,  fiabriel,  a  native  of  Cremona, 
known  as   a   critic  and    a  poet  in  the  I6tli 
century.     He  was  the  favorite  of  cardinal  de 
Medicis,  afterwards   Pius    IV.     He    wrote 
Latin  elogies,  besides  pieces  of  criticism,  and 
notes  on  Terence,  so  valuable  that  13entley 
has  inserted  them    whole   in   his  edition  of 
that    poet.     He  wrote  also  in   iambic  verse 
100  fables,  so  much  in  the  style  of  Phtudrus, 
that  Thuanus  has  accused  him  of  concealing 
from  the  world  that  Latin  fabulist  then  un- 
known,   to  procure  celebrity  for  his    own 
composition  ;  but  of  his  100  fables  only  five 
treat  the  same  subjects  as    Phadrus,  and 
therefore  the  idea  of  either  deceit  or  plagar- 
ism  is  puerile.     Faernus  died  at  Rome  1561. 
Fagan,     Christopher    Bartholomew,   a 
French  comic  writer,  who  died   1755,  aged 
53.     He  was  like  his  father  clerk  in   a  pub- 
lic office  at  Paris,  and  devoted  his  leisure  to 
poetry.     Of  his   works  collected  in  4  vols. 
12mo.   1760,   the   most  approved  comedies 
are,  the  Rendezvous,  and   the  Wartl,  writ- 
ten in  a  delicate  and  lively  style.     Thougii 
a  man  of  genius,  he  was  averse  to  business, 
negligent  of  his  dress,  and  very  shy. 

Fage,  Raimond  de  la,  a  self-taught  gen- 
ius in  drawing  with  the  pen,  or  Indian  ink, 
born  at  Lisle-en-Albigeois  in  Languedoc. 
He  was  highly  complimented  by  Carlo  Ma- 
rat, but  his  intemperance  ruined  hia  pros- 
pects ;  as  his  time  was  generally  spent  at 
the  alehouse,  where  ho  frequently  discharg- 
ed his  bills  by  producing  a  sketch.  He  died 
16U0,  aged  4-2. 

FAGius,Paid,  a  protestant  minister,  born 
at  Rheinzabern  in  Germany,  l.'Oi.  His 
German  name  was  Buchlein.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Heidelberg  and  Strasburg,  and  af- 
ter making  great  proficiency  in  Hebrew, 
which  then  was  become  fashionable,  he 
undertook  in  1527  the  care  of  a  school  fit 
lsn;>  where  he  mavried.  He  afterwards 
abandoned  this  employment,  and  entering 
into  orders  he  distinguished  himself  in  1541 
by  his  zeal  in  administering  to  the  necessi- 
ties and  comforts  of  the  poor,  <iaring  the 
plague  wliich  raged  at  Isna  and  the  neigh- 
boring places,  from  the  infection  of  whicli 
he  happily  escaped.  He  afterwards  preach- 
ed at  Strasburg,  and  became  professor    at 


Heidelberg,  where  he  publibhed  some  wnrk» 
for  the  advancement  of  Hebrew  literature. 
During  the  persecution  of  the  piotestHtitsiii 
Lermany  he  was  invited  to  England  byCran- 
nier,  where  he  came  with  Puccr  in  15i'J. 
These  two  learned  men  were  then  engagi-d 
at  (Cambridge  Ut  complete  a  rjcw  translation 
of  rbe  iiible,  Fagitis  of  the  (Jld,  and  Uucer 
of  the  New  'i'cManient.  This  was  never 
completed,  as  Fagius  died  of  a  fever  at  Cam- 
bridge, in  Nov.  1550,  and  Bucer  about  a 
year  after.  The  bodies  of  tliese  two  protest- 
ant divines  were  dug  up  and  burnt  under 
the  gallows,  in  the  ignomiuions  reign  of 
Mary.  Fagius  wrote  on  tlie  Hebrew  lan- 
guage and  on  the  Targvims. 

Fa  c  NAN  I,  Prosjiero,  an  Italian,  secre- 
tary to  the  holy  congregation,  and  author  of 
a  commentary  on  the  five  books  of  the  de- 
cretals.    He  died  1678,  aged  80. 

Fag  N  A  NO,  Julius  Charles  count  of,  mar- 
quis of  Toschi,  a  native  of  Sinigaglia,  who 
jiublished  at  Pesaro  1750,  his  works  in  2 
vols.  4to.  in  which  he  treats  in  a  clear  man- 
ner of  the  discoveries  of  the  property  and  of 
the  use  of  the  geometrical  curve,  called  tlie 
Lemniscate.     He  died  1760,  aged  70. 

Fagon,  Guy  Crescent,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, born  at  Paris.  He  early  supported 
the  doctrine  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood, 
and  gained  the  royal  approbation  by  his  in- 
defatigable researches  in  collecting  plants  or\ 
the  Alps,  and  in  the  South  of  France.  He 
was  made  professor  of  botany  and  chemistry 
in  the  royal  gardens,  and  gradually  rose  tf> 
be  physician  to  Lewis  XIV.  in  1693.  It 
was  by  his  advice  that  the  king  sent  Tour- 
nefort  to  collect  plants  in  the  East.  Though 
of  a  delicate  constitution  he  lived  by  projier 
regimen  to  the  age  of  80,  and  died  1718, 
leaving  two  sons,  one  of  whom  became  a 
bishop,  and  the  other  a  counsellor  of  state. 

Fa  GUNDY,  Stephen,  a  Portuguese  Jesuit, 
author  of  QuKstiones  de  Christianis  Officiis 
etCasibus  Conscientise,  in  Ecclesise  PriEcep- 
ta — de  Justitise,  &ic.  He  died  at  Lisbon  1645, 
aged  68. 

Fahrenheit,  Gabriel  Daniel,  an  ingen^ 
ious  experimentalist,  born  at  Dantzic,  l4th 
May,  16S6.  He  was  intended  for  commerce, 
but  his  genius  was  bent  to  philosophical  pur- 
suits. In  1720  he  improved  the  thermom- 
eter by  substituting  mercury  for  spirits  of 
wine,  and  fixed  the  extremity  of  his  scale  at 
the  point  of  cold,  whicli  he  had  observed  iu 
Iceland  iu  1709,  but  at  Petersburg  the  cold 
bad  been  knovvn  forty  degrees  below  the  " 
of  this  thermometer.  The  English  iu  gen- 
eral liave  adopted  his  scale,  but  the  French 
adhere  to  Reaumur's.  He  travelled  through 
Holland  and  on  the  continent  in  pursuit  of 
knowledge,  and  died  loth  Sept.  173G.  He 
wrote  a  Uissertation  on  Thermometers  1724. 

Faille,  William  de  la,  a  syndic  of  Tou- 
louse, who  died  1711,  aged  9o.  He  wrote 
an  interesting  though  inelegant  history  of 
his  native  city,  2  vols.  fol. 

F.MRCi.ouGH,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Ha- 
veril,  educated  at  Queen's  college,  Cam- 
brid«re      He  was  minister  Oi  Barn-trdistcj, 


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and  aftel^^ar^Is  of  Ketton,  Suffolk,  and  was 
ejected  for  nonconformity  1662.  He  was  a 
most  amiable  character  in  private  life,  and 
though  he  disapproved  of  some  things  in  the 
liturgy,  he  Mas  the  friend  of  epis<'opacy. 
He  published  a  sermon  preached  at  sir  Nat. 
Barnardiston's  funeral, and  some  other  tracts, 
and  died  1678,  aged  84.  His  son  Samuel  was 
ejected  from  Houghton  Conquest  rectory, 
Bedfordshire,  and  died  1601,  and  his  other 
son  Richard  was  also  ejected  from  Wells 
living,  Somersetshire,  and  died  168^2. 

Fairfax,  Edward,  an  English  poet  in 
the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James,  son  of  sir 
Thomas  Fairfax  of  Uenton,  Yorkshire.  He 
early  displayed  poetical  talents,  and  accor- 
ding to  Diyden  himself  a  judge  of  merit,  he 
deserved  to  be  ranked  above  Spenser  in 
point  of  harmony.  His  first  attempt  was  a 
translation  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  a 
performance  very  respectable,  and  highly 
Talued  by  the  wits  of  tlie  times,  and  esteem- 
ed greatly  by  James  and  Charles  I.  He 
wrote  also  some  eclogues,  besides  contro- 
Tersial  treatises  on  the  pope's  infallibility, 
&c.  and  deserved  the  amiable  character  of  a 
modest,  benevolent  man,  who  preferred 
solitude  and  peace  to  the  war  and  tumults  of 
the  times.  He  died  about  the  year  1632,  at 
Newhall,  between  Denton  and  Knaresbo- 
rough.  His  son  William  translated  Diogenes 
Laertius  into  English 

Fairfax,  Thomas  lord,    eldest  son  of 
Ferdinando  lord  Fairfax,  was  born   at   Den- 
ton,  Yorkshire,  1611.     He   early    devoted 
himself  to  the  profession  of  arms,  and  after 
serving  in    Holland  under  lord  Vere  with 
gr^at  credit,  he  embraced  the  party  of  the 
presbyterians  in  the   civil  wax",  and    fought 
against    the  king.     He  was   engaged  in  the 
ZVorth,  where  he  suffered  some  defeats,espe- 
cially  at    Adderton  moor   1643,   but  he  re- 
trieved his  affairs  and  his  fame  in  the  battle 
of  Marston  moor,  and  for  his  services  was 
intrusted    with   the  chief  commantl   of  the 
army  on  the  resignation  of  lord  Essex.     Me 
conti'ibuted  greatly  to  the  king's   defeat  at 
Xaseby  lG4a,  and  after wai'ds  marched  to  the 
reduction  of  the  West.   In  1648  he  succeed- 
ed to  the  title  on  the  death  of  his  father  wlio 
had  like    himself  been    very  active   in  the 
cause  of  the  parliament,  and  the  same  year 
he  reduced  Colchester,   and,   much    to  his 
disgrace,  oi'dered   the  brave   defenders   sir 
George  Lisle  and  sir  CharlcsLucas,  to  whom 
he  had  proroised  pardon,  to  be  shft   On  the 
king's  trial   it    was  sup pofied  that  he  would 
interfere,  but  during  the  execution    he  was 
kept  ?.t  a  distance  IVnm  (he  di-cadful  scene, 
engaged  with  col  Harricon,by  the  intrigues  of 
Cromwell,  in  the  hypocritical    attitude;    of 
offering  up  prayers  to  (ioil.     After  the  de- 
struction of  royalty  he  favored  the  views  of 
the  usurper,  he  was  made  doctor  of  laws  at 
Oxi'nrd,  and  treated  with  unusual  ccrt>mony 
in   London,  but  when  offered  by  the  parlia- 
ment the  command  of  the  army  against  the 
revolted  presbyterians  r-f  Scotland,  he  per- 
tinaciously refused  it,  aiid  it  was  granted  to 
Cromwell.    He  afterwards  lived  in  retire- 


ment, and  at  the  restoratioo  he  was  recoit- 
ciled  to  the  king,  and  went  to  the  Hague  to 
congratulate  him  on  the  change  of  the  re- 
publican government.  He  wrote  an  inter- 
esting account  of  his  public  life,  and  died 
1671. 

Fairthorne,  William,  an  English  pain- 
ter, who  became  a  soldier  during  the  civil 
wars,  and  being  taken  at  Basing-hou.se  was 
banished  for  refusing  to  swear  allegiance  to 
Cromwell.  He  studied  abroad  under  Cham- 
pagne, and  on  his  return  home  applied  him- 
self chiefly  in  engraving,  in  which  he  also 
excelled.  He  wrote  a  book  "  upon  drawing, 
graving,  and  etching,"  celebrated  by  Flat- 
man  the  poet,  and  died  at  Blackfriars  1691, 
aged  75.  His  son  William  acquired  celebri- 
ty by  mezzotinto  engraving. 

Faistenberger,  Anthony,  a  painter 
of  Inspruck,  who  died  1722,  aged  44.  His 
landscapes,  cascades,  rocks  and  rivers,  were 
all  in  a  masterly  style.  His  younger  brother 
Joseph  was  equally  eminent  in  landscape 
painting. 

Falcaxdus,  Hugo,  a  respectable  and 
accurate  historian  of  Sicily,  who  published 
an  account  of  the  affidrs  of  his  afflicted  coun- 
try for  23  years  under  WilUiara  I.  and  II. 
His  preface  was  written  1126.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

Falcoxberg,  Marj-,  countess  of,  the 
third  daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  se- 
cond wife  of  Thomas  viscount  Falconberg. 
She  possessed  great  beauty,  and  so  much 
spirit  and  activity  that,  as  Rurnet  observes, 
she  was  more  worthy  to  be  protector  thaa 
her  brother.  On  Richard's  deposition  she 
exerted  herself  strenuously  for  the  restora- 
tion of  Charles  II.  with  whom  her  husband 
Avas  in  great  favor.  She  died  I4th  March, 
1712. 

Falcone,  da  Benevento,  secretary  to 
pope  Innocent  II.  was  author  of  a  Chronicle 
or  History  of  Najdcs  from  1102  to  1140. 

Falconer,  William,  a  Scotsman,  who 
came  to  London  in  1762,  where  he  published 
"  the  Shipurcck,"in  three  cantos,  a  very  in- 
genious and  pathetic  poem.  He  wrote  also 
that  useful  compilation  tlie  Marine  Diction- 
ary, 4to.  His  merits  recommended  him  to 
the  patronage  of  the  great,  and  especially  of 
the  late  duke  of  York.  As  be  was  a  sailor  he 
unfortunately  perished  in  the  Aurora  in  1769. 
This  shi[)  was  proceeding  to  the  East  fndie.s 
with  Messrs  Vansittart,  Scrafton,  Ford,  and 
other  gentlemen,  and  after  touching  at  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  was  never  heard  of. 

Falco  net,  Camille,  a  French  physician, 
the  friend  of  ^lalebranche,  born  at  Lyons 
1671.  lie  was  elected  in  1716  into  the  French 
academy,  and  from  his  excellent  collection  of 
n  car  h"  500  000  \olumes,  he  liberally  enriched 
the  royal  library  with  such  books  as  were  de- 
ficient. He  lived  to  the  age  of  91  in  1762, 
and  is  supposed  to  hi've,  like  Fagon,  pro- 
longed life  by  his  medical  skill.  He  wrote  a 
translation  of  Villemont's  Systema  Planeta- 
rum — an  edition  of  the  Past'irals  of  Di!)hnis 
and  (/hloe,  translated  by  Amyot — an  CfSition 
of  Dtspcrier's  Cymbalum  Mundi,  besides 
JJi  3sert.'ation« 


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Falcon  I  A,  Proba,  a  Latm  poMess  in  tlic 
see  of  riieixldsius,  born  at  II<»rl:i  in  Ktruria 
She  wroU-  fiorii  Virgil  a  poetical  canto,  con- 
taining t'lti  History  ol   the  Creation,  and  of 
the  Life  of  our  Saviour 

Falda,  (iiovanni  Jiaptista,  an  Italian  en- 
graver of  the  last  century,  whose  etchings  in 
aqua  fnrtis  are  niut  h  admired.  His  views  of 
iaiaces,  fountains,  bcc.  in  Korne,  are  esteem- 
ed Aery  curious. 

Fai.e  1  I,  .leroniino,  a  poet  of  Savona, 
near  Genoa,  who  publishe<l  in  1557  a  poem 
on  the  Wars  of  Charles  V.  and  other  pcenis. 
He  was  also  distinguished  as  an  orator,  his- 
torian, and  statesman,  and  was  employed  as 
ambassador  to  Venice,  by  Hercules,  duke  of 
Ferrara. 

Falieri,  Ordelafo,  a  doge  of  Venice, 
who  went  with  a  fleet  in  1102  to  assist  Bald- 
win of  Jerusalem  in  the  conquest  of  Syria. 
On  his  return  he  conquered  Dalmatia,  Croa- 
tia, and  other  provinces,  and  afterwards  lost 
his  life  at  the  siege  of  the  revolted  city  of 
Zara  in  Dalmatia,  ll'JO. 

Falieri,  Marino,  a  doge  of  Venice, 
1354,  wTio  conspired  to  make  himself  abso- 
hite  by  the  assassination  of  all  the  senators. 
His  plot  was  discovered,  and  he  lost  his  head 
at  the  age  of  80,  and  more  than  400  of  his 
associates  were  hanged. 

Fa LK,  John  Peter,  a  learned  Swede,  born 
at  Westrogothia,  and  educated  at  Upsal, 
where  he  studied  medicine  and  also  botany 
under  Linnieus.  He  was  made  professor  of 
botany  in  the  Apothecaries'  garden  at  Pe- 
tersburg, and  keeper  of  the  natural  history 
cabinet,  and  he  published  Observations  on 
his  Travels,  3  vols.  4to.  1785,  Petersburg.  In 
a  fit  of  melancholy,  to  which  he  was  often 
subject,  he  unfortunately  destroyed  himself, 
1774,  aged  47. 

Falkenstein,  John  Henry,  a  native  of 
Franconia,  made,  in  1714,  director  of  the 
academy  of  noblemen  at  Eriingen.  II.<»  was 
next  in  the  service  of  the  bishop  of  Eich- 
stadt,  and  afterwards  of  the  margrave  of  An- 
spach.  He  left  the  protestant  for  the  Roman 
catholic  religion,  and  died  1760,  aged  78.  He 
published  the  Antiquities  of  2\ordgan  in  the 
diocese  of  Eichstadt,  3  vols,  folio,  and  other 
■works  on  ecclesiastical  and  antiquai'ian  sub- 
jects. 

Falkland,  lord.  Vid.  Gary. 

Falle,  Philip,  author  of  the  Histoi-y  of 
Jersey,  where  he  was  born  1655.  He  enter- 
ed, at  the  age  of  14,  at  Exeter  college,  O.v- 
ford,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Alban  hall. 
He  was  rector  of  St.  Saviour's  in  the  island, 
and  came  over  as  one  of  the  deputies  of  the 
states  to  William  and  Mary.  He  also  pub- 
lished three  sermons  preached  at  St.  Hilary's, 
1692,  Whitehall,  1694,  and  before  the  lord 
mayor,  1695. 

Fai.lopius,  Gabriel,  a  celebrated  Italian 
physician  ami  anatomist,  born  at  Modena, 
1490.  He  travelled  through  Europe,  and  af- 
terwards practised  with  the  greatest  success 
and  reputation.  Fie  was  professor  of  ana- 
tomy at  Pisa,  1548,  and  three  years  after  at 
Padua,  Avherc  he  died  9th  Oct.  1563,  aged 


72.  He  made  various  discovenes  in  »natomy, 
and  especially  the  tube.i  by  whicli  the  «iva 
d(!scen<l  from  the  female  ovarium  into  the 
uterus,  called  from  him  "  Fallopian  tubes." 
His  works,  which  arc  all  on  subjects  of  me- 
dicine and  anatomy,  were  publislicd  in  .i  vols, 
fol.  Venice,  1584  and  IfiOO. 

Fai.^,  Raymond,  a  medal  engraver,  born 
at  Stockliolm,  16:'>8.  He  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  obtained  a  pension  of  12lX)  livrcs, 
and  dieil  at  Berlin,  170J. 

Falster,  Christian,  a  Danish  critic  of 
FlensLtui-g,  the  time  of  v/hose  deatli  is  not 
accurately  ascerlaincfl.  He  wrote  Sujiplc- 
menluni  Lingu;e  Latinaj,  17ir — Animadver- 
siones  Eiuslolica;  —  Quaistiones  Romanx— 
Cogitationes  Philologicse — Sernio  Panegyri- 
cus,  &c.  Vigilia  prnna  Noctium  Ripeii.sium 
— Amtenitates  Philologicce,  ;3  vols. — the  14th 
satire  of  Juvenal  translated  into  Danish,  1751. 

Fancoukt,  Samuel,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  in  the  west  of  England.  He  settled 
at  Salisbury,  where  for  20  years  he  took 
some  pupils,  and  liafi  the  care  of  a  congre- 
gation; but  his  writings  against  Calvinism, 
exposed  him  to  persecution,  and  driven  from 
his  residence,  he  came  to  London.  About 
the  year  1740,  or  1745,  he  established  the 
first  circulating  libran  in  the  kingdom  ;  but, 
however,  his  plans  did  not  succeed  to  his 
wishes,  and  after  advertising  for  subscribers, 
and  oifering  to  teach  the  classics,  so  as  to 
enable  his  pupils  to  write  and  speak  fluently 
in  12  months  for  12  guineas,  he  sunk  into  po- 
verty and  neglect,  and  from  the  corner  of 
one  of  tlic  streets  of  the  Strand,  where  he 
had  a  shop,  he  retired  to  Hoxton  square, 
where  his  indigence  was  relieved  by  the  cha- 
ritable conti'ibutions  of  his  friends.  He  died 
8lh  June,  1768,  aged  90.  As  a  preacher  it 
is  said  that  he  was  zealous  and  persuasive, 
without  being  popular  or  eloquent.  His  pub- 
lications, whicli  were  numerous,  are  men- 
tioned in  the  Gent.  Magazine,  1784,  p.  274. 

Fannius,  surnamed  Strabo,  a  Roman, 
who  is  known  by  his  law  to  curb  the  extra- 
vagance of  his  counti'ymen.  His  son  was  an 
elegant  orator.  An  historian  of  the  same 
name  in  Trajan's  age,  wrote  an  account  of 
Nero's  reign,  now  lo.st, 

Fanshaw,  sir  Richard,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, 10th  son  of  sir  Henry  Fanshaw,  of 
Ware  park,  Herts,  where  he  Avas  born  1607. 
After  studying  at(Jambndge,  he  travelled  on 
the  continent,  and  in  1635,  was  engaged  in 
the  service  of  Chai'Ics  I.  who  sent  him  as  en- 
voy to  Spain.  In  1644  he  attended  the  king 
at  0\rord,  and  was  made  by  the  university 
doctor  of  laws,  and  afterwards  appointed  se- 
cretary to  Charles  prince  of  "Wales,  whose 
wanderings  he  shared  in  the  west  of  F.ngland, 
and  iu  the  iiLnndsof  Scilly,  and  Jersev.  He 
was  treasurer  of  the  navy  under  Rupert,  in 
1648,  and  was  created  1650,  a  baronet  by 
Ch-'irlcs  H.  and  sent  as  envoy  to  Spain.  He 
was  taken  at  the  battle  of  Worcester,  and 
imprisoned  in  London,  from  whicli  however 
he  was  liberateti  iii  consequence  of  a  severe 
illness,  by  giving  bail.  In  1659,  he  visited  the 
king  at  Breda,  by  whom  he  was  knighted. 


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^nd  at  the  restoration  he  was  made  master 
of  I'cquests,  and  secretary  of  the  Latin  lan- 
guage, lie  afterwards  was  ambassador  in 
i'ortugaljto  negotiate  the  marriage  of  Charles 
nnd  the  infanta  Catharina,  and  on  his  return 
16G3,  he  was  sworn  of  the  privy  council.  He 
ivas  in  1664  sent  as  ambassador  to  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain,  with  whose  successor  he  concluded 
a  treaty  of  peace  in  1665.  He  died  at  Ma- 
drid 16th  June,  1666,  of  a  fever,  as  he  was 
preparing  to  return  home.  His  body  was 
embalmed,  and  brought  over  to  England, 
and  deposited  in  All  Saints'  church,  Hert- 
ford, and  afterwards  removed  to  a  new  vault 
in  Ware  church.  He  had  by  his  wife  Anne, 
daughter  of  sir  Jolin  Harrison,  six  sons,  and 
(eight  daughters,  of  whom  only  one  son,  and 
four  daugliters  survived  liim.  Though  en- 
gaged in  political  affairs,  he  found  time  to 
•write  some  respectable  pieces,  and  among 
them  a  translation  in  rhyme  of  Guarini's 
Pastor  Fido,  104G,  a  translation  of  Fletcher's 
Faitliful  Shepherdess,  into  Latin  verse — 
Odes  of  Horace,  translated  into  English — 
Virgil's  fourth  JEneid — and  Camoens'  Lu- 
siad,  translated  into  English,  besides  some 
poems,  and  original  letters,  published  during 
his  embassies  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  1702. 

Fardella,  Michael  Augelo,  an  erai- 
Rent  professor  of  natural  history  and  astro- 
nomy at  Padua,  was  born  at  Trapani  in  Si- 
cily, and  died  at  Naples  1718,  aged  68.  He 
wrote  several  works,  now  little  known. 

Fare,  Charles  Augustus,  marquis  de  la, 
a  captain  in  the  French  guards,  better  known 
fis  a  writer  and  as  the  author  of  Memoirs 
and  Reflections  on  the  I'eign  of  Lewis  XIV. 
12mo.  and  of  some  little  pieces  of  poetry 
which  possess  genius  and  merit.  He  began 
to  be  a  poet  when  GO  years  old,  and  died 
1712,  aged  68. 

Farel,  William,  an  able  reformer,  born 
at  Gap  in  Dauphine  1489.  He  studied  with 
great  assiduity  at  Paris  the  Hebrew  and 
Greek  tongues,  but  soon  after  he  became  a 
teacher,  the  spirit  of  persecution  against  the 
protestants  drove  him  from  France.  He 
went  to  Strasburg,  and  then  to  Switzer- 
land, and  he  successfully  engaged  with  the 
dukeof  Wirtemberg,  to  introduce  the  refor- 
mation into  Montbeliard,  Aigle,  Morat,  and 
other  places.  He  afterwards  went  to  Gene- 
va, but  his  violence  against  popery  was  re- 
sisted by  the  clergy,  and  he  retired,  though 
in  153i  he  was  recalled.  In  1538  he  was 
again  banished  from  Geneva  with  Calvin,  and 
retired  to  Basil,  and  then  to  Neufchatel. 
Zealous  in  the  cause  of  reformation  he  labor- 
ed assiduously  as  a  preacher,  and  Uiough 
exposed  to  a  thousand  dangers  from  perse- 
ration  and  from  the  jealousy  of  the  papists, 
he  escaped  them  all,  and  after  increasing  his 
proselytes  at  Metz  and  the  neighboring 
places,  he  visited  Calvin  on  his  deatii-bed  at 
Geneva  1564,  and  expired  himself  the  next 
year  on  the  13th  Sept.  at  Neufchatel.  At 
the  age  of  69  he  married,  an  event  in  his  life 
■which  exposed  him  to  the  ridicule  of  his  ene- 
mies. Erasmus  among  others  has  spoken  of 
liim  severely,  but  rather  unjustly,  when  he 


calls  him  a  false,  virulent,  and  seditious  evaii- 
gelist.  Nothing  could,  indeed,  resist  the 
zeal  of  Farel,  though  surrounded  by  drawn 
swords,  though  interrupted  by  the  ringing  of 
bells,  and  by  the  clamors  of  his  enemies,  he 
yet  preached  boldly  and  successfully,  and 
made  as  many  converts  as  any  of  the  refor- 
mers. He  wrote  some  few  things  on  contro- 
versial subjects. 

Faeet,  Nicholas,  one  of  the  first  mem- 
bers of  the  French  academy,  known  more 
for  the  excellent  statutes  which  he  formed 
for  the  new  Institution,  than  the  books  he 
wrote.  He  was  the  friend  of  count  d'Har- 
court  and  Vaugelas  St.  Amand,  and  died 
1646,  aged  46. 

Farin,  Emanuel  de  Sousa,  a  Portuguese 
knight,  who  accompanied  Rodrigo,  as  ambas- 
sador to  Rome.  He  died  at  Madrid  1650, 
aged  00,  reduced  to  poverty,  by  his  negli- 
gence of  his  propex'ty.  He  wrote  poems  in  a 
manly  and  nervous  style,  collected  into  seven 
volumes  after  his  death,  besides  moral  and 
political  discourses,  commentaries  on  the  Lu- 
siad  of  Camoens,  a  history  of  Portugal  to  tiie 
reign  of  Henry  the  cardinal,  and  Portuguese 
Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America.  Though 
a  Portuguese,  he  preferred  the  Castilian  lan- 
guage to  his  own. 

Fartnaccio,  Prosper,  an  Italian  lawyer, 
born  at  Rome,  died  101 8,  aged  64.  His  works 
in  13  vols.  fol.  are  much  esteemed  at  Komc. 
They  are  all  on  law  subjects. 

Farinato,  Paul,  an  Italian  painter,  born 
at  Verona  1522.  His  mother  died  in  giving 
him  birth,  and  he  and  his  wife  both  expired 
at  the  same  moment  in  1606.  One  of  his 
paintings  in  St.  George's  church,  Verona,  is 
as  much  admired  as  that  of  Paul  Veronese, 
which  is  placed  near  it.  He  was  equally 
eminent  as  an  orator,  sculptor,  and  archi- 
tect, and  it  is  said  that  he  was  also  a  good 
swordsman. 

Farinelli.  F/a'.  Broschi. 

Fakin'guon,  Anthony,  an  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Sunning,  Berks,  159C.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  became  fellow  and  tutor,  and  afterwards 
he  was  vicar  of  Bray,  near  Maidenhead, 
1634,  and  divinity  reiider  in  Windsor  chapel. 
In  the  civil  wars,  he  was  ejected  from  his  pa- 
rish, and  reduced  to  great  poverty,  till  in- 
vited by  sir  John  Robinson,  alderman  of 
London,  to  ofliciate  at  St.  Mary  Magdalen, 
Milk-street,  London,  Avhere  he  died  Sept. 
1658.  He  published  in  1657,  a  folio  volume 
of  his  sermons,  dedicated  to  his  patron  Ro- 
binson, and  after  his  death  two  other  folio 
volumes  of  his  MS.  sei'mons,  were  publish- 
ed by  his  friends. 

Farmer,  Hugh,  a  dissenting  minister, 
educated  under  Dr.  Doddridge.  He  settled 
at  Walthamstow,  and  lived  in  the  house  of 
his  friend  Mr.  Snell,  where  he  died  5th  F'eb. 
1787.  He  MTote  a  dissertation  on  Miracles, 
8vo. — a  treatise  on  the  Worship  of  Human 
Spirits  among  the  Heathens,  8vo. — on 
Christ's  Temptation,  8vo. — and  on  the  De- 
moniacs, 8vo. 

Farmer,  Richard,  a  learned  native  of 


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Leicester,  educated  at  Emai»utl  college, 
Cambridge,  wljere  he  became  Icllow  aii<l  tu- 
tor, and  look  Ills  degree  of  M.A.  17CU.  In 
irGG  he  ptiblislied  his  valuable  essay  on  the 
Learning  of  Shakspcarc,  in  which  he  main- 
tains tliat  the  l)ar(l  ublaincd  his  knowleilge 
of  ancient  histury  and  mylholog)  from  trans- 
lations and  not  from  original  classical  au- 
tliors.  He  was  in  17G7  made  one  of  the 
Whitehall  preachers,  and  in  1775  lie  was 
fleeted  niaslor  of  iiis  college,  an«l  then  t.o«ik 
his  degree  of  D.I).  He  obtained  afterwards 
a  prebend,  aiid  the  chancell(usliii>  in  Lich- 
field cathedral,  tlie  jilace  of  librarian  in  Cam- 
hntlge,  and  afterwards  a  prebend  of  Canter- 
bury, which  he  exchanged  for  a  residenlia- 
ryship  of  St.  Paul's.  He  had  collected  ma- 
terials for  the  history  of  his  native  town, 
which  however  he  gave  together  with  the 
])lales  to  his  friend  Mr.  Nichols,  for  his  r<ei- 
cestershire  history.  He  died  L'97,  aged  02, 
and  his  valuable  collection  of  scarce  and  cu- 
rious books  was  sold  by  public  auction,  after 
his  death. 

Farnabv,  Tiiomas,  an  eminent  gram- 
marian, born  in  London  1575.  lie  was  ser- 
vitor of  Merton  college,  Oxford,  and  was 
seduced  by  the  Jesuits,  and  persuaded  to 
leave  his  country  and  religion,  and  retire  to 
Spain.  Tired  of  the  discipline  of  Ids  new 
insti'uctors,  he  at  last  v  ith  difticulty  escaped, 
and  went  a  voyage  with  sir  Prancis  Drake, 
and  sir  John  HaM  kins,  1595.  He  afterwards 
served  as  a  soldier  in  the  Low  Countries, 
and  then  returned  to  Cornwall,  poor  and 
destitute.  He  settled  at  Martock,  Somer- 
setshire, wliere  he  taught  grammar  -with 
great  success,  and  then  came  to  London, 
where  he  met  with  much  encouragement, 
and  had  not  less  than  three  hundred  pupils. 
In  1616,  he  took  his  master's  degree  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  admitted  ad  eundem  at 
O.xford,  and  about  1630,  on  account  of  the 
sickness  prevalent  in  London,  he  removed 
to  Seven  Oaks,  Kent,  where  his  usual  suc- 
cess attended  him,  and  enabled  him  to  pur- 
chase an  estate  there,  and  another  in  Sussex. 
During  the  civil  wars  lie  became  obnoxious 
to  the  pai'liament,  because  he  had  said  it  was 
better  to  have  one  king  than  500.  He  v  as 
therefore  imprisoned  in  Newgate,  and  though 
his  enemies  wislied  to  transport  him  to  Ame- 
rica, he  was  removed  to  Ely  house,  Holborn, 
where  he  continued  till  within  a  year  of  his 
death.  He  died  12lh  June  1647,  and  was 
buried  at  Seven  Oaks.  His  works  were 
Notre  ad  Juvenalis  &  Persii  Satiras,  IG12. 
— Notie  nd  Senecie  Tragoedias  1613, — ad 
INlartialis  Epigr.  1015, — ad  Lucani  Pharsalia, 
1618, — Index  llhetoricus,  8cc.  1G25, — Flori- 
Icginm  Epigrammat.  Graic.  1629, — Notne  ad 
Virgil,  IGoi, — Systema  Grammatic.  1641, 
Jkc.  His  works  display  every  where  great 
erudition,  and  his  notes,  says  P>oyle,  are  of 
great  use,  being  short,  learned,  and  designed 
to  clear  up  the  text. 

Farnese,  Peter  F^ouis,  son  of  pope  Paul 
III.  by  a  secret  marrisge,  before  he  became 
a  cardinal,  was  made  'luke  of  Parma,  and 
Placentia.     His  debaucheries,  and  the  tyran- 

\  OL,  f.  6*5 


ny  of  his  government,  rendered  him  ';o  un- 
popular, that  he  was  assassinated  at  Placeu- 
tia  15  i7,  fno  years  aflei-  his  elevation. 

Fau.nese,  Alexander,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  1520.  He  was  m.ade 
bishop  of  Purma,  by  Clement  \'II.  and  ad- 
vanced to  ih(!  purple  in  1.^34,  by  his  grand- 
father Paul  HI.  I>y  whom  he  was  emj)lr)yed 
as  Hnd)assador  to  Germany,  France,  and  the 
Low  Countries.  His  talents  as  a  negotiator 
were  very  great,  and  he  was  respected  for 
his  learning,  as  well  as  patronage  of  lite-ra- 
ture,  and  of  learned  men.  He  died  at  Kome, 
1589.  Charles  \  .  said  of  him,  when  dean  f^f 
the  sacred  college,  that  if  all  the  members 
resembled  him,  the  college  would  be  the 
most  august  assendjly  in  tlio  world. 

Farnese,  Alexander,  third  duke  of  Par- 
ma, was  nephew  to  the  cardinal.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  siege  of  Lepanto, 
and  at  the  taking  of  Antwerp,  and  succeeded 
in  1578  John  of  Austria,  as  governor  of  the 
Low  Countries.  Hereceive'l  a  mortal  wound 
at  Rouen,  when  it  was  besieged  by  Henry 
IV.  of  Fj-ance,  and  he  died  at  Arras,  1592. 

Farxeworth,  Ellis,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Bonteshall,  Derbyshire,  where  his 
father  was  rector,  and  educated  at  Chester- 
field and  Eton,  and  then  at  Jesus  college, 
Cambridge.  He  was  presented  to  the  rec- 
tory' of  Carsington,  Derbysliire,  1762,  by 
dean  Yorke,  and  died  there  25th  March, 
1763.  He  wrote  the  Life  of  pope  Sixtus  V. 
from  the  Italian  of  Leti,  folio,  1754, — Da- 
vila's  History  of  France,  2  vols.  4to.  1757, — 
Machiavel's  works  translated  1761,  reprinted. 
1775,  4  vols.  Svo. 

FARQ.VHAR,  George,  an  eminent  comic 
poet,  son  of  a  clergyman,  born  at  London- 
derry, 1678.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin 
college,  and  afterwards  engaged  himself  with 
a  company  of  players.  In  this  employment, 
at  the  representation  of  Dryden's  Indian 
Emperor,  he  was  nearly  converting  the  play 
into  a  real  tragedy,  for  forgetting  to  ex- 
change his  sword  for  a  foil,  he,  as  Guyomar, 
wounded  his  antagonist  Vasquez  so  dread- 
feiily  that  from  that  moment,  he  in  terror 
bid  adieu  to  the  stage.  He  came  to  London 
in  169G,  and  at  the  repeated  solicitations  of 
Wilks  the  actor,  he  turned  his  thoughts  to 
the  composition  of  a  theatrical  piece.  His 
opportunities  of  study  and  meditation  were 
impro\ed  by  the  kindness  of  lord  Orrery, 
who  gave  him  a  lieutenant's  commission  in 
his  regiment.  In  lo98  his  first  comedy  ap- 
peared, called  "  Love  in  a  Bottle,"  and  wa-. 
well  received.  In  1700,  "the  Constant 
Couple,  or  Trip  to  the  Jid)ilce,"  was  acted, 
and  gave  Wilks  the  opportunity  of  display- 
ing sir  Harry  Wihiair  with  all  the  g.tyety, 
animation,  and  vivacity  of  the  character. 
Th«  same  year  Farquhar  was  in  Holland, 
and  he  has  given  a  facetious  and  interestincj 
account  of  the  place  and  people  in  two  let- 
ters. In  1701,  appeared  ♦♦  sir  Harry  Wild- 
air,  or  the  sequel  of  the  Trip  to  the  Jubilee," 
which  was  received  with  uncommon  appro- 
bation. He  published  in  1702,  miscellanies, 
or  collections  of  poems,  letters  and  essay??, 


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and  the  next  year  came  out  his  "  Inconstant, 
or  the  Way  to  Win  him."  In  1704  appear- 
ed his  "Stage  Coach,"  the  next  year  "the 
Twin  Rivals,"  and  in  1708  "  the  Recruiting 
Officer"  dedicated  to  "  all  friends  round  the 
Wrekin"  a  hill  near  Shrewsbury,  where  he 
had  observed  on  a  recruiting  party,  the 
manner  in  v.hicjj  clowns  are  inveigled  into 
the  army,  and  the  milk  maids  are  robbed  of 
their  virtue  and  liappiness  by  the  arts  of  mili- 
tary men.  His  last  comedy  was  the  Beaux's 
Stratagem,  the  great  success  of  which  he 
did  not  live  to  see,  as  the  unkindness  of  a 
courtier,  who  had  promised,  and  forgot,  to 
patronise  him,  and  the  pressure  of  his  debts 
broke  his  lieart.  He  died  April,  1707,  be- 
fore he  had  reached  his  thirtieth  year.  He 
had  married  in  1703,  a  lady  who  had  fallen 
in  love  with  him,  and  who  to  gain  the  afi'ec- 
tions  of  a  needy  and  dissipated  suitor,  had 
falsely  represented  herself  as  a  woman  of 
great  opulence.  He  married,  but  though 
bitterly  disappointed,  he  never  upbraided  his 
wife  with  the  artifice,  but  became  a  tender  j 
and  indulgent  husband.  He  left  two  daugh-  ' 
ters  whom  in  liis  papers  he  had  recom- 
mended to  the  friendship  and  patronage  of 
Wilks.  Wilks  became  a  fatiier  to  them,  he 
procured  a  benefit  for  each  of  them,  and 
continued  hrs  parental  fondness,  even  after 
they  were  settled  in  business.  For  the  suc- 
cess of  his  comedies,  Farquhar  is  indebted 
to  the  natural  delineation  of  his  characters, 
the  interesting  tendency  of  his  plots,  and  the 
flowing  gi'aces  and  sprighlliness  of  his  Avit, 
The  same  popularity  attends  them  now  as 
upon  their  original  production,  though  it  is 
to  be  lamented  that  a  licentiousness  and 
spirit  of  indelicacy  much  to  be  censured  are 
observed  throughout,  to  be  attributed  not  so 
much  to  depravity  of  heart  in  the  author, 
as  to  the  impure  taste  of  the  age  in  which  he 
wrote. 

Fastolft,  sir  John,  a  valiant  general, 
of  an  ancient  family,  born  at  Yarmouth  in 
Norfolk,  about  1377.  He  attended  the  duke 
of  Clarence,  as  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  about 
1405  and  l40G,  and  in  140S  he  married  a 
rich  widow  of  that  kingdom,  and  soon  after 
■went  ov«rto  France,  where,  under  the  Eng- 
lish regenc)',  he  was  promoted  to  places  of 
trust  and  honor.  He  returned  home  1440, 
covered  with  laurels  bravely  won  in  the  field, 
and  in  his  private  conduct  now  he  exhibited 
the  hospitable,  generous,  and  benevolent 
man.  He  bestowed  large  legacies  on  Cam- 
bridge to  build  the  schools  of  philosophy  and 
civil  law,  and  was  a  most  liberal  benefactor 
to  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  founded  by  his 
friend  VVainfleet.  He  died  1459,  aged  up- 
wards of  SO,  according  to  what  Caxton  his 
contemporary  has  mentioned.  Shakspeare 
has  been  severely  censured  for  abusing  this 
great  and  good  man  under  the  chaiacter  of 
sir  John  Falstaff.  The  age  and  the  name  of 
these  two  knights  are  so  different,  that  the 
apparent  coincidence  must  be  purely  acci- 
dental. FastolflT,  as  is  well  observed,  was  a 
young  and  grave,  discreet  and  valiant,  chaste 
and  sober  commander  abroad,  and  eminent 


for  every  virtue  at  home ;  but  the  FalstafFof 
the  poet  is  an  old,  humorous,  vaporing,  cow- 
ardly, lewd,  lying,  drunken,  debauchee.  It 
is  besides  to  be  recollected  that  Shakspeare's 
FalstafT  was  first  acted  under  the  name  of  sir 
John  Oldcastle,  though  modern  critics  dis- 
pute it. 

Favart,  Chai-les  Simon,  a  Parisian, 
known  for  his  operas,  which  are  numerous, 
and  deservedly  admired.  He  died  at  Paris 
171)3,  aged  83. 

Favart,  Marie  Justine  Benoite,  a  fa- 
mous French  actress,  wife  of  the  preceding, 
borii  at  Avignon,  1727.  Her  maiden  name 
was  du  Roncerai.  She  Mas  never  surpassed 
in  the  sensibility,  ease,  and  liveliness  of  her 
comic  characters.     She  died  at  Paris,  1772. 

Fauchet,  Claude,  a  French  antiquarian, 
historiographer  to  Henry  IV.  He  died  1601, 
aged  72,  overwhelmed  in  debts.  The  monu- 
ments of  his  extensive  reading  and  deep  re- 
searches are  found  in  his  Gaulish  and  French 
Antiquities, — a  treatise  oh  the  Liberties  of 
the  Gallican  Church, — on  the  Origin  of 
Knights,  Armorial  Bearings,  and  Heralds, 
— Origin  of  Dignities  and  Magistracies  fn 
France.  These  works  printed  together  in 
4to.  IGIO,  are  curious,  but  so  inelegant  that, 
it  is  said,  the  perusal  of  them  gave  Lewis 
XIII.  a  distaste  for  reading. 

Fauchet,  Claude,  a  native  of  Dome  in 
the  Niveraois,  who  became  vicar-general  to 
the  archbishop  of  Bruges,  and  preacher  to 
Lewis  XVI.  The  theatrical  manner,  and 
ridiculous  affectation  of  his  delivery,  how- 
ever, ofiended  the  devotion  of  the  monarch, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  disgrace,  Fauchet, 
at  the  revolution,  was  most  hostile  to  the 
government.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active 
in  the  destruction  of  the  Bastille,  and  preach- 
ed a  thanksgiving  sermon  on  the  event,  and 
in  his  enthusiastic  condtict  showed  himself 
so  forgetful  of  his  character  and  px'ofession, 
that  he  called  Jesus  Christ  the  first  sanscu- 
lotte of  Judsea.  These  extravagancies  ren- 
dered him  popular  with  the  mob ;  he  was 
deputy  from  Calvados  in  the  national  as- 
sembly and  in  the  convention,  and  became 
the  constitutional  bishop  of  Bayeaux.  He 
was  at  last  accused  as  a  disaffected  person 
before  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  and  guillo- 
tined 1793,  in  his  49th  year.  He  wrote  a 
panegyric  on  St.  Lewis,  before  the  French 
academy, — a  funeral  Oration  for  the  duke  of 
Orleans, — Discourse  on  Universal  Manners, 
— Eloge  on  Benjamin  Franklin,  &c. 

Faucheur,  Michael  le,  a  French  pro- 
testant  divine,  admired  as  a  preacher  at 
Montpellier,  Charenton,  and  Paris.  After 
hearing  him  discourse  on  duelling,  marshal 
de  la  Force  said,  "  if  a  challenge  was  sent 
to  me,  I  would  refuse  it."  He  died  univer- 
sally regretted  at  Paris,  16G7.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  on  Oratorical  Action, — sermons  in 
8vo. — Christian  Pi'ayers  and  Meditations, — 
a  treatise  on  the  Eucharist,  against  cardinal 
Perron,  Geneva,  folio. 

Faulkner,  George,  a  iirinter  of  emi- 
nence, the  first  who  raised  his  profession  in 
Ireland  to  credit  and  respectability.  He  wa? 


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ike  frieiUl  of  (lean  Swil'l,  and  of  lord  CLcs- 
terrielcl,  whose  letters  to  liiin  under  I  lie 
name  of  Alticus,  art-  nmcli  admired.  lie 
had  tiie  misforUiiu;  to  biv;ilv  liis  leg,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  Foole,  with  more  humor 
than  good  breeding,  inli'oduced  him  in  his 
Orators,  I7i>'2,  in  the  character  of  i'ttei- 
Paragraph.  The  insult  was  felt,  and  Faulk- 
ner commenced  an  action  against  tlie  mimic, 
which,  hoAvever  was  (Iropped  hy  tiic  inter- 
ference of  lord  Townshend.  He  raised  him- 
self to  opulence  hy  the  success  of  his  ".lour- 
ival,"  and  was  universally  respected  for  his 
fair  and  upright  conduct  in  his  profession. 
He  died  Alderman  of  Dublin,  iJStJi  August 
1775. 

Fa  vo  LI  us,  Hugo,  a  Dutch  physician  and 
J)Oet,  author  of  Flodoeporican  liyzanti- 
um,  in  three  books,  publislied  at  Louvain, 
156.3.     He  died  1585. 

Favouinus,  a  Platonic  pliilosophcr  in 
the  age  of  Adrian.  He  was  born  lit  Aries  in 
Gaul,  and  taught  at  Rome. 

Favouinus,  ^'arinus,  originally  Guarini 
of  Favera,  near  Canicrino  in  Italy,  the  place 
of  his  birth,  was  a  discii)le  of  Politian,  and 
became  a  Benedictine  monk.  In  1512  he 
was  keeper  of  the  Mendicean  library  of  Flo- 
rence, and  in  1514  was  made  bishop  of  No- 
cera,  and  died  1537,  He  publislied  in  1523 
his  Greek  Lexicon  at  Rome,  one  of  the  first 
of  modern  Lexicons,  compiled  from  Suidas, 
the  Etymologicum  Magnum,  Hesychi us,  occ. 
the  best  edition  of  which  is  that  of  Rartoli, 
fol.  Venice  1712.  He  wrote  besides,  Cornu 
copiie  et  Horti  Adonidis,aud  Stobaius'Apoph- 
thegmata,  translated. 

Faur,  Guy  de,  lord  of  Pibrac,  a  native  of 
Toulouse,  eminent  as  an  advocate,  and  sent 
by  Charles  IX.  as  ambassador  to  the  council 
of  Trent,  where  he  maiifully  defended  tiic 
liberties  of  the  Gallican  church.  In  15G5  he 
was  made  advocate  general  in  the  parliament 
of  Paris,  ami  in  1570,  counsellor  of  state.  In 
1572  he  vindicated  tlie  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, no  doubt  compelled  by  his  supe- 
riors, as  his  own  chai'acler  was  mild,  hu- 
mane, and  far  from  vindictive.  He  made 
peace  between  the  court  and  the  protestants 
under  Henry  III.  whom  he  had  accompanied 
to  Poland,  \\hen  he  was  elected  king  there. 
He  possessed  great  influence  with  his  mas- 
ter, and  was  created  one  of  the  chief  presi- 
dents of  the  court  of  law.  He  died  1584, 
aged  50.  He  published  some  speeches,  but 
he  is  best  known  by  his  "  Quatrains,"  or 
Moral  Stanzas  of  four  lines,  so  much  admi- 
red at  that  time,  thai  they  were  translated 
into  all  languages,  aud  into  English  by  Syl- 
vester. 

Favre,  Anthony,  Faber  in  Latin,  a  pro- 
found lawyer,  born  1557  at  Bresse.  He  was 
governor  of  Savoy,  and  was  engaged  in  seve- 
ral negotiations  between  that  dukedom  and 
France.  He  died  1G24.  He  wrote  10  vols. 
fol.  on  jurisprudence  and  civil  law,  besides 
quatrains  preserved  among  those  of  Faur, 
lord  of  Pibrac. 

F'avke.  (3laude,  77(/.  Vaugei.as 

Faust.  Vid.  Fust. 


F'austa,  Flavia  Mr.ximiana,  second  wife 
«»f  the  great  Constantine,  caused  by  false 
accusation  the  death  of  (Jri.spus  her  son-in- 
law.  She  was  sulfocated  in  a  bath  for  her 
incontinence  327. 

Fausmna,  Anna  GaKiia,  daughter  of 
Ann.  Verus,  and  wife  ol  Antoninus  Pius, 
disgraced  herself  by  her  debaucheries,  and 
died  141.  Her  daughter  was  equally  licen- 
tious. 

Faust  us,  an  English  monk  of  the  5th 
century.  He  was  abbot  of  the  monastery  of 
the  Leriu  L.lands  433,  and  in  4G6  made 
i)ishoi)  of  Riez  in  Provence.  He  wrote  a 
homily  on  Ma.ximus,  his  jiredecessor  in  the 
bishopric.  He  was  banished  from  his  see  in 
481,  and  died  soon  after. 

Fawce TT,  sir  William,  an  Ijuglish  gene- 
ral, born  at  Shipden  hall  near  Halifax,  York- 
shire. He  received  his  education  at  a  gram- 
mar school  in  Lancasliire,  and  early  embra- 
ced the  military  profession,  and  seryed  in 
Germany  during  the  seven  years'  war  under 
Eliot  and  Granby.  His  abilities  were  ap- 
plauded by  the  king  of  Prussia,  who  made 
him  liberal  offers  to  accept  a  command  in 
his  army,  but  he  preferred  the  service  of 
his  native  country,  and  a\  as  gradually  promo- 
ted to  the  rankof  a  general,  and  made  knight 
of  the  bath,  colonel  of  the  third  regiment  of 
dragoon  guards,  arid  governor  of  Chelsea 
hospital.  He  died  18t»4,  and  was  buried 
with  great  military  pomp  in  Chelsea  college 
chapel.  He  translated  from  the  French 
count  Saxe's  reveries,  or  IMeinoii's  on  the 
Art  of  War,  4to,  1757 — Regulations  for  the 
Prussian  Cavalry,  from  t!ie  Gei-man,  1757 — 
Regulations  for  the  Prussian  Infantry,  and 
the  Prussian  Tactics,  1759. 

F'awkes,  Francis,  an  ingenious  poet,  born 
in  Yorkshii'e  1721,  and  educated  at  Leeds 
school,  and  afterwards  at  Jesus  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in 
arts.  Upon  taking  orders  he  settled  at  Brom- 
hari),  Yorkshire,  and  then  removed  to  Croy- 
don, Surrey,  where  Herring  the  primate 
noticed  him,  and  gave  him  in  1755  the  vicar- 
age of  Orpington,  with  St.  Mary  Clay,  Kent, 
which  he  exchanged  in  1774  for  the  rectory 
of  Hayes.  He  died  26ih  Aug.  1777.  He 
published  an  ode  inscribed  to  his  patron 
Herring,  and  lamented  his  death  in  1757  in  a 
])atlietic  elegy.  His  poems  appeared  by 
subscription  1701,  in  8vo.  but  his  chief  merit 
was  translation,  as  is  evinced  by  his  spirited 
versions  of  Anacreon,  Sapplio,  Bion,  Mos- 
chus,  and  ^Musjeus,  17G0,  12mo. — and  the 
Idyllia  of  Theocritus  1767,  8vo.  His  Apoi- 
loiiiusRhodius  appeared  1780.  A  Bible  with 
notes  was  published  in  hi.<  name. 

F'avdit,  Anselm,  a  Provencal  poet,  or 
troubadour  of  celciirily,  noticed  by  the  prin- 
ces of  his  time,  tor  his  wit  and  the  elegance 
of  Ills  masuiers.  He  was  relieved  from  indi- 
gence by  the  liberality  of  Richard  Cceur  de 
Lion  wlio  admired  his  poetj-y,  aiul  he  died  at 
Aix  1220.  He  wrote  a  p'oem  on  tiie  death  of 
his  benefactor  Richard,  the  Palace  of  Love, 
imitated  aftei'wards  by  Petrarch,  besides 
cumedic?,  one  of  «hleh  *•  Ilcrcgiadels  Pres 


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tci,*'  reflected  sevei'cly  on  the  corruption  of 
the  church. 

Fay DiT,  Peter,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
who  was  horn  at  Rioin  iu  Auvergne,  and 
died  there  1709,  aged  60.  He  is  known  for  his 
satirical  attacks  on  great  cliaractcrs,  especi- 
ally Bossuet  and  Fenelon  for  his  Teleima- 
ch'us,  and  his  illusiratious  of  Ecclesiastical 
Histoi'y,  8vo. — his  treatise  on  the  Trinity, 
*cc. 

Fayette,  Louisa de  la,  a  French  lady  of 
great  celehrity.  She  was  maid  of  honor  to 
Anne  of  Austria,  and  eiijoye/1  the  confidence 
of  Lewis  XIII.  without  sullying  her  good 
name  or  her  virtue.  So  great  was  her  iiiflu- 
ence  upon  this  monarch  that  she  reconciled 
liim  to  his  queen,  and  when  she  had  thus 
served  tlie  man  Avhom  she  I'espected,  she 
retired  uncontaminated  to  a  convent,  and 
took  the  veil.  Lewis  visitctl  her  in  her 
retreat,  hut  she  resisted  every  invitation  to 
the  court.  She  died  in  her  convent,  univer- 
sally heloved,  and  deservedly  admired  for 
that  uncommon  display  of  virtue  and  self- 
command  Avhich,  in  a  young  and  heautiful 
•woman,  could  resist  the  most  liattering  offers 
f)f  distinction  and  of  rank,  and  sacrifice  the 
world,  and  her  innocent  attachment  to  a 
king,  to  the  meek  spirit  of  devotion. 

Fayette,  Marie  Madeleine,  countess  of, 
daugliter  of  Aymer  de  la  Vergne,  governor 
of  Havre  de  Grace,  and  wife  of  count  de  la 
Fayette,  is  celebrated  for  her  kno^  ledpc  of 
literature  and  of  the  fine  arts,  and  her  inti- 
macy with  KouchefoucauIt,Huetius,  Menage, 
Segrais,  and  other  learned  men.  She  died 
1603.  Though  abused  for  levitj-  of  conduct 
by  the  author  of  the  memoirs  of  Madam  de 
Maintenon,  she  is  represented  hy  Madam 
de  Sevigne  as  a  woman  of  respectable  and 
exemplary  character.  She  wrote  Zaide — 
La  Princesse  de  Cleves — La  Priiicesse  de 
IMonlpensier,  romances — Memoires  de  la 
Cour  de  France  1688  and  1689 — Histoire 
d'Henriette  d'Angietere — divers  portraits, 
&c.  These  Avorks  are  still  esteemed.  She 
is  the  first,  says  Voltaire,  who  e.xhibited  in 
her  romances  the  manners  of  people  of 
fashion  in  a  graceful,  easy,  and  natural  way. 

Featley,  Daniel,  or  Fairclough,  an 
English  divine,  horn  at  Charlton,  O.xford- 
shire,  March  15S2.  He  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  college  school  and  Corpus  Christi, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow  1602. 
He  distinguished  himself  so  much  hy  his 
extensive  knowledge  of  scliool  divinity,  and 
by  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher,  that  he  was 
sent  as  chaplain  to  sir  Thomas  Edmund's 
embassy  to  France,  where  he  continued 
three  years.  He  became,  in  1613,  rector  of 
Northill,  Cornwall,  and  chaplain  to  Abbot 
the  primate,  who  made  him  rector  of  Lam- 
beth. In  1617  he  took  his  degree  of  D.  1). 
and  afterwards  received  from  his  patron,  the 
primate,  the  rectory  of  All-Hallows,  Bread 
street,  London,  which  he  exchanged  for 
Acton,  and  he  was  the  last  provost  of  Chel- 
sea college.  He  suffered  much  in  his  pro- 
perty by  the  civil  wars,  and  hardly  escaped 
with  his  life,  as  he  was  seized  and  ixtjpris'jucd 


Abel,  with  notes,  &c.  8vo 
lieligion   of  the   modern   Greeks 


in  1643,  for  opposing  the  covenant.  He  gre\r 
so  weak  and  dropsical  from  the  confinement 
that  he  was  permitted  to  )-emove  to  Chelsea 
college,  where  he  died  April  1645.  He  was 
a  very  able  disputant,  and  a  most  smart 
scourge,  says  Wood,  of  the  church  of  Rome. 
He  ])ublished  nearly  40  works,  all  of  the 
polemical  kind,  besides  "  Cygnea  Cantio,'* 
1629,  and  the  scholastic  duel  between  him 
and  king  James. 

Fecht,  or  Fechtius,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine  of  Brisgaw,  who  settled  at  Dourlach, 
and  afterwards  at  Rostock.  He  died  1716, 
aged  SO.     He  wrote  a  History  of  Cain  and 

a  treatise  on  the 
another 
against  the  Superstitions  of  the  Mass,  8cc. 

Feck  EN  H  A. M,  John  de,  so  called  as  being 
born  of  poor  parents  near  that  forest  in 
Worcestei'shire.  His  right  name  was  How- 
man.  His  promising  abilities  were  observed 
and  improved  by  the  priest  of  his  parish,  and 
he  Avas  educated  carefully  in  the  monastery 
of  Evesham,  and  afterwards  at  Glocester 
hall,  Oxford,  where,  in  1539,  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.  D.  He  was  afterwards  chaplaia 
to  bisliops  Bell  and  Bonner,  and  in  1549  he 
was  committed  to  the  tower  for  refusing,  it 
is  said,  to  administer  the  sacraments  after 
the  manner  of  the  protestants.  On  Mary's 
accession  he  was  released,  and  raisetl  to  dis- 
tinction in  the  church.  In  1554  he  disputed 
at  Oxford  M'ith  Cranmer,  Ridley,  and  Lati- 
mer, before  they  suffered  martj^rdom;  but 
though  favored  by  the  papists,  he  exercised 
every  office  of  benevolence  and  kindness 
towards  the  suffering  protestants.  In  155G 
he  was  made  D.  D.  by  the  university  of 
Oxford,  in  compUment  to  his  great  learning, 
and  his  many  t)rivate  virtues,  an'l  the  same 
year  he  was  appointed  abbot  of  Westminster. 
On  Mary's  death,  Elizabeth,  before  her 
coronation,  sent  for  him,  and  as  he  had  in- 
terested himself  warmly  in  her  favor  during 
the  last  reign,  she  acknowledged  his  services, 
and  offered  him  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bury if  he  would  conform,  which  he  abso- 
lutely refused.  In  the  queen's  first  parlia- 
ment he  was  the  last  abbot  that  sat  there, 
and  he  then  spoke  so  boldly  against  the  refor- 
mation, that  he  Avas  sent  to  the  lower  in 
15G0.  He  continued  in  custody,  either  in 
the  house  of  some  bishop,  or  in  a  public 
prison,  the  rest  of  his  life;  but  though  he 
acknowledged  the  queen's  supremacy,  he 
never  Avould  conform  to  the  reformation. 
He  died  a  prisoner  in  Wisbech  castle,  in  the 
isle  of  Ely,  1585.  Though  a  violent  papist, 
he  was  a  most  humane  and  charitable  man, 
whose  mildness,  piet}"^,  and  goodness  of  heart, 
have  been  warmly  commended  by  Camden, 
Fuller,  Burnet,  Dart,  and  Reyner.  His 
Avorks  Avere  chiefly  sermons  and  controver- 
sial tracts,  now  little  regarded. 

Feijoo,  Benedict  Jerom,  a  Spanish  Ben- 
edictme,  who  attempted  by  his  writings  and 
example,  to  correct  and  reform  the  vitiated 
notions  of  his  countrymen.  His  Teatro 
Critico,  in  14  vols.  4to.  is  a  Avork  of  great 
merit,  which,  with  great  freedom  and  spirit, 


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censures  ihc  ip;iicrance  atul  licentiousness  of 
tlic  clergy,  :in<l  exposes  llie  fiililily  of  pilfjri- 
lunges,  |)releii(le«i  mirncles,  and  superstiti- 
ons exorcisms.  'I'liis  nnnsnnl  IjoMmcss  ;ifj;iinsl 
the  pi-ejn«lices  ol'  the  times  proved  very 
oHensive  to  tlie  chnrcli,  and  the  Author  was, 
with  dilflcnlty,  saved  from  the  horrors  of  the! 
inquisition,     lie  died  1705. 

Feithi'S,  Kverard,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Kll)urj::h,  in  (;uel(leL«land.  After 
devolinj;  himself  with  };reat  assiduit}  to  liter- 
»tnre  at  IKinc,  he  returned  home  ;  hut  the 
invasion  of  the  Spaniards  under  Spinola  so  ter- 
rified him,  that  he  I'elired  to  France,  vvhere 
lie  taught  (ireek,  suid  was  honored  with  tiie 
fritndship  oJ  Casauhon,  Thuatms,  l)u  Tuy, 
and  othei-  learned  men.  As  lie  walked  one 
day  at  Kochelle,  attended  by  a  servant,  he 
wasin\ite(l  into  a  house  hy  one  of  tlie  citi- 
zens, and  Ironi  that  moment,  it  never  could 
be  known  what  became  of  him,  though  the 
mysterious  occurrence  was  Ciiligently  inqui- 
red into  by  the  maijistrates  of  the  place.  He 
■was  then  yount;;,  hut  had  given  great  speci- 
jncns  of  superior  learning.  Of  !iis  -MS.  works 
were  published  Antiquitatum  Ilomcricarum 
l.ibri  Quatuor,  12mo.  Leyden,  107' — De 
Atheniensium  llepublica — De  Anticjuit.  At- 
ticis,  8cc.  ve)-y  learned  aial  interesting. 

Feuibien,  Andre  v.',  counsellor  and  liis- 
toriographer  to  the  Fi-ench  king,  was  born 
at  ciiartres  lG19.  He  inijiroved  himself  at 
Paris,  and  also  at  Uome,  where  he  attended 
as  secretary  de  Fontenay-Mareuil,  ambassa- 
dor to  that  court  from  France.  On  his  re- 
turn he  was  patronised  by  Fouquct  and 
Colbert,  and  placed  by  the  king  in  offices  of 
rcs[>ectabiiity  and  importance.  He  was  one 
of  the  iirst  members  of  the  academy  of  in- 
sci-iptions  and  medals,  and  died  June  llth 
iGD.i,  aged  70,  leaving  five  children.  His 
principal  works  are  Entretiens  sur  les  Vies 
&  les  Ouvrages  des  plus  liXcellcns  Peintres, 
Anciens  &  Modernes,  5  vols.  4to — Les  I'rin- 
cipes  de  I'Architecture,  de  la  Sculpture,  k 
de  la  Peinture,  avec  un  Dictionnairc  des 
Termes  Propres,  de  ces  Ars,  de  I'Origine 
de  la  Peinture,  kc. — Descriptions  of  several 
Entertainments  given  by  the  King,  kc. — 
the  Conferences  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Painting,  kc. — the  Description  of  the  Abbey 
de  la  Trappe,  kc.  His  Dialogues  on  the 
Lives  of  the  Painters  is  the  work  most  admi- 
red. It  is  elegant  and  profVumd.  In  his 
private  character  Ftlibicn  was  very  amiable, 
a  good  man,  not  ambitious,  but  possessed  of 
every  christian  virtue  He  first  gave  the 
name  of  Circat  to  Lewis  XIV.  in  the  inscrip- 
tions of  the  Hotel  de  "N'ille. 

Felibien,  John  Francis,  succeeded  his 
father  in  all  liis  appointments,  and  inherited 
all  his  taste  and  knowledge  of  tlie  fine  arts. 
He  wrote  an  Historical  Collection  of  the 
Lives  and  Morks  of  the  most  celebrated  Ar- 
chitecis,  4to.  ltj.S7 — Description  of  \'ersallies 
ancient  and  modern,  I'imo — Description  of 
the  Church  of  Invalids,  fob  17UG  and  1756. 
He  died  1733. 

Felibiex,  James,  brother  of  Andrew, 
was  archdeacon  ul'  Churtres,  and  died  '25ih 


Nov.  1710.     (le  wrote  Des  Instructions  Mo- 
i-ales — and  Fentateuchus  Ilistoricus. 

Feli  bi  E.N',  A'ichael,  son  of  Andre.v,  waa 
of  the  congregation  of  St.  .Maiir,  and  was  en- 
gaged to  write  the  History  ol  Faris,  nhitli  he 
diil  not  live  to  complete.  It  was  finished  by 
Lobiricau,  5  vols.  till.  1725.  He  died  lOtli 
Sept.  17iy,  age<l  5.^.  H.-  had  published,  iu 
I7(jij,  the  History  of  llie  Abbey  of  St.  Deny3, 
in  f  ilio. 

Felix,  was  the  go\ernor  <jl  Judca  befoi'c 
whom  Faul  preached  with  such  elfect  a.s  to 
ciuse  him  t(j  tremble.  He  was  recalled  by 
Xero  li)i'  Iks  oppression. 

Felix,  bishop  of  CrgellH  in  Spain,  siip- 
])0sed  with  his  friend  Elipaiul,  aicbbibhrtp  of 
'I'oledo,  tliat  Christ  was  son  ot  Cud  onlv  by 
adoption,  an  opinion  which  drew  ufion  liim 
the  ivscnlmcnt  f)f  (Jliarlemagne,  and  his  de- 
position from  his  see.  He  died  an  e.\ile  ;it 
Lyons,  815. 

Felix  I.  pope  after  Dionyshis,  '209,  w.'is 
put  to  death  274,  atid  canonized.  His  epis- 
tle against  Sabellius  and  Paulus  Samosatenus 
is  preseived. 

Felix  II.  was,  in  355,  elevated  to  the  pa- 
pal chair  by  Constans,  during  the  exile  of 
Laberius.  On  the  return  of  liis  rival,  Felix, 
supported  by  the  authority  of  Constans, 
v.ished  to  retain  his  office  conjunctly  with 
him,  but  the  Romans  exclaimed,  "  one  Cod, 
one  Christ,  one  pope,"  and  he  retired  to  ex- 
ile, and  died  365. 

Felix  HI.  successor  of  Simplicius,  quar- 
relled with  the  emperor  Zeno,  in  defence  of 
the  privileges  of  the  Western  church,  and 
died  49-2. 

Felix  IV.  a  native  of  Bcneventum,  was 
raised  to  the  papal  chair  after  John  1.  526, 
and  died  four  years  after.  He  was  a  prelate 
of  great  piety  and  cxemijlary  goodness.  He 
was  the  first  who  introduced  e.\lreiue  imctiou 
in  the  church. 

Fell,  Dr.  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
at  Longworth,  Berks,  '23d  June,  1023.  He 
was  educated  at  Thame  school,  and  at  the 
age  of  11  was  .admitted  at  Christ-church,  Ox- 
ford, where  his  father  was  dean.  During  the 
civil  war,  he  bore  arms  for  the  king,  and  for 
his  loyalty  be  was  exi>eiled  from  the  college, 
and  lived  in  retirement  till  the  restoration, 
when  he  was  made  prebentlary  of  Chiches- 
ter, ar.d  canon  and  dean  of  Christ-i  hurcli. 
He  was  very  liberal  to  his  college,  and  built 
the  tower  over  tlie  principal  gate,  into  wliich 
in  1083  he  causeil  to  be  removed  the  boll 
called  great  Tom,  said  to  have  been  origi- 
nally brought  from  Obei\e}  abbey.  In  lo66, 
and  the  three  ft)llowing  years,  he  served  the 
office  of  vice-chancellor,  and  by  his  indetii- 
ligable  attention  he  contribi'.ted  much  to  re- 
store the  good  order  and  :incient  disci|»line  of 
the  university.  In  1G75-0  he  was  made  bi- 
slinp  of  Oxford,  without  glvir.gup  his  deanery, 
and  now,  besides  charitable  ctnitributiou-s,  lit; 
applied  a  large  ])art  of  his  income  to  the  re- 
buiiding  of  Cuddesden  ]ialace.  He  dictl  IdUi 
July,  l(")So,  and  was  buried  in  Christ-chuicli 
cathedral,  wliere  an  inscription  by  Ablrich, 
his  successor,  marks  Lis  jrrave.    Ke  wrote 


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the  Life  of  Dr.  Hammond,  1060. — Historia 
k  Antiquitates  Uiiiversitatis  Oxon,  2  vols, 
folio,  translated  from  Wood's — Alcinoi  in 
Platonicam  Pljilosopliiam  Introductio  —  In 
Laudem  Musiccs  Carmen  Sapphicum — St. 
Clement's  two  Epistles  to  the  Corinthians, 
Greek  and  Latin — Aliestree's  Life  —  ser- 
mons— an  edition  of  Cyprian's  works,  and 
other  classics.  The  bishop's  father,  Dr.  Sa- 
muel Fell,  was  born  in  St.  Clement  Danes' 
parish,  London,  L^04,  and  was  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Clirist-church.  He  was 
successively  minister  of  Freshwater,  isle  of 
"Wight,  chaplain  to  James  L  prehendaiy  of 
Worcester,  dean  of  Lichfield,  and  in  1638 
dean  of  Chrisi-clRirch.  He  died  1st  Feb. 
lfi48-9,  of  a  broken  heart,  in  consequence  of 
the  murder  of  his  royal  master.  He  wrote 
Primitive,  seu  Oralio,  &c.  1026,  and  Concio 
Latina  ad  Baccalaureos,  &c.  1G27. 

Fell,  John,  a  dissenting  minister,  horn 
at  Cockermouth,  1732.  He  was  originall}*  a 
tailor ;  but  after  living  in  that  employment 
in  London,  he  acquired  some  knowledge  of 
the  classics,  and  became  pastor  of  a  congre- 
gation at  Beecles,  Suffoik,  and  afterwards 
Tliaxsted,  Essex.  He  was  afterwards  tutor 
at  an  academy  at  Homerton,  from  which  he 
was  dismissed,  says  his  biographer,  for  read- 
ing a  newspaper  on  a  Sunday.  A  subscrip- 
tion of  100  guineas  vas  made  that  he  should 
preach  sermons  on  the  evidences  of  Christi- 
anity. Four  only  of  these  discourses  were, 
delivered  at  the  Scots'  church,  London  Wall, 
"when  the  pi*eacher  fell  a  victim  to  a  dropsy, 
13th  Sept.  1797.  The  sermons  were  con- 
tinued and  published  by  Dr.  H.  Hunter.  Fell 
•was  the  author  of  Answers  to  Farmer's  Es- 
say on  the  Demoniacs — and  his  treatise  on 
the  Idolatry  of  Greece  and  Rojue — Genuine 
Protestantism — an  Essay  on  the  Love  of 
one's  Country — a  Letter  to  Burke  on  the 
Penal  Laws — an  Essay  on  English  Gram- 
rnar,  &cc. 

Feller,  Joachim  Frederic,  a  learned 
German,  born  at  Leipsic,  1673.  He  Avas  se- 
cretarj^  to  th«  dulie  of  Weimar,  and  travel- 
led much  to  visit  foreign  libraries.  He  died 
1726.  The  best  known  of  his  works  is  Mo- 
Jiumenta  Varia  Inedita,  Jena,  1714,  in  12 
numbers,  4to.  He  wrote  also  Miscellanea 
Leibnitiana — Genealogy  of  the  House  of 
Brunswick. 

Feller,  Francis  Xavier,  an  ex-jesuit, 
horn  at  Brussels.  He  wrote  an  Historical 
and  Literary  Journal  from  1774  to  1794,  at 
Luxemburg— a  Geographical  Dictionary — 
Observations  on  Newton's  Philosophy — and 
BuflFon's  Epochs  of  Nature  examined — an 
Historical  Dictionary,  S  vols.  8vo.  Liege,  said 
hy  the  editors  of  the  Nouvcau  Dictionnaire 
Historique,  to  be  pirated  from  their  own 
work.     He  died  at  Uatisbon,  1S02,  aged  67. 

Felltham,  Owen,  an  English  writer 
born  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  in  Suffolk, 
where  his  family  had  been  settled  for  several 
generations.  Few  particulars  are  known  of 
his  history,  though  it  appears  that  his  learn- 
ing and  virtues  rccf)mmended  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  the  carl  of  Thomond,  in  whose  fami- 


ly he  lived  for  some  years  in  easy  and  honoiv 
able  depeiwleuce.  He  wrote  Resolves,  Di- 
vine, Moral,  and  Politicrd,  a  work  of  great 
merit,  and  singular  excellence,  of  which  the 
12th  c<lition  appeared  in  1709,  in  8vo.  This 
book,  so  valuable  for  its  refined  sentiments 
of  morality,  its  pointed  delineations  of  duty, 
and  its  interesting  tendency  to  instruct  the 
mind  and  improve  the  heart  in  the  road  of 
virtue,  has  lately  been  edited  with  a  few  al- 
terations by  Mr.  Cumming,  and  deservedly 
recommends  itself  to  universal  perusal.  Fell- 
tham wrote  besides  some  prayers  for  the  use 
of  lady  Thomond's  family,  &c.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown,  though  lie  was  living 
in  1677. 

Felton,  John,  auEnghshman,  known  in 
history  as  the  assassin  of  Villiers,  duke  of 
Buckingham,  1028,  a  crime  which  he  com- 
mitted out  of  fanatic  zeal,  in  the  full  persua- 
sion that  he  thus  served  God  and  man.  He 
was  tried  and  executed  for  the  foul  deed. 
He  had  been  a  lieutenant  in  the  army  which 
besieged  the  isle  of  Rhe,  and  because  he  did 
not  succeed  to  a  company  on  the  death  of 
his  captain,  who  was  slain  in  the  attack,  he 
quitted  the  army  in  disgust,  and  became  a 
bigoted  dissatisfied  puritan.  His  grandfather 
of  the  same  name,  had,  in  the  reign  of  Eli- 
zabeth, afiixed  on  the  palace  gates  of  the  bi- 
shop of  London,  the  bull  of  Pius  V.  by  which 
tlie  queen  was  declared  a  heretic,  and  her 
subjects  incited  to  rebellion.  He  was  tried 
and  executed  for  this  conduct,  1570.  His  son 
Thomas,  was  a  Franciscan,  and  came  to 
England  as  a  missionary,  for  which  he  was 
executed  1588. 

Feltox,  Henr}',  principal  of  Edmund 
hali,  Oxford,  dedicated  to  his  pupil,  the  duke 
of  Rutland,  his  Dissertation  on  reading  the 
Classics,  and  forming  a  Just  Style,  a  work  of 
merit.  He  wrote  also  a  volume  of  sermons, 
and  died  1739. 

Fenelon,  Francis  de  Salignac  de  la 
Motte,  archbishop  of  Cambray,  was  born  of 
an  illustrious  family  at  the  castle  of  Fenelon 
in  Perigord,  6th  Aug.  1651.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Cahors,  and  afterwards  finished  his 
studies  at  Paris,  and  began  early  to  acquire 
popularity  as  a  preacher.  At  the  age  of  24 
he  t.ook  orders,  and  in  1686,  after  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  was  sent  by 
the  king  at  the  head  of  the  missionaries  who 
were  to  convert  the  protestants  of  the  coast 
of  Saintonge  and  the  Pays  de  Aunis,  who 
had  not  yet  submitted  to  the  influence  of  mi- 
litary force.  In  1689  he  was  appointed  tutor 
to  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  Anjou,  and  Berri, 
and  he  displayed  such  abilities  in  the  educa- 
tion of  these  princes,  that  the  king  in  grati- 
tude for  his  services  gave  him  the  abbey  of 
St.  Valery,  and  soon  after  the  see  of  Cam- 
bray, to  which  he  was  consecrated  by  Bos- 
suet,  1695.  In  1697  he  was  exposed  to  reli- 
gious persecution,  by  the  publication  of  his 
explication  of  "  the  maxims  of  the  Saints 
concerning  the  Interior  Life,"  in  which  he 
supported  the  claims  of  Madame  Guyon,  to 
exalted  devotion,  and  her  mystical  interpre- 
tation of  Solomon's  song.    There  was  littlfe 


FE 


FE 


in  hei*  book  that  merited  a(tcnlioi>,  lnvt  as 
Feiicloii  defcndc-fl  Iht  ctinse,  liis  aiilhoritv 
alarnieil  some  of  the  Frenc-li  prcliilcs,  mikI 
conferences  were  held  f()r  some  months  be- 
tween him  and  Ilo^suit,  Lisl.,)[)  of  Meutix, 
Noialles,  bishop  of  Ch:th)n.s,  and  Ti'oiK^'on, 
superior  of  St.  Sidpicius.  J''enelon  was  of- 
fered to  sign  a  recantation  of  his  opinions, 
and  M'hen  lie  refused,  the  afl'air  was  rclLrreil 
to  the  king,  and  then  to  the  <leclsio»i  of  tlie 
pope,  who  in  condenminf;  the  archbishop's 
book,  declare<l  that  he  had  errefl  from  ex- 
cess of  lov«  of  God,  and  his  oppO!iet»ts  from 
excess  of  love  of  their  neighbor.  I'his  af- 
fair to  which  such  importance  Avas  attached, 
was  siipposc<l  to  arise  from  the  wish  of  pre- 
venting the  appointment  of  Fenclon  to  the 
ofhce  of  almoner  to  the  duchess  of  Bui-gundy, 
whicli  was  immediately  tilled  by  Jlossuet. 
Fenclon  witli  true  Christian  meekness  sub- 
mitted to  the  decision  of  the  pope,  and  read 
the  sentence,  and  his  recantation  in  his  own 
diocese,  where,  by  his  exemplary  life,  he 
gave  lustre  to  the  episcopal  ofrice.  He  after- 
Avards  assisted  the  Jesuits,  in  tlieir  successful 
attack  against  the  Jansenists,  and  procured 
the  disgrace  of  Noialles  their  patron,  and  the 
condemnation  of  their  writings.  The  work 
from  which  P'enelon  derives  immortality  is 
his  '*  Telemachus."  It  was  indeed  exposed 
to  the  jealousy  of  Lewis  and  his  courtiers, 
Avho  pretended  to  see  the  character  of  Ma- 
dam de  Montespan  in  Calypso,  of  Mademoi- 
selle de  Fontanges,  in  Eucharis,  of  tho  duch- 
ess of  Burgundy,  in  Antiope,  of  Louvois,  in 
Frotesilaus,  of  James  II.  in  Idomcneus,  and 
of  Lewis  XIV.  iu  Sesostris,  but  though  its 
publication  was  prohibited  in  France,  it  ap- 
peared at  Paris  surreptitiously  in  1699,  and 
in  a  corrected  form  at  the  Hague,  1701.  Such 
is  the  merit  of  the  work,  that  it  ranks,  though 
in  prose,  among  epic  poems,  and  by  the  ele- 
gance of  its  style,  and  the  sublimity  of  its 
moral,  it  has  secured  mjiversal  applause,  and 
has  been  translated  into  all  the  modern  lan- 
guages of  Euro[)C.  The  last  part  of  Fene- 
lon's  life  was  spent  in  the  conscientious  dis- 
charge of  the  pastoral  office,  in  Ids  diocese, 
■where  his  benevolence,  and  goodness  of  heart, 
gained  him  the  aiTection  and  gratitude  of  his 
people,  and  his  reputation  the  respect  even 
of  his  enemies,  for  Marlborougli,  when  vic- 
torious iu  the  country,  ordered  the  lands  of 
*he  great  and  good  Fenelon  to  be  spared. 
This  amiable  prelate  died  7th  Jan.  1715, 
aged  03.  F»esides  his  Telemachus,  and  liis 
Explication  of  the  Maxims,  lie  wrote  some 
other  valuable  works,  a  treatise  on  the  Educa- 
tion of  daughters,  12mo.  much  admired — Dia- 
logues of  the  Dead,  2  vols.  12mo. — Dialogues 
on  Eloquence,  and  the  Eloquence  of  the  Pul- 
pit, 12rao. — Lives  of  ancient  Philosophers, 
abridged,  l'2mo. — Spiritual  Works,  4  vols. 
12mo. — a  Dononstration  of  tlie  Existence  of 
God,  12mo. — Directions  for  the  Conscience 
of  a  King — sermons,  &c. 

Fexton,  Elijah,  an  English  poet,  the 
youngest  of  twelve  children,  horn  at  Shel- 
toii,  near  Newcastle,  under-Line,  Stafford- 
shire.   He  was  educated  at.  Cambridge,  but 


his  opposition  to  government  prevented  his 
entering  ijito  ordei-s,  and  he  b<M;inie  U'-ber 
in  Mr.  Bonwicke's  sch(j(jl  at  Headley  in  Siir- 
i-y.  He  afterwards  was  master  of  Seven 
<3aks  sch  ol,  and  next  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  lord  Orrery,  and  tutor  to  liis  son  lord 
Boyle.  By  Pope's  j-ccommcndation  he  was 
jdaced  as  an  usel'ul  .'issistant,  near  Cruggs, 
secretary  of  state,  whose  early  death  pre.- 
vttJted  his  comfortable  settlement.  Thftngh 
not  rich  lie  ended  his  life  in  ease  and  tian- 
([uillity,  and  died  at  the  hou.-,e  of  latly  Triiiu- 
bal,  East-Hamstead,  Berks,  l.jth  July  1730. 
He  published  in  1709,  "Oxtrn-d  aiui  Cniii- 
bridge  verses,"  and  in  1717,  a  volume  of  his 
own  poems,  and  in  172S,  his  tragedy  of  .Ma- 
riamne,  collected  out  of  Josejihus.  He  also 
assisted  Pope  in  (he  Odvssey,  and  translated 
the  first,  fourth,  19th  and  20th  books.  He 
also  edited  ^V'al!er's  poems,  with  notes,  and 
published  a  life  of  Miiion,  commended,  by 
Dr.  Johnson.  Fenton  though  of  no  superior 
genius  as  a  poet,  yet  possessed  great  merit, 
as  the  choice  and  fricndsliip  of  Pope  fully 
testify.  His  epitaph  Mas  written  by  Pope, 
and  the  praises  bestowed  on  him  are  nfjt 
overcharged,  for  he  was  an  honest  man,  un- 
envicd  by  rivals,  mild,  humane  and  benevr>- 
lent  in  his  conduct,  and  he  lived  "  content 
with  science  in  the  vale  of  peace." 

Fenton',  sir  GeofFre)-,an  eminent  writer, 
descended  from  a  good  family  in  Nottinij- 
hamshire.  He  sei-ved  queen  Elizabeth  in 
Ireland,  where  he  became  member  of  the 
privy  council  1;>81,  and  where  be  married 
the  daughter  of  Dr.  Robert  Weston,  lord 
chancellor  of  the  island.  He  was  afterwards 
appointed  to  the  secretaryship  of  the  lord 
lieutenant,  and  continued  in  that  responsible 
office  under  all  the  changes  of  government. 
He  died  19th  October  1608,  in  Dublin,  at 
the  house  of  tlie  earl  of  Cork,  wlio  had  raai-- 
ried,  in  1 003,  his  only  daughter.  He  trans- 
lated Guiciardini's  \Vars  of  Italv,  dedicated 


".' » 


to  queen  Elizabeth,  besides  Golden  epistles 
from  Guevara's  works,  &cc. 

Ferajuoli,  Nu/io,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  in  1661.  He  was  pupil  to  Luca  Gior- 
dano, ar.d  is  eminent  for  the  beauty  and  cor- 
rectness of  his  landscapes,  aud  the  transpa-- 
rency  of  the  waters. 

Ferdinand  I.  emperor  of  Germany, 
second  son  of  the  archduke  Philip,  was  born 
at  Medina,  in  Castile,  l.iO.'i.  He  was  crown- 
ed king  of  Hungary,  and  Bohemia  1527,  oa 
the  death  of  his  brother-in-law,  l^nuis  the 
younger,  the  la.st  king,  and  in  l.'>31  he  was 
elected  king  of  the  Uomans,  and  in  1.5  ")S  Uc 
succeeded  as  emperor,  on  the  abdication  of 
his  brother  Charles  V.  He  governed  M'itU 
moderation  and  prudence,  and  after  making 
peace  with  the  Turk?,  and  producing  a  re- 
conciliation between  the  kings  of  Sweden 
aud  Denmark,  lie  died  of  a  dropsy  at  Vien- 
na, 25tl>  July  1564,  aged  Cl. 

Ferdinand  H.  archduke  of  Austria, 
and  son  of  Charles,  duke  of  Stiria,  was  niaile 
king  of  Bohemia  1017,  and  of  Hungary  IGIS, 
and  raised  to  the  imperial  throne  1619.  His 
subjects  of  Bohemia  revolted,  and  placed  ou 


FE 


the  throne  FreJei-ic  V.  elector  Palatine,  but 
Fei-dinanfl  attacked,  and  defeated  them  at 
the  battle  of  Prague  lo'iO,  and  the  dukedom 
of  the  usurper  was  given  to  iMaximilian, 
duke  of  Bavai'ia,  The  fortunes  of  the  un- 
fortunate Palatine,  were  supported  by  Chris- 
tian, king  of  Denmark,  but  the  victories  of 
Tilly,  tlie  imperial  general,  rendered  his 
opposiiion  hopeless,  and  obliged  him  to  sue 
for  peace  1G29.  These  brilliant  successes 
roused  against  Ferdinand  tlie  kingof  France, 
and  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Sweden,  aiid  tiie 
imperial  general  was  defeated  at  Leipsic 
1631,  though  soon  after  the  Swedish  con- 
queror fell  covered  with  glory  iu  the  cele- 
brated battle  of  Lutzen.  The  battle  of 
I^ortlingen  in  1634,  proved  favorable  to  the 
cause  of  the  Germans,  and  the  following 
year  tranquillity  Avas  restored  among  the 
rival  powers.  Ferdinand  died  at  Vienna, 
8th  Feb.  1637,  aged  59. 

Ferdinand  III.  surnamed  Ernest,  eld- 
est son  of  the  preceding,  was  made  king  of 
Hungary  16-25,  of  Bohemia  1627,  and  of  the 
Komans  1636,  and  elected  emperor  on  his 
father's  death.  He  pursued  the  same  plans 
of  ambition  and  aggrandizement  as  hisfathei-, 
but  in  his  war  against  the  Swedes,  his  troops 
were  defeated  by  Bernard  duke  of  Weimar, 
Avho  in  four  months  gained  four  important 
victories.  The  French  under  the  great 
Conde  supported  the  Swedish  arms,  and 
Ferdinand  was  besieged  in  Ratisbon  where 
he  held  a  diet  of  the  empire.  In  1645  ano- 
ther battle  Avas  fought  and  won  by  Conde  at 
Nortlingen  on  the  same  spot  where  the 
Swedes  had  been  eleven  years  before  de- 
feated. Tranquillity  was  at  last  restored  to 
the  empire  by  the  peace  of  Westphalia, 
1648,  and  the  treaties  of  Osnaburg  and 
Munster,  which  granted  Pomerania  to  the 
Swedish  monarch,  and  made  him  one  of  the 
members  of  the  Germanic  body,  and  tolera- 
ted the  Lutherans  >md  Cidrinistsin  the  midst 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  The  em- 
peror died  1657,  aged  49.  He  was  3  times 
married. 

Ferdinand  I.  king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
surnamed  the  Great,  was  son  of  Sancho  III. 
king  of  Navarre.  He  defeated  in  battle 
Alphonso  king  of  Leon  1037,  and  caused 
himself  to  be  crowned  king  of  Leon,  and  of 
the  Asturias,  the  next  year.  He  next 
ri^arched  against  the  Moors,  took  several  of 
their  towns,  and  penetrated  into  the  heart 
of  Portugal,  and  afterv.ards  he  attacked  his 
brother  Garcias  king  of  Navarre,  Avhom  he 
deprived  in  a  di.'cisive  battle,  of  his  ci'own, 
and  of  his  life.  He  died  1065,  and  divided 
his  kingdom  among  his  sons,  and  tlius  created 
causes  for  civil  wars. 

Ferdinand  II.  younger  son  of  Alphon- 
so VIII.  king  of  Leon  and  Castile,  made  war 
against  the  Portuguese,  and  took  their  king 
Alphonso  Henriques  prisoner.  He  made 
the  wisest  and  most  temperate  use  of  his 
victory,  and  died  1187,  after  a  reign  of  thirty 
years. 

Ferdinand  III.  St.  son  of  Alphonso  IX. 
obtained  the  crown  of  Castile  bv  the  abdica- 


J  tion  of  his  mother  Berengere  1217,  and  as- 
seended  the  throne  ofLe6non  his  father's 
death,  1230.  He  made  successful  war  against 
the  Moors,  and  took  Cordova,  Murcia,  Se- 
ville, Xeres,  Cadiz,  &;c.  and  died  1252,  as  he 
was  meditating  an  invasion  of  the  kingdom 
of  Morocco.  He  was  a  wise  monarcii,  and 
lie  established  some  salutary  laws  for  the 
protection  of  his  subjects,  and  the  more  im- 
partial administration  of  justice.  He  was 
canonized  by  Clement  X.  1617. 

Ferdinand IV. succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Castile  1295,  at  the  age  of  ten.  His  mi- 
noritv  was  governed  bj'  the  prudent  adminis- 
tration of  his  mother  Mary.  He  made  war 
against  the  Moors,  and  against  Grenada,  and 
died  suddenly  1312,  aged  27. 

Ferdinand  V.  surnamed  the  Catholic, 
was  son  of  John  II.  king  of  Arragon.  He 
married  in  1469  Isabella  of  Castile,  and  thus 
united  the  two  kingdoms  of  Castile  and  Ar- 
ragon. He  made  war  against  Alphonso  king 
of  Portugal,  and  defeated  him  at  Toro  1475, 
and  he  next  turned  his  arms  against  the 
kingdom  of  Grenada,  which  he  totally  sub- 
dued after  a  war  of  eight  years,  and  thus 
put  an  end  to  the  Moorish  povver,  which  for 
800  years  had  florished  in  Spain.  Ambitious 
and  enterprising,  Ferdinand  next  turned  his 
arms  against  Navarre,  and  by  means  of  his 
brave  general  Gonsalvo  of  Cordova,  he  con- 
quered part  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  but 
whilst  his  dominions  were  thus  enlarged  in 
Europe  and  in  Africa,  a  new  continent  sub- 
mitted to  his  poM  er  by  the  great  discoveries 
of  the  immortal  Columbus.  Ferdinand  left 
four  daughters,  and  died  1516. 

Ferdinand  VI.  surnamed  the  Wise, 
was  son  of  Phihp  V.  and  Mary  of  Savoy,  and 
succeeded  his  father  1746.  He  was  a  most 
benevolent  prince,  he  restored  liberty  to 
prisoners,  he  extended  his  forgiveness  to 
deserters  and  smugglers,  and  appointed  two 
days  in  the  week  when  he  freely  gave  ac- 
cess to  his  subjects,  and  redressed  person- 
ally their  grievances.  He  engaged  in  the 
war  of  1741,  and  in  the  peace  of  1748  he 
obtained  for  one  of  his  bi'others  the  crown 
of  the  two  Sicilies,  and  for  the  other  the 
duchies  of  Parma  and  Placentia.  In  his 
governnient  he  was  prudent,  and  deservedly 
popular,  industry  was  encouraged,  abuses 
were  reformed,  and  canals  were  made  to 
convey  plenty  and  commerce  through  the 
country.  He  died  without  children  at  Mad- 
rid 10th  Aug.  17>9,  aged  46. 

Ferdinand  I.  succeeded  in  1458  to  Al- 
phonso of  Arragon  as  king  of  Naples  and 
Sicily.  Though  he  protected  commerce, 
and  encouraged  the  liberal  arts  among  his 
subjects,  yet  he  was  unpopular  on  account  of 
his  debaucheries  and  cruelties.  He  died 
little  regretted  1494,  aged  70. 

Ferdinand,  king  of  Portugal  after 
Peter,  1367,  died  13S3.  He  assumed  tlie  title 
of  king  of  Castile  after  the  death  of  Peter 
the  cruel,  and  in  consequence  was  engaged, 
in  war  with  Henry  of  Transtamare,  whoso 
daughter  he  was  obliged  to  marry  to  re-es- 
tablish the  general  tranquillity.  He  was  again 


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unfortunate  in  another  war,  though  suppor- 
ted by  tlie  English. 

Ferdinand  I.  gfahd  duke  of  Tuscan j^ 
after  his  brother  Francis  II.  1587,  was  entii- 
nent  for  his  wisdom  in  the  govei-nment,  and 
for  the  vigor  with  which  lie  ma<le  war 
against  the  pirates  who  disturbed  the  com- 
merce of  his  subjects  in  the  Mediterranean. 
He  died  much  respected  IfiOQ. 

Ferdinand  if.  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
succeeded  Cosmo  II.  and  gained  the  respect 
of  the  neighboring  princes,  by  the  firm  neu- 
trahty  whicli  he  maintained  during  the  wars 
between  France  and  Spain.  He  ably  sup- 
ported tlie  Venetians  in  their  war  in  Candia, 
and  died  1668  after  a  reign  of  forty-eight 
years. 

Ferdinand  of  Cordova,  a  learned  Span- 
iard of  the  15th  century,  who  was  not  only 
well  skilled  in  the  logic  of  Aristoile,  and  the 
learning  of  theancients,  but  an  accomplished 
master  in  the  polite  arts,  so  that  he  passed 
afaong  the  vulgar  for  a  magician.  He  wrote 
de  Artiticio  Omnis  Scibilis — and  Commen- 
taries on  Ptolemy's  Almagest,  and  on  the 
Bible. 

Ferdinand  liOPEZ,  a  Portuguese  who 
went  to  the  East-Indies  in  the  16th  century, 
and  published  an  interesting  account  of  his 
voyage,  &(>. 

Ferdinand,  Charles,  a  native  of  Bru- 
ges, known  as  a  poet  and  philosopher.  He 
died  at  Paris  1494,  author  of  a  treatise  on  the 
Tranquillity  of  the  Soul. 

Ferdinand,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Toledo, 
author  of  Divinarum  Scripturarum  Thesau- 
rus, fol.  1594.  He  died  at  Valencia  1595, 
aged  59.  Another  of  that  name  was  a  Do- 
minican of  Arragon,  who  published  a  com- 
mentary on  Ecclesiastes,  and  died  16'25. 

Ferdinand  de  Jesus,  a  Carmelite 
monk  in  Spain,  very  eloquent,  so  that  he 
was  surnamed  the  Golden  mouthed.  He 
wrote  Commentiiries  on  Aristotle,  the  Bible, 
&c.  in  the  17th  century. 

Ferdinandi,  Epiphanius,  a  native  of 
Obianto,  eminent  as  a  physician.  He  wrote 
Observationes  et  Casus  Medici — de  Vita 
Propaganda— de  Peste — Theoremata  Medi- 
cs, &c.     He  died  1G38,  aged  69. 

Ferdonsi,  Hassan  Ben  Scharf,  a  Persian 
poet,  whose  epic  i)oem  called  Schanameh  is 
very  celebrated.  It  is  the  labor  of  thirty 
years,  and  consists  of  60,000  verses,  each  of 
which  is  a  distich.  It  contains  the  annals  of 
the  kings  of  Persia.  He  died  at  Thous 
1020. 

Ferg  or  Fergire,  Francis  Paul,  a 
painter,  born  at  Vienna  1689.  He  studied 
under  Hans  Graaf  and  Grient,  and  improved 
himself  by  travelling.  He  came  to  London 
where  he  was  much  esteemed,  but  an  im- 
prudent marriage  ruined  all  his  expecta- 
tions. He  was  found  dead  at  the  door  of  his 
lodging  1740,  worn  out  with  disease  and 
wretchedness.  His  landscapes  are  beau- 
tifully enriched  with  ruins  of  castles  and 
towers. 

Fergus  I.  king  of  Scotland,  son  of  Fer- 
gus king  of  the  Irish  Scots.    It  is  said  that 

VOL.  I.  66 


he  assisted  the  Scots  in  repelling  the  Picts, 
and  that  for  his  services  he  was  elected  king. 
He  was  drowned  as  he  returned  to  Ireland, 
404. 

Ferguson,  Uohert,  a  divine,  ejected 
from  the  living  of  (iodmarsham  in  Kent,  for 
nonconformity  166'2.  He  afterwards  kept  a 
school,  and  then  devoted  himself  to  politics, 
and  became  a  court  spy.  He  was  next  the 
associate  of  the  unfortunate  Monmouth, 
whom  as  it  is  thought  he  betrayed,  as  he  was 
hckle  in  his  attathiuents,  atid  faithful  to  no 
party.  He  wrote  the  Interest  of  Reason  ia 
Religion,  8vo. — a  Discourse  concerning  Jus- 
tification, &c.  and  died  poor  1714. 

Ferguson,  Robert,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  studied  divinity,  but  preferred 
poetry  and  literary  fame  to  all  other  pursuits. 
He  obtained  a  place  in  tlie  sheriff  clerk's 
office  Edinburgh,  but  dissipation  abridged  his 
days,  and  he  died  insane  in  the  lunatic  asy- 
lum of  Edinburgh  1774,  aged  24.  His  pastoral, 
humorous,  and  lyric  poems  have  been  edited 
in  Dr.  Anderson's  collection. 

Ferguson,  James,  an  ingenious  Scotch- 
man, self-taught  as  a  philosopher,  born  of 
poor  parents  at  Keith  in  Bamffshire,  1710. 
He  was  for  four  years  a  common  shepherd, 
and  in  this  solitary  employment  he  marked 
accurately  the  position  of  the  stars  with  a 
thread  and  bead.  His  ingenuity  was  obser- 
ved and  encouraged  by  his  opulent  neigh- 
bors, who  had  him  instructed  in  arithmetic, 
algebra,  and  geometry,  and  under  the  patro- 
nage of  sir  James  Dunbar  for  many  years 
he  supported  himself  by  drawing  and  taking 
portraits.  His  ingenuity  was  so  great  that 
after  the  accidental  sight  of  a  watch  and  of  a 
clock,  he  made  one  of  each  with  wood.  lu 
1744  he  came  to  London,  and  in  consequence 
of  his  astronomical  rotula  to  shew  the  new 
moon  and  echpses,  he  was  introduced  to  the 
learned  and  ingenious,  and  made  fellow  of 
the  Royal  society.  He  was  a  man  of  inoffen- 
sive manners,  mild  and  benevolent  in  his 
character.  The  present  king  at  his  accession 
granted  him  a  pension  of  50/.  a  year,  and 
occasionally  took  great  delight  in  his  conver- 
sation. He  invented  some  useful  instruments, 
and  died  16th  Nov.  1776.  He  wrote  "Select 
Mechanical  exercises,"  1773 — Introtluctioii 
to  Electricity,  1770 — to  Astronomy,  1772 — 
treatise  on  Perspective,  1775 — and  Astrono- 
my Explained  on  Newton's  principles,  edit- 
ed for  the  fourth  time  1770 — Lectures  on 
Mechanics,  Hydrostatics,  Hj-draulics,  Pneu- 
matics, &c.  edited  the  fifth  time,  1776,  &c. 

Ferguson,  William,  a  Scotch  painter, 
who  died  1690.  He  travelled  into  Italy  and 
excelled  in  representing  dead  bii'ds,  game, 
and  still  hfe. 

Fermat,  Peter,  an  emi^ient  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Toulouse  1590,  where  from  his 
knowledge  of  the  law  he  became  counsellor 
in  the  parliament,  and  an  upright  magis- 
trate. As  a  philosopher  he  may  be  said  to 
have  prepared  the  way  for  the  Infinites  of 
Newton  and  Leibnitz,  and  to  have  introdu. 
ced  new  geometry.  He  was  connected  with 
Descartes,  Huygens,  and  Pascal,  and  died 


FE 


FE 


1664.  His  works  highly  valued  were  puh- 
lished  at  Toulouse,  2  vols.  fol.  1679.  His  son 
Samuel  was  eminent  as  a  literary  man,  and 
wrote  some  learned  dissertations. 

Fermor,  William  count  Von,  a  native  of 
Phaskow,  the  son  of  a  Scotchman.  He  like 
his  father,  was  in  the  Russian  service,  and 


greatly  distinguislied  himself  against  the 
Turks.  In  1755  he  was  commander  of  the 
Ivussian  forces,  and  for  his  services  in  defeat- 
ing the  Prussians  he  was  made  count  of  the 
empire  by  the  emperor  Francis.  He  defeat- 
ed the  kuig  of  Prussia  at  the  famous  battle  of 
Zorndorff,  and  afterwards  took  Berlin.  He 
died  177J,  aged  6i. 

Fernandex,  Anthony,  author  of  Com- 
mentaries on  Isaiah,  and  tlie  Visions  of  the 
Old  Testament,  was  superior  of  the  Portu- 
guese Jesuit  missionaries  in  India,  and  died  in 
.Portugal  1628. 

Fernandez,  Benedict,  a  Portuguese  Je- 
suit, author  of  Commentaries  on  Genesis, 
and  on  St.  Luke's  Gospel.  He  died  at  Lis- 
bon 1630. 

Fernandez,  Alphonso,  a  Spanish  Domi- 
nican, author  of  an  ecclesiastical  history  of 
his  own  times,  and  of  other  works.  He  died 
about  1640. 

Fernel,    John    Francis,    physician    to 
Henry  H.  of  France,  was  born  at  Montdidier 
in   Picardy    1506.      He    applied   himself  to 
study   with   the  most   indefatigable   zeal  at 
Paris,   and  he  made  such  progress  that  his 
lectures  on  philosophical  subjects  were  great- 
ly admired  for  eloquence  and  erudition.    He 
afterwards  studied  physic,  and  when  admit- 
ted to  practice,  he  divided  his  time  between 
his  patients  and  his  books,   allowing  himself 
scarce  five  hours  of  rest  in  24-  When  invited 
to  court  by  the  king,  whose  friendship  and 
good  opinion  he  had  secured  by  curing  one 
of  his  favorites,   he    excused  himself,   and 
when  solicited  to  accept  honors  and  places  of 
emolument,  he  modestly  refused,  and  pre- 
ferred the  retirement  and  studies  of  private 
life  to  every  other  pursuit.     On  the  death  of 
the  king's  first  physician,  he  was  at  last  obli- 
ged to  settle  at  the  court,   but  the   sudden 
death  of  his  wife  who  fell  a  sacrifice  to  her 
grief  in  leaving  her  relations  to  come  to  live 
at  Fontainbleau,  so  aflected  him  that  he  died 
within  a  month  aftei',  1558.     He  wrote  seve- 
ral works  on  medical  subjects  in  high  repute, 
as  he  was  considered  one  of  the  great  resto- 
rers of  medicine.     His  practice  was  so  gx'eat 
that  his  gains  were  yearly  12,000  livres. 

Fernouillot  de  Falbaire, Charles 
George,  a  French  author,  who  died  May, 
1801,  aged  74.  He  wrote  some  articles  in 
the  Encyclopedie,  besides  dramatic  pieces  of 
considei'able  merit. 

Ferracino,  Bartolomeo,  a  self-taught 
mechanic,  born  at  Bassan  in  Padua  1692. 
He  was  a  sawyer,  and  his  invention  of  a  saw 
which  worked  by  the  wind  recommended 
hirp  to  the  notice  of  the  great.  He  built  a 
famous  bridge  over  the  Brenta  in  his  native 
town,  and  died  soon  after  the  completion 
1764.  An  account  of  his  life  and  inventions 
was  published  by  Memo,  Venioe. 


Ferrand,  James,  a  French  physician  of 
Agen.  He  wrote  a  book  **  on  the  Distemper 
of  Love,"  Paris,  1622,  which  in  treating  of 
the  passion  as  of  a  bodily  disease,  and  of  the 
frequent  uneasiness,  and  fatal  consequences 
of  its  pleasures,  shows  the  great  erudition  of 
the  author. 

Ferrand,  LeAvis,  a  French  lawyer,  born 
at  Toulon  1645.  He  was  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  and  died  there  1699. 
His  works,  which  are  neither  accurate  nor 
brilliant,  are  chiefly  on  religious  subjects. 

Ferrand,  Anthony,  a  counsellor  of  Pa- 
ris, who  died  there  1719,  aged  42.  His 
madrigals,  songs,  epigrams,  &c.  are  well 
known.  He  was  the  rival  of  J.  B.  Rousseau 
in  poetry. 

Ferrand,  James  Philip, a  French  paint- 
er in  enamel,  was  born  at  Joigni  in  Burgun- 
dy, and  died  at  Paris  1732,  aged  79.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  Enamel  Painting,  and 
another  on  Miniatures,  12mo. 

Ferrand  us,  Fulgentius,  a  deacon  of 
Carthage,  who  died  before  551.  He  was 
disciple  of  St.  Fulgentius,  and  wrote  some 
books,  enumerated  by  Cave. 

Ferrar,  Robert,  a  native  of  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  educated  at  Cambridge  and  Ox- 
ford, and  made  bishop  of  St.  David's  by  the 
influence  of  Cranmer,  to  whom  he  had  been 
chaplain.  He  was  imprisoned  on  suspicion 
in  Edward's  reign,  and  under  Mary  he  was 
burnt  as  a  heretic  at  Caermarthen,  1555. 

Ferrar,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  London, 
son  of  an  East  India  merchant.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  after  travelling 
on  the  continent,  he  was  made  secretary  to 
the  Virginia  company,  and  in  1624  elected 
member  of  parliament,  and  directed,  with 
two  others,  to  draw  the  impeachment  against 
lord  Cranfield,  the  treasurer.  He  soon  after 
retired  to  Little  Gidding,  Huntingdonshire, 
where  he  established  a  protestant  monas- 
tery, and  devoted  himself  to  devotional  pur- 
suits. In  1626  he  took  deacon's  orders,  and 
died  1637.  He  had  translated  from  the 
Spanish  Valdesso's  Considerations  on  Reli- 
gion. 

Ferrari,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Milan,  who 
studied  under  Cardan,  and  became  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Bologna,  where  he  died 
1565,  aged  45.  He  is  known  for  his  inven- 
tion of  the  method  of  resolving  biquadratic 
equations. 

Ferrari,  Antony  Mary  Zachary  Bar- 
tholomew, founder,  with  James  Morigia,  of 
the  order  of  the  Barnabites  at  Milan,  1520, 
confirmed   by  pope  Paul  III.   1535.     This 


order  floi-ished  greatly.    Ferrari  died  supe- 
rior of  his  foundation,  1544. 

Ferrari,  Octavian,  an  Italian  author, 
born  at  Milan,  1518.  He  was  much  respect- 
ed as  a  professor  of  ethics  and  politics  at 
Venice,  Padua,  Milan,  and  other  places  of 
Italy.  He  died  at  Milan,  1586,  considered 
for  his  learning  as  a  second  Aristotle.  He 
wrote  de  Sermonibus  Exoreticis,  1575— de 
Origine  Romanoi'um,  1607 — a  Latin  translj\- 
tion  of  Athenieus,  and  Notes  on  Aritotle'. 


FE 


FE 


Feruari,  Francisco  I»eriKii(liiio,  of  the 
same  family  as  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
-Milan,  1577.  lie  was  a  doctor  of  the  Am- 
brosian  college,  and  he  was  enc()urage<l  by 
the  archbishop  of  Milan  to  travel  not  only  to 
improve  himself,  but  to  make  a  collection  of 
hooks.  This  v.-ihmble  selection,  made  in 
Spain,  Italy,  and  in  other  countries,  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  Ambrosian  library.  Ferrari 
died  at  MiUm,  1609,  aged  'J2.  lie  wrote  dc 
Antiquo  Ecjlesiasticarum  F'ipistolarum  (ien- 
ere  Libri  trcs,  If5l3 — tie  Kitu  Sacranun  Fc- 
clesix  Catholictc  Concionuin  Libri  tres,  IG20 
— dc  Vetei'um  Acclamationibus  &  I'lausu 
Libri  septem,  lCt2T.  These  works  are  very 
curious,  and  display  the  great  erudition  and 
deep  researches  of  tlie  author. 

Fekkaki,  Octavio,  of  the  same  family, 
■was  born  at  Milan,  1607,  and  educated  at 
the  Ambrosian  college,  of  which  he  became 
professor  of  rhetoric  at  the  age  of  21,  on 
account  of  his  great  proficiency.  Six  years 
after  he  was  invited  by  the  republic  of  Ve- 
nice to  Padua,  wlicre  as  professor  of  Greek, 
of  eloquence,  and  politics,  he  collected  a 
great  number  of  pupils,  and  restored  the 
tieclining  reputation  of  the  university.  His 
learning  was  so  extensive,  and  his  fame  so 
deservedly  established,  that  Christina  of 
Sweden  honored  him  with  presents,  and 
Lewis  XIV.  settled  on  him  a  pension  of  500 
orowns  for  seven  years.  He  died  1682,  res- 
pected for  his  amiable  manners,  and  that 
sweetness  and  humanity  of  character  which 
procured  him  the  name  of  Pacificator.  His 
works  are  chiefly  on  classical  antiquities,  the 
most  known  of  which  is  Origines  Lingute 
Italicac,  fol.  1676,  a  subject  treated  before  by 
Scaliger,  in  24  books,  now  lost. 

Ferrari,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit  of  Sien- 
na, who  published  a  Syriac  Dictionary,  4to. 
1622,  to  explain  tlie  Syriac  words  in  the 
bible.  He  wrote  also  de  Malorum  Aureo- 
rum  Cultura,  &c  de  Florum  Cultura,  1633, 
and  1646,  and  died  1655. 

Ferrari,  Giovanni  Andrea,  a  painter  of 
Genoa,  who  died  1669,  aged  70.  He  ex- 
celled in  the  representation  of  flowers, 
fruits,  he. 

Ferrariexsis,  a  general  of  the  Domi- 
nicans, who  died  1528.  His  real  name  was 
Francis  Sylvestre.  He  wrote  on  philosophy, 
&c. 

Ferrars,  George,  a  learned  man,  born 
of  an  ancient  family  near  St.  Alban's,  1512. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  removed  to 
Lincoln's  inn,  and  soon  distinguished  himself 
as  an  advocate  under  the  patronage  of  Crom- 
well, earl  of  Essex.  He  became  afterwards 
a  favorite  with  Henry  VHl.  and  liis  arrest, 
■when  he  was  member  of  parliament  for 
Plymouth,  created  such  confusion,  tliat  in 
the  event,  it  established  the  privileges  of  the 
members  of  the  house.  On  the  fall  of  So- 
merset under  Edvard  VI.  he  was  named 
lord  of  misrule,  to  entertain  the  public  with 
pastimes,  and  for  twelve  days  he  exhibited  at 
Greenwich  all  the  pomp  and  magnificence  of 
assumed  greatness,  to  the  satisfaction  of  tlie 
-court,  and  the  gratification  of  the  populace. 


Ferrars  possessed  such  versatile  talents,  that 
though  tlie  religion  of  the  court  frer^uently 
changed  at  the  caprice  f)f  the  sovereign,  he 
continued  still  a  favorite  uith  all,  and  dieil  a 
protestant  at  Flamstead,  Herts,  1579-  He 
wrote  the  liistory  of  Queen  Mary,  which 
was  inserted  in  the  chronicle  under  the 
name  of  Kichard  Grafton.  He  also  contri- 
buted to  the  poetical  woi-k  called  "  the  Mir- 
ror lor  Magistrates,"  piUilished  1559 — the 
Fall  of  Robert  Tresilian,  Chief  Justice,  Ike. 
— the  tragedy  of  Thomas  Woodstock,  duke 
of  (Jloucester — tragedy  of  king  Kichard  II. 
— the  story  of  Eleanor  Cobham,  btc. 

FeuPvArs,  Edward,  a  Warwickshire  poet, 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  a  favorite  with 
Henry  VIIJ.  and  died  15G4.  He  wrote 
according  to  A\  ood,  some  comedies  and  tra- 
gedies. 

Ferrars,  Henry,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  educated  also  at  Oxford, 
and  made  large  collections  for  the  history  of 
his  native  county.  His  valuable  papers  laid 
the  foundation  of  Dugdale's  Antiquities  of 
Warwickshire.  He  was  esteemed  by  Cam- 
den, and  distinguislied  himself  also  as  a  poet. 
He  died  1633,  aged  84,  loaving  behind  him, 
says  Wood,  the  character  of  a  well-bred  gen- 
tleman, a  good  neighbor,  and  au  honest 
man. 

Ferraud,  N.  a  native  of  Daure,  near  the 
P}  rentes,  who  was  a  deputy  in  the  conven- 
tion, and  distinguished  himself  by  his  enmity 
to  the  monarchy.  He  was  commissary  in 
the  armies  of  the  Rhine,  where  he  behaved 
with  coolness  and  intrepidity,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  Paris,  when  opposing  the  attack  made 
on  the  convention,  26th  May,  1795,  he  was 
sliot  through  the  heart  with  a  pistol.  His 
murderer  was  executed,  and  the  convention 
appointed  a  day  to  celebrate  his  obsequies. 

Ferrein,  Antony,  a  French  anatomist, 
who  died  at  Paris  1769,  aged  76.  He  pub- 
lished lectures  which  he  had  read  on  medi- 
cine, and  lectures  on  Materia  Medica,  each 
3  vols.  12mo. 

Ferreas,  Don  John  of,  a  Spanish  divine 
born  at  Uabanezza  1652,  and  educated  at  Sa- 
lamanca. His  wit  and  learning  recommend- 
ed him  to  the  court,  from  whose  favors  he 
refused  the  pressing  offer  of  two  bishoprics. 
He  was  made  member  of  the  academy  of  Ma- 
drid 1713,  and  appointed  Librarian  to  the 
king.  He  contributed  much  to  the  Spanish 
Dictionary,  published  by  the  academy  1739, 
in  6  vols.  fol.  He  died  1735,  leaving  several 
works  in  philosophy,  divinity,  and  history, 
the  best  known  of  which  is  his  history  of 
Spain,  translated  into  French,  by  llermilly, 
10  vols.  4to. 

Ferreti,  or  Ferretus,  a  poet  and 
historian  of  Vicenza,  of  the  l4th  century, 
who  contributed  much  to  the  revival  of  learn- 
ing in  Europe.  He  wrote  an  history  of  liis 
own  times  from  1259  to  1328,  in  seven  books, 
and  other  works  in  verse  and  prose,  in  Italr 
ian. 

Ferret*!,  Emilio,  an  Italian  lawyer,  born 
at  Castclfranco,  Bologna  1489.  He  was  era- 
ployed  at  Avignon,  by  Leo  X.  to  v.  horn  he 


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^as  secretary.  He  died  at  Avignon  1552. 
His  Opera  Juridica  were  published  after  his 
death. 

Ferrety,  Giovanni  Batista,  a  Benedic- 
tine monk  of  Vicenza,  who  published  at  Ve- 
rona, in  167-2,  *•  Musse  Lapidarise,"  in  folio, 
•which  contain  inscriptions  from  ancient  mon- 
uments.    The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Ferri,  Paul,  a  learned  divine,  born  at 
Metz  1591,  and  educated  at  Montauban.  He 
became  a  minister  in  his  native  town,  and 
gained  popularity  by  his  eloquence,  and  his 
dignified  address  as  a  preacher.  He  zealously 
employed  himself  to  reconcile  the  protestants, 
and  for  these  benevolent  motives  he  was  ac- 
cused by  his  enemies  of  being  bribed  by  Rich- 
elieu to  form  a  coalition  of  the  two  religions. 
He  died  1669,  of  the  stone,  and  more  than 
80  calculi  were  found  in  his  bladder.  He  pub- 
lished, 1616,  Scholastic!  Orthodoxici  Speci- 
men, a  book  approved  by  Du  Plessis  Mornay 
•— Vindicise  pro  Scholastico  Orthodox  1619. — 
and  General  Catechisme  do  la  Reformation, 
1654. 

Ferri,  Giro,  a  painter,  born  at  Rome  1634. 
He  was  the  disciple  and  happy  imitator  of 
Peter  de  Cortona,  and  the  excellence  of  his 
pieces,  on  which  he  set  a  very  high  price, 
recommended  him  to  the  patronage  of  pope 
Alexander  VH.  and  of  his  three  saccessors. 
The  duke  of  Florence  also  granted  him  a 
pension  to  finish  the  imperfect  pictures  of 
Cortona,  and  honorably  nominated  him  chief 
of  the  Florentine  school.  Ferri  was  equally 
great  as  an  architect,  and  several  palaces  and 
altars  at  Rome  were  raised  from  his  designs. 
It  is  said  that  he  died  through  chagrin  at  see- 
ing the  superior  coloring  of  Bacici's  picture 
of  angels  near  his  own  works  in  the  palace  of 
Navona,  1689,  at  the  age  of  55. 

Ferrier,  Arnaud  de,  a  lawyer,  born  at 
Toulous  1506,  and,  from  the  greatness  of  his 
abilities,  called  the  Cato  of  France.  He  was 
professor  of  the  university,  and  afterwards 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  and 
he  was,  in  1562,  deputed  by  the  French  king 
to  the  council  of  Trent,  where  the  boldness 
of  his  harangues  in  favor  of  his  master  offen- 
ded some  of  his  Italian  hearers.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Venice,  where  he  assisted 
father  Paul  in  the  collection  of  materials  for 
the  History  of  the  council  of  Trent.  He  was 
at  heart  a  protestant,  and  professed  it  at  the 
solicitation  of  Du  Plessis  Mornay.  He  was 
made  chancellor  to  the  king  of  Navarre,  and 
he  formed  the  design  to  declare  the  French 
king  head  of  the  Church,  after  the  example 
of  England.  He  died  in  his  79th  year.  He 
•wrote  some  works. 

Ferrier,  Jei'emy,  a  divinity  professor  at 
Nismes,  who,  from  protestant,  became  pap- 
ist, even  after  declaring  in  a  public  disputa- 
tion that  Clement  VHI.  was  Anti-christ.  He 
was  afterwards  made  state  counsellor  to  the 
French  king,  and  he  attended  him  in  Britany 
in  1626.  He  was  patronised  by  Richelieu, 
and  wrote  some  tracts,  esijecially  *'  Catho- 
Kque  d'Etat,"  in  favor  of  his  feligion  and 
principles.  He  died  of  a  hectic  fever  1626. 
He  had  a  large  family,  but  only  one  daughter, 
•who  married  Tardieu,  and  of  whom  some 


anecdotes  are  recorded  in  Boileau's  tenth 
satire. 

Ferrier,  Lewis,  a  poet,  born  at  Avig- 
non. He  was  imprisoned  for  some  licentious 
verses  in  his  **  Preceptes  Galantes,"  but  Ub- 
erated  by  interest.  He  wrote  Anne  of  Brit- 
any, Adrastus,  and  Montezuma,  tragedies, 
which,  in  a  feeble  style,  have  some  pathetic 
passages.  He  died  in  Normandy  1721,  aged 
69. 

Ferrier,  John,  a  Jesuit  of  Rodez,  in 
Rouei'gne,  confessor  to  the  French  king  after 
Annat,  in  1670.  He  op])osed  the  Jansenists, 
and  wrote  his  famous  book,  on  probability, 
against  them.     He  died  1674. 

Ferri ERES,  Claude  de,  a  doctor  of  civil 
law  at  Paris,  Avho  wrote  several  valuable 
books  on  jurisprudence.  His  compositions 
enriched  the  booksellers,  but  left  him  and  his 
family  very  poor.  He  died  1715,  aged  77. 
His  works  are,  the  Jurisprudence  of  the  Jus- 
tinian Code — of  the  Digest — of  the  No- 
velise, &c.  His  son  Claude  Joseph  wrote  a 
Dictionary  of  LaM',  2  vols.  4to  1771. 

Ferron,  Arnauld  du,  a  la^vyer  of  Bour- 
deaux,  who  died  1563,  aged  48.  He  wrote 
in  elegant  Latin  in  the  style  of  Terence,  and 
continued  to  the  reign  of  Francis  I.  the  Lstin 
History  of  France  by  Paulus  iEmilius  the 
Veronese.  It  was  published  at  Paris  1555, 
and  very  highly  esteemed  for  curious  and  in- 
teresting details. 

Ferte,  Henry  de  Senecterre  Mareschal 
de,  a  famous  general  under  Lewis  Xlil.  and 
his  successor,  distinguished  at  the  siege  of 
Rochelle  1626,  and  at  the  battles  of  Rocroi 
and  Lens.  In  1650,  he  defeated  the  duke  of 
Lorraine,  at  the  battle  of  St.  Nicholas,  and 
wns  made  marshal  of  France,  but  in  1656,  he 
was  taken  prisoner,  at  Valenciennes,  by  the 
Spaniards.  He  died  1681,  aged  82,  respect- 
ed as  a  warrior,  but  inferior  to  Turenne, 
whose  fame  he  envied. 

Ferus,  John,  a  superior  of  the  Gray 
Friars,  at  Metz,  known  as  a  preacher,  and  as 
an  able  commentator  on  the  bible.  His 
works,  which  favor  the  protestants,  are  inser- 
ted in  the  Index  Expurgatorius.  He  died 
1654. 

Festus,  Porcius,  was  the  proconsul  of 
Judea,  before  whom  the  apostle  Paul  ap- 
peared, and  by  whom  he  was  on  his  appeal 
sent  to  Rome. 

Festus,  Pompeius,  an  ancient  gramma- 
rian, author  of  a  Tract  de  Significatione  Ver- 
borum,  abridged  from  Flaccus. 

Fett  I,  Dorainico,  a  painter  born  at  Rome, 
1589,  and  educated  under  Ludovico  Civoli, 
of  Florence.  He  studied  and  imitated  the 
paintings  of  Julio  Romano,  and  was  patron- 
ised by  the  duke  of  Mantua,  whose  palaces 
he  adorned  with  his  highly  finished  pieces. 
He  ruined  his  constitution  by  licentious  in- 
dulgences at  Venice,  and  died  in  his  35th 
year.  His  pictures  are  very  scarce,  and 
much  sought  after.  His  sister,  a  nun,  was 
also  a  good  painter,  and  she  adorned  her 
convent,  at  Mantua,  with  some  of  her  pieces. 
Fevardentius,  or  Fe^wardent, 
Francis,  a  Franciscan  friar  of  Coutances, 
Normandy,  born  L541.    He  was  a  furious 


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aacl  bigofcd  opposer  of  the  protcstantj,  a- 
p;;iinRt  whom  he  prcacht'd  w  kli  prtiit.  virti- 
leiicc.  Even  the  third  and  foiirih  IlcmicK 
■were  objects  of  liis  attack,  and  apainst  them  he 
directed  all  his  thunder  from  the  pulpit.  He 
publifjhed  tlie  five  hooks  of  In.nnMis,  correct- 
ed and  illustrated  vitli  learned  notes,  and 
edited  the  last  time  at  I^aris,  IC;>'.>.  He  wr(»to 
also  controversial  tracts,     lie  died  IGil. 

Feulleie,  Lewis,  a  French  naturalist, 
born  in  Provence  1660.  His  great  ahiliiies 
were  honorably  employed  by  Lewis  XIV.  in 
different  parts  ol  the  world,  to  advance  the 
knowled!.;e  of  natural  history,  and  at  his  re- 
turn he  received  a  pension,  and  an  ob.srrva- 
tory  was  built  for  liis  residence  at  Marseilles, 
•wlicrc  he  died  17.j2.  He  wrote  a  journal  of 
observations  physical,  botanical,  kc.  on  the 
Coasts  of  Soutb  America,  3  vols.  4to.aiid  pre- 
sented the  French  king;  with  a  large  folio  of 
curious  drawings,  &c.  executed  in  the  South- 
sieas. 

Feu<^ttieres,  Anthony  de  Pas  marquis  of, 
a  native  of  Artois,  distinguished  as  a  general, 
and  made  a  marshal  for  his  services  in  Ger- 
many. He  wrote  Military  Memoirs,  4  vols. 
12mo.  in  which  he  spoke  with  unusual  sever- 
ity against  the  general  offioersof  his  age,  and 
died  1711,  aged  03. 

Feuuborn,  Justus,  a  German  protestant 
of  Westphalia,  author  of  several  theological 
Avorks  in  Latin.  He  died  rector  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Giessen  1656,  aged  69. 

Fevre,  Claude,  a  Frencii  painter,  who 
died  in  London  1675,  aged  42.  His  portraits, 
flowers,  historical  pieces,  &c.  were  much  ad- 
mired. 

Fevre,  Guy  le,  sieur  de  la  Boderie,  a 
poet,  born  in  Lower  Norraand}-.  He  was 
■well  skilled  in  oriental  literature,  and  pub- 
lished some  works  in  Syriac  and  Chaldee, 
and  assisted  in  editing  of  Montanu's  Polvglott 
bible.     He  died  1598,  aged  57. 

Fevre,  Anthony  le,  brother  to  Guy,  was 
employed  near  the  person  of  Henry  IV.  of 
France,  and  sent  as  ambassador  to  England, 
and  to  other  countries.  He  died  1615,  aged 
60.  His  memoirs  appeared  at  Paris  5  vols, 
12mo. 

Pevre,  Xieholas  le,  a  French  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  true  religion  —  and  a 
critical  examination  of  Bayle's  works.  He 
died  1755. 

Fevre,  James  le,  or  Jacobus  Faeer,  a 
learned  Frenchman,  born  at  Estampes,  in 
Picardy  1440.  He  was  suspected  of  protest- 
antism, and  therefore  exposed  to  persecution, 
and  after  taking  refuge  at  Meaux,  Blois,  and 
Guienue,  he  at  last  found  a  safe  retreat  at 
Ncrac,  under  the  protection  of  Margaret, 
queen  of  Navarre,  sister  of  Francis  I.  He 
died  there  1537,  nearly  100  years  old. 
Though  not  professedly  a  protestant,  he  yet 
disapproved  of  many  of  the  tenets  of  the 
church  of  Rome,  and  he  held  a  conference 
■with  Buccr  and  Captio,  at  Strasburg,  about 
the  reformation  of  the  chm-ch.  In  1512,  he 
published  a  translation  of  St.  Paul's  epistles, 
with  noi-cs,  and  gave  the  rest  of  the  New 
Testament  in  1522,  with  copious  commenta- 


ries. Though  the  intimate  friend,  and  tor- 
revpondcnt  of  Erasmus,  he  ipaarrelled  with 
him  in  consequence  of  some  disputed  passa- 
ges in  bcri'tture,  and  Erasmus,  much  to  hirf 
honor,  after  repelling  the  attack,  solicited 
tlie  contiiiiiance  of  his  fricndsliip.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  murdered  in  his  bed,  after  weed- 
ing in  the  presence  of  queen  Mai\c;ai(t,  and 
lumentiiig  that  he  had  not,  like  many  of  liis 
disciples,  bad  the  fortitude  to  become  u  mar- 
tyr in  the  di;fcnce  of  bis  opinion*'. 

FnvuE,  Nichf>lasle,rjj'  Aithol.nns  Faber, 
an  ingenious  and  learned  man,  iiorii  at  Paris, 
2d  June  1544.  In  his  youth,  he  had  a  dread- 
ful accident,  while  cutting  a  pen,  a  small 
piece  of  the  quill  flew  into  his  eye,  and  caus- 
ed sucli  acute  pain,  that  he  lifted,  in  sudden 
angui.sh,  the  knife  to  his  eye,  and  struck  it 
out  of  the  socket.  He  studied  the  civil  lav 
at  Toulouse,  Padua,  and  Bologna,  and  after 
residing  18  months  in  liome,  he  returned  to 
Paris,  and  applied  himself  to  belles  lettres.- 
His  edition  of  Seneca,  appeared  in  1587,  with 
learned  notes.  He  also  devoted  some  time 
to  mathematics,  and  with  such  success  that 
he  discovered  the  falsity  of  Scaliger's  demon- 
stration ot  the  quadrature  of  the  circle.  On 
the  accession  of  Henry  IV.  to  the  crown,  he 
was  made  preceptor  to  the  duke  ofConde, 
and  after  the  king's  death,  he  held  the  same 
office  in  the  education  of  Lewis  XIII.  He 
died  1611.  His  works,  which  are  few,  were 
collected  after  his  death  by  his  friend  le 
Begue,  in  a  4to.  vol.  1614  Paris.  He  was  not 
indeed  anxious  to  appear  as  an  author,  but 
he  was  more  willing  to  communicate  instruc- 
tion and  intelligence  to  those  who  enriched 
the  world  ■^ilh  literary  productions,  and 
therefore  for  his  liberality,  and  for  his  modes- 
ty, and  the  amiable  qualities  of  a  private 
character,  he  is  deserved!)-  commended  by 
Raillf-t,  Lipsius,  and  others, 

Fevre,  Tanaquil,  or  Tannequi,  a  learn- 
ed man,  father  of  Madame  Dacier,  was  born 
at  Caen  in  Normandy  1615.  After  studying 
with  the  greatest  success  at  home,  am!  un- 
der the  care  of  his  uncle,  he  went  to  Paris, 
and  was  soon  recommended  to  the  pntron- 
Rge  of  Richelieu,  who  settled  a  pension  ol" 
2o00  livres  upon  him,  to  inspect  the  bool;s 
l)ublishcd  at  the  Louvre.  The  death  of  his 
patron,  and  the  neglect  of  the  next  minister 
Mazarine,  altered  litis  plans  of  life,  and  he 
turned  protestant,  and  accepted  a  profes- 
sorship in  the  university  of  Saumur.  Here 
his  learning  and  his  reputatio;i  drew  pupils 
from  all  quarters,  but  an  unfortunate  asser- 
tion that  he  could  pardon  Sappho's  love  for 
her  own  sex,  since  it  produced  a  beautiful 
ode,  proved  the  cause  of  a  dispute  with  the 
university,  and  at  last  in  1672,  he  was  invi- 
ted to  remove  to  Heidelberg,  A  fever  how- 
ever prevented  his  departure,  and  he  died 
I2tli  Sept.  1672.  He  lett  a  son  of  his  own 
name,  who  was  a  protestant  divine  in  Hol- 
land, and  at  London,  but  became  a  Roman 
catholic  at  Paris,  and  publi.slied  a  I'ract  de 
f  militate  Poetices  1697,  and  besides  ^Madame 
Dacier,  another  daughter  marricil  to  Paul 
Bauldri,  professor  at  Utrcvlit.     Faber  v  as 


FE 


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agreeable  in  liis  person,  but  rather  effemi- 
nate, as  to  appear  with  neatness,  he  procur- 
ed gloves,  &c.  from  London,  and  essences 
from  Rome.  He  published  among  otlier 
books,  Luciani  de  Morte  Peregrini  Libellus, 
4tG.  1653.  Diatribe  Flavii  Josephi  de  Jesu 
Christi  Testimonium  suppositum  esse  1655, 
8vo. — Epistolarum  Pars  Prima,  1659,  Sec- 
unda,  1665, — a  short  account  of  tlie  Lives 
of  Greek  poets — the  Hfe  of  Theseus,  from 
Plutarch — Methode  pour  Commencer  les 
Humanites  Grecques  Sc  Latines — editions  of 
Xenophon'sConvivium,  of  Plato's  Alcibiades, 
of  Plutarch's  de  Superstitione,  besides  notes 
on  ApoUodorus,  Longinus,  and  other  clas- 
sics. 

Fevre,  Roland  le,  a  painter,  born  at 
Anjou,  though  called  sometimes  a  Venetian. 
His  naked  figures  were  much  admired.  He 
stained  marble  curiously.  He  died  iu  Eng- 
land, 1677. 

Fevre T,  Charles,  a  French  civilian, born 
at  Saumur  15S3.  He  studied  the  law  at 
Heidelberg  under  Godefro)',  and  in  1607  he 
returned  to  Dijon,  where  he  married  Anne 
Brunet  of  Bcaulnc,  by  whom  he  had  19 
children,  14  of  which  were  born  in  eight 
years.  He  was  a  popular  advocate  at  Dijon, 
and  became  counsellor  of  the  three  estates 
of  the  province.  When  Lewis  XHI.  came 
to  Dijon  to  punish  an  insurrection,  Fevret 
was  the  only  person  considered  as  capable  to 
plead  the  cause  of  the  insurgents,  and  to 
petition  the  monarch,  and  so  eloquent  and 
persuasive  was  his  address  that  the  king  de- 
sired him  to  print  it,  and  forgave  the  rebels. 
His  abilities  rendered  him  universally  known, 
the  princes  of  Cond6  appointed  him  their 
counselloi*,  and  he  held  the  same  honorable 
office  also  with  Frederic  Casimir  the  pala- 
tine of  the  Rhine.  He  died  at  Dijon  1601, 
aged  78.  He  published  1645  c  Latin  trea- 
tise de  Claris  Fori  Burgundici  Oratoribus — 
and  in  1653  his  famous  "  Traite  de  I'Abus," 
which  has  been  frequently  reprinted.  He 
also  translated  Pibrac's  Quatrains  into  Latin 
verse,  &c. 

Feustking,  John  Henry,  a  native  of 
Holstein,  Avho  became  professor  and  doctor 
of  divinity  in  the  university  of  Wittemberg. 
He  was  also  confessor  to  the  elector  of  Sax- 
ony, and  counsellor  to  the  duke  of  Saxe  Go- 
tha,  and  died  1713,  aged  41.  He  wrote  va- 
rious works  in  German  and  in  Latin. 

Fevret  deFontette,  Charles  Ma- 
rie, great  grandson  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Dijon  1710,  and  became  eminent  as 
a  lawyer,  and  obtained  a  pension  from  gov- 
ernment. He  was  member  of  the  academy 
of  belles  lettres,  and  was  laboriously  employ- 
ed in  editing  **  le  Long's  Bibliotheque  Histo- 
rique  de  la  France,"  w  hich  he  enlarged  from 
one  to  five  large  fol.  vols.     He  died  1772. 

Feyideau,  Matthew, a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  born  at  Paris  1616.  He  was  a  zea- 
lous Jansenist,  and  died  in  exile  at  Annonai 
in  Vivares  1694.  He  wrote  "  Meditations 
on  Providence,  and  the  Mercy  of  God,"  un- 
der the  name  of  Pressigny,  and  the  "  Cate- 
chism of  Grace,"  &c. 


FiASELLA,  Dominico,  an  Italian  histori- 
cal painter,  who  died  1669,  aged  80.  He 
was  also  called  Sarazena  from  the  place  of 
his  birth  near  Genoa. 

FicHARD,  John,  a  lawyer  and  syndic,  of 
Frankfort  on  the  Mayne,  where  he  died 
1581,  aged  69.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
are,  Virorum  Qui  Superior!  Nostroque  Sts- 
colo  Eruditione  et  Doetrina  lUustres  atque 
Memorabiles  Fuerunt,  Vitse,  1536,  4to. — 
Vitse  Juris-consultoruni,  1565 — Onomasticon 
Pliilosophico-Medico  Synonymum,  1574 — 
de  Cautilis,  1577 — Concilium  Matrimoniale, 
15  SO. 

FiciNus,  Marsilius,  a  learned  Italian, 
born  at  Florence  1433,  and  educated  at  the 
expense  of  Lorenzo  de  Medicis,  to  whom 
his  father  was  physician.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  an  able  scholar,  a  great  philoso- 
pher, physician,  and  divine,  and  under  the 
patro«iage  of  his  friends  Lorenzo  and  Cosmo 
de  Medicis,  he  restored  in  the  West  the 
study  of  the  platonic  philosophy,  and  tran- 
slated not  only  his  favorite  author  Plato,  but 
also  Plotinus,  Proclus,  lamblicus,  Porphyri- 
ns, Sec.  Though  originally  a  sceptic,  the  el- 
oquent preaching  of  Savanorola  brought  him 
to  a  due  sense  of  religion  and  of  religious  du- 
ties, but  like  many  of  the  learned  of  his  time 
lie  still  remained  devoted  to  astrology.  By 
care  and  a  proper  regimen  he  supported  his 
naturally  feeble  constitution  to  the  age  of  66. 
He  died  at  Correggio  1499,  and  soon  after, 
as  Baronius  gravely  affirms,  appeared  ac- 
cording to  his  promise  to  his  friend  IMichael 
Mercatus,  to  prove  tlius  the  immortality  of 
the  soul.  His  writings  sacred  and  profane 
are  very  numerous,  they  were  collected  and 
printed  at  Venice  1516,  and  at  Paris  1641, 
in  2  vols,  folio, 

Fi  COR  ONI,  Francesco,  a  Roman  medal- 
ist, who  died  1747,  aged  83.  He  wrote  se- 
veral works,  in  Italian,  on  medals  and  anti- 
quities, published  at  Rome. 

Fit-'ANZA,  Joliannes,  a  philosopher,  poet, 
and  theologist  of  Tuscany,  called  also  St. 
Bonaventure,and  from  his  learning  styled  the 
seraphic  doctor.  He  died  1274,  aged  53,  au- 
thor of  some  books  now  little  known. 

FiDDES,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Hunmanby  near  Scarborough,  Yorkshire 
1671.  He  entered  at  Corpus  Christi  college, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  University  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  after  taking  his  bachelor's 
degree  he  returned  to  Yorkshire,  where  in 
1693  he  married.  In  1694  he  was  presented 
to  the  living  of  Halsham,  but  the  marshy  sit- 
uation of  the  place  proved  so  injurious  to  him 
that  he  was  suddenly  deprived  of  his  speech, 
and  never  after  completely  recovered  it. 
Thus  disabled  from  performing  his  duty,  he 
came  to  London  1712,  and  no  longer  able  to 
shine  as  before  as  an  eloquent  preacher,  he 
determined  to  maintain  himself  by  his  pen. 
By  the  friendship  of  Swift  he  was  recommen- 
ded to  lord  Oxford  who  made  him  his  chap- 
lain, but  the  hopes  of  preferment  and  inde- 
pendence vanished  at  the  death  of  the  queen 
and  the  changes  of  the  ministry.  By  the  re- 
commendatioa  of  Dr.  Radclitfe  his  relation, 


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he  took  his  degree  of  I>.  T).  and  nrierwardj 
was  honored  with  that  of  I).  J),  by  tia-  univer- 
sity. He  died  at  Putney  17'J5,  :i!^ed  54,  lea- 
ving in  destitute  circumstances  his  wilr  and 
six  ciiildren.  Of  his  writings  tlie  most  known 
are,  **  v^  Body  of  Divinity  Exphuning  tlic 
Principles  and  the  DtiticB  of  Natural  and  ICo- 
veale<l  Religion,  tJvols.  fol. —  VJ  Discoutst's — 
and  the  Life  of  Cardinal  W'olscy,  in  fol. 
These  works  ai»pcared  under  the  patronage 
of  a  large  subscription,  hut  llieir  pf)pularity 
•was  severely  attacked.  Stackhousc  found 
great  fault  with  the  body  of  divinit} ,  and  lor 
the  life  of  Wolsey  the  author  was  acrimoni- 
ously censured  in  the  London  journal,  as  he- 
ing  a  friend  to  popery,  and  the  secret  en- 
emy of  the  reformation.  Dr.  Knight  after- 
wards in  his  life  of  Erasmus  repeats  the  ac- 
cusation, an(^  charges  Fiddes  with  favoring 
the  claims  of  t'.ie  pretender,  as  lie  wrote  his 
book  in  the  house  and  under  the  eye  of  At- 
terbury,  whose  opposition  to  the  Hanoveri- 
an famWy  was  then  very  unpoi)uhr.  These 
charges  may  now  he  considered  as  puerile, 
FJdddS  wrote  for  his  bread,  but  he  certainly 
wrote  for  a  party,  and  while  he  wished  to 
please  one  part  of  the  nation,  he  was  sure 
that  IjIs  compositions  would  be  viewed  with 
a  jaundiced  eye  by  the  other. 

Field,  Uichard,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Hempsttad,  Herts  15G1,  and  educated  at 
jVIagdalen  college,  Oxford.  He  afterwards 
removed  to  Magdalen  liall,  and  soon  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  preacher  and  a  power- 
ful disputant,  so  that  in  1594  he  became  rea- 
der to  Lincoln's  Inn  society,  fi"om  one  of 
whose  members  he  obtained  the  living  of 
Burrowclere,  Hants.  In  1598  he  was  ap- 
pointed    chaplain  to  queen  Elizabeth,   and 


under  James  her  successor,  he  was  made 
successively  canon  of  Wuidsor,  and  dean  of 
Gloucester.  The  bishopric  of  Oxford  was 
intended  for  him,  but  he  died  before  the  ap- 
pointment was  conferred  in  form,  21st  Nov. 
1616,  aged  55.  He  was  a  man  highly  re- 
spected for  his  learning,  and  anxiously  devo- 
ted to  the  healing  of  dissensions  in  the  church, 
so  that  at  one  time  James  wished  to  employ 
his  great  abilities  to  produce  a  reconciliation 
between  the  Lutherans  and  Calvinists  oftier- 
many.  The  first  time  the  king  heard  him 
preach  he  quaintly  observed,  "  this  is  a  Field 
for  God  to  Dwell  in,"  and  almost  in  similar 
words  he  was  styled  by  Fuller,  <*  that  learn- 
ed divine,  whose  memory  smelleth  like  a 
Field  which  the  Lord  hath  blessed."  The 
most  famous  of  his  works  is  his,  "Four 
Books  of  the  Church,"  augmented  with  a 
fifth  in  the  second  edition,  which  appeared 
1610.  His  memory  was  retentive  to  a  sur- 
prising degree,  so  that  whatever  he  read  he 
•accurately  remembered.  He  was  not,  how- 
ever, only  a  learned  man,  but  he  was  most 
universally  benevolent,  exe.'nplary  in  his 
family,  religious  in  his  behaviour,  and  in 
every  thing  a  good  christian. 

Fielding,  Henry,  the  celebrated  novel- 
ist, was  born  at  Sharpham  park,  Somerset- 
shire, 2'2d  Ai)ril,  1707.  His  father  was  a 
Ueutenaut-geueral  in  the  army,  and  gi-and- 


3on  in  an  carl  of  Denbigh,  and  bin  mother 
wAi  daughter  of  the  first  judge  Gould.  Young 
J'ielding  was  educated  at  home,  under  the 
f^re  of  ,Mr.  Oliver,  a  «li'ro;ynian,  whom  he 
ufteruards  turned  to  ridicule  iu  the  humor- 
ous but  coarse  character  of  parson  Trulliber 
in  Joseph  Andrews.  He  then  went  to  Eton, 
where  he  formed  an  early  intimacy  with 
the  future  leading  men  of  the  age  ;  with  Lyt- 
teltoii,  Fo\',  Pitt,  U:\ultm-y,  Williams,  and 
othei  s,  ;ind  tueu,  when  IS,  he  passed  to  Ley- 
den,  wlicre  he  devoted  himself  to  tfie  study 
of  civil  law  foi-  twovems.  Iking  ill  suppli- 
ed with  money  by  his  father,  who  had  taken 
a  second  w  lie  and  had  another  rising  family 
to  prtivide  for,  he  returned  to  London,  and 
in  ibal  scene  of  disbipalion,  rrgardless  of  the 
calls  of  temperance  ami  of  virtue  he  grati- 
fied every  passion,  and  laid  the  seeds  of  fu- 
ture evils  and  of  lasting  iulinuilies.  With  a 
straitened  purse  he  soon  found  that  some- 
thing must  be  done  fur  bread.  He  therefore 
commenced  author,  and  produced  his  first 
dramatic  piece,  *'  Love  in  several  Masques," 
1727,  which  together  Asilh  "the  Temple 
Beau"  the  next  year,  drew  turih  the  applau- 
ses o'f  crowded  audiences.  He  was  not, 
however,  always  successful,  and  he  ventured 
to  publish  one  of  his  ])ieBes,  bearing  in  the 
title  "  an  it  was  ilamned  at  tlie  theatve-roy- 
al,  Drxiry-Iane  ,•"  but  the  severity  of  criticism, 
\  and  the  frowns  of  disapprobation  were  un- 

♦  heeded  iu  the  friendship  and  patronage  ot 
!  the  great  and  powerful,  especially  of  the 
'  duke  of  Argyle,  and  lord  Lyttleton.     About 

the  year  1734  he  married  ^liss  Craddock  at 

Salisbury,  a  w  oman  of  grcv'it  beauty,  and  a 

fortune  of   about    1500/.  hut  this,    together 

with  the  estate  of  Slower,  Dorsetshire,  which 

fell  to  him  by  his  father's  death,  and  whicli 

might   with   economy   have    rendered   him 

'  comfortable  and   independent,  was  quickly 

j  squandered   away  in  expensive   hospitality, 

and   an    improper   show   of    equipage    and 

I  magnificence,  and  at  30  Fielding  found  him- 

!  self  {)0or,   and  destitute  of  every  resource. 

!  He  now  applied  to  the  law,  and  in  due  time 

1  was  called  from  the  Temple  to  the  bar,  and 

•  began  to  make  a  respectable  figure  in  West- 
!  minster   hall  ;   but  the    frequent  attacks  ot 

the  gout,  and  all  the  diseases  ingrafted  on 
a  licentious  youth,  prevented  the  success 
Avhich  his  abilities  fairly  promised.  To 
maintain  himself  and  a  wife  and  children 
whom  he  tenderly  loved,  he  again  had  re- 
course to  his  pen,  and  various  pamphlets 
and  tracts  were  usi)ere<l  into  the  world  an- 
onymously. In  the  full  vigor  of  genius  he 
produced  his  Joseph  Andrews,  and  Tom 
Jones,  novels  so  universally  admired,  as  to 
be  above  the  praise  of  his  biographer.  His 
"  Wedding  Day,"  however,  di«l  not  meet  on 
the  stage  the  success  which  he  expected,  and 
while  he  meditated  on  the  gloomy  aspect  of 
his  affairs,  the  deatli  of  his  w  ife  came  to  em- 
bitter the  cup  of  his  affliction,  and  it  pro 
ved  so  poignant,  that  his  friends  dreaded 
the  loss  of  his  senses.  By  time  he  re- 
covered the  severity  of  the  blow,  and  he 
began  again  to   struggle    against    fortune 


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He  undertook  to  contribute  to  two  periodi- 
cal papers,  but  reduced  as  his  income  was, 
he  found  great  assistance  in  the  appointment 
of  justice  of  the  peace  for  the  county  of  Mid- 
dlesex, which  was  procured  by  the  influence 
of  his  friends,  and  which,  though  unpopular 
and  odious,  was  discharged  by  him  witli  im- 
partiality and  attention.     In  the  busy  avoca- 
tion of  this  ofticc  he  planned  and  executed 
his  Ameha,  a  work  very    respectable,   but 
certainly  inferior  to  Tom   Jones.     His  con- 
stitution   was    now   so    enfeebled    that  Iiis 
friends  advised    his  removing  to  the  softer 
climate  of  Lisbon,  and  two  months  after  he 
arrived  there  he  died,  1754,  aged  48.    Yet 
though  weak,  and  laboring  under  the  attacks 
of  disease   he  employed  his  pen  in  the  hu- 
morous  journal    of   his   A-oyage   to  Lisbon, 
published   in    London     1755.      Besides   the 
■works  already  mentioned,  he  wrote  an  Es- 
say on   Conversation, — on    the    Knowledge 
and  Characters  of  Men, — a  Journey  from 
this  World  to  the  next, — the  History  of  Jo- 
nathan the  Wild,  &c.    His  dramatic  pieces 
are  twenty-six  in  number,  and  the  whole  of 
his   works   has    been  published    in  several 
sizes,  with  an  Essay  on  his  Life  and  Genius, 
by  Arthur  Murphy.    He  left  a  second  wife 
■vi'ith  four  children.      His  biographer,   who 
\iews  his  character  with  the  partiality  of  a 
friend,  and  the  candor  of  an  historian,  attri- 
butes much  in  the  history  of  Fielding's  life 
to  slander  and   defamation ;  but  he   wisely 
observes  that  quick  and  warm  passions  should 
be  early  controlled,  and  that  to  their  licen- 
tious indulgence  the  author   of  Tom  Jones 
sacrificed  his  health,  his  happiness,  and  the 
prospect  of  a  lengthened  life.     When   poor 
he  was  no  longer  the  master  of  his  actions, 
and  he  had  often  recourse  for  subsistence 
to  those  measures  which  his  honor  disowned, 
and  his  pride   regarded    with  shame.     So 
fatal  to  all  happiness  and  to  peace  is  the  wild 
indulgence  of  those   passions   which    provi- 
dence has  given  to  man  for  his  comfort  if 
decently  enjoyed,  and  for  his  misery  if  ri- 
otously abused.     Some  years  after  Fielding's 
death,   the  French    consul     at    Lisbon,  de 
Meyrionnet,  offered  to  erect  a   monum«nt 
«ver  his  grave,  but  the  English  factory  rou- 
sed by  the  generous  views  of  a  stranger,  dis- 
chai'ged  a  debt  due  to  departed  literary  merit. 
Fielding,  Sarah,thirdsister  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  1714,  and  died  unmarried 
1768.    She  possessed  the  abilities  and  genius 
of  her  brother,  which  she  evinced  in  the 
Cry,  and  in  David  Simple,  and  in  the  letters 
published  as  from  the  principal  characters  of 
the  work.    She  also  translated  Xenophon's 
Memorabilia. 

Fielding,  sir  John,  the  fourth  half 
brother  to  Henry  Fielding,  was  his  succes- 
sor in  the  office  of  Westminster  magistrate. 
Though  blind  from  his  youth,  he  discharged 
his  duty  with  great  activity  and  impartialit}-, 
and  for  his  services  to  the  public  received 
the  honor  of  knighthoo^d  1761.  He  published 
various  tracts  on  subjects  of  police,  charges 
to  the  grand  jury,  essays  on  important  sub- 
jects, but  it  is  supposed  that  most  of  these 


appeared  under  his  borrowed  name,  and  that 
he  wrote  nothing  but  Cautions  against  the 
Tricks  of  Sharpers,  1777.  He  died  at 
Brompton,  Sept.  1780. 

FiEXNES,  William,  lord  Say  and   Sele, 
born  at  Broughton,  Oxfordshire,  1582,  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New   college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow  as  related 
to  the  founder.  He  was  raised  from  the  dig- 
nity of  baron  to  that  of  discount,  by  James  L 
but  in  the  reign  of  his  successor  he  showed 
himself  violent,  inconstant,   and   vindictive. 
In  the  long  parliament  of  1640,  he  was  very 
active  with  Hampden  and  Pym,  and  though 
made  master  of  the  court  of  wards,  he  slight- 
ed all  reconciliation  with  the  king,  so  that  he 
was  attainted  of  treason  for  not  attending  the 
king's  person  at  Oxford.     After  the  king's 
death  he  left  the  presbyterians  vhora  he  had 
hitherto  supported,   and  joined  himself  to 
the  independents,  and  during  the  usurpation 
he  was  created  one  of  Cromwell's  pliers.   At 
the  restoration  he  was  greatly  noticed  by 
Charles  II.  made  lord  privy  seal,  and  lord 
chamberlain,  though,  as  Wood  observes,  he 
had  been  a  grand  rebel  for  20  years,  and 
while  others  who  had  been  reduced  to  a  bit 
of  bread  for  his  majesty's  cause,  were  left  to 
pine  and  languish  under  insult  and  disap- 
pointment, and  though  a  promoter  of  the  re- 
bellion, and  in  some  respect  accessary  to  the 
murder  of  Charles,   he  died  quietly  in  his 
bed  14th  April,  1662,  and  was  buried  with 
his  ancestoi's  at  Broughton.    He  is  called  by 
Whitlock  a  man  of  great  parts,  wisdom,  and 
integrity,  and  Clarendon,  allowing  him  the 
same  merit,  describes  him  as  ambitious,  the 
enemy  of  the  church,  and  a  violent  and  dan- 
gerous leader  of  the  discontented  party.   He 
wrote  some  pohtical  tracts,  besides  an  attack 
against  the  quakers,  who  it  seems  were  nu- 
merous and   troublesome  in  his  neighbor- 
hood. 

FiENNES,  Nathanael,  second  son  of  the 
abore,  was  born  at  Broughton,  1608,  and  like 
his  father  educated  at  Winchester  and  New 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  a  fel- 
low. He  travelled  on  the  continent,  and  at 
Geneva,  and  in  Switzerland  confirmed  that 
aversion  which  he  derived  from  his  father 
against  the  church.  At  his  return  he  was 
made  member  for  Banbury,  and  displayed 
the  same  violence  against  the  royal  party  as 
his  father.  During  the  civil  wars  he  was  co- 
lonel of  horse,  under  Essex,  and  governor  of 
Bristol,  which  he  too  easily  yielded  to  the 
assault  of  iJrince  Rupert,  for  which  he  was 
condemned  to  lose  his  head.  His  father's 
influence,  however,  saved  him,  and  he  left 
the  army  disgraced,  but  still  virulently  ani- 
mated against  the  king.  He  joined  the  inde- 
pendents like  his  father,  and  when  Crom- 
well became  protector,  he  was  made  one  of 
his  privy  council,  and  sent  among  his  lords. 
At  the  restoration  he  retired  into  the 
country,  and  died  at  his  seat  of  Newtou 
Tony  near  Salisbury,  1669.  He  wrote  some 
things  in  support  of  Cromwell's  usurpation, 
and  in  another  tract  defended  his  conduct  at 
Bristol.    Clarendon  represents  him  as  an 


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able  man,  and  in  council  inferior  only  to  the 
great  Ifamptlen. 

FiEXUS,  Tliomas,  a  physician,  born  ;tt 
Antwerp  1566.  Me  Iravelli-d  ovci-  Italy,  ;inil 
at  his  retnrn  was  made  professor  ol'  physic 
at  Louvain,  and  physician  (o  the  duke  ot"  Ha- 
Tsria.  He  died  at  Lou  vain  16;)1.  lie  wrole 
*'  de  Viribns  Imaginationis,"  in  which  he  re- 
lates a  curious  story  of  a  hypocoudriac  m  lio 
thought  himself  so  large  that  he  could  not 
get  out  of  his  room — dc  I'ormatione  i>:  Ani- 
Biati'inc  Fa'tus — Apologia  pro  eodom — de 
Cauteriis — Libri  Chirurgici. 

FlESCHo,  John  Lewis,  a  nol)le  Cienoc^e, 
\r\\o  cojispired  against  Andrew  Doria,  uith 
the  intention  of  delivering  the  gallics  to  the 
French,  aixl  of  making  himself  sovereign  in 
the  room  of  his  rival,  lie  was  drowned  in 
the  attempt  1st  Jan.  1547,  and  the  \tlot  aban- 
iloned  1))'  his  a.ssociatcs,  and  his  family  ba- 
nished from  Genoa  to  the  fifth  generation. 
He  was  then  only  '22  years  old. 

FiGixo,  Ambrozio,  a  painter  born  at 
Milan,  the  disciple  of  Lomazio.  His  descent 
from  the  cross  is  seen  at  AMlton,  and  much 
admired.     He  died  1590. 

FiGRELiuSjEdmundns,  a  learned  Swede, 
professor  of  history  at  LFpsal.  He  wrote  a 
hookdeStatuisIllustrium  Romanorum,  1656, 
and  died  I6r6. 

FiLANGERi,  Gaetano,  a  native  of  Naples, 
vho  studied,  but  never  practised  the  law. 
He  was  in  1777  employed  about  the  court  as 
gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber,  and  as  an 
officer  of  marine,  and  in  1787  m.is  raised  to 
an  office  in  the  college  of  Finance.  He 
■wrote  a  popular  work  on  legislation,  the 
first  vol.  of  which  appeared  in  1780,  and  the 
Sth  in  1791.     He  died  1787,  aged  35, 

F I L  E  L  F  o ,  Francis,  or  P  h  i  L  e  P  a  u  s.  Vid. 
Philelphl'S. 

Fii-esac,  John,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  theology  at  Paris, 
died  1638.  His  works  appeared  1621,  3  vols. 
4to. 

FiLlCAjA,  Vincentio  di,  an  elegant  poet 
of  Florence,  Avho  died  1707,  aged  65.  He  was 
senator  in  his  native  city,  and  his  wants 
■were  honorably  and  libeially  relieved  by 
Christina,  queen  of  Sweden.  His  poems, 
which  are  in  a  delicate  and  refined  style, 
•were  collected  by  his  son  in  folio,  and  re- 
printed at  Venice,  3  vols.  l2mo.  1747. 

FiLMER,  sir  Robert,  an  English  writer, 
born  at  East  Sutton  in  Kent,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  He  died  1688. 
He  wrote  the  Anarchy  of  a  limited  and  mix- 
ed Monarchy — "  Patriarchia,"  in  which  he 
proves  the  original  govenmient  to  bfc  monar- 
chical, derived  from  the  patriarch,  and  heads 
of  families — and  "  the  Freeholders  Grand 
Inquest."  His  Patriarcha  was  attacked  by 
Locke. 

Fi  Xitus,  Orontius,  Fine,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics in  the  college  founded  by  Francis 
I.  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Briancon,  Dauphine, 
1494.  By  his  genius  and  application  he  re- 
commended himself  to  the  notice  of  the 
great,  but  though  as  a  mathematician,  and  as 
a  man  of  letters  he  was  highly  respectable, 

VOL.  I.  67 


yet  hfi  was  pinched  by  poverty,  and  at  his 
(h'.ith  in  15.55,  he  left  his  wife  and  six  chiU 
dren  in  very  re<luced  and  distressed  circum- 
scances.  He  iiiventetl  a  clock  in  1553,  and 
prctendiid  that  he  had  foun«l  out  the  quadra- 
ture of  the  circle.  His  works  were  collected 
in  3  vols,  folio,  153'2,  1542,  and  1556. 

Finch,  llcneage,  carl  of  Nottingham, 
son  of  sir  Hcneagc  Finch,  recorder  of  Lon- 
don, was  born  in  1621.  He  was  e<Iucated  at 
WestmiiiHter  scho(jl,  andChrl'-.t  chuich,  Ox- 
ford, and  at  the  Itiner 'I'cMiple  he  assiduously 
applied  himst'lf  to  the  study  of  law.  He  waH 
niade  solicitor-general  to  (Charles  H.  ami 
ci'ealed  a  baronet,  and  in  1661  he  was  elected 
member  for  the  tmiversity  of  O.vford.  He 
was  very  active  in  the  impeachment  of  lord 
Clarendon,  in  166",  and  in  1670  he  was  made 
attorney -general,  and  three  years  after  loi-d 
keeper,  and  raised  to  the  peerage.  In  1675 
he  was  aj)pointcd  lord  chancellor,  and  in 
1681,  he  was  create<l  earl  of  Nottingham, 
and  died  the  year  after.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  wisdom  and  eloquence,  and  though 
born  in  dangerous  and  troublesome  times, 
he  so  conducted  himself  that  he  retained  in 
every  situation  the  good  opinion  of  the  king 
and  of  the  people.  Burnet  has  commended 
him  for  his  attachment  to  the  church,  Diy- 
dcn  has  recorded  hin\  in  his  Absolom  and 
Achitophel,  in  the  character  of  Arari,  arid 
for  his  powers  in  oratory,  he  acquired  and  de- 
served the  name  of  the  Roscius  and  Cicero  of 
England.  Some  of  his  speeches  in  parliament, 
and  on  judicial  causes,  have  been  published. 

Finch,  Daniel,  earl  of  Nottingham,  sou 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  1647.  Though 
he  was  one  of  the  privy  counsellors  who  pro- 
claimed the  elevation  of  the  duke  of  York  to 
the  throne,  he  never  appeared  at  court  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  James,  but  upon  his  abdica- 
tion he  wished  the  appointment  of  a  regent, 
and  not  the  setting  up  of  another  king.  He 
was  secretary^  under  William,  and  held  the 
same  oftice  under  Anne,  till  1704.  At  the 
accession  of  George  I.  he  was  one  of  the  lords 
for  the  administration  of  affairs,  and  wf\9  de- 
clared president  of  the  council.  He  retired 
from  public  aifairs  1716,  and  died  1730.  He 
w  rote  a  very  elaborate  book  in  reply  to  Whis- 
ton's  letter  to  him  on  the  trinity,  for  which 
he  was  thanked  by  the  university  of  0.\ford. 

Finch,  Edward,  brother  of  sir  Hencage 
Finch,  first  earl  of  Nottingham,  was  vicar  of 
Christ  church,  London,  from  Avhich  he  was 
ejected  by  the  parliamentary  inquisitors. 
The  crimes  alleged  against  him  were,  that 
he  preached  in  a  surplice,  worshipped  the 
great  idol  set  vip  in  the  church,  i.  e.  the  altar, 
and  associated  with  women.  He  died  Feb. 
1,  1642,  much  respected. 

FiNCK,  Thomas,  a  native  of  South  Jut- 
land, who  took  his  medical  degrees  at  Basil, 
and  became  physician  to  the  duke  of  Sles- 
M-ick.  He  was  made  in  1691  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Copenhagen,  and  in  1602  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence,  and  1603,  of  medicine. 
He  wrote  tracts,  Geometrlte  Rotundi — de 
Constitutione  Matheseos — de  Medicina,  Sec. 
He  died  1650,  aged  ?5 


V. 


1^1 


FI 


FiNET,  sir  John,  agentlemaii  ot  respecta- 
bility among  the  courtiers  of  James  I.  and 
Charles  I.  He  was  born  at  Soulton  near 
Dover,  in  Kent,  and  died  1641,  aged  70.  tje 
wrote  "  Fineti  Philoxcnus,"  a  book  on  the 
precedency,  treatment,  audience,  and  punc- 
tilios observed  towards  foreign  ambassadors 
at  the  English  court,  1G56. 

Fire X2.U OLA,  Angelo,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Florence,  and  patronised  by  pope 
Clement  Yll.  He  was  for  some  time  an  ad- 
vocate, and  then  became  an  ecclesiastic,  and 
died  at  Rome  1545.  His  prose  Avoi'ks  were 
published  at  Florence  1548,  8vo.  and  his  co- 
medies and  other  poetical  pieces  the  year 
aftei",  and  in  1763,  in  3  vols. 

FiRMicius  Ma  TERNUS,  Julius,  a  Chris- 
tian writer  of  the  fourth  century,  of  w  hom 
little  is  known.  His  book  "  de  Errore  Pro- 
fanarum  Religionum,"  has  been  often  printed, 
and  is  a  valuable  performance.  The  eight 
books  of  astronomy  or  mathematics,  printed 
at  Venice  1497,  which  bear  his  name,  are 
supposed  not  to  be  by  him,  or  at  least  to 
have  been  written  by  him  before  he  was  con- 
verted from  heathenism  to  Christianity. 

Firm  ILIA  N,  bishop  of  Cjesarea  in  Cap- 
padocia,  was  the  friend  of  Origen,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  council  of  Antioch  against  Paul 
of  Samosata.     He  died  261). 

Firm  IN,  Thomas,  a  most  benevolent  En- 
glishman, born  at  Ipswich,  June,  1652.     He 
was  apprenticed  by  his  parents  who  were  pu- 
ritans,  to  a  linen  manufacturer  in  London, 
and  in  1660  married   a   citizen's  daughter, 
■who   died  after  bringing  him  two  children. 
He   married  again  in  1664,  and  had  several 
children.     He   was   very  prosperous  in    his 
business,  and   he    honorably   employed    the 
fruits  of  his  industry  and  success  to  the  most 
charitable  purposes.     He  was  in  his  religious 
opinions  a  Socinian,  but  he  nevertheless  was 
held  m  esteem  by  the  clergy,   by   AVilkins, 
Whichcot,  and  especially  Tillotson,  who  fre- 
quented his  company  even  when  archbishop. 
He  was  settled  in  Lombard  street,  and  the 
ravages  of  the  plague  in  1665,  and  the  fire  of 
1666,  gave  full  activity  to  his  extensive  be- 
nevolence.    In  1676  he  erected  a  warehouse 
in  Little  Britain  for  the  industrious  employ- 
ment of  the  poor  in  the  linen  manufacture, 
and  in  1&82  he  established  another  manufac- 
tory of  the  same  kind  at  Ipswich  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the     protestants   who  had   fled  from 
France  on  account  of  religious  persecutions. 
For  the  last  20  years  of  his  life  he  was  gover- 
nor of  Christ  hospital,  London,  to  which  he 
was  a  gi:eat  benefactor.       There  was  indeed 
scarce  a  charitable  institution  to  which  he  did 
not  liberally  contribute,  with  the  most  hu- 
mane  and   benevolent  of  intentions.     This 
'worthy  and  great  character,  died  2Uth  Dec. 
1697,   aged  66,  and  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ters of  Christ  hospital,  where  in  the  wall  near 
his  grave  an  inscription  records  his  real  me- 
rits.    He  published  in  1678  I'roposals  for  the 
Emplo}"ing  of  the  Poor,  and  the  Prevention 
of  Beggary,  kc.  4to. 

FiRMiN,  Giles,  a  native  of  Suffolk,  edu- 
catcd  at  Cambridge,  where  he  studied  phy- 


sic, which  he  afterwards  practised  in  Nevr- 
England.  On  his  return  to  England  he  took 
orders,  and  became  minister  of  Shalford, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  for  nonconformi- 
ty 1662.  He  resumed  the  practice  of  phy- 
sic, and  died  1697,  aged  80.  The  best  known 
of  his  works  is  "  the  Real  Christian." 

FiRONZABADi,  surnamed  Sharazi,  a 
learned  Persian,  author  of  al  Tanbidh,  or 
general  information  on  the  Mahometan  law 
in  the  11th  century.  Another  of  the  same 
name  wrote  the  Ocean,  or  a  dictionary  of  the 
Arabic  language,  and  died  1414. 

P^iSH,  Simon,  a  native  of  Kent,  educated 
at  Oxford,  from  whence  Jie  went  to  Gray's 
Inn  and  studied  the  laAv.  He  fled  into  Ger- 
many in  consequence  of  his  acting  in  a  play, 
in  which  severe  censures  were  thrown  upon 
Wolsev,  and  there  he  met  William  Tvndale 
likewise  an  exile.  He  wrote  in  1527,  "  the 
Supplication  of  Beggars,"  which  is  a  violent 
satire  on  bishops  and  clergy,  and  the  peru- 
sal of  this  piece  by  Henry  VIII.  and  Anne 
Boleyn,  restored  him  to  favor,  and  after 
Wolsey's  fall  he  returned,  and  was  gracious- 
ly treated  by  the  king.  He  died  of  the  plague 
1571.  He  translated  the  Dutch  book  called 
the  Sum  of  the  Scriptures. 

Fisher,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  at 
Beverley,  Yorkshire,  1459.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Michael  house,  a  college  afterwards 
incorporated  with  Trinity  college  Cambridge, 
and  in  1495  when  fellow,  he  served  the  of- 
fice of  proctor,  and  that  same  year  he  was 
elected  master  of  Michael  house,  and  then 
became  confessor  to  Margaret,  duchess  oi' 
Richmond,  mother  to  Henry  VII.  Avho  by 
his  advice  founded  St.  John's  and  Christ  col- 
leges, at  Cambridge,  and  among  other  acts 
of  great  benevolence,  founded  both  the  di- 
vinity professorships  in  the  universities,  hx 
1501  he  took  the  degree  of  D.D.  and  was 
made  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge,  and  in 
1504  was  nominated  bishop  of  Rochester, 
and  the  next  year  accepted  the  headship  of 
Queen's  college,  Cambridge.  On  Luther's 
appearance  he  stood  forth  as  the  champion 
of  Rome,  but  though  long  favored  by  the 
king,  he  fell  under  his  displeasure  1527,  on 
account  of  his  zealous  defence  of  the  queen, 
in  the  affair  of  her  divorce.  In  1530  he  nar- 
rowly escaped  poisoning  by  one  Rouse,  who 
threw  in  the  cook's  absence  poison  into  the 
gruel,  of  which  luckily  the  bishop  did  not 
taste,  but  whicli  proved  fatal  to  two  of  the 
servants,  and  nearly  so  to  15  others  who  par- 
took of  it.  Upon  the  question  of  the  king's 
supremacy  in  1531,  Fisher  opposed  it  with 
great  freedom,  and  increased  the  dissatis- 
faction of  the  court,  by  listening  to  the  pre- 
dictions of  the  holy  maid  of  Kent,  and  more 
at  last  by  refusing  to  take  the  oaths  of  alle- 
giance to  the  king,  and  to  his  children,  by 
Anne  Boleyn.  He  was  committed  to  the 
Tower  for  this  contumacy,  and  though  soli- 
cited by  his  friends  he  refu.sed  to  alter  his 
opinion,  or  assent  to  the  lawfulness  of  the  di- 
vorce, and  the  marriage  of  the  king.  He 
was  attainted  of  high  treason,  but  he  might 
have  languished  in  confineineut  the  rest  of 


FI 


n 


l»fe,  had  not  the  gratitude  of  the  pope 
been  unseasonably  niutiiffstcd  towards  him. 
Pleased  with  the  hrniness  ot"  tlii-  vcneiabit: 
bishop,  Paul  HI.  in  1535,  created  him  a  car- 
dinal, an  !ion«)r  which  displeased  Ileniy  so 
much,  that  he  gave  orders  that  none  should 
bring  the  hat  into  liis  dominions.  The  mea- 
sure was  unworthy  ol' a  king,  but  when  Fish- 
er, more  ambitiously  than  wisely,  had  detda- 
red  to  Cromwell,  whom  Henry  liad  sent  to 
examine  liim,  that  he  would  receive  from 
the  pope  the  cardinal's  hat,  the  angry  mon- 
arch, swore  by  the  mother  of  (iod,  that  he 
should  wear  it  on  his  shoulders  then,  for  he 
would  leave  him  never  a  head  to  set  it  on. 
He  was  therefore  soon  after  arraigned,  and 
condemned  to  suffer  death  for  high  treason, 
and  on  the  2Jd  June,  1535,  he  was  belieaded, 
and  his  liead  fi.ved  on  London-bridge,  the 
next  day.  He  was  then  nearly  77.  Of  his 
learning,  his  several  works  which  are  chiefly 
on  Controversial  sul>jects,  &ic.  which  appear- 
ed together  at  Wurtzburg,  in  folio,  151)5, 
are  evident  proof.  As  he  was  the  literary 
opponent  of  Erasmus,  the  opinion  of  that  il- 
histrious  author  must  be  considered  as  im- 
partial. He  describes  him  as  a  man  of  great 
and  extensive  powers  of  mind,  and  for  in- 
tegrity, sweetness  of  temper,  and  greatness 
of  soul,  far  superior  to  all  the  men  of  his 
age. 

Fisher,  Mary,  an  entliusiastic  quaker, 
in  the  17th  century,  who  travelled  to  Con- 
stantinople, with  the  chimerical  intention  of 
converting  the  grand  Segnior.  Alahornet 
heard  her  with  patience,  and  sent  her  back 
to  her  country  in  safety.  She  afterwards 
married  a  preacher  of  her  persuasion,  and 
then  went  into  Languedoc,  to  attempt  tlie 
conversion  of  the  prctestants  there  to  the 
tenets  of  the  quakers. 

FiiiHERBEUT,  sir  Anthony,  a  learned 
lawyer,  born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Norbu- 
ry,  Derbyshire.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
antl  at  one  of  the  inns  of  court,  London, 
and  soon  distinguished  himself  as  a  lawyer. 
Iq  1511,  he  was  made  Serjeant  at  law,  in 
1516,  knighted,  and  in  1523,  appointed  jus- 
tice in  the  court  of  common  pleas.  After  a 
life  supported  in  his  high  station  with  inte- 
grity and  honor,  he  died  2rth  May  1538,  and 
•was  buried  at  Norbury,  leaving  a  numerous 
family,  well  provided  for.  He  wrote  the  of- 
fice of  Justice  of  the  Peace,  bcc. — the  office 
of  Sheriffs,  See.  and  other  law  tracts,  besides 
*'  of  the  Surveying  of  Lands" — and  the  book 
of  husbandry,  8cc. 

FiTXHEUBERT,  Tliomas,  grandson  to  sir 
Anthony,  was  born  in  Staffordshire  1552, 
and  educated  at  Oxford,  either  at  Exeter,  or 
Lincoln  college.  As  he  was  a  zealous  catho- 
lic, he  left  the  university  without  a  degree, 
and  retired  to  privacy,  but  on  account  of  his 
bigoted  principles,  and  his  attachment  to  the 
Jesuits  Campian  and  Parsons,  he  exposed 
himself  to  difficulties,  and  fled  as  a  voluntary 
exile  to  France  1582.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Madrid,  and  Milan,  and  at  last  entered 
into  the  society  of  Jesus,  at  liome  1614.  fie 
was  afterwards  at  Brussels,  and  for  22  years 


prcsideil  ovej-  the  English  college  at  Rome, 
where  he«lied  li)4t>,  aged  88,  and  was  buried 
in  the  college  chapel.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  he  wrote  several  hooks,  on  con- 
troversial .subjects,  against  liarlow,  iJowne, 
Andrews  and  <ither  divines.  His  treatise 
concerning  policy  and  religion,  in  three  parti>, 
was  much  admired  by  papists  and  protes* 
tants. 

Fi TZHERBEUT,  Nicholas,  grandson  to 
sir  Anthony,  and  cousin  to  Thomas,  was  born 
1550,  and  educated  at  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford. In  1572,  he  went  abroad  as  a  volunta- 
ry exile,  on  account  of  his  religious  princi- 
ples, and  settled  at  Bologna,  and  afterwards 
at  Rome,  in  the  house  of  William  Alan,  the 
English  cardinal.  He  was  unfortunately 
drowned  in  a  journey  from  Rome  1012.  He 
wrote  CasaiGalatxide Bonis  Moribus,  1595 — 
Oxoniensis  in  Anglia  Academiic  Descriptio 
1602 — de  Antiqiiilate  &  Conlinuatione  Cath- 
olics Rcligionis,  in  Anglia,  1608 — Cardinalis 
Alani  \\lx.  Epitome,  1608. 

FiTZjAMES,  James,  duke  of  Berwick^ 
natural  son  of  the  duke  of  York,  afterwards 
James  11.  b}-  Arabella  Churchill,  sister  to  the 
duke  of  Marlborough,  was  born  at  xMoulines 
1571.  He  was  early  inured  to  the  labors  of 
a  military  life,  and  was  wounded  at  Buda 
1686,  and  signalized  himself  at  the  defeat  of 
the  Turks  at  Mohatz,  and  afteru  ards  in  Ire- 
land at  the  siege  of  Londonderry,  and  at  the 
battle  of  the  Boyne.  In  1703,  he  headed  the 
French  troops  in  Spain,  reduced  the  rebels 
in  the  Cevenncs  and  in  1705  took  Nice,  and 
for  his  services  w  as  made  marshal  of  France 
by  the  king.  He  gained  the  famous  victory 
at  Almanza,  over  the  EngUsh  and  Portugese 
under  Galloway  1707,  and  thus  secured  '  the 
Spanish  crown,  on  the  head  of  Pfiliip  V.  He 
was  killed  at  the  head  of  the  French  army, 
by  a  cannon  ball,  at  the  siege  of  Philipsburg, 
in  Germany  1734.  He  was  a  man  of  a  be- 
nevolent character,  generally  poor  from  the 
great  sacrifices  which  he  maile  to  support 
the  emigrants  in  his  father's  cause.  Montes- 
quieu has  drawn  up  liis  character,  and  2  vols, 
of  his  memoirs  have  been  published,  12mo. 
by  Mr.rgon. 

FiTi-SxEPHEy,  "William,  a  monk  of 
Canterbury,  of  Norman  extraction.  He  was 
present  at  the  murder  of  Becket,  of  which 
he  wrote  an  account.  His  description  of 
London  in  that  account  is  very  curious,  and 
is  the  oldest  extant.     He  died  1191. 

F'lXMiLLNER,  Placidus,  a  native  of  Linz, 
in  Austria,  who  early  studied  mathematics, 
at  Strasburg,  under  Stuard,  and  afterwards 
embraced  a  monastic  life,  and  was  ecclesias- 
tical professor  for  40  years  at  Kremsmun- 
ster.  He  directed  also  his  attention  to  celes- 
tial observations,  and  published  some  inge- 
nious works  on  astronomical  subjects,  besides 
tracts  on  the  canon  law,  and  on  ecclesiasti- 
cal affairs.     He  died  1791,  aged  71. 

Fixes,  Anthony,  a  famous  physician  of 
Mimtpellier,  who  died  there  1765,  aged  75. 
His  works  are  esteemed.  Opera  Medica, 
4to.  1742 — Leconsde  Chymie,  1750. — Trac- 
tatus  de  Febribvts,  12rao.  1749, — Tractatu* 


17. 


FL 


<le  Physiologia,    IStno.  IT 50,   and  disserU- 
tions. 

Flaccour,  F.  de,  directing  general  of 
the  French  East-India  company,  was  also  at 
the  head  of  a  colony  in  Madagascar,  in  1648, 
which  he  was  obliged  to  quit.  On  his  return 
to  France,  he  published  an  account  of  the 
island,  in  one  vol.  4to. 

Flaccus,  Caius  Valerius,  a  Latin  poet, 
in  the  age  of  Vespasian,  author  of  the  Ar- 
gonautica. 

J'lacius,  or  Francowitz,  Matthias, 
Fid.  Francowitx. 

Flameel,  Bertholet,  an  historical  pain- 
ter of  Liege,  who  died  1675,  aged  01.  He 
improved  himself  in  Italy,  and  was  noticed 
at  Florence,  by  the  grand  duke.  Some  of 
his  pieces  adorn  the  churches  of  Paris  and 
of  Liege. 

Flamel,  Nicolas,  a  notary  of  Paris, 
horn  at  Pontoise.  He  suddenly  rose  from 
poverty  to  extensive  opulence,  and  gave 
rise  to  a  report  that  he  had  discovered  the 
philosopher's  stone.  His  riches,  however, 
Avere  nobly  used  in  the  relief  of  indigence, 
and  in  the  erection  of  hospitals.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  his  riches  arose  from  successful 
speculations  in  commerce,  at  that  time  little 
known.  He  was  living  in  1399,  and  Lucas 
amused  his  readers  by  declaring  that  he  had 
seen  him  in  India  after  his  decease.  Some 
works  on  Alchymy  have  been  attributed  to 
him. 

Flaminio,  Giovani  Antonio,  an  orator, 
poet,  and  historian  of  Bologna,  author  of  the 
lives  of  Albertus  Magnus,  of  St.  Dominic, 
&c.     He  died  1536,  aged  72. 

Flaminio,  Marc  Antonio,  son  of  the 
preceding,  born  at  Imola.  He  was  patron- 
ised by  cardinal  Farnese,  who  appointed 
him  his  secretary  at  the  council  of  Trent,  an 
office  which  his  infirmities  prevented  him 
to  execute.  He  died  at  Rome  1550,  aged 
57.  His  letters  and  epigrams  aj)peared  1561, 
Svo. — and  his  paraphrase  of  thirty  psalms, 
1558.  His  latinity  is  very  pure.  He  was 
learned,  and  his  other  writings  are  much 
esteemed. 

Flamintus,  or  Flamininus,  Titus 
Quintus,  a  Roman  consul,  celebrated  for  his 
defeat  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  B.C.  198,  and  his 
restoration  of  the  liberties  of  Greece.  He 
prevailed  upon  Prusias  to  deliver  up  Annibal. 
Flaminius,  Nobiiis,  an  Italian,  emrncnt 
as  a  divine,  and  as  a  critic.  He  wrote  a  trea- 
tise on  Predestination,  corrected  the  Vulgate 
edition  of  the  Septuagint,  and  died  at  Luca, 
1590. 

Flamsteed,  John,  an  ahle  astronomer, 
born  at  Derby,  Aug.  19th  1646.  He  was 
educated  in  his  native  town,  hut  a  severe  dis- 
temper prevented  the  designs  of  his  parents, 
in  sending  him  to  the  university,  and  when  he 
left  school  in  1662,  he  saw  for  the  first  time, 
an  astronomical  book,  Sacrobosko's  de  Spha- 
rk.  This  fixed  deeply  his  attention,  and  di- 
rected all  his  thoughts  to  astronomical  sub- 
jects. He  not  only  constructed  dials,  but  by 
the  help  of  Street's  Caroline  tables,  he  calcu- 
Tated  very  accurately  an  eclipse,  which  was 


to  happen  22d  June  1666,  and  so  ingenious 
did  this    appear,   that   the    calculation   was 
shown  to  Mr.  Halton,  a  gentleman   of  prop- 
erty  and   mathematical   knowledge  in    the 
neighborhood,  who  applauded  the  young  as- 
tronomer, and  supplied  him  with  fresh  books, 
for  his  studies.     In  1669,  he  communicated 
his  calculations  of  the  eclipses,   of  the  fixed 
star.s,  by  the  moon,  to  tlie  royal  society,  and 
received    the  thanks  of  that  body,  by   the 
hands  of  its  secretary  Oldenburg,  and  one  of 
its  members  Collins.     In  1670  his  father,  who 
had  hitherto  viewed  his  studies  with  jealous 
dissatisfaction,  pleased   with  his  correspond- 
ence with  learned  men,  advised  liim  to  go  to 
London,  M'hich    he  willingly  did  to  visit  his 
friends  Collins    and    OMenburg.      At   Cam- 
bridge he   became   acquainted  with  Barrow, 
Wroe,   and  iS'ewton,  and  he  now  entered  at 
Jesus  college,  at   that  university,   where  he 
continued  his  astronomical  studies  with  in- 
creasing zeal.     In    1673-4,   he   wrote  his  E. 
phemeris,  to  show  the  folly  of  astrologj',  to 
which  he  added    tables  of  the  moon's  rising 
and  setling,  and  at  the  request  of  his  friend 
sir  Jonas  AIooi-c,  he  compiled  an  account  of 
the  tides,  and  constructed  a  barometer,  for 
the  use  of  tiie  king.     On  taking  his  master's 
degree  at  Cambridge,  he  Avished  to  take  or- 
ders, but  his  friend  sir  Jonas  dissuaded  him, 
and  procured  him  the  place  of  astronomer 
royal,   with  a  salary  of  100/.   a  year.     This 
however   did  not  prevent  FJam'steed's  pur- 
pose, he    was  ordained  by  bishop  Gunning, 
and  when  in  1675,  the  first  stone  was  laid  for 
the   building  of  Greenwich    observatory,  he 
lodged   at  the  queen's  house  there,   and  ob- 
served the  appulses  of  the  moon  and  planets 
to  the  fixed  stars,  and  in  1681,  published  the 
doctrine  of  the  Sphere,  in  sir  Jonas  Moore's 
posthumous  work  of  a  new  System  of  Math- 
ematics  ia   4to.      In   1684,  he   obtained  the 
living  of  Burstow  in  Surrey,  the  only  prefer- 
ment he  ever  held,  but  though  his  genius  en- 
titled him  to  higher  emoluments,  his  benev- 
olent heart  was  satisfied  with  moderate  com- 
petence,  more  pleased  in  the   pursuit  of  his 
favorite  studies,    and    in  the   friendship  of 
such  men    as  Newton,   Halley,     Molineux, 
Wallis,  Casini,  Wotlon,  Keil,  &c.  than  in  the 
possession   of    unbounded   opulence.      This 
great    and    illustrious   character   died   of  a 
strangury,  31st  Dec.    1712,  and  thus  though 
of  a  very  feeble  constitution  lived  more  than 
73  years.     He  was  married  but  left  no  chil- 
dren.    His  Historia  Co^lestis   Britannica,  of 
which   the  best  part  was  printed  before  his 
death,  was  pubhshed  by  his  widow    1725,  in 
3  vols.  fol.  and  dedicated   to  the   king.     His 
papers,  as  he  himself  tells  us  in  his  |)reface, 
had   been    examined     by  the   direction    of 
George,    prince  of  Denmark,  by    Roberts, 
Newton,   Gregory,    Arbuthnot,    Wren   and 
others,  and,   under  this   high   recommenda- 
tion, were  afterwards  presented  to  the  public. 
Flandrin,  Peter  a  native  of  Lyons,  Avho 
studied   the   vetei'inary   art  under  his  uncle 
professor  Chabert,  and  acquired  some  celeb- 
rity in  the  knowledge   of  comparative  anato- 
my.   He  visited  England  and  Spain  in  search 


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ofiuformationabouttlicmauftpemcntofcrittic 
and  the  iniprovemeul  of  wools,  anil  iiul)lisli- 
cd  ail  inttTC'Sling  treatise  on  the  suhjeil. 
He  wrote  hcsidcs  various  memoirs,  and  was 
made  member  of  the  natioual  institute.  He 
dicdl79f>. 

Flassans,  Taraudct  dc,  a  Provencal 
poctoftlie  I4tli  century,  l>orn  at  Flassans. 
He  wrote  a  poem  called  Lessons  to  avoid  the 
Treacheries  of  Love,  lor  which  he  was  re- 
U'arde(l  by  do  Fonteves,  with  a  |)iece  ofland. 
He  was  (Mn|)loyed  by  (jueen  Joan  to  makt-  a 
remonstrance  to  the  emperor  Charles  IV. 
which  he  ably  executed. 

Flat  MAN",  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  Aldersfijate  street,  London,  lC33,  and 
educated  at  ^^  incliester  and  IS'ew  college, 
Oxford.  He  left  the  university  without  a 
degree,  and  became  barrister  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  but  never  followed  the  law  as  a 
profession.  He  now  turned  author,  and 
•wrote  several  light  poems,  one  of  which,  on 
the  death  of  lord  Ossory,  was  read  by  the 
father,  the  duke  of  Ormond,  with  such  grat- 
ification that  he  sent  the  author  a  mourning 
ring,  with  a  diamond  in  it,  worth  100/.  In 
his  younger  days  Flatman  expressed  his  ab- 
horrence to  the  marriage  state  by  a  song, 
beginning  with  these  lines  : 
Like  a  dog  -with  a  bo C tie  tied  close  to  his  tail, 
Like  a  tori/  in  a  bogy  or  athiefiiia  jail,  &c. 
and  when,  us  Wood  says,  he  was  afterwards 
smitten  with  a  fair  virgin,  and  more  wkh  her 
fortune,  he  espoused  her  in  1672,  and  on  his 
wedding  night  his  jovial  companions  serena- 
ded him  with  his  favorite  song.  He  died  in 
Fleet-street,  London,  1688.  He  was  an  in- 
different poet ;  but,  says  Granger,  succeeded 
better  as  a  painter,  as  one  of  his  heads  is 
■worth  a  ream  of  his  Pindarics.  His  poems, 
third  edition,  were  printed  1682,  in  one  vol, 
8vo. 

Flavel,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
in  Worcestershire,  and  educated  at  Univer- 
sity college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  de- 
gi'ee  of  B.  A.  He  was  ejected  from  his  liv- 
ing at  Dartmoutli,  in  1662,  for  nonconformi- 
ty, and  retired  to  Hudscott,  near  South  Mol- 
ton.  He  returned  to  his  living  on  the  indul- 
sjcnce  granted  by  Charles  H.  and  died  there 
1692.  He  wrote  Navigation  and  Husbandry 
spiritualized,  &c.  His  works,  which  are  res- 
pectable, were  published  2  vols.  fol.  and  6 
vols.  8vo. 

Flavian*,  a  patriarch  of  Antioch,  where 
he  died  404. 

Flavian,  a  patriarch  of  Constantinople 
after  Proclus  447.  He  condemned  the  Eu- 
tychian  heresy  in  a  synod,  for  which,  by  the 
opposite  faction,  he  w  as  deposed,  scourged, 
and  banished  to  Lydia,  where  he  died  in 
consequence  of  the  ill  treatment  which  he 
had  received. 

Flavignt,  Valerian  de,  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  canon  of  Rheims,  and  Hebrew 
professor  of  the  royal  college,  was  born  at 
Laon,  and  died  at  Paris  1674,  very  old.  He 
assisted  in  the  polyglott  of  le  Jay,  and  was  a 
violent  polemic. 
Flavi TAS,  patviarch  of  Constantinople 


after  Acacius.  Zcno,  the  cmperOr,  was  so 
superstitious  as  to  Miiti»03e  tliat  an  aiigcl 
would  v.'.nrn'.  <lown  to  inscribe  the  name  of 
the  new  prelate  on  a  piece  of  paper  which  he 
left  on  lh«;  allai';  but  Flavilas,  by  bribing  the 
chatnliirlaiii,  inserted  liisown  name,  and  was 
made  bishop ;  but  died  three  months  after, 
and  tlic  artifite  being,  in  consequence,  disco- 
vered, cost  tilt  guill}  chambcrlaiB  his  life. 
.  Flaust,  John  Bafitist,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Koucn.  He  was  fifty  years 
employed  in  the  composition  of  bis  Explica- 
tion of  the  JurispiMulence  Usage  of  Norman- 
dy, 2  vols,  folio.     He  died  1783,  aged  72. 

Fr.ECHiEK,  Esprit,  a  celebrated  Frencli 
prelate,  born  1632,  at  Perne,  near  Avignon, 
lie  distinguished  liiuiself  as  a  popular  preach- 
er, and  became  known  as  an  elegant  scholar, 
by  his  poetical   description  of  a  carousal  ia 
pure   latinity.      His  funeral    orations   were 
much  admired,  especially  that  od  Turenne, 
and  that  on  Montauser,  which  raised  him  to 
the  same  rank  of  reputation   with  the  well 
known  Rossuet.     In  1679  he  wrote  his  His- 
tory of  Tlieodosius  the  Great,  and  in  1685 
he  was  honorably    promoted  to  the  see  of 
L;  vaur,  on   which  occasion  the  king  said.  Be 
not  surprised  I  have  so  long  delayed  to  re- 
ward your  merit;  I  was  afraid  of  losing  the 
pleasure  of  hearing  your  discourses.   In  1687 
he  was  translated    to    Nismes,   where,   as  a 
preacher  and  a  bisliop,  he  was  successful  ia 
drawing  many  of  tlie  protestants  to  the  ca- 
tholic faith.     In  the  famine  of  1709  his  cha- 
rity and  benevolence  were  unbounded.    This 
most  virtuous  and  exemplary  man  died  1710, 
lamented,  says  d'Alembcrt,  by  the  catbclics, 
regretted  by  the  protestants,  having  exhibit- 
ed toliis  breliiren  an  excellent  motlel  of  zeal 
and  charity,  simplicity  and  eloquence.     His 
works   are   (Euvres    Melees — Panegyric  of 
Saints — Funeral  Orations — sermons,  3  vols. 
12mo. — the    History  of  Thcodosius — Grati- 
ani    de    Casibus   Illustr.   Vir. — the   Lite    of 
Ximenes,  4to. — letters,  2   vols.  12mo. — the 
Life  of  Cardinal  Commendon,  4to. — posthu- 
mous works.     Those  who  compare  Bossuet 
Mith  Flcchier  observe,  that  the  former  has 
less  elegance  but  greater  strength,  and  that 
the  style  of  his  rival  is  more  flowing,   finish- 
ed, and  uniform.    Bossuet  owes  all  to  nature, 
Flcciiier  much  to  art. 

Fi-ECKNOE,  Richard,  an  English  poet, 
formerly,  it  is  said,  a  Jesuit.  At  the  revolu- 
tion, when  iJryden  was  dismissed,  as  being  a 
cathotic,  from  the  office  of  laureat,  Flecknoe 
was  appointed  as  his  snccessoi',  which  so  ex- 
asperated the  bard,  that  he  vented  his  indig- 
nation in  a  severe  satirical  poem  called,  from 
his  humble  antagonist,  Mac  Flecknoe.  He 
wrote  some  plays,  one  only  of  which  was 
acted  His  Damoiselles  A -la-mode,  and  his 
Love's  Kingdom  were  both  hissed  off  the 
stage.  He  wrote  besides  enigmas  and  epi- 
grams, besides  the  "  Diariuin,"  in  burlesque 
verse.     The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Fleetwood,  William,  an  English  law- 
yer, recorder  of  London  in  fLlizabeth's  reign, 
was  natural  son  of  Mr.  Fleetwood  of  lies- 
keth,  Lancashire.    He  was  educated  at  Ox- 


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ford,  and  studied  the  lav/  in  the  Middle  Tem- 
\>\e,  and  soon  distinguished  himself  by  his 
abilities.  He  ^vas  made  recorder  of  London 
1569,  he  showed  himself  very  active  against 
mass-houses,  and  popish  priests.  In  1580  be 
was  made  Serjeant  at  law,  and  in  15'J2  Ser- 
jeant to  the  queen.  He  died  1593,  and  was 
buried  at  Great  Missenden,  Bucks,  where  he 
liad  an  estate.  He  was  married,  and  had 
some  childi-en  who  survived  him.  He  was 
nn  eloquent  oi'ator,  says  Wood,  and  his  skill 
as  a  politician  recommended  him  much  to 
the  notice  of  Leicester.  He  published  an 
oi'ation  at  Guild-hall  before  the  lord  mayor — 
a  table  to  Plowden's  Reports — the  Office  of 
a.lustice  of  the  Peace,  1658 — Annalium  tarn 
Z?egum  EdAvardi  V.  Richardi  HI.  Henrici 
Vli.  quam  Henrici  VIH. — Titulorum  Online 
Alphabet  &  Elenchus  1579  and  1597. 

Fleetwood,  "William,  an  Enghsh  pre- 
late, descended  from  the  Lancashire  Fleet- 
■w  oods,  and  born  in  the  tower  of  London  1st 
Jan.  1656.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  on  taking 
orders,  became  an  eloquent  preacher.  He 
ti'as  made  chaplain  to  king  William,  and  af- 
terwards obtained  a  fellowship  at  Eton,  and 
the  rectory  of  St.  Austin's,  London.  He  was 
installed  caaon  of  Windsor  1702,  but  in 
1705,  he  quitted  the  tumults  of  the  town, 
and,  much  to  the  concern  of  large  audiences, 
■who  attended  his  eloquent  and  persuasive 
discourses,  he  retired  to  the  privacy  of  Wex- 
ham  rectory,  in  Bucks.  In  1706,  without 
any  solicitation  on  his  part,  or  that  of  his 
friends,  he  Avas  nominated  to  succeed  Beve- 
ridge  in  the  see  of  St.  Asaph,  and  in  1714  he 
ivas  translated  to  Ely.  He  died  at  Totten- 
ham, in  Middlesex,  where  he  had  retired 
tor  change  of  air,  4th  August,  1723,  and  he 
was  buried  in  Ely  cathedral,  where  his  lady, 
who  soon  followed  liim  to  the  graA'e,  erected 
a  monument  over  him.  His  only  son,  Dr. 
Charles  Fleetwood,  i*ectcr  of  Cottenham, 
Cambridgeshire,  did  not  long  survive  him. 
Bishop  FhetAvood's  character  was  respecta- 
ble in  every  point  of  view.  Admired  as  a 
preacher,  he  made  an  exemplary  life,  and  a 
benevolent  heart,  the  noblest  ornaments  of 
his  persuasive  eloquence  in  the  pulpit.  As  a 
bishop  he  avhs  beloved  by  his  clergy,  and  did 
not  arrogantl)'  assume  tliat  superiority  OA^er 
them  which  conscious  merit  disdains,  but  il- 
liberal pride  asserts.  As  a  Avriter  he  Avas 
highly  respected,  his  sermons  and  divinity 
tracts  were  widely  circulated  ;  but  the  firm- 
ness of  his  opinions,  hoAvever,  drew  upon 
liim  the  censure  of  the  house  of  Commons. 
His  preface  to  his  sermons,  on  the  deaths  of 
Mary,  of  the  duke  of  Glocester,  and  of  Wil- 
liam, and  on  the  accession  of  Anne,  gave  such 
offence  to  the  ministry  that  the  book  Avas 
burned  publicly,  12th  May,  1712;  but  it  Avas 
more  universally  read,  and  even  appeared  in 
the  Spectator,  No.  384.  Besides  these, 
Fleetwood  published  Inscriptionum  Antiqua- 
rum  Sylloge,  8vo.  1691 — a  translation  of  .lu- 
rieu's  Method  of  Devotion,  1692,  the  27th 
edition  of  which  appeared  1750 — an  Essay  on 
Miracles,   8vo.  1701 — the  Reasonable  Com- 


municant, 1704 — Sixteen  Practical  Discom'- 
ses  on  the  Relative  Duties  of  Parents,  &c. 
2  vols.  8vo.  1705--the  Thirteenth  of  Romans 
vindicated,l710 — the  Judgmentof  the  Church 
of  England  m  Lav  Baptism  and  Dissenters' 
Baptism,  1712— the  Life  of  St.  Wenefrede, 
1713 — Chronicon  Preciosum,  or  Account  of 
English  Money,  Price  of  Corn  and  other 
Commodities  for  the  last  600  Years,  1707, 
besides  smaller  works. 

Fleming,  Robert,  a  North  Briton,  born 
at  Bathens,  1630.  He  Avas  educated  at  St. 
Andrew's,  and  at  the  age  of  33  became  pas- 
tor of  a  congregation,  from  Avhich  office  he 
Avas  ejected  after  the  restoration.  He  then 
settled  at  Rotterdam,  in  Holland,  as  minis- 
ter of  the  Scots'  congregation  there,  and 
died  25th  July  1694.  His"''  Fulfilling  of  the 
Scriptures,"  has  been  a  popular  Avork  among 
the  dissenters. 

Fleming,  Robert,  son  of  the  preceding^ 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  educated  at 
Leyden  and  Utrecht.  He  settled  at  Leyden 
as  minister,and  then  remoA'ed  to  Amsterdam, 
from  whence  he  came  to  London, and  offici- 
ated at  the  Scotch  church,  Lothbury,  and 
at  Saltei's'  hall.  He  Avrote,  among  other 
things,  sermons — tracts — Christology,  3  vols. 
8vo. — the  Rise  and  Fall  of  Popery,  of  which 
it  is  said  that  many  passages  are  particularly 
applicable  to  the  first  events  of  the  French 
revolution.    He  died  1716. 

Fleming,  Caleb,  a  native  of  Notting- 
ham, pastor  of  a  dissenting  congregation  in 
London,  and  in  1752,  called  to  be  assistant  to 
Dr.  Forster  at  Pinner's  hall.  He  Avrote  a 
Survey  of  the  Search  after  Souls,  and  other 
tracts,  and  in  his  tenets  he  Avas  a  strict 
Arian.     He  died  1773,  aged  75. 

Flemming,  or  Flemmynge,  Richard, 
a  native  of  Croston,  Yorkshire,  educated  at 
Universit}''  college,  Oxford,  and  made  pre- 
bendary of  York  1408.  He  was,  in  1442, 
made  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  Avent  as  deputy 
to  the  council  of  Constance.  The  pope  rai- 
sed him  to  York  ;  but  as  the  king  refused  his 
consent  he  continued  bishop  of  Lincoln  till 
his  death,  1431.  He  Avas  founder  of  Lincoln 
college,  Oxford,  and  Avas  a  strenuous  opposer 
of  Wickliffe's  doctrines,  Avhich  he  afterwards 
as  Avarml}'  embraced.  To  his  disgrace  he 
was  instrumental,  hoAvever,  in  digging  up 
the  bones  of  that  bold  reformer,  according 
to  the  impotent  resolutions  of  the  Constance 
council. 

Flesselles,N.  de,  a  French  magistrate, 
I'espectable  for  his  loyalty,  and  the  mildness 
of  his  manners.  He  attempted  in  vain  to  re- 
press the  tumults  Avhich  preceded  the  revo- 
lution ;  but  on  the  l4th  of  July  1789  his  be- 
nevolent and  patriotic  interference  proved 
fatal  at  the  taking  of  the  Bastile.  He  receiv- 
ed a  shot  from  a  pistol,  and  his  head,  being 
cut  off,  Avas  carried  on  a  pike  in  triumph 
through  the  streets. 

Fleicher,  Dr.  Richard,  father  of  the 
dramatic  poet,  Ava.sborn  in  Kent,  and  educa- 
ted at  Benet  college,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  He  Avas  made  dean  of 
Peterborough  1583,  and  three  years  after 


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attended  the  Scotch  Mary's  execution,  wlicre 
lie  displayed  more  zeal  than  good  sense  in 
pressing  ll>at  unt'ortunate  (jiieen  to  turn  pro- 
testant.  In  158<J  he  was  advanced  to  the  see 
of  Bristol,  in  1592  translated  to  W(»rcester, 
and  1594  to  London.  After  the  death  of  his 
A\ife  he  took  a  second,  lady  Uakcr,  a  woman 
of  great  beauty,  about  1595,  and  this  S()  of- 
fended Elizabeth,  who  was  averse  t(»  tl»e 
marriage  of  ihe  clei-gy,  especially  of  liishops, 
that  she  caused  VVhitgift  to  suspend  him. 
Though  afterwards  restored  to  favor,  the 
queen's  contlnct  sat  lieavily  upon  him,  and 
he  die<l  suddenly  in  his  chair  1G96.  Ashe 
was  fond  of  tobacco,  then  little  known,  Cam- 
den imputes  his  deatli  to  an  immoderate  use 
of  it. 

Fletcher,  Giles,  hrotlier  to  the  bishop, 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degi-ee  of 
liL.D.  1581.  His  abilities  were  employed 
by  queen  Elizabeth,  as  commissioner  in 
Scotland,  Germany  and  the  Low  Countries, 
and  in  15S8,  he  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Russia,  to  reconcile  the  Russians  to  the  Eng- 
lish commerce,  and  to  efface  the  disadvanta- 
geous impressions  wluch  the  jealousy  of  the 
Dutch  and  other  powers  had  excited.  On 
his  return  he  was  made  secretary  to  the  city 
of  London, and  in  1597  treasurerof  St.  Paul's. 
He  died  1010.  He  wrote  a  curious  account 
"of  the  Russian  Commonwealth,"  witli  a  de- 
scription of  the  fasliions  and  manners  of  the 
people,  1590,  8vo.  The  book  was  suppres- 
sed, but  appeared  in  Hakluyt's  collection, 
1643. 

Fletcher,  John,  a  dramatic  writer, 
sou  of  the  bishop  of  London,  was  born  in 
Northamptonshire  15*6.  He  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  probably  Benet  college,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  a  w  riter  of  plays 
conjointly  with  Beaumont.  He  also  assisted 
Ben  Jonson  in  his  "  Widow,"  and  after 
Beaumont's  death  he  consulted  Shirley  in 
the  formation  of  the  plots  of  his  pieces. 
The  respective  share  of  these  joint  authors 
is  not  known,  though  it  is  said  that  Beau- 
mont's judgment  corrected  the  redundancies 
of  Fletcher's  wit.  Once  at  a  tavern  the 
brother  bards  debated  upon  the  plot  of  a 
tragedy,  and  Fletcher  being  overlieard  by 
the  waiter  to  say  that  he  would  kill  the  king, 
Ite  and  his  friend  were  both  seized  for  higli 
treason,  till  explanations  proved  to  the  ma- 
gistrate that  the  intended  murder  was  the 
innocent  sacrifice  of  a  theatrical  hero. 
Fletcher  died  of  the  plague  in  London  1625, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Mary  Overy's  church, 
Southwark.  Fletcher  was  ranked  with  .Ion- 
son  and  Shakspeare,  in  the  great  triumvirate 
of  chief  dramatic  authors,  by  Edward  Phi- 
lips, and  Drydcn  says  that  his  plays,  as  pos- 
sessing gayety  in  the  comic  parts,  and  pathos 
in  the  more  serious  characters,  were  acted 
more  frequently  than  those  of  Jonson  or 
Shakspeare.  Now,  though  they  possess 
great  merit,  the  plays  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  are  little  regarded,  and  seldom  ap- 
pear on  the  stage.  The  plays  of  the  poet 
amountiDg  to  above  50,  Avere  first  edited  to- 


gether, 1679,  folio,  and  lately  by  Colman,  10 
vols.  8vo.  1778. 

I'll  vciiEH,  Phinehas,  a  poet,  son  of 
(iiles  Fletcher.  He  was  educated  at  Eton, 
an«l  elected  t(»  King's  college,  Cambridge, 
IfiiK).  He  was  made  minister  of  Hilgay  in 
Norfolk,  1G21,  by  sir  Henry  Willoughby, 
and  died  there  about  1650.  He  is  known  uh 
the  author  of  "  Purple  Island,"  a  poem  con- 
taining an  allegorical  description  of  man, 
and  very  popular  at  the  time  of  its  publica- 
tion. He  M'rote  besides  *'  Piscatory  E- 
clogues,"  which  were  published  at  Edin- 
burgh 1772,  and  the  Purple  Island,  with 
Giles's  "  Christ's  Victory,"  1783  London. 

P'letcher,  Giles,  brother  of  Phinehas, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
Avhere  he  took  the  degree  of  B.  D.  Hedieil 
at  his  living  of  Alderton,  Suffolk  1623,  equal- 
ly beloved,  says  Wood,  of  the  muses  and 
graces.  His  "  Christ's  Victory,"  was  firsfc 
j)ubhshed  161<),  and  again  1640,  and  it  is  a 
poem  of  some  merit,  as  the  personifications 
are  very  natural,  and  the  language  dignified. 

Fletcher,  Andrew,  son  of  sir  Robert 
Fletcher,  of  Saltoun,  Scotland,  was  bora 
1653.  I^Ie  was  educated  under  bishop  Bur- 
net, and  when  in  parliament  he  so  strongly 
opposed  the  measures  of  the  court  that  hu 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  country  and  go  to 
Holland.  He  landed  in  the  West  of  Eng- 
land with  Monmouth  1685,  and  afterward;^ 
fought  against  the  Turks  in  the  Hungariaa 
army.  The  revolution  restored  him  to  his 
country,  and  he  became  a  commissioner  to 
settle  the  government  of  Scotland.  He  die<l 
in  London  1716.  His  works  which  are  all 
on  political  subjects,  and  in  the  bold  st5'le 
of  theory,  appeared  together  in  1  vol.  8vo. 
1732. 

Fletcher,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Little 
Broughton,  Cumberland,  brought  up  under 
liis  father  as  a  tobacco  pipe  manufacturer. 
From  this  humble  occupation,  by  severe  ap- 
plication, he  raised  himself  to  public  notice, 
and  though  self-taught  in  reading  and  in  writ- 
ing, he  so  improvefl  himself  that  he  became 
at  the  age  of  30  a  teacher  of  mathematics  ; 
and  as  astrologer  and  universal  doctor,  he 
acquired  a  fortune  of  3000/.  His  Universal 
Measurer,  8vo.  is  a  work  of  great  merit,  and 
exhibits  in  the  most  favorable  view  his  per- 
fect knowledge  of  mathematics.  He  died 
1793,  aged  79. 

Fleury,  Claude,  a  French  advocate, 
born  at  Paris  1640.  After  being  at  the  bar 
nine  years  he  took  orders,  and  in  1672  be- 
came preceptor  to  the  princess  of  Conti,  and 
in  1680  to  the  count  de  Vermandcis.  Under 
Fenelon  he  was  subi)receptor  to  the  dukes  of 
Burgundy,  Anjou,  and  Berri,  and  for  his  ser- 
vices he  was  made  abbot  of  Locdieu,  which 
he  resigned  in  170G,  for  the  rich  priory  of 
Angcnteuil.  In  1716  he  was  confessor  to 
Lewis  XV.  and  died  1723,  aged  82,  greatly 
respected  for  his  learnii^g  and  virtues.  His 
works  arc  numerous,  the  chief  of  which  are. 
Manners  of  the  Israelites — Manners  of  the 
Christians — Ecclesiastical  History,  in  13  vols. 
4to.  a  valuable  book — Icstitution  of  EccIciU 


FL 


FL 


asticalLaw— a  treatise  on  the  choice  and  rae- 
ihod  of  Studies — Duties  of  Masters  and  Ser- 
vants— treatise  on  Public  Law,  2  vols,  12ino. 

Fleurv,  Julian,  the  learned  editor  of  the 
Delphin  Apuleiiis,  in  2  vols.  4to.  He  began 
Ausonius,  but  did  not  complete  it. 

Fleury,  Andre  Hercule  de,  a  famous 
cardinal,  born  at  Lodeve  in  Languedoc  1653, 
and  educated  at  Paris.  Kecommended  by 
abilities,  and  by  a  pleasing  address,  and  hand- 
some figure,  he  rose  from  canon  of  Mont- 
pelier  to  be  bishop  of  Frejus,  and  was  ap- 
pointed by  Lewis  XIV.  preceptor  to  his 
grandson,  after  Bossuet  and  Fenelon.  In 
1726  he  was  made  cardinal  and  prime  min- 
ister tliough  aged  70,  and  so  active  was  his 
conduct,  and  sagacious  his  measures,  that 
the  kingdom  of  France  prospered  greatly 
under  his  administration,  the  succession  war 
•was  gloriously  finished,  and  Lorraine  added 
to  the  French  dominions.  His  economy, 
however,  neglected  and  ruined  the  marine, 
and  in  the  war  of  1740,  his  plans  were  not 
crowned  with  victory,  so  that  it  is  said,  he 
died  with  a  heart  broken  with  grief,  1743. 
Without  the  pride  of  Richelieu,  and  the  av- 
arice of  Mazarine,  he  possessed  great  abili- 
ties, and  though  the  misfortunes  of  the  last 
war  were  attributed  to  him,  he  rather  de- 
served the  gratitude  of  the  nation  for  his 
prudent  management  of  the  finances,  and 
more  for  the  benevolence  of  his  heart. 

Flixk,  Godfrey,  a  Dutch  painter,  pupil 
of  Rembrandt.  He  died  1660,  aged  44.  He 
in^itated  his  master  in  the  execution  of  his 
pieces,  but  afterwards  studied  the  Italian 
manner. 

Fl-ipart,  John  James,  a  French  en- 
graver, who  died  at  Paris  11th  July,  1782, 
aged  67.  He  possessed  great  merit,  and  in 
private  life  was  an  amiable  man. 

FLOCQ.UET,  Stephen  Joseph,  a  musician 
of  eminence,  was  born  at  Aix  in  Provence, 
and  died  at  Paris  1785,  aged  35  His  operas 
were  received  with  the  most  flattering  ap- 
plause on  the  French  stage. 

Flodoard,  or  Frodoard,  a  French 
historian  of  Epernai.  He  was  an  ecclesiastic 
in  the  church  of  Rheims,  where  he  wrote  a 
Chronicle  from  916  to  966 — and  a  History  of 
his  Church  from  its  Foundation  to  949.  'I'he 
best  edition  is  that  of  1617.  He  wrote  also 
poetry,  and  died  96C,  aged  73. 

Flogel,  Charles  Frederic,  author  of  a 
History  of  the  Human  Understanding — 
History  of  Comic  Literature — Present  State 
of  the  Belles  Lettres  in  Germany,  &c.  in 
German,  was  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
college  of  noblemen  at  Leignitz,  where  he 
died  1788,  aged  59. 

Flood,  Henry,  an  Irish  orator,  son  of  the 
chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench  in  Ireland. 
He  was  educated  at  Dublin  university,  and 
at  Oxford,  where  he  was  honored  with  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  1752.  He  sat  in  the  Irish 
house  of  commons  for  Kilkenny,  and  after- 
wards for  Callan,  and  he  acquired  great 
popularity  by  his  eloquence  and  the  meas- 
ures which  he  proposed,  but  his  consequence 
ceased  when  he  obtained   a  seat  amone  the 


English  commons,  and  his  addresses  on  sub- 
jects of  reform  and  on  public  occasions  were 
received  with  little  interest.  He  died  1791. 
He  wrote  a  Pindaric  Ode  to  Fame — a  Poem 
on  the  death  of  Frederic  Prince  of  Wales, 
found  in  the  Oxford  collection,  and  some  of 
his  speeches  have  also  appeared  in  print. 
His  property  after  the  death  of  his  wife  is 
bequeathed  to  Dublin  university  for  the 
foundation  of  a  ])rofessorship,  and  for  en- 
riching the  public  library  by  the  purchase 
of  MSS.  &c. 

Florentino,  Stephano,  an  historical 
painter  of  Florence,  who  studied  under  Gi- 
otto, and  died  1350,  aged  49. 

Flori  an,  John  Peter  Claris  de,  a  native 
of  Languedoc,  educated  under  the  care  of 
his  relation  Voltaire,  by  whose  influence  he 
obtained  the  office  of  page  to  the  duke  of 
Penthievre.  Though  honored  by  his  patron, 
and  promoted  in  the  army,  he  prefei-red 
literary  reputation  to  all  other  objects,  and 
published  in  1782  his  first  work  Galathee,  a 
romance.  He  wrote  afterwards  Theatfe, 
Voltaire  et  le  Serf  de  Jura,  which  obtained 
the  prize  of  the  French  academy — Estelle 
— Numa  Pompilius,  kc.  During  the  revo- 
lution his  sentiments  expressed  in  Numa 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  Robes- 
pierre, who  imprisoned  him,  but  after  the 
tyrant's  death  he  was  liberated,  and  died  at 
Seaux,  13th  Sep.  1794,  aged  39.  He  began 
during  his  confinement  a  poem  on  William 
Tell,  which  was  never  completed.  He  wrote 
also  Ebrahim,  a  piem,  Sec. 

Florimond  de  Remond,  a  native  of 
Guienne,  counsellor  in  the  parliament  of 
Bourdeaux.  He  opposed  warmly  the  Cal- 
vinists,  and  wa-ote  on  Antichrist — the  Origin 
of  the  Heresies,  fcic.  and  died  1602. 

Flori  o,  John,  the  Resolute,  as  he  styled 
himself,  %vas  born  in  London  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  His  parents  who  were  Wal- 
denses,  and  descended  from  the  Florii  of 
Sienna  in  Tuscany,  had  fled  from  the  perse- 
cutions of  popery  in  the  Valteline,  and  set- 
tled finally  in  England  under  Elizabeth,  after 
a  short  absence  dialing  Mary's  bigoted  reign. 
Florio  taught  Italian  and  French  in  the  uni- 
versit}'  of  Oxford,  and  was  admitted  at  Mag- 
dalen college.  He  was  tutor  in  those  lan- 
guages to  prince  Henry,  and  to  Anne  the 
queen  of  James  I.  to  whom  he  was  clerk  of 
the  closet.  He  died  of  the  plague  at  Fulhara. 
1625,  aged  80.  Of  his  works  the  principal 
are,  "  first  Fruits  and  second  Fruits,"  con- 
taining pi'overbs  and  witty  sentences — Gar- 
den of  Recreation — a  translation  of  Mon- 
taigne's Essays — and  an  Italian  and  English 
Dictionary,  fol.  1597,  a  work  of  merit.  He 
married  the  sister  of  Sam.  Daniel,  the  poet. 

Floris,  Francis,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
born  1520.  He  was  like  his  father  a  sculp- 
tor till  the  age  of  20,  and  then  he  studied 
jiainting  under  Lambert  Lombard,  and  by 
imitating  Angelo  he  acquired  celebrity  and 
opulence.  He  worked  seven  hours  each 
(lay,  and  devoted  the  rest  of  the  time  to 
(hinkitjg.  He  died  at  the  age  of  50.  He 
was  called  the  Raphael  of  Flanders. 


FO 


to 


Flouus,  Lucius  Annteus,  a  Latin  histo- 
rian, related  to  Seneca  and  Lucan.  He 
wrote  HM  abridgment  of  tlie  Roman  history, 
116  AD. 

Florus,  surnamcd  Mafiter,  a  deacon  of 
Lyons  in  the  9lh  century,  antlior  of  Com- 
mentaries on  St.  Paul's  Kpiatle — an  Answ  t-r 
to  Erigeiia,  on  predestination,  and  otlici" 
Avorks. 

Flover,  sir  John,  a  native  of  Ilinters, 
Stairordhliire,  educated  at  (-Jueen's  college, 
Oxford,  w  liere  he  took  his  medical  dt'grces. 
He  afterwards  settled  as  a  respectalde  prac- 
tioncr  at  Lichfield  and  was  knighted.  He 
■wrote  the  Touchstone  of  Ali-dicines,  '2  vols. 
8vo. — the  Virtues  of  Cold  Water,  8vo.  and 
♦lied  17'20,  aged  71. 

J'^LUDD,  Robert,  an  English  philosopher, 
son  of  sir  Thomas  Flivid,  kriight,  born  at 
Milgate,  Kent,  1574.  He  was  of  St.  .lolin's 
•oliege,  O.sford,  and  after  taking  his  degrees 
in  arts,  applied  to  priysic  and  travelled  in 
France,  Spain,  I\.aly,  and  Germany,  to  im- 
prove himself.  He  took  his  tlegrees  in  me- 
ctieine  160.5,  and  settled  in  London,  and  be- 
came fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians  He 
began  to  puiilish  about  IG16,  and  wjis  a  vo- 
luminous writer,  chiefly  on  the  powers  and 
venders  of  Alchymy,  and  the  Rosicrucian 
doctrines.  His  works  are  in  Latin,  and  writ- 
ten in  an  obscure  and  mysterious  language. 
They  amount  to  about  20,  and  are  all  men- 
tioned in  Wood's  -Vthena;.  Two  of  his  pro- 
ductions were  against  Kepler  and  Mersen- 
aus,  and  they  were  answered  by  those  great 
philosophers. 

Foes,  opFoesius,  Anutius,  a  learned 
physician,  born  at  Metz  1528.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  Greek  and  Latin,  and  translated  the 
works  of  Hippocrates  into  Latin,  as  also  the 
commenkirios  of  Galen.  His  abilities  ai'c 
praised  by  Huetius.  He  practised  physic  at 
Lorraine  with  reputation,  and  died  1596. 

FoOLiETA,  or  FoLiETA,  Uberto,  a 
learned  Genoese  p*'iest,  banished  from  his 
country  on  account  of  the  freedom  of  his 
writin;^3.  Cardinal  d'Este,  at  Rome,  became 
his  pr.tron,  atid  he  died  there  15UI,  aged  63 
He  -A'rote  Historia  Genuensium,  12  hbr.  fol. 
15S5 — de  Ratioue  Scribendse  Historioe  iilogia 
ClaroiMim  Ligurum,  4to. — de  Causis  Magni- 
tuviinis  Turcarum  Imperii — Delia  RepuLiica 
di  Genoa,  8vo.  he. 

FoHi,  the  first  king  of  China,  and  the 
founder  of  the  monarchy  about  20  years  after 
the  deluge.  He  removed  tlie  seat  of  empire 
from  Xcn  Si,  to  Chin  Cheu,  and  he  invejjted 
instruments  of  music,  and  establislied  proper 
law  s  respecting  marriage,  instead  of  the  pre- 
valent promiscuous  intercourse  of  the  se.xes. 
It  is  said  that  he  reigned  115  years,  but  fable 
is  strongly  intermixed  with  his  history.  His 
memory  is  still  revered  bj'  the  Chinese. 

FoiNARD,  Frcfleric  Maurice,  a  native  of 
Conches  in  Normandy,  who  was  eminent 
as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  and  became  vice-prin- 
cipal of  the  college  of  du  Plessis.  He  pub- 
lished Breviarium  Ecclesiasticarium,  2  vols. 
8vo. — Genesis  Explained,  French  ajid  i.atin, 

VOL.  L  68 


2  vols.  l2mo. — tlie  Psalms  in  Historical  Or- 
der, iStc.  and  died  1743. 

Foix,  Mark  Anllntny,  a  Jesuit,  eminent 
as  a  preacher  He  died  provinrial  of  the 
college  of  Billon,  Auvergne,  l6Sr,  aged  f>0. 
He  published  the  Art  of  ('reaching — the  Art 
of  EJiicaling  a  I'rince,  12mo,  8cc. 

Foix,  Odel  <le,  lord  of  Laiilrec,  a  l-'rcnch 
general  of  en»inence.  He  was  wounded  un- 
der Lewis  XII.  at  the  buttle  of  llavetma 
1512,  and  appointed  governor  of  Milan  by 
Francis  I.  The  success  of  Colonna,  however, 
8f»on  after  drove  him  from  Milan,  I'avia, 
Lodi,  Pai'ina,  and  Placentia,  and  after  the 
unfortunate  battle  of  Bicoque  he  retired  to 
Gnienne  1522.  In  1528  he  re-entered  Italy, 
took  Pavia,  and  boldly  besieged  N'ajjles,  be- 
fore whieh  he  died.  His  body  was  conveyed 
to  Spain,  and  20  years  after  buried  in  the 
tomb  of  the  great  (ionsalvo  of  Cordova. 

FoLARD,  Charles,  a  French  officer  born  at 
Avignon  1669-  His  military  genius  was 
roused  by  the  reading  of  (Jsesar's  comntenta- 
rres,  and  at  the  .age  of  16  he  became  a  soldier. 
His  father  confined  him  in  a  monastery,  but 
he  escaped,  and  still  more  Attached  to  the 
army,  became  aid-de-camp  to  Vendome  who 
commanded  in  Italy,  1702,  and  intrusted  him 
j  with  part  of  his  forces.  He  was  honored  for 
his  servicer  with  the  cross  of  St.  Lewis,  and 
had  a  pension  ok'  loo  livres  settled  on  him.  In 
1705  he  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Cassano, 
and  in  consequence  lost  the  use  of  his  left 
hand.  In  1706  he  defended  Modena  against 
prince  Eugene,  by  whom  he  was  taken  pri- 
soner som-  time  alter  the  battle  of  Blenheim. 
In  1711  he  was  made  governor  of  Cuurboui-g. 
in  1714  he  assisted  in  the  defence  of  Malta 
against  the  Turks,  and  afterwards  went  into 
the  service  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  He 
accompanied  him  in  his  invasion  of  Xorway, 
and  w  as  present  at  his  death,  at  the  siege  of 
Frederickshall  1718.  On  his  return  to  France 
he  served  as  colonel  under  the  duke  of  Ber- 
wick, and  afterwards  applied  hiipself  to  the 
study  of  the  military  art.  He  died  at  Avi»- 
non  1752,  aged  S3.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
commentaries  on  Polybius,  in  6  vols.  4to.  a 
bonk  of  new  discoveries  in  war — a  treatise 
(Joncerning  the  Defence  of  Places.  ThongJt 
not  an  accomplished  writer,  yet  his  publica- 
tions show  great  knowledge  of  the  mihtarv 
art. 

FoLENGo,  Theophilus,  known  by  the  aa- 
sumed  name  of  Merlin  Coccaye,  was  of  a  no- 
ble lamily  in  Mantua.  He  fled  from  Bologna, 
and  for  some  time  was  in  the  military  profes- 
sion, which  he  quitted  for  tlie  society  of  the 
Benedictines  in  St.  Eupheiuia  monastery. 
He  died  1544,  aged  51,  at  the  priory  of  St. 
Croce,  Bassano.  The  best  knowu  of  his 
Morks  are  "Opus  Macaronicum,"  1651,  a 
pojmiar  work — Orlandino,  1526,  and  Chaos 
del  Triperuno,  two  licentious  poems — on  the 
tJiree  Ages  of  Man,  1527, — le  Humanita  del 
Figlio  di  Dio,  1533. 

FoLEXGO,  John  B.iptist,  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  Mantua,  who  died  at  Treviso,  1559, 
aged  Ci>.     Hs   was  author  ot."  Comcusatari^s 


ro 


ID 


QU  the  Bplstlcs  of  St.  James,  St.  Peter,  and 
the  first  of  St.  John,  1  555,  8vo. — a  Commen- 
tary on  the  Psalms,  1557,  folio.  &c. 

FoLKES,  Martin,  an  English  antiquary 
and  phiiosopher,  born  at  Westminster  16U0. 
lie  M  as  of  the  Royal  society,  London,  and 
became  its  president  after  sir  Hans  Sloane 
1741.  He  contributed  much  to  the  philoso- 
phical transactions,  and  was  a  great  connois- 
seur of  old  and  modern  coins.  He  died  in 
London  1754.  Dover's  anecdotes  contain  an 
ample  account  of  him.  He  wrote  a  4to.  vo- 
luiiie  of  English  Silver  Coin,  from  the  Gen- 
quest  to  his  own  time. 

P^ONCEMAGNE,  Stephen  Lrmrent  de,  a 
native  of  Orleans,  who  died  at  Paris  26th 
Sept.  1779,  aged  83.  He  was  first  preceptor 
to  the  tluke  of  Chartres,  and  is  known  for 
sonie  memoirs  in  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
of  which  he  was  a  member. 

FoNSECA,  Anthony  de,  a  Dominican  of 
Lisbon  educated  at  Paris,  where  he  published 
remarks  on  Cajetan's  Commentaries  on  the 
Bible,  1539.  He  was  preacher  to  the  king, 
and  theological  professor  at  the  university  of 
Coimbra. 

FoNSECA,  Peter,  a  Portuguese  writer, 
author  of  a  system  of  metaphysics  in  4  vols, 
folio.     Hedie'dl559. 

Font,  Joseph  de  la,  a  French  comic  wri- 
ter, author  of  five  comedies  a«id  some  operas. 
He  died  1725,  aged  39,  hurried  to  his  grave 
by  his  intemptrancc  and  love  of  pleasure. 

Font,  Pierre  de  la,  a  French  divine  who 
died  1699.  He  M-rote  "  Entretiens  Eccle- 
siastiques"  6  vols.  12mo.  and  4  vols,  of  ser- 
mons. 

Fontaine,  John  de  la,  a  celebrated 
French  poet  born  at  Chateau-Thierry,  8th 
July  1621.  After  a  liberal  education  he  was 
admitted  at  19  among  the  fathers  of  the  ora- 
tory, whom  he  soon  left,  but  he  displayed  no 
genius  for  poetry  till  the  age  of  22,  when  the 
accidental  hearing  of  Malherbe's  odes  on  the 
assassination  of  Henry  roused  hispowersinto 
a  flame.  He  read  with  eagerness  the  best 
poets  of  (ireece,  and  Rome,  of  Italy,  and  of 
bis  country,  and  in  the  writings  of  Plato  and 
Plutarch,  collected  all  that  morality  which  has 
enriched  and  beautified  his  fables.  He  mar- 
ried to  please  his  parents,  but  though  he  had 
shown  such  partialities  to  his  Avife  as  to  in- 
trust her  in  confidence  with  his  compositions; 
he  left  her  soon  with  indifterence  to  follow 
his  patroness  the  duchess  of  Bouillon  to 
Pajis.  Here  he  procured  a  j)ension  and  be- 
came gentleman  to  Henrietta  of  England, 
after  whose  death  he  %vas  received  into  the 
house  of  tlie  witty  Madam  de  la  Sabliere, 
who  jocosely  observed  in  parting  with  her 
hnusehnld,  she  kept  only  three  animals,  her 
dn<^,  her  cxt,  and  her  la  Fontaine.  In  the 
conipany  of  this  learned  lady  he  continued 
about  20%  ears,  not,  however,  witliout  paying 
anil  laiiy  fornial  visits  to  his  neglected  wife, 
and  upon  the  «leath  of  his  ]>at.rones^  he  refu- 
sed the  invitations  of  St.  Evremond,  and 
Others,  to  come  to  settle  in  Enginnd.  He 
was  att.icked  by  a  severe  illness  in  1692,  and 
then  began  to  Uiink  of  death  and  of  religion, 


at  the  representation  of  the  priest  who  at- 
tended him.  The  holy  monitor  remindeil 
him  that  his  tales  had  an  evil  tendency,  and 
were  frequently  licentious,  and  hostile  to 
good  moials,  and  la  Fontaine  at  last  acknow- 
ledged the  imputation,  and  promised  amend- 
ment. Though  not  a  libertine  he  was  most 
indifferent  to  religious  truths,  and  he  inform- 
ed the  priest  with  great  composure  that  he 
had  the  new  Testament  which  he  thought  a 
tolerable  good  book.  He  died  13th  April, 
1695,  and  it  is  said  he  was  found  with  an  hair 
shirt  on,  a  proof  of  sincere  repentance  ac- 
cording to  some.  In  his  character  la  Fon- 
taine was  a  very  absent  man,  who,  in  the  in-» 
dulgenceof  his  reveries  and  poetical  ideas, 
would  often  say  the  most  unbecoming  things, 
and  do  the  most  incoherent  actions.  Meeting 
one  day  his  son,  without  knowing  him,  he 
observed  that  he  was  a  youth  of  parts  and 
spirit,  and  v/hen  informed  that  it  was  his  own 
son,  he  replied  with  unconcern,  1  am  really 
glad  of  it.  In  the  corapfiny  of  some  wits  and 
of  some  eminent  ecclesiastics,  he  asked  if  St. 
Austin  had  more  wit  than  Rabelais.  One  of 
the  divines  eyeing  him  from  top  to  toe,  ans- 
Avered  only  by  observing,  that  "  he  had  put  ou 
one  of  his  stockings  the  wrong  side  outward," 
which  was  the  case.  In  consequence  of  his 
great  merit,  it  is  said  the  intendant  forbad 
taxes  to  be  levied  on  his  family,  an  honora- 
ble mark  of  respect  paid  to  genius.  He 
wrote  besides  "  Tales," — fables — comedies 
— Amours  de  Psyche,  a  romance — letters, 
&c.  all  of  which  possess  great  originality. 
Four  vols,  of  his  miscellanies  appeared  at 
Paris  1744. 

Fontaine,  Nicholas,  son  of  a  scrivener, 
admitted  at  the  age  of  20  among  the  society 
of  port  Royal,  where  he  had  afterwards  the 
supermtendance  of  the  pupils.  In  1664  he 
was  confined  for  four  years  in  the  bastille 
with  Sacy,  and  at  last  finally  settled  at  Me- 
lun  where  he  died  1709,  aged  84.  He  wrote 
**  Lives  of  the  Saints  of  the  Old  Testament" 
4  vols.  8vo. — Lives  of  Saints  in  General, 
4  vols.  8vo. — the  Figurative  Language  of  the 
Bible  4to. — Memoirs  of  the  Solitaries  of 
Port-Royal,  2  vols.  12mo. — Chrysostom's 
Homilies  on  St.  Paul's  epistles,  translated  7 
vols.  8vo.  For  private  worth,  for  learning, 
and  piety,  and  for  iodefatigable  and  patient 
industry,  Fontaine  not  only  equalled  but  sur- 
passed his  contemporaries. 

Fontaines,  Peter  Francis  Guyot  des,  a 
French  critic,  born  at  Rouen  1C85,'  He  took 
the  habit  of  a  Jesuit  at  15,  and  quitted  the  so- 
ciety at  30.  For  some  time  a  priest,  he  be- 
came a  man  of  wit,  and  in  1724,  he  was  in- 
trusted by  Bignon  with  the  care  of  the  "Jour- 
nal des  Saviius."  The  severity  of  his  cen- 
sures drew  upon  him  the  accusation  of  an 
abominable  crime  from  his  enemies,  but,  af- 
ter some  confiuement,his  character  was  clear- 
ed up  and  re-established.  In  1731,  he  began 
the  *•  Nouvelliste  du  Parnasse,  ou  Reflexions 
sur  les  Ouvragcs  Nouveaux,"  of  which  he 
wrote  2  vols,  till  the  work  was  suppressed  for 
the  severity  of  its  contents.  In  1735,.  he  bcr 
gan  "Observations  sur  les  Ecrits  Moder 


EO 


fO 


nes,"  wliich,  after  33  vols,  were  conii»lctc(l, 
was  also  suppressed  174 J  'llie  iieM  )e«r 
another  periodical  paner,  "  Jugenicns  8ur  Ics 
Ouvrages  Nouveaiix,  '  vas  uiulerlaken  ;  but 
alter  11  vols,  liad  appeai-ed,  doatli  stopped 
the  labors  of  the  critic  1745.  He  pul>lisiied 
translotinns  of  Virgil  and  other  classics,  be- 
sides tltose  of  Pope,  Swift,  FieJding  und 
Others. 

FoNTANA,  Dominion,  a  IJoniaii  nrchitect 
and  mechanic,  born  at  Milan  1343.  llischief 
uork  was  the  settinj;  up  of  the  obelisk,  in 
front  of  St.  l*eter's,  whicii  hatl  been  burie(I 
for  many  5'ears,  and  considered  asanimpiac- 
lible  thing  by  all  other  mechanics.  He  was 
deservedly  commended  and  rewarded  for  the 
bold  and  successftd  execution  of  this,  and  in 
1592,  he  removed  to  Naples  as  an  architect 
to  the  king,  and  died  there  greativ  respect- 
ed 1G07. 

FoNTANA,  Prospero,  a  painter,  born  at 
Bologna  1512.  He  -was  an  able  artist,  and  iiad 
among  his  pupils  Ludovico  and  Aimibal  Ca- 
racci. 

FoNTANA,  Lavinia,  daughter  of  the  pre- 
ceding, died  l60-2,aged  50.  Slie  was  eminent 
as  a  painter,  and  was  pitronised  by  pope 
Gregory  XIII.  v  hose  picture  she  drcAv  iu  a 
very  superior  style. 

FoNTAXGES,  !MarieArigelique,  duchess  of, 
successor  to  de  jMontespan  in  the  good  gra- 
ces of  Louis  XIV.  was  beautiful  as  an  angel, 
but  silly  as  a  goose  says  abbe  Chosi.  She  died 
in  child-bed,  June  IGSI,  aged  only  20. 

Font  AN  INI,  Juste,  archbishop  of  Ancy- 
ra,  was  born  in  the  Frioul,  and  died  at  Home 
1736.  His  chief  works  are  Bibliotheca  Delia 
Eloquenza  Italiana,  2  vols.  4to.  1753. — a  Lit- 
erary History  of  Aquileia,  1742. — a  collec- 
tion of  Bulls  of  Canonization  from  John  XV. 
to  Benedict  XIII. 

FoxTE-MoDEUA TA,  a  Venetian  lady, 
•whose  real  name  was  Modesta  Pozzo.  She 
was  born  at  Venice  1555,  and  though  ]ilaced 
at  first  in  a  monastery,  she  mai-ried,  and,  af- 
ter 30  years  of  conjugal  happiness,  died  in 
child-bed  1592.  Her  memory  Avas  so  reten- 
tive that  she  could  repeat  verbatim  a  discourse 
when  only  once  heard.  She  wrote  a  poem 
called  **  il  Floridoro,"  and  another  on  the 
Passion  and  Resurrection  of  Christ,  besides 
•*  Dei  Merili  Delle  Donne,"  a  prose  work  in 
which  she  maintains  that  the  female  scr  is 
not  inferior  in  understanding  to  the  male. 

FoNTENAY,  Peter  Claude,  a  learned  Je- 
suit, born  at  Paris.  He  was  engaged  to  con- 
tinue Longueval's  History  of  the  Gallican 
Church,  and  died  1742. 

FoNTENAV,  John  Baptist  Bls*in  de,  a 
French  painter,  disciple  of  Monoyer,  born  at 
Caen  1G54.  His  fruits  and  flowers  are  very 
fine,  an-'l  the  insects  on  them  have  the  ap- 
perance  of  real  life.  He  was  patronised  by 
Louis  XIV.  w  ho  granted  him  a  pension,  anil 
apartments  iu  the  LouvTe.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris 1715. 

FoNTENELLE,  Bernard  le  Bovier  de,  son 
of  an  advocate  in  the  parlianricnt  of  Rouen, 
by  a  sister  of  the  great  dramatic  Corneille, 
was  born  at  Kouen,  llth  Feb.  1657.    Though 


so  weak  at  liisMrth  that  his  snrvivingwasiiu- 
expcclcd,  he  allaiucd  tin;  age  of  1(»0,  never 
troubled  with  attacks  ot  disease  till  his  'JUlh 
year,  v,  hen  his  eyes  became  dim  and  his  hear- 
ing dull.  He  died  Jan.  J7.')7.  He  displayed 
early  prcx)fs  of  genius,  and  before  he  had 
reached  his  20th  \ear  he  had  wiillen  a  great 
part  of  his  Bclleropiion,  a  tragic  opera.  He 
did  not,  however,  shine  as  a  dramatic  writer 
equal  to  his  uncle  Corneille,  but  in  his  other 
pieces  lie  exhibits  gieat  powers,  delicacy  of 
wit,  and  profoundness  of  thon^dit,  so  that 
Voltaire  has  tiiUy  observed  that  he  was  the 
most  universal  genius  wliicli  the  age  ot  Louis 
XIV.  produced.  His  "  Plurality  ol  World.s" 
is  a  most  fa.scinati?ig  ]»erformanc>e,  in  which 
he  introduces  a  lady  conveying  the  subl.iuer 
truths  of  philosophy  in  a  dialogue,  pleasing", 
lively,  and  refined.  In  his  office  of  secretary 
to  the  academy  of  sciences,  in  which  he  con- 
tinned  more  tiian  40  yeai-s,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  "  History"  of  that  learned  body, 
and  introduced  elegance  of  language  into  the 
most  abstruse  parts  of  science.  Ihe  "  Eloges'* 
delivered  on  deceased  members  are  perused 
with  particular  attention  and  delight,  and  liis 
ai)oiogy  for  Descartes'  virtues,  though  in  fa- 
vor of  an  exploded  system,  must  be  read  with 
interest  and  admiration  due  to  a  great  but 
mistaken  genius.  Ko  man  more  than  Fontc- 
nelle  deserved  and  enjoyed  the  respect  and 
confidenceof  hiscontcmjioraries.  In  his  tem- 
lier  he  was  mild  and  atiable,  and  with  the 
Icelings  of  a  true  christian  he  oliserved  that 
a  man  should  be  sparing  in  sui)erflnities  to 
himself,  tliat  he  may  supply  necessities  to 
others.  Though  originally  poor,  he  acquired, 
by  industry  and  commendable  economy,  an 
independent  fortune ;  but  not  despising  the 
rest  of  the  worhl  for  his  superiority  of  men- 
tal talents  and  of  riches  he  said  that  men  arc 
foolish  and  wicked,  but  such  as  they  aie  wc 
must  live  among  them.  He  wrote  besides 
the  works  already  mentioned.  Pastoral  Poems 
168S — History  of  the  French  'I'luatre  to 
Corneille — Reflections  on  Theatrical  l*oetrv, 
particularly  Tragedy,  a  judicious  and  valua- 
ble work — Elements  of  Geometry— of  Infin- 
ities, 1727 — a  tragedy,  and  six  comedies — 
Endymion — Moral  Discourses — the  History 
of  Oracles — Dialogues  of  the  Dead,  8cc.  His 
works  have  been  published  at  Paris  in  8  vols. 
8vo.  His  Eloge  was  pronounced  by  le  Cat. 

FoNTENU,  Lewis  Francis  de,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Lilledon,  in  (iatinois  16G7. 
He  was  a  great  antiquarian,  and  contributed 
much  to  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions. A  list  of  his  works  is  preserAcd 
in  Saxius'  Onomasticon  1714.  He  died  1759, 
.igcd  92. 

FoN'Tius,  Bartholomew,  an  historian  ot 
Florence,  intimate  with  Picus  Mirandula, 
and  other  learned  men.  He  was  librarian  to 
Matthew  Corvinus  king  of  Hungary  at  Buda, 
and  died  1513,  aged  68.  He  wrote  a  commen- 
turv  on  Persius,  and  some  orations. 

FoOTE,  Sar.mel,  a  dramatic  writer,  called 
the  English  .\ristophanes,  was  born  at  Truro, 
Cornwall,  1722.  His  fatherv  as  commissioner 
of  iiie  prize  ofllcc,  and  member  for  TivertQjj, 


FO 


¥0 


and  his  nnJther  inlieritcci  the  paternal  estates 
of  her  family  b}^  the  uutoitunate  quarrel  of 
her  two  brothers.  Sir  John  Uitiely  (iooilere 
bart.  and  sir  Sarnuel  Goodere,  captain  of  the 
Kuby  man  of  var,  in  which  both  unhappily 
fell.  He  was  at  Worcester  college,  Oxford, and 
then  removed  to  the  Tempie,  but  the  law  was 
too  dry  and  abstruse  a  pursLiit  for  his  volatile 
temper,  and  he  therefore  went  on  the  stage 


FoPPENS,  John  Francis,  professor  of  di- 
vinity at  Louvairi,  and  archdeacon  of  Mech- 
lin, edited  Mirieus'  Opera  historica  Diploma- 
tica,  and  compiled  Bibliolheca  Belgica,  2  vols, 
4to.  from  the  laboi-s  of  learned  Belgians,  and 
other  works,  and  died  1761,  aged  72. 

Forbes,  Patrick,  a  Scotch  prelate,  of  a 
noble  family,  born  in  Aberdeenshire  1564. 
He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and   St.  An- 


He  appeared  lirst  in  Otiiello,  but  his  success  '  drew's,  and  being  ordained  presbyter  at  the 
in  performing  the  character  of  other  writers  age  of  28,  he  was,  in  1618,  raised  to  the  see 
did  not  pK  ase  him,  and  hecommenced  ftuthor  ;  of  Aberdeen,  inuch  against  his  will,  but  at  th^ 
and  actor  in  the  Hay-mnaktt,  where  in  1747,  '  pres.sing  solicitations  of  king  James.  This 
he  first  appeared  before  the  pubHc  in  «*  the  ;  great  and  good  man  died  1635,  aged  71.  His 
Diversionsof  the  Morning."  This  entertain- !  Commentary  on  the  Revelations  appeared 
ing  piece,  at  first  opposed  by  the  Westminster  London  1613.  He  was  a  great  benefactor  to 
justices,   as  representing  characters  in  real  \  Aberdeen  university  of  which   he  was  chan- 


life,  Avas  altered  to  "  Mr.  Foote's  giving  Tea 
to  his  Friends"  and  ihus  for  upwards  of  40 
mornings  drew  crowded  and  applauding  audi- 


cellor,  and  he  revived  the   professorship  of 
law,  physic,  and  divinity. 

Forbes,  John,  son  of  the  pi*eceding,  was 


ences.  The  next  year  presented  **  An  auc-  )  made  bishop  of  Aberdeen,  by  king  Janes, 
tion  of  Pictures"  which  n-tet  with  equal  ap-  ,  He  Avas  expelled  from  the  divinity  professor- 
probation,  though  it  reflected  on  the  popular  '  shipat  Aberdeen  by  the  covenanters,  and  after 
characters  of  the  day,  on  sir  Thomas  de  Veil ;  two  years'  residence  in  Holland,  he  returned 
the  justice,  Cock  the  Auctioneer,  and  Henley  :  to  his  native  country  and  ended  his  days  at 
the  orator.  From  1752,  to  1761,  his  success  •  his  estate  at  Corse  1G48.  He  was  a  very 
continued  uninterrupted  by  tlie  introduction  i  learned  man,  as  his  theological  and  historical 
of  new  pieces,  and  the  versatility  with  which  I  institutions  fully  evince.  His  works  were 
he  himself  represented  various  characters,  j  published  at  Amsterdam  2  vols.  fol.  17U3. 
and  the  little  theatre  Hay-market  was  now  Forbes,  AVilliHm,  bishop  of  Edinburgh, 
considered  as  the  regular  summer  theatre,  ]  was  born  at  Aberdeen  1585,  and  educated 
after  the  close  of  the  other  two.  In  1766,  he  j  there.  After  studying  at  Leyden,  and  in  the 
had  the  misfortune  while  at  lord  Mexbo- j  universities  of  Germany,  became  to  England, 
rough'sto  break'hislegby  a  fall  from  his  horse,  j  Avhere  he  rejected  the  Hebi'ew  professorship 
and  to  suffer  an  amputation,  but  the  accident  j  at  Oxford,  that  he  might  re-establish  his 
so  interested  the  duke  of  York  who  was  pre-  j  health  by  returning  to  the  air  of  his  native 

country.      He  was   highly  esteemed  by   his 


sent,  that  in  consequence  of  his  influence,   a 
patent  was  obtained  that  year  for  the  little 
theatre.     In  1776,  his  attempt   to  introduce 
on  the  stage  the  duchess  of  Kingston,  a  lady 
Vrhose   conduct  was   then    much   canvassed 
before  the  public,  not  only  proved   abortive, 
but  brought  upon  him  the  malicious  accusa- 
tion of  unnatural  practice-s.     Tliough  acquit- 
ted of  this  foul  charge,  yet  tlie  blow    ho  felt 
from  the  imputfttion  weakened  his  constitu- 
tion,  and   brought  on  a  paralytic  fit.     He  re- 
covered, but  the  following  year  as  he  proccded 
to  France  by  the  advice  of  Ids  physicians,  he 
was  taken  ill  and  died  a  few  hours  after  at 
Dover,  20th  Oct.  1777.     In   his  private  char- 
acter Foote  was  respectable,  and  the  wit  and 
humor   of   his  conversation  were  ver}'  pow- 
erful,    Dr  Johnson,  as  Boswell  relat^es,  met 
him  for  the  fiist  time  at  Fitzherbert's.     Hav- 
ing no  good  opinion  of  the  fellow,  says  he,  I 
was  resolved  i.ot  to  be  pleased,  and  it  is  very 
difficult  to  plf'ase  a  man  against   his  will.     I 
•went  on  eating  my  dinner  pretty  sullenly,  af- 
fecting not  to  mind  him,  but  the  dog  was  so 
very  comical,  that  I  was  obliged  to  lay  down 
my  kni'e  and  fork,  throw  myself  back  in  my 
cha"r,and  fairly  laugh  it  out.     Sir,  he  was  ir- 
resit^til'lfc.     His  dramas   are  20   in   number, 
mostly  built  on  temporary  topics,  and  full  of 
personalities.     He  borrowed   liberally   from 
Moiicre,  but  made  all  his  own  by  his  own  pe- 
culiar powers  of  humor  and  originality.     His 
works  havt   been  collected  and  published  in  4 
vols.  ,  vo.     His  life  has  been  published  with 
entertaining  anecdotes  by  Mr.  Cooke. 


cour.trymen,  and  as  his  health  would  not  per- 
mit his  frequent  preaching,  he  was  appointed 
principal  of  the  Marischal-college  Aberdeen. 
On  the  foundation  of  tlie  see  of  Edinburgh 
by  Charles  I.  Dr  Forbes  was  honorably 
placed  by  the  monarch  to  fdl  it,  but  he  enpy- 
ed  his  dignity  only  three  months,  and  died 
1634.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive  learning, 
but  was  very  moderate  in  his  opinions,  and 
pacific  in  his  temper,  as  his  treatise  to  dimin- 
ish controversies  printed  London  1658,  and 
re-printed  atF'rankfcrt  1707,  fully  proves. 

Forbes,  Duncan,  a  Scotch  judge,  born  at 
CuUoden  1685.  He  studied  at  Edinburgh, 
Utrecht,  and  Paris,  and  on  his  return  to  Scot- 
land 1710,  practised  as  an  advocate.  In  1722, 
he  was  elected  member  for  Invernessln re,  and 
1725  was  made  lord  advocate.  In  1742,  he 
was  rr.ised  to  be  lord  president  of  the  court 
of  sessions,  and,  in  the  rebellion  of  1745,  he 
nobly  opposed  tlie  pretender,  but  the  refusal 
of  government  to  refund  what  he  had  lost  by 
his  liberal  support  of  the  royal  cause,  proved 
so  disagreeable  to.  his  feelings,  that  it  produc- 
ed a  fever  of  which  he  died  1747,  aged  62. 
He  was  a  good  Hebrew  scholar,  and  wrote 
Thoughts  on  Religion, — a  Letter  to  a  bishop 
on  Hutcliinson's  writings, — Reflections  on  In- 
credulity, 3  vols.  l2mo.  1750. 

FouBiN,  Claude  Chevalier  de,  a  French 
naval  officer,  born  in  1656.  He  was  early 
brought  up  to  the  sea  service,  and  in  1686 
became  chief  admiral  to  tlie  king  of  Siam  in 


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the  East-In(r>cs.  He  ufterwanls  distinguished  i 
hinisfU'in  Kuroi)e,  on  the  coast  ol"  Spain,  and 
in  the  service  ot  Lewis  XIV.     The  king  was 
pleased  with   his  valor,  and  the  dismteiest-  j 
cdness,  an<l  generosity  of  his  cha'  aeter,  but 
though  favored  hy  the    prince,  he  was  ne-  j 
glected   by  the  ministers,  ami   therefore  ha  i 
retired  in  discontent  from  <he  service  1710.  i 
He  died  1733,  aged  77.     His  maxims  to  per- 
sons in  the  sea  service,  were  two,  never  to 
interfere  with    any    tiling    not  belonging   to 
their  enipio}  ment,  and  to  pay  a  blind  obedi-  j 
ence  to  the  ortlers  they   receired,  however 
repugnant  to  their  private  opinions. 

FORBISHEK,    Vul    FrOBISHEU. 

FoKBONNATS,  Francis  Veron  de,  inspec- 
tor general  of  the  manufactures  of  France, 
Avas  born  at  Mans,  'id  Oct.  1722,  and  died  at 
Paris  at  the  end  of  ISOO.  He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  commerce,  and  the  real  re- 
sources of  a  kingdom,  and  he  publislied  vari- 
ous intelligent  tracts  on  subjects  of  finance, 
politics,  and  mercantile  concerns. 

Force,  Charlotte  Rose  de  Caumontde  la,  j 
a  French  poetess^  %vho  died  1724,  aged  70. 
Her  Castle  in   Spain,    a   poem — her  secret  ' 
History  of  Burgundy,  a  romance — her  tales, 
and  other  works,  possess  merit. 

Force,  James  duke  de  !a,  son  of  Francis, 
l^rd  of  la  Force,  who,  with  his  eldest  son  [ 
Arnaud,  was  murdered  in  his  bed,  on  the 
fatal  night  of  St.  Bartholomew.  He  was  then 
nine  years  old,  and  was  between  his  father 
a.nd  his  brother  in  the  bed,  but  being  un- 
perceived  by  the  assassins,  he  escaped  with 
his  life,  a  circumstance  which  Voltaire  has 
recorded  in  the  2d  canto  of  his  Henriade. 
He  fought  under  Henry  IV.  and  espoused 
the  side  of  the  protestants,  against  Lewis 
XIU.  especially  at  Montauban  162L  He 
soon  after  made  his  peace  with  the  king, 
upon  which  he  was  created  marshal  of 
France,  a  duke,  lieutenant  general  of  the 
army  of  Piedmont,  besides  a  ])resent  of 
200,000  crowns.  He  afterwards  took  Pigne- 
rol,  and  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Carignan 
1G30.  He  was  afterwards  engaged  in  the 
l^erman  wars,  and  took  Spires,  after  raising 
the  siege  of  Philipsburg.  He  died  full  of 
years  and  of  glory  1652,  aged  89. 

Ford,  John,  a  dramatic  poet,  in  the  reigns 
of  James,  and  Charles  I.  He  was  of  the  mid- 
dle Temple,  but  the  time  of  his  death  is  un- 
known. He  wrote  12  plays  published  be- 
tween 1629,  and  1636. 

For  DUN,  John  de,  a  Scotch  historian, 
who  florished  about  1377.  He  wrote  a 
histoty  of  his  country  called  Scoti-Chronicon, 
a  curious  but  not  accurate  performance,  pub- 
lished by  Hearne  at  Oxford,  5  vols.  Hvo.  and 
by  Goodall,fol.  Edinburgh. 

FoRDYCE,  U.i'.vid,  a  learned  Scotsman, 
born  at  Aberdeen  1720,  where  he  was  edu- 
cated, and  wliere  he  became  professor  of 
moral  philosophy,  in  the  marischal  college. 
He  travelled  through  France  and  Italy,  and 
other  parts  of  Europe,  and  was  drowned  on 
his  return,  in  a  storm  on  the  coast  of  Holland 
17.51.  lie  wrote  Dialogues  concerning  Edu- 
aatson,  2  vols.  8vo. — treatise  of  Moral  Philo- 


sophy—Theodorus,  a  dialogue  concepuing 
the  Alt  »jf  Freuching — the  Temple  of  Vir- 
tue, a  dream,  inc. 

FouYCE,  James,  a  Scotch  divinw,  brother 
to  the  aljove,  born  at  Aberdeen,  and  edtl'/a- 
ted  there.  He  was  miiii.ster  of  Brechin,  and 
afterwards  of  Alloa,  and  in  1762,  he  removed 
to  .Monkwell  street,  London,  v^  here  he  was 
assistant,  and  then  successor  to  J)r.  Law- 
rence. He  afterwards  settled  in  Hampshire, 
and  died  at  B.-ah  17'.)6,  in  his  77th  year.  He 
is  author  oi  Sermons  to  voung  Women,  2 
vols.— Address  to  young  Men,  2  vols. — Ad- 
dresses to  the  Deity — a  sermon  on  the  Elo- 
quence of  the  Pulpit — poems — single  ser- 
mons, &iC. 

FoRDVCE,  George,  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  near  Aberdeen,  and  educated 
in  that  university,  where  at  the  age  of  14  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  After  some  resi- 
dence with  his  uncle,  who  wa.s  an  apothecary 
and  surgeon  at  Uppingham,  liutlandshire,  he- 
went  to  Edinburgh,  and  to  Leyden,  where 
he  took  his  doctor's  degree  1758.  He  settled 
the  following  year  in  Lontlon,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  as  a  lecturer  on  the 
Materia  Medica,  and  the  practice  of  physic, 
and  in  1770  he  became  physician  to  St. 
Thomas's  hospital,  and  six  years  after  a 
fellow  of  ihe  Royal  society.  He  was,  in 
1787,  made  a  fellow  of  the  college  of  physi- 
ciarks  speciali  gratia^  an  unususd  honor,  and 
he  died  1802,  aged  66.  His  works  are  essavs 
on  Fevers — on  Digestion — Elements  of  the 
Practice  of  Physic — Elements  of  Agriculture 
and  Vegetation,  &c. 

FoRDYCE,  sir  William,  a  Scotch  physi- 
cian, of  great  repute,  who  died  in  London 
1792.     • 

FoREiRO,  Francis,  a  Dominican  monk, 
born  at  Lisbon,  and  sent  hy  the  king  of  Por- 
tugal, to  the  council  of  Trent,  where  he  was 
in  consequence  of  his  abilities  invited  to 
draw  up  a  general  catechism.  He  published, 
with  a  commentary,  a  translation  of  Isaiah's 
prophecy,  A'enice  1562,  and  died  at  Lisbon, 
1581. 

Forest,  Peter,  orFoRESTus,  a  Dutch 
physician,  born  at  Alcraaer  1522.  He  studi- 
ed physic  in  Italy,  and  died  medical  professor 
at  Leyden  1597.  The  most  known  of  his 
works  is  "  Observations  on  ^Medicine"  6  vols 
fol.  Frankfort  1623. 

Forest,  John,  a  French  landscape  paint- 
er, born  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1712,  aged 
76  He  was  painter  to  the  French  king,  and 
in  his  manner  imitated  Titian,  Giorgione, 
and  the  Bassans. 

Forest,  or  Foresta,  James  Philip, 
known  by  the  nan;c  of  Philip  Bergamo,  the 
place  of  his  birth,  was  an  Augustine  monk, 
and  wrote  a  chronicle  from  Adam  to  the 
year  1503,  a  work  not  very  valuable.  Ho 
wrote  a  confessional,  fol.  Venice  1487 — and 
a  treatise  of  Illustrious  Women,  fol.  1497, 
Ferrara. 

FoRMEY,  John  Henry  Samuel,  a  native 
of  Berlin,  minister  of  the  French  church 
there,  and  afterwards  professor  of  philoso- 
phy in  the  French  college,  and  then,  secre- 


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taiyto  t!ie  royal  Berlin  aead?njy  of  sciences, 
and  privy  counsellor.  He  died  1797,  aged 
S6.  He  vas  author  of  Abridgement  of 
Ecclesiastical  History — History  of  Philoso- 
phy abridged,  both  translated  into  English — 
Ilcsearches  on  the  Elements  of  Matter — 
Considerations  on  Cicero's  Tusculanura — 
the  Christian  I'hilosnpher — Pensces  Itai- 
sonablcs — Anti-Eniile  against  Kosscau,  and 
other  Avorks,  and  he  conducte<l,  viUi  Beau- 
sohre,  the  Bibliotheque  Germanique. 

FoRMOSus,  bishop  of  Porto,  near  Itome, 
succeeded  Stephen  V.  as  pope,  891.  He  was 
very  unpopular  in  his  government,  and  after 
death  his  body  was  dragged  from  his  grave  by 
the  popuUce,  and  thrown  into  the  'I'iber. 

FoRSKAL,  Peter,  a  Swedish  naturalist, 
•who  studied  at  Gottingen  and  at  Upsal  under 
liinnieus.  He  went,  in  1761,  with  Niebuhr 
to  Arabia,  and  died  there  at  Jerim  1763, 
aged  27.  He  was  author  of  Thoughts  on 
CiviJ  Liberty,  1759,  and  from  his  papers 
Niebuhr  published  Icones  Rerum  Naturali- 
um  quas  in  Itinere  Oriental!  depingi  curavit 
Forskal,  4to. — Descriptiones  Animalium  he 
Equse,  &c.  4to. — Flora  iEgyptiaco- Arabics, 
4to. 

FoRSTER,  John,  a  protestant  Hebraist  of 
Witteraburg,  born  at  Augsburg  1495.  He 
was  the  friend  of  Luther,  Heuchlin,  and 
Meiancthon,  and  died  1556.  Me  published  a 
Hebrew  Lexicon,  1564,  folio,  Bale.  Another 
person  of  the  same  name  published  Com- 
mentaries on  Isaiah,  and  other  works. 

FoRSTER,  George,  an  ingenious  natural- 
ist, who  accompanied  Cook  in  his  second 
voyage  round  the  world.  He  was  professor 
in  the  university  of  Cassel,  and  afterwards  at 
Wilna  and  Mayence.  He  next  visited  Paris, 
to  enable  himself  to  travel  to  Thibet;  but 
died  in  the  midst  of  his  preparations,  1792, 
aged  39.  He  was  then  representative  of 
Mentz  in  the  national  assembly.  He  wrote 
a  tract  on  the  English  Constitution — a  Jour- 
nal of  Cook's  second  Voyage,  2  vols.  4to. 
^hich  he  defended  against  Wales — a  Philo- 
sophical Journey  along  the  Rhine,  2  vols. 
8vo. — a  Journey  through  England,  1790. 

FoRSTER,  Dr.  John  Reinold,  father  to  tlie 
above,  studied  at  Halle,  and  was  minister  at 
Dantzic,  and  after  being  some  time  in  Russia 
he  came  to  England,  and  was  tutor  in  Ger- 
man and  French  in  Warrington  academy. 
He  accompanied  Cook  in  his  second  voyage, 
and  after  his  return  in  1775,  he  was  created 
LL,  D.  by  the  university  of  Oxford.  He  lost 
his  public  character  in  England,  for  publish- 
ing, contrary  to  agreement,  an  account  of 
the  plants  discovered  in  his  voyage,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  left  the  countrj'  for  Ger- 
many. He  died  at  Halle,  in  Saxony,  1799. 
He  is  author  of  Observations  made  round 
the  World — History  of  Discoveries  in  the 
North — treatises  on  the  Byssus  of  tlie  An- 
cients, and  other  valuable  tracts  on  natural 
history. 

FoRSTER,  Nathaniel  a  native  of  Plym- 
stock,  Devonshire,  educated  at  Plymouth 
j^nd  Eton  school,  and  afterwards  at  Corpus 
Chrisli,  Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow. 


'  He  obtained  Hethe  rectory,  Oxfordsliire, 
and  in  1750  Avas  chaplain  to  Butler,  of  Dur- 
ham, who  made  him  his  executor.  He  was, 
in  1752,  chaplain  to  Herring  the  primate, 
and  two  years  after  obtained  a  prebend  iu 
Bristol  cathedral,  and  Rochdale  vicarage, 
Lancashire.  In  1756  he  was  chaplain  io  the 
king,  and  then  preacher  to  the  lloHs.  He 
died  1757,  aged  40.  He  pubhshed  Platonis 
Dialogi  quinque,  &c.  1745 — Reflections  on 
the  Antiquity  of  Egypt — Appendix  Liviana, 
1746 — Popery  destructive  of  the  Evidence 
of  Christianity,  a  sermon — Dissertation  ou 
Josephus'  Account  of  our  Saviour — Biblia 
Hebraica,  sine  Punctis,  4to. — on  the  Mar- 
riage of  Minors,  8vo.  he. 

FoRSTNER,  Christopher,  an  Austrian 
lawyer,  who  died  1667,  aged  69.  After 
travelling  in  Italy  he  was  engaged  in  the 
negotiations  of  the  peace  of  Munster,  and 
for  liiis  services  he  was  made  a  member  of 
the  Aulic  council.  He  wrote  De  Principatu 
Tiberii  Notce  Politicse  ad  Tacitum — collec- 
tion of  his  letters  on  the  peace  of  Munster — 
Hypomnemata  Politica,  &c. 

Fort,  Francis  le,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who,  from  military  zeal,  served  in  Holland  at 
the  age  of  16,  and  afterwards  entered  into 
the  army  of  Peter  I.  of  Russia.  He^ained 
the  favor  of  that  prince,  and  was  intrusted 
in  1696,  with  the  seige  of  Azof,  and  in  this 
arduous  affair,  he  displayed  such  abilities 
that  the  emperor  made  him  commander  of 
his  forces,  and  his  prime  minister.  The 
I'csources  of  his  great  genius  were  employed 
in  new-modelling  the  army,  and  improving 
the  affairs  of  his  imperial  patron.  He  died 
at  Moscow  1699,  and  the  Czar,  afflicted  for 
his  loss,  paid  the  last  honors  to  his  remains, 
with  the  most  magnificent  obsequies. 

FoRTESCUE,  sir  John,  an  Enghsh  lawyer, 
born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Wear  Gilford, 
in  Devonshire.  He  was,  according  to  Tan- 
ner, educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
from  whence  he  removed  to  Lincoln's  Inn. 
In  1441  he  was  made  king's  Serjeant  at  law, 
and  the  next  year  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench.  His  integrity,  wisdom,  and  firmness 
recommended  him  to  Henry  VI.  by  whom 
his  salary  was  raised  ;  but  his  attachment  to 
the  house  of  Lancaster  proved  the  source  of 
persecution.  In  the  first  parliament  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  he  was  attainted  of  high  treason,  and 
he  followed  his  exiled  master  into  Scotland, 
where  he  was  nominated  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land. He  embarked  for  Holland  in  1463,  with 
queen  Margaret,  and  continued  several  years 
in  exile  in  Lorraine.  In  this  foreign  country 
he  employed  himself  in  the  composition  of 
his  book  "  De  Laudibus  Legum  Anglise,'* 
written  for  the  instruction  of  young  prince 
Edward ;  but  not  published  till  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  He  afterwards  accompanied 
the  queen  back  to  England ;  but  their  affairs 
became  more  desperate,  and  with  greater 
love  of  ease,  perhaps,  than  attachment  to  his 
master,  he  reconciled  himself  to  the  reigning 
monarch  by  writing  an  apology  for  his  own 
conduct,  and  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
retirement  and  solitude.     The   year  of  his 


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Jeath  is  unknown,  though  lie  lived  to  nearly 
his  UOth  year,  and  was  biirit-d  in  the  eliurch 
ot  Ebriiiglon,  Gloccslersliirc,  uhci-f,  in  lf)7~, 
one  olMii-s  jiescendaiits  repaired  his  monu- 
ment. He  wrote  besides,  "the  DitU-rencc- 
between  an  absolute  and  iinuted  nxjiiarthv, 
&c."  published  by  J.  Fortescue  Aland,  171  i, 
besides  other  works  reinainini^  in  MS.  'I'lie 
best  e(hti(jn  of  his  book,  "  iJe  Lnudibns  is  th  .t 
ol"ir4l.  His  character  was  vt-ry  respeclahle 
for  piety,  learning,  and  benevolence,  ami,  as 
attached  to  his  country,  none  deserves  a 
better  name. 

KoiiTiGUEURA,  Nicolas,  an  Italian  pre- 
late and  poet,  born  iCTi.  He  was  made  a 
bishop  by  Clement  XI.  but  he  was  so  cften 
disap[)ointed  by  Clement  XII.  who  as  the 
patron  oi' poets,  had  promised  him  a  cardi- 
nal's hat,  that  he  fell  ill  in  conseciuence,  and 
died  1735,  aged  01.  He  wrote  "  liicciar- 
delto,"  a  burlesque  poem  in  30  cantos,  in  a 
short  time,  to  pi-ove  to  some  of  his  friends 
the  ease  with  which  he  could  v/rite  in  the 
manner  of  Ariosto.  I'liis  poem,  though 
very  taulty,  e.\hibits  sallies  of  pleasantry  and 
strokes  of  genius.  It  has  been  translated  into 
French  by  <lu  Mourrier.  Fortiguerra 
translated  Terence  into  Italian  173G. 

Fortius,  or  For  r is,  Joachim,  a  teach- 
er of  Greek  and  of  mathematics  at  Antwerp, 
intimate  with  Erasmus,  and  other  leftrned 
men.  He  died  153o.  He  wrote  "  De  Ua- 
tione  Studendi,"  aiul  other  works. 

FosCARi,  Francis,  a  noble  Venetian,  elec- 
ted doge  1423.  He  eidarged  the  Venetian 
doniinions  by  the  conquest  of  Brescia  and 
Bergamo,  and  the  towns  of  Crema  and  Ra- 
venna, and  other  places  ;  but  these  victories 
cost  so  dear  that  the  Venetians  loudly  mur- 
Biured,  and  deposed  their  unfortunate  leader. 
His  son  shared  also  his  disgrace,  and  was 
banished,  under  false  accusations,  and  the 
wretched  father  died  two  days  afior  his  de- 
position, 1457,  aged  84.  Tiie  son  also  soon 
after  died  in  prison,  upon  the  fiUsc  charge  of 
murdering  a  senator. 

FoscARiNi,  Michael,  a  Venetian  senator 
and  historian.  He  contmued  Xani's  history 
of  Venice,  at  the  public  request,  and  died 
169"2,  aged  04.  His  Mork  was  printed  lOO'i, 
4to.  and  makes  the  10th  toI.  of  Venetian  his- 
torians.    He  also  wrote  novels. 

Fosse,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  painter, 
pupil  to  Le  Brun,  born  at  Paris  1G40.  He 
studied  in  Italy,  and  at  his  return  he  painted 
the  dome  of  the  hotel  of  Invalids.  Lewis 
XIV.  gave  liim  a  pension  of  1000  crowns,  and 
lie  became  protl-ssor  and  rector  of  the  acade- 
my for  painting.  He  was  for  some  time  en- 
gaged in  adorning  the  duke  of  Montague's 
house,  now  the  British  museum  in  Lond')n, 
and  received  a  handsome  offer  from  king 
William,  who  admired  his  genius,  and  wished 
him  to  settle  in  England;  but  he  declined. 
He  died  at  Paris  1710. 

Fosse,  Antony  de  la,  nephew  to  the  above, 
was  born  at  Paris  1G58.  He  M'as  lord  of  Au- 
bigny,  by  the  purchase  of  the  estate  which 
bears  that  title,  and  he  w  as  secretary  to  the 
marquis  de  Creqni.    When  his  patron   was 


killed  at  the  battle  of  Luzara,  he  brOM^Iit 
Iiaek  his  heart  to  Paris,  and  celebnaed  Ids 
fall  irt  poetry.  He  whs  afleruar<ls  in  tin; 
service  ot  the  iluke  d'.\umont;  but  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  chiflly  by  his  tragedies. 
Mis  .Manlius,  which  is  his  best  play,  is  consi- 
dered by  the  French  as  equal  to  the  trage- 
dies fiftjorneille ;  but  he  is  less  known  than 
lie  diser\es.  This  aniiable  poet  died  in  the 
retirement  and  modest  solitude  which  he 
loved, 1708, aged  50. 

Fosi  ER,  Snmnel,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian, born  in  Xorthamptonshire,  and  cduca- 
te<l  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  1(>J3.  He  was 
elected  in  1030,  to  tl.'e  professorship  of  astro- 
nomy in  (ircsham  college,  which  he  resigned! 
the  same  year,  and  to  which  he  was  agaia 
elected  in  1041.  During  the  civil  wars  he 
formed  one  of  that  society  of  learned  meu 
who  united  for  philosophical  purposes,  an.l 
were  afterwanls  incorporated  under  the 
name  of  the  lioyal  society  by  Charles  II.  Ua 
not  only  applied  himself  to  astronomy,  and 
to  curious  and  intelligent  oliservalions  on 
eclipses  and  on  celestial  bodies,  but  he  con- 
structed and  improved  M'ith  great  ingenuifv, 
several  mathematical  and  astronomical  in- 
struments. He  died  at  tiresham  college,  of 
a  decline,  1652.  The  cliief  of  his  weiiis  are 
"  the  Art  of  Dialling,"  4to.  1038 — four  trea- 
tises of  Dialling,  4to.  1054 — NUscc-llanie*  or 
Matliematical  Lucubrations — descriptions  of 
several  Instruments  invented  and  improved- 
There  w  ere  two  other  mathen.alicians  of  the 
name  of  Foster  in  the  same  century;  Wil- 
liam, a  disciple  of  Oughtred,  and  author  of 
the  Circles  of  Proportion,  and  the  Horizon- 
tal Instrument,  1033,  4to.  and  Mark,  who 
published  a  treatise  of  Trigonometry. 

Foster,  James,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  16th  Sep.  1097,  at  Exeter,  at  the  gram- 
mar school  and  in  an  academy  of  which 
place  he  was  educated.  With  great  abilities, 
a  sound  judgment,  and  a  ready  elocution,  he 
began  to  preach  1718,  but  the  warm  disputes 
whidi  prevailed  in  the  west  of  England,  anfi 
esi-ecially  Exeter  about  the  trinity,  rendered 
his  situation  in  Devonshire  unpleasant,  and 
he  removed  to  INIelborne,  Somersetshire, 
and  soon  after  to  Ashwick.  He  published  i/i 
17'20  his  "  Essay  on  Fundamentals,"  and  hi* 
sermoji  "  on  the  Itesurrection  of  Chi-ist;"' 
but  his  finances  were  so  low,  and  his  hopes 
of  improving  liis  income  so  uncertain,  that 
he  almost  determined  to  learn  the  trade  of 
glover  from  Mr.  Norman,  in  whose  house  he 
lived  at  Trowbridge  in  Wilts,  after  liis  remo- 
\al  from  Somersetshire.  He  was,  however, 
soon  after  received  as  cJiaplain  in  the  family 
oflloli.  Houlton,  esq.  and  in  1724  he  vras 
chosen  to  succee«l,  at  Barbican,  Dr.  Gale,  a 
person  by  whose  book  on  adult  immersion  he 
had  been  persuaded  to  be  baptized.  In  1731 
he  published  his  Defence  of  the  Usefulness, 
Truth,  he.  of  Christian  Bevelation  against 
Tindal,  and  in  1744,  alter  20  years'  service 
at  Barbican,  he  was  chosen  pastor  of  the  in- 
dependents at  Pinners  hall,  and  in  1748  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  D.D,  from  the  Unirer5?- 


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ty«f  Aberdeen.  He  attended  lord  Kilmar- 
nock  after  his  trial  in  1746,  and  died  in  con- 
sequence of  a  paialytic  stroke,  5th  Nov.  1753. 
His  character  for  humanity  and  benevolence 
of  heart  was  equal,  to  his  learning,  popular 
ss  a  preacher,  and  liberal  in  his  i-eligious 
sentiments.  He  wrote  besides  the  above, 
**  Tracts  on  Heresy,"  in  a  controversy  with 
Dr.  Stebbing — 4  vols,  of  sermons,  8vo. — '■J, 
vols,  of  Discourses  on  Natural  Religion,  and 
Social  Virtue,  4to.  Bolingbroke  attributes 
to  him  that  false  aphorism,  "  that  where  mys- 
tery begins,  religion  ends."  Pope  has  men- 
tioned him  with  commendation  in  the  pre- 
face to  his  satires. 

Foster,  John,  an  elegant  scholar,  born 
at  Windsor  1731,  and  educated  at  Eton  col- 
lege, where  under  the  able  tuition  of  Plurnp- 
tree  aud  Rurton,  he  distinguished  himself  as 
a  superior  proficient  in  the  Greek  and  He- 
hrew  languages.  In  1748  he  was  elected  to 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards 
became  assistant  to  Dr.  Barnard,  whom  he 
Succeeded  iu  1765,  in  the  mastership  of  Eton 
college.  But  though  eminent  in  learning, 
and  great  in  mental  powers,  he  was  deficient 
in  manners,  in  temper,  and  in  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  world,  which  are  so  neces- 
sary for  such  a  situation,  and  which  were 
possessed  in  a  high  degree  by  his  predeces- 
sor Barnard,  so  that  his  authority  became  un- 
popular, and  he  at  last  resigned.  His  me- 
rits, however,  were  rewarded  by  a  canonrj' 
at  Windsor  in  1772,  but  his  infirmities  were 
mcreasing  so  rapidly,  that  he  did  not  enjoy 
his  honors  long  He  went  to  the  German 
Spa  for  the  recovery  of  his  health,  and  died 
there  Sep.  1773.  His  remains  were  after- 
wards brought  over  to  England,  and  buried 
at  Windsor  near  those  of  his  father  who  had 
been  mayor  of  the  town,  and  over  his  tomb 
is  an  elegant  Latin  inscription  written  by 
himself.  He  wrote  besides  a  prize  disserta- 
tion on  the  doctrines  of  Epicurus,  and  the 
Stoics,  Cambridge — an  Essay  on  the  Difile- 
rent  Nature  of  Ascents  and  Quantity,  with 
their  Use  and  Application  in  the  Pronuncia- 
tion of  the  English,  Latin,  and  Greek 
Tongues,  with  the  Defence  of  the  Greek 
Accentual  Marks,  against  Js,  Vossius,  Sai'pe- 
donius,  Dr.'Galy,  he.  S^  o.  1762.  It  is  a  cu- 
rious and  valuable  pei'formance. 

Foster,  Michael,  a  learned  judge,  born 
at  Marlborough,  Wilts.  He  was  educated  at 
Marlborough  school,  and  Exeter  College, 
Oxford,  and  in  1707  entered  at  the  Middle 
Temple.  In  1737  he  was  elected  recorder 
of  Bristol,  and  in  1745  he  was  made  one  of 
the  justices  of  the  king's  bench,  and  then 
knighted.  He  died  1765,  aged  74.  He  pub- 
lished an  Examination  of  the  Scheme  of 
Church  Power,  laid  down  in  bishop  Gibson's 
Codex,  1735 — Report  of  some  Proceedings 
on  the  Commission  for  the  Trial  of  Rebels  in 
1746  in  the  county  of  Surrey,  1762. 

FoTHERGiLL,  Georgc,  D.  1).  eldest  of 
seven  sons,  Avas  born  the  last  day  of  the  year 
1705,  at  Lockholme,  Westmoreland,  of  an 
ancient  family.  He  was  educated  there,  and 
at  Kendal    school,    and  then    removed    to 


Queen's  college,  Oxford,  wliere  he  became 
fellow  and  tutor.  In  1751  he  was  made  head 
of  St.  Edmund  hall,  and  vicar  of  Bramley, 
Hampshire.  He  died  of  an  asthma,  5th  Oct. 
i760,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  his  hall. 
He  was  author  of  2  vols,  of  sermons. 

FoTHERGiLL,  John,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  8th  March,  1712,  at  Carr-end, 
Yorkshire,  of  respectable  quakers.  He  was 
educated  atSedburgh  school,  Yorkshire,  and 
in  1718  bound  apprentice  to  an  apothecary 
at  Bradford.  In  1736  he  removed  to  Lon- 
don, and  studied  two  years  under  Wilmot  at 
St.  Thomas's  hospital,  and  then  went  to 
Edinburgh,  wliere  he  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree. He  afterwards  visited  Leyden,  and 
travelled  through  France  and  Germany,  and 
in  1740  settled  in  London.  He  was  a  licen- 
tiate of  the  college  of  physicians,  London, 
and  fellow  of  Edinburgh,  and  of  the  royal 
and  antiquarian  societies.  He  continued  to 
rise  in  fame  and  practice,  so  that  his  busi- 
ness brought  him  little  less  than  7000/.  per 
ann.  and  enabled  him  to  accumulate  a  pro- 
perty of  80,000/.  He  died  of  an  obstruction 
in  the  bladder,  at  his  house  Harpur  street* 
26th  Dec.  1780,  and  his  remains  were  inter- 
red in  the  quiiker's  burying  ground  Winch- 
more  hill.  Besides  his  medical  engagements, 
he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  natural  histo- 
ry, and  made  a  collection  of  shells  and  other 
natural  curiosities,  Afhich  were  sold  after 
his  death  to  Dr.  Hunter  for  1200/.  He  form- 
ed an  excellent  botanical  garden  at  his  house 
at  Upton  in  Essex,  and  he  liberally  endowed 
a  seminary  of  young  quakers  at  Acworth 
near  Leeds,  for  the  education  and  clothing  of 
above  300  children.  He  published  some 
tracts,  the  best  of  which  is  '*  on  the  Ulce- 
rous Sore  Throat,"  and  was  a  great  patron 
of  learned  men  He  assisted  Sydney  Park- 
inson in  his  account  of  his  South  sea  voyage, 
and  at  the  expense  of  2000/.  printed  a  trans- 
lation of  the  bible  from  the  Hebrew  and 
Greek  original,  by  Anthony  Purver  tlie 
qustker,  2  vols.  fol.  1764,  and  in  1780  publish- 
ed Percy's  Key  to  the  New  Testament,  for 
the  use  of  his  seminary.  His  books  were 
sold  by  auction  in  1781,  and  his  portraits  and 
prints  were  bought  for  200  guineas  by  Mr. 
Thane. 

FoTHERGiLL,  Samuel,  brother  to  the 
preceding  was  eminent  as  a  preacher  among 
the  quakers  He  travelled  over  England, 
Scotland,  h*eland,  and  North-America  to 
propagate  his  doctrines,  and  died  1773,  much 
respected  for  his  private  character. 

FoucAULT,  Nicolas  Joseph,  an  antiquary 
born  at  Paris,  1643.  He  was  intendant  in 
Normandy,  and  within  six  miles  of  Caen,  he 
discovered  in  1704  the  ancient  town  of  the 
Viducassians,  of  which  he  published  an  inter- 
esting account,  v.-'th  the  history  of  the  mar- 
bles, coins,  inscriptions,  &cc,  found  there. 
He  discovered  in  the  abbey  of  Moissac  in 
Querci  a  MS.  of  Lactantius  de  Mortibus 
Persecutorem,  afterwards  published  by  Ba- 
luce.  He  died  1721,  respected  for  his  erudi- 
tion, his  mildness  of  maoners,  and  his  bene- 
volence. 


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FoocHER,  Simon,  a  native  of  Dijon,  who 
dieM  at  Paris  ItiOw,  af^ed  5'2.  He  was  author 
of  a  treatise  on  Hygrometers — on  the  Wis- 
dom of  tlie  Ancients — Letters  on  the  History 
and  l*rii\cii)les  of  the  Academic  I'hilosophy, 
6  vols  &c 

Fo  UCH  I ER,  Bertram  dc,  a  Dutch  painter 
of  l»ergen-oi)-Zoom,  disciple  l(»  Vandyck 
He  stud  it  il  the  manner  of  'I'intoretto  at 
Uomc,  and  adopted  at  his  return  home  the 
st\le  of  Uronwer  His  portraits  and  conver- 
sations are  much  admired.  He  died  1C74, 
agc(i  65. 

FOUCQ.UET,  Nicolas,  marquis  of  Bcllo- 
Isle,  was  born  1615,  and  for  his  talents  was 
early  advanced  in  the  slate.  He  was  at  the 
age  of  35  procurator-general  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  and  at  38  superintendant  of 
the  finances.  His  peculation  and  extrava- 
gance, however,  were  little  «;alculatcd  to  re- 
pair the  mismanagement  of  .Vlazarin,  and 
■when  he  had  spent  ahove  150,000/.  of  the 
public  money  in  adorning  his  seat  at  Vaux, 
Hnd  attempted  to  rival  his  master  in  the 
affection  of  la  Valliere,  his  ruin  was  com- 
plete. He  was  arrested  in  lOGl,  and  con- 
demned to  perpetual  banishment,  exchanged 
afterwards  for  imprisonment.  He  died 
March  1680,  aged  65,  in  the  citadel  of 
P-ignei*ol. 

FOUCQ.UET,  Charles  Lewis  Augxistus, 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  better  known  by 
the  name  o{  niareschal  Bellisle,  was  horn 
168+.  He  entered  early  into  the  army  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Lisle, 
for  which  Lewis  XIV.  promised  him  his 
favor  and  protection.  After  that  monarch's 
death,  he  shared  thedisgiace  of  the  minister 
ie  Blanc,  and  wji«  confined  in  the  Bastille, 
till  his  modest  justification  recommended 
him  to  the  court,  and  paved  his  way  to  pro- 
motion and  honor.  He  was  commander  in 
Flanders  in  the  war  of  1733,  and  became 
the  adviser  and  confidential  friend  of  cardinal 
Fleury.  In  1741  he  was  created  maresclial 
of  France,  and  in  1742  he  assisted  at  Frank- 
fort at  the  election  of  the  emperor  Charles 
VII.  where  his  influence  was  equal  to  his 
great  magnificence.  Afterwards  being  de- 
serted by  the  Prussians  and  Saxons,  he 
effected  his  escape  with  great  difficulty  from 
Prague,  but  with  sagacious  dexterity,  so  that 
he  was  created  by  the  emperor  member  of 
the  Golden  Fleece,  and  a  prince  of  the  em- 
pire. He  was  taken  prisoner  in  1743  at 
Elbingerode  near  Hanover,  and  brought  over 
to  England.  He  afterwards  served  against 
the  Au.strians  in  Provence,  and  was  made 
peer  of  France  1748.  He  was  made  prime 
minister  1757,  and  died  four  years  after,  a 
sacrifice  to  his  zeal  in  the  service  of  his  coun- 
try, and  his  anxiety  to  restore  her  finances 
and  commerce  to  a  prosperous  course.  He 
died  .Ian.  1701,  aged  77.  He  was  a  great 
character,  respected  in  private  life,  and 
much  attached  to  the  glory  of  his  country. 
He  was  a  patron  of  merit,  and  free  from 
blame,  except  in  his  criminal  paitiality  for 
the  fair  sex.  His  only  son,  born  of  a  second 
wife,  was  kdled  in  battle  1758. 
VOL.    I.  69 


FouGEROux,  Augustus  Denys,  an  fml- 
nent  writer  horn  at  I*ai  is  Ktth  Oct.  173'J  Ho 
was  nephew  ofDnhamel,  and  with  him  he  ex- 
amined with  a  philoHophic  eye  th'j  quarries  of 
-Vnjou,  Hritany,  .Naples,  kc.  and  every  where 
made  judiiiotis  and  valuiibie  observations  on 
the  varioiisiirrjduction.scjfthe natural  kingdom. 
He  died  of  an  apoplexy  '28th  Dec.  1789.  Ho 
wrote  .Vlenioir  on  the  formation  of  Bone — 
I'Ai-t  de  r.Vrdoisier — I'Art  du  TonnellicT — 
I'Art  de  'I'ravailler  les  Cuirs  Dores,  iNCc. 

Fouii.Lo.v,  James  an  ecclesiastic  born  at 
Rochelle,  and  though  educated  among  the 
Jesuits,  a  favorer  of  the  J ansenists.  He  edi- 
ted Arnauld's  Letters,  and  had  a  share  in  the 
Histoi'V  of  the  Case  of  Conscience,  8  vols.  170  5 
— and  in  the  Hexaples  agftinst  the  Bull  Uni- 
gcnitus,  7  vols.  he. 

FouLON,  William,  in  Latin  (Tuapho^us, 
was  born  at  the  Hague,  where  he  kept  a 
school.  He  wrote  three  Latin  comedies, 
Martyrium  Johannis  Pistorii — Hypocrysisk 
Acolastus  de  Filio  Prodijo,  the  most  admir- 
ed, edited  with  learned  notes  by  Pratcolus  at 
Paris  1554.  He  died  at  Horden  in  Friesland, 
where  he  was  burgomaster,  1558,  aged  75. 

FouLON,  John,  author  of  a  Commentary 
on  the  Maccabees — Historia  Leodiensis,  3 
vols,  folio,  kc.  was  a  Jesuit  of  Liege  who 
died  1068. 

FouLON,  N.  a  French  politician  who  ad- 
vised tlie  government  to  recover  its  credit 
by  a  general  bankruptcy.  He  was  placed 
over  the  finances  at  the  beginnii:g  of  the  re- 
volution, but  in  the  midst  of  the  genera!  con- 
fusion he  became  one  of  its  first  victims.  He 
in  vain  attempted  to  conceal  himself,  when 
discovered  2'2d  July,  1789,  he  was  dragged 
with  the  greatest  insult,  and  in  the  most  ex- 
cruciating manner  to  Paris,  where  he  was 
hanged  amidst  the  acclamations  of  a  rejoic- 
ing, and  ferocious  populace 

F'o  uxTAi  NE,  sir  Andrew,  an  antiquarian, 
born  at  Xarford,  Norfolk,  and  educated  at 
Christ-church,  Oxford.  He  studied  here  the 
yVnglo-Saxf)n  language,  and  published  a  spe- 
cimen of  his  great  proficiency  in  his  instruc- 
tor Hickes'Thesaurus,  under  the  title  of  Nu- 
mismata  Anglo-Saxonica  8c  Anglo-Danica, 
breviter  Illuslrata  ah  Andrea  Fountaine,  eq. 
aur.  8c  aidis  Christi  Oxon.  Alumno,  1705. 
He  was  knighted  by  king  William,  and  after- 
Avards  travelled  tli rough  Europe  in  making  a 
collection  of  valuable  pictures,  medals,  sta- 
tues, and  inscriptions.  He  was  the  intimate 
friend  and  correspondent  cf  Swift,  and  he 
embellished  liis  Tale  of  the  Tub,  with  excel- 
lent designs.  Sir  Andrew,  as  a  masterly  con- 
noisseur of  medals  and  antiijues,  improved 
his  property  greatly  by  collecting  (or  some  of 
the  largest  cabinets  in  the  kingdom.  He  was 
vice-chamberlain  to  Caroline,  when  princess 
of  Wales  and  queen,  and  in  1727  was  made 
warden  of  the  mint,  an  office  which  he  helJ 
tiil  hisdeath,  4th  Sept.  1753.  He  was  buried 
at  Narford;  a  portrait  of  him  by  Hoare  i« 
preserved  at  Wilton-house.  Deis  mention- 
ed with  great  applause  by  Montfaucon. 

FouQ_vi  ER-l'iNVii>i>E,  Anlliony  Quen-. 
tin,  a  Frenclvraa-n  of  bfanvpus  menjorj,  born 


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at,  Herouan  near  St.  Quentin.  From  a  bank- 
rapt,  he  became  the  friend  of  liobespierre, 
and  so  sanguinary  was  his  conduct,  and  so 
ferocious  liis  principles,  that  he  was  deemed 
by  the  tyrant,  worthy  to  be  the  pubUc  accu- 
ser. In  this  office  he  displayed  the  most 
bloody  and  vindictive  character.  The  young, 
the  aged,  the  innocent,  were  hurried  with  in- 
sulting indifference  to  the  scaffold,  and  in  one 
instance,  in  four  hours,  80  individuals  M'ere 
devoted  to  immediate  death.  When  one  of 
the  gaolers  observed  that  a  person  brought 
up  before  the  tribunal  was  not  the  accused, 
Fouquier  observed  with  unconcern,  that  one 
was  as  good  as  the  other,  and  the  unhappy 
victim  marched  to  the  guillotine.  On  ano- 
ther occasion,  under  a  similar  mistake,  he  ex- 
claimed, it  matters  little,  to-day  is  as  good  as 
to-morrow,  and  the  wretched  prisoner  suf- 
fered death.  The  fall  of  Robespiei're  check- 
ed not  the  hand  of  this  monster,  on  the  day 
of  the  tyraiit's  arrest,  he  observed,  on  sign- 
ing the  condemnation  of  42  persons,  that  jus- 
tice must  have  her  course.  At  last  punish- 
ment came  though  late,  the  vindictive 
Fouquier  appeared  before  thattribunal  where 
he  had  exercised  such  bloody  tyranny,  and  on 
the  7th  May  1~94,  he  was  guUotined,  aged 
48,  and  universally  execrated. 

Foucj^riERES,  James,  a  Flemish  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp,  1580.  He  was  the  disciple 
of  Velvet  Breughel,  and  painted  for  Itubens. 
He  worked  for  the  electorpalatineat  Heidle- 
berg,  and  went  to  Pai'is  where  he  died  poor 
through  imprudence  1659.  His  landscapes 
are  so  finely  finished  as  to  be  scarce  inferior  to 
Titian's. 

FoUIldu.       Fu/.  LONGUERUE. 

FouRCROi,  N.  an  eminent  French  engi- 
neer, who  planned  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Scheldt,  Moselle,  Sambre,  Oise,  Rhine  and 
Meuse,  by  means  of  canals.  He  published 
some  valuable  tracts,  and  died  12th  Jan.  1791, 
aged  76 . 

FouRMONT,  Stephen,  professor  of  Ara- 
bic and  Chinese  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Herbe- 
lai  near  that  city  1G83,     He  devoted  himself 
with  unusual  application  to  study,  and  had  so 
retentive   a  memory  that  the  most  difficult 
passages  became  familiar'to  him.     HeAvasso 
well  known  as  a  man  of  erudition,  that  once 
or  twice  a  week  conterences  were  held  at  his 
house,  on  literary  subjects,  by  learned  French- 
men, and  foreigners.     He  was  liberally  invi- 
ted by  count  de  Toledo  to  settle  in  Spain, 
which  he  declined.     He  succeeded  Gallaiid 
in  1715,  as  Arabic  professor,  and  was  admit- 
ted into  the  learned  societies  of  Paris,  Berlin, 
and  London,  and  was  afterwai'ds  secretary  to 
the  duke  of  Orleans  his  friend   and  patron. 
He  died  1743.     His  works  are  "  the  Roots  of 
the  Latin  Tongue  in  Metre" — Critical  Re- 
flections on  Ancient  History,  to  the  time  of 
Cyrus,    2   vols.   4to. — Meditationes    Sinicse, 
folio — a  Chinese  Grammar  in  Latin,  folio — 
Dissertation  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy 
of  Inscripticns. 

FouuMoNT,  Michael,  brother  to  the 
above,  was  vn  ecclesiastic  and  professor  of 
Syrisic  in  the  Royal  college,  and  member  of 


the  Academy  of  Inscriptions.    He  died  174f„ 

FouRNiER,  Peter  Simon,  a  French  en- 
graver and  letter  founder,  born  at  Paris  1712. 
In  1737,  he  published  a  table  of  proportions 
to  be  observed  between  letters,  to  determine 
their  height.  He  wi'ote  also  dissertations  on 
the  rise  and  progress  of  the  typographical 
art,  published  since  in  1  vol.  8vo.  divided  into 
three  parts.  His  great  Avork  is  "  INlanuel 
Typographique  utile  aux  Gens  de  Lettres, 
&  a  ceux  qui  exercent  lesUifferentes  Parties 
de  I' Art  de  iTmprimerie,  8vo.  2  vols.  This 
excellent  character,  who  had  done  so  much 
for  his  profession,  died  1768. 

FouRNY,  Honore  Caille  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  who  assisted  pere  Anselme  in 
his  second  edition  of  Histoire  Genealogique 
&  Chronologique  de  la  Maison  de  France  & 
des  Grands  Officiers  de  la  Couronne,  1712, 
since  continued  to  9  vols  fol.  He  Avas  audi- 
tor of  the  Paris  chamber  of  accounts,  and 
died  1731. 

FouRQ^UEVAux,  Raymond  of  Pavia, 
baron  of,  an  Italian,  of  the  family  of  Beccari 
in  PaA'ia,  Avho  came  to  France  in  the  wars  of 
the  Guelphs  and  Gibbelines,  and  signalized 
himself  in  the  defence  of  Toulouse  against 
the  Huguenots  in  1562.  He  Avasfor  his  ser- 
vices made  governor  of  Narbonne,  where  he 
died  1574,  aged  66.  He  wrote  the  lives, of 
14  great  French  generals,  4to.  Paris  1543, 
much  esteemed. 

FoAVLER,  John,  an  English  printer,  born 
at  Bristol,  and  educated  at  Winchester  and 
New-college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow  1555.  He  resigned  in  1559;  and  went 
to  Antwerp  and  Loiivain,  Avhere  he  learned 
printing,  and  employed  his  talents  for  the  pa- 
pists against  the  protestants.  He  was  accord- 
ing to  Wood  a  learned  man,  well  skilled  ia 
Greek  and  Latin,  a  poet  and  orator,  and  a 
judicious  critic.  He  wrote,  as  well  as  printed 
books  in  favor  of  his  religion.  He  died  at 
Newmark  in  Germany  1578. 

Fowler,  Christophe,  a  puritan  of  some 
eminence,  born  at  Marlborougli  1611,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen-college,  and  Edmund- 
hall,  Oxford.  lie  took  orders,  but  in  1641 
declared  himself  a  presbyterian,  and  drew 
croAvds  after  him  by  the  oddity  of  his  gestures 
and  the  violence  of  his  appeals  in  the  pulpit. 
He  afterAvards  Avas  vicar  of  St.  Maiy's 
Reading,  and  then  fellow  of  Eton,  and  an 
able  assistant  to  the  Berkshire  commissioners 
in  the  ejection  of  what  then  Avere  called  igno- 
rant and  insufficient  ministers.  At  the  resto- 
ration he  was  ejected  from  his  preferments, 
and  died  1676,  considered  as  little  better  than 
distracted.  His  Avritingsare  not  Avorth  men- 
tioning. 

Fowler,  EdAvard,  an  English  prelate, 
born  1632,  at  W'esterleigh,  Glocestershire, 
where  his  father  Avas  minister.  He  Avas  edu- 
cated at  the  college  school  Glocestei',  and 
removed  to  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford. 
Ashe  had  been  bi'ought  up  among  the  iiuri- 
tans,  he  at  first  objected  to  conformity  with 
the  chui'ch,  but  became  afterwards  one  of  its 
greatest  ornaments.  As  he  was  an  able 
preacher  he  was  made  by  the  primate  ShcU 


FO 


FO 


uon,  rector  of  AU-lIaIlo\vr,Rreail  street,  1073, 
and  two  years  after  lie  became  prcbendarv  at 
(Jlocester,  and  in  lOSl  vicar  of  St.  Giles' 
Crip|)lcgate,  when  lie  look  his  drgrce  of  I). 
1),  He  was  an  ahle  defender  of  protestant- 
ism, and  ap]»ears  as  the  second  «>fllie  l^on- 
^lon  clergy,  who  rifiiscd  torcad  king  .James's 
declaration  for  liberty  of  conscience,  in  1088. 
He  was  rewarded  for  !iiK  eminent  services  in 
the  cause  of  religion,  an»l  in  the  promotion  t)f 
the  revolution,  by  being  made  in  Ifi'JI,  bishop 
«»f  (ilocester.  lie  died  :it  Chelsea  1714, 
Hgod  S'2.  He  was  twice  marned,  and  by  his 
first  wife  had  several  chiMrcn.  He  wrote 
."^ermons  and  various  pieces  on  divinity,  the 
tnost  known  and  useful  of  which  is  liis  "  De- 
sign of  Christianity,"  often  printed,  and  de- 
fended by  the  author  against  IJunyan,  the 
■writer  of  the  Pilgrim's  Piogrer,^. 

Fox,  F.dward,  an  English  [)relate  and 
statesman,  born  at  Dursley,  (iloccstershire, 
and  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  provost  1528. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  Wolscy,  by  whom  he  was  engaged  as  an 
ambassador  to  Ucune  with  Gardiner,  to  pro- 
mote the  divorce  of  the  king  from  Catherine 
of  Arragon.  He  was  afterwards  sent  on  em- 
bassies to  France  and  Germany,  atid  in  1535 
raised  to  the  see  of  Hereford.  He  -was  an 
active  promoter  of  the  reformation,  and  if 
inferior  to  Cranmer  in  abilities,  he  was  his 
sitperior  in  dexterity.  Wlien  in  Gerniany 
he  zealously  invited  the  protestant  divines  to 
unite  themselves  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
church  of  Eiigland.  He  died  in  London  153S. 
He  wrote  in  the  midst  of  his  political  engage- 
ments, a  book  called  de  A  era  Dillerentia 
Kegise  Protestatis  et  Ecclesiastica?  et  quaj  sit 
ipsa  Veritas,  et  Virtus  ntriusque  1534  ;  trans- 
lated into  English  by  lord  Straftbrd.  His 
maxims  were  that  "  an  honorable  peace 
lasts  long,  but  a  dishonorable  peace  no  Ion- 
iser, than  till  kings  have  pov/er  to  break  it; 
the  surest  way  thereibrc  to  peace  is  a  con- 
stant i)reparedness  for  war,"  and  "  two 
things  must  suppoi't  a  goverr.ment,  gold  and 
iron, — gold  to  reward  its  friends,  and  iron  to 
keep  under  its  enemies." 

Fox,  John,  an  English  divine,  and  ecclesi- 
astical historian,  born  atBoston,  Lincolnshire 
1517.  He -was  entered  at  Brazen-nose  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  afterwards  chosen  fellow 
of  Magdalen,  and  in  1543,  he  became  M.A. 
In  his  younger  years  he  displayed  poetical 
genius  in  the  i)ublicalIou  of  some  l^atin  plays 
on  scri|)tural subjects,  but  he  afterwards  turn- 
ed all  his  thoughts  to  divinity,  and  to  the  re- 
formation which  now  engaged  the  attention 
of  Europe.  To  acquire  the  judgment  and 
information  necessary  on  such  important 
points,  he  read  with  great  care  the  Greek 
and  Latin  fathers,  studied  Hebrew,  aiid  pe- 
tused  every  work  from  which  he  could  reap 
information  ;  but  his  seclusion,  and  his  fre- 
quent absence  from  public  worship,  alarmed 
his  friends  and  encouraged  his  enemies.  He 
vas  therefore  accused  of  heresy  in  1545,  and 
with  difficulty  escaped  with  his  life  by  ex- 
pulsion from   college.    In  hrs   distress]  and 


adandoned  by  his  fufher-in-law,  lie  wa.s  gen 
erously  reccivcil  in  the  house  of  sir  TlKunas 
Lucy  of  Warwickshire,  to  whose  cbddrcn  he 
became  tutor.     He  afterw  ards  married  a  per- 
.=5on  of  Coventry,  ami  after  residing  there  some 
time,  he  came  to  liOndon  still  exposed  to  the 
privations  of  a  narrow    income.     His  want?;, 
Iiowever,  says  his  son,  were   relieved   t>y  an 
tmknown  stranger,  wiiogave  him   an  tmtold 
Slim  of  money  and  bade  bim  hope  for  better 
limes,    which    in  tliree  days  arrived    by    hi.s 
being  admitted  intothe  service  of  the  duchess 
of  liichmond,  and  made  tutor  to  her  nephew 
lord  Surrey's  chiblren.     He  lived  at  Hyegatc 
under  the  kind  protection  of  this  nobU;  lamily, 
and  thfMigh  the  persecuting  (iardiner,  in  ibe 
bloody  reign  of  Mary,   ph;tted   his  ruin,    he 
remained  for  some  time  unhurt  by  the  influ- 
ence and  the  dexterity  of  his   woi-thy    pt;pil 
now  duke  of  Norfolk.     At   last,  he   esca]»ed 
from  the  pursuit  of  the  artful   prelate  to  the 
continent  with  his  wife,  and  passing  through 
Antwerp  and  Frankfort  he  settled   at  Basil, 
and  there  maintained   himself  by   correcting 
the  press  for  the  famous  printer   Cporinus. 
Here  lie  formed  the  plan  of  his  gi-cat  work, 
and  at  the  end  of  Mary's  reign  returned  to  Eng- 
land   where  he  was  received  Miih  all  the  re- 
spect due  to  his  merits.     His  pujiil,  the  duke 
of  Norfolk,  settled    a    pension  on    him,  and 
Cecil  obtaiiied   for   him    a  ])rebend   in    the 
church  of  Sali.sbury,    but    though  he    might 
have  risen  high  in  preferment  by  the  interest 
of  his  friemls  Walsingham,  Di-ako,  (ireshani, 
Grindal,  Pilkington,  &cc.  he  refused  to  sub- 
scribe to  some  of  the  canons,  and  when  urged 
by  Parker  the  primate,  he  produced  a  Greek 
testament,  adding,  to  this  only  will  I  subscribe. 
This  worthy  man,  so  much  and  so  deservedly- 
respected,  was  greatly  afflicted  at  the  ejec- 
tion of  his  son  Worn  ISlagdalen  college  by  the 
puritans;  but  while  he  exhibited   the   most 
perfect   moderation   in  his    religious    senti- 
ments, he  dreaded  ihe  e%'i!s  which  party  and 
dissension  might  bring  upon  the  church.  He 
died  1587,  aged  70,   and  Avas  buried    in   liic 
church  of  St.  Giles'  Crippleg:Uc,   of    which 
for  some  time  he    had   been   vicar.     He  lefr 
two  sons,  Samuel,  afterwards  fellow  of  Mag- 
dalen   college,   Oxford,  and  author  of  his  f;i- 
ther's    life,    and   Thomas,  fellow   of    King's 
college,  Cambridge,  and    physician   in   Lo::- 
don.     Fox   is  deservedly    celebrated   as  the 
autiiorof  the  history  of  tlie  acts  and  monu- 
ments of  the  chursh,  called  '*  Book  of  Mar- 
tyrs" published  in  London  1563,  in   one   vo- 
lume folio,  and  afterwai-ds  improved  and  en- 
larged, and  published  in  a  ninth  edition  1684, 
in  3  vols.  fol.     This  work  was  highly   valued 
by  tlie  protestants,  while  the  papists  abused 
it  under  the   name  of  Fox's   golden   legend. 
That  Fox   is  occasionally   intemperate  and 
abusive  cannot  be  denied,  but  though  Jeremy 
Collier   accuses   him  of  disingenuity  and  ill- 
nature,  he  is  still  to  be  read  m  ith  interest,  as 
he  is  accurate,  minute,  and  generally  impar- 
tial. 

Fox,  George,  the  firsi:  preacher  of  the  sort 
called  quakers,  was  born  at  Di-ayton  in  the 
Clay,  Leicestershire,   1004.    He  was  bouijt! 


FO 


FO 


by  his  father,  who  was  a  -weaver,  to  a  shoe- 
maker and  grazier,  aud  the  occupation  of  his 
}Duth  wss  chiefly  tl^e  tciidiiig  of  sheep.  He 
jH(l  not  however  follow  the  professions  in 
whicli  he  had  been  engaged,  as,  in  1643,  he 
began  his  wandering  life,  and  after  retiring 
to  sofitude,  and  at  other  times  frequenting 
the  company  of  religious  and  devout  persons, 
he  became  a  public  preficlier  in  1647  or 
1648.  He  inveighed,  with  sullen  bitterness, 
against  the  drunkenness,  tlie  injustice,  and 
the  vices  of  the  times,  he  attacked  the  cler- 
gy, and  the  established  modes  of  worsliip, 
and  asserted  that  the  light  of  Christ,  implant- 
ed in  the  human  heart,  was  alone  the  means 
of  salvation  and  the  right  qualification  of  the 
gospel  ministry.  Such  doctrines  produced 
persecution,  he  was  imprisoned  at  Notting- 
ham in  1649,  and  during  the  v  hole  course  of 
his  laborious  life,  he  suffered  the  same  treat- 
ment eight  limes  more,  and  often  with  gi-eat 
seventy.  He  married  in  1669,  Margai'etthe 
widow  of  Thomas  Fell,  a  Welch  judge,  who 
was  nine  years  older  than  himself,  but  as  she 
had  to  attend  to  a  family,  by  her  former  hus- 
band, and  as  his  avocations  were  of  a  spiri- 
tual kind,  and  in  distant  countries,  they  did 
not  long  live  together.  In  his  pious  zeal, 
Fox  visited  not  only  England,  Ireland,  and 
Scotland,  but  he  extended  his  ti-avels  to  Hol- 
land, and  Germany,  to  the  American  colo- 
nies, and  the  West-India  Islands,  recom- 
mending in  his  life  and  conduct  the  merits  of 
a  meek,  devout,  at)d  inoffensive  character. 
He  died  in  London  1 690.  Though  illiterate 
he  wrote  much.  His  journal  was  ])rinted 
1694,  his  epistles  1698,  his  doctrinal  pieces, 
about  150  in  number,  1706.  The  name  of 
quakers  was  first  given  to  him  and  his  fol- 
lowers at  Derby,  in  consequence  of  the  odd 
contorsions  of  their  body. 

Fox,  llichard,  a  native  of  Grantham,  Lin- 
colnshire. Though  of  obscui'c  origin,  he 
was  well  educated  at  Boston  school,  and 
IMagdalen  coll;  ge,  Oxford,  from  which  he 
removed  in  consequence  of  the  plague,  to 
Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge.  He  Mas  by  the 
friendship  of  Moiton  bishop  of  Ely,  recom- 
mended at  Paris,  to  the  notice  of  Henry  earl 
of  liichmond,  wlio  on  his  accession  to  the 
English  tlirone,  made  him  a  privy  counsel- 
lor, and  raised  him  to  the  see  of  Exeter. 
His  abilities  were  employed  by  the  monarch 
in  various  embassies  on  the  continent,  and  he 
was  translated  to  the  see  of  Durham,  and 
then  to  Winchester.  He  was  i.  liberal  pa- 
tron of  learning,  and  founde«l  besides  .several 
free  schools.  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxfonl. 
He  died  1528. 

Fox,  Charles  James,  an  eminent  .states- 
inan,  born  13th  Jan.  1749.  He  was  the  se- 
con'd  son  of  lord  Holland,  by  the  sister  of  the 
duke  of  Richmond,  and  to  the  accidental  fa- 
vors of  high  rank,  and  of  titled  relatives,  he 
added  the  more  solid  advantages  of  extraor- 
dinary natural  genius,  and  strong  powers  of 
mind  These  promising  talents  were  seen 
and  cherished  by  his  father,  he  was  instruct- 
ed to  think  with  freedom,  and  to  speak  with 
readiness  and  with  energy,  and  after  a  short 


initiation  at  Westminster  school,  he  was  P€ 
moved  to  Eton,  and  during  his  residence  in 
that  illustrious  seminary,  he  published  the 
periodical  paper  called  the  Spendthrift,  iu 
'20  numbers  From  Eton,  where  iie  formed 
an  increasing  friendship  with  some  of  the  fu- 
ture leaders  of  the  senate,  he  removed  to 
Oxford,  and  then  devoted  iiiroself  so  zealous- 
ly to  dramatic  literature,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  read  every  play  written  in  the  English 
language.  After  making  the  usual  tour  of 
Europe,  he  was  elected,  even  before  he  was 
of  age,  into  parliament  for  Midhurst,  and  his 
first  speech  was  in  favor  of  ministry,  and 
against  Mr.  Wilkes,  and  the  Middlesex  elec- 
tion. Atler  shai'ing  the  favors  of  the  minis- 
ter as  a  lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  after- 
wards as  a  lord  of  the  Treasuiy,  he  was  dis- 
missed from  his  offices,  and  had  the  singular 
fortune  before  he  reached  his  24th  year,  of 
being  the  ablest  supporter  of  the  government 
during  one  session,  and  in  the  next  of  be- 
coming one  of  its  most  eloquent  and  dange- 
rous opponents.  During  the  American  war 
he  was  a  regular,  consistent,  ?ind  active  an- 
tagonist of  the  ministry,  and  on  the  removjii 
of  lord  North  he  was  raised  to  a  seat  in  the 
cabinet  as  secretary  of  state.  1  he  death  of 
lord  Kockingham  soon  after  dissolved  the 
new  ministry,  and  Mr.  Fox  after  some  tiniC 
opposing  the  measures  of  lord  Shelburne  re- 
turned to  powei'by  his  well  knosvn  coalition 
with  lord  North.  This  event  is  regarded  as 
an  mdelible  stigma  in  tlie  political  life  of  Fox, 
who  in  the  ardor  of  his  zeal  had  often  decla- 
red that  he  would  not  trust  himself  in  the 
same  room  with  lord  North,  but  would  em- 
ploy all  his  powers  to  bring  him  to  the  scaf- 
fold for  the  flagitiousness  of  his  pretended 
public  crimes.  So  heterogeneous  an  union 
gave  great  offence  to  the  people,  and  reflect- 
ed little  honor  on  the  integrity  of  the  two 
colleagues,  and  therefore  the  memorable  In- 
dia-bill proved  fatal  to  their  interests,  and 
brought  on  their  downfal.  The  French  re- 
volution was  an  event  which  Fox  hailed  as 
the  harbinger  of  freedom,  happiness,  and 
prosperity,  not  only  to  France,  but  to  neigh- 
boring nations,  but  he  lived  to  witness  the 
fallacy  of  his  rash  conclusions.  Deserted  by 
some  of  his  once  faithful  associates,  who  re- 
garded his  systematical  opposition  to  the  mi- 
nistry as  disloyal  if  not  treacherous,  he  form- 
ed the  design  of  withdrawing  from  his  at- 
tendance in  parHament,  except  on  great  anfi 
constitutional  occasions,  and  the  measure  was 
deservedly  censured,  even  by  his  Avarmest 
supporters.  In  his  addresses  at  some  of  the 
public  meetings  at  the  Crown  and  Anchor 
tavern,  whicli  were  now  considered  as  substi- 
tutes for  his  parliamentary  services,  he  gave 
offence  to  the  ministry,  and  in  consequcDce 
of  his  speeches,  in  which  he  affected  to  treat 
the  sovereign  with  disrespect,  his  name  was 
struck  off  from  the  list  of  the  privy  counsel- 
lors. In  )  803,  he  returned  to  his  parliamen- 
tary dtity,  and  on  the  lamented  death  of  his 
great  rival  Pitt,  in  the  beginning  of  1806,  he 
was  drawn  from  the  ranks  of  opposition,  and 
by  the  advice  of  lord  Grcnville,  placed  asse- 


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flretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs,  in  the  | 
nun)l»er  of  those  vtlio  were  most  rap;«l»le  of 
guiding  the  destinies  of  the  empire  ni  liiucjj 
of  the  };re:»Lc*t  (hiiiger  and  «lill"u'nlt)  .  In  this 
new,  and  unexpected  situation,  lu-  had  the 
opportunity  of  witnessing  the  chicane  and 
perfidy  of  the  government,  whose  cause  he 
had  so  long  advoeated  in  parUanient,  and  in 
his  nej^otiation  with  France  he  experienced 
how  ill  calculated  for  tlie  happiness  and  inde- 
pendence of  Europe,  w  as  the  political  system 
of  tliat  people,  whose  extravagances  and 
crimes  he  ha<l  once  regarded  as  the  ehulli- 
tions  of  freemen,  and  as  the  foi-eruiuier  of 
national  forhearanoe,  and  of  universal  peace. 
Having  thus  livc<l  to  feel  the  disappointment 
which  a  generous  mind  must  experience  in  a 
diplomatic  intercourse  conducted  on  one  part 
with  frankness  and  sincerity  and  on  the  other 
with  artifice  and  duplicity,  this  illustrious 
Statesman  fell  a  prey  to  the  insurmountable 
attacks  of  a  dropsy.  He  died  at  Chiswick- 
house,  13th  Sept.  1806,  after  untJergoing 
three  times  in  five  weeks  the  painful  opera- 
tion of  tapping,  and  his  remains  were  pub- 
licly buried  on  the  10th  Oct.  following  in 
Westminster  abbey.  Of  this  extraordinary 
character,  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  he 
vas  one  of  the  greatest  men  this  country 
ever  produced.  As  an  orator  his  powers 
were  gigantic,  his  eloquence  irresistible, 
vehement,  and  sublime.  It  was  a  tori'ent 
which  in  its  impetuous  force  hurried  along 
its  hearers  in  sj)ite  of  all  opposition.  His 
mind  capacious  and  intelligent,  at  one  view 
grasped  the  whole  subject  of  debate,  at  one 
glance  he  saw  the  weak  and  the  strong  parts 
of  his  adversary's  defence,  and  with  masterly 
dexterity  he  combated  the  most  formidable 
oppo^ient,  and  improved  every  aiivantage 
which  in  the  field  of  debate  lay  exposed  to 
liis  attacks.  If  he  was  less  copious,  less  ele- 
gant, and  less  sententious  than  Pitt,  if  he  was 
deficient  in  the  dazzling  and  flowery  profu- 
sion, in  the  lively  sallies  of  imagination  of  his 
great  master  Burke,  he  possessed  the  pathos, 
the  forcible  argument,  the  convincing  lan- 
guage, the  imposing  earnestness  which  capti- 
vated and  enchained  every  hearer.  With 
the  most  retentive  memory,  he  has  been 
known  after  the  lapse  of  many  hours,  when 
the  powers  of  the  mmd  might  grow  languid, 
to  answer  the  arguments  of  various  speakers, 
and  with  the  most  minute  arrangement.  His 
manner,  if  not  graceful,  was  peculiarly  ani- 
mated and  impressive,  and  the  fire  of  hiseje 
was  rapid  and  commanding.  His  replies  al- 
ways exhibited  him  as  very  great,  and  wiih 
all  the  ardor  of  genuine  oratory  he  enliven- 
ed the  debate,  not  only  with  new  ideas,  but 
with  all  the  cl-arness  of  argumentation,  and 
toe  extensive  informatioji  with  which  his 
coni])rehensive  mind  was  stored.  In  a  pro- 
found acquaintance  with  the  human  chaj-ac- 
ter,  and  a  mature  knowledge  of  domestic 
and  foreign  politics,  he  was  above  all  others 
supremely  happy.  In  private  life  he  was 
universally  beloved.  He  was  the  convivial 
friend,  the  pleasing  companion,  the  man  of 
iiitegrity  and  honor.     He  possessed  io  a  high 


degree  the  talent  which  distinguishes  men, 
and  the  giniua  which  elevates  hini,  nor  was 
he  dc-ncient  in  a  portion  of  that  virtue  which 
rises  supn-ior  tu  both.  His  faults,  as  Hurke 
observed,  though  they  might  tarnish  the  lus- 
tre, anil  snmctiinea  impede  tlic  march,  of  hij 
abilities,  were  not  formed  to  extinguish  the 
fire  of  great  virtues.  In  lin  faults  there  was 
no  mixture  of  deceit,  of  hypocrisy,  of  pride, 
of  ferocity,  orcomple.vional  despfjtism.  That 
much  of  the  popularity  which  he  enjoyed 
aroi«e  from  his  opposition  to  his  great  rival 
Pitt,  as  w  ell  as  from  the  vast  extent  of  hii 
own  mighty  ()Owers,  cannot  be  doubtrd. 
Though  regarded  for  many  years  by  his 
frieiuls  as  the  only  man  whose  t:denfs  could 
support  and  confirm  the  tottering  fabric  of 
the  slate,  it  is  remarkable  that  after  all  his 
determined  and  systematic  opposition  to  his 
rival,  he  when  in  office  purs^ued  tlie  same 
plan  of  politics,  and  from  the  champion  of 
popular  right,  became  the  accommodating 
colleague,  and  the  pliant  imitator  of  his  pre- 
decessor. Asa  man  of  letters,  Mr.  Fox  is 
highly  respectable.  His  letter  to  the  elec- 
tors of  Westminster,  i»assed  through  seve- 
ral editions,  not  only  on  account  of  the  poli- 
tical situation  of  the  times,  but  tJie  altilities 
and  the  force  of  argument  displayed  in  the 
adi'ress.  Some  copies  of  his  verses  are  pre- 
served, and  show  great  genius  and  strong 
poetic  fire.  It  was  said  lh:!t  he  was  engaged 
in  the  composition  of  an  History  of  Kngiand 
from  the  Revolution,  and  that  he  visited  Pa- 
ris during  the  short  interval  of  peace,  after 
the  treaty  of  Amiens,  to  collect  materials, 
but  probably  little,  if  any,  progress  was  made 
in  the  work. 

Fox  DE  AIoRZiLLO,  Sei)astian,  a  native 
of  Seville,  author  of  tracts  de  Studii  Philo- 
sopliici  ivatione, — de  Natura  Philosopho- 
rum,  &CC.  He  was  invited  to  become  the 
tutor  of  Don  Carlos,  son  of  Philip  HI.  of 
Spain,  but  was  unfoitunately  drow  ned  as  he 
passed  from  Louvain. 

Fracastorio,  Girolamo,  an  Italian  po- 
et and  physician  born  at  Verona  14S3.  Two 
singular  things  are  related  of  him  in  his  in- 
fancy. When  born  his  lips  adhered  so  close- 
ly together,  that  the  knife  of  a  surgeon  was 
necessary  to  separate  them,  and  his  mother 
when  she  took  him  up  in  her  arms  Mas  kil- 
led by  lightning,  and  he  i-cmained  unhurt. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  parts  and  address. 
By  Ids  influence  pope  Paul  HI.  removed  the 
council  of  Trent  to  Bologna,  on  pretence  of 
a  contagious  <iisease.  He  was  also  eminent 
as  an  astronomer  and  mathematician,  and 
the  intimate  friend  of  c-ardinal  Bembo,  of 
Julius  Scaliger  who  esteemed  him  inferior 
only  to  Virgil,  and  other  Icarnetl  men.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Cayi  near  Verona 
1553,  and  si.x  years  after  the  town  of  Verona 
honored  his  memory  with  a  statue.  His 
chief  poem  is  "  Siphilis,  or  de  Morbo  Galil- 
eo" his  medical  pieces — de  Sympathi.^  & 
Antipathia, — de  contagione  k.  Contagiosis 
.Morbis, — deCaufis  Criticorum  Dierum,  inc. 
The  works  were  printed  collectively, the  he.st 
edition  tliat  of  Padua,  2  vols.  4fo.  1735. 


I'R 


FR 


Frachetta,  Girolamo,  apolitical  wri- 
ter of  RoA-igno,  engaged  in  several  public 
afiairs.  His  grcal  services  procured  him 
enemies,  ami  to  escape  from  their  persecu- 
tion he  retired  to  Naples,  where  he  vindi- 
cated his  conduct  to  the  Spanisik  court,  and 
-was  protected  hy  Uenevento  viceroy  of  Na- 
ples, and  received  a  liberal  pension.  He 
died  at  Naples  the  begi*ining  of  the  17th 
century.  His  great  -work  is  "  111  Seminario 
dc  Governi  di  Stato  &  di  Guerra,"  which 
contains  about  8000  military  and  state  max- 
ims. The  work  is  highly  esteemed.  The 
best  edition  is  that  of  Genoa  1648,  4to. 

Fraguier,  Claude  Francis,  a  French 
writer  born  at  Paris  1666,  and  educated 
among  the  Jesuits,  Rapin,  Jouvenci,  La 
Rue,  &c.  He  taught  belles  lettres  at  Caen 
for  four  years,  but  on  his  return  to  Paris  he 
quitted  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  1604,  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  greater  cultivation  of 
his  mind,  and  to  literary  pursuits.  As  he 
•was  well  skilled  in  the  classics,  and  in  mo- 
dern languages,  he  assisted  the  abbe  Bignon 
in  the  Journal  des  Scavans,  and  undertook  a 
translation  of  Plato.  He  exposed  himself 
unfortunately  to  the  cold  air  of  the  night, 
■which  brought  on  convulsions  in  his  head, 
and  though  he  outlived  the  attack  nine- 
teen years,  he  yet  was  unable  to  labor,  and 
riled  at  last  of  an  apoplexy,  1728,  aged  62. 
His  works  consist  of  Latin  poems  published 
at  Paris  1729,  l2mo.  witli  dissertations  con- 
cerning Socffates,  and  other  subjects  inserted 
in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions, of  which  he  was  a  member. 

Francesca,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Venice, 
eminent  in  his  representation  of  night  pieces 
and  battles.     He  died  1443. 

Franceschini,  Mark  Antor.y,  a  pain- 
ter of  Bologna,  disciple  to  Carlo  Cignani, 
whose  manner  he  successfully  imitated.  He 
died  172y,  aged  81. 

Franchi,  Antonio,  a  painter  of  Lucca, 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  duchess  of  Flo- 
rence, for  whom  he  painted  several  beautiful 
pieces.     He  died  1709,  aged  71. 

Frakcia,  Francesco,  a  painter  born  at 
Bologna,  14.'50.  He  was  originally  a  gold- 
smith, afterwards  a  graver  of  medals,  and  at 
last  an  eminent  painter.  His  Sebastian  tied 
to  a  tree,  was  an  admirable  piece,  from 
which  succeeding  painters  drew  the  im- 
provement of  their  art.  This  story  is  rela- 
ted of  his  death.  When  requested  by  his 
friend  Raphael  to  place  in  one  of  the  church- 
es of  Bologna  his  picture  of  St,  Cecilia,  he 
was  so  struck  w  ith  the  perfection  of  a  piece 
-which  his  best  skill  could  not  excel,  that  he 
fell  into  melancholy,  and  becoming  conse- 
quently consumptive,  died  1518,  or  according 
to  some  1530. 

Francis,  a  Romish  saint  born  at  Assisi 
in  Umbria,  1182.  He  abandoned  the  pro- 
fession of  his  father  as  merchant,  and  devo- 
ted himself  to  austerity.  He  founded  one  of 
the  four  orders  of  mendicant  friars,  which 
was  approved  and  confirmed  by  Innocent 
ni.  1210.  His  followers  increased  so  rapidly 
that  in  1219,  his  order  consisted  of  five  thou- 


sand members.  He  afterM'ards  travelled  td 
the  Holy  I^and,  with  the  intention  of  con- 
verting the  sultan  Meledin,  and  offered  to 
throw  himself  into  the  flames,  to  prove  the 
truth  of  what  he  preached.  He  flied  at 
Assisi  1226,  and  was  canonized  by  Gregory 
IX.  four  years  after.  His  order  rose  to  great 
consequence  in  time,  and  was  distinguished 
not  only  for  its  services  to  the  Roman  see, 
but  for  the  popes  and  other  great  men  whom 
it  nurtured. 

Francis  of  Paulo,  a  Romish  saint  born 
at  Paulo  in  Calabria,  1416,  and  founder  of 
the  Minims.  He  retired  to  a  cave  where 
his  austerities  drew  around  him  a  great 
number  of  penitents,  who  built  there  a 
monastery.  He  was  very  rigid  in  his  rules, 
enjoining  perpetual  abstinence,  from  wine, 
fish,  and  meat,  with  many  bodily  mortifica- 
tions He  was  invited  to  France  to  eure 
Lewis  XI.  by  his  venerable  presence,  but 
instead  of  curing  the  monarch,  he  died  at 
Plessis  du  Pare  1507,  aged  91.  He  was 
canonized  by  Leo  X.  1519. 

Francis  Xavier,  a  famous  ecclesias- 
tic, born  at  Xavier  at  the  foot  of  the  Py- 
renees, 7th  April,  1506.  He  taught  philo- 
sophy at  Paris,  and  there  became  acquaint- 
ed with  Ignatius  Loyola,  whom  he  assisted 
in  the  establishment  of  the  ordef  of  Jesuits, 
and  with  whom  and  five  others  he  made  a 
vovv'  to  labor  in  the  conversion  of  infidels. 
Consequently  he  embarked  at  Lisbon  1541 
for  Goa,  and  as  the  apostle  of  the  Indies  he 
preached  on  the  coast  of  Comorin,  at  Ma- 
lacca, in  the  Moluccas,  and  at  Japan  ;  but  as 
he  formed  the  design  of  proceeding  as  far 
as  China,  he  was  cut  off  by  disease  1552.  He 
was  canonized  by  Gregory  XV.  1622.  He 
wrote  five  books  of  Epistles,  Pavia,  1631, 
8vo. — a  Catechism  and  Opuscula. 

Francis  de  Sales,  a  Romish  saint,  born 
at  Sales,  near  Geneva  21st  Aug.  1567.  He 
studied  at  Paris  and  Padua,  and  in  his  zea! 
is  said  to  have  converted  to  the  faith  70,00^ 
protestants.  In  1612  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Geneva,  and  founded  the  order  of  the  Visi- 
tation, establi-shed  by  pope  Paul  V.  1618. 
Though  invited  to  settle  in  France  by  Henry 
IV.  he  refused  to  quit  Geneva.  He  died  at 
Lyons  1622,  aged  56,  and  was  canonized  by 
Alexander  VI.  1665.  His  works  are.  Intro- 
duction to  a  Devout  Life — a  treatise  on  the 
Love  of  God,  and  letters,  all  displaying 
much  piety  and  goodness  of  heart. 

Francis,  of  l.orraine,  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, was  son  of  Leopold  duke  of  Lorraine, 
and  was  born  17(tS.  He  married  in  17 SG 
Maria  Theresa,  the  daughter  of  the  empe- 
ror Charles  VI.  and  after  his  father-in-law's 
<leath  1740,  he  was  associated  in  the  empire 
by  his  wife,  and  after  the  death  of  his  oppo- 
nent Charles  VII.  he  w-as  elected  emperor 
1745.  The  war  which  a  disputed  succession 
had  occasioned  was  terminated  by  the  peace 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1747,  but  new  disturb- 
ances arose  in  1756,  and  hostilities  again 
began,  till  the  treaty  of  Hubertsburg  in  1763 
restored  tranquillity  to  the  empire.  Francis 
was  a  great  patron  of  literature,  of  the  arts. 


FR 


FR 


r.nd  of  commei'ce,  amon}^  liis  subjects.     He 
died  suddenly  ;il  iiispruck,  18tli  Aug.  17G5, 


ajjfd  6S. 


l-'uANCis  1.  king  of  France,  son  of  Cliuiles 
of  Orleans,  and  Louisa  ol  Savoy,  was  born  at 
Cognac,  lith  September  I4'j4.  He  succeed- 
ed to  the  Frencli  tbrone  on  the  dcalli  ol 
Lewis  XH.  1;>1;),  anil  immediately  detir- 
niined  to  obtain  possession  (•!'  the  .Milane:ie, 
"U'liicli  he  claimed  as  deseinded  troni  liuke 
Valentine  his  maternal  grandfather.  His 
progress  was  stopped  by  the  Swiss,  but  he 
defeated  them  in  the  dreadtul  battle  of  Ma- 
rignan,  Sept.  1315,  and  entering  the  .Milan- 
ese obliged  the  duke  Maximilian  Sibrza  to 
resign  his  power  into  his  hands.  After 
making  treaties  with  the  Genoese  find  the 
pope,  Francis  in  15 IG  met  Charles  V.  at 
Noyon,  and  swore  eternal  peace  between 
their  dominions.  This  pledge  so  solemnly 
given  was  observed  only  two  days,  and 
Francis  dissatisied  that  his  rival  had  obtain- 
ed the  imperial  crown  against  him,  sought 
revenge  in  war.  Successful  lor  a  while  in 
Navai'rc,  Francis  acquired  greater  advan- 
tages over  his  enemies  in  Flanders,  and  took 
Landrecies,  Bouchain,  kc  In  15'2'2  the 
French  under  Lautrec  were  defeated  at 
Bicoque,  Cremona  and  Genoa  wei-e  taken, 
Toulon  and  Marseilles  were  besieged,  and 
Provence  was  invaded.  Francis  flew  to  the 
relief  of.  his  suffering  provinces,  and  began 
the  siege  of  Pavla,  but  was  soon  after  de- 
feated, 24th  Feb.  1525,  in  battle,  and  made 
jirisoner  with  the  bravest  men  of  his  array. 
On  this  melancholy  occasion  he  wrote  to  his 
mother,  and  declared  that  all  was  lost  except 
his  honor.  A  prisoner  at  Madrid,  Francis 
•was  treated  by  Charles  with  great  and  un- 
pardonable severity,  and  he  was  restored  to 
liberty  in  1626,  only  upon  signing  his  renun- 
ciation to  Naples,  the  Milanese,  Genoa,  Aost, 
Flanders,  and  Artois.  The  peace  of  Cam- 
fcray  152',<  put  an  end  to  the  disputes  between 
the  rival  sovereigns  Francis  took  for  his 
second  wife  Eleanora  the  emperor's  sister, 
and  agreed  to  ransom  for  a  large  sum  his 
two  sons  who  were  still  detained  as  hostages 
at  Mhdrid.  Still  jealous  of  the  power  of  his 
rival,  Francis  in  1555  seized  upon  Savoy, 
while  he  saw  his  provinces  of  Provence  in- 
vaded, and  Marseilles  again  besieged,  but  at 
last  a  reconciliation  was  efT'ected  by  means 
of  the  pope  Paul  HI.  1538.  The  peace  was  of 
short  duration,  Francis  attacked  Italy,  Itous- 
sillon,  and  Luxemburg,  but  though  his  gen- 
eral, the  duke  of  Enghien,  defeated  the  im- 
perialists at  Cerisoles  in  1544,  his  enemy 
supported  by  the  powerful  assistance  of  Hen- 
ry VIII.  of  England  made  a  formidable  in- 
vasion in  Picardy  and  Champagne.  Bou- 
logne and  Soissons  opened  their  gates  to  the 
conquerors,  and  fresh  victories  appeai-ed 
probable,  w  hen  the  protcstant  princes  united 
their  forces  against  the  conqueror,  and  stop- 
ped his  career.  Peace  was  restored  with 
Germany  1544,  and  two  years  after  with 
England.  Francis  died  at  Hambouillet,  31st 
INlarch,  1547,  aged  53.  He  had  in  conse- 
quence of  his  debaucheries  contracted  the 


foul  disease,  which,  after  a  continuauce  of 
nine  years  of  incieasiiig  pains,  proved  at  last 
fatal.  By  his  first  wile,  Claude  of  Fiance, 
III-  had  two  sons  and  lour  dHUghters,  and 
none  by  the  second.  (Jrealcras  a  v\arrior 
than  as  a  king,  his  whole  reign  wasdisluibed 
by  a  spirit  (>f  jenlfiiisy,  which  he  cheI•i^!^e(l 
to  the  last  ngaiii.sl  the  power  ';f  his  lifal  the 
eni|>fi"or,  but  the  jirotection  which  he  ex- 
tended to  literature,  and  which  procured  for 
him  the  honorabU;  title  ot  father  of  letters, 
has  eclipsed  the  weaknesses  of  an  adminis- 
Iratiijii  too  often  gnidird  by  prejudice,  and 
disgracefully  influenced  by  the  ascendency 
of  mistresses  and  of  favorites.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  renal  college  of  Paris.  His 
life  has  been  written  by  Gaillard,  eight  vols. 
12mo. 

F'raxcis  II.  son  of  Henry  II.  and  Cathe- 
rine dc  Medicis,  was  born  1544,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  on  the  throne  of  France 
155U.  He  had  married  the  preceding  year 
Mary  Stuart  of  Scotland,  and  he  died  after 
a  reign  of  seventeen  months,  5th  December 
1560,  aged  17.  The  confidence  which  he 
placed  in  the  Guises  proved  the  source  of 
much  misery  to  F'rance,  and  kindled  the 
flames  of  civil  war. 

Francis,  duke  of  Alencon,  Anjou,  and 
Berri,  son  of  Henry  II.  and  brother  of  the 
preceding,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
malcontents  when  his  brother,  Henry  HI. 
ascended  the  throne.  He  was  seized  and 
imprisoned  by  order  of  his  mother  Cathe- 
rine de  Medicis,  but  his  brother  the  king 
restored  him  to  liberty,  and  thus  enabled 
him  to  excite  fresh  troubles.  He  supported 
the  disturbances  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 
was  at  last  crowned  15S2.  duke  of  Brabant, 
but  tlie  oppressive  conduct  of  his  govern- 
ment revolted  his  new  subjects  agaiast  hina 
and  the  next  year  he  Avas  obliged  to  fly  to 
France  for  safety.  He  died  there  lOth  Feb- 
1584,  aged  21).  He  is  known  in  English  his- 
tory as  the  suitor  of  queen  Elizabeth  in  15S1, 
who  flattered  his  vanity,  but  with  unbecom- 
ing coquetry  rejected  his  addresses,  after  she 
had  given  him  a  ring  as  a  pledg-e  of  her  af- 
fection. 

Francis,  of  Bourbon,  count  of  St.  Pel 
and  Chaumoiit,  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Marignan  1515,  He  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Pavia  with  Francis  I.  but  escaped 
from  captivity.  He  died  at  Co'Jgnan  neav 
Kheims  1st  Sept.  1545,  aged  55. 

Fraxcis  de  Bourbon,  count  Enghien, 
displayed  his  valor  in  the  service  of  Francis 
I.  arid  took  Nice  and  obtained  the  famous 
victory  of  Cerisoles,  1544.  He  was  killed  by 
accident  23d  Feb.  1545,  aged  '27. 

Francis  de  Bourbon,  duke  of  Mont- 
pensier,  behaved  with  valor  at  the  siege  of 
Rouen,  ami  at  the  battles  of  Jarnac  and  ol 
Montcontour  1572.  He  was  a  faithful  asso- 
ciate of  Henry  IV.  and  he  ably  distinguished 
himself  in  his  service  at  Arques  and  Ivri 
He  died  at  Lisieux  1592,  aged  50. 

Francis,  of  Lorraine,  duke  of  Guise, 
and  of  Auraalc,  was  born  at  Bar  17th  Feb. 
1519.    He  early  displayed  cwiir^ge  arnd  :yVi\1% 


?R 


FR 


ties  in  war,  and  his  defence  ofMetzin  1553, 
against  the  arras  of  Charles  V.  is  deservedly 
commended.  The  next  year  he  distinguish- 
ed himself  at  the  battle  of  Renti,  in  which 
he  defeated  the  Germans,  and  after  some 
glorious  campaigns  in  Italy  and  Flanders,  he 
was  named  liestenant-general  of  all  the 
king's  armies.  His  next  exploit  was  against 
Calais,  which  he  took  after  a  siege  of  eight 
days  from  the  English,  who  had  possessed  it 
for  210  years,  and  this  was  followed  by  the 
fall  of  Thionville.  His  services  were  such 
that  he  governed  the  kingdom  under  Hen- 
ry n.  and  Francis  H.  and  received  from  the 
parliament  the  glorious  title  of  the  saviour 
of  his  country.  The  death  of  Francis  H.  was 
the  signal  for  civil  war,  and  while  the  duke 
supported  the  cause  of  the  catholics,  the  in- 
terests of  the  protestants  were  ably  protect- 
ed by  the  valor  of  Coligni.  He  took  Kouen 
and  Bourges,  and  defeated  his  enemies  at 
Dreux  15fj-,  and  he  was  preparing  to  be- 
siege Orleans,  the  chief  and  strongest  town 
ct  the  protestants,  when  he  was  assassinated 
by  a  pistol  shot  from  the  hands  of  Poltrot  de 
AI6r6,  one  of  the  Huguenots,  i24th  Feb. 
1563. 

Francis  de  Borgta,  St.  duke  of  Can- 
dia,  and  viceroy  of  Catalonia,  was  grandson 
of  pope  Alexander  \T.  and  after  filling  high 
offices  in  the  state,  he  embraced  the  ecclesi- 
astical profession  on  the  death  of  his  wife, 
and  entered  among  the  Jesuits.  He  refused 
the  rank  of  cardinal,  and  other  ecclesiasti- 
cal honors,  and  died  at  Rome,  renowned 
for  his  piety,  30th  Sep.  1572,  aged  62.  He 
was  canonized  by  Clement  X.  16?1.  He  is 
author  of  some  pious  tracts  in  Spanish, 
■which  have  been  translated  into  Latin  by 
Deza  the  Jesuit. 

Francis,  Lucas,  a  native  of  Mechlin, 
employed  as  a  painter  by  the  kings  of  Spain 
and  France.  His  portraits  and  historical 
pieces  possessed  merit.  He  died  1643,  aged 
C9.  His  son  Lucas  called  the  Young  was 
born  also  at  Mechlin,  and  after  studying 
under  Gerhard  Segers,  acquired  celebrity 
as  an  artist.     He  died  1654,  aged  48. 

Francis,  Simon,  a  native  of  Tours,  em- 
inent as  a  portrait  painter.  He  died  I6ri, 
aged  65. 

Francis  Romain,  a  Dominican  of 
Ghent.  He  was  an  able  architect,  and  linish- 
ed  the  bridge  of  Maestricht,  and  afterwards 
■was  engaged  by  Lewis  XIV.  in  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Pont-Royal  at  Paris,  which  had 
been  left  imperfect  by  Gabriel.  He  was  lib- 
erally rewarded  for  his  services  and  abilities 
by  the  French  monarch,  and  died  at  Paris 
1735,  aged  89. 

Francis,  James  Charles,  an  eminent 
French  engraver,  born  at  Nancy.  PVom 
Lyons  he  came  to  Paris,  where  he  was  lib- 
erally patronised,  but  his  merits  raised  him 
enemies,  which  circumstances  it  is  said  hast- 
ened hisdeath.  He  died  1769,  aged  52.  He 
published  Recueil  des  Chateaux  de  Lorraine, 
— Corps-de-Garde  after  Venloo,  &c. 

Francis,  Philip,  D.  D.  an  eminent  di- 
vine, son  of  an  Irish  dean.     He  is  known  by 


his  excellent  translations  of  Horace  and  De- 
mosthenes. He  wrote  also  Eugenia  and 
Constantia  two  tragedies  not  very  successful, 
and  for  his  services  as  a  political  writer,  it 
is  said,  he  was  rewarded  by  government 
with  the  rectory  of  Barrow,  Suffolk,  and  the 
chaplainship  of  Chelsea  college.  He  died 
at  Bath,  T^Iarch  1773,  leaving  a  son  now 
member  of  parliament,  and  formerly  one  oi 
the  supreme  council  of  Bengal. 

Francisca,  or  Frances,  a  Roman 
lady  founder  of  a  convent  at  Rome.  She 
followed  the  doctrines  of  St.  Benedict.  She 
was  born  1384,  and  was  canonized  1608. 

Francius,  Peter,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, who  studied  at  Leyden  under  Grono- 
vius.  After  travelling  over  France  and  Eng- 
land, he  became  1674,  professor  of  rhetoric 
and  history  at  Amsterdam.  He  wrote  Ora- 
tiones — Specimen  Eloquentiae  Exterioris, — 
besides  poems  in  Greek  and  Latin,  which 
possess  considerable  merit.     He  died  1704, 

Fr  ANCK,  George,  a  native  of  Naumburg, 
who  so  early  displayed  his  abilities,  that  at 
the  age  of  18  he  received  the  poetic  crown, 
for  his  Latin,  Greek,  German,  and  Hebrew 
poetry.  He  became  professor  of  medicine 
at  Heidelbei-g,  and  Wittemberg,  and  died 
1704,  aged  61.  He  is  author  of  Flora  Fran- 
cica,  12rao. — Satyrae  Medicse,  4to. — Episto- 
Ise,  &c. 

Frawck,  Augustus  Herman,  a  native  of 
Lubeck,  professor  of  oriental  languages,  and 
of  divinity  at  Halle.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  most  active  benevolence,  and 
founded  at  Halle  an  orphan-house,  which,  iu 
1727,  contained  2196  children,  and  more 
than  130  preceptors.  He  also  promoted  the 
establishment  Of  a  mission  to  propagate  the 
gospel  on  the  coast  of  Malabar.  He  wrote 
Alethodus  Studii  Theologici — Inti^oductio  ad 
Lectionem  Prophetarum — Commentaria  de 
ScopoVetei'is  Sc  NoviTest. — Manuductio  ad 

Lectionem   S.    Scripturse Observationes 

Biblicse — Sermons — Book  of  Devotions,  &c= 
He  died  1727,  aged  64. 

Franck,  or  Francken,  Franciscus,  a 
Flemish  painter,  called  Old  Franck,  died 
1616,  aged  72.  He  executed  his  historical 
pieces  from  the  scriplui^es,  some  of  which 
possess  great  merit,  especially  in  the  color- 
ing, and  in  the  expression  of  the  figures. 

Franck,  Franciscus,  son  to  the  above, 
called  Young  Francis,  died  1642,  aged  62. 
He  studied  under  his  father,  and  improved 
himself  at  Venice.  His  idolatry  of  Solomon 
in  the  Notre  Dame  of  Antwerp  is  his  best 
piece. 

Francken,  Christian,  a  German  in  the 
16th  century,  successively  a  Jesuit,  a  Socinian 
in  Poland,  an  unitarian,  and  lastly  a  Roman 
catholic.  He  wrote  Breve  Colloquium  Jesu- 
itieum,  a  severe  satire  against  the  Jesuits — 
de  Honore  Christi,  and  other  works. 

Franckenstein,  Christian  Godfrey,  a 
native  of  Leipsic,  distinguished  as  an  advo- 
cate, and  more  as  a  man  of  letters.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  Christina  of  Swedei; — 
History  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries — and 
a  Continuation  of  Puffendorf's  Introduction 


FR 


FR 


iQ  History,  and  died  1717,  aged  50,    His  son  I  Lucian,  nrid  he  wrote  the 
.lames    wrote    de  Collatione    Honoruin — de  |  and    Malildn,  two  tragedie 
.liiril)ys    Jiidccorinn    Sint^ularitjiis    in     Cier- 
niaiiia,   8cc.  and  died   1733. 

FkAnco,  Nicdio,  a  sntitist,  the  frieml 
and  lival  olAiTlin,  Imrn  at  iJciieveiito  l.")l(). 
H(!  was  coiK'nMiMied  to  deatli  «t  Rome  l^tCi'j, 
lor  severe  saiircs  on  some  illustrious  persons 
of"  that  city  ;  but  it  is  unknown  wliellier  he 
!iuftered.     lie  was  an  :d)le  writer. 

Franco,  IJattista,  a  painter  of  Venice, 
wlio  imitated  the  manner  of  .Michael  An- 
gelo  iiuoiiarotti.     Iledieil  15Gl,aged  t)3. 

FuANCOis,  Ahhe  LaureiU,  an  aide  oppo-  i  and  soa[)  boiler,  an<l  alter  being  for  a  little 
nent  of  (he  French  philosojihei's,  who  die(i  I  while  engai^ed  in  the  business,  he  was  bound 
17S'J,  aged  84.  His  works  which  were  use-  j  to  his  father's  elder  brother,  who  was  a  prin- 
ful,  were  a  l?ook  of  Geography — Proofs  of    ter.     Eager  after  knowledge,   he  read  atten- 


eavl  of  Warwick, 
s  which  w(  re  re- 
ceived with  great  applause,  and  also  "  ili« 
Contract," a  comedy  in  two  acts  performed 
at  the  May-market.  Voltaire's  works  ap- 
peared Iranslated  under  his  name  ;  but  only 
two  tragedii;s,  the  Orestes  anti  Electra  were 
by  him.  II(!  published  also  some  sermoMs 
on  the  rebitive  duties. 

Vu  A  N  K  I,  I  N,  IJenjamin,  an  American  phi- 
losopher and  statesman,  was  born  at  liostou. 
New  Fngland,  1700.      lie  was  well  educated 


under  his  fathrr,  who  was  a  tallow-chandler 


(Ju!  Heligion  of  Jesus  Christ,  4  vols.  l'2mo 
— Defence  of  lleligion,  4  vols.  12mo. — Ex- 
amination of  the  Catechism  of  an  honest 
Man — of  tlie  Facts  on  which  Christianity  is 
founded,  3  vols  12mo. — Observations  on  tlic 
Pli!loso[»hy  of  History,  Svo. 

FuANCOis,    Simon,   a   portrait   painter, 
born  at  Tours.     He  was  self-taught,  and  ac 
quired  great  reputation.    He  died  1 671,  aged 
05. 

FuANcoTS,  Lucas,  an  historical  painter, 
called  the  Old,  was  born  at  Mechlin,  and 
<lied  very   rich  1043,   aged  69.     He   was   in 


tively  in  the  night,  the  works  which  h'i  had 
printed  in  the  day,  and  from  the  jiages  of 
Xenophon  he  derived  that  energetic  ardor 
winch  at  last  raised  him  to  fame  and  distinc- 
tion. A  ditt'erence  with  his  imcle  removed 
him  from  New  Yoi-k  to  Philadelphia,  wliere 
he  maintained  himself  for  some  time  b}^  his 
indnrliy,  till  he  was  noticed  by  the  governor, 
sir  William  Keith,  and  encouraged  to  setup 
business  for  himselt'.  With  this  view  he 
came  to  London ;  hut  soon  discovered  that 
the  warm  assurances  of  his  patron  for  assist- 
ance and   protection,  were  the   unmeaning 


tJie   service    of  the   kings   of  France    and  |  professions  of  polished  life,  and,  therefore. 


Spain 

Francois,  Lucas,  son  of  the  above,  cal- 
leil  the  Younger,  was  brought  up  under  his 
father,  and  studied  under  Gerhard  Segers. 
He  died  greatly  respected  as  a  painter  16.54, 
aged  4  8. 

Francowitx,  Mattiiias,  a  protestant 
divine,  the  pupil  of  Luther  and  Melancthon, 
born  at  Albano  in  Illyria  1520,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  assumed  the  name  of 
Flaccus  Illyricus,  He  taught  the  Greek  and 
Latin  languages  at  Wittemberg  privately,  and 
was  afterwards  public  professor.  He  oppo- 
sed the  interim  of  Charles  V.  and  was  con- 
cerned in  the  drawing  up  of  the  centuries 
of  Magdeburg,  He  died  1575.  His  best 
■work  is  a  Key  to  the  Holy  Scriptures,  2  vols, 
fol.  He  wrote  besides  a  Catalogue  of  tlie 
W  itnesses  of  the  Truth,  4to. — de  Transla- 
tione  Imperii  Rom.  ad  Germanos— de  Elec- 
iione  Episcoporum,  &c. 

Fran'Cus,  Sebastian,  a  German  anabap- 
tist of  the  16th  century,  who  acquired  some 
celebrity  by  writing  books,  which  were  re- 
futed by  Luther  and  Melancthon. 
Frank-Floris.  Vid.  Floris, 
Franklin,  Thomas,  0. 13.  son  of  Ricli- 
ard  Franklin  the  editor  of  the  Craftsman,  an 
anti-rainisterial  paper,  Avas  born  in  London 
1720.     He  was  educated    at    Westminster- 


after  working  for   some  time  as  a  journey- 
man-printer, he,  in  1726,  returned  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  settled.     By  the  means  of 
his  friends  he  began  business,  and  published 
a   periodical  paper,    which   was  read  with 
avidity.     In  1730  he  married  a  widow,  whom 
he  had  known  and  courted  before  lier  first 
marriage,  and  the   next  year  he  began   tlie 
public   library   of    Philadelphia,    which   was: 
enriched  by  the  valuable  contributions  of  the 
Penn   family,  of  CoUinson,  aiid  others,  and 
spread  knowledge  and  information  through 
Uie  province,     ilis    Poor  Richard's  Alman- 
ack appeared  in  1732,  and  so  pleased  tlie  pub- 
lic, on  account  of  the  many  aphoi-isms,  and 
the  valuable  maxims  of  prudence  and  econo- 
my which   it   contained,  that  not  less  than 
10,000  copies  were   sold  in   one   year.     He 
was,  in  1730,  made  clerk  to  the  general  as- 
sembly in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  next  year  he 
obtained  the  office  of  ])0St-master  at   Pliila- 
delphia.      In  l/'38  lie  formed  an  association 
for   preserving  the   houses    of   Philadelphia 
from  fire,  and  iii  the  war  of  1744  he  ablv  pro- 
moted  some   popular  measures  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  province,  by  the  voluntary  force 
of  the  citizens.     In  1747  he  addressed  an  ac- 
count of  his  discoveries  on  electricity  to  his 
friend  CoUinson,  and  explained  in  a  very  sa- 
tisfactory manner  the  Aurora  Borealis,  and 


school  and   Trinity-college,  Cambridge,   of;  the   laws  of  thuiuler  and    lightning,  and  he 
Avhich  he  became   fellow.     For  some  time  i  not    only  recommended    the   propriety    of 


also  he  was  Greek  professor.  He  was  in 
1758,  made  vicar  of  Ware  and  Thundridge, 
and  afterwards  obtained  the  rectory  of  Bras- 
ted  in  Kent.  He  was  also  chaplain  in  ordi- 
nary to  the  king,  and  died  March  15th  1784. 
He  possessed  learning,  genius,  and  applica- 
tion. He  translated  Phalaris,  Sophocles,  and 
Vojj.  J,  TO 


guarding  buildings  against  the  etFects  of 
storms,  by  means  of  conductors,  but  showed 
that  the  lightning  from  the  clouds  is  the  same 
as  the  electric  lire.  Dislinguished  as  a  phi- 
losopher, he  w  as  equally  so  as  a  statesman, 
and  the  measures  which  he  recommended 
in   tbe    public    assemblies   of  the  province 


>K. 


FR 


proved  his  patriotism  and  sagacity.      By  his 
advice  the  militia  bill  was  passed,  and  he^vas, 
in  consequence,  appointed  colonel  of  the  Phi- 
ladelphiadistrict.     On  hisappearance  in  Eng- 
land, in  1757,  asagei>t  for  Pennsylvania,  he 
"Was  received  with  i*espect  and  attention  by 
the  public  men.  and  he  was  honored  with  a 
seat  in  the  Royal  society,  and  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  laws  in  the  universities  of  St.    An- 
drew's, Edinburgh,  and  Oxford.     He  return- 
ed hotne  in  1762,  and  two  years  after  he  again 
visited   England,  as  agent  from  his  country- 
men.    The  spirit  which  now  began  to  appear 
in  r'.  merica  roused  the   attention  of  the  go- 
vernment, and  Franklin,  as  a  man  of  know- 
ledge and  influence,  was  called  to  the  bar  of 
the  Commons,  and  examined  with  respect  to 
the  stamp  act.     His  conduct  oh  this  occasion 
was  firm  and  manly,  and  his  answers  so  clear, 
that  they,  and   not  the  questions,  appeared 
to  have  been   prepared  with  the  nicest  dis- 
crimination  of  circumstances  and  of  facts. 
He  returned,  in  1775,  to  America,  and  was 
elected  one  of  the  members  of  Congress,  and 
during  the  war  he  displayed  the  inost  active 
zeal,  an<l   proposed  tlie  strongest  measures 
for  the  full  emancipation  of  the  colonies  from 
the  mother  country.     He  was  next  employed 
in  completing  the  negotiations  of  America 
■wi:ith   1' ranee,  and    as  the   resources   of  his 
country  were  low,  he  embarked  with  a  car- 
go of  tobacco,    which  he  sold  at  Nantes,  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  his  mission.     He  was 
received  with  great  distinction  by  the  French 
court ;  the  people  admired  the  singularity  of 
his  dress  and  the  simplicity  of  his  repubhcan 
manners;  the  poets  of  the  age,  and  Voltaire 
particularly,  paid  respect  to  his  merits,  and 
the  government  at  last,  by  signing  a  treaty  of 
offensive  and  defensive  aUiance  with  him,  de- 
clared war  with  England.  The  independence 
of  America  was  at  last  acknowledged  by  the 
mother  country,  and  Franklin,  who  had  con- 
tinued at  Paris,  signed  the  treaty  of  peace  in 
1783,  and  advanced  the  interests  and  glory  of 
his  country  by  forming  new  connections  with 
the  kings  of  Prussia  and  Sweden.     He  re- 
turned to  America  in  1785,  and  was  received 
by  his  countrymen  as  a  venerable  father,  he 
•was  made  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  as 
a  representative  he  applied  the  strong  pow- 
ers of  his  mind  to  heal  the  differences  w  hich 
prevailed  in  the  province,  by  ^vise  lav/s  and 
conciliating  regulations.      This  respectable 
man  died  full  of  years   and  of  glory,    I7th 
April  1790,  aged  84  years  and  three  months, 
and  his  memory  was  respected  by  his  coun- 
trymen,  who  ordered,  on  the  occasion,    a 
public  mourning  for  two  months.     The  epi- 
tai)h  which  he  composed  for  himself  is  well 
known.     His  discoveries  in  electricity,  and 
his  services  in  the  emancipation  of  his  coun- 
ti'y  were  depicted  by  the  pen  of  Tui-got  in 
this  bold  line,  placed  under  his  portrait : 
Erjpnit  coefo,fi//inen  sceptnwu/ue  ti/ra7iiiis. 
By  his  patient  indvistry  he  rose  from  obscu- 
rity,  and  amassc'  a  very  large  fortune,  part 
of  which   he   left   for  charitable  and  public 
purposes.    He  wrote  an  entertaining  account 
of  the  first  part  of  his  life,  -which  contains 


many  valuable  maxims  for  health,  industry., 
and  economy,  which  has  appeared  in  two 
small  vols.  12mo  with  some  essays.  His 
political,  miscellaneous,  and  philosophi- 
cal pieces  have  been  published  in  4to.  and  in 
8vo.  He  contributed  some  valuable  papers 
also  to  the  philosophical  institutions  of  Ame- 
rica. 

Franks,  Sebastian,  a  painter,  horn  at 
Antwerp  1573.  His  landscapes  and  conver- 
sation pieces  were  much  admired. 

Franks,  John  Baptist,  supposed  to  be 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  An- 
twerp I  GOO.  He  studied  very  successfally 
the  manner  of  Vandyck  and  Uubens. 

Fu  ANTZi  us,  Wolfgajig,  a  German  divine, 
born  at  Plawen,  in  Voigtland,  was  professor 
of  divinity  at  Wittemberg,  where  he  died 
1620,  aged  56.  He  wrote  Animalium  Histo- 
ria  Sacra — Tractatus  de  Interpretatione  Sa- 
crarum  Scriptuarum,  4to. — Schola  Sacrifi- 
ciorura  Patriarch.  Sacra — Connnentar.  in 
Leviticum,,  &vi.  and  other  works. 

Fraskon,  Claude,  a  French  monk,  born 
at  Peronne,  in  Picardy.  He  was  doctor  of 
the  Soi'bonne,  theological  professor  at  Paris, 
and  superior  of  the  Franciscan  convent 
there.  He  wrote  Dissertationes  BibUcse,  2 
vols.  4to. — a  valuable  system  of  Philosophy,  2 
vols.  4to.    He  died  1711,  aged  91. 

Fratellini,  Giovanna,  a  paintress, 
born  at  Florence  1666,  and  patronised  by 
the  Archduchess  Victoria.  Her  historical 
pieces  and  miniatures  were  much  admired. 
She  died  1731. 

Fratellini,  Lorenzo  Maria,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  horn  1690.  He  painted  un- 
der Dominico  Gabbiani,  and  his  historical 
pieces,  his  landscapes,  and  fruit  were  highly 
finished.    He  died  1729. 

Frauwenlob,  Henry,  a  Gei'man  v/riter 
who  died  1317.  He  wrote  in  favor  of  the 
ladies,  and  they  it  is  said  attended  his  fune- 
ral, and  poured  such  quantities  of  wine  into 
his  grave,  as  almost  inundated  the  church. 

Fredegarius,  the  earliest  French  his- 
torian, after  Gregory  of  Tours,  was  called 
the  Scholastic.  His  chronicle,  in  barbarous 
language,  extends  to  the  year  641,  and  is 
found  in  the  collections  of  Duchesne,  and 
Bouquet. 

Fredegonde,  wife  of  Chilperic,  king  of 
France,  was  born  at  Avancourt  in  Picai'dy, 
of  obscure  parents.  She  was  in  the  queen's 
retinue,  and  by  her  arts,  and  by  the  influence 
of  her  personal  charms,  she  became  the 
third  v/ife  of  the  weak  Chilperic.  Raised  to 
the  throne,  she  sacrificed  the  members  of 
the  royal  family  to  her  pride  and  ambition, 
and  by  the  sword,  as  well  as  by  poison,  she 
cut  oft"  all  those  whom,  either  on  account  of 
talents,  influence,  or  birth,  she  regartled  as 
enemies  or  rivals.  She  at  last  completed  the 
measure  of  her  iniquities,  by  the  death  of 
Chilperic,  who  was  assassinated  in  hunting, 
that  the  guilty  queen  might  indulge  her 
criminal  passions  for  her  favoi'ite  Landri. 
This  detested  character,  who  possessed  bra- 
very in  the  field  of  battle,  died  597. 
Frederic  I.  suruamed  Barbarossa,  was 


FR 


FR 


".joiTi  11'21,  Hud  succeeded  his  fatliLT  Frederic 
■  9  duke  ol'Sv\Jilji:i  1 147,  ami  in  1 15:2  he  ascend- 
ed the  imperial  tlirone  atlcr  ihe  deatt»  of  Ida 
uncle  Conra<l  III.  lie  passed  in  HjS  into 
Italy,  wiiere  a'.ler  some  dilTn  uilic-s  on  ac- 
eoinit  of  tlie  Rupuriorily  uliicli  the  pope 
claimed  over  liin>,  he  ohtainid  the  crown, 
and  consecraLion  irom  the  hands  ol"  Adrian 
IV.  The  di  ;putc.s  between  him  and  the  Iioly 
see  were  kindletl  ant  \v  on  the  death  of  Adii- 
i\n,  and  Alexander  III.  the  next  sueces.sorj 
was  soon  opposed  l>y  the  successive  elevation 
of  three  anti-pnpes  to  tiie  chair  of  St.  Peter. 
Tiie  a<lvanlages  obtained  at  lionie  were  fol- 
lowed by  the  <!efeal  of  the  Milanese,  and  by 
the  dcstrucllon  of  their  city,  and  the  over- 
throw ofllroscia  and  Placentia,  but  at  la.=;t 
the  troops  of  Frederic  were  conquered  at 
the  battle  of  Goran,  and  this  disaster  produ- 
ced a  peace.  The  emperor  met  the  pope  at 
V  eiiice  and  a  reconciliation  was  effected  in 
1177.  New  quarrels  l»owe>cr  soon  arose, 
till  Frederic    was  prevailed  upon  by  Urban 

III.  to  undertake  a  crusade  against  Saladin. 
At  the  head  of  a  numerous  army  he  marciied 
into  the  East,  and  after  defeating  the  Greeks, 
and  the  Turks,  he  penetrated  into  Syria, 
where  deatli  stopped  his  victories.  He  died 
10th  June  1190,  in  consequence  of  bathina^ 
imprudently  in  the  Cydnus,  in  Cilicia, 
where  Alexander  the  Great,  some  ages  be- 
fore, had  nearly  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  the  same 
recreation.  During  the  38  years  of  his  reign, 
Frederic  compensated  for  tiie  odious  vices  of 
pride  and  ambition  by  courage,  liberality,  and 
benevolence,  and  the  forbiddiiig  characters 
of  the  tyrant  were  forgot  in  the  amiable  and 
conciliating  manners  of  the  man.  By  his 
second  wife  Beatrix  he  left  five  sons,  one  of 
whom  Frederic,  duke  of  Swabia,  attended 
iiim  in  his  Asiatic  expedition,  and  behaved 
with  great  valor  in  the  Holy  Land,  till  he 
was  cut  off  by  a  severe  distemper,  which 
proved  also  fatal  tf)  a  great  part  of  his  army 
at  the  siesre  of  Ptolcmais. 

Frederic  H.  grandson  of  the  precediug, 
and  son  of  Heni-y  VI.  was  born  11  y4,  and 
was  elected  king  of  the  liomans,  two  years 
aftei'.  In  1210,  he  was  elected  emperor  of 
Germany,  on  the  excommtmication  of  Otho 

IV.  by  Innocent  HI.  but  he  obtained  peaceful 
possession  of  his  power,  only  after  the  death 
of  his  rival  1218.  After  settling  his  aifairs  in 
Germany,  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  Avas 
solemnly  crowned  by  the  hands  of  HonoriuK 
lU.  l'22b,  and  promised  to  extend  tlic  papal 
power  by  undertalving  a  crusade.  Tiiis 
distant  expeditioji  was  put  off  for  some  time 
till  the  fear  of  excommunication  from  the 
next  pope  Gregory  IX.  obliged  him  to  set 
out  for  Jerusalem  in  12'28.  His  invasion  of 
the  Holy  Land  was  so  formidable,  that  Sala- 
din, Sultan  of  Babylon,  not  o'.dy  made  a 
truce  of  10  years  with  liim,  but  yielded  to 
him  some  of  the  Asiatic  cities  near  Jerusa- 
lem. This  conduct  jirovoked  the  ;*csentmer.t 
of  the  pope,  who  stirred  up  war  against  Fred- 
eric, and  incited  his  son  and  his  falher-iti- 
law  to  take  up  arms  against  him.  Frederic 
Lusteiicd  back  to  Earopo  to  oppose  this  un- 


natural conspiracy,  and  seizing  Ilomagnr., 
Aiic()na,Spol<  tto,  and  lieneveiilo,  dfi<ate<l 
the  plans  of  his  cneMiies.  li'ta  partisans  in 
these  troublous  times  bore  tlie  name  ot 
(iibbelins,  while  those  of  the  po|»e  were  called 
(juelphs,  and  tai-ried  on  their  shoulderi  the 
impressions  of  tw(j  keys.  At  last  however 
Iranepiillity  was  restored,  and  Frederic  made 
peace  with  the  Itoman  jtontilf  IJ.jO,  to  he 
enabled  to  reduce  to  obedience  his  rebelli- 
ous son  Ileniy,  whom  he  degraded  from  the 
title  of  king  (*r  the  liomans  in  favor  of  Iiis 
second  son  Conrad.  In  1'2-k),  Frederic  p;.s- 
sed  again  to  Italy,  and  reduced  the  Milanese, 
and  Sai-.Iinia,  and  after  defeating  the  Geiio- 
ese  and  Venetians,  and  seizing  1  uscany  and 
Ui'bino,  he  laid  seige  to  Rome.  The  pon<j 
opposed  his  attack  by  the  teri-ible  denuncia- 
tion of  excommunication,  but  FVederic  dia- 
regan^ed  the  impotent  thunders  of  the  Vati- 
can, and  defeated  all  the  forces  which  were 
sent  to  check  his  jirogi-ess.  The  death  of 
the  pope  soothed  ior  a  while  the  enmities 
between  Rome  and  Germany,  but  at  last 
Innocent  IV.  had  the  courage  to  depose 
this  powerful  enemy  of  the  Imly  see,  at  a 
council  at  Ljvons  12i5,  au'i  Frederic  render- 
ed unpopular  by  the  artifice  of  his  oppo- 
nents, saw  Henry  of  Thuringia,  elected  in 
124G,  to  fill  the  imi)erial  throne,  and  the 
next  year,  William,  count  of  Holland.  Thus 
insulted  and  harrassed  by  the  insurrections 
of  his  subjects  in  Na])los  and  l\unia,  Frede- 
ric at  last  sunk  under  his  misfortunes,  and 
died  at  Fiorenzuola,  in  Aitulia,  l.Sth  Dec. 
1^250,  aged  57.  He  was  succeeded  by  Con- 
rad his  son  by  his  second  wife  Yolande, 
daughter  of  John  of  Brienne,  king  of  Jerusa- 
lem. 

Frpderic  III.  sui'named  the  Fair,  was 
son  of  Ailjert  of  Austria,  and  was  elected 
emperor  1314,  by  some  of  the  electors, 
though  the  majority  placed  the  crown  on  his 
more  successful  rival  Le'.\is  of  Bavaria.  The 
battle  of  Mich.eldorff,  132i,  pi-oved  decisive 
against  the  claims  of  Frederic,  who  was  taktu 
prisoner,  and  died  13th  Jati.  1330. 

F'rederic  IV,  surnamed  the  Pacific,  was 
sou  of  .Ernest,  duke  of  Austria,  and  H.vv-ended 
the  imperial  throne  1440,  in  his  2.stb  year. 
He  Mas  crowned  at  Rome  1452,  by  Xicholas 
V.  and  v/as  the  last  of  the  German  princes, 
who  submitted  to  that  ceremony  in  the  capi- 
tal of  the  ancient  world.  He  was  a  weak, 
indolent,  and  superstitious  prince,  and  he 
suffered  with  the  greatest  indifterenee  Hun- 
gary to  rebel  and  to  separate  itself  from  his 
power,  and  afterwards  he  fled  from  ^'ienna, 
before  his  enemies,  satisfied  to  beg  his  bread 
from  convent  to  convent.  'I'his  worthless 
monarch  died  7tij  Sep,  1493,  in  consequence 
of  the  amputation  of  one  of  his  legs  which 
mortified,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Maximilian. 

Frederic  I.  tlie  Pacific,  king  of  Den- 
mark 1.''2.i,  after  the  expulsion  of  (^hristinu, 
distinguished  himself  by  the  wi.sdom  of  his 
measures,  and  by  Ids  alliance  with  Gustavu.s 
I.  of  Sweden,  and  with  the  Hanseatie  town.';. 
After  the  conquest  of  Copenhagen,  he  rft- 


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conciled  to  his  government  the  Danish  no-  i  tended  to  literai'y  characters,  and  to  the 
bility,  and  rendered  himself  jtopular  by  his  :  arts,  reflected  the  highest  honor  on  his  rae= 
liberality,  ai'd  the  prudence  and   utility   of    mory. 

his  public  measures,  and  by  the  introduction  Frederic  Augustus  II.  son  ofthepre- 
of  Lutheranism  among  his  subjects.  He  died  ceding,  was  born  1696,  and  succeeded  his  fa- 
1553.  j  ther  on  the  Polish   thi-one    1734.     The  last 

Frederic  II.  king  of  Denmark,  after  j  years  of  his  life  Avere  unhappily  embittered 
his  father  Christian  III.  increased  his  do-  i  by  the  miseries  of  war,  and  the  king  of  Prus- 
minions,  by  the  conquest  of  Dietbmarsia.  j  sia  invaded  his  don/inions,  and  obliged  him 
He  was  the  patron  of  learning,  and  of  learned 
men,  and  the  protection  which  he  extended 
to    Tycho    Brahe,   added    celebrity   to  his 


reign  He  was  for  some  time  engMgcd  in 
•WRV  with  Sweden,  but  tranquillitv  was  resto- 
red in  1570.  He  died  ith  April  IS'SS,  aged  5 4. 

Frederic  III.  archbishop  of  Bi-einen, 
succeeded  his  father  Christia?;  IV.  in  1648, 
as  king  of  Denmark.  Though  he  lost  some 
places  in  a  war  with  Sweden,  he  enlarged 
the  happiness  of  his  people,  by  rendering 
thern  more  independent  of  the  nobles,  and 
Ly  making  the  crown  hereditary,  and  no 
longer  elcctire.  He  died  9th  of  Feb.  1670, 
aged  61.  ^ 

Frederic  IV.  succeeded  his  father 
Christian  V.  as  king  of  Denmark,  1699.     He 


soon  to  yield  to  the  rigorous  fate  of  uncondi- 
tional submission.     Augustus  was  permitted 
indeed    to  return  to  Poland,  but  Saxony  re- 
mained in   the  hands  of  the   conqueror,    till 
the   peace   of  Hubersburg,  I5th  Feb.  1763, 
Aug'wStiis    died  the  following  October.     Ue- 
j  spectal)le  in  private  life,   this  monarch  was 
j  uneqtial  to   the   arduous   duties  of  reigning, 
and  whilst  he   devoted  himself  to   tlie   plea- 
•  sures  of  luxury  and  to  indolence  he  made  no 
'  preparations  against  the  attacks  of  his  pow- 
>  crful    nei9;hbors  of    IJussia  and  Prussia.     By 
liis  wife  Mar}'  Josephine,   daughter  of  the 
)  emperor  Joseph,  he  left  several   daughters, 
I  one  of  whom    was   the  mother  of  the  unfor- 
1  tunate  Lewis  XVI.  of  France. 

Frederic,  prince  of  Ilesse  Cassel,  mar- 


joined  the  Czar  Peter,  and  the  king  of  Poland  j  ried  in  1715,  Ulrica  Eleanora  sister  of  Charles 
in  hostilities  ag-ainst  Charles  Xll.  of  Sweden,  *  XII.  of  Sweden,  and  he  obtained  possession 
but  he  was  obliged  to  make  peace,  by  the  i  of  the  Swedish  throne  17'i0,  after  theabdica- 
rapidity  of  the  victories  of  his  enemy.  Du-  j  tion  of  his  wife  Avho  had  succeeded  on  the 
ring  the  captivity  of  Charles  in  Turkey,  j  death  of  her  brother.  He  made  unsuccessful 
Frederic  drove  the  SMcdes  from  his  domin- 1  Avar  against  the  Russians,  and  died  1751, 
ions,    and    recovered    some   of  the    places  1  aged  75,  without  issue. 

Avhich  the  fortune  of  war  had  wrested  from  ,  Frederic  Wii.i.tam,  surnaraed  the 
his  hands.     He  died  1730,  aged  59.  i  Great,  elector  of  Braiidenburg,  Avas  born   at 

Frederic  V  grandson  of  the  preceding,    Cologne,  on  the  Spree   1620.     He  made  sue- 
ascended  the  throne  1746,  and  died  after  a  1  cessful  Avar  against  the  Poles,  but  the   treaty 
reign  of  20  years.  On  his  death-bed,  Jie  called  j  of  Braunsbeig,  in  1657,  put  an   end    to  hos- 
tilities.    In    1674  he  joined    himself  against 
LeAvis  XIV.  with  Spain  and  Holland,  and  in- 
vaded Alsace,  but  liis  progress  was  checked 
by  the  intelligence  that  the  SAvedes  had  laid 
Avaste  s' A'eral  of  his  cities,  and  he  returned 
!  hastily  to  repel  them,  and  seized   the  towns 


his  son  and  successor  Christian  VII.  and 
addressed  him  in  these  remarkable  words, 
*'  It  is  a  great  consolation  to  me,  my  son,  in 
nay  last  moments,  to  reflect  that  I  have 
offended  no  one,  and  that  I  have  shed  the 
hlood  of  none  of  my  subjects. 


Frederic  Augustus  I.  king  of  Poland,  ■  of  Stralsund,    Ferschantz,   and   Grispwald. 


■was  son  of  John  George  III.  elector  of  Sax- 
ony, and  was  born  at  Dresden  1670.  He 
succeeded  to  the  electorate  after  the  death 
of  his  brother  1694,   and  distinguislied  him 


Peace  was  soon  after  restored  and  Frederic 
dii'ected  all  his  attention  to  improve  the  com- 
merce of  his  dominions,  and  joined  the  Spree 
to  the  Oder  by  the  opening  of  a  canal.     He 


self  against  the  French  on  the   Rhine,  and  I  died  1688,  aged  68,  liighly  respected   by  hifi 
defeated  the  Turks,  in  1696,  at  the  battle  of,  subjects  as  a    liberal,  genei'ous,   benevolent, 
Oltach.     By  embracing  the  catholic  religion, 
he  recommended  himself  to  the  Polish  nobles. 


and  Avas  in  1696  elected  king,  but  the  glories  j 
■which  he  acquired  in  foreign  wars,  Avere  [ 
eclipsed  by  the  successes  of  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden,  and  Frederic  beaten  at  Riga,  Clis- 
sow,  and  Frawstadt,  was  obliged  to  sign  the 
peace  of  1706,  by  Avhich  he  a\  as  stripped  of 
his  dominions,  and  consented  to  see  the 
crown  of  Poland  placed  on  the  head  of  Stanis- 
laus.     The  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  the  defeat 


and  patriotic  prmce. 

Frederic  1.  elector  of  Brandenburg, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Konigsberg 
1657.  The  ambition  of  this  prince  Avas  flat- 
tered wit!)  the  hopes  of  erecting  his  duchy 
into  a  kingdom,  and  Leopold  the  emperor, 
although  he,  in  1695,  had  rejected  his  solici- 
tations, granted  his  requests  in  1700,  provid- 
ed he  assisted  him  in  the  Avar  against  France, 
England,  Holland,  SAveden,  and  Poland  ;  and 
in  consequence  of  this  elevation  his  title  was 


The  Prussian  dominions  were  increased  un- 
der him   by   the    acquisition  of  Guelders  of 


of  the  SAvedes,  proved  favorable  to  his  vicAvs,  ;  fuMy  acknowledged  at  the  peace  of  Utrecht, 
he  recovered  the  Polish  throne,  and  main-  •  — -      - 
tained  his  power,  and  independence  till  liis 

death  1st  Feb.  1733,  in  his  63d  year.  He  ;  the  county  of  Tecklenburg,  and  of  the 
was  in  his  person  very  athletic,  and  possessed  !  principalities  of  Neuchatel  and  Valengin  . 
of  prodigious  bodily  strength.  His  court  was  i  Frederic  died  1713,  aged  60  He  founded 
for  a  long  time  one  of  the  most  brilliant  in  !  the  university  of  Halle,  the  royal  academy  of 
Europej  and  the  patronage  Avhich  he  ex-  j  Berlin,  and  the  academy  of  nobles.    He  was 


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three  times  marricil.  By  his  second  vrU't:, 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Hanover,  and  sister 
ftf  Gcor.c;:c  afterwards  kinp^  of  KiiglamI,  he 
hati  a  son  who  siicceeilcd  him. 

Freueuic  William  I.  kijij;  nf  I'lus- 
sia,  was  born  at  Berlin  I3tli  Aug.  IHSS,  and 
succeeded  Ids  father  JKst  mentioned  1713. 
Hisreij^n  was  hej;un  hy  a  strict  reform  in  the 
expenditure  of  llie  kini;<Iom,  and  of  the  KM) 
rhan\herlains  kept  for  ostentation  hy  his  fa- 
tlier  only  1*2  were  retained.  He  nnwilliii;^iy 
engaged  in  war  against  t'liarUs  XII.  of  Swe- 
den," from  whom  he  tool;  Straisund.  Kager 
to  encourage  commeree  and  incUislry  among 
}n3  sulyerts,  he  invited  foreign  artisans  into 
Ids  dominions  ity  iheoflerof  hheral  lewards, 
and  widle  he  contrihtiled  to  tlic  prosperity  of 
t'lie  nation,  he  watclied  o\er  its  safety,  and 
created  a  large  standing  army  of  sixty  thou- 
sand men.  'I'he  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
elouded  hy  an  unliappy  disagreement  with 
his  son  the  piince  royal,  and  though  he 
raarried  him  to  the  princess  of  \\'f)lfen!)Uttle 
in  ir33,  he  did  n(»t  derive  from  that  union 
that  concord  and  recone.iiiation  whitdi  he  fond- 
ly e.Kpected.  He  died  31st  May  1740,  aged 
^2.  By  Sophia  Dorotliea,daughter  of  George 
of  Hanover,  he  had,  besides  his  successor, 
tliree  sons  and  six  daughters. 

Frederic  H.  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  '24th  Jan.  1712,  and  ascended  the  throne 
of  Prussia  1740.  His  conduct  had  be^'n 
viewed  with  jealousy  by  his  fatlier,  and  his 
attachment  to  music  and  to  belles  letlres  was 
I'egarded  as  a  mean  and  dishonourable  pro- 
pensity ;  but  when  he  attempted  to  escape 
Irom  the  harsh  treatment  which  he  e.xperi- 
enced,  he  w^as  not  oidy  seized  and  sent  as 
prisoner  to  Gastrin,  but  was  obliged  to  be  a 
spectator  of  the  execution  of  Kar,  the  friend 
and  the  companion  of  his  domestic  sufterings. 
On  his  accession  to  the  throne,  P^-ederic  laid 
claims  to  the  province  of  Silesia  which  luid 
been  long  occupied  by  the  German  etnperor, 
and  all  the  attempts  of  Maria  Tlieresa  to 
defend  it  against  his  invasion  proved  abortive. 
Count  Neuperg  the  Hungarian  general  was 
defeated  at  Slolwilz,  and,  in  1741,  all  Lower 
Silesia  submitted  to  the  conqueror,  and  Ids 
possession  was  confirmed  by  the  treaty  of 
Jireslaw  1743.  The  following  year  war  was 
rekindled,  and  Frederic  advanced  with 
100,000  men  to  the  siege  of  Prague,  w  Inch  he 
took  with  1G,000  prisoners,  and  this  arlvan- 
tage  was  sOon  followed  by  the  decisive  battle 
of  Friedburg  over  prince  Charles  of  Lorraine. 
Another  treaty  signed  at  Dresden  I74f»,  again 
restored  peace  to  the  continent,  and  Austria 
ceded  to  the  Prussian  conqueror  all  Silesia 
together  with  the  county  of  Giatz.  In  17.55 
a  new  war,  called  the  seven  years'  war,  burst 
forth  with  increased  violence,  and  while 
Prussia  had  for  its  auxiliary  the  English 
nation,  Austria  was  supported  by  France 
and  by  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and  Frederic 
soon  saw  the  nund)er  of  his  enemies  aug- 
mcTited  by  the  accession  of  Jtussia,  Sweden, 
and  Germany.  L'ndisraayed  in  the  midst  of 
his  powerful  enemies,  Frederic  laid  the  fouii- 
diition  for  Tictorv  and  success  in  the  strict 


discipline  of  liis  army,  an(J  in  tlie  fortitude 
and  resignation  with  which  he  supported  the 
reverses  of  fortune,  a:id  shared  the  fatigues 
of  his  srildiers.     TlnMigh  Fiance  attacked  his 
dominions  from   (juelders  to    Miuden,    and 
Russia  penetrated  into  Prussia,  and  tlie  Aus. 
trians  into  Silesia,  Frederic  nti  all  sides   rose 
superior  to   misf')rtunes.     'riiough  defeated 
by    the    Russians   he    routed  the  Auslrians. 
and    again    suHcred  a  check  in  IJohenda,  hut 
on    the    5lh     Nov.   1757,  he  avenged  himsflf 
by   the  terrible  defeat   of  tlie   Auslrians  and 
French  at  Rosbach,  and  bv  an  equally  splen- 
diil  victory  the  next  month  over  tbe  Austrian 
forces  at  Lis.-:.!  near  Hri  slaw.   These  impor- 
tant successes  appalled  hisetipmies,  the  Rus- 
sians and    Swed(!s    reliretl    in   <lisinay    from 
I'russia,  and   Frederic  supi)orted  by  a  hberul 
3up\)ly   of  money  from  the  P>nglish  govern- 
nient,  and  by  anarmv  of  Hanoverians  under 
the  duke  of  Brunswick  penetrated  itito  .Mo- 
ravia nn<l  laid  siege  to  Olrautz.  Thoiigh  here 
cjiecked  by  marsliai  Daun,  he  rapidly  advan- 
ced against  the  Russi:ins  at  Custrin,  and  dc- 
I'eated  them   in  the  dreadful  battle  of   Zorn- 
dod'.  The  battle  of  Hochkirchen  against  Daun 
was  adverse  to  his  fortunes,  and  lie  also  suf- 
fered a  severe  cl-.eek  at  the  doubtful  fight  of 
(Jiaviiersdorff  against   the    Russians,   and  in 
consequence    of  the;e    rejieated     disasters, 
Bi'andenburg  and  the   capital    fell  into  the 
hands  of  the    victorious  enemy  1761.     The 
defeat  of  Daun  at  Torgau  gave  a  new  turn  to 
the  aflairs  of  the  tuidaunted  monarch,  hister- 
ritories  were  evacuured  by  the  enemy,  and  he 
in  every  situation  clisplaj'ed  such  jiCtivity,  such 
vigilance,  and  such  resources  of  mind  that  in 
1762,  a  treaty  of  peace    was  concluded   w ith 
Russia  and  Sweden,  and  the  next  year  with 
France  and  the  Em]))re,  by  wdiich  Silesia  was 
for  ever  coitfirmed  in  his  posse^^fion.    "While 
cultivating  tlie  arts  ff  peace,  Frederic  was 
still  intent  on  enlarging   his  dominions,  and 
he  joined  with  x\uslria  and  Russia,  in  177i, 
in  tiiat  unpardonable  ieagie  Aviiich  dismera- 
bere<l  the  defenceless  territories  of  Poland, 
and  added  some  of  its  most  fertile  provinces 
to  his  kingdom.     In  177',  tlie  death  of  the 
duke  of  Bavaria  «itliout  cldldren  kindled  the 
flames  of  discord   and  of  war-  between   Aus- 
tria and  Prussia,  Frederie  placed  himself  at 
the  head  of  his  troops,  but  the  difierences  ot 
the  rival  princes  were  settleil  by  the  peace 
ofTeschen  13th  May  177 'J.     The  last  years 
of  Frederic's  life  were  earnestly  devoted  to 
tlie  encouragement  of  commtrce  and  of  the 
arts,  justice  was  administered  w  ith  imparti- 
ality,  useful   establishments    were   created, 
and  the  miseries  of  the  indigent  and  unfortu- 
nate were  liberally  relieved  by  the  benevo- 
lent cares  of  the  monarch.     Frederic  died 
17th  Avig.  1786,  aged  75,    and  he  met  death 
with  all  the  resignation  which  philosophy  un- 
aided by  religion  can  show.  As  Frederic  was 
brought  up  in  the  schofd  of  adversity,  he  eaidy 
learnt  lessons  of  stoicism    and    philosophical 
wisdom,  and  unyieldingto  the  caresses  of  pros- 
]iority  he  was  tauglit  not  to  sink  under  the 
frowns  of  fortune.     From   necessity  as  Avell 
as  froro  choice  attached  to  litei-attire  in  the 


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veai-s  of  his  privacy,  he  cultivated  the  muses 
on  the  throne>  and  liberall}-  jjatronised  the 
lovers  of  sciences  and  of  the  fine  arts.  His 
evenings  were  generally  spent  in  the  easy 
society  of  men  of  letters,  and  after  the  fa- 
tigues of  the  day  he  unbent  the  hero  and 
the  king  to  the  wit,  the  scholar,  and  the 
literary  disputant.  His  invitations  to  learned 
foreigners  were  sincere  and  honorable,  and 
IVIaupertius  and  especially  Voltaire  wei-e  for 
a  while  objects  of  his  particular  regard  and 
of  his  unfeigned  esteem.  Anxious  to  redress 
the  grievances  of  his  subjects  he  paid  the 
xainutest  attention  to  their  applications,  and 
a  word  written  at  the  bottom  of  each  petition 
by  his  hand  served  for  his  secretaries  to 
convey  to  the  eager  suppliants  either  refusal 
or  reprehension,  encouragement  or  promi- 
ses. At  five  in  the  morning  Frederic  gene- 
rally rose  from  his  bed,  and  after  the  day 
■was  divided  between  business,  recreation, 
and  literature,  he  retired  to  his  cliamber  at 
ten  in  the  evening,  and  as  his  meals  were  re- 
gular and  simple,  and  as  he  v,  as  through  life 
a  stranger  to  the  licentious  propensities  which 
too  often  dishonor  the  great  and  the  power- 
ful, Jie  enjoyed  a  strong  constitution  with  a 
placid  and  serene  evenness  of  temper.  His 
conduct  in  war,  the  heroic  firmness  with 
which  he  withstood  his  numerous  enemies, 
and  the  astonishing  presence  of  mind  which 
he  displayed  in  every  difficult  situation,  not 
less  than  his  wisdom,  the  equity  of  the  laws 
■which  he  established,  and  the  paternal  care 
-with  which  he  watched  over  the  happiness 
of  his  people,  proved  him  to  he  a  monarch  of 
superior  excellence;  but  though  he  thus  de- 
served the  appellation  of  Great,  it  is  piiinful 
to  observe  the  inconsistency  of  his  princi- 
ples, the  vi'avering  tenets  of  his  faith,  and  the 
irsigiity  influence  of  those  two  dangerous 
passions  b}'  which  he  was  guided,  anibition 
and  avarice.  Great  as  a  monarch,  Frederic 
\ras  an  infidel  at  heart,  and  while  he  \.ishe(! 
to  bind,  to  obedience  to  his  government,  tiie 
aft'ection  of  his  subjects  by  the  ini  posing 
rites  of  rehgion,  and  by  the  expectations  of 
another  life,  he  was  himself  a  sceptic  in  the 
most  offensive  degree,  and  regarded  the  ties 
•which  unite  men  to  an  over-ruling  provi- 
dence only  so  far  as  the}-  secured  his  power 
or  contributed  to  his  aggrandizement.  As 
Fredei'ic  did  not  cohabit Mith  his  Avife,  whom 
he  had  married  only  in  obedience  to  his 
father,  without  affection  or  esteem,  he  died 
M ithout  issue.  His  works  are  numerous  and 
respectable.  Four  volumes  in  octavo  wei'e 
published  in  his  life-time,  and  fifteen  since 
his  death.  The  chief  of  these  are  Memoirs 
of  the  House  of  Brandenburg — a  Poem  on 
the  Art  of  War,  a  connposition  of  great  me- 
rit— the  history  of  his  own  Time — the  His- 
tory of  the  seven  Years'  War.  All  these 
have  been  collected  together  in  25  vols.  8vo. 
1790,  with  an  account  of  hrs  life.  M.  de 
Segur  has  among  others  published  an  account 
of  his  reign  and  of  his  extraordinary  char- 
acter. 

Fredeuic,  surnamcd  the  Wise,  elector 
of  Saxony,  was  bofu  1463.    He  enjoyed  the 


good  opiiiiou  and  shared  the  counciU  of  tlie 
emperor  ^laximilian,  after  whose  death  he 
might  have  been  placed  on  the  imperial 
ihrone,an  honor  which  he  refused,  while  he 
supported  the  election  of  Charles  V.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  and  most  zealous  friends 
of  Luther,  and  contributed  much  to  the  es- 
tablishmt-nt  of  the  reformed  church.  He 
died  15'25,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother 
John  surnamed  the  constant,  whose  son  John 
Frederic,  when  raised  to  the  sovereign  pow- 
er, became  a  powerful  protector  of  the  re- 
formers, and  was  chief  of  the  famous  league 
of  Smalkaide  1536.  In  the  war  which  fol- 
lowed this  league  John  Fi'ederic  v  as  taken 
pi'isoner  by  Charles  V.  and  condemned  to 
lose  his  head,  but  the  sentence  was  i-eversed 
on  condition  that  he  consented  to  the  renun- 
ciation of  the  electoral  dignity  for  himself  and 
his  posterity.  He  died  3d  March  1554,  aged 
51. 

Frederic  V.  elector  of  Palatine,  son  of 
Frederic  IV.  married  a  daughter  of  James 
I.  of  England.  He  v.  as  elected  in  1G19,  king 
of  Bohemia  by  the  protestants,  but  his  ele- 
vation was  opposed  by  his  rival  Ferdinand  of 
Austi-ia,  and  though  supported  by  France 
and  by  England,  he  was  defeated  the  follow- 
ing year  and  totally  ruined  near  Prague. 
The  great  Gustavus  in  his  invasion  of  Ger- 
many promised  to  re-establish  him  in  his 
rights  and  dominions,  hut  the  death  of  that 
lieroic  chief  at  the  battle  ofLutzen  1632,  not 
onh'  shattered  all  his  fond  hopes,  but  weigh- 
ed so  lieavily  on  his  spirits  that  he  died  a 
month  after.  ' 

Frederic,  Colonel,  son  of  Theodore  the 
unfortunate  king  of  (Corsica,  was  early  in- 
gaged  in  the  military  profession,  and  served 
the  elector  of  Wirtemberg,  who  honored 
him  with  his  friendship  and  presented  him 
with  the  insignia  of  the  oi'der  of  merit.  He 
came  to  England  as  the  agent  of  the  elector, 
but  either  unsuccessful  in  his  political  nego- 
tiations, or  overwhelmed  with  debts  and  po- 
verty, he  in  a  I'ash  moment  committed  sui- 
cide bv  shooting  himself  through  the  head  in 
the  portal  of  W  estminster-abbey  1796.  This 
unhappy  youth,  who  seemed  to  inherit  the 
misfortunes  and  the  imprudence  of  his  fa- 
ther, was  author  of  some  pubUcations  of  me- 
rit, Memoires  pour  servir  a  I'Histoire  de 
Corse,  8vo.  1768 — a  description  of  Corsica, 
with  an  account  of  its  short  Union  to  the 
British  Crown,  Sec.  179S,  8vo.  &c. 

Freeke,  William,  an  English  socinian, 
born  1664.  He  wrote,  in  questions  and  an- 
swers, a  dialogue  on  the  Ueity,  and  a  confu- 
tation of  the  doctrines  of  Trinity,  which 
drew  down  the  severity  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons upon  him.  He  was  fined  500^  his  book 
was  burnt,  and  he  made  a  I'ecantation  in  the 
four  courts  of  Westminster-hall. 

Freeman,  John,  a  pamter,  in  the  age  of 
Charles  II.  His  life  was  attempted  by  poison 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  his  constitution  ever 
after  retained  the  fatal  eflects.  In  the  decline 
of  life,  lie  painted  scenes  for  Covent-gard en 
theatre. 

Fregoso,  Baptist,  doge  of  Genoa  147S;, 


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from  which  office  he  was  deposed  for  his 
Iiaughtiri«"ss,  arul  haiiished  to  l're{i;ui.  The 
time  of  his  dc:ith  is  unknown,  lie  wi-oU-, 
like  Valerius  Muximiis,  nine  books  of  Me- 
inoratile  Actions — tlic  Life  of  ->J:n(in  V  — a 
Latin  Treatise  on  lianicd  Lailiib — vh  Italian 
Treatise  against  Love. 

Fkeheiv,  .Marquard,  a  (Jcrman,  hoi'n  at 
Autplmrg  ljr>5.  He  studied  civil  law  in 
France  under  Cujacius,  and  at  the  age  of  2.0 
was  eotinsLllor  to  (Jasiinir  i>rince  Palatine. 
He  was  afterwards  protcs-sor  of  law  at  Ui-i- 
delberg,  and  engi'ged  in  important  alfairs  ]>y 
the  elector  Frederic  IV.  He  died  :il  the 
age  of  4'J.  His  l^ooks  on  law,  criticism,  and 
history,  are  very  numerous  and  resi)cci..l)!e. 
His  abilities,  and  the  amiable  character  of  his 
private  lite,  are  highly  commended  by  J)o'-i- 
za,  Melchior  Adam,  Scioppius,  Casaubon, 
and  others. 

Freigius,  Jolin  Thomas,  a  lennied  Ger- 
man, born  at  Fi-ibarg,  son  of  a  husbandman. 
He  studied  the  law  under  Zasii's  and  liamus, 
and  taught  first  as  Friburg,  and  afterwards 
at  Basil,  and  then  at  the  moment  when  he 
thought  of  retiring  from  the  ingratitude  of 
the  world  to  the  i)eace  of  a  rural  life,  he  was 
app'inJed  rector  of  the  new  college  of  Altorf 
1575.  He  died  1583  of  the  plague,  following 
to  the  grave  a  son  and  two  daughters,  one  of 
wliich  had,  at  the  age  of  I'J,  very  promising 
talents  and  a  great  taste  for  literature.  Of 
his  works,  the  chief  arc  Questiones  Geome- 
tricae,  and  Stereo-IMetricse  Logica  Consulto- 
yutn — Giceronis  Orationes  Pei-petuis  Notis 
Logicis,  &c.  3  vols.  8vo  Basil  15S3. 

Freind,  John,  an   Englisii  physician  of 
eminence,  born   1675,  at  Groton  in  North- 
amptonshire, where  his  father   M'as  rector. 
He  was  educated  under   Busby  at  Westmin- 
ster,   and   came  in   1690   to  Ghrist-cjiurch, 
where  AMrich   presided.     His  abilities  as  a 
scholar  were  already  so  distinguished,  that 
he  then  in  conjunction  with  a  friend  published 
an  elegant  edition  of  Demostlienes,  and  JEa- 
chines  de  (Corona,  and  about  the  same  time 
revised,  for  publication,  the  Delphin  edition 
of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses.     He  now  directed 
his  attention  to  physic,  and  displayed  great 
knowledge  of  die  subject,  by  addressing  a  let- 
ter   concerning    the    h)drocephu!us   to    sir 
Hans  Sloane  in  1699,  and  another  in  1701  de 
Spasmi  iiaricris  Historia,  which  arc  insert- 
ed in  the  philosophical  transactions.  No.  ii^G 
and  270.     In  1703  he  drew  the  public  atten- 
tion to  an  useful  and  valuable  work  called 
**  Emmenologia,   in   qua    Fluxus    Muliebris 
Menstrui,  &c."  and  in  1704  was  elected  che- 
mical professor  at  Oxford.      The  year  after 
he   accompanied   lord    Peterborough   in  his 
Spanish  expedition,  and  after  two  years'  at- 
tendance on  the  army,  he   visited   Italy  and 
Rome,  and  conversed  with  Baglivi  and  Lan- 
cisi  men  of  eminence  and  medical  celebrity. 
On  his  return  in  1707,  he  published  an   ac- 
count of  the  earl  of  Peterborough  in  Spain 
&c.  as  an  able  vindication  of  the  honor  and 
character  of  his  friend  since  the  raising  of  the 
siege  of  Barcelona,  and  during  the  campaign 
of  Valencia ;   and  the  work  hecame   rery 


popular  an<l  passed  rapidly  toa  third  edihOR. 
At  ihib  time  he  was  ereal'-d  .M.J)   arid  tuo 
yt-ar»  al'ur  he  publisht><i  his  Prailectiontsr'ht- 
n>icu;,  dedicateil  to  sir  Isaac  Newton.      Tlii^ 
work  w.'is  censured  in  the  Acta  Krmlifnrum 
by  the  (•' rmaii  phiiosophen:,  and  tlrcwfofih 
a  defence   fi-om   the  author  inserted   in  the 
philosophical   trarnactioii',.     In  1711   he  was 
I  L-rt<jd    member  of  tlic   Ivoyal  snt-icty,  and 
that  year  went  v;ilh(the  dnke  of  Orm«)n<!  as 
physician  to  Fhuxlers.     In  1716  he  vu%  pIk»- 
scn  fellow  of  the  colle;-re  of  physiciaui;,  and 
at  that  time  he  had  a  controversy    with  Dr. 
Woodward    ol'  G.reslnm   college,  in   <;r»n.sc- 
qnrnce  of  his  jiMblii'ation  of  ni[>pocrate.T  <le 
AJorbis    Popalaiibus,  and  aitej-wards  on  the 
subject    of  tite    fever   in    the    small-pox,   iu 
which    unpleasant   dispute,    more  acrimony 
was  shown,    on  both  sides,  than  prudence  or 
decorum    could  approve.     In   17iJ'2    he   was 
electe<l  M.  V.    for    Launcesi.on  in  Gornwall, 
and  the  freedom  and  eIo(|uenceof  his  speech- 
es in  the  house,  together  with   his  intimacy 
with  Atterbury,   drew  u\)r,n  him  the  suspi- 
cion that  he  was  concerned  in  the  plot  of  that 
unfortunate  bishop,  and  consequently  he  was 
committed  to  the  Tower,  March,  17-12—3^ 
from  which  he  was  bailed  the  June  foliow- 
!  ing.     In  his  confinement  he  wrote  a  letter  on 
j  some    kind  of   small-pox,    addressed   to  hrs 
I  friend  Mead,  and  lie  formed  tlie  plan  of  his 
{  great  work   "  the   History   of  Physic,"  the 
!  first  part  of  which  appeared  in  1725,  and  the 
'  second  1726.     He  became   X)hysician  to  the 
1  pqince  of  Wales,  and  on  his  accession  to  the 
I  throne,  to  the  queen,  whose  confidence  ami 
:  esteem  he  fully  enjoyed.     He  died  of  a  fever 
I  '26th  July,  1728,  in  his  52i!  year,  and  was  bu- 
I  ried   at   Ilitcham,  Buck;?,  but  a  monument 
1  was  erected  to  hira  in  ^^'estminstcr  abbey. 
I  He  left  one  son,  afterwards  student  of  Christ 
church.     His    Latin   works  were   published 
together,  London  1733,    in  fol.   by  Wigan, 
who  added  a  Latin  translation  of  the  History 
of  Physic,  with  an  elegant  dedication  to  the 
queen.     Dr.  Friend's  brother,   liobert,  was 
head  of  Westminster  school,  and  a  very  learn- 
ed man.     He   publisljcd  Cicero  de  Oratore, 
and  died  1754. 

FiiEi  NSHEMius,  John,  a  lo.".rned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Ulm  in  Sw'abia  1608.  He  was 
professor  of  eloquence  at  Upsal,  librarian  to 
Christina  of  Sweden,  and  afterwards  pro- 
fessor at  Heidelberg,  where  he  died  1660. 
He  was  a  most  able  classical  scholar,  and  to 
the  knowledge  of  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin. 
united  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  all  thf; 
hmguages  of  Europe.  His  critiq'.ie  on  Flo- 
rus,  asid  his  notes  on  Plijcdrns  and  Tacitus., 
are  valuable,  but  he  derives  his  greatest  ce- 
lebrity from  his  excellent  supplemrnts  to 
Livy  and  Quintus  Curtius,  in  which  he  ha'.i 
been  so  successful  that  we  almost  cease  to  la- 
ment the  loss  of  the  originals. 

FuEiUEdeANURADA,  Hyacinthe,  a  Por- 
tuguese, abbot  of  St.  Mary  de  Chans,  horn 
at  Beja  1597.  He  was  in  great  favor  with 
John  IV.  of  Portugal,  who  wished  to  make 
him  a  bishop.  He  was  a  man  of  great  levity 
of  character^  which  probably  prevented  his 


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"advancement  in  the  stale,  as  liis  abilities 
might  have  promised.  He  died  at  Lisbon 
165r.  His  "  Life  of  don  Juan  de  Castro," 
is  esteemed  as  one  of  the  best  written  books 
in  Portuguese.     He  wrote  also  some  poems. 

Freminet,  iNIarliti,  a  French  painter, 
M'ho  died  at  Paris,  r.js  biilli  place,  1019,  aJ^ed 
f-'2.  He  was  chiefly  painter  to  Henry  IV.  and 
honored  with  the  order  of  St.  Michael  by 
Lewis  XHL  He  imitated  witli  success  the 
beauties  of  Michael  Angelo,  and  of  Joseph 
of  Arpino. 

FuEMONT  d'Ablancourt,  Nicholas, 
nephew  and  pupil  of  Perrot  d'Ablancourt, 
retired  to  Holland  at  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  and  was  appointed  histori- 
ographer to  the  prince  of  Orange.  Besides 
a  defence  of  his  uncle  Tacitus  against  la  Hous- 
.saye,  he  translated  Lucian's  dialogue  between 
the  letters  and  the  supplement  to  the  true 
liistory,  and  after  his  death,  which  liappened 
in  IG93,  his^Iemoirs  of  the  History  of  Por- 
tngal,  appeared  in  I'inio. 

Frenicle  de  Bessy,  Bernard,  a  mathe- 
TTialician,  author  of  a  treatise  on  Kiglit-ang- 
led  Triangles — on  Combinations — on  Resolv- 
ing Problems  by  Exclusions,  kc.  He  was 
very  intimate  with  Mersenne,  Fermat,  Des- 
cartes, and  other  learned  men,  and  died 
1675. 

Freres,  Theodore,  a  painter,  born  at 
Enkhuysen  1643.  The  best  of  his  pieces  are 
preserved  in  the  great  hall  of  Amsterdam. 
His  drawings  and  designs  Mere  in  high  es- 
teem.    He  resided  for  some  time  at  Rome. 

Freret,  Nicolas,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
horn  at  Paris  1G8S.  Though  bred  tothe  law 
he  applied  iiimselt  to  the  study  of  history, 
and  at  the  age  of  25  was  admitted  into  the 
academy  of  inscriptions,  in  consequence  of 
his  Discourse  on  the  Origin  of  the  French. 
This  valuable  treatise  was  considered  as  of- 
fensive to  the  court,  and  the  author  was  sent 
to  the  Bastille,  where  tlie  reading  of  Bayle's 
dictionary  rendered  him  sceptical.  He  wrote 
letters  "  of  Thrasybulus  to  Leucippe,"  in 
favor  of  atheism — Examination  of  the  Apo- 
logists for  Christianity,  kc.  He  died  1743, 
aged  Gl, 

Frerox,  Elie  Cathci'ine,  a  French  jour- 
nalist, and  an  able  Oi>ponent  of  the  new  phi- 
losophy, was  born  at  Quimper  1719.  He 
was  educated  by  the  jesuiis,  but  in  1739  he 
left  them,  and  began  the  life  and  profession 
of  author.  His  "  Letters  on  Certain  Wri- 
tings of  the  Times,"  appeared  in  1749,  and 
were  continued  to  13  vols.  In  1754  he  began 
his  "  Annee  Literaire,"  in  7  vols,  to  which 
he  added  yearly  8  vols,  till  his  death  in  1776. 
He  was  an  able  and  acute  critic,  but  his  re- 
marks on  Voltaire  drew  upon  him  all  the  vi- 
olence and  fury  of  the  satirist,  and  he  be- 
came the  hero  of  his  Dunciad.  To  a  well 
informed  mind,  Feron  added  an  excellent 
private  character.  He  died  lOth  March, 
1776,  and  besides  his  periodical  publications, 
wrote  miscellanies,  3  vols. — les  Vriys  Plai- 
s.irs,  from  Marino,  and  part  of  a  translation 
©f  Lucretius,  &c. 

Fresnaye,  John  Vauqiieliji  de  la,  an 


j  early  French  poet,  king's  advocate  for  Caen 
I  and  afterwards  president  of  chat  city.  He 
i  died  1C06,  aged  72.  He  wrote  "  Satires," 
which  though  inferior  to  those  of  Boileau 
and  Hegnier,  yet  possess  merit — '*  the  Art 
of  Poeli-y," — two  books  of  Idyllia — a  poem 
on  the  Monarchy,  all  published'  at  Caen  1G05. 
Fresne,  Charles  du  Cange  du,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Amiens  1610.  He  stu- 
died the  law  at  Orleans,  and  was  advocate  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  lie  spent  some 
time  in  his  native  town  in  the  pursuits  of  lite- 
rature and  philosophy,  and  then  settling  at 
Paris,  he  was  in  1GG8  engaged  by  Colbert  to 
make  a  collection  from  all  authors  who  had. 
written  on  the  history  of  France.  His  la- 
bors, however,  did  not  please  the  minister, 
and  he  resigned  all  his  engagements  in  the 
undertaking,  and  then  finished  his  "  Glossa- 
rium  Medife  &  Infinue  Latinitatis"  3  vols, 
fol.  an  excellent  and  useful  work,  often  re- 
printed. He  afterwards  wrote  a  Greek 
Glos.sary  of  the  middle  age,  in  2  vols.  foUci 
He  wrote  also  the  History  of  Constantinople 
under  the  French  emperors,  and  published 
besides,  editions  of  Nicephorus,  Cinnamus, 
Anna  Comena,  Zonaras,  &c.  witli  learned 
notes.  He  died  1G8S,  aged  78,  leaving  four 
children,  who  were  honorably  pensioned  by 
Lewis  XIV.  in  consequence  of  their  father's 
merit.  Du  Cange's  Latin  Glossary  was  af- 
terwards enlarged  and  improved,  and  after- 
wards abridged  in  6  vols.  8vo.  Halle,  1772. 

Fresxoy,  Ciiarles  Alphonso  du,  a  poc-t 
and  painter,  born  at  Paris  1611.  His  father 
who  was  a  surgeon,  educated  him  for  a  phy- 
sician, but  the  love  of  poetry  was  superior 
to  paternal  authority.  Under  Perrier  and 
Vouet  he  learned  design,  and  in  1634  travel- 
led to  Rome,  where  his  wants,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  neglect  of  his  offended  parents 
were  very  great  till  relieved  by  the  liberality 
of  his  friend  Mignard.  Devoting  himself  to 
classical  stiuiies,  he  did  not,  howevei",  pay 
less  attention  to  anatomy,  the  rules  of  pei'- 
spective  and  architecture,  and  the  elements 
of  geometrv,  and  with  a  mind  well  stored 
with  poetical  images,  he  produced  his  ele-. 
gant  and  labored  poem  "  De  Arte  Graphi- 
ca."  His  ]>ictures  were  not  numei"ous, 
scarce  fifty  in  number,  and  always  parted 
with  for  little,  and  to  supply  the  wants  of  the 
moment.  On  his  return  fr(mi  Italy,  in  1656, 
he  Avas  solicited  to  publish  his  poem ;  but 
though  encouraged  by  de  Piles,  his  friend, 
who  undertook  a  French  translation  of  it, 
he  deferred  it,  and  died  before  tho  comple' 
tion,  1665,  aged  53.  The  poem  appeared 
after  his  death,  with  notes  by  de  Piles,  and 
its  excellent  precepts  have  been  made  known 
to  the  Englisli  by  the  translations  of  Drydcn, 
of  Graham,  and  lastly  of  Mason,  in  blank 
verse  with  notes.  In  the  coloring  of  his 
pieces  Fresnoy  imitated  Titian,  and  the 
Caraccis  in  their  designs. 

Fres.vy,  Charles  Riviere   du,  a  French 

poet,  born  at  Paris  1648.     To  a  strong  taste 

j  for  music,  painting,  and  sculpture,  he  joined 

a  great  knowledge  of   gardening.     He  was 

overseer  of  the  king's  gardens ;  but  he  sold 


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the  appointment  to  3upj)Iy  liis  cxlravarjjance, 
and  rrlircd  to  Paris  to  livf  l»y  liis  pen.  As 
a  dranjutic  writer  lu-  acqniri-d  s<jnie  cclehii- 
ty.  His  follies  ucTe  such  that,  as  Le  Saj^e 
Jias  mentioned  in  the  l)i:»hle  Hoiteux,  l.e 
actually  marru'd  his  laundress,  ihns  to  dis- 
charge liis  Litis.  Besides  his  comedies  he- 
wrote  cantatas  and  songs,  which  he  hiinsi-lf 
set  to  music.  He  <li»^<l  17-24,  .-iijed  70.  His 
works  were  collected  in  six  vols.  l'2mo.  and 
d'Alenj))erl  has  cirawn  a  parallel  between 
him  and  IJestouches  as  a  ct)mic  w  riler. 

FnETiiAU  DE  S  r.  Just,  I'^mmanuA-l 
Marie  Michael  Philip,  a  French  nobleman, 
who,  throuijh  iIisa]>f)oiiitment,  embraced  the 
popular  party  against  t!ie  court  at  the  revo- 
lution. After  ac([uirin;^  tiome  popularity  in 
»he  assembly  and  tlie  coiivention  by  his 
speeches,  he  was  marked  for  tlestruclion  by 
liobespierre,  and  was  guillotined  15th  JuJie 
1793,  aged  4y. 

Frevven,  Accepted,  an  English  prelate, 
iiorn  in  Kent,  and  educated  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
a!i(l  president,  tie  was  chaplain  to  Chaiies 
I.  lC.il,  was  made  dean  of  Glocester,  and  in 
1C43,  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coveiitry.  He 
was  translated  to  Vork  at  the  restoration, 
and  died  at  Thorpe  castle  1604,  aged  75. 

1  Frev,  John  Cecil,  a  German  physician, 
who  pretended  to  be  the  first  in  Europe 
who  defended  theses  in  pliilosophy  in  the 
Greek   language.      He  died   of  the    plague 

2  631,  and  his  Opuscula  appeared  after  his 
death  by  Baledrens. 

Freytag,  Frederic  Gottlehb,  a  burgo- 
master of  Nuremberg,  who  died  1776,  aged 
53.  He  was  author  of  Rhinoceros  Veterum 
Scriptoruni  Monuraentis  Descriptus,  1747, 
Analecta  Literaria  de  Libris  Rainoribus, 
1751, — Oratorura  hi.  Rhet.  Grcec.  quibus 
Statute  Honor.  Causa  positce  sunt,  175'2, — 
an  Account  of  scarce  Books,  &c.  1776, 
&c. 

Frezier,  Amadee  Francis,  a  natire 
of  Chambery,  descended  from  a  Scotch  fa- 
mily. He  took  a  survey  of  Chili  and  Penu, 
of  which  he  published  an  account,  1716,  and 
deserved  the  cross  of  St.  Lewis  for  his  ju- 
dicious labors  in  the  fortifying  of  St.  Maloes. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Les  feux  d'Artifice, 
— Elemens  de  Stereotomie,  &c.  and  died  at 
Brest  177'2,  aged  90. 

Friart,  Rowland,  an  architect  of  the 
17th  century,  who  translated  Palladio,  and 
drew  a  parallel  between  ancient  and  modern 
architecture. 

Friche,  or  FuisciiE,  James  de,  aBene- 
dictine,  born  in  Normand}'.  He  editeil  Am- 
brose's woi'ks,  ten  vols.  fol.  Paris,  and  wrote 
the  Life  of  St.  Augustine,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1693,  aged  52. 

Frisch,  John  Leonard,  a  native  of  Saltz- 
bacli,  founder  of  the  silk  manufactures  at 
Brandenburg,  and  the  first  encourager  of  the 
cultivation  of  the  mulberry  tree  in  Prussia. 
He  belonged  to  the  academy  of  sciences  at 
Berlin,  and  died  there  1743,  aged  77.  He 
wrote  a  German  and  Latin  Dictionar}-, — a 
Description  of  German  Insect? — Diction- 
VOL.   T'.  I  I 


naire  Nouveau  des  Passages  Fi-ancois  AllTc- 
mands,  Ntc.  8vo. 

i'uiscuMV,  Nicodcmns,  a  learned  Ger- 
man born  at  Ualiiig,  in  Swabia,  1547.  He 
was  educated  under  his  father,  who  was  a 
ministi-r,  and  at  Tultingen,  and  'o  great 
were  his  jiowcrs  that  at  the  age  of  thirteen 
he  coidd  write  with  elegance  Cireek  and 
Latin  poetry.  He  becanie  at  twenty,  pro- 
fessor at  'lubingen,  and  in  1580,  published 
an  oration  in  pr.tise  f)t  a  Country  lile,  vith  a 
par;*i)lir.is(t  on  Xitgil's  Eclogues  and  (ieor- 
gics.  In  this  celebrated  work  he  inveighed 
severely  agijinst  courtiers,  and  the  satire  was 
felt  anel  resentctl.  Even  his  life  was  in  dan- 
gei",  so  that  he  fled  to  linubach,  in  (Jarniola, 
where  he  openerl  a  scliool  ;  but  the  insaiu- 
brily  of  the  air,  and  the  ill  health  of  his  wife 
and  children  obliged  him  to  return  home. 
He  afterwards  passed  to  Frankfort,  and 
the  nee  into  Saxony,  and  to  Brunswick,  »md 
at  last,  overpowered  by  his  necessities,  he 
M  rote  to  the  ])rincc  of  A\  irlemberg  for  re- 
lief; but  his  application  was  <lisregarded, 
and  he  afterwards  imprisoned  in  W'irtem- 
berg  castle.  From  this  illiberal  tieatnient 
he  determined  to  escape,  but  unfoi-tunately 
in  the  attem])t,  the  ropes  which  he  used 
were  so  weak  that  he  fell  down  a  deep  pre- 
cipice, and  was  dashed  to  pieces  on  the  rocks, 
in  1590.  He  left  behind  him  the  character 
of  an  unfortunate,  persecuted  man,  whose 
abilities,  however,  were  strongly  exhibited 
in  his  tragedies,  comedies,  elegies,  and  ele- 
gant translations  from  Greek  and  Latin  au- 
thors, and  also  by  a  well  digested  Latin 
Grammar. 

Frischmuth,  John,  a  native  of  Fran- 
eonia,  who  died  rector  of  Jena  unirersity, 
1687,  aged  68.  He  was  author  of  Illustra- 
tions and  Dissertations  on  diflicult  Passages 
of  Scripture. 

Frisius,  John,  a  native  of  Zurich.  He 
became  principal  of  the  college  there,  and 
introduced  the  study  of  the  Hebrew,  antl 
other  oriental  languages.  Besides  a  Latin 
and  German  Dictionary  he  translated  some 
of  the  scrijjtures  into  German  from  the  He- 
brew, and  died  1565,  aged  60.  His  son  Jolin 
James,  was  professor  of  theology  and  philo- 
sophy, and  died  ICIO. — Another  son  suc- 
ceeded him  as  professor.  Henry,  of  the 
same  family,  was  professor  of  languages  at 
Zurich,  where  he  died  1718,  author  of  a 
treatise  De  Sede  Animie  Rationis, — De 
Commuuione  Sanctorum,, &c. 

Fuirii,  John.  Vid.  Fryth. 

FiiizoN,  Peter,  author  of  a  History  of 
French  Cardinals, — a  History  of  the  Grand 
Almoners  ol'  France, — the  Life  of  Spond^us, 
kc.  and  editor  of  tb.c  Frencii  Bible,  trans- 
lated by  the  Louvain  divines,  with  notes, 
dieil  at  Paris,  master  of  the  Jesuits'  college 
of  Navarre,  16 i I. 

Frobenius,  John,  an  eminent  German 
printer,  born  at  Hammelburg,  Franconia. 
He  was  educated  at  Basil,  and  after  great 
progress  in  literature  began  the  business  of 
printer  there.  The  respectability  of  his 
character,  and   his   constant  cai-e  of  never 


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printing  any  thing  offensive  to  moi'a's  arid 
religion,  produced  him  both  celebrity  and 
opulence.  He  was  tiie  intimate  friend  of 
Erasmus,  and  he  printed  his  works.  From 
his  press  issued  a  great  many  valuable  edi- 
tions of  difierent  authors,  of  Jerome,  Augus- 
tine, &c.  lie  had  formed  the  design  of  pub- 
lishing all  tiie  Greek  fathers,  but  death  pre- 
vented the  ccimpletion.  His  deatli,  which 
happened  at  Basil  1527,  was  supposed  to 
have  been  occasioned  by  a  fall  five  years  be- 
fore, which  at  last  ended  In  a  dead  palsy. 
He  was  universally  lamented;  but  by  none 
more  than  Erasmus,  who  loved  Idni  sincere- 
ly, and  wiio,  in  proof  of  his  ail'ection,  wi-ote 
his  epitapli  in  Greek  and  Latin.  He  left  his 
busitiess  to  his  son  Jerome  Frobenius,  and 
his  son-in-law  Nicolas  Episcopius. 

Frobisher,  sir  Martin,  a  celebrated  na- 
vigator, born  near  Doncaster  in  Yorkshire.  He 
Avas  early  brouglit  up  to  a  sea  life,  and  was 
the  first  Englishman  who  attempted  to  dis- 
cover a  north-west  passage  to  China.  After 
fruitless  endeavors  to  complete  his  favorite 
scheme  for  15  years,  he  at  last  obtained  the 
protection  of  Dudley  earl  oi  Warv  ick,  and 
■with  three  barks  he  sailed  from  Deptford, 
8th  June  1576,  in  the  sight  of  queen  Eliza- 
helh,  who  waving  her  hand  bade  him  fare- 
well. After  visiting  the  coasts  of  Greenland, 
and  penetrating  to  a  strait  to  which  he  gave 
his  own  name,  he  returned,  and  arrived  at 
Harwich  the  2d  October.  As  he  brought 
with  him  some  of  the  produce  of  the  lands 
which  he  visited,  a  black  and  heavy  stone, 
which  was  on  board,  was  discovered  to  con- 
tain gold,  and  in  consequence  a  new  expe- 
dition v^as  quickly  planned.  With  a  ship  of 
the  royal  navy  and  two  barks,  he  sailed  from 
Harwich  31st  Mav  1577;  and  after  passing 
by  some  very  dreadful  islands  of  ice  on  the 
coast  of  Friezland,  he  discovered  and  gave 
names  to  various  bays  and  isles  ;  and  at  last, 
after  loading  his  sliips  with  some  of  the  gol- 
den ore  of  which  he  was  in  j)ursuit,  he  came 
back  and  reached  England  at  tiie  end  of 
September.  The  queen  received  him  uith 
great  condescension.  The  ore  he  had 
Brought  was  examined  before  commission- 
ers, and  was  proved  to  be  valuable;  and 
another  expedition  was  prepwrcd  to  make 
still  further  discoveries.  The  third  expe- 
dition, consisting  of  fifteen  ships,  sailed  from 
Harwich  ou  the  31st  of  May,  and  returried 
hack  wilh  the  usual  success,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  October.  Afterwards  Frobisher 
served  in  sir  Francis  Drake's  expedition  to 
the  West-Indies;  and  three  years  after,  in 
1588,  he  commanded  tlie  Triumph  in  the 
defeat  of  tlie  Spanish  arma«la.  He  was 
knighted  in  his  own  shij)  for  his  great  ser- 
vices;  and  afi.erwards  was  employed  to  com- 
mand a  fleet  on  the  Spanish  coast.  In  1594, 
he  supported  Heni-y  IV.  against  llie  leaguers 
and  Spaniards;  but  in  an  attack  against 
Ci'oyzon  near  Brest,  he  was  unfortunately 
wounded  by  a  ball  in  the  hip,  7th  Novem- 
ber and  clied  soon  after,  h  is  said,  through 
the  ignorance  of  his  surgeon,  who,  by  ne- 
glecting to  e.\tract  the  wadding,  did  not  pre- 


vent the  festering  of  the  affected  part.   This 
brave  man  was  buried  at  Plymouth. 

Froelich,  Erasmus,  a  native  of  Gratz 
in  Styria.  He  was  a  Jesuit,  and  eminent  for 
his  knowledge  of  mathematics  and  medallic 
history.  He  wrote  Quatuor  Teutermina  in 
Re  Numniaria,  4to. — Annales  Regum  Sty- 
rise,  fol. — de  Figura  Telluris,  4to.  and  died 
1758,  aged  58. 

Froidmont,  Libert,  a  native  of  Liege, 
dean  of  St.  Peter's,  and  philosophical  pro- 
fessor at  Louvain.  He  wrote  Dissertatio  do 
Comcta, — Meteorologieorum  Libri  Quinque 
— Brevis  Anatomia  Hominis — in  Actus 
Apostol.  Commcntar.  He  died  1653,  aged 
66. 

Froila  I.  king  of  Spain  after  Alphonsus 
757,  is  known  for  the  famous  victoi-y  which 
he  obtained  o^  er  the  Saracens  in  Galicia  760. 
He  established  very  excellent  laws,  but  his 
murder  of  his  brother  Vimazan  was  cow- 
ardly and  cruel ;  and  in  consequence  of  this 
he  lost  his  life  by  the  hand  of  his  otiier  bro- 
ther Aurelius  768. 

Froila  H.  succeeded  his  brother  Ordo- 
guo  on  the  Spanish  throne  923,  and  died  of 
a  leprosy  two  years  after.  He  was  so  cruel  in 
his  government  that  the  Castilians  revolted 
against  him. 

Froissard  or  Fuoissart,  John,  an 
eminent  historian,  born  at  Talenciennes 
1337.  Though  bred  to  the  church,  he  was 
fond  of  gayety,aud  travelled  through  England^ 
Scotland,  Italy,  and  otlier  places.  He  was 
for  some  time  in  great  favor  with  Philippa, 
the  queen  of  Edward  III.  and  died  canon 
and  treasurer  of  Chiinai  about  1410.  His 
"  Chronicle"  is  a  valuable  work,  containing 
an  account  of  the  events  which  took  place  in 
England,  France,  and  Spain,  from  1326  to 
1400.  The  best  edition  is  that  of  Lyons,  4 
vols.  fol.  1599.  It  has  been  abridged  by 
Sleidan,  and  continued  to  1466  by  Monstre- 
Ict.  It  has  been  lately  edited  and  elucidated 
by  the  labors  of  Mr.  Johnes. 

Fuomage,  Peter,  a  superior  of  tlie  Je- 
fjuits  sent  to  Egypt  and  Syria.  He  publish- 
ed, in  Arabic,  various  religious  pieces,  at  St. 
John's  monastery  near  Antura,  Avhere  he 
liad  established  a  press.  He  died  in  Syria, 
after  some  years'  residence  there  1740. 

Fronteav,  John,  a  native  of  Angers, 
chancellor  of  Paris  university,  and  after- 
wards prior  of  Benay  in  Angers,  and  Su 
Mngdalen  of  Montargis,  where  he  died  1662, 
aged  48.  He  wrote  the  Philosophy  of  Al- 
amandus, — Antitheses  Augustini  &  Calvini^ 
de  Diebus  Festivus,  fol. 

Frontinvs,  Sextus  Julius,  a  Roman 
writer  under  I'rajan.  He  wrote  de  Re  Ag- 
raiVa, — Libri  Tres  S(ratagematum>  he. 

Fronto,  Marcus  Cornelius,  a  Roman 
orator,  preceptor  to  Vereus  and  M.  Aure- 
lius. 

Frowde,  Philip,  an  English  poet,  educa- 
ted at  Oxford,  wliere  hi«  intimacy  with  Ad- 
dison introduced  him  to  the  notice  of  tlte 
I  great.     He  wars  author  of  some  very  elegant 
I  Latin    poems  in  the   Musaj  Anglican£e,  and 
i  wrote  besides,   two  tragedies,  ♦*  the  Fall  of 


Ih 


FU 


Sagunlum"  and  "  Philotas."  He  iliod  in 
Cccil-stifct,  Suand,  17.i)8,  leaving:  a  iiiosl 
amiable  chaj'aclcr  bthitid  liim.  No  man, 
•avs  his  biograpiicr, could  live  nioi-c-  beloved, 
no  priAute  man  could  die  more  lamcntotl. 

I'uiiGOxi,  Ciiarles  limocent,  an  Italian 
poet,  horn  at  (Jrnoa  lO'Ji^.  He  entcrrd  into 
the  society  of  the  SommasiiiiCJ,  hut  iiitci*- 
wai'ds  wiili  the  pope's  leave  laid  aside  the 
cleric;d  character,  and  became  perpetnal  sr- 
crel;try  to  the  academy  ol'tine  arts  at  l*adu;». 
He  die»l  17C8  ac;ed  76.  His  works  consibt- 
inpj  ot  niinor  poems  were  published  at  l^ar- 
ina  177'J  in  *)  vols   Svo. 

Fkumentius,  a  Komish  saint,  the  apos- 
tle of  the  ^F.thioi)ians,  ainons^  m  hf)m  he  was 
consecrated  bishop  331,  hv  Athanasius.  He 
died  360. 

Frve,  Thomas,  a  native  of  I)ul)rm,  who 
settled  in  London,  where  he  ueujiMreil  some 
eminence  as  a  painter.  He  afterwards  en- 
piaged  in  a  china  manufactory  at  liow,  but  ill 
success  obliged  him  to  return  to  his  iiallel. 
He  attempted  also  mezzotinto  engraving.. 
His  picture  of  the  prince  of  AN'ales  painted 
for  Sadlers-huM  in  1738,  v.as  admired  as  a 
■well  executed  piece.  He  died  in  Lomlon 
176'2,  aged  52. 

Fryth,  John,  an  English  martyr,  born  at 
Seven  Oaks  in  Kent,  lie  was  educated  at 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards 
went  to  O.xford,  where  he  became  one  of  the 
canons  in  Wolsey's  college.  'J'he  acquaint- 
ance and  conversation  of  Tyndale  converted 
iiim  to  tlie  tenets  of  Luther,  for  Mhieh  he 
^vas  imprisoned.  Upon  Jiis  liberation  in 
1528  he  left  England,  and  two  years  after 
returned,  and  began  with  inereascd  zeal  to 
preach  his  opinions.  His  influence  vas  so 
great  that  he  was  sent  to  the  Tower  by  sir 
Thomas  ]More,  and  refusing  to  recant  Jie 
was  condemned  by  the  catholic  commissioTi, 
and  was  burnt  in  Sraithfield  1533.  He  wrote 
several  treatises  agaiiist  poperv,  which  were 
I'ejtrinted  in  London  in  fol.  1573. 

FucHsius,  or  FecHs,  Leonard,  a  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  born  1501,  at  Wembdingen 
in  Havaria.  He  practised  at  Municli  and 
Ingoldstadt,  and  was  raised  to  equestrian 
honors  by  Charles  V.  He  died  1566,  aged 
65.  The  best  known  of  his  works  is,  *'  His- 
toria  Stirpiupj,"  1543,  folio,  liale. 

FuESSLi,  John  Gaspard,  a  native  of  Zu- 
rich, eminent  as  an  artist  and  as  a  respecta- 
ble man.  H(>  -wrote  tlie  History  of  the  Art- 
ists of  Switzerland,  a  work  of  raerit,  and 
died  1782,  aged  76.  His  son  of  the  same 
name  was  a  bookseller  at  Zurich,  and  pub- 
lished some  interesting  Avoiks  on  entomolo- 
gy.    He  died  1786. 

FuGGER,  Huldric,  a  learned  man,  born 
at  Augsburg  in  1526,  of  an  ancient  and  opu- 
lent family.  He  spent  much  of  his  pioper- 
ty  in  tli«-  purchasing  of  books  and  manu- 
scripts, which  he  printed  at  llie  press  of 
Henry  Stephens,  but  his  relations  were  so 
displeased  with  his  extravagance,  as  they 
called  it,  in  the  protection  and  encourage- 
ment of  literature,  that  they  had  him  de- 
clared by  a  court  of  justice  incapable  of  ma- 


naging his  aflairs.  He  retired  to  Hiidolbrrg, 
where  he  died  158  i,  beipieathing  his  libra- 
ry to  the  elector  Falaline,  with  a  fund  for 
the  decent  maintenance  of  six  sehoLtrh. 

I'tLnLHi,  an  Italian,  educated  under 
pope  Syl\t-.ster  II  He  aequii-«d  great  ce- 
lebiify  in  Fraix-e  as  a  public  pieacher,  and 
obtained  the  bi^htipric  of  Ijhaitres.  He 
wrote  «ilh  .«itrong  zeal  against  IJerengariua 
on  the  euclw  list,  and  was  the  first  who  in* 
trod  need  into  France  the  worship  pai«l  to 
the  Virgin  \lary.  He  dic<l  102H.  His  works 
and  letters  ai"e  extant. 

FuLDA,  (Miarles  Fi'ederic,  a  native  of 
Wimpfen  in  Swabia,  eminent  as  a  Lutheran 
divine,  and  also  as  a  mecdianic.  He  died  at 
Eiu'.'.igen  1788,  aged  66.  He  was  author  of 
a  Dictionary  of  the  German  Roots — an  In- 
quiry into  Language — on  the  Origin  of  the 
Goths — on  the  Cimbri — on  the  Heilies  of 
Germany — a  Chart  (jf  History,  8cc. 

Fui.GENTius,  St.  an  ecclesiastical  wri- 
ter, born  of  a  noble  family  at  Talepta  about 
468.  After  a  lib,ei"al  education  he  took  the 
monastic  vows,  ami  founded  a  monasteiy. 
He  was  eleclecl  bishop  of  \'inta  in  507,  and 
afterwards  of  liuspa,  but  he  shared  the  per- 
secution of  the  African  prelates,  and  was 
banished  by  Thrasimond,  king  of  the  \'an- 
dals,  into  Sardinia.  Afier  the  death  of 
Thrasimcmd  he  returned  to  Africa,  and  died 
tliere  533,  the  first  day  of  the  year,  aged  55. 
Of  the  works  of  this  learned  father,  the  best 
edition  is  that  of  Paris,  4lo.  16S4. 

Fl'LGIN AS,  Sigismund,  a  writer  of  the 
15th  century,  in  the  service  of  pope  Julius 
H.     He  wrote  an  history  of  his  own  times. 

FuLKE,  \\'iHiani,  an  English  divine,  born 
in  Lomlon,  and  educated  at  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
1564.  He  spent  six  years  at  ClifFord's  Inn, 
but  his  fondness  for  literature  was  greater 
than  his  partiality  for  the  law,  though  against 
the  wishes  of  his  father.  In  consequence  of 
his  acquaintance  with  Cartwright,  he  was 
suspected  of  [>uiitanism,  and  was  expelled 
from  his  college,  but  the  patronnge  of  the 
earl  of  Leicester  restored  him  to  public  fa- 
vor, and  presented  )»im  1571  to  the  li\ing 
of  AVarley,  Essex,  and  two  years  after  to 
Didington,  Suffolk.  Heafteruards  took  his 
degree  of  1).  J),  at  Cambridge,  and  accompa- 
nied as  chaplain  his  patron  when  ambassa- 
dor to  Fi-ance,  and  on  his  return  he  was 
made  master  of  l^embroke  hall,  and  Marga- 
ivt  professor.  He  died  15S9.  Ho  wrote 
several  works  in  Latin  and  English,  chiefly 
against  the  ])apists,  and  dedicated  to  (pieen 
Elizabeth,  and  to  her  favorite  Leicester. 
His  Comment  upon  the  Rheims  Testament 
is  the  most  known  of  Ids  works.  It  appeaix-d 
in  1580,  and  again  in  16(>1,  1617,  and  1633, 
in  fol. 

Fuller,  Xicolas,  was  born  at  Southamp- 
ton 1557,  and  educated  at  the  tree  school 
there.  He  became  secretary  to  Horue  bish- 
op of  Winchester,  and  to  Watson  his  succes- 
sor, and  afterwai'ds  he  went  as  tutor  to  a 
Mr.  Knight's  sons  at  St.  John's  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  took  Jjjs  degrees  ia  arts  at  Hixt 


FU 


lU 


hall.    He  became   prebendary  of  Salisbury, 
and  rector  of  Bishop's  Waltham,  Hants,  and 
died    162iJ.     He    was  an    able  scholar,  well 
skilled   in    Hebrew,  and  superior  to  all  the 
critics  of  his  time.     His  "  iVIisceilanea  The- 
ologica,"  in  four  hooks,  a  valuable  book,  was 
published  in  Oxford  1616,  and  l^ondon  IG17, 
and  it  is  inserted  with  some  other  works  in 
fooLe's  Synopsis   Criticorum.     Some  of  his 
MSS.  are  preserved  in  the  Bodleian  library. 
Fuller,  Thomas,   an  English  historian 
and  divine,born  in  I608,at  Akle  inNorihamp- 
tonshire,  where  his  father  was  minister.  His 
proficiency  was  so  great  that  at  the  age  of 
12  he   was  sent  to  Queen's  college,   Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  Sidney  college, 
of  which  he  was  chosen  fellow   1631.     That 
year  he  obtained  a  prebend  at  Salisbury,  and 
was  afterwards  presented   to   tlie   living   of 
Broad  Windsor,  Dorsetshire,  Avhere  he  mar- 
ried. Upon  tile  loss  of  his  wife  about  1641,  he 
removed  to  London,  and  became  minister  of 
the  Savoy.     In  1642  he   preached  at  West- 
minster abbey,  and  gave  such  oftence   in  his 
sermon  by  his  zealous  support  of  the    royal 
cause,  that  his  life  was  considered  in  danger. 
He  joined  the  king  at  Oxford  in  1643,  but  his 
sermon  there,  before  his   royal  master,  ap- 
peared as  lukew  arm,  as  that  at  Westminster 
had  been  interpreted    as   violent,  a   strong 
proof  no  doubt  of  the  moderation  to  which  he 
warmly    exhorted   all   parties.     In    1644,  he 
was  chaplain  to  lord   Hopton,   and    was  left 
with  part  of  his  army  at  Basing  house  when 
it  was  besieged  by   sir  William  Waller,  and 
in  this  situation  he  behaved  with  such  cour- 
age that  the  parliamentary  general  raised  the 
siege   with  loss.     Fuller  afterwards  retired 
to  Exeter,  where   he  was   chaplain    to  the 
princess  Henrietta,  and  where  he  continued 
during  the  siege  of  the  city,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  war  he  returned  to  London,  and  be- 
came a  popular  preacher  at   St.  Clement's 
lane,  and   afterwards  at  St.   Bride's  Fleet- 
street.     In  1648  he   was  presented    to    the 
living  of  Waltham,  in  Essex,  by  lord  Carlisle, 
and  in  1654  he  married  a  sister  of  viscount 
Baltinglasse.     At  the  restoration,  he   found 
himself  a  favorite  at  court,  and  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.  U.  and  would  Imve  risen  to  a  bish- 
opric, had  not  a  fever  unfortunately  carried 
him  ofi",  1 6th  Aug.    1661.     His   funeral   was 
attended  by  200  of  his  brethren,  and  a  ser- 
mon was  preached  over  him  by  dean  Hardy. 
The  most  celebrated  of  his  works  are  "  the 
Church  History  of  Britain,  from  the  birth  of 
Christ,  till  164S,"  with  the  History  of  Cam- 
bridge University,  and  the  History  of  Walt- 
ham-abbey  annexed,   1656 — History   of  the 
Worthies  of  England,  a  valuable  book,  pub- 
lished in  1662,  fol. — Good  Thoughts,  in  Bad 
Times,  and    in  W^orse  Times — the  History 
of  the  Holy  War,  1640,  fol— the  Holy  State, 
fol.  1642— "Pisgah  Sight  of  Palestine,  and  the 
Confines  thereof,    with  tlie    History  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testament,  1650— Abel  Itedi- 
vivus,    or   English  divines,  1651,    4to. — the 
Speech    of  Birds,  moral  and   mystical,  8vo. 
16G0— Andronicusj  or  the  Unfortunate  Poh- 


tician,  1649,  8vo.  besides  sermons,  &c.  His 
Church  History  was  attacked  with  severity 
by  Dr.  Heylin,  and  ably  defended,  but  with 
such  moderation  that  the  two  antagonists 
were  reconciled  in  lasting  friendship.  Dr. 
Fuller  left  a  son  by  each  of  his  two  wives. 
He  was,  in  private  as  well  as  public  life,  a 
very  respected  and  amiable  character.  His 
memory  is  said  to  have  been  uncommonly 
retentive,  so  that  he  could  repeat  a  sermon 
verbatim,  after  once  heHi'ing  it,  and  once 
after  walking  from  Temple-bar  to  the  end  of 
Cheapside,  lie  mentioned  all  the  signs,  on 
bT»th  sides  of  the  way,  either  backwards  or 
forwards.  He  was,  in  his  conversation,  very 
humorous.  It  is  said  that  he  once  travelled 
with  a  friend  of  the  name  of  Sparrowhawk, 
and  he  could  not  but  ask  him  jocosely  what 
was  the  difterence  between  an  Owl  and  a 
Sparrowhawk.  The  difference  is  very  great» 
replied  his  companion,  eyeing  his  corpulent 
person  with  a  smile,  for  it  is  Fuller  in  the 
head,  fuller  in  the  body,  and  fuller  all  over. 

Fuller,  Isaac,  an  English  painter  of  some 
celebrity.  The  resurrection  in  All  Soul's 
college-chapel,  and  that  of  Magdalen  col- 
lege, and  an  historical  piece  only  in  two  co- 
lors, in  W^adham  college,  Oxford,  are  ex- 
cellent proofs  of  liis  great  abilities.  He  stu- 
died under  Perrier,  in  P'rance,  and  was  very 
accurate  in  the  anatomy  of  his  figures  but  he 
often  offended  indecency  and  historical  truth. 
He  died  at  the  end  of  the  second  Charles' 
reign  in  London. 

FuLLO,  Peter,  a  heretical  bishop  of  An- 
tioch,  during  the  exile  of  Martyrius  in  the 
fifth  centui'y.     He  maintained  witlt  the  Eu- 
tychian  tenets,  that  all  the  three  persons  oC 
the  trinity  suffered  on  the  cross. 

FuLViA,  wife  of  Mark  Antony,  knowu 
for  her  hatred  against  Cicero.  When  the 
orator's  head  was  brought  to  her  she  pier- 
ced the  tongue  repeatedly  with  a  silver  bodr 
kin. 

FuNCCius  or  FuNCK,  John  Nicholas,  a 
celebrated  critic,  born  at  Marpurg  in  1693. 
He  was  educated  at  the  university-  ofRint- 
len,  and  wrote  some  very  able  and  learned 
treatises,  de  Origine  Latinte  Linguse,  and 
de  Pueritia  Latinte  Linguce,  &c.  He  died 
1778. 

FuRETiERE,  Antliony,  a  lawyer  born  at 
Paris  1620,  and  eminent  as  an  ad\X)cate  in 
the  parliament.  He  afterwards  took  oi'ders, 
and  became  abbot  of  Chalivoy  and  prior  of 
(ihuines.  He  was  expelled  in  1685  from  the 
French  academy,  on  the  accusation  that  he 
had  composed  *'  a  Dictionary  of  the  French 
Tongue"  which,  being  borrowed  from  the 
same  materials,  was  intended  to  supersede 
theirs.  This  valuable  work  was  published 
twoyears  after  his  death,  in  1690,  2  vols,  folio. 

FuRiNi,  Francesco,  a  i)ainler  of  Flo- 
rence, who  died  1646,  aged  42.  His  bathing 
nymphs  were  particularly  admired,  but  he 
displayed  in  his  figures  more  elegance  than 
regard  to  decency. 

FuRius  BiBACULus,  a  Latin  poet  of 
Cremona,  author  of  some  annals  and  satires, 
100  B,  C. 


FY 


FY 


FuRNEAUX,  Philip,  n  non-ronforiTiist  i 
boni  at  Toliu.'ss,  Devtmsljirt-.  lit-  was  us- 
sistuiit  to  a  (lissiiitinj;  coiiu:iH  i.';:i(ion  in  Soinlt- 
-wnrk,  und  sifU'rwanls  Itctunr  at  Sailers' 
hall,  an<l  in  1753  he  siKM-ctilt<l  Liownian  at 
Clapham.  He  was  coiiiitlinK/iili'd  with  the 
dcijree  of  I).  1).  troni  a  Scoteli  Hiiiverbitx , 
»ii(l  ilied  178.),  aged  f>[).  He  wrote  an  Kssay 
Ofi  Toleration,  and  letters  to  judp;e  IJIack- 
htone  on  kis  Kxpositioi»  of  the  Toleration 
Act. 

Fin;ST,  Walter,  or  Furptius,  a  Swiss, 
revered  as  'nc  ol"  the  rounders  oflhe  liljertv 
ot'his  country.  He  seized  in  l.i07  uiih  some 
of  iiis  brave  eounlrymen,  the  forts  hy  which 
his  country  was  enslaved  under  All)ert  of 
Austria,  and  by  their  demolition  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  Swiss  -was  re-established. 

Furs  TEMBERG,  Ferdinand  tic,  a  native 
of  Westphalia,  promoted  in  tlie  church  hy 
pope  Alexander  Vll.  and  in  1678  made  bish- 
op of  Munster,  and  apostolical  vicar  of 
Northern  Europe.  He  published  Monu- 
iiienta  l^adeiljorncnsia  lt)7'2,  4to. — a  Col- 
lection of  Latin  poems,  &c.  and  was  a  libei'al 
patron  of  literature,  and  encoui-aged  stren- 
uously the  pro])agation  of  Christianity  infoi"- 
eign  parts.     He  died  168.3,  aged  57. 

FvsT,  Anthony,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
minister  of  St.  Bartholomew  church  at  Paris. 
He  was  imprisoned  hy  the  Jesuits,  whose 
opinions  and  conduct  lie  opposed,  and  accus- 
ed of  incontinency  and  heresy,  but  he  was 
aftervai'ds  set  free,  and  retired  to  Geneva 
■where  he  publicly  embraced  the  protestant 


tenets.    He  wrote  against  the  errors  and  c(v 
ruptions  of  the  Koini.'jh  church,   bciides  'tui 
accouiitof  his  own  case,  ix.c.     He  died  1630. 

Fust  or  FAUsr,  John,  a  goldsmith  of 
Mentz,  to  whom  with  tJntteniherg  anti 
Si>h;eHV;r,  is  attriliutcil  the  invention  of  print- 
ing. It  is  more  pr'tbable  that  he  Only  assin- 
ted  (iuttemlycrgh  with  money,  to  enable  hini 
to  make  mo>able  mtlul  ty[>es  at  Stra-sbuig 
in  1444.  Kosttr,  however,  at  llariaem  iu- 
vetiteil,  in  14.30,  the  cullingof  wooden  blocks, 
and  Sclijetier,  in  145'J,  found  out  the  method 
of  casting  metal  types.  'I'hc  first  printed 
iiook  with  metallic  types  isDuj-andi  liutionalc 
Uivinoruin  Oilicioruiu  1459,  and  afterwavdi 
C'atholicon  .loatmis  .lanuensis,  though  it  is 
said  that  there  is  a  psalter,  with  the  date  ot* 
1457  ])rinted  at  Meutz,  Fust  died  at  Paris 
1466  of  tlie  ])Iague.  The  leport  of  his  beinj 
arrested  as  a  magician  at  Paris,  for  h-iviuj 
in  his  possession  various  copies  of  tlie  bible 
in  unusual  exactness,  is  false. 

FuXELiER,  Lewis,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
Paris,  who  also  conducted  the  Mercury,  a 
])eriodical  work,  from  1744  to  1752,  v.  hen  he 
died  aged  80.  His  ^tragedies,  operas,  &ct. 
■were  written  with  ease  and  spirit. 

Fyot  de  la  March e,  Claude,  count  of 
Bosjam,a  native  of  Dijon,  highly  honored  by 
Lewis  XIV.  and  made  counsellor  of  state, 
and  prior  of  Notre  Dame.  He  wiote  au 
History  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Stephen,  fol. 
and  some  religious  tracts,  and  died  at  Dijoii 
1721,  aged  91. 


GA 


GA 


GA  AL,  Barent,  a  13utch  landscape  painter, 
the  disciple  of  P.  Wouvermans.  He 
was  born  about  1650,  and  by  imitating  his 
master  acquired  some  celebrity. 

Gabbi  AN  I,  Antonio  Domenico,  a  piiinter 
of  Florence,  patronised  by  the  duke  Cosmo 
IlL  and  sent  by  him  to  liome  to  improve 
liimself.  He  was  killed  by  a  fall  fron\  a  scaf- 
fold 1726,  aged  74. 

Gabinius,  Aulus,  a  Roman  consul,  em- 
ployed against  Alexander  king  of  J  udieu.  He 
placed  Ptolemy  Auletes  on  the  Egyptian 
throne,  and  died  B.  C.  40. 

Gabriel,  Severus,  a  Greek  bishop,  born 
at  Monenibasia  in  Peloponnesus,  He  was 
made  bisiiop  of  Philadelphia,  but,  in  1577, 
came  to  Venice,  and  presided  over  the 
Greeks  in  that  republic.  His  various  tracts 
on  theological  subjects,  Greek  and  Latin, 
■were  published  Paris  1671,  4to. 

Gabriel,  Sionite,  aMaronite,  once  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages  at  Itome,  died 
at  Paris  1648,  then  professor  of  Syriac  and 
Arabic.  He  assisted  le  Jay  in  the  polyglot 
bible,  and  published  a  translation  of  the  Ara- 
bic Geography,  called  Geographia  Nubien- 
sis,  in  1619,  4to. 

Gabriel,  James,  a  French  architect, 
^he  pupil  of  .Mansard.  He  was  born  at  Paris, 
and  died  1742,  aged  77.  His  merit,  as  the 
:^ble  builder  of    several  noble    edifices  in 


France,  placed  him  in  the  office  of  inspec- 
tor general  of  buildings,  gardens,  arts,  autt 
manufactures,  and  of  first  architect  an<l  en- 
gineer of  bridges  and  public  ways  in  the 
kingdon.  He  was  also  knight  of  the  order 
of  St.  ]MichaeI. 

Gabrielle,  de  Bourbon,  daughter  of 
count  de  Montpensier,  married,  1485,  Lewis 
de  la  I'remouille,  who  was  killetl  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Puviu  152,i.  Her  son  Charles  count  of 
Talmoiid,  was  also  killed  at  the  battle  of  Ma- 
rignau  1515,  and  she  died  1516:  Her  vir- 
tues were  very  great,  and  some  published 
treatises  remain  as  proofs  of  her  great  piety 
and  devotion. 

Gabrixo,  Augustine,  a  fanatic  of  Bres- 
cia, who  called  himself  prince  of  the  number 
seven,  and  monarch  of  the  holy  Trinity.  His 
followers  amounting  to  80  called  themselves 
Knights  of  the  Apocalypse.  He  rushed  into 
a  ciiurch  on  palm  sunday  1694,  while  the 
priests  were  singing,  Who  is  the  king  of 
glory  ?  and  with  a  drawn  sword  he  proclaim- 
ed himself  the  king  of  glory.  He  was  con- 
fined in  a  mad  hoube,  and  his  sect  dispersed. 

Gabrino.  Vii!.  liiExzi. 

Gaburet,  Nicola?,  an  eminent  French 
surgeon,  under  Lewis  XIII.  He  died  1662, 
at  an  advanced  age. 

Gacox,  Francis,  a  French  poet,  born 
at  Lyons.    He  bgcaiue  father  of  the  orato- 


GA 


GA 


py,  and  died  at  bis  priory  of  Baillon  1727, 
aged  ;18.  lie  is  known  tor  his  severe  satires 
against  Bossuet,  Rousseau,  la  Molte  and 
<>thers.  Though  he  had  personally  attacked 
almost  all  the  members  of  the  academy,  yet 
the  poetical  j.'rize  was  adjudged  to  him  in 
1717.  The  best  of  his  works  is  a  transla- 
tion of  Anacreon.  His  oilier  pieces  are 
chiefly  satirical. 

Gaddesden,  John  of,  an  Englishman, 
the  first  employed  as  physician  at  the  coui^t. 
lie  Avrote  •*  Rosa  Anglica"  a  treatise  which 
contains  a  compendium  of  all  the  practice 
of  physic  in  England  in  his  time.  He  was 
an  ecclesiastic  and  had  preferment,  and  as 
a  medical  man  was  very  superstitious, 
lliough  superior  to  others  of  his  time. 

Gaudi,  Gaddo,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
w'lio  died  1312,  aged  73.  His  works  were 
chiefly  Mosaic,  he  also  excelled  in  <icsigns, 

Gaddi,  Taddeo,  son  of  the  above  was 
born  at  Florence,  and  died  1350,  aged  50. 
A  crucifixion  by  him  is  still  preserved  at 
Arezzo. 

Gaddi,  Agnolo,  the  son  and  pupil  of 
Taddeo,  died  1387,  aged  GO.  He  success- 
iuHy  imitated  liis  fatlicr. 

Gaelen,  Alexander  Van,  a  Hutcli 
painter  -who  died  1728,  aged  58.  He  was 
in  London,  and  painted  three  battles  be- 
tween Charles  1.  and  Cromwci!,  besides  a 
picture  of  the  battle  of  the  Bo\r.e. 

Gaertxer,  Joseph,  a  riative  of  Calu  in 
Swabia,  son  to  the  pliysieiau  ot"  the  duke  of 
Wirtembcrg.  He  studied  at  Tubingen,  but 
his  fondness  for  natural  hiatory  w  as  so  great 
that  he  abandoned  divinity  to  devote  him- 
self more  fully  to  his  favorite  pursuits,  and 
to  mathematics  and  medicine.  He  next  at- 
tended the  lectures  of  Haller  at  Gottingen, 
and  after  travelling  over  part  of  Europe  he 
took  the  degree  of  M.  D.  and  in  1759  ap- 
plied himself  to  botany  and  vegetable  anat- 
omy at  Ley  den.  His  visit  to  England  was 
raarked  by  his  friendly  reception  among 
men  of  rank  and  of  science,  he  Avas  made 
fellow  of  tlie  loyal  society  and  enriched  the 
phiiosophical  transactions  Avith  a  curious  pa- 

ger  on  the  fructification  and  propagation  of 
onfervie,  tec.  In  1768,  he  was  honorably 
appointed  professor  of  botany  and  natural 
history  at  Petersburg,  and  was  thus  enabled 
to  exaitiine  the  natural  curiosities  of  the 
Ukraine  with  the  eye  and  attention  of  a  phi- 
losopher and  botanist.  He  returnef!  to  Swa- 
hia  in  1770,  and,  in  1778,  again  visited  Lon- 
don to  finish  the  drawings  and  figures  for 
his  great  work  called  Carpology,  which  he 
dedicated  to  sir  Joseph  Banks.  This  inde- 
fatigable naturalist  died  1791,  aged  59,  leav- 
ing behind  him  many  valuable  manuscripts, 
&c. 

Gjetano  Seine,  a  Florentine  painter, 
who  died  1588,  aged  38.  His  i)ortraits  and 
historical  pieces  are  much  admii'ed. 

Gaffareli,,  James,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Mannes,  in  Provence,  1601,  an<l  ed- 
ucated at  the  university  oF  Apt  in  thatprov- 
5nee.  He  studiously  devoted  himself  to  tlie 
Hebrew  language,  and  to  Rabbinical  learn- 


I  ing,  and  at  the  age  of  22  wrote  a  large  4to". 
i  volume  in  defence  of  the  mysterious  doct- 
:  rineof  the  Cabala.     He  was  appointed  libra- 
;  rian  to  liichclieu,  and  enabled   by  his  muni- 
j  ficence  to  travel  into  Italy  to  make  a  collec;- 
{ tion  of  valuable  books  and  manuscripts.     On 
his  return  his  abilities  were  emploved  by  his 
patron  in  the  difKcult  and  imavailing  task  of 
i-econciling  the  protestants  to   the  psipists. 
He  died  at   Sigonce,  where   he  was   abbot, 
1681,  aged  81.     By  the   recommendation  of 
Richelieu,  whom    he  survived  many  years, 
he  Avas  dean  of  canon  law  at  Paris,  prior  of 
Revest  de  Brousse,  and  commandant  of  St. 
Omeil.     His  works  are  numerous,  learned, 
and   curious.     The   most  known   are  *'  Un- 
heard of  Curiosities  concei'iiing   the   Talis- 
manic  Sculpture  of  the  Persians, — the  Hor- 
oscope of  the  Patriai'chs  and    the  Reading 
of  the  Stars,"  a  work  which  passed  through 
three  editions  in  six  months,  and  in  asserting 
some   bold  things  concerning  magic,  drew 
upon  the  author  the  censures  of  the  Soi'bon- 
ne, — a  History  of  the  Subterranean  "World, 
with  an    account  of  Grottoes,  Vaults,  and 
Catacombs,    seen    during  his  travels,  with 
plates,  left  unfinished   at  his  death— a  trea- 
tise of  Good   and   Evil  Genii,  he.    Though 
learned  he  was  very  superstitious,  and  more 
fond  of  magic  than   became  his  knowledge 
of  the  world,  and  his  experience. 

Gafurio,  Franchino,  a  native  of  Lodi, 
who  became  head  of  the  choir  in  Milan  ca- 
thedral, and  also  musical  professor.  He 
wrote  in  Latin,  Theoricum  Opus   Musicoe 

Disciplinrc Practica   Musicse    Utriusque 

Cantus — Angelicum  Sc  Divinum  Opus  Mu- 
sicte  Materna  Lingua  Scriptum — de  Harmo- 
nia  Music.  Instrument.  &c.  He  died  at  Mi- 
lan, 1520,  aged  69. 

Gage,  Thomas,  an  Irishman,  monk 
among  the  Spanish  jacobins,  sent  as  mis- 
sionary to  tbe  Philippines  1625.  He  acqui- 
red some  properly  in  his  mission,  which  he 
came  to  enjoy  in  England,  where  in  1651, 
he  published  his  account  of  the  East-Indies, 
translated  into  French,  by  order  of  Colbert, 
1676. 

Gagnier,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris,  and  educated  there.  He  was 
a  most  able  orientalist,  and  upon  abandoning 
the  popish  tiiith,  for  the  tenets  of  the  Eng- 
lish church,  he  came  to  England,  where,  ia 
hojior  of  his  merits,  the  two  universities  con- 
ferretl  on  him  the  degree  of  M.  A.  He  lived 
some  time  at  Oxford,  by  teaching  Hebrew, 
but  during  the  absence,  and  after  the  death, 
oflJr.  WiUlis,  he  was  appointed  Arabic  pro- 
fessor, and  delivered  lectures  to  the  univer- 
sity, with  universal  approbation,  till  his  death 
17'25.  In  1706,  he  edited  Jos  Ben  Gorion's 
History  of  the  Jews,  in  Hebrew,  with  a  Latin 
translation,  and  notes  4to.  and  in  1723,  he 
published  Abulfeda's  life  of  Mahomet,  in 
Arabic,  with  a  Latin  translation  in  fol.  His 
translation  of  Abulfeda's  description  of  Ara- 
bia, had  appeared  in  Hudson's  Geographise 
Veteris  Scriptores  Grseci  Minores,  171£, 
8vo. 

Gagny,  John,  first  almoner  to  Francis  T. 


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•was  chancellor  of  Paris  university,  and  a!i- 
tlK>r  (>r  Coiiiiuc'iilarics  on  the  New  Tcbla- 
lutiil, — tlic  Piialins  in  veibc,  bcc.  He  died 
1549. 

liACUlN,  Rohcit,  a  Fi-inch  Iiistoriati, 
born  at  Coliiies,  near  Anuins,  aiid  cdufaltd 
at  Paris,  wlui-o  he  took  his  doctor's  decree 
ill  law.  His  ahilities  uore  employed  \>y 
<.;hark'S  A'lll.  and  Lewis  XII.  i)i  enihassiis 
to  Enp^hutd,  German),  and  llfiiy.  Ho  ua.s 
royal  lihrariau,  and  general  of  the  Unita- 
rians, and  di(-d  1501,  atUanced  in  ^eavo. 
His  eliief  work  is  '*  l)e  Gestis  Francornni" 
from  rJOO  to  1500  in  11  books  folio,  Lvoiis, 
15^4 

Gaiches,  John,  priest  of  the  oratory, 
and  canon  of  Soissons,  Mas  author  of  Aca- 
ileniital  discourses,— «dVlaxiius  for  Pulpit 
Orators,  8cc.  and  died  at  Paris  1731,  aged  83. 
(.Jaillaud,  de  Lonjunieau,  bishop  of 
Apt,  fi'oni  K'lZ.'j,  to  his  death  1G<J5,  is  to  be 
recorded  as  being  the  fii-st  projector  of  an 
universal  historical  dictionary.  In  the  exe- 
cution of  his  useful  work,  lie  patronised  liis 
almoner  Moreri,  and  enabled  him  to  consult 
the  libraries  of  Europe,  and  the  Vatican. 
Accordiui^  to  Moi-eri's  dedication  of  his  first 
edition,  (iaillard  was  a  man  of  eminent  vir- 
tues, exemplary  in  public  and  privattc  life, 
and  distinguished  as  tlie  encourager  of  lite- 
rature, and  of  learned  men. 

Gain  AS,  a  Goth,  who  by  his  volor,  be- 
came a  general  under  Arcadius,  and  ruined 
and  destroyed  liuffilius,  and  the  euii;5(;h  Eu- 
tropius,  Avho  were  the  favorites  of  their  im- 
perial master.  He  invaded  and  desolated 
Thrace,  because  refused  a  church  for  the 
Arians,  according  to  the  promise  of  Arcadi- 
us at  Chalcedonia,  and  was  at  last  killed  near 
the  Danube,  A.  J).  400,  and  his  head  carried 
hi  triuDJi)!)  through  the  streets  of  Constanti- 
nople. 

Gainsborough,  Thomas,  an  E^iglisli 
painter,  born  at  Sudbury,  Suffolk,  1727.  He 
was  self-taught,  and  after  trying  the  powers 
of  his  genius,  in  delineating  liie  scenes  of  the 
country,  he  came  to  London,  where  he  ac- 
quired celebrity,  by  the  superior  style  of  his 
portraits,  and  the  elegant  simplicity  of  his 
landscapes.  He  was  of  a  very  benevolent 
turn  of  mind,  and  it  is  said  that  he  impove- 
rished himself  by  his  extensive  liberality. 
He  died  178S,  aged  fil.  His  eldest  brother 
was  also  eminent  as  an  artist,  and  another, 
minister  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Hen- 
ley, Oxon,  was  said  to  be  a  very  able  and  in- 
genious mechanic. 

Galadin,  Alahomet,  a  popular  emperor 
of  the  Moguls,  who  died  IG05.  He  gave 
twice  a  day  audience  to  his  subjects,  and  was 
very  careful  that  their  complaints  should  be 
listened  to  and  redressed,  for  which  purpose 
he  had  a  bell  in  his  room,  with  a  rope  de- 
scending into  the  street,  to  the  ringing  of 
■which  he  punctually  attended. 

Galantixi,  Hippolito,  a  painter  of  Ge- 
noa, called  also  Capucino,  as  belonging  to  the 
fraternity  of  Capuchins.  His  miniatures  pos- 
sess delicacy  a«d  expression.  He  died  170G, 
aged  7y. 


Galaxus,  Clement,  an  Italian  of  the  or- 
der of  the  'I'heatiti  jnonks,  for  s&me  years  a 
nli^:sionary  in  Armenia.  His  grammar  of  the 
Armenian  tongue,  appeared  at  Kfmie,  iC'iO, 
and  also  some  treatises  in  that  language,  with 
Latin  iransia'ions,  )i  mAh.  fol. 

Galas,  Matthew,  a  general  wJio  fi-om 
being  pag<'  to  baron  ltea'ifien»onf,  so  dislin- 
gui«;hed  himself  hy  his  \aloi-  and  iiitrejiiditV 
un<ler  marshal  Ti!li,  that  Iic  succeeded  hiia 
in  the  coiDUiMiid  of  the  imperial  forces.  Af- 
ter bein^^  in  llie  service  of  the  enjperoi'  I-'i-e- 
•leric  H.  and  of  Philip  the  IV.  of  Spain,  lie 
fell  into  di'^^t;i'ace  in  conseq-.ience  of  the  loss 
of  a  battle,  against 'I'orstenson,  the  Swede, 
near  Magdeboui'g.  He  was  restored  afler- 
v.  ards  to  I'avor,  Ir.it  dicrl  .shortly  after,  at  Vi- 
enna, 1047,  leaving  behind  the  chaiacterofa 
very  great  general. 

G  A  I.  AT  EG  FEIl:^AUI,  Antonio,  a  scho- 
lar and  physician,  Ijorn  at  (jJalatina,  in  the 
territory  of  Otranto.  He  was  phy.sician  to 
tlie  king  of  iVapIe.s,  but  rcitired  from  the 
court  through  ill  health,  and  died  at  Lecce, 
in  his  native  province,  ]5\7,  aged  73.  He 
wrote  "  a  Description  of  lajjygia'' — a  tract 
in  pniise  of  the  Gout — Latin  verses — a  trea- 
tise on  the  Elements,  &c. 

Gala  TIN,  Peter,  author  af  the  vabiahlc 
work,  de  ArcanisCatholicie  Veritatis,  edited 
best  in  1C7*J,  fol.  was  a  Franciscan  monk, 
al)Out  \530. 

Galea,  Ser^'ius  Sulpiclus,  emperor  of 
Rome  after  Nero,  was  slain  by  the  pretoriau 
guards,  who  had  raised  Otho  to  the  impcjjial 
throne,  in  his  stead,  A.  D.  G'J. 

Gale,  John,  a  baptist  preacher,  horn 
May  '2Gtb,  IGSO,  in  Lon<]on.  At  the  age  of 
17  he  was  an  able  scholar,  and  passed  to  Ley- 
den  to  complete  his  stmlies,  and  there  took, 
in  his  19th  year,  his  degrees  of  master  of  arts 
and  doctor  of  ])hilosophy.  P'rom  Leyden, 
where  his  abilities  had  been  acknowledged 
with  universal  applause,  he  went  to  Amster- 
dam, and  studied  under  Limborch,  and  be- 
gan a  lasting  intimacy  with  J.  le  Clerc.  Soon 
after  his  return  home  in  1703,  the  universitv* 
of  Leyden  ofiered  liim  the  degree  of  D.  D.  if 
he  would  assent  to  the  articles  of  Dordt, 
which  he  refused.  In  1711  he  published  hi« 
liefiectionson  V/all's  Defence  of  Infant  Bap- 
tism, and  so  high  was  the  character  of  thi.s 
work,  that  he  acquired  great  inlluence  among 
the  dissenters.  At  the  age  of  35  he  began  to 
preach  among  the  people  of  his  persuasion, 
and  became  on'e  of  the  ministers  of  St.  Paul's 
alley  near  Barbican.  A  meeting  upon  the 
disputed  subject  of  ba]»tism,  took  place  be- 
tween Wall  and  Gale,  but  though  each  en- 
deavored to  convince  the  otlier,  both  part- 
ed dissatisfied,  andAV'all  published  soon  aftef* 
in  171'J,  his  Defence  of  the  History  of  Infant^ 
Baptism,  which  was  so  highly  respected  that 
the  university  of  Oxford  presented  him  with 
the  degree  of  D.  D.  To  this  defence  it  fs 
said  that  Gale  prepared  an  atiswer,  which 
death  prevented  him  from  completing.  He 
died  of  a  fever  Dec.  1721,  aged  4'2.  Besides 
the  book  already  mentioned.  Gale  published 
some  sermons,  4  vols,  of  which  appeared  in  ft 


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second  edition,  Svo.  1720.  He  was  in  private 
life  a  x-espectabie  character,  much  esteemed 
by  bishops  Hoadly  and  ]iradfoi*d,  and  by 
chancellor  King. 

Gale,  Theophilus,  a  learned  dissenter, 
born  1628,  at  King's  Teignton,  Devonshire, 
■where  his  father  was  vicar.  He  entered  at 
Msgdalen  college,  Oxford,  in  1647,  and  hi 
1649,  in  consequence  of  his  great  i)roficiency 
in  literature,  he  was  presented  with  l)is  de- 
gree of  bachelor  in  arts.  In  1050  he  was 
chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  and  became  an 
active  tutor.  He  afterwards  became  a  popu- 
lar preacher  and  settled  at  Winchester,  but 
at  the  restoration  he  v. as  ejected  from  his 
fellowship  for  refusing  to  conform,  and  in 
1662  attended  as  tutor  the  tvv  o  sons  of  lord 
Wharton  to  Caen  university  in  Normandy. 
He  returned  in  1665,  and  the  following  year 
saw  the  city  of  London  in  iiames,  hut  in  the 
midst  of  the  general  calamity  he  had  the 
good  fortune  to  find  his  papers  saved  from 
the  conflagration,  and  "  tlie  Court  of  the 
Gentiles"  was  destined  to  appear  before  the 
public.  He  assisted  Rowe  in  the  ministry  of 
his  congregation  in  Holborn,  and  succeeded 
him  in  1677,  and  then  took  a  few  private 
X)upils  at  Newington.  He  died  March  1678, 
and  as  a  proof  of  his  attachment  to  the  non- 
conformists, he  left  his  property  to  trustees 
for  the  education  of  students  in  his  ovi^n  per- 
suasion, and  he  also  bequeathed  his  library 
for  the  promotion  of  the  same  principles  in 
New  England.  Besides  his  Court  of  the 
Gentiles  pul)lished  in  four  parts,  between 
1669  and  1677,  in  which  lie  proved  that 
the  theology  and  philosophy  of  the  pagans 
•were  derived  from  the  holy  scriptures,  he 
•\vrote  "  the  True  Idea  of  Jansenism,"  4to. 
1669 — the  Anatomy  of  Infidelity,  &c.  8vo. — a 
Summary  of  the  two  Covenants,  and  other 
tracts. 

Gale,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  born 
1636  at  Scruton,  Yorkshire,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Tinnity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow  and 
M.  A.  1062.  His  great  abilities  recommend- 
ed him  to  be  professor  of  Greek  in  the  uni- 
versity, and  in  1672  he  was  elected  master  of 
St.  Paul's  school,  and  had  the  honor  to  re- 
ceive a  handsome  present  of  plate  from  the 
city,  for  writing  the  inscription  on  the  nio;iu- 
ment  which  records  the  conflagration  of  Lon- 
don. In  1675  he  took  his  degrees  of  B.  D. 
and  D.  D.  and  the  next  year  became  preben- 
darv  of  St.  Paul's,  and  was  made  member  of 
the  Royal  society  in  consequence  ot  Ins  pre- 
senting that  learned  body  some  curiosities, 
especially  a  Roman  urn  Avith  ashes,  found  at 
Peckhan\  in  Surrey.  After  presiding  with 
great  popularil}'  and  national  advantage  over 
his  school  for  25  years  he  was  made  dean  of 
York  in  1697,  and  showed  his  liberality  by 
not  only  presenting  the  new  librai-y  of  his 
college  with  five  Arabic  MSS.  but  by  im- 
proving the  cathedral,  and  displaying  the 
hospitality  of  a  virtuous  and  noble  minded 
dignitary.  He  died  at  his  deanery,  Sth  April, 
1702,  aged  67,  and  was  buried  in  the  middle 
of  the  cathedral.     Though  engaged  the  best 


I)art  of  life  in  active  and  laborious  emploj'- 
menls,  he  yet  devoted  much  of  his  time  to 
literature  and  classical  learning.  He  pub- 
lished in  1671,  the  Greek  Mythologic  Au- 
thors, Ethic  and  Physical — Historire  Poeticoe 
Scriptores,  1675 — lihetores  Select!,  Gr.  and 
Lat.  1676 — Jamblicus,  &c.  1678 — Herodoti 
Historia,  Gr.  and  Lat.  1679 — Cicero's  works, 
2  vols,  folio,  1681,  and  4 — Historise  Anglica- 
nie  Scriptores  quinque,  1687,  fol. — Historita 
Britannicse,  Saxonicte,  Ang.  Danicte  Scrip- 
tores quindecira,  &c.  1091,  fol.  and  other 
works. 

Gale,  Roger,  esq.  F.  R.  and  A.  S.  S,  son 
of  the  dean,  was  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow  1697. 
He  Avas  a  man  of  large  property,  and  repre- 
sented North  Allerton  in  three  parliaments, 
and  Avas  commissioner  of  excise.  He  Avas  the 
first  president  of  the  Antiquarian  society, 
and  treasurer  to  the  Royal  society.  He  Av'as 
considered  as  one  of  the  most  learned  and 
polite  scholars  of  tlie  age.  He  died  at  Scru- 
ton 25th  June,  1744,  aged  73.  He  published 
Antonini  Iter  Britanniarum  Commentariis 
IHustratum,  T.  G.  1709,  4to. — the  Know- 
ledge of  Medals,  by  F.  Jobert,  translated 
from  the  French,  and  other  Avorks.  He  left 
his  JNISS.  to  Trinity  college,  Cambi'idge,  and 
his  cabinet  of  Roman  coins  to  the  public 
library  there. 

Gale,  Samuel,  the  youngest  of  the  three 
sons  of  dean  Gale,  Avas  a  man  of  some  learn- 
ing. He  published  some  essays  in  the  Archte- 
ologia,  and  died  1754,  aged  72. 

Gale  AND,  Joseph,  a  physician  of  Paler- 
mo,  eminent  also  for  his  knoAvledge  of  classi- 
cal .Hnd  polite  literature.  He  died  1675,  aged 
70,  much  regretted.  He  wrote  several  trea- 
tises on  his  profession,  and  especially  *'  Hip- 
pocrates Redivivus,  &c."  1650,  besides  the 
smaller  pieces  of  the  Sicilian  poets,  5  vols. 

Galen, Claudius,  a  celebrated  physician  of 
Pergamus,  who  practised  at  Rome  under  A«- 
relius  with  great  success.  He  died  A.D.  201. 
He  wrote  300  volumes  on  his  profession,  &c. 

Galen,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Zealand, 
professor  of  divinity,  and  afterwards  chan- 
cellor of  Douay  vmiversity.  He  wx'Ote  Coni- 
mentarium  de  Catholicok  Christiano  Sacer- 
dote,  4to. — de  Originibus  Monast. — de  Missae 
Saci'ific. — de  Sseculi  Nostri  Choreis,  &c.  and 
died  157.'3. 

Gale.v,  Bernard  Van,  a  native  of  West- 
phalia, known  as  a  bishop  and  as  a  general. 
He  was  originally  in  the  service  of  the  elec- 
tor of  Cologne,  and  then  took  orders  and  be- 
came canon,  and  then  bishop  of  Munster, 
but  when  the  pope  refused  to  confirm  his 
elevation,  he  determined  to  secure  his  powef 
by  having  a  garrison  of  soldiers  devoted  to  his 
own  intei-est.  The  citizens  in  vain  inter- 
fered, Galen  was  resolved  to  haA'e  recourse 
to  arms,  but  hostilities  were  suspended,  and 
his  attention  was  draAvn  to  the  war  against 
the  Turks,  in  which  he  had  an  important 
command.  In  this  however  he  did  not  en- 
gage, but  in  1665,  he  attacked  the  United 
States.  -Though  pacified  by  the  interference 
of  France,  he  again,  la  1072,  formed  a  league 


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with  England  and  Francr,  against  the  States, 
ami  al"terwai-dH  directed  his  uiins  uj^aiiiiit 
Svvt  dill,  ill  conjuiicti(ui  willi  Denmark,  and 
dislinguibiicil  iiitubcll  in  (liii  war,  as  he  had 
done  before,  h\  f^rcat  vaU)r,  Itul  not  unmixed 
wilh  ci-uehy.  ile  died  I'Jth  Sept.  l(i7S,age(l 
74,  little  rigiittctl  l>v  liis  |)et)ide,  \i  hum  liib 
amhiliim  and  inlrigues  had  contt-ibiited  to 
render  dissatisfied  and  unhappy. 

(i.vi.EO  t  I,  Xicholiis,  an  Italian  Jesuit,  au- 
Uiof  of  the  lives  of  the  generals  of  his  order, 
in  liutin  and  Italian,  17-iS — Notes  on  the 
Miisxum  (Jdescaloum,  -  vols.  fol.  ke.  died 
1748. 

Ga.leo n,  .>rarci(),  a  native  of  Xnrni,  in 
the  papal  tci'rilories.  Ho  instructed  youth  at 
Uologna,  anit  afterwards  in  lliingnry,  where 
he  beeame  known  to  the  king,  AlatthiasCor- 
vinus,  who  maiW'  hint  his  seerctary,  and  ap- 
pointed him  nvi't  tiie  education  of  his  son 
John,  and  iibiarian  of  Buda.  He  was  invited 
hy  Lewis  XI.  into  France,  and  came  to  Ly- 
ons to  meet  the  king.  The  une.\j)ccted  meet- 
ing of  the  king  at  the  gates  of  the  city  proved 
fatal  to  G.<leoti;  he,  descending  too  hastily 
from  his  chariot,  to  pay  his  respects  to  his 
majesty,  fell  down,  and  being  very  covpulent, 
so  much  injured  himself  that  he  tliod  soon 
after.  He  published,  in  1748,  the  Ron  Mots 
of  Matthias  Corvinus,  and  also  a  treatise  in 
4to.  "  De  llomine  Interiore,  et  de  Corpore 
ejus. 

Galerius,  C.  Valerias  Maxim'.n  r;.-;_, 
from  a  herdsman  in  Dacia  became  emperor 
of  Home,  and  married  Diocletian's  daughter. 
He  was  warlike,  and  died  311. 

Galgacus,  a  Caledonian  cluef,  famous 
for  his  noble  re.^'istance  against  Uie  invasion 
of  the  Romans  under  Agricola. 

Gam  A  NT,  Ferdinand,  a  noble  Avn'ter, 
boiMi  at  Cliieti,  in  Abruzzi,  and  educated 
under  his  uncle  the  archbishop  of  Tarei.to 
In  IZ.^O  he  published  his  work  on  Money 
and  Specie,  in  consequence  of  the  scarcity  of 
cash  in  the  two  Sicilies,  and  in  177'2  appeared 
his  Catalogue  of  Stones  found  iioar  Vesuvius, 
which  he  presented  to  Benedict  XIV.  with 
this  inscription  on  one  of  the  boxes  whicli 
contained  the  collection:  Beatissime  pater, 
fac  ut  lapides  isti  liant  panes.  The  witty 
sentence  procured  a  living  from  the  pope, 
and  Galiani,  in  l'-^^,  was  sent  as  secretary  to 
the  embassy  at  Paris,  where  his  genius  and 
his  talents  were  seen  and  admired  by  tJie 
French  literati.  He  rt. turned,  in  1779,  from 
Paris,  and  died  at  Na^jles  1787.  Resides  his 
anonymous  dialogues  on  tiic  corn  trade,  writ- 
ten while  at  Paris,  and  which  possessed  me- 
rit, he  published  a  Commentary  on  Horace 
— a  treaties  on  the  Duties  of  Princes  tow  nrds 
belligerent  powers,  hit. 

Galigai,  Eleonora,  the  wife  of  Concini, 
marechal  D'Ancre,  was  daugliter  of  a  joiner 
and  a  washerwoman  in  Italy.  She  was  foster- 
sister  to  Mary  of  Medicis,  wiio  loved  her 
■with  strong  affeciion,  and  to  this  partiality 
w'ere  owing  her  greatness  and  misfortunes. 
She  came  to  France  with  her  patroness,  and 
tliough  her  features  were  ])lain  and  even  dis- 
gusting, she  nuirried  Concini.     In  this  clcva- 

VOL.  I.  72 


ted  .'jituation,  .she  did  not  shew  that  modera- 
tion and  self-command  whivh  her  great  pow- 
ers of  nwnd  bcemcd  to  pioniisi-.  Slie  was 
haughty  and  imperious,  and  by  her  conduct 
soon  gave  oftencc  tf>  Louis  Xlil.  the  swa  of 
her  partial  mistress,  who,  with  the  cruelty 
of  those  barbarous  lime.s,  caused  h<-r  husband 
to  he  assassinated,  and  herself  to  be  brought 
to  trial,  though  no  crime  but  that  of  being  a 
favorite  and  of  governing  the  (jueen,  could  he 
proved  against  her.  She  was  charged  with 
soi'cery  ;  ami  wlien  (piestioned  l»y  w  hat  ma- 
gic she  had  so  fascinated  her  mistress,  sh/i 
made  this  well  known  answer,  "  By  that 
power  w  liich  strong  minds  naturally  posses-^, 
(uer  the  weak."  .She  was  condemned  in 
I  May,  and  the  July  following  IG17,  she  was 
executed  She  had  a  son  aiid  daughter ; 
the  daughter  died  }oung,  and  the  sun  return- 
ed to  Italy  to  enjoy  the  vast  possessions 
whicli  his  mother's  good  fortune  had  heaped 
together. 

Galilei,  Galileo,  a  celebrate»l  astrono- 
mer and   mathematician,  was  ])orn  al  Flo- 
rence I'Jth  February,  15G4.    His  father,  who 
was  a  Florentine  nobleman,  wished  him  to 
apply  to  medicine,   but  his  stronger  attach- 
ment to  mathematics  prevailed,  and  so  rapid 
was  his  pi'ogress,  that  in   I5&9   he    was   ap- 
pointee' •  :   'hematical  professor  at  Pisa.    His 
opposi'i   ii  ill  ere  to  the  picvalent  maxims  of 
Aristotle,  rendered  his  situation  unpleasant, 
and  in  1592  he  removed  to  Pa<Uia,  and  ob- 
tained a  ])rofessor's  chair.     His  treatise  oa 
"Mechanics,"   and  his  *'lJalance,"  or  the 
problem  of  Archimedes   about   the    crown, 
now  made   him   known  as  a  man  of  geniua 
and  application.     In  1609,  while  at  Venice, 
lie  heard  of  the  invention  of  the  telescope  by 
James  Metius  in  Holland,  ard   he  immedi- 
ately applied  the  pow  ers  of  his  mind  to  con- 
struct and  improve  that  astonishing  instru- 
ment, by  V.  hich  he  penetrated  into  unknowa 
regions,  and  displayed  the  heavens  in  a  new 
light.  He  discovt  refl  mountains  in  the  moon, 
and  first  o!)serve(l  four  of  the  satellites  which 
attend  the  planet  Jupiter,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  Medieean  stars  in  honor  of  his 
patron  duke  Cosmo  II.     He  w  as  in  IGIO  re- 
establislied  at  Pisa  by  the  duke,  with  a  hand- 
some salary,  and  he  contirmed  his  observa- 
tions on  the  heavens,  and  observed  the  phases 
of  Venus;  hut  his  discoveries  were  too  aston- 
ishing and  too  opposite  to  the  doctrines  of 
Aristotle,  to  escape  tlie  censure  of  the  pliilc- 
sophers  of  the  age.     No  sooner  did  lie  em- 
brace   the  Copernican    system,   and  assert 
that  the  sun,  (lisllgured   by    spots     remains 
immoveable  in  the  ceiitre  of  the  universe, 
and  that  the  earth  turns  round  in  annual  and. 
diurnal  n»f>tions,  than  he  was  summoiied  be- 
fore the  inquisition  for  opinions  so  false  in 
philosophy,  and  so  heretical,  and  so  contrary 
tothewonl  f if  God.     After  a  year's  confine- 
ment in  liie  inqtiisitiou  jjrison,  he  was  res- 
tored  to  liberty    1616,   on    tli:J    promise    of 
rcnoxmcing  his  heretical  opinions  ;  but  consi- 
dering forced   o^tbs  as  not  obligatory,  he 
continued    his   discoveries  in  the  planetuvy 
hrs  dialogue's  oa  fhe  tv,  •> 


svstem.    In  I'Ooi 


GA 


GA 


systems  of  Ptolemy  and  Copernicus,  drew 
ilown  upon  him  the  vengeance  of  the  monks. 
Tliough  indeed  he  left  the  question  undeci- 
ded, yet  he  wished  to  lean  to  the  opinions  of 
Copernicus,   and  by   thus  overthrowing  the 
philosophy  of  Aristotle,  and  in  bold  language 
ridiculing  the  blindness  of  his  followers,  he 
shewed  himself  an  obstinate  heretic.   He  was 
therefore    cited    before    the    inquisition    at 
Rome,  and  after  being  made  to  abjure  his 
errors,  and  doing  penance  for  his  offences, 
by  repeating  every  -week  the  seven  peniten- 
tial psalms,  Le   was  detained   in   prison   till 
1634.     Indignant  at  the  cruelty  of  this  treat- 
ment, and  the  bigotry  and  blindness  of  his 
persecutors,  he  yet  continued  his  pursuits ; 
but  in  silence  and  fear.     His  excessive  appli- 
cation, and  the  constant  use  of  Ids  telescope, 
together  with  frequent  exposure  to  the  night 
'  air,    had    such   effect   upon    him,    that    in 
1639  this  vctiorable  man  lost  his  sight.     He 
died  three  years  after  at  Arcetri  near  Flo- 
rence,  8th  Jan.  1642,  aged  78.     Galileo  has 
thus  immortalized  himself  by  his  important 
discoveries ;  he  first  observed  the  inequali- 
ties on  the  surface  of  the    moon,  and  knew 
her  vibration ;  he  planned  the  accurate  cal- 
culation  of  the  longitude  by  the  eclipses  of 
the  Mediccan  stars  ;  he  invented  the  cycloid, 
and  observed  the  increasing  celerity  in  the 
descent  of  bodies.     His  works  were  collected 
in  3  vols.  4to.  1718,  but  it  is  said  that  his  wife 
permitted    a  fanatic   monk  to  peruse,   and 
consequently  to  destroy  many  of  his  valuable 
manuscripts.     His  son  Vincenzo  was  a  man 
of  genius  and   abilities,  and  author  of  some 
treatises  and   inventions   in   mechanics  and 
music.     Among  Galileo's  pupils,  were  Vin- 
cenzo Viviani  the  mathematician,  Toricelli 
the  inventor  of  the  barometer,  &c. 

Galissonniere, Holland  MichaelBarria 
marquis,  a  French  admiral,  born  at  Roche- 
fort,  11th  Nov.  1693.  After  serving  with 
distinction  in  tlie  naW,  he  was  made  gover- 
nor of  Canada  1745,  and  in  1756  he  had  a 
severe  engagement  near  Minorca  with  the 
English  fleet  under  Byng.  He  died  the  same 
year  at  Nemours,  17th  Oct.  deservedly  res- 
pected by  the  nation  for  bravery,  humanity, 
and  benevolence. 

Galland,  Augustus,  a  French  counsel- 
lor of  state,  well  acquainted  with  the  laws, 
the  history,  and  royal  rights  of  his  country. 
He  wrote  Memoirs  for  the  History  of  France 
and  Navarre,  folio — a  treatise  on  the  Ensigns 
and  Standards  of  France,  &c.  He  died  about 
1644,  but  at  what  age  is  unknown. 

Gall  AND,  Antony,  a  French  antiquary, 
born  of  poor  parents  at  RoUo,  in  Picardy, 
1646.  He  was  educated  at  Noyon  and  Pari.s, 
and  in  consequence  of  his  great  knowledge 
of  the  Hebrew  and  the  oriental  languages,  he 
AT  as  sent  to  traA'el  in  the  East  by  Colbert, 
and  at  his  return  he  enrichefl  the  literature 
of  his  country  by  his  publications.  He  was 
member  of  tlie  academy  of  inscriptions,  and 
professor  of  Arabic  at  Paris,  whei'e  he  died 
1715.  He  published  a  Collection  of  Maxirns 
and  Bon  Mots  from  oriental  writers — a  trea- 
tise on  the  Origin  of  Coffee — an  Account  of 


the  Death  of  the  Sultan  Osman,  &c.— Ara- 
bian Nights'  Entertainments,  and  some  cu- 
rious dissertations  on  medals,  &c. 

GALLE,orGALL.itus,  Servatius,  pastor  of 
the  Walloon  church  at  Haerlem,  wrote  Dis- 
sertationes  de  Sibyllis  &  Oraculis,  1688,  4to. 
— besides  an  edition  of  Lactantius,  with  notes 
16G0,  8vo. — and  of  the  SibyUine  Oracles,  with 
notes,  Sec.     He  died  1709. 

Gallet,  N.  a  French  spice  merchant, 
who  died  at  Paris  June  1757.  He  is  known 
for  some  short  comic  pieces,  which  appeared 
on  the  French  theatre  with  applause.  He 
wrote  also  songs  and  poetical  trifles,  with 
great  neatness  and  pleasing  variet}% 

Gali.ienus,  a  Roman  emperor,  son  of 
Valerian.     He  was  assassinated  268. 

Galligai.  P7</.  Galigai. 

GALLIT2.1N,  Basil,  a  noble  Russian,  in 
great  favor  with  the  regent  princess  Sophia 
during  the  minority  of  the  Czars  Peter  I. 
and  Iwan,  who  reigned  jointly.  He  was  un- 
fortunate in  his  military  expeditions  against 
the  Tartars,  and  his  influence  was  greatly 
diminished.  When  the  princess  regent  was 
discovered  in  her  secret  intrigues  to  desti'oy 
the  Czar  Peter,  and  to  raise  her  favorite  to 
the  throne  by  marrying  him,  she  was  confi- 
ned to  a  monastery  near  Moscow,  and  Gal- 
litzin  banished  to  Kargapol,  in  Siberia.  He 
afterwards  recovered  his  liberty,  and  retired 
to  a  monastery,  where  he  died  in  great  aus- 
terity 1713,  at  the  age  of  80.  Though  unsuc- 
cessful in  his  ambitious  views,  he  was  a  man 
of  great  merit,  whose  attention  introduced 
improvement  and  civilization  into  the  Rus- 
sian empire,  and  prepared  tlie  way  for  the 
illustrious  reign  of  P(  ter  the  Great. 

Galhtxix,  Michael  Michaelowitz, 
prince  of,  of  the  same  family  as  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  1674,  and  distinguished  him- 
self umier  Peter  the  Great  against  (Miarles 
XH.  of  Sweden.  He  commanded  10  years 
in  Finland,  and  concluded  the  peace  of 
Neustadt.  He  died  1730,  field-marshal,  and 
president  of  the  college  of  war,  and  highly 
I'tspected  as  an  able  minister  and  meritori- 
ous general.  At  the  victory  of  Lerna  he 
asked  only  the  pardon  of  one  of  the  captives 
for  the  reward  of  his  services. 

Galloche,  Lewis,  a  painter  of  the 
French  school,  who  died  rector  and  chan- 
eellor  of  the  Royal  academy  1761,  aged  91. 
He  was  the  disciple  of  Boullongne,  and  mas- 
ter of  le  Moine.  The  Paris  cliurches  are 
adorned  ^y  his  pieces. 

G ALLOTS,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris  1632.  He  was  well  acquainted 
with  the  ancient  and  modern  languages,  and 
of  such  universal  iiiformi\tion  and  splendid 
talents  that  he  engaged  with  de  Sallo  in  the 
conducting  of  the  Journal  des  S(^"aA'ans,  a 
periodical  pai)er,  which,  from  its  commence- 
ment, Jan.  5th,  1605,  has,  under  various 
names,  and  under  different  revolutions  and 
characters,  claimed  the  public  attention. 
Gallois  was  patronised  by  Colbert,  whom  he 
instructed  in  Latin  chiefly  in  his  coach,  as 
he  travelled  between  Versailles  and  Paris. 
He  was  made  member  of  the  academy  of 


GA 


Oa 


wicnces  1668,  and  of  tlic  French  »P;i<lcmy 
167.?,  and  after  his  pntron's  <If:illi,  librai-i:iii 
to  the  king,  and  tlu  n  (uct.'k  pi-ofossor  of  iht; 
Uoyal  college.  He  died  <»f  ti.e  dropsy  1707, 
.and  in  1710  a  catalogue  of  his  bof)ks  was 
printed,  eonsisting  of  upwanh  1  i,OuO  vo- 
lumes. 

(i  A  LI.  ON' ID,  Antonio,  an  ccclesiasric  al 
Rome,  known  for  his  wrilint;>j  on  (lie  saints, 
martyrs,  and  holy  virgins,  anti  especially  his 
work  which  descril)es  (he  various  crnelties 
cxercisi-d  on  primitive  martvrs,  with  plates, 
1;>U4,  in  4to.     HediedlC05.' 

Gali-UCCI,  Tarquinio,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
^vho  pronounced  an  oration  on  cardinal  IJel- 
larmine,  and  Avrote  "  Virgilianui  Indicati- 
oncs,"  in  which  lie  asserted  in  bold  and 
animated  language,  the  superiority  of  Virgil 
over  Homer,  against  the  opinion  of  Madam 
Dacier.     He  died  1649,  aged  75. 

Gallucci,  Giovanni  Paulo,  an  Italiai^ 
astronomer  of  the  16th  century.  He  wrote 
*•  on  the  Instruments  of  Astronomy,"  lo97 
— Theatrum  Mundi  k  Temporis,  folio,  1507 
— Speculum  Uvanicum,  folio,  &c. 

(iALLUCCi,  Augelo,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
born  at  Macerata.  He  is  author  of  "  Com- 
mentarii  de  Hello  Belgico,"  from  1503  to 
1609,  liome,  1674,  '2  vols,  folio.  He  died 
1674. 

Gallus,  Cornelius,  a  Roman  poet,  made 
governor  of  Egypt  by  Augustus.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Virgil,  and  lie  destroyed  him- 
self R.  C.  26. 

Galli'S,  C.  Vibius,  a  Roman  emperor 
after  Dccius.  After  two  years'  reign  he  Avas 
assassinated  by  his  soldiers,  253. 

Gai>li'S,  Flavius  Claudius  Constantins, 
brother  of  the  emperor  Julian,  -was  made 
Cujsar  by  Constantins  ;  but  afterwards  put  to 
death  on  suspicion  of  cruelty  and  ill  conduct, 
354. 

Gally,  Henry,  was  born  at  Beckonliam, 
Kent,  August  1690,  and  educate*!  at  Renet's 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  de- 
gree "of  D.  D.  in  1728,  when  the  king  visited 
the  university.  In  1721  he  was  made  lectu- 
rer cf  St.  Paul's,  Covent-garden,  and  rector 
of  Wanden,  Rucks,  and  in  1728  he  was  pre- 
sented to  a  prebend  of  Glocester  by  King, 
lord  chancellor,  to  whom  he  was  chaplain. 
He  afterwards  had  a  prebend  at  Norwich, 
and  became  rector  of  Ashton,  Northami)t(jn- 
shire,  and  St.  Giles'  in  the  Fieh^,  and  in 
1735  chaplain  to  the  king.  He  died  Aug  7th, 
1769.  He  wrote  some  sermons,  besides  the 
Characters  of  Theophrastus,  translated  fiom 
-,hc  Greek,  with  notes — a  dissertation  against 
pronouncing  the  Greek  language  according 
to  Accents,  1754,  8vo. — a  second  dissertation 
on  the  same  subject,  8vo.  &cc. 

Galvani,  Lewis,  an  eminent  physiolo- 
gist, born  at  Bologna.  He  studied  medicine 
under  Galeazzi,  whose  daughter  he  married, 
and  in  1702  he  began  to  give  lectures  in 
anatomy  in  his  native  city.  He  accidentally 
discovered,  v.  hile  preparing  broth  from  frogs 
lor  his  sick  wife,  that  the  muscles  of  these 
animals  were  thrown  into  convulsion  by  the 
touch  of  a  d^secling  knU'e,  and  exhibited  all 


the  appearance  of  thr  electric  shock.  The 
subj'  it  was  accurati-lv  examined  by  the 
[t.Htient  [)hilosoi)hcr,  and  uptJti  incontroverti- 
ble grounds  he  proved  that  the  nerves  of  all 
anin\:ils  are  thus  powerfully  acted  upon,  and 
he  had  the  honor  of  giving  bis  n.iine  by  this 
important  <liscovcry  to  ibis  new  system  of 
physiology.  His  observations  wi.i-e  commu- 
nicated to  the  worM  in  bis  ireati.se  do  Viri- 
biis  Electricitatis  in  Motu  indscnlari  Com- 
mentarius,  1691,  and  tin-  .subject  afterwards 
engaged  the  attention  of  N'alli,  Fowler,  Aldini, 
and  especially  Volta,  who  introduced  very 
great  improvements  in  the  system.  After 
the  death  of  his  v/'ife,  in  1790,  (Jalvani  be- 
came a  prey  to  a  sevei-c  mtlancboly,  and 
died  1798,  aged  61.  He  wrote  besides  tracti 
on  medical  subjects,  &c. 

Galvano,  Antf)ny,  a  native  of  the  East- 
Indies,  governor  of  the  .Moluccas.  He  wa"? 
prudiTit  and  vigorous  in  his  administration, 
and  cleared  the  sea  of  pirates,  but  he  re- 
duced himself  so  much  by  his  liberality  that 
he  returned  poor  to  Europe,  and  not  meet- 
ing M  ith  the  treatment  which  he  deserved 
from  John  III.  king  of  Portugal,  liC  died  in 
an  hospital  at  Lisbon  1557. 

Gam,  David,  a  brave  Wclchman  at  the 
battle  of  Agiiicourt.  He  observed  of  the 
enemy  tliat  there  were  enough  to  kill, 
enough  to  take  prisoners,  and  enough  to  fly. 
He  fell  in  the  fight  in  nobly  defending  the 
person  of  Henry  V.  and  just  as  he  expired 
he  was  knighted  by  his  grateful  sovereign  ou 
the  field  of  battle.' 

Gama,  A'asco,  or  Vasqucz  de,  an  illus- 
trious Portuguese,  born  at  Sines,  on  the  sea- 
coast  cf  Portugal,  immortalized  as  the  di,s- 
coverer  ^of  a  passage  to  the  East-Indies  by 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  He  set  sail  from 
the  Tagus  8th  July,  1497,  with  four  ships, 
and  tliough  his  expedition  was  considered  as 
most  perilous,  he  boldly  encountered  the 
storms  of  the  African  coast,  and  the  more 
dangerous  mutiny  of  his  followers,  and  on 
the  20th  November  doubled  the  cape,  which 
hitherto  had  been  called  the  Ca])e  of  Tem- 
pests, and  proceeded  as  far  as  Calicut.  He 
redoubled  the  cape  April,  1499,  and  return- 
ed home  after  an  absence  of  two  years  and 
nearly  two  months,  and  was  loaded  with 
honors  due  to  his  merit  and  services.  In 
1502  he  again  visited  the  East-Indies,  with 
twenty  ships,  as  admiral  of  the  ea.slern  sea$, 
and  returned  September  \^0^,  with  thir- 
teen ships  richly  laden.  Under  John  III.  he 
was  appointeil  viceroy  of  India,  and  for  the 
third  time  returned  to  the  countrv  and  fixed 
the  seat  of  government  at  Cochin,  but  he 
unfortunately  died  soon  after,  24th  Dccem- 
))cr  1525.  He  was  a  man  of  the  greatest 
intrepidity  and  the  most  pcrsevci'ing  cour- 
age, but  he  also  possessed  in  a  very  eminent 
degree  the  virtues  of  private  life,  and  for  a 
while  forgot  his  ambition  and  his  fame  in 
deploring  the  death  of  his  broilier  and  com- 
panion, Paulus  de  (iama.  His  adventures 
have  been  immortalized  by  the  poem  of  Ca- 
moens,  called  "  the  Lusiad"  translated  into 
English  by  Mickle. 


GA 


GA 


Gamaches,  Steplien  Siraon.  a  member 
of  the  French  academy  of  sciences,  who 
dieH  at  I'aris  1756,  aged  Si  lie  was  authoi- 
of  Physical  Atrononiy,  '2  vols.  4to. — Lite- 
rary and  Philosophical  Dissertations,  Svo. 
— System  of  the  Heart — the  Elegancies  of 
Language  reduced  to  their  Principles,  a  val- 
uable book. 

Gamaches,  Philip  de,  authoi'  of  2  vols, 
of  Commentaries  on  the  Summa  of  Aquinas, 
•was  divinity  professor  in  Paris  university, 
and  abl)'  defended  the  Gallican  church  against  i 
the  encroachments  of  tlie  papal  power.  He 
died  at  Paris  1625. 

Gamaliel,  a  Jewish  doctor  of  the  law, 
and  a  ^cret  disciple  of  our  Saviour.  He  de- 
fended the  conduct  of  the  t'postles  against  the 
machinations  of  the  Sanhedrim,  and  when 
Steplien  had  been  cruelly  stoned  to  death,  it 
is  said  that  he  caused  his  remains  to  be  de- 
cently buried. 

Gambara,  Lorenzo,  an  Italian  poet  pa- 
tronised by  cardinal  Alexander  Farnese. 
He  died  1586,  aged  'JO.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
poem  on  Columbus,  besides  eclogues,  &c. 
but  his  poetry  is  spoken  of  with  great  con- 
tempt by  Muretus. 

Gambara,  Veronica,  an  Italian  lady  horn 
at  Brescia.  She  married  the  lord  of  Corre- 
gio,  and  after  his  death  devoted  herself  to  li- 
terature, and  the  education  of  her  two  sons. 
She  died  1550,  aged  05.  The  best  edition  of 
her  poems,  which  possess  merit,  and  of  her 
letters,  is  that  of  Brescia,  1759. 

Gambold,  John,  a  native  of  Haverford- 
west, educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
■where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  1734. 
He  was  on  the  presentation  of  Seeker,  vicar 
of  Stanton  Harcourt,  and  wrote  there  "  the 
Martyrdom  of  Ignatius,"  a  tragedy,  1740, 
and  in  1742  edited  at  the  Oxford  press,  the 
New  Testament,  after  Milles.  He  joined  in 
1748  the  united  Moravian  brethren,  and  was 
tor  many  years  their  minister  in  Neville's 
court.  Fetter-lane.  He  Avas  consecrated  bi- 
shop of  his  fraternity  at  the  synod  1754,  and 
in  1765  he  established  a  congregation  at  Coot- 
hill  in  Ireland.  He  died  in  his  native  town, 
Sept.  13,  1771,  and  though  an  enthusiast  he 
was  univer.sally  respected  for  his  learning 
and  information,  and  for  his  inoftensive  man- 
ners. He  wrote  several  things  for  the  use  of 
his  Moravia4»  bretliren,  besides  a  Character 
of  count  Zinzendorf — 16  Discourses  on  the 
second  Article  of  the  Creed — and  the  His- 
tory of  Greenland,  translated  from  the  Dutch, 
&c. 

Gandv,  James,  a  painter  who  came  to 
Ireland  with  the  duke  ofOrmond,  and  died 
there  1689.  He  was  the  pupil  and  imitator 
of  Vandyck. 

Ganganet.lt.  Vid.  Clement  XIV. 
Garamond,  Claude,  n  native  of  Pari?, 
known  as  an  ingenious  engraver  and  letter 
founder.  He  first  banished  the  use  of  the 
Gothic,  or  black  letter,  and  founded  his  types 
in  so  complete  a  manner  that  they  became 
universally  admired  in  Europe,  and  by  way 
of  excellence  the  small  Iloman  letters  were 
denominated  in  every  country  by  his  name. 


At  the  desire  of  Francis  1,  he  founcted  three 
different  Greek  types,  ior  Robert  Stephens, 
for  the  publication  of  the  Greek  Testament, 
and  of  the  Greek  classics.  This  ingenious 
and  indefatigable  man  died  1561,  and  his 
types  became  the  property  of  Fournier  the 
elder,  an  eminent  letter  founder. 

Garasse,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Au- 
gouleme  1585.  He  diplayed  his  genius  by 
his  publication  of  the  elegies  on  the  death  of 
Henry  IV.  and  in  a  poem  in  heroic  verse  ad- 
di'essed  to  Lewis  XIII.  on  his  inauguration. 
As  a  preacher  he  was  very  eloquent  and  po- 
pular, but  he  aspired  to  the  pubUc  admira- 
tion by  the  force  and  consequence  of  his 
writings.  In  his  style  he  was  violent  and 
scurrilous,  and  his  ■■''  Horoscope  of  Anti-Co- 
ton,  8tc."  and  his  '^  Cj'.lvinistic  Elixir,  &c." 
were  proofs  of  ths  virulence  and  buffoonery 
with  which  he  defended  his  order  against  the 
attacks  of  his  enemies.  In  1620  he  published 
'*  Itabelais  Reformed,  &cc."  and  afterwards 
in  other  publications  attacked  the  ghost  of 
Pasquier,  an  affront  which  was  severely  I'e- 
sented  by  the  indignant  sons  of  tliis  reverend 
father.  His  "  Somme  Theologique  ues  Ve- 
rites  Capitales  de  la  Religion  Chi  etienne," 
pablisbed  1625,  first  raised  the  torch  of  dis- 
sension and  hatred  between  the  Jesuits  and 
Jansenists.  The  book  was  attacked  by  the 
abbot  of  St.  Cyran,  and  in  1626,  the  rector 
of  the  Sorbonne  complained  to  his  society 
of  the  evil  tendencies  of  a  composition  which 
recommended  heretical  opinions,  and  abound- 
ed in  false  quotations  from  scripture.  Ga- 
rasse was  in  consequence  of  this,  after  a  so- 
lemn examination  ceissured,  but  the  viru- 
lence and  animosity  which  had  been  excited 
between  the  two  orders  continued  to  be  dis- 
played on  both  sides  with  increasing  violence. 
Though  supported  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  dis- 
pute, Garasse  was  banished  to  one  of  their 
houses  fit  some  distance  from  Pai'is.  During 
the  pestilence  which  raged  at  Poictiers,  he 
showed  himself  charitably  active  in  the  re- 
lief of  the  infected,  and  fell  a  victim  to  the 
contagion,  14th  June,  1631.  He  is  styled  by 
Warburton  in  his  commentary  on  the  Essay 
of  Man,  an  eminent  casuist. 

Garbieri,  Lorenzo,  a  painter  of  Bolog- 
na, pupil  to  Ludovico  Caracci.  He  died 
1654,  aged  64. 

Garbo,  Raphael  del,  an  historical  painter 
of  Florence,  who  died  1534,  aged  58.  His 
representation  of  the  resurrection  is  his  best 
piece. 

Garcias  II.  king  of  Navarre  after  Sancho 
II.  died  1000. 

Garcilasso,  or  Garcias  Lasso  de 
la  Veg.a,  a  Spanish  poet,  born  of  a  noble 
family  at  Toledo,  1500.  He  was  educated 
under  the  eye  of  Charles  V.  avIio  patronised 
and  esteemed  him,  and  he  distinguished 
himself  as  much  byhis  valor  as  by  his  poetry. 
After  accompanying  Charles  in  his  campaigns 
in  Germany,  Africa,  and  Provence,  he  re- 
ceived a  wound  on  the  head  from  a  stone 
thrown  from  a  tower,  when  at  the  head  of  a 
battalion,  and  died  three  weeks  after  at  Nice, 
To  his  genius  and  hrs  la- 


in his  36th  vear. 


(lA 


GA 


hors  the  poctiy  of  the  Spaniai-<l3  is  gi-c.Uly 
iiidcbtt**!.  Hii>  works  are  wntlcii  iiol  oiil\  in 
elegant  language,  Liil  with  true  poetic  fire, 
and  Ills  odes  are  s:ii(i  I)}  Paul  Jovius  to  eijual 
those  of  Horace  in  sweetness.  His  works 
were  ijublisiied  with  learned  notes  hy  Franc. 
Sancliez,  Naples,  1604,  in  8vo.  There  was 
another  S|>aniard  of  the  same  name,  horn  at 
Cusco,  who  wrote  the  History  of  Florida,  of 
I'cru,  and  of  the  Fncas. 

(I  A R  I) IE,  Fontus  de  la,  a  French  adven- 
turer in  the  service  of  marshal  Hi'isac,  and 
afterwards  of  the  Danes,  and  then  of  the 
Swedes.  He  was  ambassatior  from  Sweden 
at  \  ienna  and  at  Rome,  and  in  1;)8()  he  was 
employed  against  the  Russians,  and  fou_e;ht 
Avith  great  success.  He  was  drowned  aoci- 
dentally  in  the  port  of  Revel  1.585. 

(iAKuix  Dimes  NIL,  N.  professor  of 
rhetoric  at  Paris,  was  eminent  as  a  scholar, 
as  appears  in  his  SynonymesLatines,  in  imi- 
tati(»n  of  Girard's  Synonymes  Francois.  He 
died  at  Valogne,  May  1802,  :\oed  S-Z. 

Gardiner,  Stephen,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, was  the  ille_!:^!timatc  son  of  Lionel 
Woodville,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  brother 
to  Elizabeth  the  queen  of  the  fourth  Ed- 
ward. He  was  born  at  Bury  St.  Edmund's, 
Suflolk,  l-i83,  a..d  cducateil  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  ^vhere  his  progress  in  clas- 
sical literature,  and  in  civil  and  canon  laAv 
was  very  rapid.  His  introduction  into  the 
jVorfolk  family,  and  afterwards  into  the  ser- 
vice of  Wolsey,  soon  rendered  him  a  favoi-- 
ite  at  court.  In  the  business  of  the  divorce 
he  was  sent  in  1.52'  to  Rome,  where  he 
warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  his  sovereign, 
and  vvheu  he  found  tliat  the  jiope  was  inex- 
oraljle,  he  turned  his  attention  to  procure 
the  dismissal  of  the  virtuous  Catherine, 
■without  paying  any  respect  to  the  o[iinion  of 
the  papal  court.  For  his  services  he  was 
ynade  secretary  of  state,  and  in  15;31  raised 
to  the  see  of  "Winchester.  He  went  after- 
wards as  ambassador  to  the  French  court, 
and  when  Henry  broke  off  his  dependence 
on  the  papal  see,  the  new  bishop  evinced  his 
acquiescence  in  the  hold  measure  by  defend- 
ing it  in  his  tract  de  Vera  Obedieiita.  After 
various  employments  of  confidence  and  hon- 
or, he  was  at  last  directed  by  Henry  to  draw 
up  articles  on  an  accusation  of  heresy,  against 
)us  last  wife  Catlierine  Parr,  but  the  ilevo- 
ted  queen  had  the  art  to  avert  the  storm 
from  her  own  liead  upon  that  of  (Gardiner, 
who  ever  after  continued  in  disgrace  with 
the  king.  Under  Edward  VI.  he  showed 
himself  averse  to  the  introduction  of  the 
reformation,  and  though  threatened  ami  im- 
prisoned, he  still  persevered  in  his  opposi- 
tion. Under  Mary  he  was  restored  to  his 
bishopric  from  which  he  had  been  deprived, 
and  he  was  raised  to  the  high  office  of  lonl 
chancellor  and  of  prime  minister.  Much  to 
the  disgrace  of 'Tiis  character  he  conchscted 
himself  in  this  elevated  situation  with  great 
caprice  and  unpardonable  cruelty.  The 
protestants  who  opposed  his  views  were  with 
little  ceremony  committed  to  the  flames, 
and  these  measures  of  violence  and  bloofl 


were  sanctioned  by  the  bigoted  queen,  and 
aiq)roved  b>  the  criininat  catholics.  He  died 
12th  Nov.  1555,  aged  72,  In  his  private- 
character  he  was  not  without  some  good 
qualities.  He  was  learned,  and  prontoted 
the  cause  of  learning.  His  gratitude  to 
Wolsey,  to  whc)m  he  was  indebted  for  part 
«)f  his  greatness,  is  highly  comniend.'il)le,  and 
though  nuich  injured  by  Henry  VIH.  he 
never  menti<ine«l  his  nanie  without  marks  of 
respect  and  alleclion.  'Ihat  he  possessed 
ambition,  the  history  of  his  life  sufHcienlly 
]»roves,  and  that  he  was  not  unskilled  in  ai1 
and  dissimulation  is  strongly  evident  from 
the  greatness  with  which  he  siqiported  his 
measures  in  the  midst  of  jarring  factions,  and 
ojiposite  religions. 

Gardiner,  James,  an  ofllcer  in  the  ar- 
my of  George  H.  who  on  reading  a  religious 
book  called  Heaven  taken  by  Storm  sudden- 
ly reformed  the  licentious  conduct  of  his 
youth,  by  the  most  correct  morals,  and  the 
mo.«t  undisguised  piety.  This  worthy  nian 
V  as  killed  at  the  battle  of  Preston-pans,  ia 
sight  of  his  OA\-n  house,  21st  September 
1745. 

Garengeot,  Rend,  Jacques,  Croissant 
de,  a  French  surgeon,  born  at  Vitri  1GS8. 
He  was  royal  lecturer  on  surgery  at  Paris, 
and  fellow  of  the  London  royal  society,  and 
he  acquired  great  celebrity  by  the  success  of 
his  operations,  and  the  ingenious  and  valu- 
able works  which  he  vrote  on  his  professior.. 
He  died  at  Paris  1759.  His  works  arc  a 
Treatise  on  Surgical  Operations,  two  vols. 
Svo. — on  Surgical  Instruments,  2  vols.  12ma. 
— the  Aiiutomy  of  the  Viscera  12mo.  &c. 

Garessolej,  Anthou}-,  a  native  of  Men - 
tauban,  where  he  was  divinity  profesiior,  and 
also  moderator  of  the  synod  of  Charenton. 
He  wrote  a  Way  to  Salvation,— <le  Christo 
Mediato)-e, — Explicatio  Cateche&cos  Christ. 
Relig. — some  Latin  poems,  kc.  and  died 
16.50,  aged  0.3. 

GiARET,  John,  a  Benedictine,  of  the  con- 
gregation of  St.  Maur.  He  wr.s  born  at 
Havre  de  Grace,  and  died  1694,  aged  09. 
He  edited  Cassioclorus,  2  vols.  fol.  with  in- 
teresting notes. 

Gar  LAN  DE,  Jean  de,  a  grammarian, 
born  at  Garlande  en  Brie  in  Normandy. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  are  "  a  poem 
on  the  contempt  of  the  ^V'orld." — Floretus, 
on  the  Doctrmes  of  Faith  ; — Facetus  on  the 
duties  of  Men  towards  God, — Uictionaiium 
Artis  Alchymite  1571.  Basle.  He  was  liv- 
ing in  1081,  and  as  he  passed  much  of  his 
time  in  England,  with  William  of  Norman- 
dy, some  have  imagined  that  he  was  an  Eng- 
lishman. 

Garnet,  Henry,  known  as  one  of  the 
conspirators  in  the  gunpowder  plot,  was  bora 
u\  England,  and  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  from  m  hence  he  went  to  Jiome,  and 
in  1575,  took  the  habit  of  the  Jesuits.  In 
1586,  he  returneil  home  as  the  provincial  of 
his  order,  and  began  bv  secret  intrigues  to 
plot  the  overthrow  of  the  religion  of  ihe 
country.  By  impiously  asserting  that  the 
innocent  iivs''t  ^^  involved  in  the  (k-btruc- 


GA 


GA 


Ga  MA  CHE  5,  Steplien  Siroon;  a  member 
o.i  the  French  academy  of  sciences,  who 
died  at  l^aris  1756,  aged  fi-l-  lie  was  author 
of  Physical  Atronoiny,  '2  vuh.  Ito. — Lite- 
rary and  Philosophical  Disaertalicns,  Svo. 
— t>ystein  of  the  Heart — the  Elegancies  of 
Language  reduced  to  their  Principles,  a  val- 
uable hook. 

Gamaches,  Philip  de,  author  of  2  vols, 
of  Commentaries  on  the  Sumnia  of  Aquinas, 
vas  divinity  professor  in  Paris  university, 
and  ably  defended  the  Gallican  church  against, 
the  encroachments  of  the  papal  power.  He 
died  at  I'aris  1625. 

Gamaliel,  a  Jewish  doctor  of  the  lay, 
and  a  ^cret  disciple  of  our  Saviour.  He  de- 
fended the  conduct  of  the  i^postles  against  th2 
machinations  of  the  Sanhedrim,  and  when 
Stephen  had  been  cruelly  stoned  to  death,  it 
is  said  that  he  caused  his  remains  to  be  de- 
cently buried. 

Gambara,  Lorenzo,  an  Italian  poet  pa- 
tronised by  cardinal  Alexander  Farnese. 
He  died  1586,  a^ed  DO.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
l)oem  on  Columbus,  besides  eclogues,  he. 
but  his  poetry  is  spoken  of  with  great  con- 
tempt by  Aluretus. 

Gambara,  Veronica,  an  Italian  lady  born 
atUrescia.  She  married  the  lord  of  Corre- 
gio,  and  after  his  death  devoted  herself  to  li- 
terature, and  the  education  of  her  two  sons. 
She  died  1550,  aged  05.  The  best  edition  of 
her  poems,  which  possess  merit,  and  of  her 
letters,  is  that  of  Brescia,  1/59. 

Game  OLD,  John,  a  native  of  Havrrford- 
■west,  educated  at  Christ  church,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  1734. 
He  was  on  the  presentation  of  Seeker,  vicar 
of  Stanton  Harcourt,  and  wrote  there  "  the 
Martyrdom  of  Ignatius,"  a  ti-agedv',  1740, 
and  in  1742  edited  al  the  Oxforil  press,  the 
New  Testament,  after  Millcs.  He  joined  in 
1748  the  united  Moravian  bi-ethx'en,  and  was 
for  many  yeai*s  their  minister  in  Neville's 
court.  Fetter-lane.  He  was  consecrated  bi- 
shop of  his  fraternity  at  the  synod  1754,  and 
in  1765  he  established  a  congregation  at  Coot- 
hill  in  Ireland.  He  died  in  his  native  town, 
Sept.  13,  1771,  and  thotigh  an  enthusiast  he 
was  universally  respected  for  his  learning 
and  information,  and  for  his  inoffensive  man- 
ners. He  wrote  several  things  for  the  use  of 
his  Moravian  brethren,  besides  a  Character 
of  count  Zinzendorf — 16  Discourses  on  the 
second  Article  of  the  Creed — and  the  Ilis- 
toi-y  of  Greenland,  translated  from  the  Dutch, 
&c. 

Gandv,  James,  a  painter  who  came  to 
Ireland  willi  the  duke  ofOrmond,  and  died 
there  1689.  He  was  the  pupil  and  imitator 
of  Vandyck. 

Ganganellt.  Vid.  Clement  XIV. 
Garamond,  Claude,  it  native  of  Pari?, 
known  as  an  ingenious  engraver  and  letter 
founder.  He  first  banished  the  use  of  the 
Gothic,  or  black  letter,  and  founded  his  types 
in  so  complete  a  maimer  that  they  became 
universally  admired  in  Europe,  and  by  way 
of  excellence  the  small  lloman  letters  were 
denominated  in  every  country  by  his  name. 


At  the  desire  of  Francis  I.  he  fountted  three 
different  Greek  types,  for  Robert  Stephens, 
for  the  publication  of  the  Greek  Testament, 
and  of  the  Greek  classics.  IMiis  ingenious 
and  indefatigable  man  died  1561,  and  his 
types  became  the  property  of  Fournier  the 
elder,  an  eminent  letter  founder. 

Garasse,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Au- 
gouleme  1585.     He  diplayed   his  genius  by 
his  publication  of  the  elegies  on  the  death  of 
Henry  IV.  and  in  a  poem  in  heroic  verse  ad- 
di-essed  to  Lewis  XIII.  on  his  inauguration. 
As  a  preacher  he  was  very  eloquent  and  po- 
pular, but  he  asjtired  to  the  public  admira- 
tion  by  the   force   and   consequence   of  hi& 
writings.     In    his   style   he  was  violent  and 
scurrilous,  and  his  ''  Horoscope  of  Anti-Co- 
ton,  &c."  and  his  '' Crdvinistic  Elixir,  &c." 
were  proofs  of  ths  virulence  and  buffoonery 
with  which  he  defended  his  order  against  the 
attacks  of  his  enemies.  In  1620  he  published 
"  Uabelais  Reformed,  &c."  and   afterwards 
in  other  publications  attacked  the  ghost  of 
Pasquier,  an  affront  which  was  severely  re- 
sented by  the  indignant  sons  of  this  reverend 
father.     His  "  Somme  Theologique  des  Ve- 
ritas Capitales  de  la   Religion  Chretienne," 
pul)lished  1625,  first  raised  the  torch  of  dis- 
sension and  hatred  between  the  Jesuits  and 
Jansenists.     The  book  was  attacked  by  the 
abbot  of  St.  Cyran,  and  in  1626,  the  rector 
of  the  Sorbonne  complained  to  his  society 
of  the  evil  tendencies  of  a  composition  which 
recommended  heretical  opinions,  and  abound- 
ed in  false  quotations  from   scripture.     Ga- 
rasse was  in  consequence  of  this,  after  a  so- 
lemn  examination  censured,    but   the  viru- 
lence and  aniniosity  which  had  been  excited 
between  the  two  orders  continued  to  be  dis- 
played on  both  sides  with  inci-easing  violence. 
Though  supported  by  the  Jesuits  in  the  dis- 
pute, Gai'asse  was  banished  to  one  of  their 
houses  fit  some  distance  from  Paris.   During 
the  pestilence  which  raged  at  Poictiers,  he 
showed  himself  charitably  active  in  the  re- 
lief of  the  infected,   and  fell  a  victim  to  the 
contagion,  14th  June,  1631.     He  is  styled  by 
Warburton  in  l»is  commentary  on  the  Essay 
of  Man,  an  eminent  casuist. 

Garbteri,  Lorenzo,  a  painter  of  Bolog- 
na, pupil  to  Ludovico  Caracci.  He  died 
1654,  aged  64. 

Garbo,  Raphael  del,  an  historical  painter 
of  Florence,  who  died  1534,  aged  58.  His 
representation  of  the  resurrection  is  his  best 
piece. 

Garcias  II.  king  of  Navarre  after  Sancho 
II.  died  1000. 

Garcilasso,  or  Garcias  Lasso  de 
la  Vega,  a  Si)anish  poet,  born  of  a  noble 
family  at  Toledo,  1500.  He  was  educated 
under  the  eye  of  Charles  V.  who  patronised 
and  esteemed  him,  and  he  distinguished 
himself  as  much  by  his  valor  as  by  his  poetry. 
After  accompanying  Charles  in  his  campaigns 
in  Germany,  Africa,  and  Provence,  he  re- 
ceived a  wound  on  the  head  from  a  stone 
thrown  from  a  tower,  when  at  the  head  of  a 
battalion,  and  died  three  weeks  after  at  Nice, 
To  his  genius  and  hrs  la- 


in his  36th  vcar. 


(lA 


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bors  the  poetry  of  tJic  SpaniaivVs  is  grc-:»lly 
iiideljtc'd.  His  works  ;uc  written  not  onlv  in 
I'lcgaiit  language,  but  uitli  true  poetic  lire, 
and  his  odes  are  siiid  liy  Paul  Joviiis  lo  c(|nal 
those  of  lloiace  in  sweetness.  His  vvorivs 
■were  published  willi  learned  notes  by  Franc. 
Sanchez,  Naples,  1004,  in  Svo.  'I'here  was 
another  S|)aniai'd  of  the  same  name,  born  at 
Cusco,  who  wrote  tlic  llibtory  of  Florida,  oj" 
I'cru,  and  of  the  Tncas. 

Uarjjie,  Fontus  de  la,  a  French  adven- 
turer in  the  service  of  marshal  Diisac,  and 
afterwards  of  the  Dunes,  and  then  of  the 
Swedes.  He  was  ambassador  fi-om  Sweden 
at  Vienna  and  at  Rome,  and  in  LISO  he  was 
employed  against  the  Uussians,  and  fought 
Avitii  great  success.  He  was  drowned  acci- 
dentally in  the  port  of  Revel  1585. 

(i  AH  DIN"  Di  MESNiL,  N.  professor  of 
rhetoiic  at  Paris,  was  eminent  as  a  scholar, 
as  appears  in  his  SynonymesLatines,  in  imi- 
tation of  Girard's  Synonymes  Francois.  He 
died  at  Valogne,  May  1802,  aged  82. 

(jAudiner,  Sleplien,  bishop  of  Win- 
chester, was  the  illegitimate  son  of  Lionel 
^^'oodvil!e,  bishop  of  Salisburj',  and  brother 
to  Filizabeth  the  queen  of  the  fourth  Ed- 
ward. He  was  horn  at  Uury  St.  Edmund's, 
Suffolk,  1483,  a. id  educateil  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  ^vhere  his  progress  in  clas- 
sical literature,  and  in  civil  and  canon  hnv 
■was  very  rapid.  His  introduction  into  the 
j^^orfolk  fanjily,  and  afterwai'ds  into  the  ser- 
vice of  Wolsey,  soon  rendered  him  a  favoi*- 
ite  at  court.  In  the  business  of  the  divurce 
he  was  sent  in  1527  to  Rome,  where  he 
warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  iiis  sovereign, 
and  when  he  found  that  the  pope  was  inex- 
orable, he  turned  his  attention  to  i)rocure 
the  dismissal  of  tlie  virtuous  Catlierine, 
without  paying  any  respect  to  the  oi»inion  of 
the  papal  court.  For  his  services  lie  was 
made  secretary  of  state,  and  in  15.31  raised 
to  the  see  of  Winchester.  He  went  after- 
wards as  ambassador  to  the  French  court, 
and  Avhen  Henry  broke  off  his  dependence 
on  the  papal  see,  the  new  bishop  evinced  his 
acquiescence  in  the  hold  measure  by  defend- 
ing it  in  his  tract  de  Vera  Obedienta.  After 
various  employments  of  confidence  and  hon- 
or, he  was  at  last  directed  by  Heni-y  to  draw 
up  articles  on  an  accusation  of  heresy,  against 
his  last  wife  Catlierine  I'arr,  but  the  devo- 
ted queen  hud  the  art  to  avert  the  storm 
from  her  own  head  uipon  tliat  of  (r^rdiner, 
who  ever  after  continued  in  disgrace  with 
the  king.  Under  Edward  VI.  iie  showed 
himself  averse  to  the  introduction  of  the 
reformation,  and  though  threatened  and  im- 
prisoned, he  still  persevered  in  his  o[)posi- 
riofi.  Under  Mary  he  vas  restored  to  his 
bishopric  from  which  he  had  been  deprived, 
and  he  -was  raised  to  the  high  office  of  lortl 
chancellor  and  of  prime  minister.  Much  to 
the  disgrace  of  Tiis  character  he  conducted 
himself  in  this  elevated  situation  with  great 
caprice  and  unpardonable  cruelty.  The 
protestants  who  opposed  his  views  were  with 
little  ceremony  committed  to  the  flames, 
uud  these  measures  of  violence  and  blood 


were  sanctioned  by  the  bigoted  queen,  and 
approved  by  the  criiniuitl  catholics,  iie  died 
Pith  Nov.  1555,  aged  72.  in  his  private 
character  he  was  not  without  some  good 
qualities,  ilt;  was  learned,  and  promotcfl 
the  cause  of  learning.  His  gratitude  to 
Wolsey,  to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  part 
of  his  gi-eatncss,  is  highly  commendable,  and 
though  murh  injured  by  Heniy  Vill.  he 
never  menlione<l  his  tianu-  without  marks  of 
resjiect  and  allection.  'I'hat  he  possessed 
antbition,  the  history  of  his  life  sutTicienlly 
proves,  and  (hat  he  was  not  unskilled  in  ait 
and  dissimulation  is  strongly  evident  from 
the  greatness  with  which  he  sui)p()rted  his 
measures  in  the  midst  of  jarring  factions,  and 
ojjposite  religions. 

Gardiner,  James,  an  officer  in  the  ar- 
my of  George  H.  who  on  reading  a  religion j 
book  called  Heaven  taken  by  Storm  sudden- 
ly reformed  the  licentious  conduct  of  liis 
youth,  by  the  most  correct  morals,  and  the 
mo.«t  undisguised  piety.  'I'his  worthy  nian 
V  as  killed  at  the  battle  of  I'restoii-pans,  iu 
sigl'il  of  his  own  house,  21st  September 
1745. 

Gakengeot,  Rend,  Jacques,  Croissant 
de,  a  French  surgeon,  born  at  \  itri  1GS8. 
He  was  royal  lecturer  on  surgery  at  Paris, 
and  fellow  of  the  London  royal  society,  and 
he  acquired  great  celebrity  by  the  success  of 
his  oi>erations,  and  the  ingenious  and  valu- 
able works  which  he  wrote  on  his  profession. 
He  died  at  Paris  1759.  His  works  arc  a 
Treatise  on  Surgical  Operations,  two  vols. 
Svo. — on  Surgical  Instruments,  2  vols.  12ma 
— the  Anatomy  of  the  A'iscera  12mo.  &c. 

Garessole3,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Mon- 
tauban,  where  he  was  divinity  profesiior, and 
also  moderator  of  the  synod  of  Charenton. 
He  wrote  a  Way  to  Salvatiou,— de  Christo 
Mediatni-e, — Explicalio  Catechescos  Christ, 
lielig. — some  Latiii  poems,  kc.  and  died 
1G50,  aged  fi3. 

fiARET,  John,  a  Benedictine,  of  the  con- 
gregation of  St.  Maur.  He  wr.s  born  at 
Havre  de  Grace,  and  died  1694,  aged  09. 
He  edited  Cassiodorus,  2  vols.  fol.  with  in- 
teresting notes. 

Gar  LAN  DE,  Jean  de,  a  grammarian, 
born  at  Garlantie  en  Rrie  in  Normandy. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  are  "  a  poem 
on  the  contempt  of  the  World." — Floretus, 
on  the  Doctnnes  of  Faith  ; — Facetus  on  the 
duties  of  Men  towards  God, — Dictionarium 
Artis  Alchymice  1571.  Basle.  He  was  liv- 
ing in  1081,  and  as  he  passed  much  of  his 
time  in  England,  w  ilh  William  of  Norman- 
d)',  some  have  imagined  that  he  was  an  Eng- 
lishman. 

Garnef,  Hcni-y,  known  as  one  of  the 
conspirators  in  the  gunpowder  plot,  was  born 
in  England,  and  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  from  whence  he  ^^  cnt  to  Rome,  and 
in  1575,  took  the  liabit  of  the  Jesuits.  In 
1586,  he  returned  home  as  the  provincial  of 
his  order,  and  began  by  secret  intrigues  to 
plot  the  overthrow  of  the  religion  of  the 
country.  By  impitnisly  asserting  that  the 
innocent  iw^'ght  be  involved  in  the  ck-itruc- 


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GA 


tinn  of  the  gnilty,  to  establish  his  plans,  he 
encouraged  his  associates  in  the  foi  wai'ding 
of  that  dreadful  plot  wliicli  was  pi-evented  by 
a  happy  discovery.  He  was  in  consequence 
sent  to  tlie  I'ower  and  hanged  for  high  trea- 
son, at  the  west  end  of  St.  Paul's,  May  3d, 
1606.  Though  deservedly  punished  for  his 
meditated  crimes,  yet  he  i)assed  as  a  martyr 
among  the  catholic  enthusiasts. 

Garnett,  Thomas,  a  native  of  West- 
moreland, educated  at  Sedburgh  sciiool,  un- 
der Dawson,  from  whence  he  v.ent  to  Edin- 
burgh to  study  under  Dr.  Brown.  He  after- 
wards studied  surgery  in  Lonilon,  and  then 
settled  at  Harrowgate  ;  but  finding  success 
not  equally  rapid  with  his  expectations,  he 
removed  to  Liverpool  with  the  intention  of 
emigrating  to  America.  Tiie  interference 
of  his  friends  prevented  his  leaving  the 
country,  and  he  applied  himself  to  chemis- 
try and  natural  philosophy,  and  after  reading 
some  lectures  on  those  sciences  at  Liverpool 
and  Mancliester,  he  was  appointed  Ander- 
son's lecturer  at  Glasgow.  The  establish- 
ment of  the  royal  institution  in  London, 
drew  him  to  tlie  capita!,  and  for  two  seasons 
Le  read  lectures  to  numerous  and  applaud- 
ing audiences,  after  wliich  he  resigned,  to 
'lecture  publicly  in  his  own  house  Great  Marl- 
borough str-eet.  His  prospects  of  future 
eminence,  however,  uifortunately  vanished, 
he  died  of  a  ferer  28th  June  1S02.  As  an 
author  he  was  respectable,  and  as  a  lecturer 
intelligent  and  animated  He  publislicd 
Analysis  of  the  Harrowgate  Waters, — a 
Tour  through  Scotland,  2  vols.  4to. — a  Lec- 
ture on  Health,  I'imo. — various  papers,  &c. 
on  medical  and  physical  Subjects,  and  his 
Lectures  on  Zoonomia,  appeared  in  4to.  for 
the  benefit  of  his  orphan  daughters. 

Gar>:ier,  Kobert,  a  French  tragic  poet, 
horn  atFerte  Bernard  in  Maine,  1534.  He 
studied  law  at  Toulouse,  but  left  it  for  poet- 
ry, and  so  successful  were  liis  attempts  that 
he  w'as  compared  to  Sophocles  and  Euri- 
pides. His  merits  were  rewarded  by  some 
lionorable  offices,  and  he  died  1590.  His 
-works,  consisting  of  tragedies,  besides  ele- 
gies, songs,  &c.  but  all  in  a  style  and  manner 
■which  modern  improvements  render  very 
obsolete,  were  published  at  Lyons,  12mo. 
1597,  and  re-printed  Paris,  1607. 

Garnier,  John,  a  Jesuit,  professor  «f 
rhetoric  and  philosophy,  was  born  at  Paris, 
and  died  at  Bologna,  1681,  aged  69.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  are  an  edition  of 
Mercator,  folio,  1673. — Systema  Bibliothe- 
cse  CoUegii  Parisensis,  4to.  167S,  Sec. 

Garnier,  Jtdian,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
who  edited  St.  Basil's  works,  3  vols,  folio, 
and  died  1723,  aged  53. 

Garosalo,  Bonrenuto,  an  Italian  pain- 
ter, born  at  Ferrara.  He  succeeded  chiefly 
in  copying  the  pieces  of  Raphael,  and  other 
roost  celebrated  masters.  He  died  1695, 
aged  80. 

Garrard,  Mark,  a  painter,  born  at 
Bruges  in  Ftanders,  1561.  He  was  in  the 
service  of  queen  Elizabeth  and  of  Anne  the 
%vife  of  James  1.  and  £orac  of  his  pieces  are 


preserved  in  England.     He  died  in  Londonj 
1635. 

Garrtck,  David,  an  illustrious  English 
actor.     His   grandfather  was  a  Frenchman 
who  left  the  country  at  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  and  his  father  was  a  cap- 
tain in  the  army,  and  chiefly  resided  at  Lich- 
field.    Duvid  was  born  at  Hereford,  where 
his  father  Avas  on  a  recruiting  party,  and  was 
baptized   there  in   All-Saints  church,   20th 
P'ebruary  1716.     He  was  educated  at  Lich- 
field school,  hot  was  more  attached  to  theat- 
rical ])ursuits  than  learning,  so  that  lie  acted 
with  his  fellow  pupils  the  play  of  "  the  Re- 
cruiting Ofticer,"  and  supported  himself  the 
character  of  sergeant  Kite.     He  v/ent  after- 
wards to  reside  with  his  uncle,  a  wine  mer- 
chant at  Lisbon,   but  soon  returned  to  Lich- 
field school,  and  after  being  six   months  the 
pupil  and  companion  of  Dr.  Johnson,  he  ac- 
companied him  to  London  in  1735.     He  was 
recommended   by  Mr.   Walmsley  of  Lich- 
field to  Mr.  Colson, under  whom  he  might  im- 
prove himself  in  mathematical   knowledge, 
and  afterwards  enter  at  the  Temple.     But 
though  he  studied  for  a  w  hile  under  Colson, 
and   entered   mto   partnership   in  tlie   wine 
trade   wilh   his  brother   Peter,  in  Durham 
yard,  not  business,  but  a  theatrical  life  was 
his  favorite  object,  and  soon  after  the  death 
of  his  uncle,  the  Lisbon  merchant,  who  left 
him  1000^.  and  of  his  father  and  his  mother, 
he  now  without  the  cotitrol  of  superiors   in- 
dulged the  favorite  bent  of  his  heart.     The 
powers  with  which  nature  had  endowed  him 
were  fostered  and  improved  by  the  conver- 
sation and   company  of   the   most  popular 
actors,  but  Garrick  still  diffident,  flew  from 
a  London  audience  to   Ipswich,   where   iu 
1741    he   performed  the   part  of  Aboan  in 
Oroonoko,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Lyd- 
dal.  His  efforts  w  ere  received  with  repeated 
and  increasing  a})plause,   and   thus  flushed 
with   provincial   approbatian,    lie   came    to 
Goodman's  fields,   and   acted   Richard    HI. 
October   19th  1741.     So  superior  were  his 
abilities,  and  so  powerful  their  displa}',  that 
the  other  theatres  were  nov/  left  empty,  and 
the  liouse   iu    Goodman's  fields  was'  daily 
crowded  with   all  the  beauty,  the  fashion, 
and  the  taste  of  the  town.     This  success  was 
viewed  with  envy  by  his  rival  heroes  Quia 
and  Cibber.     By  the   influence  of  sir  John 
Barnard,  an  act  of  parliament  was  obtained 
to  shut  up  the  theatre  of  Goodman's  fields, 
so  that  Garrick,  thus  obliged  to  abandon  a 
situation  where  he  divided  the  profits  with 
Giftard  the  manager,  made  an  engagement 
with  Fleetwood  the  patentee  of  Drury-lane 
for  500^.  a  year.     Thus  popular  in  England, 
Garrick  passed  to  Dublin  in  the   summer  of 
1742,   and  so  prodigious  wore  the  numbers 
which  assembled  to  view  this  theatrical  pha;- 
nomenon,  that  in  consequence  of  the  crowd- 
ed houses  ami  the  intense  heat  of  the  wea- 
ther, a  contagious  disorder  fatally  broke  out 
in  the  town,  which  was  called  Garrick's  fe- 
A'er.    In  1747  he  became  joint  patentee  of 
Drury-lane  with  Lacy,  and  in  July  1749,  he 
married  Mademoisdle  Violelti,  an  Italian 


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.stnge  (lancer.  Ti»  1763  he  went  ulih  liis  wile 
to  Pans  uiul  Italy,  :uul  lli(»u};li  some  atlrilju- 
tcd  this  journey  to  a  jealousy  ui  llie  sutcess- 
lul  efiorls  of  Beard  in  the  niauaj^cmeiit  of 
Covenl-gardeii,  it  was  more  piotiably  un- 
dertaken for  the  rcbtoration  (if  hii  heailli 
and  that  of  Mrs.  (Jarrick,  who  received 
some  benefit  from  the  haliis  of  Pailua.  W'liilc 
on  tlie  contiiunt,  (iarrick  was  liberally  con- 
desceiuling  in  exhibiting  varions  characters, 
jiot  only  ill  the  presence  of  ihfc  duke  of  I'ar- 
ma,  but  before  iiis  friends,  and  so  ju<licif>us 
was  his  discerninent,  that  he  foretold  the 
future  celebrity  of  Slademoiselle  Clairon, 
thougli  at  lliat  time  Uumesnil  was  the  favor- 
ite actress  of  the  French  stage.  He  return- 
ed to  London  in  April  I'tK'i,  but  so  fearful 
was  he  of  the  public  opinion,  that  with  a 
timidity  unworthy  of  his  great  character, 
he  aJways  endeavored  to  prevent  censure, 
and  on  tlus  occasion  he  caused,  by  means  of 
a  frieod,  to  be  published  *  tlie  Sick  iMon- 
key,"  a  poem  in  which,  by  drawing  the 
censures  of  animals  on  himself  and  his  tra- 
vels, he  attempted  to  blunt  the  edge  of  ridi- 
cule. In  1709  he  projected  and  conducted 
the  jubilee  at  Stratford,  in  honor  of  Shak- 
speare,  which  though  admired  on  one  side 
and  ridiculed  on  the  other,  should  be  men- 
tioned with  commendation  as  the  homage  of 
a  great  man,  to  an  immoi'tal  genius.  By 
the  death  of  Lacy  in  1773,  the  whole  man- 
agement devolved  on  him,  and  now  the 
fatigues  of  his  situation  were  so  great,  and 
his  infirmities  were  increasing  so  rapidly, 
tliat  in  June  1770  be  lett  the  stage,  and  dis- 
posed of  his  moiety  to  Sheridan,  Linley,  and 
Ford,  for  3.5,000/.  He  was  seized  while  at 
lord  Spencer's  with  a  fit,  and  removed  im- 
mediatel}-  to  his  house  in  the  xVdelphi,  where 
lie  died  three  weeks  after,  20tJi  Jan.  1779. 
Besides  the  display  of  his  astonishing  pow  ers 
on  the  stage,  Garrick  merited  the  public  ap- 
probation as  a  writer.  The  Biographia 
Dramatica  mentions  not  less  than  38  of 
his  plays,  some  of  which  were  original,  and 
some  translations,  besides  a  great  number  of 
prologues,  epilogues,  songs,  elegies,  &c.  A 
moni'ment  has  been  erected  to  Ids  memory 
m  Westminster-abbey,  and  his  life  has  been 
"written  by  Thomas  Davies,  2  vob.  8vo. 

Gauriei>,  Peter,  a  priest  of  Montpellier 
in  the  17th  century.  He  wrote  an  account 
pf  Montpellier  cathedral  1631,  12mo. — A 
<:hronological  Tiew  of  the  Governors  of  Pro- 
vence,— Series  Prsesulum  Megalo  nensium 
Montispell.  ah  451,  ad  1652  folio. 

GARSA.ULT,  Francis  Alexander,  a  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  member  of  the  academy  of 
Sciences.  He  paid  much  attention  to  lite- 
rature and  the  arts,  and  particularly  to  the 
history  and  character  of  the  horse.  He  died 
at  Paris  of  a  parah  tic  stroke,  November 
1778,  aged  85.  He  Mrote  the  anatomy  of 
the  Horse,  translated  from  the  fc'.nglish  of 
Snap,  4lo. — le  nouveau  I'arfait  Marechal,  a 
work  of  merit, — le  Guide  du  Cavalier, — 
Tr.'iite  des  Voitures,  See. 

Garth,  sir  Samuel,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian and  poet,  born  ia  YorksUire,  and  edu- 


cated at  Pfcter-lion.se,  Cftmbrldge,  where  ho 
took  hii  degree  of  .M.I).  July  7lh  1691.  Hr 
settled  in  London,  and  was  electe«l  fellow  of 
the  college  of  physiciuus  1692.  His  assist- 
ance arid  influence  were  }.;reat  in  the  dispute 
between  the  physicians  and  the  ai)Otheca- 
ries  about  the  establishment  of  dispensaries, 
and  he  boldly  supported  the  former,  who 
with  charitable  zeal  Avished  to  administer  to 
the  relief  of  their  fellow  creatures  gratis. 
Irritated  at  the  obstinate  coixluct  of  the  apo- 
thecaries, who  \iolentIy  opposed  the  bene- 
volent plans  fjf  the  C(»llege,  he  employed  hi.s 
pen  to  throw  ridicule  upf)n  them,  and  in 
1099,  l»i(Mluted  hij  "  ])ispensary,"  which  ifi 
a  few  months  went  through  three  editiona. 
The  sixtli  edition  of  this  popular  piece  ap- 
peared 1706,  much  iii»iu-oved  with  the  epi- 
sodes and  inscriptions,  but  though  it  gained 
so  much  of  the  public  attention,  it  wants 
something  of  poetical  ardor,  as  Johnson  has 
observed,  and  no  longer  supported  by  acci- 
dental and  extrinsic  iioj>ulaiity,  it  is  now 
almost  forgotten.  In  lo97,  Hr.  Garth  spoke 
the  annual  Latin  speech  on  vSt.  Luke's  day; 
and  in  this  he  showed  himself  an  elegjtnt  and 
relinetl  scholar,  and  an  able  and  eloquent 
orator.  This  high  reputation  recommended 
by  polite  manners,  and  agreeable  conversa- 
tion, soon  placed  Garth  at  the  head  of  his 
profession.  His  noble  and  spirited  conduct, 
in  raising  a  subscription  for  the  interment  of 
Dryden's  corpse,  which  the  licentious  son 
of  lord  Jefl'eries  had  insulted  and  abandoned, 
also  tended  to  increase  his  popularity,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  first  who  united  to  form 
the  Kitcat  club,  in  170.3,  composed  of  above 
tliirty  noblemen  and  gentlemen  to  support 
the  succession  of  the  Hanoverian  family  to 
the  throne.  In  his  politics,  Garth  was  the 
friend  of  Marlborough,  and  Godolphin,  and 
on  their  disgrace  he,  though  ridiculed  by 
Prior,  employed  his  pen  to  defend  their  con- 
duct, and  honor  their  meritorious  services. 
On  the  accession  of  George  I.  he  was  knight- 
ed with  Marlborough's  sword,  and  appointed 
king's  physician  in  ordinary,  and  physician 
general  to  tlie  army.  This  very  humaoe 
and  liberal  minded  pliysician  died  after  a 
short  illness  18th  Jan.  1718-9,  and  his  re- 
mains w  ere  interred  at  Harrow  on  the  Hill. 
He  was  survived  by  an  only  <laughter  maf- 
ried  to  the  honorable  col.  William  Boyle. 
His  death  was  universally  h-imented,  and 
Pope,  who  loved  and  admired  him,  observed 
that  if  there  ever  was  a  good  christian  with- 
out knowing  himself  to  be  so,  it  was  I)r, 
Garth.  Besides  his  Dispensary  he  publish- 
ed "  ClaremoDt,"  on  the  villa  of  the  duke 
of  Newcastle,  iftid  other  fugitive  pieces,  be- 
sides an  edition  of  Ovid's  ^Metamorphoses,  a 
book  to  which  he  was  very  partial,  &c. 

Gar7,t,  Lewis,  a  painter,  born  at  Pistoia 
in  Tuscany,  and  brought  up  under  Andrea 
Pacchi.  He  is  considered  as  the  successful 
rival  of  Carlo  Marat,  and  his  finest  piece  is 
the  painting  of  the  dome  of  the  church  oi 
Stigmatie  at  Rome,  by  onler  of  Clement  XI 
undertaken  when  he  was  80.  Me  died  1721, 
aged  8:k 


GA 


GA 


Gascoigne,  sir  William,  cliief  justice 
tmder  Heary  IV.  was  born  of  a  noble  Nor- 
man family  at  Gawthorp  in  Yorkshire  1350. 
He  was  niatle  king's  sergeant  1398,  and  the 
next  year  judge  of  the  common  pleas,  and  in 
l4ul  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench.  He 
was  commissioner  to  treat  with  those  delud- 
ed subjects  who  had  joined  the  rebellion  of 
the  earl  of  Northumberland,  but  when  arch- 
bishop Scroop  was  taken  in  arms,  he  refused, 
at  the  repeated  solicitations  of  Henry  IV.  to 
condemn  him  for  treason,  observing  with  un- 
vlaunted  firmness  that  neither  the  king  nor 
his  subjects  could  legally  adjudge  a  bishop  to 
death.  With  persevering  integritv  he  pur- 
sued his  laudable  exertions  to  improve  the 
morals  and  the  jurisprudence  of  England, 
and  he  made  some  wholesome  regulations 
lor  the  reductiqu  and  limitation  of  attornies, 
who  it  seems  were  become  a  public  griev- 
ance in  each  county.  His  presence  of  mind 
and  his  great  dignity  were  most  nobly  exhi- 
bited, when  the  prince  of  Wales,  determined 
to  rescue  one  of  his  sei'vants  who  was  arraign- 
ed before  the  king's  bench,  presumed  to  in- 
terrupt and  even  to  strike  the  chief  justice. 
Gdscoigne  supported  the  chai*acter  of  his  sta- 
tion against  the  bold  aggression,  and  commit- 
ted the  prince  to  the  custody  of  the  king's 
bench  to  await  his  father's  pleasure.  The 
king  heard  of  the  circumstance  with  becom- 
ing propriety,  and  thanked  God  "  that  he 
had  given  him  a  judge  who  knew  how  to  ad- 
minister, and  a  son  who  could  obey  justice." 
The  venerable  judge  died  soon  after,  17th 
Dec.  1413.  He  was  twice  married  and  left 
a  numerous  family.  The  famous  Strafford 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  was  one  of  his  de- 
scendants. 

Gascoigxe,  George,  an  early  English 
poet,  born  in  Essex,  and  educated  at  both 
universities  according  to  AVood.  He  studied 
at  Gray's  Inn,  and  was  a  soldier  in  the  Low 
Countries.  He  cultivated  poetry  under  the 
patronage  of  lord  Gray  de  Wilton,  and  though 
his  veMes  and  language  are  obsolete,  yet  he 
possesses  both  strength,  energ>',  and  ele- 
gance.    He  died  at  Waltliamstow  1578. 

Gasparini,  a  grammarian,  surnamed 
Barzizio  from  the  place  of  his  birth  near 
Bergamo.  During  the  troubles  of  Italy,  and 
the  ignorance  of  the  times,  he  labored  ear- 
nestly to  restore  learning  to  its  ancient  splen- 
tjor.  He  was  professor  of  belles  lettres  at 
Padua,  and  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of 
Milan.  He  died  1431,  aged  61.  He  wrote 
in  elegant  Latin  commentaries  on  several  of 
Cicero's  works,  besides  "  Letters  and  Ora- 
tions,*' reprinted  1723. 

Gassendi,  Peter,  a  celebrated  French 
philosopher,  born  22d  Jan.  N.  S.  1592,  at 
Chantersier  near  Digne  in  Provence.  In  his 
infancy  he  frequently  amused  himself  by 
gazing  at  the  moon  and  stars,  and  as  soon  as 
ke  was  able  to  go  to  school  at  Digne,  he  made 
such  progress  that  he  far  outstripped  all  his 
fellow-students  in  every  branch  of  science 
After  stvulying  philosophy  at  Aix  for  two 
years,  he  returned  to  Uigue,  and  at  the  age 
of  16  \vas  made  teacher  of  rhetoric,  and  5 


years  after  he  removed  to  Aix,  -where  he 
succeeded  his  old  master  Fesey  as  professor 
of  philoso})hy.  His  "  Paradoxical  Exercita- 
tions,"  against  Aristotle's  philosophy  gained 
the  attention  of  that  humane  patron  of  learn- 
ing Nicholas  Peiresc,  and  of  Joseph  Walter 
prior  of  Valette,  and  by  means  of  these  dis- 
interested friends  he  entered  into  orders, 
and  gradually  rose  to  the  dignity  of  D.  D, 
and  to  the  wardenship  of  Digne  church, 
where  he  continued  20  years.  His  attention 
to  astronomy  had  never  been  relaxed  in  the 
midst  of  all  other  pui'suits,  and  his  reputa- 
tion became  so  extensive  that  in  1C45  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  mathematics  at  Paris. 
In  the  discharge  of  tliis  new  office  he  unfor- 
tunately contracted  a  cold,  which  assumed  / 
such  unpleasant  symptoms  that  he  left  Faris 
in  1047  to  breathe  his  native  air.  Here  he 
was  patronised  by  Valois  earl  of  Alais,  and 
while  residing  under  his  hospitable  roof  he 
planned  the  life  of  his  benevolent  friend  Pei- 
resc. He  quitted  Digne  in  1053,  and  in  com- 
pany with  Francis  Beruier,  a  physician,  and 
Anthony  Poller,  his  amanuensis,  he  came  to 
Pari?,  and  lived  in  the  house  of  his  friend 
Monmor,  master  of  tlie  court  of  requests,  at 
whose  desire  he  undertook  the  life  of  Tycho 
Brahe,  which  appeared  1G54  with  an  account 
of  Copernicus,  Purbachius,  and  Regio-Mon- 
tanus.  His  studious  pursuits  greatly  enfee- 
bled his  constitution,  but  he  was  in  some  de- 
gree relieved  by  phlebotomy.  He  had  al- 
ready undergone  that  operation  nine  times 
when  he  remonstrated,  but  one  of  his  physi- 
cians prevailed  upon  the  other  two  to  assent 
to  the  necessity  of  a  repetition  of  the  bleed- 
ing, and  the  yielding  patient  submitted  to  it, 
even  to  a  fourth  time.  He  soon  after  sunk 
under  his  complaints,  and  placing  the  hand 
of  his  faithful  amanuensis  on  his  heart,  after 
hearing  that  the  motion  of  that  spring  of  life 
was  faint  and  fluttering,  he  exclaimed  in  these 
last  words,  "  you  see  what  is  man's  life," 
and  immediately  expired  22d  Oct.  1655.  His 
papers  were  left  to  the  care  of  his  friend 
Monmor,  who  with  the  assistance  of  an  able 
and  impartial  judge,  perased  them  and 
deemed  them  all  worthy  of  the  name  of  the 
philosopher.  These  therefore  with  the  books 
printed  before  appeared  uniformly  in  6  vols, 
fol.  at  Leyden,  1658.  This  great  man,  who 
lived  and  died  in  the  bosom  of  the  catholic 
church,  was  the  friend  and  correspondent 
of  Kepler,  Longomontanus,  Snellius,  Heve- 
lius,  Galileo,  Builialdi,  Kercher,  and  other 
respectable  scholars,  and  to  his  genius,  learn- 
iag,  and  application,  are  owing  in  some  de- 
gree the  rapid  improvements  in  philosophy, 
which  banished  the  foolish  and  unreasonable 
hypothesis  of  Aristotle  and  of  his  followers 
from  the  schools  of  Europe. 

G ASSIGN,  John  de,  a  native  of  Pau,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  army  under  duke  de  Ro- 
han, in  favor  of  the  protestants,  and  under 
Gustavus  of  Sweden,  whose  body  guards  he 
commanded  in  the  German  Avars.  On  the 
death  of  Gustavus  he  returned  to  France  and 
fought  under  la  Force.  His  valor  was  emi- 
nently displayed  at  the  Yictory  of  Rocroy, 


GA 


GA 


and  he  was  ma«1c  a  mar^lial  of  Frnnce  ui 
consequence  of  tlic  lioiioruljle  wounds  lie  re- 
ceived at  die  siege  of  Toulouse  1643.  lie 
was  iiftorwaids  in  ihe  wai-s  of  Flanders,  and 
iell  at  the  si«'i;e  of  I^eiis  1047. 

Gas  r,  Julm,  a  native  of  Dublin,  descend- 
ed from  a  I'linch  proteslant  family.  He 
was  eduiated  at  Duljlin  eollej^e,  and  iVoni  lijc 
curacy  of  St.  Jolin's  church  lie  became  rec- 
tor of  .\iklow,  vhlcli  hi-  affiTM  ardt)  exthanj^- 
ed  in  177.5  for  hft.  Nicholas  without  Dultlin. 
He  also  obtained  the  :irchdcaconry  of  Cilan- 
dclni^h,  and  the  li\ing  of  Newcastle,  an»l  died 
178S,  aged  73.  He  piiMished  iu  1753  tlie 
Uudinients  of  Grecian  History,  a  Avork  of 
merit,  fov  m  hich  the  university  of  Dublin 
honored  him  with  the  decree  of  D.  D.  with- 
out the  usual  expenses — and  a  Letter  from 
;i  Clergyman  of  tlie  Iri;di  establislicd  Church 
to  his  I*oj)i^h  I'arishioners. 

Gastaldt,  John  Baiitiste,  a  native  of 
Sisteron,  who  died  at  Avi[j;non  1717,  aged 
73.  He  was  eminent  as  a  physician,  and  was 
employed  iu  the  household  of  the  French 
kin*  He  wrc)le  Indlitutiones  Me<Iicinic  PIiv- 
sico-Anatomiic,  12mo. — .Medical  1  racts  on 
Curious  Subjects,  JSce. 

Gastaud,  Francis,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Ai.\ 
in  Provence,  father  of  tl»e  oratory,  preacher 
in  Paris,  and  afterwards  a  pleader  in  his  na- 
tive city.  He  was  very  violent  in  his  dislikes 
and  in  his  attachments,  and  therefore  while 
lie  supi'orted  the  opinions  of  Quesnel,  he 
acrimoiiionsly  attacked  Girard  and  hisfriends. 
He  died  173J  at  Yiviers,  where  he  had  been 
banislied,  and  as  he  had  insulted  the  bishop 
of  JNIarseilles  hi  his  writings,  he  was  denied 
the  honors  of  sepulture,  lie  wrote  a  set  of 
Homilies,  &c. — the  Policy  of  the  Jesuits  Un- 
masked, S>cc. 

Gaston  of  Fraace,  John  Baptist,  duke 
of  Orleans,  was  sou  of  Henry  IV.  and  brother 
of  Lewis  XIH.  and  he  is  known  for  his  deep 
intrigues  against  the  power  of  llichclieu. 
He  died  1660,  aged  52. 

Gaston  di:  Foix,  duke  of  Nemours, 
son  of  the  count  d'Etiuiipes,  by  Mary  the 
sister  of  Lewis  XIL  early  distinguished  him- 
self ill  the  army  in  Italy.  He  defeated  the 
Swiss,  and  obtained  a  glorious  viLtory  at  lia- 
venna,  and  soon  after  fell  in  the  field  of  battle 
1.T12,  aged  24. 

Gastuhll,  Francis,  an  Eiiglish  prelate, 
l»orn  acSlapton,  in  Northamptonshire,  about 
1602,  and  educated  at  Westminsler  school, 
and  Christ-church,  ONfurd,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  1GS7.  He  was  preacher 
at  Lincoln's  iuTi,  and  Boyle's  lecturer,  and  lie 
distinguislied  Iiimself  not  only  by  his  elo- 
quence hi  the  pulpit,  but  by  his  writings  in 
defence  of  the  Christian  religiuu.  In  iViK), 
he  took  Iiis  degree  of  D.  D.  and  became 
duiplain  to  Harley,  speaker  of  the  Com- 
mons, and  in  1702,  he  Vas  appointed  canon 
of  Christ's  churcli,  O-vford.  In  1711,  he  v.as 
chaplain  to  the  queen,  and  in  1714,  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Chester,  with  permission 
to  retain  his  canoury.  As  bishop,  he  refused 
to  admit  PciJoe  vicar  of  Preston  to  the  war- 
denship  of  ]NIaachester  college,  because  he 
VOL.  I.  7o 


had  not  taken  the  degree  of  B.  i).  :.s  Uie  sta. 
lut«s  re«iuii'i.«l.     The  candidate   hud  indeed 
been  admilled  to  that  degree  by  the  arciibi- 
shop,  but  (ia^trell  coiisiderccl  a  metropolitxm 
digree  as  nuthing,  till  the  intei'ference  of  the 
court  of  king's  bench  decreed,  that  the  pri- 
mate's <in.ihfic:ilif)n  was   sufrnicnt.     On   this 
occasi(jn    the    bishop    received    the    solemii 
thanks  of  the  university  of  Oxfor<l,   for  hii 
vindication  of  their  rights  and  privileges,  not 
only  in    his  conduct,   but   in    the  piimplilet, 
whicli  he  wrote  in  his  own  defence.  Though 
popular  under  the  adminislr.'itiun  eif  ijueen 
Anne,  Gastiell  became  obnoxious  to  the  mi- 
nisters of  George  the  L  but  though   he  dis- 
liked   the   arbilrary    manners   and   haughty 
temper  of  Atterbury,  he  boldly  opposed  the 
proceetlings  against  him,   and  censured  the 
conduct  of  his  accusers,  as  too  violent,  acri- 
«  lonious,  and  uncharitable.     lie  died  of  the 
gout,  24th  Nov.  1725,  and  was  buried  in  Ox- 
ford cathedrrd,  without  any  mrinument.     He 
is  well  known  for  his  considerations  concern- 
ing the  Trinity,  and  "Remarks  on  the  Scrip- 
ture Doctrine  of  the  I'rinity,  by  Dr.  Samuej 
Clarke,"  besides  ♦'  the  (Christian  Institutes, 
or  the  Sincere  Word  of  God,  ^c"  a  useful 
performance,  fn-st   i)ublished    1707,  and  his 
defence  of  the  Christian  Bcligion,  against  the 
deists,  pre:iched  at  Boyle's  lectures,  and  af- 
terwards digested  into  a  conliuued  discourse, 
1699. 

Gatakei^,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
descended   from   a   Sliropshire   family,  and 
born  1574,  in  tJie  parsonage  house  of  St.  Ed- 
murid,  Lombard-street,  where  his  fatlurwas 
minister.^   He   was  educated   at  St.   John's 
college,  Cambridge,  and  on  the  foundation  of 
Sidney  college,  he  was  on  account  of  ,his  great 
abilities  admitted  one  of  the  fellowj.     After 
being  tutor,   and   chaplain  to  the  families  at' 
Ayloftj   and   sir  William   Cook,  he  was  ap- 
pointed 1(1(11,  pi-eacher  of  Lincoln's  inn.     la 
1611,  he  married  and  took  the  living  of  llo- 
therhithe  in  Surrey.      In  1C20,  he  travelled 
into  the  low  countries,  and  every  where  dis- 
tingiiislied  hiniselfasan  able  preacher,  and 
an  active  opponent  of  the  popish  tenets.  Asa 
writer  he  excited  the  public  attention  by  his 
"  Discourse  on  the  Nature  and  Use  of  Lots, 
a   treatise   historical   and    theological    UU9, 
4to."  and  by  his  defcyce  of  it  1G23,   and  so 
high  was  bis  reputrttion  that,  on  the  removal 
of  Dr.  Comber,  he  was  otFered  the  master- 
shii)  of  Trinity  college,    Cambridge,  \\hicU 
his  iiihriu  health  tlid  not  permit  him  to  ac- 
cci)t.     He  Mas  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines 
who  met  at  M'eslminster,  concerning  justi- 
iication,  and  other  tlieologicrtl  subjects,  an^ 
tliough  he  declared  strongly  in  favor  of  epis- 
copacy, he  signed  the  covenant,  in  obedience 
to  the  sense  of  the  majority  of  his  brethren. 
In  1 648  he  was  the  first  of  the   47   ministers 
who  signed  a  remonstrance  to  the  army,  and 
the  general,  against  the  design  of  trying  the 
king,  and  both  in  private,  and  in  the  pulpit, 
he  s[)oke  against  the  prevailing  tenets  of  the 
independent  faction.     He  was  a  sufferer  by 
the  violence  of  the  times,  yet  when  his  \>a- 
rishioiiers  V'.  fused  to  pay  him  the  compo?i- 


GA 


GA 


tion  which  thty  had  agreed  in  lieu  oF  the 
tithes,  he  bore  the  disappointment  wilh  pa- 
tience, and  turned  his  attention  to  literary 
pursuits.  He  married  four  wives,  and  died 
1054,  aged  80,  and  was  buried  in  his  own 
church.  His  funeral  sermon  was  preached, 
and  published  with  a  narrative  of  his  hfe,  by 
Simon  Ashe,  but  he  gave  directions  that  no 
monument  or  stone  should  mark  the  place 
where  hisi'emains  were  deposited.  He  was 
a  man  who,  to  extensive  erudition,  united 

freat  moderation,  and  benevolent  principles. 
le  opposed  strongly  in  the  reigns  of  James, 
and  Charles  T.  the  high  notions  of  church- 
men, and  deprecated  the  fatal  consequences 
which  he  foresaw  would  fall  on  the  govern- 
ment, and  on  the  elmrch.  The  moderation 
of  his  conduct  drew  upon  him  the  abuses  and 
the  virulence  of  the  bigoted  fanatics  of  the 
times,  but  he  always  preferred  peaceful  re- 
tirement, and  such  uniform  conduct  as  his 
conscience  approved,  to  all  the  reputation  of 
guilty  elevation  and  successful  artifice.  As 
a  critic,  and  a  writer,  he  was  highly  respec- 
ted, and  Salmasius,  Axenius,  Colomies  and 
othei's,  bear  honorable  testimony  to  his  abi- 
lities. He  was  one  of  the  divines  who  wrote 
Annotations  on  the  Bible,  especially  Isaiah, 
Jeremiah,  and  the  Lamentations,  and  Cala- 
my  has  observed  that  no  commentator  an- 
cient or  modern,  is  entitled  to  lugher  praise. 
He  wrote  besides  "  Marcus  Antoninus's 
Meditations,  with  a  discourse  on  the  Philo- 
sophv  of  the  Stoics,  and  a  Commentary," 
1G97~«  Opera  Critica"  Utrecht,  fol.  1668, 
and  h6  was  besides  engaged  in  a  controversy 
■with  Lilly,  the  astrologer,  in  which  mox'e 
learning,  and  more  animosity  were  shown 
than  became  the  subject.  Some  of  his  MSS. 
"were  published  by  his  son  Charles,  rector  of 
Haggeiston,  Bucks,  who  was  also  a  writer 
on  controversial  divinity,  and  died  1680,  aeed 
66 

Gatimobin,  the  last  of  Mexican  kings, 
was  nephew  to  Moiitezuma.  He  was  cruelly 
tortured  in  a  fiery  ordeal  by  Corlez  and  the 
Sp:miards  who  wished  to  discover  his  trea- 
sures, and  three  years  after,  he  was  ignomi- 
nously  hanged  in  his  capital,  with  many  of 
his  caciques,  in  the  sight  of  his  subjects,  152G. 

Gavants,  Bartholomew,  a  Barnabite 
monk,  born  in  the  Milanese.  He  wrote  the 
Thesaurus  Sacrorum  liituum,  on  the  Cere- 
monies, kc.  of  the  Roman  church,  5  vols. 
4to.  with  plates — Manuale  Episcoporum — a 
tract  on  conducting  Synods,  &c.  He  died  at 
Milan,  1 038,  aged  ZO.' 

Ga-UBIL,  Anthony,  a  French  missionary 
in  China,  where  he  resided  30  years.  He 
was  born  at  Caillac,  1708,  and  died  175y.  He 
wa3  interpreter  at  the  court  of  Pekin,  and 
astonished  even  the  Chinese  themselves  for 
his  knowledge  of  their  language.  He  sent 
some  curious  anecdotes  to  Europe,  and  pub- 
lished a  good  history  of  Gengis  Khan,  1739, 
4to.  and  a  translation  of  Chou-king  1771. 
His  eulogium  appears  in  the  31st  volume  of 
Lettres  Curieuses,  k  Edifites." 

Gaubius,    Jerome    David,   a   native   of 
Keidleberg,  who  studied  medicice  under  liis 


uncle  a  physician  at  Amsterdam,  and  aftei'- 
wards  went  to  Handerwyck,  and  to  Lej  den. 
In  1731  he  succeeded  his  illustrious  friend 
and  preceptor  Boerhaave,  as  Lecturer  of  Bo- 
tany, and  chemisti'y  at  Leyden,  and  obtained 
the  medical  professorship  three  years  after. 
He  died  1780,  aged  75.  Flis  woi  ks  are  a 
Thesis  on  the  Solids,  1725,  when  he  took  his 
doctor's  degree — another  on  the  method  of 
Prescribing,  and  Writing  Recipes,  a  valua- 
ble work  1738 — Institutiones  PathologicsE 
Medicinal,  4to.  1758. — Adversaria  de  Variis 
Argumentis,  &c.  He  also  edited  Albinus  de 
Prssagienda  Vita  &  Morte — Cramer's  Ele- 
menta  Artis  Docimasticise,  8cc. 

Gaud,  Henry,  a  painter  and  engraver  of 
Utrecht,  who  died  1639.  His  seven  engra- 
vings from  Adam  Elshamier's  pictures  are 
much  admired. 

Gauden,  John,  a  prelate  born  1605,  at 
Mayfield,  Essex,  where  his  father  was  vicar. 
He   was  educated  at  Bury     St.   Edmund's 
school,  and   St.   John's  college,  Cambridge, 
w  here  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts.      In  1630, 
he  married  the  daughter  of  sir  William  Rus- 
sel,   of  Chippenham,  Cambridgeshire,   and 
obtained  that  vicarage,  and  afterwards  the 
rectory  of   Brighlwell,    Berks.       From  his 
connection  with  Oxford,  he  entered  at  Wad- 
ham  college,   and  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
1641.     He  was  chaplain  to  lord   AVarwick, 
and  he  preached  before  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, in  a  style  which  procured,  with  their 
approbation,   the   present   of  a  large  silver 
tankard  with  an  appropriate  inscription,  and 
afterwards  the   rich  deanery  of  Bocking  in 
Essex,  for  the   regular   possession  of  which 
he   obtained  the   collation   of  Laud,   then  a 
prisoner  in  the  Tower.     He  submitted  to  the 
regulations  of  the  parliament,  upon  the  abo- 
lition of  the  hierarchy,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
assembly   of  divines,  who  met  at  Westmin- 
ster, though  Godwin  was  afterwards  substi- 
tuted in  his  room.     When  preparations  were 
made  to  try  the  king,  he  was  one  of  those 
divines  wlio  boldly  ])ei:itioned  against  it,  and 
after  the  king's  death  he  published  *' a  Just 
Invective  against  those  who  murthered  king 
Charles  I.  &.c."     His  zeal  was  further  mani- 
fested in  printing  the  "  Icon  Bnsilice,"  with 
a  copy  of  the   MS.  of  which,  written  by  the 
unfortunate  (Charles,  he  had  been  intrusted, 
and  though  diligent  search  was  made  by  the 
parliament  for  the  publisher  of  that  popular 
book,  (ianden  had   the   good  fortune  to  es- 
cape discovery.     In  1659  he  published  *' the 
Tears,  Sighs,  &c.  of  tlie  Church  of  England, 
kc.  in  ^  books  folio."  and  so  highly  approved 
were  his  services  that  he  w  as  made,  on  the 
death  of  Brownrigg,  preacher  to  t!ie  Tem- 
pje,  and  bishop  of  Exeter.      In  1662  he  was 
removed  to   Worcester,  but,  it  is  said,  that 
he  was  so  disappointed  in  not  being  translated 
to  the  rich  sec  of  Winchester,  that  he  died 
of  a  broken   heart,  in  September  that  same 
year.     Though   he  had  cleared  upwards  of 
20,000^.  by  renewing  leases  at    Exeter,   his 
widow,  with  his  five  children,  petitioned  the 
king  for  the  half  year's  profits  of  the  see  of 
Worcester,  \yhich  was  refused.    Gauden  ha? 


«A 


OA 


been  censured  for  his  uinljition,  an<l  he  is  de- 
scribed by  Clart-ridoii,  IJiuncl,  Kennel  and 
others,  as  so  inconslanl,  arnbij^uous,  and  «:o- 
vetous  of  preferment,  ihul  he  woidd  foUow 
any  party  or  subscribe*  to  any  opinions  to  gam 
his  ends.  Wood  says  thai  lie  was  estei  nic<l 
hy  all  who  knew  him,  that  he  was  a  man  of 
Aast  parts,  of  unwearied  labor  and  much  vc- 
sorted  to  for  Iiismosl  admirable  and  edilyiMj; 
■way  of  preachin};.  Me  wrote  several  tracts 
on  the  politics,  and  theological  disltutes,  of 
the  times.  Some  have  considered  the  Icon 
llasilice,  as  wholly  written  by  him,  but  the 
style  is  so  superior  to  that  of  the  bishop,  that 
the  king  is  now  regarded  as  the  sole  author 
of  it. 

GAunnxTio,  a  painter  of  Milan,  horn 
about  1480.  He  a<lorned  the  churches  of  his 
native  city  with  fresco  and  oil  i)ainlings. 

GAii  DE.MTi  us,  St  a  biiliop  of  Urescia, 
who  obtained  his  preferment  much  against 
his  wishes  from  the  hands  of  St.  Ambrose. 
He  wrote  sermons, — letters, — the  Life  of 
Philaster,  his  predecessor,  kc.  publislied, 
Brescia  fol.  1738,  and  died  4*7.  Anotiier, 
in  the  sanac  age,  w rote  tMO  apologies  for  the 
Donatists,  of  whom  he  was  bishop. 

Gaudenzio,  Paganin,  a  native  of  the 
Valleline.  Fie  received  his  education  at 
Kome  where  he  acquired  celebrity  as  Greek 
professor,  and  afterwards  at  Pisa  where  he 
filled  the  chair  of  belles  lettres.  He  wrote 
Declamationes — Chart:e  PaLmtes — Obstetrix 
Literaria — Academ.lnstar. — de  Philosophiuj 
apud  Roman.  Initio  Sc  Progrcssu,  4to.  and 
died  1648,  aged  52. 

G  A  VEST  ON,  Peter,  son  of  a  Gascon  gen- 
tleman, is  known  in  English  history  as  the 
favorite  of  Edward  II.  In  his  elevation  he 
was  proud,  over  bearing,  and  cruel,  and  the 
barons  thei*efore  rose  up  against  him,  and  he 
was  beheaded  1312. 

Gauli,  Giovanni  Baptista,  a  painter  of 
Genoa  who  died  at  Home  17U9,  aged  08. 
His  chief  merit  was  historical  and  poi'trait 
painting. 

Gaulmix,  Gilbert,  a  French  writer  of 
some  celebrity,  acquired  by  his  harangues  in 
the  society  of  beaux  and  belles  He  died 
I6fi5,  aged  6(>.  He  wrote  Commentaries  on 
Pseilus  and  I'heod.  Prodromus,  besides  Re- 
marks on  the  false  Callisthenes, — an  edition 
of  Romance  of  Ismenus  aiid  Ismenias,  8tc. 

Gaupp,  John,  a  native  of  Liudau  in  Swa- 
bia,  educated  at  Jena.  He  was  the  protes- 
tant  pastor  of  his  native  town,  where  he  died 
1738,  aged  71.  He  was  an  able  mathema- 
tician, and  wrote  Gnomonica  Mechanica 
Universalis,  4to,  besides  some  tracts  on  As- 
tronomy, Chronology,  sermons,  ^c. 

Gaurico,  l.iica,  an  Italiaii  professor  of 
astronomy  at  Ferrara.  His  prediction  that 
John  Bcnlivoglio  would  lose  the  supreme 
power  of  Bologna,  exposed  him  to  persecu- 
tion, and  he  removed  to  Venice,  and  then  to 
Rome.  He  was  made  bibhop  of  Civita  in 
Naples  by  pope  Paul,  who  was  a  great  fol- 
lower of  astrology,  but  he  resigned  the  see 
in  1550,  and  came  to  Rome,  where  he  died 
1558,  aged  8-?.    His  -vorka  on  astrology  and 


astronomy  appeared  at  Basil  .T  vols.  fol.  1.375 
His  brother,   Pomjionio,  wrote  L.ilin  poems, 
tracts    on    lMiysiogi»oruy,    archilectme,    &tc. 
anti  <lied  professor  in  Naples  university. 

(iAL'SSEM,  Jane  <Jaihariite,  a    celebrated 
actress,  M  ho  after  enj(n  irig  for   30  years  the 
ap[)lauses  of  a  I'rencli  audience  retired  fi-om 
the  Ibeaire,   Ifi'i't,  f/om   inolivts  of  religion 
She  (lie<l  at  I'aris  1707,  aged  50. 

(•AU'iHiEU,  Jean  Ijypiiste,  a  French. 
abbe,  ch.kplain  to  de  Laiij;le,  bishop  of  Bou- 
logne, and  to  (Joll)Lrl,  bishfip  of  .Monlpel- 
lier,  was  l)Orn  at  Louviers  in  the  diocese  of 
Evreux  1085.  He  died  of  a  fall  1755.  He 
wrote  against  Infidels.  His  ch'ef  works  are 
*'  a  Tract  against  Pope's  Essay  on  Man'' 
which  he  describes  as  impious, — Ijetters 
again'jt  Hanlouin  and  Berruyei-,  3  vols, 
r.'mo. — an  Attack  upon  the  Jesuits,  3  vols. 
and  other  works  mentioned  in  "  France  Lite- 
raire"17.iS 

(iAY,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  1088, 
near  Barnstaple,  Devon  The  only  education 
which  he  received  was  at  the  free-school  of 
his  native  town,  under  Luck  who  had  some 
knowledge  of  poetry,  but  such  v.as  hi.s.taste  for 
literature,  that  when  his  parents,  vsho  were 
poor  thoiigli  of  a  respectable  family,  bound 
him  apprentice  to  a  silk-mercer  in  London, 
he  attended  behind  the  counter  with  silent  in- 
dignation, and,  as  soon  as  he  could,  he  purcha- 
sed !us  indentures  of  his  master.  Now  freed 
from  the  sliackles  of  business,  he  cultivated 
the  muses,  and  was  introduced  to  the  wits 
of  the  times.  Flattered  with  the  friendship 
of  Swift  and  of  Pope,  he  courted  the  public 
approbation  by  dedicating  in  1711,  his  lirs4 
piece,  "  Rural  Sports,  a  Georgic,"  to  the 
latter  of  these  higli  poetical  characters. 
But  though  successful  as  an  author,  his  re- 
sources were  scanty,  and  his  creditors  now 
threatened  his  liberty,  v  hen  the  patronage 
of  the  duchess  of  jNIonmouth,  by  appointing 
him  her  secretary,  placed  him  above  want, 
and  called  his  muse  to  new  exertions.  In 
this  sunshine  of  prosperity  he  wrote  his 
"  Trivia,  or  the  Ait  of  Walking  the  Streets,'* 
and  the  tiext  year  he  formed  the  plan  of  ids 
*'  Pastorals."  In  espousing  the  cause  of  Pope, 
who  had  been  insulted  liy  Philips,  he  not 
only  produced  an  excellent  poem  "  the  Shep- 
herd's Week"  which  rivalle«l  his  antagonist's 
performance,  but  he  fixed  the  friendship  and 
gained  the  recommendation  of  his  poetical 
patron.  He  was  flattered  by  the  miiustry, 
and  was  sent  as  secretary  to  lord  Clarendon, 
in  his  embassy  to  Hanover.  The  death  ot" 
queen  Anne  seemed  to  ruin  his  hopes,  but  he 
paid  his  court  to  the  new  niinistry,  atid  in- 
sured the  patronage  of  the  princess  of  \\'ales 
by  a  well-timed  compliment.  He  was  admit- 
ted into  the  company  of  the  great  and  pow- 
erful, and  the  sweetness  of  his  manners,  and 
the  sincerity  of  his  heart,  gained  him  friends 
wherever  he  ai)peaix;d.  He  went  to  Ai\  in 
Fiance  with  .Mr.  Pulteney,  and  at  his  return 
he  introduced  on  the  stage  his  "  Three  Hours 
after  Marriage"  wliich  did  not  meet  the  same 
success  which  his  'M\  hat  d'ye  call  it"  had 
a  little  time   before  comnoaftdej,     hi,  l/lS, 


GA 


GA. 


he  was  vith  Pope  at  lord  Ilarcouri's  vhere 
lie  celebi-ated  in  IjeaiitU'ul  verse  the  sad  catas- 
trophe of  the  two  lovers  destroyed  by  light- 
ning. In  w20,  he  recruitci!  his  finarices  by  a 
handsome  subscription  to  his  poems,  in  'i 
vols.  4to.  but  the  whole  ^.mounting  to  lUOOZ. 
was  ventured  and  lost  in  the  unfortunate  south 
sea  scheme.  This  stroke  had  sucli  eltect 
upon  hK  spirits,  that  he  almost  sunk  under 
the  loss,  but  by  the  friendship  and  advice  of 
Dr.  Arbuthnothe  gradually  recovered.  In 
1724,  he  read  his  "Captives"  before  the 
prini^ess  of  Wales,  and  at  her  request  wrote 
his  beautiful  and  elegant  fables  for  the  me  of 
the  duke  of  Cumherland.  In  1727,  he  pro- 
duced  his  "  Beggar's  Opera"  which  met 
^vith  the  most  unusual  sirccess,  and  was  acted 
()3  successive  nights  in  London,  .50  at  Rath 
and  Bi-istol,  and  with  ecpial  popularity  in 
other  places-  So  great  indeed  w  as  the  pub- 
lic admiration,  that  the  songs  of  the  opera 
api>eared  on  the  fans  of  the  ladies,  and  the 
person  who  acted  Polly,  though  hitherto  oh- 
scure,  he«'ame  an  important  character  in  the 
history  of  the  town,  and  at  last,  though 
mother  of  some  natural  children,  she  rose 
hy  mai'rjage  to  the  rank  of  a  duchess.  This 
favorite  play  owed  its  celebrity  to  the  unpopu- 
larity of  the  court,  and  the  resentment  of  the 
poet,  who  was  offered  the  place  of  gentleman 
usher  to  the  young  princess  Louisa,  whieii 
he  rejected  Avith  marked  indignation.  To 
take  advantage  of  his  situation  witb  the  pub- 
lic, he  produced  a  second  part  to  the  Beg- 
gar's Opera,  by  the  title  of  "  P®lly"  but  the 
court  forbad  its  appearance  on  the  stage,  and 
Gay  had  the  satisfaction  of  obtaining  an  un- 
usually large  subscription  for  its  publication. 
To  make  his  triumph  complete,  the  duke 
and  duchess  of  Qut*ensbury  embraced  his 
cause,  resigned  their  places  at  court  to  pa- 
tronise him,  and  ever  at'tcr  made  him  an  in- 
mate at  their  splendid  table.  Thus  raised  i 
to  independence  and  comfort  he  began  to 
improve  "  the  Wife  of  Bath"  a  play  which 
had  been  received  with  indifference  in  1714, 
but  the  second  representation  in  1720,  was 
unsuccessful,  and  brought  upon  his  spirits  a 
severe  St  of  melancholy.  Some  lucid  inter- 
vals indeed  interposed  during  ti.e  gloomy  de- 
pression, and  under  the  hospitable  roof  of 
the  duke,  at  Amesbury,  he  was  enabled  to 
finish  his  opera  of  "  Achilles."  He  c^ime  to 
town  to  present  his  play  to  the  stage,  but  an 
inflammatory  fever  unhappily  brought  on  a 
mortification  in  his  bowels,  and  he  died  at 
BurUngton  house  11th  December  1732.  Mis 
i-equest  to  his  friend  Poi)e  was  faithfully  com- 
plied with,  and  these  his  verses  were  accord- 
ingly engraved  on  his  tomb; 

Life  is  a  jest,  and  all  things  show  it, 
1  thmi^hi  so  once,  but  noiv  I  kno-cv  it. 
After  lying  in  state  at  Exeter  change,  his 
remains  were  conveyed  to  Westminster  ab- 
bey, by  the  duke  of  Qiieensbury,  and  inter- 
j-ed  in  the  southeast  aisle,  against  the  tomb 
of  Chaucer,  where  his  monument  is  erected. 
The  opera  of  Achilles  afterwards  appeared 
on  the  stage  for  the  benefit  of  his  two  widow- 
ed   sisters,   Catherine  Ballet,    and    Joanna 


Fortesctie,  who  inherited  eq^ialiy  his  piK)- 
perty  ol"  about  3000/.  A  few  years  afterwards 
a  comedy  "the  Distressed  Wife"  was  pub- 
lished under  his  name,  and  in  1754,  a  hu- 
morous piece  called  the  Rehearsal  at  Goa- 
tham.  His  papers  were  left  to  the  care  of 
Pope  who  suppressed  some  of  them  as  friend- 
ship and  delicacy  required, 

Gayot  T3E  PiTAVAL,  Francis,  aPrench 
author,  born  at  Lyons.  He  wrote,  "  Causes 
Celebres,"  a  voluminous  work,  in  20  vols. 
r2mo.  which,  though  interesting  in  some 
pai'ts,  is  yet  insipid  in  style  and  in  elegant 
composition.  Gayot  was  unfortunate  in  all 
his  pursuits.  He  was  successively  an  abbe,  a 
soldier,  and  at  50  an  advocate.  He  died  1743, 
aged  70. 

Gat. A,  'I'lieodore,  an  eminent  scholar, 
born  at  Thessalonica,  in  Greece,  1398.  Up- 
on the  invasion  of  his  country  by  the  Turks, 
in  14.50,  he  came  to  Italy,  and  by  his  great 
assiduity  became  one  of  the  brigbtest  orna- 
ments to  whom  Europe  is  indebted  for  the 
revival  of  learning.  He  soon  gained  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  Latin  language,  and  was 
introduced  to  the  patronage  of  carcllnal 
Bessarion.  In  1450  he  came  to  Rome,  and 
was,  with  several  others,  engaged  by  pope 
Nicolas  V.  in  translating  Greek  authors  into 
Latin,  and  after  the  death  of  that  ])ontiff,  in 
145G,  he  went  to  the  court  of  Alphonsus, 
king  of  Naples.  Two  years  after  he  returned 
to  Rome,  and  by  the  patronage  of  his  friend 
Bessarion,  he  was  presented  to  a  small  bene- 
fice in  Calabria.  In  his  eld  age  he  presented 
one  of  his  perlbrmances,  beautifully  w  ritten 
in  vellum,  to  pope  Sixtus  IV.  and  v>  hile  he 
expected  a  liberal  reward,  iie  was  asked  by 
the  pontift'what  his  expenses  had  been,  and 
these  were  carefully  repaid,  which  treat- 
ment so  excited  his  indignation  that  he  ex- 
claimed, "It  was  high  time  to  return  home, 
since  the  over-fed  asses  of  Rome  had  no 
relish  but  for  tliistles  and  weeds."  Tiic 
money  he  had  received  he  contemptuously 
threw  into  the  Tiber,  and  died  soon  after  of 
grief  and  disappointment.  The  works  of 
Gaza  consisted  of  original  pieces,  and  of 
translations, — Graramaticte  Grsecse  Libri 
quatnor,  written  in  Greek  1495,  translated 
by  Erasmus  1522 — Liber  de  Atticis  Men- 
sibus — and  translation  of  Cicero's  de  Se- 
nectute,  &  de  Soranio  Scipionis,  into 
Greek — and  Aristotle's  History  of  Ani- 
mals, translated  into  Latin,  and  other 
works.  Gaza's  learning  and  reputation  were 
so  highly  respected  that,  S^aliger  says,  there 
Avere  not  more  than  three  he  was  inclined  to 
envy,  Theodore  Gaza,  Angelus  Politianus, 
and  Picus  of  jNIirandula,  He  is  ranked 
among  the  best  translators  of  Greek  authors 
into  Latin,  though,  inrleed  Erasmus  objected 
to  the  elegance  of  his  Latin  idiom,  and  Hue- 
tius,  in  commending  his  fidelity  and  perspic- 
uity, allows  that  some  things  might  have 
been  rendered  better.  He  died  at  Rome 
1478,  aged  SO. 

Gaxali,  or  Abox  Hamed  Moham- 
med Zein  Eddin  al  Thousi,  a  mus- 
sulman  doctor,  wh©  died  at  Khor^san,  Iijs 


GE 


GE 


unlive  plnce,  1112,  aiijed  50.  lie  wrote  "the 
Several  Cl:tsf5es  of -Sciences  'which  concern 
Religion."  Two  othci-s  of  th<r  same  n:uuL' 
were  aiilhors.  One  of  llicni  \\rote  h  Wm'X 
on  the  Mercy  of  (iod. 

Ga7.et,  \\'illiain,  a  native  of  Arr.is,  who 
died  lGl'2,  aged  58.  He  was  an  ecch-siaslic, 
and  wrote  a  Chronolojrical  History  of  the 
Archbishops  of('an»l)r:iy — KcclesiHStical  His- 
tory of  tlie  Low  t^^untiifs,  and  other  works. 

Gaiola,  Joseph,  a  physician  of  Verona, 
who  died  1715,  aged  5  V.  He  is  very  candid 
in  his  works,  and  acknowledges  tliat  patients 
us  often  died  by  the  negligence  or  ignorance 
of  their  physicians  as  by  ibt'  force  of  disease. 

(iA'iON-I)o  iM?xiGNE,  S.  Al.M.  a  native 
of  Qnimper,  was  known  as  a  critic,  hut  as  a 
poet  link-  reg:trdcd.  He  died  19th  .Ian.  1784. 

GA7.zot,i,  Henozzo,  an  Italian  painter, 
who  died  1  i-78,  aged  78.  He  painted  land- 
scapes, portraits,  and  sacred  subjects. 

Geber,  John,  an  Arabian  physician  of 
the  ninth  century.  He  wrote  a  Commentary 
on  Ptolemy's  "  Syntaxis  .Magna,"  published 
Niirei^.ibei'g  1533,  and  in  his  lrd)or  on  alchc- 
my^eserved  tlie  praises  of  Bocrhaave.  His 
works  contain  much  kriowledge,  though  in 
sucli  affected  jaigon  that  Dr.  Johnson  has 
derived  the  word  gibl>erish  from  the  cant  of 
Geber,  and  his  followers.  His  works  are 
**  Astronomy,"  in  nine  books,  *'  three  books 
on  Alchymy,"  *'  Fios  Naturarum,"  '«Chy- 
mica,"  &c. 

Ged,  William,  an  ingenious  artist  ami 
goldsmith  of  Edinburgh,  who  invented  a 
plate  for  printing  whole  pages,  instead  o|' 
using  a  type  for  every  letter.  I'his  liati  first 
been  practised  by  tlie  Chinese  and  Japanese 
in  Idocks  of  wood,  as  pursued  by  Coster,  the 
European  inventor  of  this  simple  method. 
In  the  prosecution  of  his  plan,  Ged  applied 
to  the  university  of  Cambridge,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  some  others,  to  print  bibles  and 
prayer-books  after  the  new  method ;  but 
much  money  was  sunk  in  the  attcm\it,  and 
by  the  villainy  of  the  pressmen  and  the  ill 
conduct  of  his  partners,  the  unfortunate  ad- 
venturer was  ruined  in  his  hojie^s  and  for- 
tunes. He  returned  to  Scotland  1733,  and 
gave  a  specimen  of  his  plan  by  the  publica- 
ti')n  of  a  Sallust  in  1714.  He  died  19th  Oct. 
1740.  His  son  James,  who  had  joined  him  in 
the  Cambridge  speculation,  became  a  rebel 
in  1745,  but  was  pardoned  and  released  in 
1748,  and  died  in  Jamaica,  whei-e  he  Jiad 
gone  to  settle  with  one  of  his  brothers  as 
printer. 

Ged  Ai.T  A,  a  famous  rabl)i,  who  died  1448. 
He  wrote  an  Account  of  a  Chain  of  Tradi- 
tions from  Adam  to  the  Year  of  Christ  701, 
and  a  treatise  on  the  Creation  of  the  World. 
Geddes,  James,  a  Scotch  advocate,  born 
1710,  ill  the  shire  of  Tweedale.  He  displayed 
great  powers  of  application  while  at  tiie  uni- 
versity of  iMlinburgh,  and  was  rapidly  advan- 
cing to  opulence  and  celebrity  in  the  profes- 
sion of  the  law  when  he  was  cut  oft"  bv  a 
lingering  consumption  before  he  reached  his 
4t)th  year.  To  the  dry  labors  of  the  law  he 
added  a  very  polished  and  elegant  taste  for 


classical  literature.  He  wrote  ''an  Kssay  on 
the  (composition  and  Manner  of  Writing  of 
the  Ancients,  particularly  Plato,"  published 
(ilasgow,  l7iiS,  8vn. 

(lEUUES,  Michael,  a  learned  di\inc,  for 
.some  y«*ai*3  chaplain  to  the  Lisbon  fictorj-, 
when.'  the  in<|uisiiion  sus|>en«Ied  his  ecclesias- 
tical labors,  and  obliged  hint  to  return  to 
Kiigland.  He  was  honored  with  tlie  degree 
of  LL.  I).  tVom  the  university  «)f  Oxiurd,  and 
made  chancellor  of  Sarum.  H(;  died  1715, 
author  of  a  History  of  the  cluu-cli  of  Malabar 
— the  cbnrcb  History  of  ^Ethiopia — Miscel- 
laneous Tracts  agahist  Popery,  3  vols.  Svo. 
^c. 

liEDDES,  Dr.  a  native  of  Ruthven,  BamfT- 
shire,  educated  at  a  village  school  in  the 
Highl.uids,  and  removed  1758  to  the  Scottish 
college  at  Paris.  He  became  in  17C4  priest  of 
a  Roman  catholic  congregation  in  Angusshire, 
and  the  next  year  chaplain  in  loi*d  Tran- 
({uair's  family.  In  1709  he  was  minister  at 
Auchinhalrig,  Bamftshire,  and  10  years  after 
he  obtained  the  degree  of  IjL.  D  at  Al)er- 
deen,  and  then  removed  to  London,  and 
oiliciatcd  in  Duke's  street  chapel,  Lincoln's 
Inn  fields,  and  in  the  Imperial  Ambassador's 
chai>el.  He  began  in  178'J  his  translation  of 
the  Bible,  of  which  he  published  a  Prospec- 
tus, in  4to.  17S0,  with  an  appendix  1737 
atldressed  to  Lowth.  At  that  time  b.e  enga- 
ged in  a  controversy  with  Priestly  on  the 
divinity  of  Christ,  and  again  claimed  the 
public  notice  by  his  general  answer  in  1790 
to  the  various  queries,  criticisms  and  hints, 
offered  to  him  on  his  meditated  work.  The 
lirst  volume  of  this  long  promised  translation 
appeared  in  179-2,  under  the  auspices  of 
lord  Petre,  as  far  as  the  end  of  the  book  of 
Josliua,  but  so  severe  was  the  opposition 
made  to  the  work,  tliat  the  bishops  of  his 
persuasion  oflended  ^vith  the  lilicrties  anfl 
indelicacies  of  his  version,  aitually  suspended 
him  from  his  ecclesiastical  functions.  Re- 
gardless of  the  public  displeasure,  he  j.ub- 
lishcd  his  second  volume  1797,  but  in  lau- 
guage  still  more  exceptionable,  so  that  he 
found  it  necessary  to  defend  himself  against 
the  attacks  and  reproaches  of  his  opponents, 
and  of  critics  by  bis  "  Critical  remarks"  in 
ISOO.  He  died  1802,  aged  05.  He  Mas  in 
his  character,  irritable,  petulant,  and  vindic- 
tive, thougli  he  possessed  great  learning  and 
a  capacious  min([,  and  he  is  to  be  censured 
for  the  intemperate  and  licentious  perver- 
sions which  he  wished  to  introduce  In  the 
holy  scriptures.  He  wrote  also  an  apology 
for  the  Roman  Catholics  ftf  Cireat  Britain. 

Gedoyn,  Nicolas,  a  French  writer,  boiTi 
at  Orleans.  He  studied  at  Paris,  antl  was  a 
Jesuit  for  10  years  ;  but  he  returned  to  tlif' 
world,  and  as  the  friend  and  favorite  of 
Ninon  de  I'Enclos,  he  figured  as  a  in;ui  of 
wit  and  letters.  He  was  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  of  that  of  belles  lettres, 
and  in  1732  was  made  abbot  of  Notre-dame 
de  Beaiigency.  He  wrote  some  ingenious 
essays  and  dissertations,  published  1745,  and 
is  chielly  known  for  his  elegant  traTishitioni 
of  Quintilian  and  of  I'ausanit^s.  He  died 
ir4i,  aged  77. 


GE 


GE 


Geer,  Charles  de,  a  native  of  Sweden, 
descended  from  a  nobie  Uulcli  family,  and 
educated  at  Utrecht  and  at  Upsal  under 
Linnseus.  He  acquired  much  property  by 
the  introduction  of  new  machines  in  the  ii-on 
works  of  Danneraoi'a,  and  by  an  appai'atus 
for  drying  corn  by  smelting  houses.  He  was, 
in  1761,  made  marshal  of  the  court,  and 
knight  of  the  Polar  star,  and  a  baron.  He 
died  1778,  aged  58,  much  respected  not  only 
as  a  man  of  science,  but  as  a  benevolent  man, 
Mho  emplcyed  bis  great  resources  to  the 
relief  and  the  comfort  of  the  poor.  He  was 
author  of  Meraoires  pour  servir  {i  I'Histoire 
ties  Insectes,  7  vols.  4to. — on  the  Procrea- 
tion of  Insects — and  papers  on  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Academies  of  Stockholm  and 
Upsal,  he. 

Geinoz.,  Francis,  a  learned  Swiss  abbe, 
member  of  the  academy  of  hellers  Itttres  at 
Paris,  and  author  of  some  valuable  disserta- 
tions OB  Ancient  Medals — on  the  Flan  and 
Character  of  Herodotus,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris  1752,  aged  SG,  much  esteemed  for  his 
learning  as  well  as  his  probity  aud  benevo- 
lence. 

Gejek,  Martin,  a  native  of  Leipsic,  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew,  ecclesiastical  counsellor  to 
the  elector  of  Saxony,  and  author  of  com- 
mentaries on  several  of  the  books  of  the  Old 
Testament.  &c. — and  a  treatise  on  the  mourn- 
ing of  the  Hebrews,  all  in  2  vols.  fol.  He 
died  1681,  aged  67. 

Gel  AST  us,  the  elder,  bishop  of  Csesarea 
in  Palestine,  in  the  fourth  century,  was  ne- 
phew of  Cyril  of  Jerusalem.  He  translated 
into  Greek  two  books  of  the  ecclesiastical 
history,  &3.  He  is  praised  by  Theodoret 
and  Jerome  for  the  elegance  of  his  style.  A 
fragment  of  one  of  his  homilies  is  x^'.'eserved 
in  Theodoret. 

Gelasius,  of  Cyzicus,  bishop  of  Csesarea 
about  475,  is  author  of  a  history  of  the 
Nicene  Council  in  three  books,  not  very  res- 
pectable, according  to  Photius,  for  either 
style  or  matter. 

Gelasius  I.  bishop  of  Rome  after  Felix 
H.  i92,  was  engaged  in  unsuccessful  attempts 
•to  settle  the  disputes  between  the  eastern  and 
■western  churches.  He  wished  also  to  ^- 
punge  from  the  list  of  saints  the  name  of 
Acacius,  which  Euphemius,  patriarch  of 
■Constantinople,  opposed.  Some  of  his  works 
are  extant,  on  controversial  subjects.  He 
died  496. 

Gelasius  II.  a  Campanian  by  birth,  rai- 
sed to  the  pontificate  1118.  He  was  ejected 
from  bis  see  by  Cencio  Frangipani,  consul  of 
Home,  and  by  the  influence  of  the  emperoi- 
ttenry  V.  and  after  in  vain  endeavoring 
even  by  force  of  arms  to  regain  the  pope-  i 
dom  he  retired  to  the  monastery  of  Clugny  | 
in  France,  and  died  1119. 

Geldenhaur,  Gerard  Eobanus,  aGer- 
man,  born  at  Nimeguen  1482.  He  studied 
at  Deventer  and  Louvain,  and  such  was  the 
reputation  of  his  learning  that  he  was  inrited 
to  the  court  of  Charles  of  Austria,  which 
offer  be  declined  for  the  office  of  secretary 
to  the  bishop   of  Utrecht.    He  visited    by 


ordei'  of  Maximilian  of  Burgundy,  in  wkose 
service  he  afterwards  was,  the  schools  and 
the  churches  of  Wirtemberg,  and  was  so 
struck  with  the  zeal  and  innocent  manners 
of  the  protestants  there,  that  he  abjured  for 
their  tenets  the  popish  faith.  He  afterwards 
married,  and  was  engaged  in  the  education 
of  youth  at  Worms,  at  Augsburg,  and  lastly 
at  Mari)urg,  where  he  died  of  the  plague 
1542.  He  was  a  man  well  skilled  in  poetiy, 
history,  and  rhetoric,  but  his  change  of  re- 
ligion, aiid  the  freedom  with  which  he  in- 
veighed against  the  pope,  ofiended  his 
friends,  and  particularly  Erasmus,  who 
compared  him  to  the  traitor  Judas,  and 
spoke  wilh  contempt  of  his  conduct  and 
pretended  sincerity.  He  Avrote  Historia  Ba- 
tavica — Historia  suce  JEtatis — Germanic.  His- 
tori  Illustratio  de  Viris  Illustr.  Inferior.  Ger- 
manise, &c. 

Gelder,  Arnold  de,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
Dort,  who  died  1727,  aged  82.  He  was  a 
disciple  and  imitator  of  Rembi'audt. 

Geldorp,  Guahlorp,  a  painter  of  Lou- 
vain, who  died  1618,  aged  65.  He  excelled 
in  portraits  and  history. 

Gelee,  Claude,  commonly  called  Claude 
of  Lori'aiue.  Fid.  Claude. 

GELE^'IUS,  Sigismund,  a  learned  man, 
born  at  Prague  14'JS.  He  travelled  to  im- 
prove his  knowledge  of  modern  languages, 
and  during  his  residence  at  Basil,  he  become 
acquainted  with  Erasmus,  who  recoinmend- 
ed  him  to  John  Frobenius  as  a  cori-ector  of 
the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  works,  in 
which  his  printing-house  was  engaged.  He 
wrote  some  valuable  works,  and  especially 
Latin  translations  of  Dionysius  of  Halicar- 
nassus  of  Appian,  Philo,  Josephus,  Origen, 
and  several  others.  He  also  publishe(l  a 
dictionary  in  four  languages,  Greek,  Latin, 
Germaii,  and  Sdavonian,  and  showed  him- 
self to  be  a  most  able  and  indefatigable  scho- 
lai".  His  talents  have  been  deservedly  com- 
mended by  Henry  Valesius,  Erasmus,  and 
others,  and  though  Huetius  and  others  im- 
peach lus  judgment  in  the  great  liberties 
which  he  took  in  altering  the  texts  of  some 
authors,  especial!}'  Arnobius,  yet  he  gave  a 
new  turn  to  whatever  passages  he  did  not 
seem  to  undei*stand.  His  disregard  for  hon- 
ors was  very  uncoinmon,  he  rejected  the 
splendid  offers  of  the  court  of  Bohemia  for 
the  enjoyment  of  humble  life,  and  though 
deserving  the  most  affluent  fortune,  he  strug- 
gled, says  Thuanus,  all  his  life  with  poverty, 
ile  died  at  Basil  1555,  leaving  two  sons  and 
a  daughter. 

Gellert,  ChristianFurchtegott,  an  em- 
inent German  poet,  born  at  Hayniehen  near 
Fre>berg  in  Misuia,  4th  July,  1715.  He 
studied  at  Meissen  and  Leipsic,  and  as  the 
circumstances  of  his  family  were  narrow, 
he  maintained  himself  by  being  tutor  in  pri- 
vate families.  At  the  age  of  43  he  was 
made  professor  of  philosophy  at  Leipsic. 
He  died  Dec.  1769.  He  was  of  a  very  gene- 
rous and  amiable  disposition,  but  of  a  hypo- 
condriac  habit,  and  of  a  constitutional  fear 
of  death,  which,  however,  gradually  disap- 


GE 


GE 


pearcil,  so  that  he  cxpireil  caliTi  nnd  compo- 
sed. He  nciiuircd  uiiivcis:il  celebrity  hy  his 
poetry.  His  "  Fahh.'s  and  Tules,"  are  besl 
known.  He  m  rote  hcsidts,  liymns,  didaelic 
poems,  the  Uevoteo,  a  comedy,  Ike. 

(iEi.l.l,  John  Baptist,  hu  It.ilian  writer, 
born  at  Florence  lA'JH.  Thnnt^h  (;ftlie  liuni- 
ble  occupation  of  a  tailor,  which  he  followed 
till  his  (katli,  yet  he  possessed  great  powers 
of  mind  highly  cidlivaled,  and  wrote  some 
very  valuable  hooks.  He  was  universally 
esteemed  for  his  modesty,  and  Jiis  talents 
were  so  much  respected  that  he  was  ac- 
quainted with  all  the  men  of  genius  and 
learning  of  his  time,  and  was  member  of  the 
academV  of  Florence,  and  a  burgess  of  the 
city,  lie  died  ISfi.i,  aged  65.  He  wrote 
besides  translations  from  Ijatin,  and  Greek 
authors,  dialogues  after  the  nxanner  of  Lu- 
cian,  which  have  been  translated  into  Latin, 
French  and  English,  also  dissertations,  two 
comedies,  la  Sporta  and  I'Errore,  and  other 
things. 

Gellibkand,  Hcnrj',  professor  cf  as- 
tronomy in  Gresham  college,  was  born  in 
St.  Bot'olph's  parish,  Aldersgate,  1597,  and 
educated  at  I'rinity  college,  0.\ford.  He  be- 
came curate  of  Chiddington,  Kent,  anil  after- 
wards devoted  the  Avhole  of  his  attention  to 
mathematical  pursuits.  He  took  his  degree 
of  M.  A.  10'2.i,  and  was  intrusted  by  his 
dying  friend,  Briggs,  the  Savilian  professor 
at  Oxford,  to  complete  his  Ti'igonometria 
Britannica,  wliich  he  did  in  163'2.  He  was 
called  before  the  high  commission  court  for 
permitting  his  servant  William  Beale,  to 
publish  an  almanac  for  1631,  omitting  llie 
popish  saints  of  the  calendar,  and  substitu- 
ting the  names  of  the  martyrs,  for  which  he 
was  acquitted,  though  I^aud  opposed  it. 
Though  of  a  strong  enlightened  mind,  he 
had  Tjot  sagacity  enough  to  abandon  the 
Ptolemaic  for  the  Copernican  system,  and 
hence  his  treatises  in  explanation  of  plane  and 
sj)herical  triangles---on  the  iiaprovement  of 
navigation,  &c.  are  confused  and  unsatisfac- 
tory, especially  when  he  treats  of  the  varia- 
tion of  the  needle.  He  died  of  a  fever  in  his 
40th  year.  He  possessed  great  application  as 
H  mathematiciati,  but  little  genius. 

Gelon,  king  of  Syracuse,  B.  C  484,  was 
universally  respected  by  his  subjects  for  his 
benevolence  and  mildness. 

Gemelli-Carreri,  Francis,  an  ludian 
writer,  autlior  of  an  interesting  account  of 
a  voyage  round  the  world,  between  1G93  and 
1098.  Some  imagine  liiat  he  never  went 
round  the  world,  hut  imposed  a  fictitious 
account  on  the  public 

Gemignagno,  yjncniio  de  St.  a  Tus- 
can painter,  who  fUed  1530,  aged  40.  He 
was  a  disciple  and  imitator  of  Uaphael. 

Gemignano,  Gi;\cinto,  a  painter  born 
at  Pistoia.  He  died  IGSI,  aged  70.  The 
cliurches  of  Rome  are  adorned  with  his  pie- 
ces.    His  son  was  also  an  eminent  artist. 

Gemini  AN  I,  Francisco,  an  eminent  per- 
former on  the  violin,  and  composer,  born  at 
Lucca  in  Italy  1680.  He  studied  under 
Scarlatti  and  Corelli,  and  came  to  England 
1714,  where  he  was  iiuroduoed  to  George  I. 


fie  refused  to  accept  the  place  of  master 
and  composer  of  music  in  Ireland,  because 
be  Mas  a  itoman  catholic,  observing  thai  he 
never  would  sacrifice  his  religion  to  private 
interest  ;  and  fiom  his  particular  indepen- 
dence of  Uiind,  unwilling  t(»  submit  to  the 
ciquiees  of  the  givat,  he  led  an  unsettled 
life,  and  made  sevend  excursions  into  for- 
eign countries.  He  was  so  fond  ot  [lainling, 
that  he  injured  his  income  by  purchasing 
[)ietures,  but  he  found  i:i  the  earl  of  Essex  a 
gnat  friend  and  p.itron,  who  supported  his 
necesbilies.  He,  however,  rejected,  as  of- 
fetisive  to  his  independent  spirit,  the  offer  of 
a  pension  of  100/.  a  year  from  the  prince  cf 
\V  ales.  He  ha<l  employed  much  time  and 
labor  on  a  treatise  on  niusic,  which  while  on 
a  visit  at  Dublin,  a  ti-eacherous  female  ser- 
vant conveyed  away  from  his  house,  and 
this  had  such  effect  upon  him  that  he  died 
soon  after,  Se])t.  17lh  liC)2.  He  composed 
Corelli's  solos  into  concertos,  and  published 
six  conceitos  of  his  own,  besides  harpsichord 
pieces,  {S:c. 

Gemistus,  George,  surnamed  Pletlio, 
retired  to  Florence  upon  the  taking  of  his 
native  city,  Constantinople,  by  the  Turks. 
He  lived  to  above  the  age  of  100,  distinguish- 
ed for  his  learning  and  virtues.  He  w  as  a 
strong  Piatonican,  and  wrote  commenta- 
ries on  the  Magic  Oracles  of  Zoroaster — 
Historical  treatises — de  Gestis  GrKcoruni 
post  Mantinie  Pugnam — de  Rebus  I'elopon- 
nes.  &c. 

Gemma,  Reinier,  a  Dutch  physician,  of 
Dockum  in  Friesland,  died  1555,  aged  48. 
He  w  as  also  an  able  astronomer  and  mathe- 
matician, on  whicli  sciences  he  wrote  some 
valuable  works.  He  practised  physic  at 
Louvain.  His  works  are  Methodus  Arith- 
metical— de  Usu  Annuli  Astronomici — De- 
monstrationes  Geometricce  de  Radii  Usu, 
&c. — de  Locrum  Describend.  Ratione,  Sue- 
de Astrolabio  Catholico,  &c.  His  son  Cor- 
nelius was  equally  erainent,and  died  1579, 
aged  44.  He  wrote  a  treatise  de  Prodigiosa 
Specie,  Naturjupie  Comets,  &c. 

Gexdre,  Lewis  le,  a  French  historian, 
born  of  an  obscure  family  at  Rouen,  and  rai- 
sed to  notice  by  the  kindness  of  Harlay  arch- 
bishop of  his  province.  He  died  1733,  aged 
74.  lie  wrote  an  History  of  France,  from 
the  commencement  of  the  monarchy  to  the 
death  of  Louis  XIII.  3  vols,  folio,  a  valuable 
work — Manners  and  Cuslomsof  the  French 
— the  life  of  Francis  Harlay  his  patron — ari 
Essay  on  the  reign  of  Louis  the  Great — the 
Life  of  cardinal  jl'Amboise,  he. 

Gendre,  Gilbert  Charles  le,  marquis  of 
St.  Aubin,  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris,  and  master  of  requests,  died  at  Paris 
1740,  aged  59.  He  wrote  "a  treatise  ou 
Opinion,"  a  learned  and  elegant  perform- 
ance, G  vols.  I'^mo. — Antiquities  of  the  RoV' 
al  Family  of  France,  4to. 

Gexdre,  Nicolas  le,  a  French  sculptor, 
who  died  at  Paris  1670,  aged  5J.  His  works 
are  admired  for  cliastcness  and  elegance  oX 
design. 

Gendre,  Lewis  le,  a  deputy  in  the  na- 
tional convention,  who  after  being  10  ^^ears 


GE 


GE 


A  saJior,  and  then  a  butcher  at  Paris,  display- 
ed himself  the  fit  instrument  of  the  crimes 
and  atrocities  of  Marat  and  Robespierre, 
lie  figured  in  all  tbe  horrors  of  the  lUth  of 
August,  and  of  Septembirr,  and  the  night  be- 
I'ore  the  execution  of  the  unhappy  Lewis, 
he  proposed  in  the  jacobin  club  that  the  body 
should  be  cut  into  84  pieces,  and  sent  to  the 
8-i  departments.  In  his  missions  into  the 
provinces,  at  Lyons,  Rouen,  Dieppe,  &c.  he 
every  where  spread  terror  and  dismay,  hut 
though  the  friend  of  Robespierre,  he  no  I 
sooner  saw  his  fall,  than  he  attacked  him 
with  virulence,  and  drove  away,  Avith  a  pis- 
tol in  his  hand,  all  the  members  of  the  jaco- 
bin club,  and  brought  the  kej-  of  their  hall 
to  the  convention.  He  continued  afterwards 
the  enemy  of  the  terrorists,  and  in  his  con- 
duct showed  deep  art  and  dissimulation  as 
he  had  the  management  to  survive  every  fac- 
tion. He  was  member  of  the  council  of  an- 
cients, and  died  at  Paris,  13th  Dec.  1797, 
aged  41,  desiring  in  his  will,  that  his  body 
might  be  sent  to  the  anatomical  school  for 
dissection,  wishing  as  he  expressed  it,  to  be 
useful  to  mankind,  even  after  death. 

Genebrard,  Gilbert,  a  benedictine 
monk  born  at  Kiom  in  Auvergne  1537.  He 
espoused  in  his  writings  the  cause  of  the 
league,  and  after  being  13  years  professoi* 
ofHebi'ew,  at  Paris,  he  was  nominated  to  a 
bishopric,  which  however  from  his  animosity 
in  his  pamphlets  against  Henry  IV.  he  was 
r.ot  permitted  to  enjoy.  By  the  interest  of 
the  duke  of  Mayence,  he  afterwards  obtain- 
ed the  archbishopric  of  Aix,  but  he  became 
there  very  unpopular  by  the  publication  of 
his  treatise  against  the  right  of  the  king  of 
appointing  bishops,  which  was  burned  by  the 
jiands  of  the  hangman.  He  died  1597,  in 
exile  at  his  priory  of  Semur,  in  Burgundy. 
Besides  his  acrimonious  polemical  works,  he 
\vrote  "a  Sacred  Chronology"  much  es- 
teemed— a  commentary  on  the  Psalms — "  a 
translation  of  Josephus,  &cc." 

Gekesius,  Josephus,  one  of  the  Byzan- 
tine historians  who  wrote  the  History  of 
Constantinople  from  Leo  the  Armenian  to 
Basilius  the  Macedonian,  in  four  books, 
X)rinted  Venice,  1733.     He  florished  940. 

Genest,  Charles  Claude,  a  French  poet, 
boi'n  at  Paris  1636.  In  his  attempt  to  go  to 
India  he  was  taken  by  the  English,  and  sup- 
ported himself  by  teaching  French  in  Eng- 
land. He  returned  to  France,  and  obtained 
an  abbey,  and  became  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy. He  died  1719,  aged  84.  He  wrote, 
rtmong  other  tragedies,  Penelope,  much  ad- 
mired— some  epistles — and  a  didactic  poem 
on  the  Proof  of  the  existence  of  a  God,  and 
the  Immortality  of  the  Soul. 

Genet,  Francis,  bishop  of  Vaison  born 
at  Avignon  J  640,  son  of  an  advocate,  is  known 
for  tlie  Theology  of  Gi-enoble,  6  vols.  12mo. 
translated  into  Latin  by  his  brother  the 
abbe. 

Genoa,  Jerome,  an  Italian  painter  and 
architect  born  at  Urbino,  founder  of  the  fa- 
naily  of  the  Ghengi.     He  died  1551,  aged  75. 

GftjJGA,  BftrUiolomew,  son  of  the  pre- 


ceding was  eminent  as  an  architect.  He 
died  of  a  pleurisy  whilst  superintending  the 
fortifications  of  Malta,  1558,  aged  40. 

Gengis  Kuan,  son  of  a  khan  of  the  Mo-v 
guls,  Avas  born  1193.  At  the  age  of  13  he 
began  to  reign,  but  the  conspiracies  of  his 
subjects  oWiged  him  to  fly  for  safety  to  Aven- 
ti-Khan,a  Tartar  prince,  whom  he  support- 
ed on  his  throne,  and  whose  daughter  he 
married.  Bui  tbese  ties  of  kindred  were 
not  binding,  Aventi  joined  against  Gengis, 
who  took  signal  vengeance  over  his  enemies, 
and  then  with  a  victorious  army  directed  his 
power  against  the  neighboring  states,  and  in 
the  space  of  28  jears  conquered  Corea, 
Cathany,  part  of  China,  and  the  noblest  pro- 
vinces of  Asia.  His  further  projects  of  ex- 
tended dominion  over  China  were  stopped  by 
death  1227,  and  his  vast  kingdom  divided 
among  his   four  sons. 

Gennadius,  a  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
pie  after  Anatolius,  458.  He  was  an  able 
theologian,  and  active  diocesan.  Of  his 
works  nothing  but  a  fragment  of  a  Avork 
against  Cyril's  anathemas  is  extant.  He  died 
471. 

Gennadius,  an  ecclesiastical  writer, 
Avho  Avas  a  priest  of  Marseilles,  and  not  a 
bishop,  about  493.  He  Avrote  "deDogmati- 
bus  Ecclesiasticis"  et  "  de  Illustribus  Eccle- 
si£e  Scriptoribus."  He  favored  the  doctrines 
of  Pelagius. 

Gennadius,  a  patriarch  of  Constantino- 
ple, AvhoAvasat  tbe  council  of  Florence  1438. 
He  resigned  his  dignity  after  enjoying  it  five 
years,  1458,  and  died  in  a  monastery  14G0. 
He  wrote  among  other  things,  an  explanation 
of  the  Christian  faith  in  Greek,  Latin,  and 
Turkish. 

Gennari,  Benedetto,  a  painter  of  Bo- 
logna, who  died  1715,  aged  82.  He  Avas 
patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  for  whom  he 
painted,  and  he  Avas  also  encouraged  in 
England  by  Charles  II.  and  the  English  no- 
bilily. 

Gennari,  Ctcsare,  son  of  the  preceding, 
a  painter  of  Bologna,  Avho  died  1688,  aged 
47.  He  was  eminentin  historical  pieces,  and 
in  landscapes. 

Gennaro,  Joseph  Aurelius,  a  native  of 
Naples,  distinguished  as  an  able  civilian  and 
as  an  upright  magistrate.  The  best  knoAvn 
of  his  learned  Avorks,  which  are  chiefly  on 
civil  hiAv,  and  Avritten  in  an  easy  and  pleasing 
style,  is  Respiibiica  Jurisconsultorum,  ia 
Avhich,  in  the  fascinating  form  of  a  novel,  he 
gives  an  account  of  the  most  intricate  parts 
of  the  ci\il  law.  This  respectable  author 
died  1762,  aged  61. 

Genoei.s,  Abraham,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, born  1640.  He  was  admired  for  his 
landscapes  and  portraits. 

Genovesi,  Anthony,  a  native  of Castig- 
lione,  Avho  acquired  great  celebiity  at  Naples 
as  lecturer  in  philosophy,  but  exposed  him- 
self to  the  severe  censures  of  bigoted  critics, 
by  his  metaphysics,  in  which  he  recommend- 
ed the  works  of  Galileo,  Grotius,  and  Ncav- 
ton.  The  popular  odium  Avas  averted  for  a 
Avlule  by  the  protectipu  of  the  kiug  of  Na^ 


GE 


QlE 


l»lcs,  vlio  npprtintcit  him  prtifeasor  of  ethics, 
b*it  his  application  for  tlic  tlu-ftlogncal  chair 
tlrew  up(ji»  him  Iromthe  rlcrj^y  the  ill  loiiiiu- 
cil  chart^e  ot"  heres)-.  Me  \v:\3  altriwaicJs 
prolcssor  ofpulitie  .il  ithilobophy,  ami  died 
I7(»*J,  aged  57.  He  wrote;  in  llaliiOi,  a  Sys- 
tem of  lioijic, — lluinoios  LtltL-r.s, —  Philo- 
sophicaLMcditaliunson  Wcli^'wn  and  Aioruli- 
ty, — ItaliHii  Morality,  his  best  work.. 

Gensekic,  kinj^ofllie  Vaiiduls  in  Spain, 
succeeded  his  fathci*  Uodegisiles  4'28.  He 
defeated  the  Suevi,  c()M(|ncred  AtVii-a,  pilla- 
ged Iiome,  and  became  formidahl?;  to  all  the 
powers  on  the  borders  of  the  Mediterrane- 
an.    He  died  477. 

CiEN SONNE,  Armand,  an  Hdvocate  at 
Bourdeaux,  born  lOth  Aug.  1758.  At  the 
revolution  he  waindy  attacked  the  govern- 
Tiient,  and  first  gave  currency  to  tliat  horri- 
ble opinion  that  suspiciiui  was  a  sutHcient 
reason  to  condemn  a  person  to  death.  He 
however  wished  to  relcr  the  sentence  of  the 
unhappy  Lewis  to  the  primary  assemblies, 
and  he  had  boldness  enough  to  demand  in. 
the  eon\enti()n  the  punishment  of  the  Sep- 
tembi-izers.  This  proved  so  oil'eusive  to  the 
assembly  and  to  liobespierre,  that  he  was 
marked  for  destruction  with  the  Girondists, 
fljul  was  guillotined  .list  Oct.  1793. 

Gen'tii.e,  Ludovico,  a  painter  of  Brus- 
sels, wlio  (lied  1670,  aged  fi4.  He  lived  some 
time  in  Italy,  and  painted  for  churches.  His 
portrait  of  Alexander  \ir.  i^  admired. 

Gentilis,  de  Foliguo,  a  physician,  au- 
thor of  commentaries  on  Avicenna.  He 
vrote  also  "  de  Legationibus" — de  Juris  In- 
terpretibus, — de  Advocatioue  Hispanica  &c. 
and  died  at  Foligno,  1348. 

Gentilis,  Scipio,  a.  native  of  Aneona, 
who  came  into  Germany,  and  studied  at  Tu- 
bingen, Wittemberg,  and  Leyden,  and  was 
professor  of  cf\il  law  at  Altorf.  He  died 
1616,  aged  51,  leaving  four  cliildren  by  his 
wife,  a  beautiful  lady  of  Lucca,  w  horn  about 
four  years  before  he  had  married.  He  wrote 
**  de  Jure  Publico  Populi  Romani"  "  de 
Conjurationibus,"  de  Bonis  Maternis,  8cc. 
Tasso's  Jerusalem,  translated  intoLatin  verse, 
1585,  4to. 

Gentilis,  John  Valentine,  a  relation  of 
the  preceding,  who  left  his  native  country 
Naples,  not  to  be  burnt  in  consequence  of  his 
attachment  to  Arianism.  He  fled  to  Geneva, 
but  nearly  was  condemned  to  the  flames,  by 
the  infli;ence  of  Calvin.  He  at  last  was  con- 
demned to  lose  his  head  at  Berue,  for  the 
violence  of  his  religious  opinions,  1567. 
i.  Gentilis,  Alberico,  a  native  of  Ancnna, 
Son  of  a  physician.  He  was  a  lawyer,  and 
coming  to  England  as  attached  to  protestant- 
ism, he  was  made  professor  of  law  at  Ox- 
ford, and  died  1 608,  aged  58.  He  wrote 
six  dialogues  on  the  Interpretation  of  the 
I^aw, — a  Treatise  de  Jure  Belli,  commended 
by  Grotiua, — and  other  works. 

Gentjleschi,  Horatio,  an  Italian  pain- 
ter, born  at  Pisa  1563.  After  being  admired 
for  his  pieces  in  Genoa,  Home,  Florence,  and 
Savoy,  he  came  to  England,  and  was  patro- 
lOsed  by  CharlQs  J.  ile  employed  hi?  p.enc.iJ 
VOT..  X" 


in  adorning  the  ceilings  of  Gi-ecnwirh  afTii 
York  house,  and  dic<l  in  En^^l.tnd  after  12 
years'  rebulence,  ■.rct.A  Hi.  His  i)ibt  v. ork  in 
the  poiiico  of  carditial  Bentivoglio's  palace 
at  Itome. 

CiEN  rii.E3cii  1,  Artemisia,  daughter  of 
the  [irecediiig,  was  cminint  as  an  historical 
painter.  Her  Dnvid  wiili  the  head  of  Go- 
liah,  is  her  best  piece.  She  tut.k  some  of 
the  portraits  of  the  royal  family  and  of  the 
nobility  in  England  ;  but  chiefly  lived  at  Na- 
ples, where  her  gallantry  became  as  jjubliti 
as  her  eminence  as  a  paii»ter,  and  the  splen- 
dor of  her   eijuifjige. 

(iENTlLLEi,  Valentino,  a  native  of 
Datijjliine,  syndic  of  the  city  of  Geneva.  He 
pul.>lished  in  157S,  an  Aprilogy  frir  the  Pro- 
testants, oflcn  edited,  and  also  Anli-Machiir- 
vel  and  Anti-.Socinus,  161'2. 

Gentleman,  Francis,  an  actor,  author 
of  11  dramatic  pieces.  He  died  1784,  aged 
66. 

Geoffuoi,  Steplien  Francis,  a  French 
physician  and  chemist,  born  at  Paris  167^?, 
son  of  an  apollucary.  He  visite<l  Italy, 
Holland,  and  England,  to  complete  liis  me- 
dical studies,  and  became  professor  of  chc- 
mistrj-  and  of  medicine  at  tke  Royal  college 
at  Paris.  He  died  17S1,  much  respected  for 
his  attention  and  humanity  to  his  patients. 
His  chief  work  is  "  Materia  .Medica'"  in 
Latin  3  vols.  Svo.  It  was  translated  by  Ber- 
gier,  and  continued  by  Nobleville,  and  ex- 
tended to  17  vols.  12mo. 

Geoffrov,  of  Monmouth,  a  British  Iii.<«- 
torian,  author  of  Ciironicon,  sivc  Historia 
Britonum,  a  curious  book,  but  too  full  of  le- 
gendary tales  in  the  history  of  the  first  Brit- 
tt.^h  kings.  Uc  was  archdeacon  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  which  he 
resigned  to  live  at  the  monastery  of  Abing- 
don, where  he  was  abbot.  He  florished  about 
1150. 

George,  St.  tlie  patron  of  England,  Avas 
supposed  to  have  suiiered  martyi-dom  in  the 
reign  of  Diocletian.  Little  is  know  n  of  his 
history,  though  he  is  celebrated  by  many  ec- 
clesiastical writers,  aiul  even  by  som^of  the 
Mahometans.  The  miracles  which  he  is  said 
to  have  performed  are  properly  regarded  rjs 
fabulous. 

George  of  Trebizond,  a  native  of  Can.- 
dia,  who  came  to  Ronie  under  Eugeniua, 
He  was  a  popular  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
philosophy  at  Vicenza,  and  afterwards  be- 
came secretary  to  pope  Nicolas  V.  After 
residing  some  time  at  the  court  of  Alphonso 
of  Naples,  he  returned  to  Home,  where  he 
died  in  a  good  old  age,  1484.  He  wrote  dfe 
Arte  Rhetorica — Reflections  on  sume  of  Ci- 
cero's Orations  and  Letter.s,  inc.  and  also 
translated  into  Latin  Eusebius'  Evangelioa! 
Preparations — some  of  the  works  of  Aristo- 
tle— Plato  de  Legibus — Ptoleniv's  Almage.st, 
&c.  besides  some  controversial  works. 

George  theCappadocian,  bishop  of  Ale.v- 
andria,  was  elected  bishop  of  Alexandria  by 
the  Arians  after  the  expulsion  of  Athanasii^s 
354.    He  ^.y.^ii  of  obscu'C  origin,  and  born  \Sk 


GK 


GE 


Epiphaiua,  in  Cilicia,  and  for  some  time  he 
was  employed  in  selling  pork  and  provisions 
to  the  army.  He  afterwards  went  to  EgApt, 
where,  thougli  without  character  or  integri- 
ty, he  was  placed  on  the  episcopal  seat  of 
Alexandria,  by  the  turbident  opposers  of 
Athanasius.  On  his  elevation  he  betrayed 
the  most  oppressive  conduct,  he  laid  taxes 
severe  and  arbiti'ary  on  the  people  to  enrich 
himself,  and  at  last  became  so  unpopular  that 
the  populace  assassinated  him  in  the  sixth 
year  of  his  episcopacy,  361. 

George,  surnamed  Amira,  a  learned 
Maronite,  who  came  to  Rome  in  the  pontifi- 
cate of  Clement  VIII.  and  published  a  valua- 
ble Syriac  and  Chaldee  grammar,  4to.  1.59fi. 
He  afterwards  became  bishop,  and  patriarch 
of  the  Maronites,  but  he  suffered  much  du- 
ring the  wars  between  tlie  Turks  and  the 
Emirs.     He  died  about  1641. 

George,  duke  of  Clarence,  brother  of 
Edward  IV.  of  England,  was  condemned  to 
death,  for  conspiring  against  his  brother. 
As  he  was  permitted  to  choose  his  own  death, 
he  was,  1478,  smothered  in  a  vessel  full  of 
Malmsey  wine,  a  liquor  to  which  he  was  par- 
ticularly partial.  Some  suppose  that  he  suf- 
fered this  cruel  treatment  from  bis  brother, 
because  it  had  been  foretold  by  some  sooth- 
sayer, that  the  king's  children  would  be  de- 
prived of  the  throne  by  a  man  whose  name 
■was  to  begin  Avith  a  G. ;  that  monster  was 
the  duke  of  Gloucester,  Richard  III. 

George,  prince  of  Servia,  was  exposed 
to  the  attacks  of  Mahomet  II.  to  whom  he 
had  given  his  daughter  Alary  in  marriage. 
After  seeing  some  of  his  children  treated 
cruelly  by  the  victorious  enemy,  and  his  ci- 
ties depopulated,  he  died  in  consequence  of 
a  wound  which  he  had  received,  1457,  in  a 
battle  against  the  Hungarians.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  youngest  son  Lazarus. 

George  Lewis  I.  son  of  Ernest  Augus- 
tus, of  Brunswick,  elector  of  Hanover,  and 
Sophia,  daughter  of  Frederic,  elector  Pala- 
tine, and  grand-daughter  of  James  I.  was 
born  8tU  May  IGGO.  He  was  at  the  head  of 
the  imperial  armies  in  1708  and  1709,  and 
behaved  with  great  intrepidity  and  judgment, 
and  on  the  deatli  of  queen  xVnne,  in  1714,  he 
was  called  to  the  throne  of  England.  By  es- 
pousing the  party  of  the  whigs,  who  had 
contributed  to  his  elevation,  he  highly  offend- 
ed the  tories,  and  instead  of  reconciling  all 
parties  to  his  administration,  he  thus  sowed 
the  seeds  of  animosity  and  rebellion.  An  in- 
surrection took  place  in  Scotland,  in  1715, 
in  favor  of  the  Pretender,  and  the  general 
tranquillity  v.as  restored  only  after  much 
bloodshed.  During  his  reign,  the  dui'ation 
<of  parliament  was  extended  from  three  to  se- 
Tcn  years,  and  the  order  of  the  bath  was  re- 
vived, but  the  jiartiaHty  with  which  the 
south-sea  scheme,  was  patronised  in  1720, 
proved  the  ruin  of  several  thousand  fomilies. 
George,  Avhose  reign  was  distinguished  by 
firmness,  and  political  sagacity,  died  sudden- 
ly at  Osnaburg,  11th  June  1727,  in  his  way 
to  Hanover.  He  had  married  Sophia  Doro- 
thgjt,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Zelh 


GEdRGE  Augustus  FT.  St)n  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  "born  1683,  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  elector  of  Hanover,  and  king  of 
England  1727.  He  was  engaged  in  war  with 
the  Spaniards,  and  sent  agamstthe  American 
settlements  admiral  Vernon,  who  took  Por- 
to-bello,  though  he  was  unsuccessful  in  his 
attack  on  Carthagena.  In  the  continental 
wars  he  took  an  6ctive  share,  and  headed  liis 
troops  at  the  battle  of  Dettingen,  1743,  M'her» 
he  obtained  a  brilliant  victory.  The  insur- 
rection of  the  Scotch  in  favor  of  the  Preten- 
der, in  1745,  was  quelled  by  the  rapidity  and 
valor  of  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  who  de- 
feated the  rebels  at  the  battle  of  Culloden 
1746.  Though  the  peace  of  Aix-la-chapelle 
in  1748,  restored  tranquillity  on  the  continent, 
fresh  disputes  soon  arose,  and  a  new  wax- 
was  kindled,  in  1755,  in  North  America. 
Braddock  w^as  defeated,  and  slain  in  his  ex- 
pedition in  America,  and  Byng  was  shot,  foe 
not  giving  battle  to  the  combined  fleets,  and 
relieving  Minorca  in  the  Mediterranean,  but 
at  last  the  disasters  of  the  war  were  forgotten 
in  the  blaze  of  the  glorious  successes,  which 
under  the  administration  of  Mr.  Pitt,  began 
now  to  adorn  the  annals  of  the  country.  The 
destruction  of  the  French  power  in  the  East 
Indies,  and  the  fall  of  Louisburg,  Quebec, 
and  Canada,  were  followed  by  the  defeat  of 
the  French  fleet  under  Confians,  and  the  tri- 
umphs of  the  English  navy,  all  over  the 
world.  George  died  in  the  midst  of  the  suc- 
cesses of  his  valiant  subjects,  by  the  sudden 
bursting  of  the  right  Tentricle  of  the  heart, 
25th  Oct.  1760,  in  his  77th  year.  He  had 
married  in  1705,  Caroline  of  Brandenburgh 
Anspach,  who  died  in  1737,  but  his  domestic 
happiness  was  much  embittered  by  his  dis- 
putes with  his  son  the  prince  of  Wales,  who 
died  1751.  The  reign  of  this  monai'ch  was 
splendid  more  than  useful,  hs  supported  the 
rights  of  the  queen  of  Hungary  in  the  war  of 
1741,  and  in  that  of  1756,  he  enlarged  the 
jKjwer  of  his  subjects  by  his  conquests  in 
America,  and  in  the  East,  but  luxury  and 
corruption  were  permitted  to  florish  un- 
checked, and  the  conduct  of  the  sovereign 
Avas  not  always  consonant  with  the  strictest 
principles  of  morality  and  virtue. 

Gerard,  Tom  or  Tung,  the  institutor  and 
first  grand  master  of  the  knights  hospitalers 
of  Jerusalem,  afterwards  of  Malta,  was  born 
at  Amain.  He  took  the  religious  habit  at 
Jerusalem  in  1 100,  and  associated  with  others 
to  relieve  all  christians  in  distress,  and  bound 
himself  to  observe  also  chastity,  poverty,  and 
obedience.  He  died  1120,  and  his  order  was 
confirmed  by  Anastasius  IV.  who  divided  it 
into  knights  companions,  clerks  and  serving 
brothers. 

Gerard,  Balthazar,  the  assassin  of  Wil- 
liam I.  prince  of  Orange,  was  a  native  of  Vil- 
lefans,  Franche  Comt6.  He  ingratiated  him- 
self into  the  society  and  the  friendship  of 
the  unfortunate  prince,  by  an  affected  air  of 
devotion,  and  at  last  perpetrated  the  deed 
which  he  had  for  six  years  coolly  meditated, 
by  shooting  him  through  the  head  with  a  pis- 
tol, as  he  was  going  out  of  his  palace  at  Delft. 


GE 


GE 


li^  sufiereit  tke  s&me  punisiiment  aa  Rnvail- 
lie  and  Damicri,  and  died  a  luiirtyr  to  the 
chut-ch  of  Uome,  July  1584.  I'he  prince  of 
Orange  was  the  head  of  the  iirotestHtils, 
und  tlienec  this  fanatic  was  incited  by  liis  hij;- 
oted  clergy  to  seek,  as  he  said,  by  his  death, 
the  cxpl'ition  of  liis  sins,  and  eternal  glory. 

(iERAini,  Jf)lin,  a  learned  protestant  di- 
vine, lx)rn  at  Qnedlimburg,  l.'iS'J.  Jle  wrote, 
among  other  things,  the  ICarnaony  of  tlie 
Evangelists,  Geneva,  3  vols,  folio,  104O.  Jlc 
died  1G.>8,  divinity  professoi"  at  Jena. 

(it HARD,  Dr.  Alexander,  professor  of 
pliilosophy  anil  divinity  in  the  university  of 
Ahv'rdeen.  He  -vvas  a  native  of  Garioch  in 
Aberdeenshire,  and  died  jNIarch,  179.T,  aged 
6r.  We  wrote  an  Essay  on  Genius,  8vo. — 
ii  vols,  of  sermons — an  f^ssay  on  Taste,  Siq. — 
on  the  Genius  and  Evidences  of  Christianity, 
Svo. — Discourse  on  Pastoral  Care,  &c. 

GEjiARD,  John,  a  native  of  Jena,  vhere 
he  became  theological  professor  and  I'ector 
of  the  university.  He  was  author  of  Harmo- 
nia  Linguarui»  Oriental. — Disputationum 
Theologic.  Fasciculus — de  Scpaltura  Mosis 
— de  Ecolesiie  Copticx  Ortu,  kc.  and  died 
16G8,  aged  47.  His  son  John  Ernest,  died 
professor  of  divinity  at  Geisscn,  and  author 
«f  some  learned  works,  1707. 

Gehard,  John,  a  native  of  Nantwich, 
Cheshire,  educated  as  a  surgeon,  and  patron- 
ised by  lord  Burleigh  in  London,  of  whose 
garden  he  bad  the  care.  He  was  very  emi- 
nent as  a  botanist,  and  published  an  account, 
in  Latin,  of  the  treoi,  shrubs,  plants,  foreign 
and  domestic,  in  his  own  gar(len,  4to.  1591. 
His  chief  work  is,  Herbal,  or  General  Histoiy 
of  Plants,  15U7,  best  edited  bv  Johnson  1G33. 
lie  died  1607,  aged  62. 

Gerardi,  Christofaro,  an  Italian  painter 
of  Florence,  Avho  died  1556,  aged  56.  He 
excelled  in  landscape  and  the  grotesque  as 
well  as  history. 

Gerardi,  Mark,  a  painter  of  Bruges, 
who  came  to  England  15S0,  and  was  patron- 
ised by  Elizabeth.  He  was  equally  eminent 
in  history,  landscape  and  portrait  painting, 
and  died  1635,  aged  74. 

Geub.ms,  John,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
eminent  for  his  writings  in  .support  of  the 
liberties  of  the  GallicJ^n  church.  These 
works  proved  highly  offensive  to  the  pope. 
He  died  1699,  aged  70. 

Geubelius,  Nicholaus,  an  eminent  law- 
yer, born  at  Pforzeim,  He  died  very  old 
1  560,  at  Strasburg,  where  he  was  professor  of 
Jflw.  He  wrote,'among  other  things,  an  excel- 
lent work  contaii^ng  a  description  of  Greece, 
Basil,  1550,  folio. 

Gerberon",  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesias- 
tic, priest  of  the  oratory,  and  then  a  Bene- 
dictine of  St.  Maur,  was  born  at  Saint  Calais, 
Maine,  1628.  Long  distinguished  at  St. 
Maur  as  a  theological  professor,  he  was  or 
dered  to  be  arrested  by  Lewis  XIV.  for  the 
freedom  of  his  opinions  on  the  Jansenist  con- 
troversy, but  he  escaped  to  Holland,  and  in 
1705  was  seized  by  the  bishop  of  Mechlin, 
and  imprisoned  at  Aiueins,  and  afterwards 
at  Vinceanes.    He  died  at  the  prison  gf  the 


abbey  of  St.  Denis  1711,  aged  82.  Uh  chief 
work  is  the  General  HisLoi-}-  of  Jansenism,  3 
vols.  I'Jmo.  Amsterdam.  Though  impetu- 
ous in  his  character,  he  was  firm  in  hia  con- 
duct,   and  exemjjlary  in  his  [licty. 

Geubiek,  sir  iialthazar,  a  painter  of 
Antwerp,  recommended  by  Buckingham  to 
(Jhailtts  I.  who  knighted  him,  .'utd  sent  him 
trj  Brussels  as  resident  for  the  king  of  Great 
Britain.     He  died  1 601,  aged  09. 

Gerb  I  LLON,  John  Francis,  a  josuit  mis/' 
sionary  in  China.  He  was  born  in  1654,  be- 
canie  a  Jesuit  1670,  and  was  sent  l(»  China 
1685,  and  died  at  Pekin  1707,  superior  of  all 
the  missions  in  China.  He  wrote  an  acoognt 
of  his  travels  inserted  in  du  Haldc's  History. 
He  was  in  great  favor  with  the  emperor  of 
China,  for  whom  he  wrote  Elements  of  Geo- 
ineti-y,  from  Euclid  and  Archimedes,  splen- 
didly published  at  Pckin  in  the  Chinese  and 
Tartarian  Languages. 

Gerdes,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Bremen^ 
who  took  his  doctor's  degree  at  Utrecht,  and 
became  professor  of  divinity  at  Duisburg, 
and  in  1735,  at  Groningen,  where  he  died 
1765,  aged  67.  He  wrote  Vesperte  Vadenses 
or  Diatribtc  Theologico-l-'hiiologica;  de  Hy- 
pcrbolis,  &c.  4to. — Observationes  ad  qusedam 
Loca  S  S.  Jscc. — Miscellanea  Duisburgonsia 
ad  Incrementum  itci  Litterariie,  ^-c.  4to. — 
Florilegium  Historico-Criticum,  &c. — Com- 
pendium Theological  Dogmaticae,  kc. 

Gerhard,  Ephraim,  a  iialive  of  Silesia, 
professor  of  law  at  Altdorf,  where  he  died 
17IS,  aged  36.  He  wrote  Delineatio  Pliiloso- 
phite  liatioualis,  8cc. 

Gerlach,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
educated  at  Tubingen,  wliere,  after  being 
five  years  chaplain  to  the  imperial  eml«ssy 
at  Constantinople,  he  became  professor  of 
divinity  and  dean  of  th«  church.  He  wrote 
Epitome  of  Ecclesiastical  History — Journal 
of  the  embassies  to  the  Porte — dissertations, 
&c.     He  died  at  Tubingen  1612,  aged  66. 

Germain,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Paris, 
son  of  the  king's  goldsmith.  He  resided  for 
some  years  at  Rome,  distinguished  as  an  in- 
genious goldsmith  and  as  an  architect,  and 
eminent  also  in  drawing.  His  metal  sculp- 
tures were  so  neatly  Avrougbt  that  they  ob- 
tained high  celebrity  at  Pari.s,  and  sold  very 
dear.     He  died  174S,  aged  74. 

Germaxicus,  Ctcsar,  son  of  Xero  and 
Antonia,  was  adopted  by  'liijcrius,  and  be- 
came a  popular  character  at  liome  in  conse- 
quence of  his  valor  in  the  field  o(  liattle,  and 
particularly  for  the  goodness  of  his  disposi- 
tion and  his  many  private  virtues.  He  died 
near  Antioch,  A.  ]).  19,  it  is  supposed  by  poi- 
son, and  was  universally  lamented. 
German  10,  Anastasio, anativeof  PeidmoiV. 
Origiiially-solf  taught  he  acquired  celebrity 
for  his  learning  at  Padua,  and  also  at  Turin, 
where  he  was  elected  professor  of  canon  law. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  the  popes, 
and  he  was  made  bishop  of  Tarantasia.  He 
died  at  Madrid  ;  where  hew  was  an  embassa- 
dor from  the  duko  of  Savoy,  16-27,  aged  76 
He  wrote  Do  Sacroraru  ImuniLaLibus^  'jp'l 
other  tracts. 


GE 


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diRMANuSjbishcp-ofCyziouiTJ,  XK'ns  made 
patriarch  of  Constantinople  715,  and  died 
740.  He  was  degraded  by  a  council  tor  sup- 
porting image  worship.  He  wrote  a  trea- 
tise de  Sex  S\'nodis  CEctimaaicis,  &c.  Ano- 
ther of  the  same  name  v  as  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople 12'22,  and  deposed  1240,  but  re- 
stored 1254,  soon  after  whii-li  lie  died.  He 
was  author  of  some  homi'ins,  orations,  kc. 

Germyn,  Simon,  a  Dutch  painter  of 
Dort,  who  died  1719,  {.'g,c«i  fin.  His  fruits 
and  hmdsc«pes  are  mucli  admired. 

Gerson,  John,  an  illustrious  Frenchman, 
canon  and  chancellor  of  the  church  of  Paris. 
When  Petit  justified  the  nuirder  of  the  duke 
of  Orleans,  by  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  he 
boldly  inveighed  against  it,  and  had  the  doc- 
trine condemned  by  the  doctors  and  bishops  of 
the  university- .  He  was  at  the  council  of 
Constance  as  ambassador  from  France,  and 
in  his  eloquent  speeches  he  asserted  the  su- 
j)eriority  of  the  synod  over  the  pope.  He 
retired  to  Gei-rnany  from  the  persecution  of 
the  duke  of  Burgundy,  and  died  1429,  aged 
60.  His  writings  liave  been  y)ublished  by  Du 
Pin,  5  vols.  fol.  1706  in  Holland.  Thuanus, 
Hoffman,  Ca'.^,  and  others  speak  highly  of 
his  erudition  and  universal  knowledge. 

tiERSTEN,  Christian  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Giessen,  where  he  was  mathematical  profes- 
sor. He  was  deposed  from  his  office  after- 
"ttards  for  refusing  to  submit  to  the  sentence 
of  a  court  of  law,  in  a  law  suit  with  liis  bro- 
thcr-in-iaw,  and  was  also  imprisoned  for  12 
years  for  writing  an  improper  letter  to  his 
sovei'eign  in  vindication  of  his  contumacy. 
He  died  two  years  after  his  liberation  from 
confinement  1762,  aged  61.  He  wrote  Me- 
thodus  >40va  ad  Eclipses 'I'errse,  ct  Appulscs 
Lunee  ad  Stellas  supputandas — Tentamina 
Systeraatis  Novi  ad  Barometri  Mnlationes, 
&c. — Exercitationes  circa  Roris  IVIeteori; — 
Met.hodus  CalcTili  Eclipsiuni  TerrM,  in  the 
43  vol.  of  philosophical  transactions — Mercu- 
rins  sub  Sole  Yisus — Quadrantes  Astronom. 
Muralis  Idea  Nova,  &c. 

Gervais,  Armand  Francis,  a  Carmelite 
ecclesiastic,  superior  of  his  order,  and  in 
1695  abbot  of  Ui  Trappe,  which  he  soon  after 
resigned.  His  attack  on  the  Bernardines 
procured  his  confinement  in  an  abbey  at 
'I'royes,  where  he  died  1741.  He  wrote  an 
History  of  the  Cistercian  Order—  the  Lives 
of  Eloisa  and  Abelard,  and  other  works  in 
tl»eology  and  biography. 

Gervaise,  Nicholas,  a  French  rnission- 
ai'y  in  Siam,  afterwards  provost  of  Seu- 
vre  in  the  church  of  St.  Martin  of  Touts. 
He  was  at  Home  in  17'24,  and  was  made 
bishop  of  Horren,  and  soon  after  M'ent  as 
missionary  to  Guiann,  where  he  and  his  at- 
tendants were  cruelly  nmrdered  by  the  na- 
tives 1729.  He  wrote  History  of  Boethius — 
Liffe  of  St.  !Martin  of  Tours — and  the  flisto- 
ry  of  his  Church — the  Natural  and  Political 
History  of  Siam,  4to.  16SS. 

Gesxer,  Conrad,  an  able  schol.'^.r,  phy- 
sician, and  philosopher,  born  at  Zurich  1516. 
The  poverty  of  his  father  would  have  check- 
ed the  display  of  his  great  abilittc?,  had  not 


Ammieti,  profess&r  of  Latin  and  eMquenoe 
at  Zuiieli,  with  noble  generosity,  taken  him 
to  his  own  house  and  provided  for  his  educa- 
tion. The  death  of  his  father  left  him  his 
own  master,  and  he  began  to  travel  to  seek 
his  fortune.  He  visited  Strasburg,  where  he 
made  some  progress  in  the  Hebrew  lajiguage, 
and  as  he  was  allowed  a  small  pension  from 
Zurich  university,  he  made  the  tour  of 
^' ranee,  and  in  company  with  John  Frisius 
Aam?  to  Paris  He  afterwards  returned  to 
Strasburg,  and  was  called  back  to  Zurich  to 
prcsi<le  over  a  school,  and  there  he  married. 
His  appointment,  however,  was  not  ade- 
quate to  his  expenses,  and  determining  to  ap- 
ply liimself  to  physic  he  left  Zurich  in  dis- 
gust, and  studied  the  Greek  physicians  in 
their  own  language  at  Basil,  till  lie  was  ho- 
norably nominated  Greek  professor  at  Lau-' 
sanne.  In  some  degree  thus  independent  he- 
applied  himself  with  redoubled  assiduity  to 
the  medical  pi'ofession,  and  passed  to  Mont- 
peliicr  where  he  devoted  himself  to  anatomy 
and  botany,  and  on  his  return  to  Zurich  he 
began  to  practice  as  physician,  and  i*eceiveii 
the  honor  of  a  doctor's  degree.  He  was  ap- 
pointed  there  [trofessor  of  philosophy,  a  place 
which  he  enjoyed  24  years  till  his  death.  He 
died  of  the  plague  15G5.  For  the  variety  of 
his  attainments,  and  the  extent  of  his  erudi- 
tion, he  was  deservedly  called  the  German 
Pliny,  and  among  his  various  avocations  he 
found  time  to  write  not  less  than  66  various 
pieces  on  subjects  of  grammar,  botany,  me- 
dicine, and  natural  history'.  He  was  the  first 
who  distinguished  the  genera  of  plants  by 
the  comparison  of  their  flowers,  seeds,  and 
fruits. 

Gesner,  Solomon,  bookseller  of  Zuricli, 
was  author  of  some  elegant  poems  in  the 
German  language.  He  was  member  of  the 
senate  of  Zurich,  and  also  obtained  celebrity 
by  his  landscape  painting.s,  many  of  which 
Avere  sold  in  Englan<l.  The  most  admired  of 
his  compositions  is  the  Death  of  Abe!,  in  po- 
etic prose,  which  has  been  translated  int» 
Enghsh.  He  died  2d  March  1788,  aged  S8. 
He  wrote  besides,  "  Niglit" — Daphnis,  a 
pastoral — Idylls — a  Letter  on  landscape 
painting — poems,  &c.  He  also  published  10 
landscapes  engraved  by  himself  1765. 

Gesner,  John  Matthew,  an  able  scholar 
and  acute  critic,  of  the  family  of  Conrad 
Gesner,  born  near  Newburg  in  Germany 
1691.  After  studying  eight  years  at  Ans- 
pach,  he  was  appointed  by^  the  recommen- 
dation of  Budus  to  superintend  the  public 
school  at  Weinheim.  Eleven  years  after  he 
was  removed  to  the  same  but  more  lucrative 
situation  at  Anspach,  and  lastly  to  Gotten- 
gen,  where  he  became  pi'ofeGSor  of  humani- 
ty, public  librarian,  ami  inspector  of  public 
schools  in  the  province  of  Lunebarg.  He 
died  at  Gottingen  universally  respected  in 
1761.  He  is  much  known  as  the  author  of 
some  valuable  editions  of  the  classics,  of  which 
tlie  Horace  and  {!)laudian  are  the  more  popu- 
lar. He  also  published  a  most  excellent  The- 
saurus of  the  Latin  tongue. 

Gesneu,  John  Jame?,  a  native  of  Zurich. 


Gil 


GJ 


•Re  H'as  pi-ofessor  in  tlie  iini\icrsi{v',  and  (Hed  | 
there  1787,  Hj^ed  SO.  He  wrote  'riicsutiriis 
Universalis Oniniuni  Numisiniitunt  N'elermu 
Ciriecor.  K.  Homnn.  4  vols.  fol. — Specimen 
Jtci  Nuinmaria;  Xumisni:it»  Kejfuni  Muce- 
(ion  ex  Luboribus  Crupliii,  liU'/.ii.  (ii)l/.ii,  8cc. 

Gesneu,  Solomon,  Ji  native  ot  Silesi:»,  uh<) 
Studied  at  iJrcshiu  and  Slrasburp;,  and  be- 
came divinity  ]»rofess()r  at  Wittendx  rj:,  151)3, 
»n(i  afterwards  dean  and  rector  ot"  tlie  uni- 
versity. He  wrote  the  I'rophccy  of  Hosea 
froni  Jerome's  version — Hissortation  on  <ic- 
nc«i3,  bcc. — Ui.squisition  on  t!ie  I'salter — ser- 
mons, essays,  N:c.     He  died  10O5,  aged  40. 

CiETA,  Septimius,  son  ot"  llie  emperor 
Severus,  and  brother  of  (/aracalla,  was  slain 
in  the  arms  of  his  mother,  by  his  brother 
who  was  jealous  of  his  merits  and  virtues, 
A,  D.  '212. 

Get  HI  N,  lady  Grace,  an  English  lady, 
daughter  of  sir  George  Norton,  of  Abliots- 
Ijeitli,  Somersetshire,  born  1070.  She 
married  sir  Uichard  Gethin,  of  Gcthin- 
Grott,  Ireland  ;  but  she  did  not  live  long 
enough  to  display  to  the  world  the  superior 
talents  she  possessed,  ?,s  she  died  at  the  pre- 
mature age  of  iil.  She  was  buried  in  West- 
minster abbc}',  wiiere  a  beautiful  monument 
records  lier  n)erits,  and  where,  to  perpetu- 
ate her  memory,  she  also  founded  a  sermon 
to  be  preached  every  Ash-Wednesday  for 
ever.  After  her  death  were  published  '*  Re- 
liquiai  Gethinianie,"  or  Remains  of  the  inge- 
nious and  excellent  lady  Grace  Getliin,  being 
a  collection  of  choice  discourses,  pleasant 
apophthegms,  and  witty  sentences,  &c.  1700, 
4to.  This  work,  containing  much  good  sense 
and  many  judicious  observations,  deserves 
the  compliments  which  the  fair  author  recei- 
ved from  the  pen  of  Congreve. 

Gething,  Richard,  a  curimis  penman  of 
Herefordshire.  He  settled  in  London  about 
1016,  at  the  Hand  and  Pen,  Fetter  lane, 
London,  and  published  copy-books  of  various 
hands  with  plates.  One  of  them  was  dedi- 
cated to  sir  Francis  Bacon.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  not  mentioned. 

Gevautius,  John  Gasper,  an  eminent 
critic,  born  at  Antwerp  151) J.  He  studied 
imder  the  Jesuits  at  Antwerp,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Louvain  and  to  Uouay.  He  was  at 
I'aris  in  1617,  and  took  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
in  the  university"  of  Douay,  and  became  town 
clerk  of  Antwerp,  an  employment  wliich  he 
held  till  his  death  1066.  He  was  married 
1625.  He  pui)lished  Lcctionum  I\spiniana- 
rum  Libri  quinque  in  Statii  Sylvas,  1021, 
8vo.  Leydcn — Electonmi  Libri  tres,  &c. 
1619,  4to.  Paris — a  Latin  poem  on  the  death 
OfThuanus,  1018,  &c. 

GEt  S5,  John  Michael,  a  native  of  Holstein, 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Copenhagen,  and 
author  of  the  Theory  of  the  Art  of  construct- 
ing Mines,  1776 — a  voyage  to  Iceland,  from 
the  German,  2  vols.  4to. — an  edition  of  Lo- 
garithm! Numerorum  ab  Unitate  ad  10,000, 
&:c.     He  died  at  Holstein  1786,  aged  41 . 

Ghelex,  Sigismund,  or  Gelexius.  Vid. 
Gelenius. 

Gn*2.2,j,  Peter  Leone,  a  painter,  born  aj 


Rome,  and  knighted  by  Pranris  t  duk«  <X 
Parma,  his  nbililies  were  employed  by  the 
p«)pe  in  adorning  the  castle  ol  Gondolfo,  and 
other  public  edilices.   He  «lie<l  1755,  aged  Si. 

(in  I  LIN  1,  Jerome,  an  Italian  writer,  bon\ 
at  Mniiza,  in  .Milan,  1581).  He  was  e<lucHtcit 
by  the  Jesuits  at  .Milan,  in  philosophy  and 
polite  literature,  and  studied  the  civil  and 
canon  law  at  Parma.  He  married  ;  but  up- 
on the  «leath  of  his  wife  he  became  an  eccle- 
siastic. He  lived  to  the  age  of  80.  He  is 
chiefly  known  for  hi.s  ♦'  Theatro  <rHuoirtini 
Letter.ali,"  reprinted  2  vols.  4to.  Aenicc, 
1047.  'I'he  work,  though  praised  by  Baillet, 
is  considered  in  general  as  insipid,  partial, 
and  c>ften  incorrect.  He  w  rote  begides,  Ca- 
s<.'s  (li'  Conscieiice — poems— Annals  of  Ales- 
sandria. 

GiiiRi.ANDAio,  Uomcnico,  a  Florentine 
painter,  born  1449.  He  was  intended  for 
the  profession  of  a  goldsmith  ;  but  he  studied 
with  success  painting,  and  though  liis  pieces 
possess  not  superior  merit,  lie  is  yet  res- 
pected as  the  master  of  the  great  Michad 
Angelo.  His  three  sons,  David,  Benedict, 
an(l  Randolph,  were  distinguished  as  paint- 
ers,    lie  died  at  the  age  of 44. 

GiiisoLn,  Giovanni,  a  painter  of  Milan^ 
who  diefl  1083,  aged  60.  His  perspective 
views  and  his  sea  ports  are  mucli  admired. 

GiAFAR,  or  Sadek  the  Just,  a  Mussul- 
man doctor,  by  the  mother  side,  descended 
from  Abubekir  the  caliph.  He  wrote  a  book 
of  Prophecies — one  on  lots  and  traditions, 
and  died  at  Medina  704. 

GiAiiEDH,  or  Large-eyed,  a  Mussalman, 
the  head  of  the  Motazales,  a  sect  who  united, 
religion  and  philosophy.  He  wrote  treatises 
on  Metaphysics,  S4c.  and  died  S40. 

CJiANXoxi,  Peter,  a  Me<ipolitan,  author 
of  an  history  of  his  country,  which  so  otr'end- 
ed  the  court  of  Rome  that  he  fled  from  per- 
secution to  the  kiug  of  Sardinia's  dominions, 
and  died  at  Piedmont  1748,  aged  08.  Hi» 
history  was  translated  into  French  by  Des- 
mancenux. 

GiBALvx',  le  Comtc  dc,  author  of  "1« 
Monde  Primitif,"  died  1784,  aged  59.  For 
this  valualjle  work  lie  twice  received  the 
pi'ize  of  1200  livres  from  the  French  academy. 

GiDBox,  Edward,  the  celebrated  author 
of  the  history  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,  was  born  at  Putney,  8lK 
May  1737,  of  a  very  respectable  and  ancient 
family.  From  Kingston-schoot  he  ix?niovei 
to  Westminster,  and  afterwards  entered  as 
gentleman  commoner  at  Mag<lalen  college, 
Oxford.  At  the  university  he  pail  mucJi 
attention  to  books  of  divinity,  especially  the 
works  of  Bossuet,  and  as  he  had  never  imbi- 
bed in  his  youth  proper  notions  of  religion, 
(  and  decided  tenets  of  faith,  he  at  last,  either 
from  conviction,  or  the  love  of  singularitj', 
embraced  the  Roman  Catholic  principles, 
and  in  1753  renounced  the  heresy  of  the  {u-o- 
testants  in  the  presence  of  a  popish  priest 
in  London,  and  was  received  into  the  hosonx 
of  the  church.  This  conduct  alarmed  and 
displeased  his  father,  who  immediatelv 
sent  him  to  Lausanne,  where,  under  the 


GI 


Gl 


rrieoOly  care>  a^J  ^y  the  sensijble  conversa- 
tfen  of  Pavilliard,  a  protestant  divine,  he  was 
made  to  understand  the  true  nature  of  reh'- 
gion,   and  the  pure  doctrines  of  the  gospel, 
iind  in  1754   he  renounced  his  errors,   and 
received  as  a  pledge  of  his   reconciliation, 
the  sacrament,  according  to  the  rites  of  the 
reformed  clmrch.     During  liis  residence  at 
Lausanne,  he  paid  much  attention  to  classi- 
<;al  literature,   and   acquired  such  a  perfect 
knowledge  of  the  French  language,  that  lie 
hoth   spoke   and    wrote    it  with    tlie    same 
facility  as  his  own  native   tongue.     He  hero 
became  intimate  with  the  daughter  of  a  pro- 
testant minister,    an   accomplished   woman, 
vho  afterwards  became  the  wife  of  the  cele- 
brated Necker;  but  his  wish  to  form  a  ma- 
trimonial   connection    with     the    lady  was 
checked  by  his  father,   and  while  he  sighed 
as  a  lover,  he  obeyed  as  a  son,  and  abandon- 
ed the  object  of  his  passion  to  lead  the  rest 
of  lifo  in  peevish  celibacy      In  1758  he  re- 
turned to  England,  but  though  engaged  in  a 
military  life,  as  the  captain  of  the  grenadiers 
of  the  Harapsiiire  militia,  he  continued  his 
studies  in  the  midst  of  the  dissipation  of  a 
camp,   and  found  more  pleasure  in  the  com- 
pany  of  his  favorite  authors,    than    in   the 
society  of  gay  and  profligate  associates.    His 
E"ssai  sur  I'Etude  de  la  Literature,  appeared 
in   1761,  dedicated   to  his  father,   and   was 
admired  as  an  elegant  and  correct  perform- 
ance.    At  the  peace  of  1763  he  quitted  the 
militia,    and    travelled    through    Paris    and 
Switzerland  to  Italy,  and  in  the  midst  of  the 
ruins  of  the  capital,  formed  the  plan  of  that 
great    work    which   has    immortalixed    his 
name.     He  contributed   much  to  the  com- 
pletion  of  the   **  Memoires   Literaires"   of 
Great  Britain   by  Deyvcrdun    17G7,  and  in 
1770,  he   attacked  Warburton's  hypothesis 
on  the  descent  of  ^neas  to  the  infernal  re- 
gions, m  his  critical  observations  on  the  si.vth 
book  of  Virgil's  JEneid.     I'hc  death   of  his 
father  in  1770,  left  hin:i  master  of  a  comfort- 
able,  independent,  tliough  encumbered   fa- 
mily estate,  and  tiierefore  as  an   owner  of 
landed  property,  he   determined  to  add  to 
the  consequence  of  his  rank,  by  obtaining  a 
seat  in  parliament  for  Liskeard  in  1774.    The 
first  volume  of  his  immortal  work,  the  De- 
cline and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,   ap- 
peared in  1770,  and  was  continued  and  com- 
pleted in  five  other  quarto  volumes.     The 
book  was  received  with  universal  applause, 
and  his  bookseller,   Mr.  Cadell,  sensible  of 
the  merits  of  the   performance,  and  of  its 
rapid  sale,  liberally  paid  him  on  the  com- 
pletion  of  the    history   80U0Z.       Much    and 
deservedly  as  the  historian  is  commended, 
yet  it  is  to  be  lamented  that  he  has  inveighed 
■with  sarcastic  rudeness,  and  with  an  insulting 
airofaftected  impartiality,  against  the  great 
truths  of  Christianity.     The  unsettled  state 
of  his  own  religious  opinions,  and  the  fre- 
quent visits  which  he  paid  to  the  infidel  hero 
of  Ferncy,  left  it  indeed  doubtful  whether 
Ixe  was  much  more  than  a  masked  atheist ; 
but  it  required  the  deep  arts  of  hypocrisy  to 
pretend  to  develop  the  awful  causes  which 


produced  the  redemption  of  mankind,  anfl 
to   unveil    the    mysteries   which    cover  the 
revelations  of  heaven  to  fallen  sinners.     It  is 
therefore  not  to  be  wondered,  that  the  two 
offensive  chapters   on   the  growth  and  pro- 
gress of  Christianity  were  violently  attacked 
by  various  writers,  but  these  were  disregard- 
ed by  the  phlegmatic  historian,  who  deigned 
to  give  a  reply  only  to  Mr.  Davis   becau.sc 
he  had   accused   him  with  want  of  fidelity. 
Though  the  abilities  of  the  historian  were 
thus  acknowledged  of  superior  rank,  and  his 
l)owers   of  understanding  extensive,  yet  lie 
never  ventured  to  speak  in  parliament,  but 
during  the  eight  years  in  which  he  held  a 
seat,  lie  gave  a   silent  vote  for  the  minister. 
Mis  M.emoir  on   the  War  with   France,  in 
consequence  of  her  espousing    the  cause  of 
the  Colonies,  wi'itten  in  French,  was  much 
admired;  and  procured  for  him,  from   lord 
North,  a  seat  at  the  board  of  Trade,  till  its 
abolition  by  Burke's   bill.     In    1783   Gibbon 
returned   to   Switzerland,   to  complete  the 
three  last  volumes  of  his   history,    and   lie 
returned  to  England  1788,  where  the  work 
was    published   complete  on    his  birth-day. 
He  afterwards   returned   to  Lausanne,   but 
the  horrors   of  the  French  revolution,  the 
origin  of  which  he  with  many  other  virtuous 
and  sensible  characters  had  falsely  hailed  as 
the  regeneration   of  mankind,  disturbed  the 
tranquillity  of  his  retirement  and  he  hastened 
baek  to  England.     He  died  of  a  dropsy  16th 
Jan.  1794,   at  the  house   of  his  friend   lord 
Sheffield.     His  posthumous  works,  with  his 
memoirs  written  by  himself,  and  finished  by 
the  pen  of  his  friend  iord  Sheffield,  appeared 
in  2  vols.  4to.  soon  after  his  death.  His  char* 
acter  as  a  writer  has  been  well  drawn  up  by 
the  nervous  pen  of  Mr.  Porson  in  his  letters 
to  archdeacon  Travis.     His  history  he  allows 
to  be  one  of  the  ablest  performances   that 
has  ever  appeared.     His  industry  is  indefati- 
gable, his  accuracy  scrupulous,  his  reading, 
which  is  sometimes  ostentatiously  displayed, 
immense,   his  attention   always   awake,   his 
memory  extensive,  his  periods  harmonious. 
In  endeavoring    however   to     avoid   vulgar 
terms  he  too  frequently  dignifies  trifles,  and 
clothes  common  thoughts  in  a  splendid  dress 
that  would  be  rich  enough  for   the  noblest 
ideas.     In   his   anxiety  to  vary  his    phrase, 
he  becomes  obsoure,   and  instead   of  calling 
his  personages  by  their  names,  he  describes 
them  by  their  birth,  alliance,  office,  or  other 
circumstances  of  their  history.     An  unpar- 
donaI)le  faidt  too,  is  his  rage  for  indecency, 
which  pervades  the  whole  work,  especially 
the  last  volumes,  though  it  is  I'cmarkable  he 
is  so  afteotcdiy  prudish  that  he  dares  not  call 
Belisarius   a  ouckold,  because  it  is  too  bad  a 
word  to  be  used  by  a  decent  historian. 

Gibbons,  GriuUng,  a  famous  sculptor, 
son  of  a  Datchman,  settled  in  England.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  board  of  works,  and 
was  employed  by  Charles  II.  The  best  spe- 
cimens of  his  art  are  the  foliage  in  Wind,sor 
chapel,  the  choir  of  St.  Paul's  cathedralj  the 
font  of  St.  James's  church,  Westminster, 
and  particularly  the  ornaments  of  Pctvorth 
house,    lie  di:ed  1721. 


GI 


GI 


Uj B B 0 N s,  OHando,  a  nati vo  of Cnnibiidj^c, 
jaftdc  orp^anist  of  tlic  roval  cliapcl,  ".iiid  ad' 
rnitU'd  Mus.  U.  at  OvloVd  IG'2'2.  Hi-  dictl 
three  years  after,  oftlie  amull-|)<tx,  at  ('nntcr- 
hury,  aged  4'2.  His  compositions  in  mfisic 
were  far  superior  to  all  those  olhis  nj;<".  He 
published  Madri.s;als,  IGI'J,  kc.  His  son, 
and  also  two  brothers,  were  eminent  as 
mlisicirins. 

(tiBBS,  James,  a»i  architect,  born  at 
Aberdeen  1GS3.  Besides  tlie  design  of  St. 
Martin's  chiircii,  London,  \v)iich  cost  3'2,t)OU/. 
in  the  erectiou,  tiie  new  churcii  at  Derby, 
t-Jio  senate  house,  and  tlie  new  buildings  of 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  St.  Mary's 
church  in  the  Strand,  are  part  of  his  works. 
Hi-  sold  his  designs  in  17'2S  for  15(30/.  and 
tlie  plates  for  M)6l.      He  died  5lh  Aug.  1754. 

G I  BERT,  Halthasar,  a  native  of  Aix,  who, 
after  being  fouryears  pi-ofessor  of  philosophy 
at  Heauvais,  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  rhe- 
toric at  the  college  of  Mazai-ln,  where  he 
proeided  50  years.  Tliougli  higlily  respect- 
ed at  Paris  he  was  banished  to  Auxerre  by 
the  court  in  1740,  because  he  opposed  the 
revocation  of  an  appeal  wliich  the  university 
Lad  made  against  the  bull  Unigcnitus.  He 
died  at  Rcgennes  28tl»  Oct.  1741,  aged  77. 
His  works  are  Rhetorique,  or  les  Regies  de 
rEloquence — Jugement  des  Savans  sur  les 
Auteurs  qui  ont  traite  de  la  Rhetorique,  3 
vols. — Observations  sur  le  Traite  des  Eludes 
de  RolUn,  &c.  His  nephew  Joseph  was  also 
a  man  of  literary  fame,  and  wrote  Memoire 
]»our  I'Histoire  de-s  Gaules,  &cc.  He  died  at 
l*aris  1771,  aged  GO. 

GiBERT,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Ai.K, 
professor  of  theology  at  Toulon  and  at  Aix, 
from  which  he,  in  1709,  removed  to  Paris. 
He  lived  here  in  a  very  retired  and  abste- 
mious manner,  and  tVough  ollered  several 
benefices  he  refused  them  all  with  the  most 
?ndifferent  composure.  As  a  canonist,  learn- 
ed and  well  informed,  he  was  higlily  res- 
pected. He  died  poor  at  Paris  2d  Dec. 
1736,  aged  76.  He  wrote  Practical  Cases 
concerning  the  Sacraments — Memoirs  con- 
cerning the  holy  Scriptures — Institutions  ec- 
clesiastical aud  beneficial,  S;c. — Usage  of  the 
Galilean  Church  in  Censures,  &c. — Tradi- 
tions, or  History  of  the  Church,  on  Mar- 
riage— Corpus  Juris  Canonici,  kc.  3  vols.  fol. 
— S^otcs  on  the  Treatise  of  Abu'',  kc. 

GiBERTi,  Jolm  Matthew,  a  native  of  Pa- 
lermo, who  obtained  favor  and  consequence 
at  the  court  of  Leo  X.  and  Clement  VH.  and 
became  governor  of 'i'ivoli  and  bishop  of  Ve- 
rona. He  was,  in  1527,  one  of  the  hostages 
whom  Clement  delivered  to  the  Imperialists, 
and,  according  to  the  barbarous  prejudices 
of  those  times,  he  was  treated  with  great 
rudeness,  and  even  cruelty.  When  set  at 
liberty  he  retired  to  his  diocese  ;  but  return- 
ed to  Rome  at  the  invitation  of  Paul  H.  and 
Tvith  a  liberal  mind  he  established  in  his  own 
house  a  Greek  press,  and  thus  enabled  the 
learned  men  M-hom  he  ])atronised  to  publish 
some  editions  of  the  writings  of  the  fathers. 
His  letters  and  directions  to  Che  clergy  are 
valuuWe.    He  died  I. US. 


GiBtEur,  William,  a  priest  of  the  coo- 
gregation  of  the  oraloi  y,  wIkj  wrote  a  book  on 
the  I  .i!)''rty  of  (iod,  and  of  the  Creator,  in 
Latin,  a  peiformance  of  great  merit.  He 
died  IGGtJ. 

(iinsov,  E<lmund,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Knipe,  neai-  Hampton,  Westmore- 
land, IGG'J.  From  a  schofjl  in  the  county 
he  entered  as  servitor  at  Queen's  college, 
Oxfo!-d,  and  soon  evinced  his  [>roficiency  by 
publishing  K.fjl ,  Willi'im  Druhjmond's  "  Po- 
lemo  MiddiauM"  anil  .lames  V.  of  Scotland'j 
(Janlilcna  Rustica,  'Uo.  with  curious  and  in- 
teresting n(.tes.  In  1C92,  lie  published  & 
Latin  translation  of  the  ChroniconSaxonicuni 
4to.  and  soon  after  Librorum  MSS.  in  duabus 
Insignibws  Bibliothecis,  Altera  Tenison,Lon- 
dini.  Altera  Dugdali,  Oxonii,  Catalogiis, 
dedicated  toTenison  bisliop  of  Lincoln,  who 
appointed  him  liis  chaplain.  He  took  his 
master's  degree  in  1G94,  and  the  next  year 
showed  his  abilities  as  an  antiquarian  by  pub- 
lishing Camden's  IJiitannia,  w ith  great  addi- 
tions, also  dedicated  to  Tenison,  under 
whose  patronage  he  rose  to  the  rectory  of 
Stisted,  Essex  in  17<X>,  the  rectory  of  Lam- 
beth, and  the  mastership  of  St.  Mary's  l»os- 
pital  1703,  and  in  1710,  the  arciidcaconry  of 
Surrey.  His  Codex  Juris  Ecclesiastici  Ang- 
licani  in  fol.  appeared  in  1713,  and  while  it 
commanded  the  applause  of  the  friends  of 
the  church,  excited  the  censures  and  the  en- 
vy of  its  enemies.  When  W^ake  on  Tcui- 
soti's  death  succeeded  to  the  primacy  1715, 
Gibson  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Lincoln  in 
his  room,  and  in  1723,  he  was  ti-atislated  to 
London.  He  died  at  Piuth  6th  Sep.  1748, 
leaving  several  children.  As  a  prelate  Gib- 
son ranks  high.  Vigilant  over  the  rights  of 
the  church,  he  warmly  supported  the  test 
act,  and  was  zealous  that  those  who  were  ad- 
n\itted  into  holy  orders  should  be  pcrsoni  of 
character,  discretion,  and  learning.  The  es- 
tablishment of  preachers  from  Oxford  and 
Cambridge,  at  W^hitehall,  alternately,  took 
place  at  his  suggestion.  This  worthy  pre- 
late wrote,  besides,  some  tracts  aud  pastoral 
letters,  wisely  calculated  to  recommend  re- 
ligion and  to  counteract  in.^dellty  and  immo- 
rality. 

(iiBSo.v,  William,  a  self-taught  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Boulton  near  Appleby, 
Westmoreland,  and  died  1791,  aged  71. 
Though  he  published  nothing,  his  know- 
ledge of  mathematics,  of  navigation,  of  mo- 
chanics,  optics,  and  experimental  philosophr, 
was  very  great  and  very  accurate. 

Gibson,  Thomas,  an  craineiit  [iaint£;y, 
known  at  Oxford  and  in  London.  He  died 
April  28th  1751,  aged  about  71. 

GiBSOx,  Thomas,  a  physician,  born  at 
Morpeth  in  Northumberland.  He  was  very- 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  botany,  histo- 
ry, physic,  and  divinity,  and  he  performed 
very  popular  cures.  H«  favored  the  refor- 
mation, and  fled  during  tho  persecution  of 
.Mary,  but  returne<l  under  Elizabeth,  and 
died  in  London  15^2.  The  titles  of  his  wri- 
tings are  preserved  in  Tannery  and  in  Aikin's 
Memoirs  of  Medicine- 


GI 


GI 


Gibson,  l^ichard,  commonly  called  the 
dwarf,  Avas  an  eminent  painter  in  the  time  of 
sir  Peter  Leiy.  He  was  originally  servant  to 
a  lady  at  Mortlake,  who  observed  and  en- 
couraged his  fondness  for  painting,  and  pla- 
ced him  under  de  Cleyn,  master  of  the  ta- 
pestry works  at  Alortiake,  and  tlie  designer 
of  the  cuts  for  Ogilvy's  works,  and  Sandys' 
Ovid.  Gibson's  pieces  in  water  colors,  but 
especially  his  copies  of  Lely's  portraits,  gain- 
ed him  great  reputation.  He  was  page  of 
the  back  stairs  to  Charles  I.  he  was  also  a  fa- 
Torite  with  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  drew  him 
several  times,  and  he  also  instructed  in 
drawing  the  princesses  Mary  and  Anne  af- 
terwards queens.  He  married  Mrs.  Anne 
"Shepherd  who  was  likewise  a  dwarf,  and  the 
ceremony  was  honored  by  the  presence  of 
Charles  I.  who  gave  away  the  bride. 
Though  only  three  feet  ten  inches,  they  had 
nine  children,  five  of  which  reached  matu- 
rity, and  were  well  proportioned,  and  of  the 
common  size.  Gibson  died  in  Covent  Gar- 
den in  his  75th  year,  and  his  wife  20  years 
after,  1709,  aged  89- 

GiBSOK,  William,  nephew  of  Richard, 
•was  instructed  by  him  and  Lely  in  the  art  of 
painting,  in  which  he  became  eminent.  He 
was  successful  as  a  limner,  and  a  copier  of 
sir  Peter  Lely;  whose  collection  he  pur- 
chased at  his  death,  and  enriched  with  seve- 
ral valuable  foreign  pieces.  He  died  of  a 
letharg}-,  1702,  aged  58. 

Gibson,  Edward,  kinsman  to  William, 
■H'as  instructed  by  him  in  drawing.  He  first 
painted  in  oil,  but  afterwards  acquired  great 
celebrit)'  in  crayons.  Kis  promising  abili- 
ties were  cut  short  by  death  when  very 
young. 

■'  Gideon,  one  of  the  judges  of  Israel.  He 
•was  of  the  tribe  of  Manasseh  and  was  called 
by  God,  while  he  was  threshing,  to  extricate 
the  people  of  Israel  from  the  oppression  of 
the  Midianites.  He  was  judge  over  the 
nation  forty  years,  and  died  B.  C.  123G. 

GiFANius,  Hubertus  or  Obertus,  a  critic 
and  civilian,  born  at  Buren  in  Guelderland, 
1534.  He  pursued  his  studies  at  Louvain 
and  Paris,  and  first  erected  a  library  for  the 
Germans  at  Orleans,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  civil  laAv,  15G7.  He  was 
in  Italy  in  the  suite  of  the  French  ambassa- 
dor, and  afterwards  was  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Strasbui'g,  and  then  at  Altdorf 
and  Ingoldstadt.  He  abandoned  the  pro- 
festants  for  popery,  and  was  made  counsel- 
lor to  the  emperor  Rodolph.  He  died  at 
Prague  I6th  Aug.  1604,  according  to  Thua- 
nus.  He  wrote  notes  and  commentaries  on 
Homer,  Aristotle's  Ethics  and  Politics,  Lu- 
cretius, and  other  authox's,  and  some  law 
liracts,  but  he  is  accused  with  dishonorably 
suppressing  the  publication  of  the  MSS.  of 
Fruterius,  an  extraordinary  youth  who  died 
at  the  age  of  twenty-five  at  Paris,  and 
which  had  been  intrusted  to  his  care.  He 
was  unfortunately  engaged  in  quarrels  with 
Lambin,  Scioppius,  and  others,  which,  in 
exhibiting  the  passions  of  human  nature,  too 
often  show  tliat  t^ie  inVellectual  powers  do 


not  always  exercise  that  auUiorify  over  thu 
heart  which  reh"gion  dictates. 

GiFFORD,  Dr.  Andrew,  a  baptist  minis- 
ter, for  some  time,  assistant  librarian  in  the 
British  museum.  He  died  1784,  aged  84,  leav- 
ing his  library  to  the  baptist  meeting,  Bristol. 

GiFFORu,  Richard,  an  English  divine, 
educated  at  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  which  he 
left  after  taking  his  first  degree  in  arts.  He 
was  for  some  time  curate  of  Richard's 
castle,  Herefordshire,  and  then  morning 
preacher  of  St.  Anne's  Soho,  and  in  1758, 
he  became  chaplain  to  the  marquis  of  Twee- 
dale,  and  the  next  year  obtained  from  bishdj> 
Coruwallls,  Dufiield  vicarage  in  Derbyshire. 
He  was  presented,  in  1772,  to  North  Oken- 
don  rectory  in  Essex,  where  he  was  unable 
long  to  reside  on  account  of  the  pestilential 
vapors  of  the  fens.  He  was  author  of  Re- 
marks on  Kennicott's  Dissertation  on  the 
Tree  of  Life  in  Paradise, — Contemplation, 
a  poem,  1753,  quoted  by  Johnson  in  his  dic- 
tionary,— Outlines  of  an  Answer  to  YW. 
Priestley's  Disquisitions  on  Matter  and  Spirit, 
&c.  He  died  at  Dufiield  much  respected, 
1st  March  1807,  aged  82. 

Gig  GEO,  Anthony,  an  Italian  di^'ine,  who 
settled  at  Milan,  and  translated  into  Latin 
the  commentaries  of  R.  R.  G.  Solomon, 
Aben  Ezra,  and  Levi  Gersora  on  the  Pro- 
verbs. His  cliief  work  is  Thesaurus  Lijiguai 
Arabicte,  or  Lexicon  Arabico-Latinum,  four 
vols,  folio.     He  died  about  1632. 

Gilbert,  William,  a  learned  physician, 
who  first  discovered  some  of  the  properties 
of  the  load-stone,  was  born  1540,  at  Colches- 
ter, whei'e  his  father  was  recorder.  He  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  but  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.D  abroad,  and  on  his  return  to 
London,  was  elected  fellow  of  the  college  of 
physicians  1573.  He  began  to  practise  in 
London  with  such  reputation,  that  Elizabeth 
appointed  hini  her  physician,  with  a  Hberal 
pension.  In  16o0,  he  published  his  book 
*'  de  Magneto,  &;c.  Physiologia  Nova," 
which  contained  the  observations  of  former 
writers,  and  might  be  said  to  be  tlie  founda- 
tion of  all  future  improvements.  He  died 
30th  November  1603,  and  was  buried  in 
Trinity  church,  Colchester.  His  reputa- 
tion, in  consequence  of  his  discoA'eries  on  the 
magnet  w  as  very  exten.sive,  so  that  not  only 
Carpenter,  Barrow,  sir  Kenelm  Digby,  and 
otutTS  iiave  compared  him  to  Harvey,  to 
Galileo,  to  Gassendus,  and  other  great  lu- 
minaries of  philosophy,  but  foreigners  have 
regarded  him  as  a  man  of  uncommon  merit 
and  of  superior  abilities.  His  MS.  de  Mundi 
Nostri  Philosophia  Nova,  was  published  at 
Amsterdam,  1651,  4to.  by  sir  William  Bos- 
well.  He  left  his  books,  &c.  to  the  college 
of  physicians. 

Gilbert,  Thomas  B.  D  an  English  di- 
vine, educated  at  Edmund  hall,  Oxford.  He 
was  ejected  from  the  parish  of  Egmond, 
Salop,  for  nonconformity,  1662,  and  died 
l4th  July,  16y4,  aged  83.  He  wrote  some 
theological  tracts,  and  it  is  said  that  he  made 
a  convert  of  Dr.  South  to  his  opinion  cpa.- 
cei'ning  predestinatioa. 


01 


GI 


Gti. BERT,  sir  ffiunplirey,  an  able  navi- 
gator, bom  at  Dai-tniuulb.  His  niotlicr, 
■when  a  widow,  murried  Mr.  Rfileigli,  by 
whom  she  bad  tbc  ruinous  sii-  W;dtcr  lia- 
leigb.  lie  wab  cdiicatcd  at  Eton,  and  Ox- 
ford, ami  afterwards  followed  tlie  military 
professiot),  aiul  was  knigbted  in  1570,  fur  bis 
services  in  Irebind.  He,  in  158.),  louU  po-s- 
session  of  Newfoundland,  in  the  name  of  bis 
mistress  Llizabelb,  wlure  bis  ulleiiii.ts  fo 
settle  a  colony  on  the  Anu'iicjoi  continent 
■were    unsuccessful.       He    wrote  a    book    to 

1>r{)ve  a  N.  VV^.  passage  to  Catbaia,  and  the 
ndieti.  On  bis  return  from  Newfoundlaml, 
the  shi[>  in  which  he  was,  foundered,  and 
every  soul  on  board  perished,  l.i84. 

Gilbert,  Jelfrey,  cliief  baion  of  the 
excliequer  in  Ireland,  and  afterwards  in 
Kngland,  abridged  Locke's  Kssay  on  the 
Human  Undc-rstandiiiji:,  published  by  Dodd 
1750,  and  translated  the  lt2th  ode  of  Ho- 
race's second  book,  in  a  very  elegant  style, 
which  was  inserted  in  the  Vvit's  Iforace,  p. 
67. 

GiLDAS,  the  most  ancient  of  IJritish  his- 
torians, is  known  for  bi«  epistle  written  .'iGO, 
twelve  years  aftei- the  evacuation  of  IJrit-iin 
by  the  Romans.  He  lived  near  the  wail 
built  by  Sevcrus,  and  Nicholson  calls  him 
a  monk  of  Bangor.  His  epistle  was  trans- 
lated into  English  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
There  was  also  a  poet  of  that  name  concern- 
ed in  the  writing  of  tlie  prophecies  of  Mer- 
lin in  Latin  verse. 

GiLDON,  Charles,  an  English  critic,  born 
at  Gillingham,  Dorsetshire,  1666.  As  his 
friends  were  of  the  lioman  catholic  persua- 
sion, he  was  sent  to  Uouay,  to  become  a 
priest,  but  his  inclinations  Avere  not  for  the 
church,  and  he  returned  to  England,  16S5. 
He  spent  in  youthful  follies,  in  London,  the 
greatest  part  of  his  property,  and  married 
a  woman  of  no  fortune,  and  at  last  to  re- 
trieve his  affairs,  at  the  age  of  twenty-three, 
ne  went  on  the  stage,  but  proved  unsuccess- 
ful as  an  actor,  as  well  as  the  author  of  three 
pl.iys.  He  afterwards  published  various 
pamphlets  and  essays,  and  affected  the  name 
and  office  of  a  cs-itic,  and  wrote  his  "  Com- 
plete Art  of  Poetry,"  and  the  "  Laws  of 
Poetry,"  &c.  He  offended  Pope,  for  which 
he  was  placed  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  the 
Dunciad.     He  died  1723. 

Giles,  of  Viterbo,  an  Italian  cardinal, 
the  favorite  of  the  popes  Julius  II.  and  Leo 
X.  He  was  legate  in  Germany,  from  the 
pope,  and  made  a  cardinal.  He  died  1532. 
He  was  author  of  Commentaries  on  the 
Psalms — dialogues — letters — poems — Ke- 
marks  on  the  three  first  Chapters  of  Gene- 
sis, &CC. 

Giles,  .John,  or  ^Ginius,  was  born  at 
St.  Alban's  in  tl>e  13tb  century.  He  studied 
at  Paris,  and  Mas  physician  to  Philip,  king  of 
France,  and  professor  of  Medicine,  at  Mont- 
pellier,  and  Paris.  He  was  also  made  D.  D. 
and  was  the  first  Englishman  on  record  en- 
tered among  the  Dominicans.  He  was  an 
eloquent  preacher,  and  as  eminent  for  bis 
physical  recipes. 

VOL.  I. 


76 


OlMME'R.or  Gemmer,  descended  from 
Gcnaciic,  whs  lUc  last  ol  liwi  Vanilul  kmg* 
of  Africa.  He  deiiosed  bis  rulaiiou  liilder- 
ii;,  5.;U,  but  Ik-d  into  Numidia,  when  inva- 
(k'd  b)  ibe  superior  Ibice  ul  the  gieatUeli.sa- 
rius.  He  was  at  last  taken  prisoner  after 
various  defeats,  and  when  led  tbrough  the 
street.'}  of  Couiluntinopio,  be  exclaimed. 
Vanity  of  vanities,  all  is  vanity  !  He  wa» 
honored  by  Justinian,  but  refused  to  be  rais- 
ed to  the  ranli  ol'  senator,  as  it  wa.s  otfcred 
on  condition  of  hii  renouncing  Arianism. 

Gill,  Alexander,  :\n  Englisib  scholar,  ed- 
ucated at  (^brist-cburcb,  Ovl'ord,  and  made 
master  of  St  Paul's  .school  1(1(18,  in  which  he 
continued  till  his  death  lijj.),  at  the  age  of 
71.  He  wrote  some  theological  tracts,  and 
was  buried  in  Mercers'  chapel. 

Gill,  Alexander,  son  of  the  ab' ve,  wafi 
born  in  London,  and  admitted  at 'I'rinity  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  usher  to  his  father 
in  tSt.  I'aul's  school,  and  succeeded  liim  in 
lC)j5,  He  removed  five  years  after  and 
kept  a  school  in  Aldersgate,  till  his  death 
16  i2.  He  is  called  by  Wood,  a  good  Latiu 
poet. 

Gill,  John  D.  I),  a  dissenting  miiuster 
born  at  Ketteriiig,  Nortiiamptonshire,  I'Jtii 
Nov.  1697.  In  1710,  be  was  admitted  pastor 
of  the  anabaptists  at  Ketteriug,  and  two 
years  after  went  in  the  same  capacity  to 
lligbam  Ferrers.  In  1721,  be  was  invited 
to  Horsleydown  meeting,  in  Isouihwark,  and 
soon  after  remove<l  to  Tooley  street,  where 
he  died  Oct.  l-ilii  1771.  He  ranked  higli  as 
a  good  orientalist,  and  as  an  extensive  scho- 
lar. His  publications  were  numerous,  and 
in  his  principles  be  was  a  rigid  (Jalvinist. 
His  works  are,  an  Exposition  of  the  Bible,  9 
vols,  fob  a  valuai)le  performance — the  Cause 
of  God  and  Truth,  3  vols.  8\o. — a  Body  of 
Divinit}',  3  vols.  4to  — :;  dissertation  on  tiie 
Antiquity  of  the  Hebrew  Language — tracts 
and  sermons. 

GiLLES,  Peter,  a  learned  adventurer, 
born  at  Albi  1490.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  knowledge  of  classical  literature^ 
and  in  1533  he  dedicated  a  book  to  Francis 
I.  and  invited  him  to  send  learned  men  inta 
foreign  countrit^s  to  examine  their  manners 
and  customs.  He  was  accorilinirlv  sent  bv 
the  monarch  to  the  Levant,  but  as  he  was 
not  sui){ilied  wllb  money  f(U'  his  expenses 
as  he  e.'vpected,  be  was  obliged  in  his  dis- 
tress to  enrol  liimself  in  the  ai'my  of  Suli- 
man  II.  for  subsistence.  He  was  afterwards 
engaged  in  another  voyage,  and  carried  by 
the  [lirates  to  Algiers,  from  which  be  extri- 
cated himself  by  the  liberal  assistance  of  car- 
dinal d'Armagnae.  lie  died  at  Home  I.tJS. 
He  was  author  of  Tracts  tie  ^'i  et  NaturA 
Animalimn — de  Bospboro  Thracio— de  To- 
pographia  Constantinopoleos. 

(iiLLESPiE,  George,  a  Scotch  divine, 
one  of  the  four  sent  as  commissioners  from, 
the  church  of  Scotland  to  Westminster  1643, 
He  wrote  Aaron's  iiod  Blossoming — Miscel- 
laneous Questions,  &cc.  and  died  17th  De«5. 
1G48. 

GiLLOT,  Claude,   a  French  painter  and 


GI 


GI 


engraver  of  Langres,  disciple  to  Vateau,  and 
the  master  of  J.  Baptiste  Corneille.  He 
died  at  Paris  J  722,  aged  49.  He  was  hap- 
py ia  representing  grotesque  tigures,&c. 

Gilpin,  Bernard,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  at  Kent  mire,  Westmoreland,  and  ed- 
ucated at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  He  afterwards  Avent  to 
Christ  church,  and  became  a  zealous  sup- 
porter of  the  reformation  in  consequence  of 
reading  attentively  the  ■,  orks  of  Erasmus, 
and  of  other  German  divines.  He  obtained 
in  1552  the  living  of  Norton  in  Durham  di- 
ocese, but  with  remarkable  humility  he  re- 
signed it,  considering  himself  as  yet  unfit  to 
preside  over  the  spiritual  concerns  of  a  par- 
ish. He  next  visited  the  continent,  where 
he  printed  a  treatise  on  the  sacraments, 
written  by  his  uncle  Tonsta',  and  returned 
to  England  in  1556.  B>v  the  pati^onage  of 
his  uncle  he  now  obtaineci  the  archdeaconry 
of  Durham,  an«t  t'le  rectory  of  Easinglon, 
and  afterwards  the  rectory  of  Houghton  ie 
Spring.  Zealous  and  active  he  conducted 
himself  as  the  friend  oF  piety  and  religi^^n, 
he  enforced  residence  among  the  clergy, 
and  every  where  supported  the  honor  and 
the  interests  of  virtue.  His  influence  as  a 
pastor  was  considered  as  so  great  that  Bon- 
ner, jealous  of  the  increasing  power  of  the 
reformers,  marked  him  for  destruction,  and 
Gilpin,  summoned  to  London  before  a  bloody 
tribunal,  already  prepared  himself  to  march 
to  the  stake  with  all  the  composwe  of  those 
Avho  had  gone  before  him,  when  tlie  death 
of  Mary  stopped  the  hand  of  his  persecu- 
tors, and  restored  him  to  the  wishes  of  liis 
parishioners,  and  the  duties  of  a  benevolent 
,^_pastor.  This  exemplary  and  hospitable  man 
was  offered  the  bishopric  of  CarHsIe  by  Eli- 
zabeth, and  also  the  headship  of  Queen's 
college,  but  he  modestly  refused  these  hon- 
ors, satisfied  to  live  and  to  die  among  his 
parishioners  who  regai'ded  him  as  a  friend 
and  a  father.  He  died  15 S3,  aged  66.  His 
life  has  been  written  by  bishop  Carleton,  and 
by  his  descendant  William  Gilpin. 

Gilpin,  Richard,  a  native  of  Cumber- 
land, educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  D,  He  af- 
terwards took  orders,  and  became  minister 
of  Greystock  in  his  own  county,  and  a  pop- 
ular preacher  about  London,  but  was  expel- 
led for  nonconformity  1662.  He  then  prac- 
tised physic  m  the  north,  especially  at  New- 
castle, and  died  1657.  Of  his  works  his  dis- 
course on  *'  Satan's  Temptations,"  is  best 
known. 

Gilpin,  William,  an  able  divine,  de- 
scendant from  the  famous  Bernard  Gilpin 
of  whose  life  he  wrote  an  account.  He  was 
horn  in  Westmoreland,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  head  of  a  i-espec- 
table  school  at  Cheam,  Surrey.  He  died  5th 
April  1804,  aged  80,  vicar  of  Boldre  in 
Hampshire,  and  prebendary  of  Sarum.  He 
published  the  Lives  of  Latimer,  Wickliflfe, 
Huss,  and  Cranmer — Lectures  on  Church 
Catechism^  12mo.— Exposition  of  the  New 


Teatameut,  2  vols.  Svo. — ^Observations  oji 
Picturesque  Beauty,  Svo. — a  Tour  to  the 
Lukes,  2  vols.  Svo. — Remarks  on  Forest 
Scenery  2  vols. — Essays  on  Picturesque  Beau- 
ty— on  Prints — on  the  River  Wye,  he,. — on 
the  Western  Parts  of  England,  Svo. — Moral 
Contrasts,  Svo. — Sermons  to  Country  Con- 
gregations, 3  vols.  Svo.  &c. 

GiNNANi,  Fiancis,  a  native  of  Ravenna, 
page  to  duke  Anthony  Faruese.  He  after- 
wards retired  to  solitude,  and  devoted 
hii^self  to  the  improvement  of  his  estate, 
and  the  cuUivatiou  of  natural  history.  He 
died  1766,  aged  50.  He  wrote  an  historical 
treatise  on  the  J)i&eases  of  Growing  Corn, 
4to.  1759 — a  Description  of  Indigenous 
Plants — Dissertation  on  the  Scirpus  of  Ra- 
venna— and  an  Accou.it  of  the  Curiosities  of 
his  Musteum. 

GiocoMDO,  Fra  G'ovatini,  a  native  of 
Verona,  vviiere  he  wrsj  schoolmaster,  and  had 
Julius  Csesar  Scaliger  among  his  pupils. 
He  was  well  skilled  in  architectui'e,  mathe- 
matics, theology,  and  antiquities,  and  he  con- 
structed some  of  the  bridges  of  France  and 
Italy.  He  died  1521.  He  published  au  edition 
of  Csesar's  commentaries,  and  of  Viti'uvius. 

GioiA,  Flavio,  a  Neapolitan,  born  at 
Amalfi,  celebrated  as  being  the  inventor  of 
the  mariner's  compass.  As  the  sovereigns 
of  Naples  were  at  that  time  the  younger 
branches  of  the  royal  famdy  of  France,  he 
placed  at  the  nortli  of  tiiC  compass  a  fleur 
de  lis,  a  distinction  adopted  by  every  suc- 
ceeding navigator.  The  principality  of  Prin- 
cipato,  where  he  was  born,  also  assumed  a 
compass  for  its  arms,  no  doubt  as  a  monu- 
ment of  the  celebrity  of  its  citizen.  Some 
have  attributed  the  invention  of  the  compass, 
to  the  Chinese,  and  Dr.  Wallis  to  the  Eng- 
lish. Gioia  was  born  about  1300,  but  the 
time  of  his  death  is  not  mentioned. 

GiOLiTO,  Del  Ferrari,  a  printer  of  the 
1 6th  century  at  Venice,  ennobled  by  Charles 
V.  His  types  Avere  more  elegant  than  his 
printing  was  correct.  He  left  two  sonsprin- 
ters,  and  died  15^7. 

GioRDANi,  Vital,  a  Neapolitan  mathe- 
matician. He  was  at  first  a  soldier  in  the 
pope's  gallies,  then  purser  of  a  ship,  after- 
wards keeper  of  St.  Angelo's  castle  at  Rome, 
and  lastly  professor  of  mathematics.  He 
died  1711.  He  wrote  Euclide  Restituto,  fol. 
— de  Componendis  Gravium  Momentis,  fol. 
— Fundamentum  DoctrinJE  Motus  Gravium, 
et  ad  Hyac.  Christophorum  Epistol. 

Giordano,  Luca,  a  painter  of  Naples, 
Avho  died  1705,  aged  76.  He  improved  h'tm- 
self  by  studying  the  works  of  Titian,  Corre- 
gio,  and  Paul  Veronese,  and  for  his  merits 
he  was  knighted  by  the  king  of  Spain.  Sev- 
eral of  Jiis  pieces  are  preserved  at  Milan, 
but  his  most  finished  picture  is  the  battle  of 
the  angels,  and  the  fall  of  Lucifer,  preserv- 
ed at  Naples. 

GiORGiANi,  or  Alseid  x\lscherie. 
Abon  Hassan,  or  Houssain  Ali,  a  na- 
tive of  Georgia,  and  a  Mussulman  doctor, 
author  of  an  Explanation  of  Terms  used  in 
Theology  and  Pliilosophy— a  Commentary 


GI 


GI 


(Su  Euclid,  8cc.  lie  (lied  1413,  at  Shiraz. 
Anotlicr  of  tliat  name  was  eminent  as  a 
grainmai-ian  and  niathcntaticiuit. 

tiioRGiONE,   an   illuBtrious    painter,   so 
called  from  his  noble  and  coniely  aspect,  was 
born  at  (Jastel  Franco  in   Trevisani),  Neiiiee, 
1478.     He  devoted  himself  to  music  in  which 
he  excelled,    and  afterwards  directed  his  at- 
tention   to  painting,  and    was  the  first  of  the 
Lombards  who  found  out  the  admirable  ef- 
fects of  strong  lii;;hts  and  shadows.     He  first 
studied  under  (.iiovaiini  Bellino,  and  improv- 
ed himself  by  the  imitation  of  the  works  of 
Leonardo  da  ^'iIlci.     'I'itian    was  his  friend 
aiid    fellow    pwi»il,    but   his    freiiuctit     visits 
alarmed  him,  and  riewing  him  in  the   light 
of   a  rival   and    enemy,    he    excluded   him 
from  hi«  house.     Thus  become  hostile  each 
to  the  other,  Titian   rssiduously  labored  to 
copy  nature,  but  while  he  surp:.5Sfcd  (iior.c;i- 
one  fn  the  delicacies  of  natural   objects,  he 
was  himself  sui-passed  in  greatness   of  con- 
ception,  and    suhliniity  of  inven'ion.     The 
house  M'here  the  German  merchants  assem- 
ble at  Venice,  had  its  front  adorned  by  the 
pencil    of  these   rival    masters,   an<l    while 
Titian  embellished  one  side,   Giorgiouc   la- 
boi'ed  on   the   other,  but  tinu;  unfoi-lunately 
has  defaced  these  once  splendid  monuments 
of  human  excellence.     A  Christ  carrying  the 
Cross,  in  St.  llovo's  church,  Venice,  is  con- 
sidered as  the  best  piece   from  Ginrgionc's 
pencil.     'I'he  ingenious  artist  employed    his 
talents  to  show  that  sculpture  is  not  superi- 
or to  painting,   and  he    represented  all  the 
sides  of  the  body  in  the  same  picture,  by  the 
aid  of  reflection  from  a  fountain  at  his   feet, 
from  a   looking  glass  at  his  side,  and    a  shi- 
ning armor.     He  died  in  his  33d  year  1511, 
of  the  plague,  with  which  he  unfortunately 
was  seized   by  paying  a    visit  to  a  favorite 
mistress,  whose  infection  was  not  suspected. 
OiosEPPixo,  a  painter  so   called  from 
Gioscppe  d'Arpino,  a  town  of  Naples  where 
he  was  born  1560.     He  learned  at  Rome  the 
elements  of  his  art,  and  so  distinguished  him- 
self that  he  became  the  favorite  of  cardinals 
and  popes,  and  was  made  kniglit  of  St.  Mi- 
chael by  Lewis  XII.     His  battles  in  the  cap- 
itol  are  his  best  pieces.     He   died  at  Rome 
I6i0. 

GiOTTiNO,  Tomaso,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence whose  name  was  Stefano.  He  was 
called  Giottino  from  the  resemblance  of 
his  style  to  that  of  Giotto.  He  died  13jt), 
aged  '32. 

Giotto,  an  eminent  painter,  sculptor 
and  architect,  born  near  Florence  1270.  He 
was  found  by  Cimabue  while  he  was  eraploy- 
yig  himself  in  the  fields  in  drawing  upon  the 
sand  the  figures  of  the  sheep  which  he  was 
tending,  and  under  the  guidance  of  this  ex- 
tellcnt  friend  and  master,  he  soon  rose  to 
consequence  and  fame.  When  Benedict  IX. 
vished  to  see  designs  from  the  Tuscan  art- 
ists, Giotto,  with  the  greatest  quickness, 
drew  with  one  stroke  of  his  pencil,  a  circle 
so  round  and  so  perfectly  equal,  tliat  roun«l 
as  Giotto's  O  afterwards  became  j)roverbiul. 
The  pope  understood  from  this  the  genius 


ol  tlic  painter,  and  emidoyert  him  at  R(»me. 
His  mf)3t  admired  j>iece  was  a  sLi]»  nt  .Mo,-ja- 
ic  work  over  the  tiiree  g'ltes  of  the   porticu 
at  the  entrance  of   St.  Peter's  church.     Gi- 
otto still   favored   by  Clement  V    Benedicts 
successor,  returned  in  13U)  to  Florence  load- 
ed with  riches,  and   was  afterwards  honoi'a- 
bly  engaged   in   tiie    service  of  the    lord    of 
Lucca,  and  of  the  king  of  Naples,  and  every 
where  left  specimens  of  his  geniu-j  and  of  his 
art.     His  death  of  the  A'irgin,  \vith  the  apos- 
tles about  her,  was  greatly  adnured  by   Mi- 
chael Angelo.     He  died  1336,   and  the  city 
of  Florence    erected  a   marble    statue    over 
his  tomb.     Giotto  was  respected  not  only  by 
princes,  but  by  the    learned    and  the  witty, 
and  among  his  particular  friends  were  Dante 
and  Petrarch. 

GiuALDi,  Lilio  Grcgorio,   an   ingenious 
Clitic   born   at    Ferara  1479  and  educated  in 
Latin  under  Guarini,  and   in    Greek  under 
Demetrius    Chdcondylcs.       He   resided   at 
Modena,  and  afterwards  went  to  Itome,  and 
saw  thi^  pillage  of  that  ancient  capital  by  the 
soldiers  of  tJharles  V.     After    losing   there 
the  whole  of  his  little  pi'operty,  and  attend- 
ing his  patron  cardinal  Ilangoni  to  the  grave, 
and  losing  his  other  patron    Mirandula,   h* 
returned  to  Ferrara  poor  and  enfeebled   by 
disease.     Though,  however,   terribly   afflic- 
ted witji  the  gout,  he  yet  read,   and  compo* 
sed  several  of  his  books,  till  he  sunk   under 
the  heaviness  of  his  complaint  I55'i,  and  was 
buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Ferrara.    He  wrote 
17  different  things,  afterwards  collected  into 
2  vols,  folio,   Basil  1.580,  and   Leyden  1696. 
The   most  valuable  of  his   compositions   sre 
his    Historia   de    Ueis     Gentium — Historic 
Foctarum  turn  Grcecorum  quam  Latinorum 
Dialogi   decern, — and  the  Dialogi  do   Poetis 
Nostrorum.     His  erudition  was   very   great, 
and  the  high  encomiums  of  Scaliger,  of  Ca- 
saubon,   awd  Tliuanus  upon  his  meritorious 
services  to  the  republic  of  letters,  are  very 
just  and  honorable. 

GiRALDi,  John  Baptist  Cintio,  an  Italian 
of  the  family  of  the  preceding  born  at  Fer- 
rara 1504.  After  studying  j)Iiilosophv  and 
the  languages  he  applied  to  physic  and  took 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  Though  only  21  yt^-.r.'S 
old  he  was  appointed  to  rcail  lectures  on 
phj'sic  and  polite  literature  at  Fcrrr.ra,  and  in 
1542  he  became  secretary  to  tiie  duke  of  Fei-- 
rai-a.  After  teaching  belles  lettres  ui  Mon- 
dovi  three  years  he  went  to  Turin,  stnd 
thence  to  Pavia,  where  he  was  honorably 
made  professor  of  rhetoric.  He  took  the 
t\ame  of  Cintio  at  Pavia,  which  he  prefixed 
to  his  books.  He  was  greatly  afflicted  with 
the  gout,  and  retired  to  Ferrara  where  he 
died  soon  after  1573.  He  wrote  9  Italian 
tragedies,  besides  some  orations  in  Latin,  and 
Hecatonmithi,  or  1(K»  novels.  His  tragedies^, 
which  some  critics  esteem  as  excellent  com- 
positions, were  edited  by  his  son  Celso,  Ve- 
nice, 1583,  8vo. 

GiRAi.Di'S,  Sylvester,  a  learned  Welch- 
man    born   at   Mainarpir  castle   near  Pern 
broke,  South  Wales,   1145      lie  was  educa- 
ted    under    his  unvi^,   the  lisiiop  of    St 


Gl 


GL 


DaruJ's,  and  stadied  theology  at'  Paris  for 
some  time.  He  returned  to  Enp;!and  1172, 
and  four  years  after  ■was  named  by  Henry  11. 
"who  knew  his  merit  and  hh  learning,  to  fill 
the  vacant  see  of  St.  JJavid's,  which  he  disin- 
terestedly refused.  Aftei-wards  he  went  to 
Paris  and  Bologna  to  .study  the  civil  law,  and 
in  1185  he  "was  sent  by  tli'j  king  as  secretary 
to  his  son  John,  in  Ireland.  In  this  office  he 
applied  himself  to  making  tjllcctions  of  ma- 
terials for  the  History  of  Ireland,  and  in  118G 
returned  to  England.  In  1198  he  was  a  se- 
cond time  elected  to  the  see  of  St.  David's, 
but  as  he  had  a  rich  competitor,  and  as  every 
thing  was  venal  at  lionie,  I.e  did  not  suci  eed. 
He  died  at  the  age  of  about  70.  He  wrote 
several  works,  in  which  he  displayed  great 
erudition  and  coinmanding  elof^uence,  which 
vas  wonderftd,   as  Tanner  observes,  in   so 


dark  and 


Ignorant 


an  age. 


H 


e  was  a  a-reat 


enemy  to  the  monks,  and  very  superstitious, 
and  with  respect  to  dreams  and  visions  con- 
temptibly ridiculous.  Besides  his  History  of 
Ireland,  he  wrote  "  Itinerarium  Cambnt3e" 
— '*  de  Rebus  a  se  Qestis,"  and  other  tilings, 
some  of  which  are  still  in  MS. 

GiRARD,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit  boni  at 
Del.  He  M-as  tried  by  the  parliament  of  Aix, 
on  the  accusation  of  a  girl  of  18,  Mary  Cathe- 
rine Cadiere,  for  using  sorcery,  accordiiig  to  . 
her  expressions,  in  tlie  violation  of  her  per- 
son, and  in  the  attempt  to  destroy  the  fruit 
of  her  womb.  This  trial  excited  much  of  the 
public  attention.     Girard  was  acquitted. 

GiRARD,  Gabriel,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
almoner  to  the  duchess  of  Berry,  and  inter- 
Y»reter  to  the  king  in  the  Kussiau  and  Sclavo- 
iiian  languages.  He  wrote  Synonymes  Fran- 
(jois — Principes  de  la  Langue  Franroise,  &c. 
and  died  much  respected  1748,  aged  70. 

GiRANDON,  Francis,  a  native  of  Troyes. 
He  studied  sculpture  and  architecture  under 
Anguier,  and  was  sent  to  Home  by  Lewis 
XIV.  to  complete  his  knowledge  of  the  arts. 
He  succeetled  Le  Brun  as  inspector  general 
of  sculpture  to  the  king,  and  died  1715,  aged 
87.  His  chief  works  are  the  Mausoleum  of 
Kichelieu  in  the  church  of  the  Sorbonne — 
the  Equestrian  Statue  of  Lewis  XfV.  and 
the  Rape  of  Proserpine  in  the  garden  of  Ver- 
sailles. 

GiRON,  D.  Pierre,  duke  of  Ogsuna,  a  no- 
Lle  but  proud  and  imperious  Spaniard,  who, 
when  viceroy  of  Naples,  encouraged  the  fa- 
mous conspiracy  against  Venice,  which  was 
discovered  by  Jaftier  one  of  the  accomplices, 
and  which  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  the 
finest  pieces  of  English  tragedy.  Girou  was 
di8gra<?ed  and  .died  in  prison  1624,  aged  4'J. 

GiRONST,  James,  a  native  of  Beaufort  in 
Anjou,  ^educated  among  the  Jesuits,  and 
known  as  a  popular  preacher.  His  sermons 
appeared  in  5  vols.  I'imo.  1704.  He  died 
1689,  aged  05. 

GiRTiN,  John,  an  English  painter  of 
great  excellence.  His  landscapes  in  water- 
colors,  and  in  oil,  were  much  admired.  The 
views  of  London  and  I'aris,  exhibited  in  the 
Panorama  in  London,  were  by  him,  and 
are  pleasing  proofs  of  his  geoius  and  taste. 


Though  laboring  under  the  attacks  of  a  dread- 
ful asthma,  he  followed  his  profession  till 
within  a  few  days  of  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened Nov.  1802,  in  his  30lh  year. 

GiRY,  Lewis,  one  of  the  first  memhers  of 
the  French  academy,  translated  Tertullian's 
Apology — the  Sacred  History  of  Sulpicius 
Severus — Augustine  de  Civitate  Dei,  &c. 
This  learned  and  excellent  character  died 
1665,  aged  70. 

GiSBERT,  John,  a  Jiative  of  Cahors,  for 
some  years  divinity  professor  at  Toulouse, 
and  then  provincial  of  the  Jesuits  at  Langue- 
doc.  He  died  1710,  aged  71.  He  wrote 
Anti-Probalasimus,  4to.  and  other  works  of 
merit. 

GiSBERT,  Blaise,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Cahors. 
He  wrote  a  work  on  the  Education  of  a 
Prince — another  on  Christian  Eloquence,  &c. 
and  died  at  Montpellier  1731. 

GiSELiNvs,  a  physician,  native  of  Bru- 
ges, who  published  a  correct  edition  of  Pru- 
dentius  at  Antvrerp.  He  died  1d51,  aged  78. 
GiuLANo,  Di.  jMajano,  a  Florentine, 
sculptor  and  architect,  who  died  at  Naples 
1447,  aged  70.  The  Poggio  Reale  ])alace, 
and  other  edifices  at  Naples,  are  the  monu- 
ments of  his  genius,  as  well  as  several  build- 
ings at  Rome,  in  the  pontificate  of  Paul  II. 

GiuSTi,  Antonio,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
who  died  1705,  aged  81.  His  animals,  as  well 
as  landscapes  and  historical  characters,  are 
highly  esteemed. 

Glain,  N.  Saint,  a  native  of  Limoges, 
1620,  who  retired  to  Holland  to  profess  the 
protestant  faith.  After  serving  with  reputa- 
tion in  the  armies  of  the  republic,  he  wrote 
in  the  Holland  gazette,  and  from  a  zealous 
protestant,  he  became,  by  reading  Spinoza's 
book,  a  rank  atheist.  So  devoted  was  he  to 
his  new  opinions,  that  he  tranalated  Spinoza 
into  French,  and  published  it  in  three  differ- 
ent editions,  under  three  different  titles,  to 
attract  the  public  attention. 

Gi.ANDORP,  Matthias,  a  physician,  born 
at  Cologne  1595,  where  his  father  was  a  sur- 
geon. After  studying  at  Bremen,  and  im- 
proving himself  at  Padua  and  other  Italian 
universities,  he  became  physician  to  the 
archbishop  of  Bremen  IC'28.  He  died  soon 
after  1652.  His  works,  which  exhibit  the 
powers  of  an  attentive  and  able  man,  were 
printed  together  at  London  1729,  4to.  with 
his  life  prefixed. 

Glanvil,  Joseph,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Plymouth,  Devoivshire,  1636.  He 
was  of  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  in  1656 
removed  to  Lincoln  college,  and  soon  after 
taking  his  degree  of  M.A.  1658,  entered  into 
orders,  and  became  chaplain  to  Rouse,  pro- 
vost of  Eton  college.  The  death  of  his  pa- 
tron soon  after  left  him  at  liberty ;  and  here- 
turned  to  his  college,  where  he  continued 
during  the  turbulence  of  the  times,  till  the 
restoration  brought  back  peace,  confidence, 
and  security.  Glanvil,  who  had  showed 
strong  partiality  for  Cromwell's  usurpation, 
now  became  an  active  royalist,  and  he  drew 
the  attention  of  the  learned  by  his  popular 
treatise,  called  the  Vanity  of  Dogmatising, 


GTL 


GL 


i«c.  apainst  the  Aristotelians,  so  that  wlicn 
the    KovhI  sotiety    wus  csfiljlisliiil,    he    w:(b 
chosen  one  ot"  lh.it  leai'iietl  hoil}  ,  whose  opi- 
nions and  phihisophy  he  iiad  so  ahly  tlelend- 
C(I.     Jn  lOO.i   be    cngaji^ed    iii    it   coiilroversy 
ahout   the   possiljihly     t    witches  nii<l   wilch- 
cralt,  and  ihoiijifh  liis  iViends,  and  particuhir- 
ly  Mr.  IJoyle,  advised   hini   to   he  carei'ul  in 
his    inaiiat;enient   of   so    delicate    a   siibjict, 
where  relij^ion  niiglit  be  tiH;ated  with  levity, 
he  collected,    with    more    siiperslilion   than 
])rmlence,  not  less  than  20  nioilern  relations 
of  apparitions,  &ic.  besides  that  of  the  invisi- 
hle  driimmtr,  which  nightly  distuilied  Muni- 
])esson\s    house    at  'i'edworlh,    Wilts,    and 
■which  was  the  oiigin  of  the  controversy.     In 
lGf)f»,    by  the  interest  of  his  friends,   he  ob- 
tained   the   rectory    of  the    Abbey    church, 
Balh,  wiiere  he  tixed  his  resilience.    In  \C)77 
lie  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  Crosse,  vi- 
car of  Chew,    Sonierselsbire,    in  defence  of 
the  Koyal  society,  and  against  the  Aristote- 
lian philosophy  ;    and    the    raillery  used   » n 
Itoth  sides,    brought  a   fresh   antagonist  Dr. 
Stubbe,  physician  at  Warwick,  who  treated 
our  author  with  more  vehemence  and  scur- 
rility   than    propriety'    could     countenance. 
Glanvil  forgot  bis  resentment  iu  the  attentive 
performance   of  his    ministerial    duty  ;    and 
when    Stubbe    was    unfortunately    drowned 
near  Bath,  and   his   remains   were  brought 
to   be   interred   into   the  Abbey  church,    he 
preached  a  very  pathetic  and  eloquetit  ser- 
mon on  tlie  occasion,  and   paid  very  hand- 
some and  deserved  compliments  to  the  me- 
mory  of  his   departed   antagonist.     He  was 
presented,  in  1678,   to  a  prebendal  stall  of 
Worcester,  by  the  patronage  of  the  marquis 
of  Worcester,  to  whom  his  wife  was  related, 
and  with   the   approbation  of  the  king,   to 
whom  he  had  been  chaplain  since  167'2.     He 
was  attacked  by  a  fever  which  proved  fatal, 
and  he  died  at  Bath  4th  Nov.  1680,  aged  44, 
and  was  buried  in  his  ow n  thurch,  where  his 
widow  erected  a  decent   monument  to  his 
memory.     He  was  twice  married,   but  had 
no  issue.     He  was  a  man  of  great  parts;  but 
though  he  possessed   in  a  high  degree  the 
power  of  writing  w  ith  elegance  and  fluency, 
liis  publications  were  all  on  temporary  and 
controversial   subjects.     Besides   the   works 
mentioned   already,    he    wrote   an   "  Essay 
concerning    Preaching, — anrf    a    seasonable 
Defence  of  Preaching," — a  blow  at  modern 
Sadducism — "  Reflections   on    Drollery"  and 
Atheism" — Essays  on  important  subjects  in 
Pliiloaophy  and  Keligion — sermons,  kc. 

Glanville,  Ranulph,  an  English  law- 
yer in  the  I2th  century.  He  is  mentioned 
with  great  respect,  by  law  writers,  for  his  dil- 
igence in  collecting  all  the  laws  of  the  king- 
dom into  one  body. 

GLAPiiYRA,  a  priestess  of  Bellona's  temple 
in  Cappadocia,  is  known  for  her  amours  with 
M.  Antony,  from  whom  she  obtained  the 
kingdom  for  her  two  sons,  Sisinnaand  Arche- 
laus. 

Clap THORNE,  Henry,  a  dramatic  writer 
in  the  age  of  Charles  I.  Winstanley  speaks 
"(jf  him  with   comraeiidiitiyu,   bKl  Lang!\iine 


allows    hira  little  merit.    Besides  plays,  he 
wrote  ptiems  to  his  mistress  Lucinda. 

<il.Asi:n,  (Jhribtophrr,  apothecary  to 
Louis  XIV.  wasaulhor  of  an  elttgrnt  an«l  val- 
uable treatise  on  chemistry,  translated  into 
English  and  (iiirnnn.  He  ilied  about  1679. 
(i  LASS,  John,  M.  A.  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Dun<lee  Ki'jS,  and  educated  at  .\beideer>. 
Upon  his  publication  of  a  p.tm[)blet  on  the 
inconsistency  (4  i*  civil  establishment  with 
Christianity,  he  was«h'posed  fiorn  bis  church, 
near  Dundee,  and  tlu:n  liecame  the  founder 
of  a  new  sect  called  the  (ilassites,  in  Scotland, 
and  Sandemonians  in  England.  As  the  dis- 
cipline of  his  sect  was  very  rigorous,  fev/ 
cniljraced  his  tenets,  and  the  name  is  scarce 
known  now.  He  wrote  various  controversial 
tracts,  published  at  Edinburgh,  4  vols.  Svo. 
He  died  at  Dundee  177.3,  aged  73. 

Class,  John,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Dundee  1725,  and  went  as  surgeon 
to  the  West  Indies.  He  afterwards  quitted 
the  medical  profession  ;  and  as  captain  of 
a  ship  traded  to  the  Brazils.  After  an  ab- 
sence of  two  years,  he  returnetl  from  the 
Brazils  to  London  in  1765,  with  all  his  pro- 
perty; but,  V  hen  in  sight  of  Ireland,  four 
of  the  seaman  conspired  against  him  ;  and 
after  murdering  him,  his  wife  and  daughter, 
the  male,  one  seaman  and  two  boys,  they 
loaded  the  boat  with  dollars,  and  sinking  the 
ship,  landed  at  Ross,  and  came  to  Dublin, 
where  punishment  overtook  them.  They 
were  executed  for  the  bloody  deed,  Oct  1766. 
Class  possessed  abilities,  and  published  a 
description  of  Tenerifl",  with  the  manners, 
&c.  ot  the  Portuguese,  4to. 

Glassius,  Solomon,  a  German  divine, 
professor  of  divinity  and  D.D.  in  Jena  univer- 
sity. He  was  afterwards  superintendant  of 
the  schools  ai;d  churches  in  Sa.xe  Gotlia,  and 
died  1656,  aged  63.  He  wrote  Philologia 
Sacra,  4to. — Onomatologia  Messiai  Prophe- 
tica — Disputationes  in  Augustanam  Confes- 
sionem — Exegesis  Evangeliorum  etEpislol. 
— ChristologiaMosaica,  et  Davidica,  kc. 

Glauber,  Ro<lolphus, a Gei-man chemist, 
author  of  a  volume  *' Glauberus  Concentra- 
tus"  translated  into  English,  fol.  1689,  Lon- 
don. He  has  acquired  celebrity  as  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  neutral  purgative  salt,  which 
still  bears  his  name. 

Glauber,  John,  a  painter  of  Utrecht, 
who  died  1726,  aged  80.  His  landscapes  are 
much  admired.  His  pieces  are  enriched  by 
the  expressive  figures  of  his  friefid  Lareisse. 
Glauber,  John  Gollief,  brother  and  dis- 
ciple of  the  preceding,  tlied  170,3,  aged  47. 
His  landscapes,  sea  ports,  &c.  are  in  a  verr 
flnished  style. 

Glauber,  Dinnna,  sister  of  the  above 
painters,  born  lofiO,  shone  likewise  by  the 
execution  of  her  pencil.  She  became  blind 
in  her  old  age.  Her  portraits  and  historical 
subjects  were  admired. 

Gleditsch,  Jolm  Gottlieb,  a  native  of 
Leipsic,  who  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  at 
Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  1740,  and  there  be- 
came lecturer  in  botany,  physiology,  and  the 
-Materia  Mcdica.    He  was  afterw^irds  mem- 


'.« 


GL 


GL 


b«i'  of  the  Berlin  academy  of  sciences,  an- 
atomical professOT',  and  director  of  the  botan- 
ical garden.  He  was  author  of  treatises 
on  the  rnanp^cment  of  Trees — on  the  Means 
of  destioyiiig  Locusts — on  Fungusses — 
Miscellaneous  Essays  on  Medicine,  Botany, 
Economy — on  Bees — on  the  System  of 
plants,  &c.     He  died  1780,  aged  7:^. 

Gleichen,  Frederic  Wiliiam  Von,  a  no- 
bleman, bornatBayreuth,  vho,  after  serving 
his  country  uith  the  rank  of  lieutenant-co- 
lonel, retired  from  public  life  iu  1756,  and, 
satisfied  with  the  empty  title  of  pri\'y  coun- 
sellor, devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  natural 
history.  He  was  very  ingenious  in  the  deli- 
neation of  plants,  and  well  acquainted  with 
chemistry,  and  he  constructed  a  curious 
paicroscope,  with  which  he  made  observations 
on  seminal  animalcules,  and  on  the  putre- 
faction of  vegetables,  of  which  he  published 
an  account.  These,  and  other  works  on  sub- 
jects of  natural  history,  are  written  in  Ger- 
man, and  possess  met'it.  He  died  1 783,  aged 
69. 

Glen,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver  on 
"wood  of  Liege.  He  publislied,  in  the  16th 
century,  a  curious  work  of  ancient  and  mo- 
dern dresses,  wHh  figures,  &c. 

Glendower,  Uwen,  a  famous  Welch - 
man,  who  boldly  opposed  in  the  field,  during 
14  years,  the  elevation  of  Henry  IV.  to  the 
English  throne.  His  name  is  still  revered 
among  the  Welch.     He  died  1415,  aged  61. 

Glicas,  a  Byzantine  historian,  whose 
works,  tlie  Annais  from  the  Creation,  and 
the  History  of  the  Byzantine  Emperors, 
v»^re  published  by  Labbe,  1660,  in  Greek 
and  Latin. 

G1.1SSON,  Francis,  an  English  physician, 
boiri  at  Rampisbam,  Dorsetshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  l/aius  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
became  feliow.  He  tnokhis  degrees  in  phy- 
sic, and  became,  in  the  room  oi  Winterton, 
regiuB  professor  of  physic  to  the  university, 
an  office  which  he  held  40  years.  He  was 
ele«ted  fellow  of  the  college  of  pliysicians 
1634,  and  in  his  practice  and  studies  he  fol- 
lowed the  plans  of  the  great  Harvey,  and 
depended  more  upon  anutomical  dissection 
and  minute  observations  than  wild  theories 
and  vague  conjectures.  During  the  civil 
war.s  he  removed  to  Colchester,  where  he 
practised  physic,  and  he  was  present  at  the 
siege  and  surrender  of  that  important  for- 
tress. He  distingviished  himself  by  the  great 
attention  he  paid  to  the  progress  of  the  rick- 
ets, a  disorder  which  then  first  began  to  ap- 
pear in  the  counties  of  Dorset  and  Somerset, 
and  he  communicated  his  observations  and 
discoveries  to  the  world  in  his  "  Anatomia 
Hepatis,"  1654.  He  was  for  several  years 
presi<lent  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and 
died  1677,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Bride,  Lon- 
don. He  was  a  man  of  great  erudition,  and 
Universally  esteemed.  He  contributed  much 
to  the  advancement  of  true  medical  knov/- 
ledge,  and  he  discovered  the  capsula  com- 
munis, or  vagina  porta;,  and  more  clearly  de- 
fined the  vena  cava  porta,  and  vasa  fellea  of 
the  liver.    Of  his  many  compositions  on  anA- 


tomical  and  medical  subjects  his  treatise  oSi 
the  Liver  is  his  best  work. 

Gloucester,  Robert  of,  the  most  an- 
cient of  English  poets,  florished  in  the  reign 
of  Heniy  II.  and  died  in  a  good  old  age  in  th? 
l)Cginning  of  John's  reign.  Camden  speak* 
very  highly  of  him,  and  quotes  many  of  his 
English  rhymes;  but  he  is  more  esteemed 
for  his  hisior}'  than  for  his  poetry. 

Gloveu,  Richard,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  London,  and  educated  at  Cheam  school, 
where  his  verses  on  the  memory  of  Newton 
were  deservedly  applauded.     He  afterwards 
engaged  with  his  father  in  the  Hamburgh 
trade,  and  in  1737  he  married  a  woman  of 
fortune,    and  produced  his  admired  poem 
Leonidas.     The  powers  of  mind  which  he 
possessed   were   now  displayed   in  pohtioal 
dissensions;  he  was  a  popular  leader  at  elec- 
tions, and  when  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
mittee in  an  application  to  tiie  hoxise  of  Com- 
mons from  the  London  merchants,  he  spoke 
with  such  boldness  and  energy  at  the  bar  that 
his  address  was  printed,  and  excited  univer- 
sal attention.  He  sat  in  parliament  for  Wey- 
mouth at  the  election  of  1761,  and  died  17S5, 
aged   74,    much   and   deservedly  lamented. 
Besides  his  Leonidas  he  published  London, 
or  the  Progress  of  Commerce,  a  poem,  17a<i 
— Hosier's  Ghost,  a  popular  ballad  to  rouse 
the   spirit  of  the  nation  against  the  insults  of 
the   Spanish   Court — Boadicea,    a  tragedy, 
acted  at  Drury-lane,  not  with  success,  1753 — 
Medea,    another  tragedy,    better  received 
1761 — Athenaid,  an  epic  poem   of  inferior 
merit,  which  appeared  1788,  in  3  vols.  l'2mo. 
His  great  and   immortal  work  Leonidas  has 
been  translated  into  French,  and  has  passed 
througli  various  editions. 

Gluck,  Christopher,  an  able  musician, 
born  in  the  Upper  Palatinate.  He  studied  in 
Italy,  and  visited  England  and  Germany, 
and  afterwards  acquired  great  celebrity  at 
Vienna.  He  went  to  Paris,  where  his  per- 
formances were  honorably  rewarded  with  a 
pension.  He  wrote  besides  operas,  letters 
on  music,  &c.  and  died  at  Vienna  1787,  aged 
73. 

Glynn,  Robert,  a  native  of  Cambridge^ 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  college,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  He  studied  medicine, 
and  took  his  doctoi-'s  degree  in  1752;  but  he 
preferred  the  easy  and  indolent  life  of  a  col- 
lege to  the  labors  of  an  extensive  practice, 
which  his  knowledge  and  information  might 
have  commanded.  After  being  for  63  years, 
for  his  wit,  his  learning,  and  his  interesting 
fund  of  anecdotes,  the  favorite  of  his  society, 
he  died  1800,  aged  82.  He  is  known  as  the 
author  of  the  Day  of  Judgment,  a  poem  of 
singular  merit,  which  obtained  the  Setonian 
prize  at  Cambridge  1757,  and  which  is  much 
read  and  deservedly  admired. 

Gmeltn,  Samuel  Gottlieb,  sonofaphy- 
sician  at  Tubingen,  was  born  in  1745,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  abilities  and  hii 
perseverance  in  several  voyages  to  France, 
Holland,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Caspian 
sea.  He  was  seized  by  the  Tartars  when  fn 
their  country,  and  died  in  confinement  1774. 


GO 


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fie  published,  in  German,  **  Travels  in  Rus- 
sia, ami  "  Histoi-iu  Fucoruni,"  Imt  Uichij^Ii 
n.  iitau  of  genius,  lincl  well  versed  iit  iwituriil 
history,  he  was  of  «  licentious  turu  of  mind. 
Pallas  has  written  hia  life. 

Gmeli.v,  John  (iforge,  uncle  to  the  pre- 
ceding;, was  born  at  'rubinpeii,  :u>d  b(  «aine 
member  of  the  academy  at  l*clcr3bur|.:.  lie 
is  known  by  his  Flora  hiibcrica,  4  vols.  4lo. — 
and  hi.i  Travels  in  Siberia,  published  in 
French,  'Z  vols,     lie  died  1755,  :i|j;e(l  40. 

(tOadby,  Robert,  a  printer  of  Sherborne, 
Dorsetshire,  author  of  an  lllnsHalion  of  the 
Scriptures,  3  >t)ls.  fol.  and  the  Univrise  l-)i.<?- 
playtJ'l*  and  other  books,  lie  wrote  also  tlic 
life  of  Bamfylde  Moore  Carew,  thu  innious 
king  of  the  bej^gars  ;  and  he  acquired  soir.e 
property  by  the  establishment  of  a  provinci:,! 
paper  at  Sherborne.  He  died  much  respect- 
ed 1773. 

Guar,  James,  a  Dominican  friar  of  Paris, 
sent  to  the  Levant  in  1618.  He  published 
"  ttrsecorum  Eucologium,"  iu  Cireek  and 
Latin,  l*ai-is,  1647,  and  also  translated  some 
of  the  Byzantine  historians.  He  resided  for 
some  time  at  Home,  and  was  titii\ersally  re- 
spected for  hislearning.  lie  died  1653,  agetl 
52. 

GoDBO,  Pietro  Paolo  Cortoncse,  a  pain- 
ter of  Cortona,  who  died  1640,  aged  60.  His 
fruits  and  landscapes  by  their  charming  color- 
ing and  native  elegance,  are  much   admired. 

GoBBO,  Andrea,  an  Italian  historical  pain- 
ter, who  died  about  1527,  aged  about  57. 

Go  BEL,,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Hanne, 
bishop  of  Lydda.  At  the  revolution  he  em- 
braced the  opinions  of  the  popular  party,  and 
WHS  appointed  1791,  first  constitutional  arch- 
bishop of  Paris.  Soon  after,  however,  he 
resigned  his  episcopal  habit  iu  the  convention, 
declaring  at  the  age  of  70  that  he  abjured  a 
religion  in  which  he  placed  no  faith,  and  which 
dishonored  humasky.  This  hoary  delin- 
quent against  truth  and  virtue  did  not  pass 
unpunished,  he  was  accused  of  atheism  by 
liohespierre,  and  condemned  as  the  accom- 
plice nf  Chauniette.  He  was  guillotined  14th 
April,  1793,  regretted  by  none. 

GoBELi  N,  Giles,  a  famous  dyer  in  the 
reign  of  Francis  I.  known  for  the  invention 
of  the  fine  scarlet  which  still  bears  his  name. 
The  house  where  he  lived  in  the  Fauxbourg 
of  St.  Marcel,  Paris,  still  preserves  his 
name. 

Go  BIER,  Charles,  a  jesuit  of  St.  Maloes, 
born  1644.  He  wrote  the  "  History  of  the 
Mariannes,"  and  "  Lettres  Edifiantes," 
which  contain  the  history,  geography,  and 
politics  of  those  countries,  subjected  to  the 
observations  and  discoveries  of  the  Jesuits. 
He  wrote  some  other  tracts,  and  warmly  em- 
braced the  disputes  about  the  worship  of 
Confucius  in  China.     He  dietl  at  Paris  1708. 

GoBRYAS,  one  of  the  seven  Persian  no- 
bles who  conspired  to  dethrone  the  usurper 
Smerdis.     He  was  father-in-law  of  Darius. 

GocLENius,  Conrad,  a  German,  born  in 
in  Westphalia  i486,  and  esteemed  for  his 
learning  and  virtues  by  Erasmus.  He  wrote 
valuable  liotes  on  (/iacro's  Oflices,  and  pub- 


lished an  edition  nf  Luean,  Mvl  a  translmtSon 
ot  LuciiOi's  Herujotiuius.     Hcdied  15JJ. 

GocLE.\i  us,  liodolphiis,  autlior  of  a  iract- 
on  tn«;  Cure  of  WoiUids  by  the  application  of 
ll»c  Magnet,  may  be  cr)risidered  as  the  foun- 
der of  luodciii  inugiiclism.  Ho  waa  born  at 
Witlembijrg,  aiul  was  profffiior  of  physio 
Mid  mutheniMlius  at  Marpurg,  and  died  lO'Jl, 
uge«l  4 'J. 

(iocLENH73,  Uodolphus,  a  volujnitjous 
wj'iler,  born  at  Wardcck  1547.  lie.  was  for 
nearly  .'»U  years  ]»r(»fes3or  of  logic  at  Marpurg, 
where  he  died  l6'-S.  His  works  are  on  phi- 
losophical subjects. 

Go  I.)  u  A  n  i>,  Jun:ith;n»,  an  Knglish  physician 
and  chemist,   l>')rn   at  (Greenwich   1017,   and 
educated   at  Magdalen  hall,  O.xford.     After 
foiu"  years'  residence  in  the  university  he  tra- 
velled to  improve  himself  in   the  knowledge 
of  physic,    and  on  his  return  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.  D.   as  member  of  Christ  college, 
Cambridge,  and  tliat  of  doctor  at  Catherine 
hall.     In  1646   he  was   chosen   fellow  of  ths 
college  of  physicians,  and  the  ne.xt  year  was 
appointed  their  reader  in   anatc-my.     As  ho 
favored  strongly  the  measures  of  parliament, 
he  was  taken  under  the  protection  of  Crom- 
well, and  accompanied  him  as  physician   to 
the  army  to  Ireland,  and  afterwards  to  Scot- 
land, and  for  his  services  he  was  nominated 
by  the   usurper,   warden''of  Merton  college, 
Oxford,  1651.  During  Cromwell's  absenceirk 
Scotlnud,  he  was  one   of  the  five   delegates, 
whom  he  a])pointed  to  settle  all  grants  and 
dispensations,  and  in  the  short  parliament  of 
1653,  he  sat  as  the  sole  representative  of  tlie 
university.     At  the  restoration  he  was  drivcu 
with  disgrace  from  his   wardenship,   and  he 
retired   to  Greshara   college,  where  he  had 
been  in  1655  chosen  professor  of  physio,  and 
afterwards  his  .services  and  talents  wero  coa- 
sidercd  as  so  respectable,  that  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Royal  society  to  which  he  had  so 
much  contributed,  he  was  named  one  of  the 
ftrst  council  1663.    In  his  extensive  practice, 
as  physician,  he  was  so  conscientious  that  he 
mixed  up  his  own  medicines,  and  regardless 
of  the  clamors  of  the  apothecaries  againsthimj 
he  even  published  a  ])araphlet  strongly    re- 
commending it  to  his  fellow  physicians.     Af- 
ter being   driven  from  the  Exchange  by  the 
fire  of  London,  he  was  enabled  to  return  to 
the  new  lodgings  in  1671,  where  he  continu- 
ed till  his  death,  eagerly  devoted  to  the  ad- 
vancement of   medicine  and  of  philosophy. 
He  died  of  an  aploplectic  fit  in  Cheapside,  as 
he   returned    home   from   the   society  of  a 
number  of  his  learned  triends,  24th  March, 
1674.     He  was  not  only  an  able  writer,  but 
he  was  the  liberal  patron  of  learned  men, 
and  in  consequence  of  his  celebrity,  had  seve- 
ral  books  dedicated  to   him.     He  procured 
some  fame  by  the  invention  of  some  drops,. 
long  since  forgotten,   but  he  deserves  to  be 
mentioned  with  particular  honor,   if  as  Dr. 
Seth  Ward  says,  he  was  the  first  Englishmaa 
who  made  a  telescope.     His  writings,  which 
are  chiefly  on  medical  and  philosophical  sub- 
jects,   are    preserved   in   the    philosophical 
transactions,  in  Birch's  history  of  the  Uoya! 
society,  and  in  separate  pamplilcts. 


GO 


GO 


GoDEAU,  Anthony,  a  French  prelate, 
born  at  Dreux  1605.  At  tlie  age  of  24  he 
was  one  of  those  learned  men  who  met  at 
the  house  of  Mr.  Courart,  on  subjects  of 
science  and  philosophy,  and  to  their  zeal  in 
the  cause  of  literature,  the  French  academy 
of  belles  lettres  owed  its  origin,  and  he  be- 
came one  of  its  first  and  brightest  ornaments. 
In  iG36  he  was  raised  by  Richelieu  to  the 
bishopric  of  Grasse,  which  he  relinquished 
for  that  of  Venice.  He  was  an  active  prelate, 
attentive  to  the  doties  of  his  station,  and 
exemplary  in  every  part  of  his  conduct.  He 
died  of  a  fit  of  apoplexy  21st  April  1671.  His 
■writings,  both  in  prose  and  verse,  are  numer- 
ous. His  Ecclesiastical  History,  3  vols,  folio, 
1653,  is  very  valuable,  the  first  of  which  only 
appeared  in  1653.  He  translated  alst)  the 
psalms  into  French  verse,  which  work  though 
abused  by  Vavassor  and  others,  is  preferred 
by  some  to  Marot's  version. 

GoDEFROi,  Denys,  a  native  of  Paris, 
counsellor  in  the  parliament  there.  As  he 
was  a  protestant  he  left  France  at  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  retired  to 
Geneva,  and  afterwards  to  Strasburg  where 
he  died  11)22,  aged  73.  He  wrote  Corpus 
Juris  Civilis,  4to. — Notx  in  Qnatuor  Libr. 
Institut. — Opuscula  Varia  Juris,  &c. 

GoDEFROi,  Theodore,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  catholic,  and  became  coun- 
sellor of  state  in  France.  He  wrote  on  the 
Genealogical  History  of  France,  and  died  at 
Strasburg  1642.  His  brother  James,  remain- 
ed a  protestant,  and  was  member  of  the 
council  and  law  professor  at  Geneva,  where 
he  died  1659.  He  was  a  learned  man  and 
edited  Cicero  and  other  classical  authors. 

GoDEFROi,  Denys,  son  of  Theodore,  was 
author  of  Memoirs  and  Instructions  concern- 
ing the  Affairs  of  the  French  King,  in  fol. 
He  died  1681.  His  son  John  edited  Philip 
de  Coiuines'  Memoirs,  5  vols.  8vo.  and  pub- 
lished also  queen  Margaret's  Memoirs,  &c. 
and  died  1732. 

GoDESCHALc,  surnamed  Fulgentius,  a 
monk  of  Orbais  in  Saxony,  in  the  ninth  cen- 
tury, known  for  his  controversy  about  pre- 
destination and  grace.  He  was  attacked  by 
Kab.  Maurus,  archbishop  of  Mcntz,  and 
thrown  into  prison,  wliere,  after  being  de- 
graded from  his  ecclesiastical  offices,  he 
died ;  but  his  doctrines  as  well  as  his  suft'er- 
ings  gained  him  followers.  Maguin  published 
in  2  vols.  4to.  an  edition  of  all  the  treatises 
•written  on  both  sides  of  the  agitated  question. 
He  died  about  869. 

GoDEWYCK,  Margarita,  a  paintress  of 
Dort,  who  died  1677,  aged  50.  Her  land- 
scapes, and  also  her  works  in  embroidery, 
were  much  admired. 

Godfrey,  sir  Edmundbury,  an  able  and 
upright  magistrate,  who  exerted  himself  in 
the  discovery  of  the  popish  plot.  He  was 
soon  after  found  dead,  pierced  with  his  own 
sword,  and  with  many  marks  of  violence. 
His  death  was  imputed  to  the  resentment  of 
the  papists,  and  therefore  his  funeral  was 
performed  with  great  pomp,  and  no  less  than 
72  clergymen  preceded  his  corpse,  and  1000 


persons  of  rank  attended  the '  procession. 
The  dean  of  Bangor,  Dr.  William  Lloyd, 
afterwards  bishop  of  Worcester,  preached 
his  funeral  sermon.  He  died  17th  Oct.  1678. 

Godfrey,  of  Bouillon,  an  illustrious  and 
active  chieftain  during  the  crusades,  son  of 
Eustace  count  of  Boulogne.  He  v/as,  after 
the  fail  of  Jerusalem,  elected  by  the  chris- 
tians king  of  that  city,  and  of  the  adjacent 
country,  but,  from  motives  of  piety  and 
humility,  he  declined  the  lofty  title,  and  was 
satisfied  with  the  appellation  of  duke  of  the 
holy  sepulchre.  He  defeated  the  armies  of 
the  Egyptian  sultan  with  great  slaughter, 
and  made  himself  master  of  all  the  holy  land. 
He  made  an  excellent  code  of  laws  for  his 
subjects,  and  died  after  enjoying  his  dignity 
little  moi-e  than  a  year,  1100.  He  is  one  of 
the  heroes  of  Tasso's  immortal  poem. 

GouDixoT,  John,  a  native  of  Rheims, 
where  he  was  canon  of  the  cathedral.  He 
was  also  a  wine  merchant,  and  in  his  conduct 
very  charitable.  He  was  zealously  attached 
to  the  tenets  of  the  Jansenists,  and  died  1749, 
aged  88. 

Go  DIVA,  a  lady  of  great  beauty  and 
greater  celebrity.  She  was  sister  to  Therald 
du  Bergenhall,  sherift'  of  Lincolnshire,  and 
wife  of  Leofric  earl  of  Leicester,  the  son  of 
the  earl  of  Mercia.  She  solicited  her  hus- 
band to  exonerate  the  people  of  Coventry 
from  a  heavy  tax,  and  he  consented  to  grant 
her  petition  provided  she  rode  naked  through 
the  streets,  which  from  her  generous  affec- 
tion towards  the  city  she  condescended  to 
do.  The  adventure  was  painted  in  one  of 
the  windows  of  Trinity  church,  Coventry, 
with  these  words, 

/  LuriCffor  the  love  of  thee. 
Do  make  CoveJitry  toll-Jree. 

GoDOLPHiy,  John,  a  learned  civih*an> 
born  at  Godolphin,  in  the  island  of  Sicily 
1617.  He  was  of  Gloucester-hall,  Oxford, 
and  devoted  himself  attentively  to  civil  law, 
and  took  his  doctor's  degree  1642-3.  He 
favored  the  puritans,  and  under  Cromwell 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  three  judges  of 
the  admiralty.  So  gi'eat  was  his  reputatioa 
for  integrity  and  knowledge,  that  at  the 
restoration  he  w-as  made  king's  advocate, 
and  he  asserted  in  his  publications  the  king's 
supremacy.  He  died  1678.  He  published 
"a  View  of  the  Admiral's  Jurisdiction,"  8vo. 
1061 — "the  Orphan's  Legacy,  &c.  1674," — 
"Repertorium  Canonicum,  4to." — the  Holy 
Limbec, — the  Holy  Arbour,  fol.  &c. 

Godwin,  earl,  a  powerful  Saxon  baron, 
Avho,  in  1017,  went  with  Canute  against 
Sweden,  and  for  his  valor  in  that  expedition 
received  that  monarch's  daughter  in  marri- 
age. On  the  king's  death  he  supported  Har- 
dieanute  against  his  brother  Harold,  but 
soon  after  changed  sides.  After  Hardica- 
nute's  death  he  declared  himself  in  favor 
of  Edward,  who  had  married  his  daughter, 
but,  with  a  fickleness  peculiar  to  his  charac- 
ter, he  afterwards  conspired  against  him, 
and  escaped  to  Flanders  to  avoid  punish- 
ment. Bent,  however,  on  revenge  he  inva- 
ded the  kingdom  from  the  coutinent,  and 


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oprcad  such  terror  by  sailing  up  t!ie  Thames 
lo  London,  lliat  the  kinjj  jitldt-d  in  his 
xvisiiesand  received  him  a<,Min  into  hi.s  jiro- 
fection.  He  ilied  at  Winchester  siiddeidy, 
vhilc  dining  \vith  (he  kinj;  1U53.  It  is  SHid 
tliat  lie  niurdeivd  Alfred,  one  of  the  sons  of 
the  second  Kihthx-d,  and  that  wliiij  accused 
of  it  he  purified  himself  by  the  solemnity  of 
an  oath. 

fJoDWiN,  Thomas,  an  Kn^disli  prelate, 
born  at  Uckingham,  Ik-rks,  Ijir.  Under 
the  palronaf;e  of  Dr.  La\ton  he  was  sent  to 
Ma^diden  collei;e,  Oxford,  of  whirli  he  be- 
came fellow  15*4.  He  early  embraced  the 
tenets  of  the  protestants,  and  as  his  fellow 
collegians  vere  very  zealous  for  the  popish 
principles,  he  riuittcd  Oxford,  and  took  the 
grammar  school  al  lirackley,  Northamplon- 
shii'e,  wliere  he  married,  and  lived  in  com- 
iortablc  independence  in  tin-  reign  of  I'^dward 
VI.  At  the  acccs^jiDn  of  Alary  he  was  expo- 
se<l  to  persecution,  and  leaving  his  school,  he 
began  to  practice  piiysi<-,  and  took  his  bache- 
lor's degree  at  Oxford  1555.  On  Elizabeth's 
accession  he  took  orders,  and  by  the  friend- 
ship of  Hullingham  bishop  of  Lincoln,  he  was 
introduced  to  the  queen,  who  admired  Jiis 
eloquence  in  the  pulpit,  and  rcwai'dcd  him 
•with  the  deanery  (if  Christ  chui'ch  1565,  and 
that  of  Canterbury  the  next  year.  In  1584 
!)e  Avas  made  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  but 
lie  soon  after  fell  under  the  queen's  displea- 
sure for  taking  a  second  wife,  and  this  weigh- 
ed niucli  on  his  spirits,  and  increased  his 
infirmities.     He  died  of  a  quartan  ague  1590. 

Godwin,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
■was  born  at  Havington,  Northamptonshire, 
15Gl,and  educated  at  Chi  ist  church,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  became  student  1578,     He  was 
rector   of  Samford  Orcais,    Somersetshire, 
prebendary   of  Wilts,   subdean   of  Exeter, 
»nd  in  1595  he  took  his  degree  of  U.  D.     He 
devoted  his  time   to  literary  pursuits,   and 
accompanied    Camden    in   his    travels   into 
Wales    in   search  of  antiquities,   but   while 
he  left  his  friend  to  record  the  features  of 
the  country,   he  turned   his  thoughts  to  the 
history  of  some  of  the  inhabitants,  and  pro- 
<luced  in  1601,  in  4to.  "a  Catalogue  of  the 
Blshoi»s  of  England,  since  the  first  planting 
of  Christianity  in  the  Island,  with  an  History 
of    their    Lives    and    memorable    Actions." 
This  valual)le  work  gained  him  the  friend- 
ship of  lord  Buckhurst,  and  the  pati'onage  of 
Elizabeth,  who  made  him  bishop  of  Landaff. 
ilc  now  devoted  himself  to  the  improvement 
of  his  book,  and,  in  1615,  published  another 
edition,  which  however  was  so  erroneously 
printed,  from  his  distance  from  tlie  press, 
that  he    gave  another  edition  in  an  elegant 
Latin  dress,  dedicated  to  James  L  who  was 
no  pleased  with  it  that  he  translated  the  bish- 
op to  the  see  of  Hereford  1617.     He  died  of 
a  languishing  disorder   April   1633,    leaving 
several   children  by   his    wife,    daughter   of 
WoUtoti,  bishop  of  Exeter.    After  his  death, 
in    1638,    was   published   "the   Alan    in  the 
Moon,   by  Domingo  Gonsalcs,  8-vo."  an  en- 
tertaining piece  on  a  philosophical   subject, 
^vhich  he  had   written   in    1583,  b'^t  never 

VOL,  I,  TS 


I)Ubli«hc(f.  \lc  wrote  also  annals  of  this 
reigns  of  Heiii'y  \  III.  Edward  VI.  and 
Maiy,  in  J..atiii,  ihe  thiid  editi(jn  of  which 
was  Ifjjd,  Mithan  English  translation  by  ids 
son  .M(jrgan,  also  a  c(imputa\ion  of  the  value 
of  the  Attic  Talent,  and  Konian  Sesterce, 

Godwin,  Thomas,  a  learned  I'^nglishman, 
born  in  Somersetshire  15S7.  He  waa  of  Mag- 
dalen hall,  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of -NL  A.  16U'.I,  and  that  )e;'r  he  was  elected 
master  of  lio)  he's  fi-ec  school,  in  Abingdon, 
where  his  genius  and  abihtics  were  soon 
distinguished  by  a  respectable  number  of 
pupils.  He  wrote  for  the  use  of  his  school 
"  Uomanic  HistoriiC  Anthologia"  1613,  4to. 
and  in  1016,  jtublished  at  Oxford  his  "Sy- 
nopsis Antiquitatum  Hebraicarum,  &c."  de- 
dicated Jo  his  patron  Montague,  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Wells.  Some  time  after  he  obtain- 
ed from  his  patron  the  rectory  of  Bright- 
well,  IkM-k'i,  and  resigned  his  school.  He 
printed  1637  "  Moses  and  Aaron,"  and  took 
his  degiee  of  1).  1).  1637.  He  died  at  Bright- 
well  1642-3,  leaving  a  wife  whom  he  had 
married  while  at  Abingdon.  This  worthy 
and  learned  man  was,  on  account  of  his  book, 
called  Three  Arguments  to  prove  Election 
upon  Foj'csight,  by  Faith,  engaged  in  a 
controversy  with  Dr.  Twise  of  Newbury. 

Godwin,  Mary  V»'olIstonecr.Tft,a  woman 
of  eccentric  character  and  superior  abilities, 
born  at  Beverley,  in  Yorkshire,  1768.  Redu- 
ced   in  her    circumstances   by  the  extrava- 
gance of  lier  father,  she  sought  for  subsist- 
ence in  the  resources  of  her  own  mind,  and 
as  a  teacher  of  a  day-school  at  Islington,  and 
then  at  New  ington,  and  afterwards  as  gover- 
ness in  lord  Kingsborough's  family,  she  main- 
tained herself  with  reputation.     Too  fond  of 
independence  however  to  submit  to  the  ca- 
prices and  humors  of  self-willed  children,  she 
had  recourse  to  her  pen,   and,  in  1787,  she 
settled   in   London,   and  published  Original 
Stories  for  the  use  of  children,  and  various 
translations  from  French    and  German    au- 
thors.    She  Mas  also  engaged  in  the  Analyti- 
cal lieview,  and,  in  1790,  was  one  of  Burke's 
opponents  in   an  attack  against  his  famous 
pamphlet  on   the    Frencli    Kevcihition,   and 
the  next  year  she  published  her  vindicatioa 
of  the  liiglits  of  Women,  a    book   w  hich  in 
bold    language    attempts   to    overthrow    the 
established  regulations  of  society,  and  which, 
instead  of  conciliating  concord,  harmony  and 
mutual  ailection,  in  domestic  life,  w  ould  ren- 
der the    marriage-state  a  scene  of  distrust, 
and  jealousy,  of  strife,  and  contentious  rival- 
ship      She  was  in  17'.)2,  at  Paris,  where  she 
unfortunately  formed   an  improper  connec- 
tion with  an  Araericnn  merchant,  by  whom 
she  had  a  daughter,  and  while  accoinpanying 
him   in    Norway,   she  wrote  her  letters  on 
Scandinavia.     The  little  respect  she  paid  to 
her  character,  proved   now  the   source  of 
great  unhappincss,  and  deserted  by  her  un- 
gratcl'ul  favorite,  she,  on  her  return  to  Eng- 
land, attempted  to  destroy  herself  by  throw- 
ing herself  into  the  Thames,  from   Putney 
bridge.   She  ia  30»c  degree  atoned  IT'^G,  fnr 


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the  insults  she  had  ofTered  to  the  good  sense 
of  her  sex,  and  the  precepts  of  a  holy  reh- 
gion,  and,  after  defending  a  promiscuous 
intercourse  among  the  sexes,  as  passion  or 
inclination  dictated,  she  married  Mr.  God- 
\»in,  but  died  the  August  of  the  following 
year  in  childbed.  Her  lettei-s,  fragments, 
and  posthumous  works,  appeared  after  her 
death. 

GoERCE,  William,  an  eminent  scholar  of 
Middleburg,  who  died  at  Amsterdam,  1715, 
aged  80.  He  isauthorof  Jewish  Antiquities, 
2  vols.  fol.  Utrecht,  1700 — History  of  the 
Jewish  Church — essay  on  the  Practice  of 
Painting — on  Architecture. 

GoERTZ,  John  baron  of,  a  memorable 
Swede,  born  in  Holstein.  He  gained,  by  his 
intrepidity  and  valor,  the  good  opinion  of 
Charles  XH.  He  endeavored  to  excite  an 
insurrection  in  England,  in  favor  of  the  pre- 
tender, and  was  at  last  sacrificed  to  the  po- 
pular fury.  He  had  been  placed,  by  Charles, 
at  the  head  of  his  finances,  and  the  discon- 
tents which  he  caused  by  raising  money  for 
the  schemes  of  his  eccentric  master,  were 
auch,  that  after  the  king's  death  he  was  be- 
headed 1719. 

Goes,  Hugo  Vander,  a  painter  of  Bruges, 
disciple  of  Van  Eyck.  His  Abigail  in  the 
presence  of  David,  is  his  most  admired  piece. 
He  florished  about  1480. 

Go  ESI  us,  William,  a  critic,  born  at  Ley- 
den.  His  notes  on  Petronius,  adopted  in  Bur- 
man's  edition,  are  much  admired.  He  was 
son-in-law  of  Dan.  Heinsius,  and  died  16S6. 

Goetze,  George  Henry,  anative  of  Leip- 
sie,  who  died  at  Lubec  170'2,  aged  34.  He 
was  superintendant  of  the  churches  of  Lubec, 
and  wrote  in  Latin,  dissertations  historical, 
critical,  and  theological.  A  collection  from 
his  works  appeared  3  vols.  12mo.  1706, 

GoET,,  John  Augustus  Ephraim,  a  native 
of  Ascherleben,  educated  at  Halle,  and  mi- 
nister of  Quedlinburg,  where  he  died  1786, 
aged  55.  He  was  an  eminent  naturalist,  and 
his  various  discoveries  with  the  microscope 
entitle  him  to  great  praise.  He  published 
Entomological  Collections,  in  four  parts, 
1771-1781 — History  of  Intestinal  Worms,  in 
German,  1782,  &c. 

Go  EX,  Damian  de,  a  Portuguese  writer, 
born  at  Alanquar,  near  Ijsboi),  of  a  noble  fa- 
mily- He  travelled  much,  and  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  learned  of  Europe,  espe- 
cially John,  and  Olaus  Magnus,  Erasmus, 
cardinal  Bembo,  and  others.  He  married  at 
Louvain,  and  hoped  there  to  enjoy  peace  and 
security,  after  14  years  spent  in  travelling, 
but  a  Avar  between  Charles  V.  and  Henry  II. 
of  France,  drove  liim  from  his  retirement. 
He  was  recalled  home  by  John  HI.  of  Portu- 
gal, but  the  favors  of  the  monarch  were  em- 
bittered by  the  jealousy  and  the  persecution 
of  the  courtiers.  By  their  influence  he  was 
confined  within  the  walls  of  Lisbon  on  his  pa- 
role, and  he  was  soon  after  found  dead  in  his 
house,  with  the  appearance  of  having  been 
strangled,  or  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  a  violent 
apoplexy.  He  wrote  **  Fides,  Heligio,  Mo- 
resque .^thiopum"— **  de  Imperio  &c  Re- 


bus Lusitafiorum,"  and  other  works  mucii 
esteemed. 

GoFF,  Thomas,  an  English  writer,  born 
in  Essex,  1592,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  and  Christ  church,  O.xford.  In  1623 
he  obtained  the  living  of  East  Chandon,  Sur- 
rey, where  he  took  for  his  wife  a  Xantippe, 
whose  violence  of  temper  destroyed  his  com- 
forts, and  probably  shoi-tened  his  days.  He 
died  1627.  Among  his  writings  are  five  tra- 
gedies, published  after  his  death,  some  ser- 
mons, and  two  funeral  orations  on  sir  Henry 
Saville  and  Dr.  Godwin.  Philips  and  Win- 
stanley  ascribe  to  him  improperly  "  Cupid's 
Whirligig." 

GoGAVA,  Antonius  Hennanius,  a  Ger- 
man physician,  who  published  Aristoxeni 
Harmoniconim  Elementorum  Libri  quinque, 
Venice,  1592. 

GoGUE  r,  Antony-Yves,  a  French  writer, 
born  1716  at  Paris,  son  of  an  advocate. 
Though  dull  in  his  younger  years,  his  mind 
expanded,  and  produced  that  excellent  work 
called  "  I'Origine  des  Loix,  des  Arts,  des 
Sciences,  et  de  leur  Progr^s  ches  les  Anciens 
Peuples,  1758,"  3  vols.  4to.  The  reputation 
of  this  celebrated  performance  he  did  not 
long  enjoy,  as  he  died  of  the  small-pox  the 
same  year ;  and  his  friend,  Conrad  Fugere, 
to  whom  he  left  his  MSS.  and  library, follow- 
ed him  through  affliction  to  the  grave  in  three 
days. 

Go  LD  AST,  MelchiorHaiminsfield, a  learn- 
ed civilian,  born  at  Bischoft'sel  in  Switzex'land 
1576.  He  M'as  always  poor,  though  his  dis- 
tress was  relieved  by  his  publications,  and 
the  liberality  of  his  friends.  He  was  of  a 
very  unsettled  temper,  and  he  passed  from 
St.  Gal  to  Geneva,  from  Geneva  to  Lausanne, 
and  afterwards  be  was  at  Frankfort,  Forsteg, 
and  other  places.  He  was  some  time  secre- 
tary to  the  duke  of  Bouillon,  and  he  married 
a  wife  at  Frankfort,  with  whom  he  lived 
nearly  30  years.  He  survived  her  five  years, 
and  died  1635.  He  was  a  most  indefatigable 
man,  and  though  his  writings  were  not  pro- 
perly his  own,  but  drawn  from  scarce  books 
and  old  manuscripts,  yet  he  displayed  aston- 
ishing judgment  and  gi-eat  erudition ;  and 
though  abused  by  Scioppius,  he  probably  de- 
served all  the  flattering  things  which  Conrin- 
gius  has  said  in  his  praise.  As  to  the  know- 
ledge of  the  public  law  of  the  empire,  and  a 
thorougli  acquaintance  with  the  affairs  oi 
Germany,  no  man  was  better  entitled'to  re- 
spect, and  therefore  it  might  be  said,  that 
had  he  lived  in  the  age  of  Athens,  he  would 
have  found  an  honorable  asylum  in  her  pry- 
taneum.  His  Avorks  are  Alonarchia  S.  Ro- 
mani  Imperii,  3  vols.  fol. — Alaraanise  Scrip- 
tores,  3  vols.  fol. — Commentarius  de  Bohe- 
mise  Regno,  4to. — Scriptores  Rerum  Suevi- 
carum,  4to. — Collectio  Consuetudinum  Leg. 
Imperial,  fol. — Politica  Imperial.  2  vols.  fol. 
&c. 

GoLDHAGEN,  John  Eustachius,  of  Mag- 
deburg, translated  Herodotus,  Pausanias, 
Xenophon,  and  other  Greek  classics  into  La- 
tin.    He  died  1772,  aged  71. 

Goldman,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Breslaw, 


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author  of  a  Latin  treatise  on  militai-y  avchi- 
teclurc,  on  tlie  proportion  of  tlic  circle,  ice. 
He  <lie(l  I6f).'j,  at  Levden. 

Go  L  DON  I,  Charles,  u  native  of  Venice, 
Tyho  early  showed  a  decided  partiality  for 
theatrical  representation,  s(j  that  his  lather, 
to  humor  his  tr\slc,  fitted  up  a  pla}  -huiiMe  on 
his  own  priniises.  'I'hc  genius,  so  kindly 
patronised,  was  most  lknp])ily  itxerted.  Mini 
the  Italian  stage  was  completely  reformed 
by  the  labors  and  the  judj;inoiit  of  Goldoni, 
whose  plays  were  numerous  and  popular. 
After  acquiring  deserved  celebrity  at  home 
by  the  Itunior  and  genuine  wit  of  Ijis  come- 
dies, he  went  in  17(il  to  Paris,  where  he  he- 
eame  composer  to  the  Italian  theatre,  and 
obtained  apartments  at  court,  and  a  pension. 
He  died  179'2,  aged  S5.  J  lis  works  M-ere 
collected  together  at  Leghorn,  in  tliirty-one 
vols.  8vo. 

Goldsmith,  Oliver,  a  celebrated  writer, 
born  at  Elphin  17'29,  or,  according  to  some 
accounts,  at  Pallas,  in  the  eounty  of  Long- 
ford, 1731.  He  was  the  third  of  four  sons, 
and  his  father,  who  was  a  clergyman,  in- 
tending him  for  the  church,  sent  him  in 
1744  to  Trinity  college,  iJulilin,  where  he 
took  his  lirst  degree  in  arts  1749.  He  pre- 
ferred, however,  medicine  to  divinity,  and 
in  1751  passed  to  Edinburgh  tf)  (|Ualify  him- 
self for  his  medical  degrees,  but  lieie  tlie 
benevolence  of  his  disposition  drew  him  nito  ; 
tlifficuUies;  and  his  imprudent  offer  to  an- I 
swer  for  the  payment  of  the  debts  of  an  un- 
grateful fellow  collegian,  obliged  him  to  fly 
precipitately  from  Scotland.  He  was  pur- 
sued, and  arrested  at  Sunderland,  but  the 
friendship  of  two  of  his  college  friends,  who 
knew  his  merits  and  pitied  his  imprudence, 
relieved  him  from  his  difficulties ;  and  he 
immediately  embarked  for  the  continent. 
From  Rotterdam,  where  he  had  landed,  he 
proceeded  to  Brussels,  and  then  passing 
tlu'ongh  Flanders  he  came  to  Strasburg,  and 
visited  Louvain,  where  he  took  liis  degree 
of  M.  B.  From  Flanders  he  travelled  to 
Geneva,  where  he  became  tutor  to  a  young 
man  -whom  the  sudden  possession  of  a  large 
fortune  had  induced  to  make  the  tour  of 
Europe,  but  the  dispositions  of  the  precep- 
tor and  the  pupil  were  so  different,  that  af- 
ter visiting  the  south  of  France,  they  sepa- 
rated in  mutual  di.sgust.  After  a  long  ex- 
cursion, chiefly  on  foot.  Goldsmith  at  last 
reached  Dover  in  1758,  but  persecuted  by 
poverty.  For  a  while  he  sought  employ- 
ment in  London  ;  hut  the  rustic  appearance 
of  his  dress,  and  his  broad  Irish  accent 
provecl  unfavorable  to  his  api>lication,  till  at 
la&t  a  cliemist  in  Fish-street,  pitying  his 
misfortunes,  received  him  into  his  laborato- 
ry, more  as  an  act  of  charity  than  from  the 
prospect  of  private  advantage.  From  the 
hospitable  roof  of  this  accidental  patron,  lie 
soon,  however,  rose  to  greater  consequence 
under  the  patronage  oi'  Ids  old  friend  Dr. 
Sleigh,  and  after  being  usher  in  a  school  at 
Peckham,  he  commenced  wiiter  in  the 
Monthly  Review,  and  then  in  tlie  Public 
Ledger,  where  his  Citizen  of  the  World  first 


appeared  under  the  title  of  Chinese  Leitcri. 
He  was  now  courted  as  a  man  of  genius,  and 
respected  as  a  public  character;  and  emerg- 
ing from  his  obscure  lodgings  near  the  ofd 
Built  y,  he  took  chambem  iu  the  Temple, 
and  bi  gan  to  live  like  a  man  of  fashion  and 
of  fortune.  His  Traveller,  or  Probpect  of 
Society,  his  Vu-ar  of  Wakefield,  and  his 
l^etlers  on  the  Hist<jry  of  England  added  to 
hi.s  reputation  and  to  his  income,  and  in 
1708,  liis  fiood-natui-ed  .Man,  acted  ;it  Co* 
vent-garilen,  thr)Ugh  censui-ed  by  sonio  crit- 
ics ]»laced  him  in  the  rank  of  the  most  popu- 
lar writers  of  the  age.  His  excellent  poem 
of  the  Deserted  Village  appeared  in  177U, 
and  two  years  after  he  produced  his  comedy 
of  She  stoops  to  Conquer,  or  the  Mistake* 
of  a  Night,  which  was  received  with  great 
and  deserved  applause,  and  will  long  trigage 
the  pnblie,  appro!»ation.  He  puhlish'.d  be* 
sides,  an  History  of  England  in  4  vols.  8vo. 
— another  in  a  Series  of  Letters  fioni  a 
Nobleman  to  his  Son,  long  attributed  to  lorl 
Lyttleton,  in  two  vols.  l2mo. — a  Roman 
History,  two  vols.  8vo. — a  Grecian  hisloiy, 
two  vols.  {>vo. — an  History  of  the  Earih 
and  Animated  Nature,  eigfit  vols.  Svo. 
&c.  but  though  his  income  was  respectable 
he  was  far  from  feeling  the  comforts  of  in- 
dependence and  pioapeiity.  His  temper 
was  unfortunately  peevish  and  sullen,  and 
though  humane,  benevolent,  and  gei;erous, 
though  the  I'riend  of  indigence  and  pining 
merit,  he  was  often  a  prey  to  childish  morose- 
ness  and  sullen  melancljoly,  and  frequently 
retired  from  the  company  of  the  gay  and 
the  convivial  to  brood  over  his  self-created 
miseries  and  his  imaginary  woes.  The  last 
part  of  life  was  embittered  by  the  lingering 
attack  of  a  strangury,  and  bodily  disease  at 
last  produced  a  settled  melaiicholy.  A  ner- 
vous fever  succeeded  to  wear  out  his  consti- 
tution, shattered  by  debility  and  the  horrors 
of  despondency,  and  by  inadvertently  tak- 
ing an  improper  dose  of  Dr.  James's 
powders  lie  hastened  his  own  dissolution. 
He  died  4th  April  1774,  aged  45,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Temple  church  yard.  A  mo- 
nument worthy  of  his  fame  and  merit  has 
been  erected  to  his  memory  in  Westminster- 
abbey,  where  a  Latin  inscription,  in  nervous 
.ind  beautiful  language  by  the  pen  of  Doctor 
Johnson  records  his  virtues.  As  a  writer, 
Gohlsmith  acquired  great  and  deserved  ce- 
lebrity. His  poems  possess  singular  beautv  ; 
the  Traveller  abounds  with  elegant  and 
animated  description,  and  as  Dr.  Johnson 
observed,  no  poem  of  greater  excellence  has 
appeared  since  the  days  of  Pope.  The  De- 
serted Village  exhibits  beauties  peculiarlv  its 
own,  and  while  the  simj>le  tale  of  indigent 
nature,  and  of  suftering  humanity  can  in. 
terest  and  captivate  the  heart,  so  long  will 
the  lines  of  this  correct  poem  continue  to  be 
read  and  admired.  Besides  the  works  al- 
ready mentioned,  many  are  enumerated  as 
the  composition  of  Goldsmith,  though  it  is 
ju-obable  that,  like  (iuthrie,  Smollet,  an<l 
others,  he  only  lent  his  name  to  them  lo 
give  th(?m  %  temporary  celebrity. 


GO 


GO 


Goldsmith,  oi-  Gouldsmith,  Fran- 
cis, an  able  translator  of  Grotius'  play  of  So- 
phomparcfls,  or  History  of  Joseph,  into 
English  verse.  Ho  livid  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  T.  and  was  highly  respected. 

GoLius,  James,  a  learned  orientalist,  born 
l\t  the  Hague  1596.  He  studied  with  unusual 
application  at  Lcyden,  and  travelled  after- 
wards to  France  with  the  duchess  de  la  'I'rc- 
mouille,  an<l  Avas  honorably  invited  to  teacii 
Greek  at  llochelle,  where  he  staid  till  that 
city  was  reduced  by  th«  French  arms.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  Holland,  and  directed 
by  the  genius  of  his  friend  and  preceptor  the 
learned  Arabic  professor  Erpenins,  he  ae- 
companied  the  Dutch  ambassador  in  ]6'2'2, 
to  the  court  of  Morocco,  thus  to  enrich  his 
mind  with  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of  the 
Arabian  tongue,  and  to  advance  the  mterests 
of  literature.  He  carried  with  him  a  letter 
of  recommendation  from  his  master  Erpe- 
nius,  for  the  Moorish  prince,  with  a  present 
of  a  grand  atlas,  and  of  a  New  Testament  in 
Arabic,  which  was  received  with  great  satis- 
faction by  Muley  Zidan  the  king  of  Morocco. 
During  his  residence  here,  Golius  devoted 
himself  assiduously  to  the  Arabic,  and  in  an 
audience  which  he  had  from  the  king,  he  was 
admired  for  the  facility  with  which  he  under- 
stood the  language,  though  on  account  of  its 
guttural  sounds  he  could  not  pronounce  it 
fluently,  and  on  his  return  to  Holland  he 
brought  with  him  a  most  valuable  collection 
of  books  and  manuscripts,  hitherto  uuknoAvn 
to  Europe,  and  among  them  the  Annals  of 
the  Kingdoms  of  Fez  and  Morocco.  On  the 
death  of  his  valued  friend  Erpenins,  he  was 
chosen  as  his  successor  in  the  Arabic  chair, 
but  so  great  was  his  thirst  after  knowledge, 
that  he  asked  and  obtained  permission  to 
travel  into  the  east.  He  v.as  15  mouths  at 
Aleppo,  and  made  various  excursions  into 
Arabia  and  Mesopotamia,  and  then  came  by 
land  to  Constantinople,  and  at  last  in  1G29, 
he  returned  to  Leyden.  He  not  only  had 
thus  become  a  perfect  master  of  the  Persian, 
Turkish,  and  Arabic  languages,  but  he  had 
made  observations  on  their  manners,  and  he 
brought  with  him  such  curious  and  valuable 
manuscripts,  as  have  ever  since  been  the 
pride  and  glory  of  the  universit}-  of  Leyden. 
With  indefatigable  zeal  he  now  converted 
the  treasures  he  possessed  to  the  good  of 
inankind,  and  nobly  patronised  by  the  states, 
he  began  and  finished  a  New  Testament  in 
the  Arabic  language,  with  a  translation  into 
the  vulgar  Greek,  besides  the  Confession  of 
tlie  Reformed  Protestants,  and  a  Catechism 
and  Liturgy,  assisted  by  an  Armenian  and 
an  Archmandrite,  to  be  dispersed  among 
the  Greeks  and  Mahometans  in  every  part  of 
the  world.  During  his  absence,  his  country- 
men, in  honor  of  his  great  services,  h.id  ap- 
pointed him  mathematical  professor,  and 
soot'  after  he  was  nominated  interpreter  in 
ordinary  to  the  States  for  eastern  languages, 
for  which  he  was  so  well  qualified.  To  these 
honors  from  his  country  he  added  all  the  vir- 
tues of  private  life  ;  his  temperance  and  re- 
gularity insured  him  ft  vigorous  constitution, 


and  at  the  age  of  70  he  travelleii  on  foot  fronl 
the  Meuse  to  the  Waal,  a  journey  of  14 
hours.  He  died  '28th  Sept.  1067,  much  and 
•  ieservedly  respected  for  his  learning,  his  vir- 
tue, meekness,  and  piety.  He  had  by  his 
wife,  with  whom  he  lived  24  years,  and  who 
survived  him,  two  sons,  who  rose  to  distinc- 
tion in  Holland.  Besides  a  valuable  "  Arabic 
Lexicon,"  and  a  new  edition  of  Erpenius' 
Grammar,  and  a  Persian  Dictionary,  printed 
in  London,  the  Lifeof  Tsmcrlane,  kc.  he  en- 
gaged in  a  Geographical  and  Historical  Dic- 
tionary of  the  East,  whidi,  however,  he  did 
not  complete. 

Goi.ius,  Peter,  bi'Otlicr  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Leyden,  and  established  a  mon- 
astery of  the  bare-footed  Carmelites  on  the 
summit  of  m-^uut  Libanns.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent orientalist,  and  published  some  books  in 
Arabic  and  Latin,  and  assisted  in  the  edition? 
of  the  great  Arabic  Bible,  printed  at  Rome 
1671.  He  died  at  Surat,  in  the  East  Indies, 
1673. 

GoLTT-ius,  Henry,  an  eminent  painter 
and  engraver,  born  1658,  at  Mulbrec,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers.  He  travelled  through  Ger- 
many to  Italy  disguised  in  the  habit  of  a  ser- 
vant, whilst  his  servant  appeared  in  the  cha- 
racter of  a  master,  and  pretended  to  keep 
him  for  his  knowledge  and  skill  in  painting. 
After  visiting  Rome  and  Naples,  and  study- 
ing the  works  of  the  best  masters  he  return- 
ed to  Haerlem,  where  he  died  1617.  As  au 
engraver  he  has  been  highl}'  commended  by 
Evelyn,  and  his  imitations  of  Leyden,  in  the 
Passion,  the  dead  Christ,  and  other  pieces, 
have  been  long  and  deservedly  admired. 

GoLTT-ius,  Hubert,  a  German  writer, 
born  at  Venloo,  in  the  duchy  of  Gueldres, 
15'26.  Though  brought  up  a  painter  under 
his  father,  who  was  of  the  same  profession, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  pursuits  of  anti- 
quities, and  particularly  of  medals,  and  tra- 
velled through  France,  Germany,  and  Italy, 
in  the  cultivation  of  his  favorite  study.  His 
fame  as  an  antiquary  was  so  respectable  that 
he  was  honored  with  the  freedom  of  Rome, 
and  the  books  he  wrote  were  so  curious  and 
so  valuable  that  they  were  deemed  the  orna- 
ments of  the  first  libraries  in  Europe.  He 
was  so  devoted  to  the  science  of  antiquity 
that  he  gave  to  his  children  the  names  of  an- 
cient Romans,  such  as  Julius,  Marcellus, 
&c.  but  though  very  nice  and  judicious  in 
his  examination  of  antiques,  he  has  admitted 
some  medals  as  true  which  are  evidently  not 
such.  He  married  a  second  wife,  widow  of 
Smetius,  more  for  the  antiques  which  her 
husband  had  possessed  than  for  lovt,  and, 
consequently,  the  union  proved  so  disagree- 
able that  the  violent  temper  of  his  bride 
shortened  his  days.  He  died  at  Bruges  1583, 
aged  57.  His  chief  publications  were  "  Im- 
peratorum  fere  omnium  vivae  Imagines  a  J. 
Ciesare  ad  Carolum  V.  ex  Veter.  Numis- 
matibus" — "  Fasti  Magistratuum,  &c." — 
"  de  Origine  Populi  H." — «  Fasti  Consu- 
lares" — *'  Thesaurus  Antiquit." 

Go  I,  YD  DAN,  a  bard  in  the  court  of  Cad- 
wallader  in  the  beginning  of  the  8th  century. 


GO 


GO 


doMAR,  Francis,  a  native  of  Biugoj,| 
known  for  his  stront;  and  al)lc  dtftMiCL-  of 
Calvin's  principlfs  af;ainst  Arniiiiius,  liis  col- 
league as  divinity  professor  at  I.cydcii,  and 
his  adherents.  Ho  died  ul  (ii-onini^eii,  whtrre 
he  was  divinity  and  Hebrew  prolessor,  lOil. 
He  had  before  held  a  literary  situation  at 
Middleburgh  and  Sauniur.  His  works  were 
•ollected  into  one  volume,  Amsterdam,  10+5. 

fioMBAULD,  John  Ogier  de,  a  French 
poet,  boin  at  St.  Just  de  Lussac,  in  Sain- 
tongc,  lr>67.  lie  was  educated  at  Bourdeaux, 
and  then  came  to  Paris,  where  he  determin- 
ed by  his  abilities  to  advance  liis  fortune, 
vhicli  Ije,  as  the  son  of  a  fourtii  marriage, 
found  very  circinnscribed.  His  sonnets  ami 
epigrams  gained  him  applause,  and  the  ver- 
ses wliich  he  wrote  on  the  king's  assassina- 
tion by  liavaillac  IGIO,  so  pleased  the  (jueen 
regent,  Mary  de  IMedicis,  tiiat  she  made 
him  her  favorite,  and  granted  him  a  pension 
of  ItitX)  livrcs.  Thus  clicrished  by  the  great, 
and  the  respected  friend  and  associate  of 
those  who  frequented  the  house  of  tliat  vir- 
tuous and  amiable  woman  Mad.  Harabouillet, 
he  charmed  every  company  with  his  wit  and 
his  elegant  manners.  He  was  one  of  those 
■whose  meetings  gave  rise  to  the  academy  of 
belles  lettres,  iGiO,  under  the  patronage  of 
liichelieu,  and  he  became  one  of  its  first 
members.  Though  a  friend  of  the  reformed 
religion  he  conducted  himself  with  such  pro- 
priety that  he  oftended  no  party,  but  on  the 
contrary,  he  gained  universal  esteem,  and 
lived  respected.  His  income  was  increased 
by  an  additional  pension  from  Seguier,  chan- 
cellor of  France,  and,  by  prudent  economy, 
his  equipage  and  finances  were  always  on  the 
most  respectable  footing.  By  an  accidental 
fall  in  his  room  he  was  confined  for  some  of 
the  last  years  of  his  life  to  his  bed.  He  died 
1666,  aged  99.  At  the  age  of  90  he  pub- 
lished a  collection  of  epigrams,  and  some 
veal's  after,  the  tragedy  called  Uanaides. 
Among  his  chief  productions  are  *'  Endy- 
mion,'  a  romance,  in  prose — Amarintha,  a 
pastoral — letters — poems,  &c.  His  posthu- 
mous works  appeared  in  Holland  1678,  and 
were  chiefly  religious,  and  in  favor  of  pro- 
testant  principles. 

GoMBERViLLE,  Marin  le  Roi,  a  native 
of  Chevreuse,  member  of  the  French  acade- 
my, and  author  of  Polexandre — la  Cythe- 
ree — la  Jeune  Alcidiane,  romances — Dis- 
cours  sur  les  Vertiis  &  les  Vices  de  I'His- 
toire,  &c. — la  Doctrine  des  Mccurs  scion  les 
Stoiques — de  la  Riviere  des  Araazones — 
Poesies  Diverses,  &c.  He  died  1074,  aged  75. 

GoMEUs.M.,  Robert,  a  poet  in  the  time 
of  Charles  1.  student  of  Christ-church,  0.\- 
ford,  and  B.  D.  1027.  He  left  poems  and 
sermons.  His  "  Lexnte's  Revenge"  contain- 
ing poetical  meditations  on  the  19th  and  20th 
chapters  of  Judges  is  his  best  pieces.  He 
died  lfi-i6. 

GoMEX,  de  Cividad,  Alvarez,  a  Latin  po- 
et of  Guadalaxara   near  Toledo.     He  wrote 
Solomon's  Proverbs  into  Latin  verse — the 
,^olden  Fleece,  and   other  works,  esteemed 
in  Spain.     He  died  1558,  aged  70. 


Go^fEZ,  de  Castro,  Alvarez,  a  learned 
Spaniurd,  born  near  Toledo,  and  anlbrjiot 
the  History  of  cardinal  Xinienes.  He  died 
15S0,  aged  05. 

(JoMKX,  .Magdelcnc  Angelica  Poisson  de, 
a  French  lady  who  wrote  some  romances 
and  theatrical  pieces,  Tcry  numerous,  but 
not  much  esteemed.    She  died  177(1,  aged  80. 

GOiN'DEBAUD,  third  king  ot  Burgundy, 
after  his  brother  Chilperic  491.  He  attack«(l 
Italy,  and  endeavored  in  vain  to  reunite  the 
catholii^s  and  Ariansat  a  synod  at  Lyons  499, 
but  he  was  afterwards  defeated  and  made 
tributary  to  (^lovis  king  of  the  Franks.  Ho 
put  to  death  his  br-olher  (iodesil  who  had  re- 
volted against  him,  and  afterwards  tievoted 
himself  to  the  improvement  of  his  subjects, 
whose  morals  and  property  he  protected  l)y 
the  establishment  of  a  system  of  laws  still 
called  la  Loi  GourbcIIe.     He  died  516. 

GoNDRix,  Lewis  Antony,  a  favorite  of 
Lewis  XIV.  When  visited  at  his  counti-y 
house  by  the  monarch,  he  removed  in  one 
night  the  grove  of  old  trees  which  had  ap- 
l)eared  to  the  king  as  offensive  to  the  .sight. 
Lewis  the  next  day,  complained  of  a  large 
wood  which  obstructed  liis  view,  and  in  a 
moment  1200  men,  who  were  ready,  levelled 
the  disagreeable  wood  to  the  ground.  What 
if  the  king,  said  the  duchess  of  Burgundy, 
who  was  present,  if  the  king  wished  our 
heads  thus  to  disappear,  the  duke,  I  fear, 
would  not  hesitate  to  gratify  his  sovereign. 

GoNDY,  John  Francis  Paul,  cardinal  de 
Retz  was  born  at  Montmirel  in  Brie,  in  1613, 
and  died  1079.  He  was  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  coadjutor  to  his  uncle  the  arch- 
bishop of  Paris,  and  after  many  intrigues  he 
obtained  a  cardinal's  hat.  Though  a  de- 
bauchee in  his  youth,  he  yet  assumed  the 
sanctity  of  the  preacher,  and  with  such  elo- 
quence and  effect  that  he  was  adored  by  the 
people.  Fie  caballed  against  Richelieu^  and 
at  last,  after  six  years  of  exile,  and  after  be- 
ing imprisoned  at  Vincennes  and  Nantes,  he 
was  permitted  to  return,  and  by  his  good 
conduct  and  exemplary  manners  he  made 
atonement  for  the  vices  of  his  youth.  He  was, 
says  Voltaire,  a  Catiline  in  his  youth,  and 
an  Atticus  in  his  old  age.  He  wrote,  besides 
the  Conspiracy  of  count  Fiesco — Memoirs  of 
his  Life,  which  are  very  authentic  and  inter- 
esting. The  best  edition  of  this  valuable  per- 
formance is  that  of  Amsterdam  1719,  4  vols. 
12mo. 

GoNET,  John  Baptist,  a  Dominican  friar, 
doctor  and  professor  of  theology  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Bourdeaux,  and  author  of  a  Sys- 
tem of  Theology  in  5  vols,  folio.  He  died 
1G81,  aged  65,  at  Beziers  his  native  place. 

GoNGORA,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish  poet, 
born  at  Cordova  1562.  He  studied  at  Sala- 
manca, and  taking  orders,  became  chaplain 
to  the  king,  and  prebendary  of  Cordova 
where  he  (lied  1027.  His  works  were  all 
published  after  his  death,  and  consist  of  son- 
nets, elegies,  a  comedy,  a  tragedy,  &cc. 
Though  he  is  abused  by  some  critics  for  af- 
fectation, and  a  false  sublime,  yet  the  Span- 
iards regard  him  ksthe  prince  of  their  poets 


GO 


e:o 


Go  NN*Li/i,  John,  the  blind  man  of  Coia- 
bassi,  lo8t  his  sight  at  the  age  of  20.  He  af- 
terwards became  a  sculptor,  and  by  the  touch 
acquired  great  excellence  and  even  atterapted 
portraits,  and  with  some  success.  He  gave 
a  good  likeness  of  pope  Urban  VIII.  and  of 
Cosmothe  great  duke  of  Florence.  His  works 
are  much  admired  in  France. 

Go NS ALVA,  Fernandez,  the  great  cap- 
tain of  Cordova,  was  an  illustrious  Spaniard, 
distinguished  against  the  Portuguese,  and  in 
the  reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  in  the 
conquest  of  Grenada,  and  in  the  ^vars  of  Ita- 
ly, where  he  conquered  Calabria,  Apulia 
Naples.  This  great  character,  so  respectable 
for  his  valor  and  his  private  virtues,  became 
at  last  suspected  to  his  sovereign,  by  the  ar- 
tifice of  his  enemies,  and  he  died  in  retire- 
ment in  Grenada  1515.  Florian  has  made 
him  the  hero  of  his  romance. 

GoNTHiER,  a  Latin  poet,  author  of  the 
History  of  Constantinople,  1203. 

GoNTHiER,  John  and  Leonard,  two  bro- 
thers, eminent  as  painters  on  glass.  Their 
■works  were  much  admired,  and  are  still 
held  iii  high  estimation. 

GoNiAGA.,  Lucretia,  a  learned  and  il- 
lustrious woman  of  the  iCth  century.  At  the 
aige  of  14  she  married  Paul  Monfrone,  who 
conspired  against  the  life  of  the  duke  of 
Ferrara,  and  was  discovered  and  imprison- 
ed. Lucretia,  though  he  was  not  put  to 
death,  applied  to  every  European  power  for 
his  deliverance,  and  even  solicited  the  grand 
Signior  to  seize  the  castle  where  he  was  con- 
fined, but  her  endeavors  were  fruitless, 
and  her  guilty  husband  died  in  prison.  Though 
afterwards  soiieited  in  raarriyge,  she  lived  in 
widowhofxl,  and  of  her  lour  children  only 
two  daughters  survived,  whom  she  placed  in 
monasteries.  She  was  so  elegant  a  writer 
that  hen  pist'es  wore  collected  and  published 
at  Venice  1552.  Though  she  did  not  pro- 
fess to  be  learned,  yet  she  infused  spirit, 
and  all  the  graces  and  flowers  of  erudition  in- 
to her  pieces,  and  she  fully  deserved  all  the 
praises  and  flattering  compliments  of  Hor- 
tensio  Lando,  and  of  the  wits  of  her  time. 
She  died  at  Mil.in  1576. 

Go  NX  AG  A,  Scipio,  a  noble  Italian,  educa- 
ted at  Padua,  and  eminent  for  his  knowledge 
of  philosophy  and  divinity.  He  was  created 
a  cardinal  by  Sixtus  VI.  and  died  1593,  aged 
51  He  wrote  some  poems  and  left  manu- 
script memoirs  of  himself,  &c.  He  was  con- 
cerned in  the  establishment  of  the  academy 
of  Degli  Eterei  at  Padua. 

GoNXAGA,  Vespasian,  dukeof  Sabbioneta, 
a  city  which  he  founded,  and  which  he 
adorned  with  churches  and  schools,  died  1591, 
aged  60,  universally  respected  as  a  liberal 
patron  of  literature,  and  as  an  excellent  Ita- 
lian poet. 

GoNXALEZ,  Thyrsus,  a  Spaniard,  general 
of  the  Jesuits,  who  died  at  Home  1705.  He 
is  author  of  the  Doctrine  of  Probability,  folio, 
1694,  and  of  several  other  tracts. 

GoODALL,  Walter,  a  writer,  born  in  the 
shire  of  Angus,  and  educrtte*.!  at  King's  col- 
lege, Aberdeen.   He  is  kjiov/n  as  a  philologist. 


and  as  the  author  of  a  Vindication  of  M%ry, 
in  2  vols.  1751,  in  which  he  shows  himself 
very  strongly  attached  to  the  house  of  Stuart. 
He  died  at  Edinbrugh  1758,  aged  71.  H« 
has  been  censured  for  his  excessive  fondneSA 
of  drinking. 

Goodwin,  John,  an  able  disputant,  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  college,  Cambridge,  and 
appointed  1633,  miuister  of  St.  Stephen, 
Coleman  street,  London,  from  which  he  was 
ejected  1G45  for  refusing  to  adminster  the 
sacrament  to  his  people  promi.scuoUvsly.  Un- 
der the  republic  his  principles  were  so  vio- 
lent that  he  wrote  a  vindication  of  the  be- 
heading of  Charles  I.  At  the  restoration  hft 
was  excepted  from  the  act  of  indemnity,  and 
his  works  were  burnt  by  the  hangman,  and 
he  soon  after  died  lamented  by  few.  His 
writings  which  were  in  favor  of  Arminianism, 
were  a  treatise  of  Justification,  4to. — Expo*- 
sittou  of  the  ninth  of  the  Romans,  4to. —  Re- 
deraption  redeemed,  fol.  &c. 

Goodwin,  Thomas,  a  puritanical  divine, 
born  5th  Oct.  1600,  at  liolseby,  Norfolk,  and 
educated  at  Christ  church,  Cambridge.  He 
was  fellow  of  Catherine  hall,  but  in  1630  to 
avoid  persecution  he  went  to  Holland,  and 
settled  at  Arnheira,  as  pastor  of  the  English 
church  there.  During  the  civil  wars  he  re- 
turned to  London,  and  was  one  of  the  assem- 
bly of  divines  at  Westminster,  and  in  1649 
was  made  by  Cromwell  president  of  Magda- 
len college,  Oxford,  lie  attended  the  protec- 
tor in  his  last  illness,  and  was  ejected  front 
Oxford,  at  the  restoration.  He  afterwards 
preached  to  an  assembly  of  independents  in 
London  till  his  death,  23d  Feb.  1679.  His 
works  have  been  collected  5  vols,  folio.  He 
is  supposed  by  Granger  to  be  alluded  to  in 
No.  494  of  the  Spectator. 

GooL,  John  Van,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  the  Hague  1683.  He  also  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  the  lives  and  works  of  the  Flemish 
painters. 

GordianI.  emperor  of  Rome,  was  inves- 
ted with  the  purple  in  Afi'ica  much  against 
liis  wish,  ^37,  in  the  reign  of  Maximinus. 
His  son  of  the  same  name  assumed  the  im- 
perial power  with  him,  but  soon  after  their 
elevation  they  were  attacked  by  a  general  of 
Maximinus,  and  the  son  was  killed  in  battle, 
and  the  father  destroyed  himself  with  his 
girdle  237  A  youth  of  the  family  afterwards 
was  raised  to  the  throne,  but  a  few  years  after 
he  was  murdered  near  the  Euphrates  by  his 
minister  PhiUp,  244. 

Gordon,  Thomas,  a  political  waiter,  boi'ii 
at  Kircudbright,  Galloway.  He  came  to 
JvOndon  early,  and  distinguished  himself  in 
the  Bangorian  controversy,  and  other  politi- 
cal subjects  as  the  defender  of  lord  Oxford. 
He  was  patronised  by  Mr.  Trenchard,  who 
with  him  began  to  publish  under  the  name  of 
"  Cato"  a  number  of  letters  on  public  affairs. 
He  about  this  time  published  "  the  Independ- 
ent Whig,"  in  which  he  showed  his  violence 
against  the  hierarchy,  but  sir  Robert  Wal- 
pole,  knowing  his  abilities,  gained  him  over 
to  his  party,  and  made  him  commissioner  of 
M'ine  licenses.  Thus  devoted  to  the  minister. 


GO 


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ke  began  ably  to  defend  liis  ineasures  U\  se- 
veral jjaniphk'ls,  and  fontiiau-d  attached  to 
liiin  till  his  death,  uhleli  happened  iJSth  July, 
1750,  at  llie  age  of  tiu.  llih  second  wife  whs 
Trehchai'd's  widow,  hy  whom  he  had  sonie 
children.  IJosides  political  tracts,  he  pub- 
lished English  translations  of  Suliubt  aud  Ta- 
citus, with  additional  <liscoitrses. 

Gordon,  Alexundir,  M.  A.  a  Scotch- 
man, admired  as  a  draughtsman  and  as  a 
Grecian.  He  travelled  over  France,  Ger- 
many, and  other  \dfices,  and  was  secretary 
to  the  society  for  the  encouragement  of  learn- 
ing:, afterwards  to  the  Egyptian  chib,  whose 
members  hatl  visited  Egypt,  awl  to  the  anti- 
quarian society,  which  he  resigned  1741. 
He  went  with  governor  Glen  to  Carolina, 
Nvhere  he  died  a  justice  of  peace,  leaving  a 
handsome  inheritance  to  his  family,  lie 
wrote  "  ItJnerarium  Septentrionale,"  or  a 
Journey  through  Scotland,  with  plates — Lives 
of  Alexander  VI.  and  his  son  Ciesar  Borgia, 
&c.  folio — History  of  Ancient  Amphithea- 
tres— and  25  Plates  of  Egyptian  Mummies, 
&c.  folio,  1739 — Ilieroglyphical  Figures,  &c. 

GoKDON,  James,  a  Jesuit,  descended  from 
a  Scotch  family.  He  taught  philosophy  and 
languages  at  Bourdeaux  and  Paris,  and 
suffered  much  for  the  catholic  religion.  He 
died  at  Paris  1G'20,  aged  77.  He  wrote  Con- 
troversiarum  Christians  FKlei  Epitome,  2 
vols,  folio.  There  was  another  Jesuit  oi  that 
name,  author  of  a  Commentary  on  the  Bible, 
3  vols.  fol.  1632,  and  other  works. 

Gordon,  Robert, of  Stralogh,  was  author 
of  "  Theatrum  Scotia,"  an  excellent  book 
^?ith  maps  of  the  country,  dedicated  to  Oli- 
ver Cromwell.  He  died  about  the  middle  of 
the  17th  century. 

Gordon',  Andrew,  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
■who  became  professor  of  jthilosophy  in  the 
Scotch  monastery  of  Benedictines  at  Erfurt, 
where  he  died  1751,  aged  39.  He  wrote 
Pbcenomena  Electricitatis  Exposita,  8vo. — 
Philosophia  Jucunda  et  Utilis,  3  vols.  8vo. 
—Origin  of  the  Present  War  of  Great  Bri- 
tain, 4to. — PhysictB  Experimentalis  Elemen- 
ta,  8vo.  He  first  substituted  a  cylinder  in- 
stead of  a  globe  in  his  electrical  machine. 

Gordon,  lord  George,  son  of  Cosmo 
duke  of  Gordon,  was  originally  in  the  navy, 
•which  a  dispute  with  the  first  lord  of  the  ad- 
miralty obliged  him  to  quit.  He  afterwards 
obtained  a  seat  in  parliament  for  Ludgei-s- 
hall,  and  anxious  to  gain  popularity  he  vio- 
lently opposed  the  ministry,  and  attacked  the 
hill  which  granted  certain  immunities  to  the 
lioman  catholics.  Not  satisfied  with  the  op- 
position which  he  gave  to  the  measures  in 
the  house,  he  had  the  imprudence  to  head 
the  mob  when  they  presented  a  petition  to 
the  commons,  and  thus  by  his  artful  and  in- 
tempei\atv;  conduct,  he  occasioned  those 
dreadful  riots,  which  in  1780  nearly  convert- 
ed the  capital  into  a  heap  of  ruins.  So  gross 
a  violation  of  duty  did  not  pass  unnoticed,  he 
was  sent  to  New  gate  and  tried,  but  acquitted. 
In  1786  he  was  excommunicated  for  refusing 
to  appear  as  a  witness  in  a  cause,  and  two 
years  :\fter  hn  was  found  guilty  of  publishing 


a  gros^  libel  against  tlic  qiieen  of  Franct. 
To  avoid  the  punishment  due  to  this  offence 
helled  tolloilanii,  but  soon  alter  returned 
in  the  habit  of  a  Jew.  His  disguise,  however, 
could  not  iicreen  him  from  the  pursuits  of 
the  oHicers  of  tiie  law,  he  was  sent  to  New- 
gate, and  died  tiiere  1793,  aged  43. 

(jO  iiE,  Thomas,  born  of  an  ancient  family 
at  Aldeiton,  Wilts,  was  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  was  (-f  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  died  on  his 
estate,  1684,  author  of  some  Latin  miscella- 
neous piece:;. 

GouEn. i,a)i  Italian  poet,  born  at  Arezzo, 
He  wrote  after  the  manner  of  Dante,  the 
history  of  his  (country  from  1010,  to  1384, 
which  if  not  elegant  as  a  poem.  Is  however 
useful  as  a  chronicle. 

GoRGiAS,  Leonlinus,  a  philosopher  of 
Sicily,  B.  C.  +17,  so  eminent  that  a  statue  of. 
gold  was  raised  to  liis  honor  at  Delphi. 

GoRius,  or  Go K 10,  AntoniusFranciscus, 
an  historian,  critic,  and  antiquarian  of  Flo- 
rence. He  wrote  several  valuable  works  o:i 
Grecian  and  lioman  antiquities,  especially 
Musjeura  Etruscum,  3  vols,  fol — Mussbuin 
Cortonense,  fol. — Inscription  on  Tuscany, 
3  vols.  fol. — Description  of  the  grand  duke's 
Cabinet,  11  vols.     He  died  1757. 

GoRLiEus,  Abraham,  an  antiquarian  of 
Antwerp,  who  died  at  Delft,  1609,  aged  69. 
He  published  an  interesting  collection  of  the 
rings  and  seals  of  the  ancients,  the  best  edi» 
tion  of  which  is  th.ilof  Leydcn,  1625.  He 
also  gave  to  the  public,  a  collection  of  medals 
in  1008,  in  which,  says  Scaliger,  he  is  not  al- 
ways to  be  depended  upon.  His  collections 
of  antiques  were  sold  by  his  heirs  to  the 
prince  of  Wales. 

GoRL.«us,  David,  a  native  of  Utrecht,  ia 
the  I7lh  centui'v,  author  of  some  philosophi- 
cal books,  in  which  he  advanced  new  opi- 
nions. 

GoROPius,  John,  a  physician  of  Brabant, 
who  after  travelling  over  Europe,  settled  at 
Antwerp.  In  his  "  Origines  Antverpiana," 
he  maintained  with  ridiculous  pertinacity, 
that  Flemish  was  the  language  ol  Adam.  He 
died  1572. 

CJoRRAN",  Nicholas  de,  a  Dominican,  con? 
fessor  to  l^hilip  the  Fair  of  France.  He  died 
1295.  He  was  an  admired  and  eloquent 
preacher,  and  his  sermons,  together  with  a 
commentary  on  the  gospels,  appeared  at 
Paris  1523  and  1539. 

GoRREUs,  a  protestant  physician  at  Paris, 
w  ho  published  a  translation  of  Nicander,  and 
died  1572,  aged  72.  Upon  being  suddenly 
arrested  by  some  soldiers,  on  account  of  his 
religion,  he  unfortunately  lost  his  senses. 

GoR TER,  John,  a  native  of  Enhuysen,  in 
West  Friesland,  who  tookhis  doctor's  degree 
in  medicine  at  Leyden,  and  in  1725,  became 
medical  lecturer,'  and  public  physician  at 
Harderwvck.  He  afterwards  went  to  Pe- 
tersburg, but  returned  in  1758,  to  Holland, 
and  died  1702,  aged  73.  He  wrote  a  trea- 
tise de  Perspiratione  Insensibili  Sanctoriana 
Batavia — Compendium  Medicince — de  Secre- 
tione  Humorura  e  Sanguine  ex  Sohdorumi 
Fabricvi,  &c. — MorbiEpidcmiciDescriptio  e* 


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Cuatlo — Materies   Medica,     &c. — Exercita- 
tiones  Medicine,  4to.  &c. 

GossELiN,  Antony,  regius  professor  of  his- 
tory and  eloquence,  and  principal  of  the 
college  du  Bois,  at  Caen,  published  the  his- 
tory of  the  ancient  Greeks,  in  Latin  1636, 

Go  SSE  LIN  I,  Julian,  a  writer  born  at  Home, 
1525.  At  the  age  of  17,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  to  Ferdinand  Gonzaga,  viceroy  of 
■Sicily,  in  whose  service  he  continued  4u 
years.  He  published  several  things  in  Ita- 
lian, in  verse  and  prose,  besides  Latin  poems, 
and  died  at  Milan,  1587. 

Goth,  Stephen,  archbishop  of  Upsal, 
who  by  attempting  in  vain  to  restore  the  Ro- 
man catholic  religion  in  Sweden,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  John  the  king,  nearly  kindled  a 
civil  war  in  the  1 6th  century. 

Gothofred,  Dennis,  an  able  lawyer, 
born  at  Paris.  He  taught  law  in  some  of  the 
German  universities,  but  was  not  permitted 
to  reside  in  France,  on  account  of  his  attach- 
ment to  the  principles  of  Calvin.  He  died 
1622,  aged  73.  He  edited  "Corpus  Juris 
Civilis,"  and  wrote  some  law  treatises,  pub- 
lished in  Holland,  in  foHo. 

Gothofred,  Theodosius,  eldest  son  of 
the  preceding,  Avas  born  at  Geneva,  1580, 
and  professed  the  catholic  religion,  which  his 
father  had  abjured.  He  became  counsellor 
of  state,  and  assisted  in  the  embassy  for  a 
general  peace  at  Munster,  where  he  died 
1649.  He  wrote  several  works  on  the  his- 
tory, rights,  and  titles  of  the  French  mon- 
archy. 

Gothofred,  James,  son  of  Dennis,  was 
born  1587.  He  was  a  Calvinist,  and  enjoy- 
ed five  times  the  office  of  Syndic,  and  other 
high  appointments  at  Geneva,  where  he  died 
1652.  He  wrote  several  works,  which  dis- 
play his  great  and  extensive  erudition. 

Gothofred,  Dennis,  son  of  Theodosius, 
was  born  at  Paris,  1615,  and  died  at  Lisle, 
1681,  director  of  the  chamber  of  accounts. 
He  wrote  the  histories  of  Charles  VL  VH. 
and  Vni. 

Gothofred,  John,  son  of  Dennis,  just 
mentioned,  succeeded  his  father  as  director 
at  Lisle.  He  was  equally  well  skilled  in  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  France,  and  wrote 
Journal  de  Henry  HI. — Memoires  of  Mar- 
guerite, and  an  edition  of  Philip  Comines. 
He  died  1732,  very  old. 

Gotteschalc.  Fit/.  Godeschalc. 

Go  TTi,  Vincent  Lewis,  an  Italian  of  Bo- 
logna, made  a  cardinal  by  Benedict  XIH. 
He  w  rote  several  works  on  theology,  &c.  and 
died  1742,  aged  78. 

GoTTiGNiES,  Giles  Francis,  a  native  of 
Brussels,  professor  of  mathematics  at  Rome, 
where  he  died  1689,  aged  59.  He  was  also 
a  Jesuit,  and  wrote  Elementa  Geometriae 
Planx — AritUmetica  Introductio  ad  Logisti- 
cam  Mathesi  Universse  Servicntem — Epis- 
toliB  Mathemat. — Figura  Comctarum,  qui 
apparuerunt  Annis  1664,  5,  and  8. 

GoTTLEBER,  John  Christopher,  an  ex- 
cellent German  critic,  who  died  1785,  aged 
52.  Of  his  learned  works,  the  best  known 
is  Animadversions  on  Plato's  works. 


GoTTSCHED,  John  Christopher,  a  Ger- 
man poet  of  Koningsberg,  professor  of  logic, 
philosophy,  and  metaphysics,  who  died  at 
Leipsic  1766,  aged  66.  He  was  assisted  in 
the  composition  of  his  dramatic  pieces  by 
his  wife,  and  so  great  was  his  influence  and 
celebrity,  that  he  banished  buffoonery  fronx 
the  stage,  and  spread  a  love  of  literature 
over  Germany.  His  wife  died  1762.  The 
best  of  his  works  are.  Essay  towards  a  Crit- 
ical History  of  Poetry  for  the  Germans — 
Collections  for  a  Critical  History  of  the  Lan- 
guage, Poetry,  and  Eloquence  of  Germany 
— Principles  of  General  Philosophy — Prin- 
ciples of  the  German  Language — the  Ger- 
man Theatre — Poems — the  Death  of  Cato, 
a  tragedy,  &c. 

GouDELiN,  or  GouDOTJi.1,  Peter,  a 
Gascon  poet,  born  at  Toulouse,  so  esteemed 
among  liis  countrymen,  that  he  is  called  the 
Homer  of  Gascony.  His  works,  containing 
great  sprightliness,  and  elegance,  were  pub- 
lished at  Toulouse,  and  Amsterdam.  He 
died  10th  Sep.  1649,  aged  70. 

GouDiMEL,  (/laudius,  an  excellent  mu- 
sician, put  to  death  at  Lyons,  for  setting  the 
psalms  of  Marot  and  Beza  to  music. 

Go  VEA,  Martial,  a  Latin  poet  of  the  16th 
century,  author  of  a  Latin  grammar. 

Go  VEA,  Andrew,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, taught  grammar  and  philosophy,  and 
established  under  John  HI  of  Portugal,  the 
college  of  Coimbra.     He  died  1548. 

Go  VEA,  Antony,  youngest  brother  of  the 
preceding,  eminent  for  his  erudition,  and 
professor  of  law  at  Toulouse,  and  then  at 
Turin.  Besides  an  excellent  edition  of  Vir- 
gil and  of  Terence,  he  wrote  Latin  epigrams, 
and  a  commentary  on  Cicero's  Topica.  He 
died,  as  Blount  says,  after  an  inordinate 
meal  of  cucumbers,  at  Milan  1565,  aged  60. 

Gouge,  William,  mini.sterof  Blackfriars, 
was  born  at  Stratford  le  Bow.  He  was  of 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  and  is  remarka- 
ble for  not  being  absent  from  morning  and 
evening  prayers  for  nine  years,  and  for  read- 
ing 15  chapters  of  the  bible  every  day.  He 
was  one  of  the  ministers  of  the  assembly  of 
Westminster,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the 
annotators  of  the  bible.  He  died  16th  Dec. 
1653,  and  was  buried  at  his  own  chui-ch, 
leaving  an  exemplary  character  for  perse- 
verance as  a  preacher,  for  humility,  faith, 
and  patience.  He  wrote  "  the  whole  Ar- 
mour of  God" — Exposition  of  the  Lord's 
Prayer — "Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to 
the  Hebrews,"  and  other  works  in  support 
of  Calvinism. 

Gouge,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  King's  colleges, 
Cambridge,  and  became  minister  of  St.  Se- 
pulchre, London,  for  24  years,  but  was  ejee- 
ted  at  the  restoration.  He  died  in  bis  sleep 
1681,  aged  77.  He  wrote  several  books  of 
practical  divinity,  and  distributed  many  thou- 
sand copies  of  the  bible,  catechism,  &c. 
among  the  300  schools  Avhich  he  is  said  to 
have  established  in  Wales.  Dr.  Tillotson 
preached  his  funeral  sermon,  though  he  was 
a  nonconformist. 


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Gouges,  Mary  Olynipij  do,  a  native  of 
Moiitiiiibsin.  DiU'iiij;;  iliv  revolution,  she 
t.'s;>oiis<.'(l  'lie  vi(j|ciit  iuchhiiics  ol"  llic  liiuus, 
an«l  iiu\ils-' Mirrtbeaii  llit,-  heroor  licr  wriiiiifjs. 
Jii.>nocLioii,  liOH  L'Vi'f,  »ii(l  llir  eiionuilies  ol" 
tlie  (Jiues  cook'd  lic-r  jirfjutlices,  uiiti  ulin 
XiOuia  X\'I.  was  di'a}j:y;fti  bol'oic  the  bloody 
triliuni'l,  slu!  had  the  cdiirat^e  Ui  ikiiiand  of 
Jth'.- ( onvetilion  llie  pj-i\  ileR;u  ordeleiidinu;  nti 
itiiiucenl  iiKiiiari'h.  I'liis  lieiviie  loiuliict, 
nufi  her  atlaiks  tijiou  >laral  atMl  liobes- 
Jticire,  maiked  her  out  foe  death.  Slie  was 
Kitillotined  .'id  N((>einher  17'J'2,  aped  ;JS.  She 
Avi-i/le  snitic  drjiiiiatic.  pteecs,  which  wei'e 
eolleiled  in  thj-cc  vols.  Svo. 

Co  I'jE'i',  Claude  l'cter,a  French  w  ritei- 
^v]\o  died  at  Paris  1707,  aged  70.  lie  \ni\)- 
lislicd  a  suj)plciiiciit  to  Dupin's  Rihliothe- 
cpic,  IS  vf)l.s.  I'Jmo. — liichclet's  Dii1,ioiia:-y, 
^c.  His  library  consisted  oi"  above  10,000 
volumes.  " 

(to  t'JON,  .Tolm,  a  sculj>tnr  of  t'aris,  iVom 
the  correctness  ajid  grace  of  his  worksj  cal- 
led the  Corcg!;io  of  sciili)ture.  He  ilorislied 
in  t]»e  1  eigns  of  Francis  I.  and  Henry  H. 
and  was  killed  at  the  massacre  of  St.  IJar- 
tholonicw  157-2. 

GoiT.AUT,  Simon,  an  able  writer,  born 
near  Paris  1543.  He  studied  at  Geneva, 
Avliere  lie  succeeded  Calvin  as  minister;  and 
cMed  there  IG-JS.  He  wrote  an  History  of 
the  League, — Notes  on  Plutarcirs  works, 
translated  by  Amiot, — and  on  C;.  prian's 
■works  ;  and  published  besides  some  treatises 
on  <livinity, — and  on  moral  subjects, — and  a 
'l^-anslation  of  Seneca,  and  other  ruthors. 
His  works  are  enumerated  in  .Niceron's 
IXIemoirs. 

Gould,  Robert,  an  English  poet,  who 
died  1708.  His  works,  Avhich  are  miscel- 
laneou.s,  appeared  in  1709,  2  vols.  Svo. 

Go u LIN,  John,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Ilheims  lOlh  Feb.  IT'-ZS.  He  studied  me- 
dicine, but  was  more  distinguished  as  an 
author,  learned,  judicious,  and  eidiglitened. 
He  published  various  works  of  merit,  and 
*lied  at  Paris  1799. 

GouLSTOX,  Theodore,  a  physician,  born 
in  Northamptonshire,  and  educated  at  Mer- 
ton  college,  Oxford,  where  he  became  fel- 
low, and  Avhere  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D. 
1610.  He  jiractised  with  great  celebrity  in 
London,  and  died  1032,  and  by  his  will  left 
200/.  to  purchase  a  rent-charge,  to  endow  a 
pathological  lecture  in  the  college  of  physi- 
cians. He  wrote  a  paraphrase  of  Aristotle, 
and  of  odier  Greek  writers. 

GouLU,  John,  a  French  writer,  born  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  162.5,  aged  49.  He 
translated  into  French  Epictctus,  Aii-ian, 
Basil,  Diogenes  the  Areopagite,  &c.  and  had 
a  very  son  ere  controvei'sy  with  Balzac. 

GorpiL,  Jame«-,  a  native  of  Lucon^ 
who  studied  medicine  ut  Pnris,  and  succeed- 
ed there  J.  Sylvius  as  royal  professor  of  phy- 
sic 1.555.  Besides  editing  several  Greek 
medical  writer.s,  he  translated  from  the  Ita- 
lian, I'iccolomini's  treatise  on  the  sphere  of 
the  world,  and  died  15G4. 

Goupv,    Joseph,    a. French   artist,  ad- 

VOL.  I.  77 


mired  fur  liis  execution  iu  water  colore,  and 
for  kis  f>kill  as  a  copier.  He  tuu^ht  the 
jiiiucess  <if  \\  hIcs  ;  an<l  his  cartoons  were 
bo  hifihiy  valuef),  that  liu-  duke  oi-  Chando". 
}^:ive  300/.  loi-  the  copy,  \.  hen,  liie)  pioduct-.l 
at  his  death  not  more  tliun  17  jjulncaJ.  He 
died  1747. 

GoL'UDO.v,  Sinjon,  a  native  of  I'ari.s,  w  Lo 
at  the  age  of  Ift,  embraced  Jlic  cc«;lesi.istical 
pr(;ie3Hion  among  the  canons  ol  Si  \  iclor, 
and  lived  a  very  austere  lile  till  his  dealli 
17'29,  aged  8.j.  Jle  was  author  of  Letters  ou 
Cases  of  (Conscience,  h}  nins,  kc. 

(iouiiXAY,  Mary  do  Jars,  lady  of,  a 
l''renchu'onian,  born  in  (iascony  15 05,  and 
allied  to  several  illustiiouj  families.  Siie 
had  a  great  partiality  lor  literature,  and  she 
showeil  such  re?»>)ect  for  ^lontaigne  upon 
reading  his  fust  essays,  which  W(!re  then 
published,  that  she  solicited  his  frietidsbij*; 
and  on  the  death  of  her  father,  adopted  hinx 
as  her  own  parent.  Thuti  «Ievoted  in  the 
muses,  and  the  purest  regai-ds  of  this  cele- 
brated ]>liilo3op}u'r,  she  passed  the  best  part 
of  her  life,  rejecting  every  connexioti  whifli 
might  dc'jtroy  her  friendslup  and  her  men- 
tal enjoyments.  On  MonL;iigne's  <Ieat!),  she 
crossed  the  kingdom  to  Ojingle  her  tears 
with  those  of  his  widow  and  her  muvh  loved 
di'ughter,  and  as  a  proof  of  her  great  grati- 
tude and  immortal  alfection,  she  reprinted 
his  Essay  in  1G34,  with  an  elegant  prefac« 
sacred  to  his  memory.  Her  works,  in  prose 
and  verse,  were  pviblishcd  in  1G36,  in  oi'.o 
volume.  She  died  1G4.5  at  Paris,  and  licp 
memory  was  honored  with  various  epitaphs 
friMu  the  pens  of  Menage,  Valois,  Patio,  in 
Mothe,  Vayer,  and  others. 

GouHvij.LL,  John  Heranld,  author  of 
"  Memoirs"  containing  anecdotes  of  the 
French  ministers  from  Mazarin  to  Colbert, 
and  f)f  Lewis  XIV.  was  originally  valet  to  the 
duke  of  itouchefoucaull,  and  by  him  raised 
for  his  merit,  to  offices  of  trust  and  confi- 
dence.    He  died  1705,  aged  80. 

GoussET,  Janiesv,  a  French  protcstont 
minister  of  Blois,  v  ho  left  France  at  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  be- 
came professoi-  of  Greek  and  t/ieology  at 
Groningen.  He  died  there  1704,  lea>ing 
several  books  as  proofs  of  his  great  eru- 
dition, especially  an  Hebrew  Uietiopary, — 
Dissertations  on  Controversy  with  tXc  Jews, 
kc. 

Go  UTHiERESj  James,  a  French  advocate, 
br)rn  at  Chnumont.  He  wrote  some  valuable 
woi'ks,  "  de  Yctcre  Jure  Pontificis  Kgnr.c 
Publico"  kc.     He  died  1638. 

Gouviox,  N.  a  Frencli  officer  who  serv- 
ed in  America,  and  during  the  revoluiioa 
was  menjbcr  of  the  national  assembly,  an<l 
afterwards  genei'al  in  llic  army  of  the  North, 
wheie  he  was  killed  at  the  head  of  his  troops, 
lllh  June,  1793,  near  the  villagtj  of  Glis- 
velle. 

GouXT)t:  LA  BouLAYE,  Fraucis  le,  a 
native  of  Anjou,  w  ho  travelled  through  ,\sia 
and  Africa  in  the  character  of  a  Mahome- 
tan, and  through  Europe  as  a  catholic,  of 
which  he  published  an  account  in  4ta  1653. 


GR 


GR 


He  went  as  ambassador  to  the  great  Mogul 
itx  IfiGS,  and  was  carried  oft' by  a  fever  the 
next  year  in  Persia. 

GouYE,  John,  ft  Jesuit  and  mathemati- 
cian of  Dieppe,  member  of  the  academy  of 
Sciences,  lie  wrote  Matliematlcal  and  Phi- 
losophical Observations,  2  vols.  8vo.  He  died 
at  Paris,  17'25,  aged  75. 

GouYE  LoNGUEMARE,  a  French  autlior 
■vvho  wrote  some  memoirs  and  dissertations, 
to  illustrate  the  history  of  Francnc,  and  died 
1763. 

GowER,  John,  an  old  English  poet,  born 
in  Yorkshire  1320.  He  v.as  professor  of  law 
in  the  Inner  Temple,  and  according  to  some 
was  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas.  He 
was  a  niunificciit  benefactor  to  St.  Mary's 
church,  now  St.  Saviour's,  Southwark,  w  here 
his  monument  is  still  preserved.  His  works 
called  Speciilum  Aleditantis — Vo.\  Claman- 
lis — Confessio  Amantis,  were  first  printed 
by  Caxton,  1483.  They  possess  great  spirit, 
and  the  author  in  bold"  and  energetic  lan- 
guage inveighs  against  the  debaucheries  of 
the  limes,  the  immorality  of  the  clergy,  the 
wickedness  of  corrupt  judges,  and  the  vices 
of  an  abandoned  court. 

GoYEN,  John  Van,  a  painter  of  Leyden, 
Avlio  died  1656,  aged  60.  His  landscapes, 
battles,  and  sea-pieces  are  most  highly  val- 
ued. 

Goio^x,  Deodati,  grand  master  of  the  or- 
der of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  dieci  1353. 
A  fabulous  story  is  related  of  his  killing  an 
enormous  dragon  that  infested  Rhotles. 

Gozxi,  count  Gaspar,  a  Venetian  noble 
who  died  17S6,  aged  73,  illustrious  for  his 
lyrical  and  satirical  poems.  He  was  al.=!0  the 
author  of  apei'iodical  paper  "I'Observatore," 
in  imitation  of  the  Spectator.  His  works  ap- 
peared together  at  Venice  1794,  in  12  vols. 
8vo. 

Graaf,  Barent,  a  painter  of  Amsterdam, 
who  died  1709,  aged  ill.  His  landscapes 
w  ere  in  the  style  of  Bomboccio. 

Graaf,  Uegnier  d  >,  a  physician  born  at 
Schoonhaven  in  Holland,  13th  July  l64l. 
He  studied  at  Leydcn,  and  with  such  success, 
that  in  1G63  he  published  a  most  respecta- 
ble treatise  *'  de  Succo  Pancreatico."  He 
went  to  France,  and  settled  at  Delft,  where 
he  practised  with  great  celebrity.  He  had  a 
controversy  with  Swamraerdam,  on  account 
of  the  three  treatises  which  he  published  on 
the  organs  of  generation  in  the  human  spe- 
cies. He  died  I7th  August  1673,  aged  only 
52.  His  works  appeared  at  Leyden  1677, 
and  1705,  and  were  translated  into  Flemish, 
1686. 

Graa\v,  Henry,  a  native  of  Hoorn,  dis- 
ciple to  Van  Canijien.  His  historical  pieces 
are  admired.     He  died  1682,  aged  55. 

GKABE,John  Ernest,  a  native  of  Kon- 
ingsberg,  in  Prussia,  who  studied  divinity 
with  great  attention,  ar.d  then  determined 
to  go  to  Rome,  to  embrace  popery,  because 
he  considered  the  Roman  church  as  the 
true  church  of  Christ.  He  pubUshed  his 
opinions  before  his  departure,  but  before  he 
reached  Rome,   he  met  with  three  Pam- 


phlets which  had  been  Avritten  by  order  of 
the  elector  of  Bradenburg,  in  answer  to  hi^ 
book,  and  these  had  such  an  eflect  upon  him, 
that  after  convex'sing  with  Spener,  the  au- 
thor of  one  of  them,  he  resolved  to  come  to 
England,  as  the  only  place  which  retained 
the  regular  succession  of  the  Apostolic  min- 
istry, M'ithout  the  superstitions  of  Rome. 
He  was  liberally  received  in  England,  and 
presented  to  the  degree  of  D.  D.  by  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  and  in  proof  of  his  sinceri- 
ty, and  his  adherence  to  the  principles  of  the 
Anglican  church,  he  took  orders,  and  wrote 
some  valuable  -.vorks  in  divinity.  He  also 
published  an  edition  of  the  Septuagint,  from 
the  Alexandrian  IMS.  preserved  in  the  king's 
library.  He  died  1712,  aged  46,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  Westminster  abbey. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius,  and  Caius,  sons  ol 
Sempronius  Gracchus  by  Cornelia,  are  cele- 
brated for  their  intrigues  and  death.  By  at- 
tempting to  revive  the  Agrarian  law  at  Rome, 
they  drew  down  upon  themselves  the  veii- 
geance  of  the  senate.  They  were  both  killed, 
Tiberius  133  B.  C.  and  Caiug,  some  yeai'S  af- 
ter. 

Gracchus,  Sempronius,  a  Roman  ban 
ished  for  his  licentious  amour  with  Julia,  to 
a  solitary  island  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  where 
14  years  after  he  was  assassinated. 

Gracchus,  liutilius,  a  Roman  poet  of  the 
loth  century.  Though  possessing  merit,  he 
was  inconsistent  in  his  character. 

Gracian,  Balthazar,  a  Spanish  Jesuit, 
rector  of  the  college  of  Arragon.  He  died 
1658.  His  sermons  and  theological  treatises 
were  highly  esteemed  among,  his  country- 
men, though  written  in  a  turgid  and  affect' 
ed  style, 

Gradenigo,  Peter,  doge  of  Venice,  is 
known  in  the  history  of  Europe,  for-  chang- 
ing the  government  of  his  country,   from  a- 
democracy  to  an  aristocracy.     He  died  1303. 

GRiECiNus,  Julius,  a  native  of  Frejus, 
Forum  Julii,  put  to  death  by  Caligula,  for  re- 
lusing  to  become  the  accuser  of  M.  Silaaus, 
He  wrote  a  book  on  agriculture,  and  was  tha 
father  of  Jul.  Agricola. 

GrjEme,  John,  a  Scotch  poet  born  at 
Carnwarmth,  Lanarkshire,  1748.  As  the 
youngest  of  four  sons  and  of  a  weakly  con- 
stitution, he  was  intended  for  the  ministry 
by  his  father,  a  farmer  of  the  middling  class, 
whose  income  arose  chiefl)  from  hisindu-^^ti-y. 
From  the  school  of  Lanark,  he  was  removed 
to  Edinburgh  university,  where  his  talents 
soon  displayed  themselves  in  the  composition 
of  elegant  Latin,  and  in  the  acquisition  of 
the  more  abstruse  sciences  of  natural  philo- 
sophy and  metaphysics.  He  declined  ac- 
'  cepting  an  exhibition  at  the  university  of  St. 
I  Andrew's,  and  satisfied  with  the  friendship 
I  of  Wilkie,  the  autlior  of  the  Epigoniad,  he 
devoted  himself  fully  to  the  cultivation  of 
the  muses,  in  the  ease  and  retirement  of  a 
college  life,  but  his  rising  fame  was  cut  short 
by  the  appearance  of  a  rapid  consumption, 
of  which  he  died  26th  July,  1772,  aged  22. 
His  poems  consisting  of  elegies  and  miscel- 
laneous pieces  v/ere  printed  at  Edinburgh^ 


GR 


GR 


?7o,  Svo.  ami  exhibited  him  in  tbe  cliaracter 
•)f  a  spirited  niitlior,  and  a  l)ciicv(>leiit   man, 
(ijiyicvi  L'S,  .lohii  (Jcoige,  aeelehnitcd  cri- 
tic, rifl.  Grevi  us. 

Craffio,  a  Jesuit  of  Capua  in  lh«?  IGlh 
century,  author  nt'  two  4lo.  voUinu-.s  on 
luoral  buhjecls.  lie  was  grand  pensiunai-y 
of  Naples. 

Gra  FiGN' V,  rrance:-,  a  Frciuli  lady,  w  Iio 
wrote  the  "  Pi-ruvian  lA-tloi's,"  an  admired 
unU  ek^gant  pLrfonn.'incf,  Iraiishilfd  into 
C'Vcry  Eurojtean  h^ni:;uat;e.  After  her  Iiiis- 
hand's  dvatli,  who  was  cli.amberhiin  to  the 
duke  of  Loi'rainc,  and  from  whom,  fur  his 
l»ruUiii-!.y,  she  was  scpr-.raled,  slie  removed  to 
l*arJ8,  to  live  with  the  wife  of  marshal  lliclic- 
licu,  where  she  died  ir;'>8,  uL^cd  C.i.  She 
Mro'e  also  Cenic — la  Fille  d'Aristide,  two 
dranjatic  peiccs. 

Gkafton',  liichani,  aiUiK;'.-  of  an  ahridg- 
Tiaent  of  the  Chronicles  of  l%n.i;l:ind,  and  of 
a  Chronicle  and  larire  meere  Hislorvc  of  the 
Aflayer.s  of  Mnj^land,  and  Kings  of  tlie  same 
from  the  Creation  of  tht."  \\'orltl,  was  horn  in 
London  under  Henry  Vlll.  and  died  there 
in  the  reign  of  Filizabeth. 

Graham,  (icorge,an  ecninGnl  watch  and 
clockmalicr  born  at  Gratwick,  Cumberland, 
1675.  In  1088  he  came  to  London,  arid  some 
time  after  lived  in  the  family  of  I'onjpion,  a 
clockmaker,  who  knew  his  merit,  loved  his 
person,  and  respected  his  abilities.  To  the 
most  perfect  knowledge  of  mechanics  he  ad- 
ded practical  astronomy,  and  by  his  perse- 
verance and  accuracy,  he  not  only  improved 
but  invented  several  astronomical  and  n)athe- 
matical  instruments,  with  a  degree  of  per- 
fection ^'.nd  dexterity  hitherto  unknown.  The 
great  mural  arch  in  Greenwich  observatory, 
Avas  made  for  iJr.  Ilalley  under  his  inspec- 
tion, and  divided  by  his  own  hand  ;  and  with 
his  sector  Dr.  Bradley  first  discovered  two 
new  motions  in  tiie  fixed  stars.  Dut  not  otdy 
England  was  benefjted  hy  Jiis  genius,  but  the 
rest  of  Europe.  'Ihe  instruments  uith 
■which  the  French  academicians  made  obser- 
vations to  ascertain  the  figure  of  the  earth, 
and  those  which  enriched  the  collections  and 
cabinets  of  the  king  of  Spain,  and  other 
princes,  were  all  constructed  by  this  most 
ingenious  and  eniiisent  artist.  As  a  member 
of  the  lioyal  society,  he  contributed  some 
valuable  discoveries,  especially  on  the  hora- 
ry alteratjon  of  the  magnetic  needle,  and  a 
quick  silver  pendulum,  and  other  particulars 
respecting  llie  sini])le  pendulum.  With  ;dl 
the  powers  of  his  genius,  he  was  candid  and 
raodest,  friendly  and  con:imnnicative,  and 
more  anxious  to  advance  the  happnu-ss  of 
mankind  by  the  improvement  of  science, 
than  to  accumulate  a  private  fortune.  The 
remains  of  this  most  respectable  man  were 
carried  Nov.  24,  1751,  with  great  solemnity 
10  Westminster,  and  deposited  in  the  same 
grave  with  his  friend  and  master  Tompion. 
Graham,  Catherine  Macaulay.  J'id.  Ma- 

CAULAV. 

Grain,  John  Baptiste  le,  a  French  histo- 
rian born  l:')i]5.  He  was  counsellor  and 
master  of  the  racncsts  to  ^uecn  Mary  de 


I  Mcdicis,  and  became  a  great  favorite  witU 
Heniy  I\'.  He  wrote  the  J)eca<les,  contain- 
ing the  History  of  Henry  1\".  :in«l  the  fiislo- 
ry  of  Louis  XHI.  to  the  rkalh  of  marshal 
<l*Ancre  lOlT.  fie  was  so  censured,  and  bw 
illiberally  abused  by  the  Jesuits,  who  interpo- 
lated his  works  to  make  biro  appear  ridicu- 
lous, that  be  ordei'e'd  in  hii  will  that  none  of 
his  descendants  should  he  educated  b)  the 
Jesuits.     He  died  at  Faris  10  i3. 

Gu.\  1  N  DOROE,  Andicw,  a  jdiysician  and 
pJiilosopher  of  the  E[)icurean  !»ect,  bo?  ij  at 
Caen.  He  wrote  some  treatises  on  fire,  light, 
colois,  Jkc.  and  di(;d  1070,  aged  OO. 

GjiAi  VGEU,  James,  lid.  Granger. 

(iRA.m AYE,  John  ^apti^.t,  provost  of  Arn- 
heim,  and  historiographer  to  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, was  taken  during  his  voyage  from  Ita- 
ly to  Spain,  and  carried  to  Algi/^rs.  He  re- 
turned honie  ai!(i  died  at  Luh<,cI035.  He 
wrote  an  History  of  Afiica — "  Feregriuatio 
Bclgica,  a  valuable  w  ork — Antiquitutes  Flan- 
drnc,"  &CC.  and  .some  poetry, 

Grammond,  tiabricl  lord  of,  president 
of  the  pa.rliument  of  Toulouse,  and  author 
of  the  History  of  Lewis  Xlll.  and  of  a  curi- 
ous History  of  the  Wars  of  Lewis  XIII. 
against  the  Protestants,  died  165-i,  respected 
for  his  integrity. 

Gramo  NT, 'Antony  dake  of,  marshal  of 
PVance,  is  known  as  a  warrior  and  a.,  a  writer. 
He  v/aaof  the  family  of  Gramont  in  Navarre, 
and  by  marriage  wasallied  to  cardinal  Itiche- 
lieu.  He  wrote  two  volun\es  of  -Memoirs, 
and  after  being  the  greatest  orr;ament  of 
the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  he  died  IG7S,  aged 
74. 

Gramont,  Phlllbcrt  count  cf,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  a  volunteer  under  Conde 
and  Turenne.  He  had  the  temerity  of  pay- 
ing his  addresses  to  the  misti-css  of  Lewis 
XIV.  and  in  co:ise«[uence  of  this,  his  servi- 
ces \fere  forgotten,  and  he  ilcd  to  England 
for  protection,  where  his  vivacity  and  agr-.-e- 
a!)le  Uiiinners  gained  him  many  admirers. 
He  became  a  favorite  at  the  court  of  Charles 
II.  and  afterwards  married  a  lady  of  the  name 
of  Hamilton.  His  memoirs  were  communf- 
cated  by  him  to  count  Hamilton,  by  whom 
they  were  made  public  in  elegant  and  inter- 
esting language. 

G randy,  Marquis  of.  Vid.  Manners. 

Grancolas,  John,  a  doctor  of  i!io  Sor- 
bonne,  author  of  some  theological  works, 
and  of  some  translations  of  the  fathers,  died 
17.32. 

Grand,  Antony  !e,  a  Cartesian  philoso- 
pher of  the  17th  century,  author  of  Koin« 
historical  treatises — ofn  Sacred  Histoi-v  from 
the  Creation  till  tlie  Age  of  Const.oilinc  (he 
Cireaf,  pnlUished  in  London  Svo. — anvl  of  In- 
Etitutio  Fhiiosophiic  Descr.rtes. 

(J RANI),  Joachim  le,  a  Frer.ch  political 
writer,  much  esteemed  .'itlhe  court  of  Lewis 
XIV.  He  wrote  some  interesting  tracts  on 
the  History  of  France,  besides  translations 
of  Lobu's  and  of  ifibeyro's  Histories,  and  the 
History  of  the  Divorce  of  Henry  VIH.  and 
Catharine  of  .\vragon,  3  vuh.  lledi.eJ  I'iy^, 
agcl  ^O 


GR 


GR 


GiiAND,  Mark  Antony  le,  a  Frcncli  ac- 
tor, who  died  at  Paris  172B.  His  various 
comedies  were  received  vilh  great  applause, 
as  well  as  Ins  pert'ormance  in  several  cliarac- 
ters.     His  vorks  ai)peared  4  vols.  12mo. 

Grand,  Levvis,  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne^ 
■born  at  Luzigiii  in  Autuu.  His  m  ci'ks,  an 
theolog:ical  subjects,  are  much  admired.  He 
dicil  17cS0. 

G>^AND,  Peter  le,  captain  of  a  Diep])e 
privateer,  was  famous  for  his  courage.  He 
attacked  in  1640,  with  his  ship  of  four  guns 
and  '28  men,  a  Spanish  vestel  of  54  gtiiis, 
•\rhicli  he  took  an<l  carried  ia  triumph  to 
France. 

Graxdet,  Joseph,  a  French  priest  of 
Angers,  whose  amiable  manners  and  bene- 
Tolence  of  heart  are  highly  commended.  He 
wrote  several  volumes  on  subjects  of  biogra- 
phy, in  12mo.  He  died  At  Angers  1724, 
aged  78. 

Grandi,  Francis  Levis,  a  native  of  Cre- 
jiioiia,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Florence, 
afterwards  at  Pisa,  and  then  abbot  of  St.  Mi- 
tihael  at  Pisa,  where  he  died  1742,  aged  71. 
He  Avrote  vailous  mathematical  works  of 
merit. 

Grandier,  Urban,  a  Jesuit,  native  of 
Uouvere,  near  Sable,  curate  and  canon  of 
St.  Peter's  Loudun,  in  France.  He  was  an 
eloquent  preacher,  and  as  he  recommended 
confession  to  the  curate  at  Easter,  he  drew 
upon  himself  the  envy  and  resentment  of  the 
raonks  at  Loudun.  He  was  accused  of  e;im- 
inal  conversation  with  rnaids  and  married 
ivoraen  in  his  own  church,  and  w  hen  honor- 
ably acquitted,  his  enemies  inveighed  against 
}iim,  for  causing  tJie  Ursuline  nuns  of  Lou- 
dun to  be  possessed  with  the  devil.  The  fol- 
ly of  this  accusation  would  have  appeared 
before  impartial  judges,  but  the  monks  per- 
suaded cardinal  Richelieu,  that  Grandier 
"Nvas  the  author  of  "  la  Cordonnierc  de  Lou- 
dun" a  severe  satire  «pon  himself,  and  con- 
sequently his  fate  was  determined  upon. 
He  was  ordered  to  be  tried,  and  soon  found 
guilty  of  magic,  witchcraft,  and  possession, 
and  condemned  to  be  burnt  alive,  and  to 
have  his  ashes  dispersed  in  the  air.  Tlie 
•Ueadful  sentence  was  executed,  and  this  in- 
nocent man  perished  in  the  flames,  because 
his  enemies  were  acrimonious  against  him, 
and  their  virulence  was  supported  by  the 
approbation  of  a  gloomy  tyrant  in  power. 

Grand  IN,  ?.Lartin,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  author  of  a  Popular  Course  of  The- 
ology, in  6  vols.  4to.  He  died  at  Paris  1691, 
aged""  87. 

Graxdius,  Gnido,  a  mathematician  of 
Ci'emona,  who  among  other  things  traiisla- 
ted  Euclid  into  Italian,  and  died  1742,  aged 
71. 

Grandl'ET,  Charles,  a  French  actor  for 
35  years,  the  successful  representative  of  all 
the  Paris  petils-maitres.  His  operas,  and 
other  poetical  pieces,  rnet  with  some  suc- 
cess on  the  stage. 

GRANET,Franci.s,  a  learned  French  wri- 
ter, intimate  with  the  abbe  de  Fontaine,  who 
speaks  Mith  great  respe*:^  of  his  tftlents  and 


amiabla  caarAct'er.  He  translated  Newton's 
Chronology,  and  wrote  Remarks  oa  Racine 
and  Cornciile,  and  was  for  some  time  en- 
gaged as  a  journalist  at  Paris,  where  he  died 
i7'4l. 

Gtv  A NGE,  Joseph  de  Chancel,  a  French' 
writer,  who  brought  upon  himself  several 
difticulties,  with  imprisonment  and  exile,  in 
consequence  of  a  satirical  work  on  Philip 
duke  of  Oi'leans.  He  died  1758,  aged  82, 
leaving  sevei'al  works.  His  tragedies  ai'e 
much  admired,  as  weU  as  bis  miscellaneous 
pieces,  and  they  display  genius,  judgment, 
and  sublimity. 

Grange,  Nicolas,  an  able  writer  and 
critic.  He  translated  Lucretius  with  notes, 
and  edited  the  Greek  antiquities  of  le  Bos. 
His  translation  of  Seneca  appeared  after  his 
death,  with  an  account  of  his  life  by  his 
friend  Diderot.  He  died  at  Paris  1775,  aged 
37- 

Granger  or  Grainger,  James  M.  D. 
a  physician,  known  as  the  author  of  a  poem 
on  the   Sugar  Cane,  of  a  translation  of  Ti- 
bnllus,  and  of  some  medical  tracts,  was  born 
at  Dunse  in  the  south  of  Scotland  1723.     He 
was  educated  at   Edinburgh,  and  was  under 
lord  Stair,   as  surgeon  in  the  army,   during 
the  (Jerman  campaign   of  1748,  and   after- 
ward- he  practised   in   London,    Avhere  his 
genius  and  learning  pi'ocured  him  the  friend- 
ship of  Shenstone  and  other  raen  of  letters. 
Probably  his  success  as  a  physician  was   not 
equal  to  his  expectations,  as  he  left  London^ 
and  embarked  to  settle  at  the   Island  of  St. 
Christopher.     In  his  passage  he   administer- 
ed to  the  cure  of  Mrs.  Burt,  who  sailed   in 
another  ship  of  the  fleet,  and  who  liad  been 
seized  with  the  small-pox,  and  by  his  friend- 
ly attentions  to  her,  he  gained   the  afl'ection 
of  her  daughter,  whom  he  married  as  soon 
as  he  reached  St.  Christopher.    In  the  midst 
of  a  respectable  practice.  Granger  did  not 
forget  the  muses.      He    wrote    his    Sugar 
Cane,  which  he  came  to  England  to  pu!)]ish, 
and  after  a  few  years'  residence,  again  re- 
turned to  his  favorite  island,  where  he  died 
of  a  contagious  fever,   1767.     His   wife  and 
ene  daughter  survived  Ids  loss.     In  his  char- 
acter he  was  a  man  of  pleasing  manners,  and 
of  ?;reat  benevolence  of  heart.     Hrs  merits 
as  a  poet  are  well  known.     Besides  the  Su- 
gar Cane,  he  wrote  an  Ode  to  Solitude, — a. 
West  Indian  Ballad, — Historia  Febris  Ano- 
malai  Balavte,  1746, — a  Treatise  on  the  more 
common      West    India    Diseases,    8vo. — a 
Translation  of  Tibullus'  Elegies  into  English 
verse. 

Granger,  James,  author  of  the  Biogra- 
phical Ilistor}'  of  England,  4  vols.  4to.  a  val- 
uable work,  \vas  vicar  of  Shiphike,  Oxon, 
and  died  LHh  April  1776,  in  consequence  of 
an  apoplectic  fit,  with  v.'hich  he  had  been  at- 
tacked on  the  preceding  day,  whilst  adminis- 
tering the  sacrament  in  his  own  church. 

Grant,  Francis, lord  Cullen,  an  eminent 
lawyer  and  judge  of  Scotland,  born  of  the 
ancient  family  of  the  Grants,  about  1660. 
He  was  educated  ai  Aberdeen,  and  finished 
his  studies  under  Voct  at  Leydeu,  and  dis- 


GR 


GR 


played  even  in  his  younger  years,  supIi  assi- 
*luitv!i8  promised  the  hii^liest  exertions.  On 
liis  return  to  Scotland  he  beciinie  tiii-  tVit-nd 
ol"  sir  CiGorge  .Mackenzie,  and  distiiif^uishcd 
himself  by  the  able  and  constitutional  char- 
ncler  which  he  su]>ported  at  the  rL'Vf)|iiti()n. 
VV^hih'  in  ihf  Scotch  convention  ol  LbUites, 
some  of  tlie  aged  lawyers  arj^ued  in  favor  of 
the  lious«^  of  Stuart,  he  boldly  and  niutifuliy 
adopted  the  principles  of  the  Kni^liali  nation, 
and  asserteil  the  right  of  ilie  people  to  fill  up 
the  vacant  throne.  This  decided  couduct 
tended  not  a  lillle  t')  recommend  the  succes- 
sion of  William  III.  and  (jlraut  thus  became 
n  popular  advocate,  and  a  politician  uhose 
opinions  were  respected  and  universally  :i|>- 
])i*oved.  Without  his  solicitation  he  wascre- 
:Ued  a  baronet  by  tpiecn  Anne  in  1705,  and 
a  year  after  he  was  nominated  one  of  the 
judges  of  Scotlar.d,  when  he  assumed  the 
fitle  of  lord  Cullen.  After  20  years  of  inde- 
li»tigable  and  honorable  labor  devoted  to  the 
good  of  his  country,  and  the  impartial  ad- 
miniotration  of  her  laws,  this  uprif^ht  ma- 
gistrate lell  a  sacrifice  to  an  illness  of  three 
days  Ifith  March  172G,  in  his  60th  year. 
Respected  as  a  judge  in  public,  and  as  a  man 
in  private  iiie,  he  was  equally  great  as  a  wri- 
ter. His  essays  on  law,  religion,  education, 
and  on  several  literary  subjects,  proved  him 
to  have  been  a  man  of  solid  sense,  e.\tensive 
erudition,  and  strongly  fix:ed  principles,  lie 
left  three  sons  and  nve  daughters. 

(iRANT,  I'atrick,  a  Scotch  judge,  by  the 
title  of  lord  Preston-Grange,  was  bora  at 
Edinhurgh  IG9S,  and  studied  at  Glasgow, 
Paris,  and  Leyden.  He  was  member  of  the 
house  of  coinraons,  and  in  1746  was  made 
lord  advocate,  and  in  1754  advanced  to  the 
bench.  He  wrote  some  ingenious  pieces 
against  the  rebellion  of  1745,  and  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  lawyer.  He  died  at 
Edinhurgh  1762,  aged  64. 

Granville,  George,  viseount  Lands- 
dow  ne,  an  English  poet,  second  son  of  Bar- 
nard Granville  esq.  brother  of  the  first  era-l  of 
Bath  of  this  name,  who  had  a  principal  siuire 
in  bringing  back  Charles  II.  The  father  of 
Barnard  was  sir  lievil,  killed  in  the  royal 
cause  at  Landsdowne  1643.  Under  the  tui- 
tion of  sir  Vrillam  Ellys,  a  pupil  of  Busby, 
young  Granville  travelled  abroad,  and  at 
the  age  of  11  he  entered  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  and  two  years  after,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  extraordinary  abilities,  he  was 
created  M.  A.  He  had  a  strong  passion  for 
H  military  life  ;  but  his  father  checked  his 
ambition  when  he  expi-essed  a  wish,  on  the 
insuiTection  of  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  to 
r.rm  in  defence  of  the  king,  and  his  ardor 
was  renewed  at  the  invasion  of  the  prince  of 
Orange,  but  he  was  equally  rebuked,  and  he, 
Avith  liis  family,  remained  quiet  spectators 
of  the  revoluiion,  and  ac(puesced  iit  the 
measures  of  parliament.  Unable  to  shine  in 
the  field  lie  devoted  himself  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  muses,  ami  soon  told  the  world, 
in  all  the  sweetness  of  amorous  poetry,  how 
much  he  was  charmed  with  the  beauty  of 
!M;.iv.j  0.  name  under  'vliich  ho  ;mn;r<i!r.]i. 


zed  tlie  charming,  but  ine.xorahlc  countess 
of  Newburgh.     In  vain  his  friends  expostula- 
ted with  him  for  the  prostitution  of  hi.s  poet- 
ry and  of  his  iauie,  at  the  shrine  of  unyield- 
ing charms  ;  he  indulge*!  his  favorite  pasbion, 
and,  in  enjoymgthc  company  of  the  fair,  he 
celebraleil,  after  the  example  of  his  predeces- 
sor Waller,  the  reigning  beaaties  of  the  age- 
ll<,-   wrote   also   some  dramatic    pieces,  and 
his  play  of  the  "  Ilrilish  Enchanterx,"  intro- 
duced on  the    slagt"  under  the   care  of  Uet- 
lerlon,  called   ami  obtauied    the    public  ap- 
plause for  iO  buccesoivc    nights.     Thus  dis- 
tinguished  as  a  writer,  ami  flattered  by  the 
muse  of  Addison  and  of  Diyden,  liranville, 
at  the  age   of  35,  was  introduced    to  <jueeu 
Anne  after  her  accessation,  and  found    that 
jiolite  reception  which  his  character  and  hi» 
great  veneration   for    his  royal  mistress  de- 
served.    In  seconding  the  views  of  ministry 
in  their  war  against  Spain,  he  translated  the 
second  Olynthiac  of  Uemoslhenes  to  animate 
his  countrymen,  and  presented  toHarley  the 
Journal  of  Wimbh-dfin's  Ex])edition    against 
Cadiz     in   1625,  that  his  errors    might  he 
avoided  in  the  projected  plan  under  the  duke 
of  Ormond  ;  hut  in  vain,  for  the  attempt  was 
unsuccessful,  though  Vigo  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  disa))pointed  English.    After  the  death 
of  his   father,   Granville   was  in  parliament 
for  Fowey,  and   by  the    death  of   his  ehler 
brother,  who  died  governor   of  Barbadoes, 
he  was  now   at  the  head  of  his  family,  and 
in  possession  of  a   vei-y   ample  fortune.     A 
change  of  administration,    however,   cut  otf 
his  prospects  of  aggrandizement,  till,  at  the 
trial  of  Sachevereli,  in  1710,  his  friends  were 
again  replaced  into  the   favor  of  the  queen, 
and  he  became  secretary  at  war  in  the  rooiiv 
of  Walpole.     In    1711    he   married    Mary, 
lord  Jersey's  daughter,  widow  of  Thomas 
Thynne,  and  the  same  year  he  was  created 
baron  of Bidcferd,  viscount  Landsdowne,  in 
Devonshire.     Though  he  was  one  of  the  12 
persons  created  peers  at  the  same  time,  for 
the  purposes  of  pai'tv,  his  elevation  caused 
not  so  much  noise  as  that   of  the  others,  as 
already   two  peerages  had  been   extinct   in 
his  family,  which,  for  antiquity,  respectabil- 
ity, and  fortune,    was  equal   to  any  in  the 
kingdom.     In  1712  he  was  made  privy  coun- 
sellor, comptroller,  and  aftcrwar(ls  ti'casurer 
of  the  household.  The  «lealh  of  the  queen  re- 
moved him  from  his  oflices  ;  but  he  did   nsrt 
forget  his  friends,  and  therefore  strongly  pro- 
tested against  the  atUiinting  of  Oi-moml  and 
Bolingbroke.     As  he  was   suspected    of  vio- 
lent  attachment  to  the  ]jretender's  i)arty, 
and  was  even  suspected  of  planning  nn  msur- 
recliiin  in  the  West,  at  the  reljelliou  of  1715, 
he  w  as  arrested  on  the  26th  Sept.  and  com- 
mitted a  close  prisoner  to  the  Tower,  wtiere 
he  remained  till  1717.     As  he  eontinurd  to 
oppose  the  ministry  his  conduct  was  always 
suspected  by  the   court,  and  tl>erefore,  nn 
the  breakiiuT:  out  of  Atierbury's  accusation, 
he  retire*!  to  I'rance  to  avoid  the  imputation 
of  treason  ar.il  the    persecution   of  his  ene- 
mies.    After    10   j-cars'  residence  at  Paris 
he   return'  J  t<;   r.n:;la!id;   atid  publiohod,  in 


GK 


GR 


1732,  his  pocmSj  corrected  of  their  javenUe 
inelegances,  togetlier  with  a  viniiication  of 
his  uncle  sir  Ricliard  Granville,  against  the 
raisi'eprescntalions  of  Burnet,  of  Echard, 
and  Clarendon,  in  2  vols.  4to.  The  rest  of 
his  life  was  passed  in  the  case  of  privacy  and 
literary  retirement.  He  died  30th  Jan.  1735, 
aged  68,  a  few  days  after  his  wife,  and  as  he 
had  no  male  issue,  but  only  four  daughters, 
the  title  v.as  extinct.  I'he  last  verses  which 
he  wrote  were  to  inscribe  two  copies  of  his 
poems  to  queen  Caroline,  who  liail  honored 
hira  with  her  protection,  and  to  the  princess 
r oy u! ,  A  n  n  e  o  f  O  ra  n  ge . 

Grapaldus,  Francis  Mai*ius,  a  native  of 
Parma,  who  distinguished  hhnself  so  much 
in  an  embassy  to  the  pope,  that  Julius  II. 
crow^ned  him  v/ith  his  own  hand.  He  wrote 
a  hook  in  which  he  described  all  the  parts  of 
SL  house  with  great  judgment  and  taste.  The 
•work  has  often  been  reprinted. 

Gr  AS,  Anthony  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Paris, 
vho  translated  Cornelius  Nepos  into  French, 
and  wrote  an  account  of  the  fathers  in  the 
age  of  the  apostles.  He  died  1701,  aged  70. 
Gras,  James  le,  an  advocate  of  Itouen, 
•who  translated  llesiod's  Opera  et  Dies  into 
French  verse  in  the  17th  century. 

Graswinckel,  Theodore,  a  native  of 
Delft,  who  died  at  Mechlin  1G6G,  aged  66. 
He  was  eminent  not  only  as  a  lawyer,  hut  as 
a  man  of  letters,  and  he  was  made  knight 
of  St.  Mark  by  the  Venetiansfor  vindicating 
them  against  the  duke  of  Savoy  iu  his  work 
called  Libertas  Vencta.  He  was  buried  at 
the  Hague,  where  a  monument  is  erected 
to  iiis  memory.  He  wrote  besides  de  Jure 
Majestatis  against  Buchanan,  and  other 
learned  and  valuable  treatises. 

Gr  ATAROLus,  William,  alearned  physi- 
cian, born  at  Bergamo.  As  a  protestant  he 
■wished  to  live  in  Germanj',  but  after  visiting 
!Marpurg  he  settled  at  Basil,  where  he  prac- 
tised, and  died  15GiJ,  aged  52.  He  wrote  a 
great  many  books. 

Gratian,  a  Roman,  emperor  in  con- 
junction with  his  father  Valentinian.  He 
was  cruel  in  his  government,  but  warlike  in 
the  field,  and  successful  against  tlie  Goths, 
-and  the  other  barbarians  who  had  invaded 
the  Roman  empire.  He  was  killed  in  a  re- 
volt A.  D.  383,  aged  24. 

Gratia  n,  a  private  soldier,  raised  to  the 
imperial  throne  in  Britain,  407,  and  put  to 
death  four  months  after. 

GRATiA>r,  a  Benedictine  monk  of  Chiusy 
in  Tuscany,  in  the  12th  century,  employed 
for  2i  years  in  wi-iting  a  book  to  reconcile 
the  contradictory  canons  one  to  the  other. 
This  book  called  "Decretals,"  was  in  high 
repute  for  some  centuries,  and  greatly  con- 
tributed to  advance  the  authority  and  su- 
premacy of  the  papal  see. 

Grati  ANi,  Jerome,  an  Italian  writer  of 
the  17th  century,  author  of  the  Conquest  of 
Grenada — and  of  Cromwell,  a  tragedy — and 
other  miscellanies  in  prose. 

Gratius  Faliscus,  a  Latin  poet  in 
Ovid's  age.  He  wrote  Cynegcticon,  or  Art 
of  Hunting,  &c. 


Gratius,  Ortumus,  a  learned  Germany 
born  at  Helwiok  in  the  diocese  of  Munster. 
His  real  name  was  Graes.  He  v.rote  seve- 
ral works,  especially  Lamentationes  Obscu- 
rorum  Virorum,  &c.  and  died  1542. 

Gravelot,  Henry  Francis  Bourguig- 
non,  an  engraver  of  Paris,  who  spent  some 
time  at  St.  Domingo,  and  afterv/ards  came 
to  London,  where  he  resided  13  years.  He 
employed  his  art  in  adorning  the  best  edi- 
tions of  the  French  poets,  and  died  1773, 
aged  74. 

Gr  A  VEROL,  Francis,  a  French  advocate, 
born  at  JN'isrnes,  who  wrote  among  other 
works  Sorberiana.  He  was  an  excellent 
scholar,  and  died  1694,  aged  59.  His  broth- 
er John  wrote  ArchiEologia  Philosophica, 
against  bishop  Burnet. 

Graves,  Richard,  a  popular  English 
writer.  He  Avas  born  at  Micleton,  Glou- 
cestershire 1715,  and  after  receiving  liis 
education  at  Abingflon  school  he  removed  to 
Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
in  173G  was  elected  fellow  of  All-Souls.  He 
studied  physic  for  some  time,  but  abandoned 
it  for  divinity,  and  entered  into  orders  in 
1740.  He  was  presented  in  1750  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Ciaverton  near  Bath,  and  to  this  wa.s 
added  in  1763  the  living  of  Kilmersdom,  by 
the  friendship  of  Mr.  Allen  of  Prior  park, 
and  the  empty  honor  of  being  cliaplain  to 
lady  Chatham.  He  distinguished  himself 
much  as  a  popular  and  pleasing  writer,  and 
every  where  displayed  that  ease,  that  free- 
dom, and  that  good  humor  which  were  so 
eminently  visible  in  his  character.  The  best 
known  of  his  publications  are,  the  Festoon, 
or  Collection  of  Epigrams,  12mo.— Lucubra- 
tions, in  prose  and  rhyme,  published  under 
the  name  of  Peter  PomiVet — the  Spiritual 
Quixote,  3  vols.  8vo.  a  work  of  merit,  in 
which  he  successfully  exposed  to  ridicule  the 
conduct  and  tenets  of  the  methodists — Eu- 
genius,  or  Anecdotes  of  the  Golden  Bull — 
Columella,  or  the  Distressed  Anchoret — 
Plexippus,  or  the  Aspiring  Plebeian — politi- 
cal pieces,  under  the  name  of  Euphrosyne — 
Recollections  of  some  Particulars  in  the  Life 
of  liis  friend  Shenstone — Life  of  Commo- 
dus,  translated  from  the  Greek  of  Jierodian 
— Hiero,  or  Royaltj-,  from  Xenophon— - 
Sermons  on  Various  Subjects — Meditations 
of  Antoninus  from  the  Greek — the  Reveries 
of  Solitude — the  Coalition,  or  Rehearsal  of 
the  Pastoral  Opera  of  Echo  and  Narcissus — 
the  Farmer's  son,  as  a  Companion  to  Anstey's 
Farmer's  Daughter — the  Invalid,  with  the 
Means  of  enjoying  Long  Life — Senilities,  &c. 
This  truly  amiable  man,  long  respected  for 
his  benevolence,  and  the  urbanity  of  his  man- 
ners, died  at  his  rectory  of  Ciaverton,  1804, 
in  his  90th  year. 

Gravesande,  William  James,  an  emi- 
nent mathematician  and  astronomer,  born  at 
Delft  in  Holland,  1GS8.  He  was  educated  at 
Leyden,  and  intended  for  the  law,  and  before 
the  age  of  19  he  wrote  an  able  treatise  oa 
perspective.  He  settled  at  the  Hague  1707, 
and  pi'actised  at  the  bar,  but  his  acquaintance 
with  learned  men  led  him  to  the  cultivation 


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»f  literature,  ami  he  was  oiio  of  tiiflsc  who 
luiittcl  ill  the  pefiodicjil  review  caik-d  "  Ic 
.lounial  Litcraire,"  tVoin  1713  to  17'_"J.  In 
1715  he  was  one  ui  the  ilelej^ules  sent  to  C(jn- 
j;i*atulale  George  I.  on  his  accession  to  the 
.liiiglishtlu'one,and  duringhis  stay  in  Hnj^land, 
he  became  the  t'rien<l  ol'  the  great  Nlvvkjh, 
•whose  suliliine  phil<(SO[)hv  he  al'lerwards 
tauglit  when  elected  l()tlie  malhenuuical  and 
philosophical  ciiair  of  iieyden.  This  learned 
man  died  1 742,  after  long  enjoying  the  re- 
spect of  Ills  cDunirymen  hy  his  |)atriotism, 
talents,  and  assiduity,  lie  wrote  unjong 
otiu-r  things  *'  an  Introduction  to  Newton's 
I'iiilosophy" — "  a  small  treatise  on  the  Kle- 
juents  of  Algebra," — a  Course  of  Logic  and 
JVIttaphysics. 

(in  AV  iNA,  Pott  r,  an  Italian  poet,  who 
published  a  4to.  volume  of  poems,  admired 
Ibr  harmony,  sweetness,  and  delicacy.  He 
■was  the  fiicml  and  favorite  (d'Sannazius,  and 
Paul  Jovius,  who  speak  of  him  in  terms  of 
rapture  and  admiration. 

(jRAviNA,  John  A  inccnt,  an  illustrious 
lawyer,  born  at  Koggiano,  18th  I'eh.  1G04, 
and  educated  under  his  relation  Gregory 
Caloprese,  the  well  known  plulosopher.  He 
afterwards  studied  at  Naplfjs,  and  so  ardent 
•WAS  his  attachment  to  literature  and  science, 
that  each  day  he  dedicated  10  often  12  hours 
to  his  improvement.  He  went  to  Rome  1G'J6, 
and  son)e  time  after  was  made  professor  of 
canon  law  in  the  Sapienzi  college,  by  Inno- 
cent XT.  He  was  invited  by  liberal  promises 
and  high  patronage  to  settle  in  the  univei-si- 
ties  of  Germany,  and  also  at  Turin,  but  he 
pi-eferred  liis  residence,  where  he  die«l  of  a 
•jiiortification  in  his  bowels,  6th  Jan.  1718. 
Though  learned,  he  was  unhappily  of  a  disa- 
greeable temper,  and  spoke  witJi  such  free- 
»lom  and  contempt  of  mankind,  that  he  rais- 
ed himself  many  enemies.  He  wrote  vari- 
ous works,  hut  that  which  entitles  him  to  the 
praises  of  the  learned,  is  his  three  books, 
*'  de  Ortu  et  Progressu  Juris  Civilis,"  the 
"best  edition  of  which  is  that  of  Naples,  2 
vols.  4to.  with  the  addition  of  his  treatise  de 
Romano  Imperio.  lu  this  famous  work  he 
called  upon  the  itoman  youth  to  study  the 
law  in  the  oi'iginal  records,  in  the  pandects, 
institutes  and  the  code,  and  not  in  modi'rn 
inelegant  abridgments.  He  wrote  also  live 
tragedies  besides  philological  treatises,  ora- 
tions, &c. 

Graunt,  Edward,  a  learned  man,  head 
master  of  Westminster  school,  andautlior  of 
**  Griecffi  Linguse  Specilegium  et  Institutio 
GriccK  Grammatico;."     He  di*d  iGoi. 

Graunt,  John,  the  celebrated  author  of 
"  Observations  on  the  Bills  of  Mortality," 
■was  born  inBirchinlane,  London,  24th  April 
1620.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  rigid  prin- 
ciples of  the  puritans,  and  as  he  was  intend- 
ed for  trade,  he  received  no  adv,antages  from 
grammar  education,  but  was  barely  qualified 
in  writing  and  arithmetic,  I'ur  the  business  of 
a  haberdasher.  In  this  employment  he  gait.- 
ed  by  his  good  sense,  and  strict  probity,  the 
confidence  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens; 
60  (hat  hi  rose  to  all  the  offices  of  his  -ward  ; 


was  a  common  council-man,  and  a  captain^ 
and  then  a  major  of  the  train  bands.  Hra 
"  (Jbservations"  first  appeared  in  1C61,  and 
with  such  success,  that  Louis  XIV.  of  France 
adopted  his  plans  foi-  the  regular  register  of 
births  and  burials,  and  Charles  H.  in  proof  ot* 
his  general  a[(probation,  recommciided  him 
to  the  Itoyal  society  to  be  elected  one  of 
their  membors  in  1001.2.  fn  1005  the  third 
edition  of  his  popular  book  was  piunted  by 
the  society's  printer,  and  the  author,  flatter- 
ed by  the  honors  paid  to  his  literary  services, 
al)andoned  the  business  (jf  shopkeeper,  and 
in  lOOG  became  a  tru.stee  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Xew  river,  for  the  countess  of 
Claiendon.  In  this  new  ofiice,  it  has  beeu 
reported  by  Burnet,  that  he  "was  guilty  of  a 
most  diabolical  crime,  by  blopi»iiig  all  th& 
cocks  which  conveyed  water  from  Islingtou 
to  London,  the  night  before  tlie  great  hrc 
began,  which  consumed  the  city.  Tiie  accu- 
sation, however,  is  false,  as  he  was  admitted 
among  the  the  trustees  23  days  after  the  con- 
flagration happened;  and  the  malevolent  re- 
port arose  only  after  his  death,  and  prob*bly 
owed  its  origin  to  his  change  of  religious 
principles,  as  about  1667  he  reconciled  him- 
self to  the  tenets  of  the  church  of  Rome. 
He  died  IStU  April  1674,  and  was  buried  in 
in  St.  Dunstan's  church.  Fleet-street,  attend- 
ed by  many  respectable  friends;  and  among 
them  by  sir  Wiiliam  Petty,  to  "whom  he  left; 
his  papers.  A  fdlJi  edition  of  his  book  ap« 
peared  in  1G7G,  under  the  care  of  his  friend  i 
and  it  may  be  fairly  inferred,  tliat  to  this 
work,  and  the  perserving  powers  and  in^ 
quisitive  mind  of  the  author,  we  are  indebted 
for  the  science  of  political  arithmetic,  so 
ably  treated  afterwards  by  sir  William  Petty, 
Uanicl  King,  Dr.  Davcnant,  and  other  learn- 
ed men. 

Gray,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  son  of  a 
reputable  citizen,  was  born  in  Cornhill  26th 
Dec.  1716.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  fron\ 
whence  he  removed  to  Peter-house,  Cam- 
bridge, and  four  years  after,  in  1738,  he 
came  to  town  to  apply  liimself  to  the  study 
of  the  law.  His  pursuits  were  for  a  while 
suspended,  while  he  accompanied  his  friend 
Horace  Walpole  on  tiie  continent.  Two 
months  after  his  return,  in  1741,  his  fithcr 
died,  and  he  then  discovered  that  his  income 
was  inadequate  to  support  him  in  the  study 
of  the  law,  therefore  he  returned  to  Cam- 
bridge, v.here  he  took  his  degree  of  LL.  B. 
and  where  he  afterwards  chieily  fi.xed  his  re- 
sidence. Between  the  yc:a-3  1759  and  1762, 
he  had  lodgings  in  Southainptcn-row,  to  be 
enabled  to  considt  the  Harlcian  and  other 
jMSS.  in  the  British  museum,  from  ■whicU 
he  made  some  curious  extracts.  In  176S,  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  modern  history  at 
Cambridge,  but  his  liealth  was  such,  that  he 
never  executed  the  duties  of  the  ofHce.  He 
died  of  (he  gout  in  his  stomach  July  30th 
1771,  and  was  buried  witli  his  famUy  at 
Stoke  Pogges,  Buckinghamshire.  As  a 
scholar.  Gray  "^as  profound,  elegant,  and 
well  informed ;  hehad  read  all  tlie  historians 
of  England.  Fr.iqcr.  -.;  d  Iudy,.and  was  weV. 


GR 


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'r'ersecl  in  antiquities,  in  criticism,  in  morals, 
and  politics  ;  and  he  possessed  tlie  most  re- 
fined taste  in  painting:,  arcliitecture,  and 
gardening'.  His  letters  are  correct,  pleasing, 
and  instructive.  His  poems,  wliich  are  very 
few,  but  most  elegant,  nervous  and  sublime, 
T^'ere  published  in  1775,  in  4to.  by  his  friend 
Mason,  Avho  had  lived  with  him  in  intimacy 
iSince  1747,  and  vho,  therefore,  was  -well 
qualified  to  prefix  to  the  edition  "  Memoirs 
of  his  Life  and  Writings." 

Grazzini,  Antony  Francis,  surnamed 
Jjasca,  one  of  the  principal  founders  of  the 
academy  of  la  Crusca,  Avasborn  in  Florence, 
and  considered  as  neai'ly  equal  in  merit  as 
a  writer  to  Boccace.  He  published  six 
comedies,  and  other  things,  besides  a  collec- 
tion of  novels  printed  at  Paris  1756,  He 
died  1583. 

Greatrakes,  Valentine,  an  Ii'ishman, 
v.-ho  acquired  some  celebrity  by  attempting 
to  cure  diseases  by  the  mere  touch.  He 
came  to  FiUgland  ;  but  the  high  expectations 
formed  of  his  powers  were  soon  dissipated, 
when  the  populace  found  themselves  disap- 
pointed. He  is  described  as  an  extraordina- 
ry person,  by  Boyle,  who  with  several  others 
has  attested  his  cures.  But,  though  Glan- 
ville  imputed  his  healing  powers  to  some 
sanative  qualities  about  his  person,  it  is  plain 
that  his  enthusiasm  v/as  strongly  assisted  by 
the  imagination  of  his  patients.  He  was 
otherwise  a  humane  and  virtuous  character, 
and  died  about  1080. 

Greaves,  John,  an  eminent  mathemati- 
cian and  antiquary,  born  1602  at  Colmore 
near  Alresford,  Hants,  where  his  father 
•was  rector.  At  15  he  entered  at  Baliol  col- 
lege, and  in  1624  he  was  elected  first  of  five 
candidates  to  a  fellowship  in  Merton  college. 
He  devoted  his  time  to  mathematics  and 
oriental  learning,  and  in  1630  he  was  chosen 
geometi'y  lecturer  in  Gresham  college.  In- 
tim.ately  acquainted  with  the  works  of  the 
most  celebrated  astronomers  of  the  age,  he 
■wished  to  extend  his  knowledge  by  travelling, 
and  accoi-dingly,  in  1635,  he  went  to  Hol- 
land to  attend  the  lectures  of  Golius  at  Ley- 
den,  and  afterwards  passed  to  Paris,  and 
then  visited  Rome  and  other  parts  of  Italj'. 
Lord  Arundel  saw  and  admired  his  spirit  in 
Italy,  and  endeavored  to  prevail  upon  him 
to  accompany  liim  to  Greece,  with  the  liberal 
allowance  of  200/.  per  annum,  and  the  pro- 
mise of  more  extensive  patronage,  but 
Greaves  had  formed  the  design  of  penetra- 
ting to  Egypt,  and  therefore  on  his  return  to 
England,  he  communicated  his  plan  to  his 
patpon  Laud.  With  praise-worthy  zeal. 
Laud  applauded  and  liberally  encouraged 
his  intentions,  but  when  the  city  of  London 
vas  solicited  to  add  its  influence,  and  to  sub- 
scribe to  the  design,  it  was  ])ercmptorily  re- 
jected, andGrea\es  remembered  ever  after 
with  sullen  disdain  the  illiberality  of  the  Lon- 
doners. In  June  1637  he  embarked  for  Leg- 
horn, and  from  thence  he  pioceeded  to  Con- 
stantinople, where  by  the  kindness  of  sir 
Peter  Wyche,  the  English  ambassador,  he 
\^a8  introduced  to  Cvril  Lticaris  the  Greek 


patriarch,  who  enabled  him  to  procure  valtT- 
able  MSS.  but   whose    violent   death,   how- 
ever, soon  frustrated  his  design,  and  render- 
ed his  longer  residence  at  the  Porte   danger- 
ous.    He  then  embarked  for  Alexandria,"and 
after  visiting  Rhodes  he  reached  Egypt,  Sep, 
1038.     After  twice  penetrating  into  the  de- 
sert, measuring  the  pyramids,  and  making 
various  observations  on  the   climate,   monu- 
ments,  and  manners  of  the  country,  he  left 
Alexandria    April,    1639.      He   came  back 
through  Italy,    and   after  visiting   Florence 
and  Rome  with  the  eye  of  a  philosopherand  an 
antiquarian,  he  embarked  at   Leghorn,   and 
reached   London  before  midsummer   1640, 
richly  loaded  with  the  classical  spoils  of  the 
East,  Arabic,  Persic    Greek   MSS.   besides 
gems,  coins,  and   other  valuable  antiquities. 
The  political  state  of  the  kingdom,  however, 
promised  little  encoui-agement  to  his   studi- 
ous pursuits,  and  for  his   attachment  to  his 
patron  and  to    his  royal  master,  he  sufi'ered 
much  from  the  virulence  and  pei-secution  of 
the  parliament.     He  was  removed  frrtm   liis 
professorship  at  Gresham  college,  and  l  h6ugh 
appointed   to  the   Savilian   professorsiiip   of 
astronomy  at  Oxford,  and  permitted  by  the 
king      to     retain     his    Merton    fellowship, 
he  found  liimself  disturbed   in   his   views  of 
Arranging  his  papers  for  the  press.     In  this 
undertaking  he  was    assisted    by  his   friend 
archbishop  Usher,  and  thougii  the  Commons 
were  acrimonious   ag.ninst  the   partisans  of 
royalty,  yet  he  found   an   active    patron   in 
Seldon,  who  was  burgess   in  the   house  for 
Oxford,    and    to    whom    he    dedicated   his 
*'  Roman  Foot."  Such  at  last  was  the  per- 
secution of  the  parliament  that  he  was  eject- 
ed from  the  Savilian  professorship,  in  which 
he   was  succeeded  by    Seth    Ward,   and  he 
afterwards  went  to  reside  in  London,  where 
he   married.     Devoting   himself  to  studious 
pursuits,  he  shunned  the  p<i'itics  of  the  times, 
and  chose  rather  to  enrich  English  literature 
by  the   translation   of   Arabic    and   Persian 
manuscripts   with    ex]>lan:!tor3'    notes.      He 
died  Sth  Oct.  1652,  and    \ias  buried  in    the 
church    of    St.    Benet   Slierehog,    London, 
He  had  no  chiUken  by  his   wife.     His   coins 
were  left  to   his   friend   sir  John   Marsham, 
and  his  astronomical  instruments  were  pre- 
sented to    the   Saviliin  profcssorsljip  of  0.\- 
ford,  with  several  of  his   papers.     The  best 
known  of  his  works  are,  his  "  Pyraniidogra- 
phia,"  and  his  "  Description  of  the  Roman 
Foot    and    Denarius."     He    had   formed    a 
plan  for  adopting  the  Gregorian  calendar  by 
omitting  the  bissextile   days  for   40    years, 
which   though   appvove<l   by   the   king   and 
council,  was  not  adopted  tlirough  the  turbu- 
lence of  the  times. 

Grecourt,  John  Baptist  Joseph  Villart 
de,  a  French  poet,  born  at  Tours  Though 
an  ecclesiastic  he  lived  a  disorderly  life,  l)ut 
afterwards  quitted  the  church,  and  became 
the  favorite  of  men  of  rank  and  fashion,  ou 
account  of  his  great  wit.  He  died  1743, 
aged  60.  He  wrote  tales,  epigi'ams,  songs, 
fables,  sonnets,  and  other  light  woi'ks. 

Green,  Robert,  a  poet  m  the  reign  of 


GR 


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F.lizabetli.  He  was  of  St.  John's  collage, 
<?anibridge,  and  aft«Twaiils  at  Clare  liitll, 
■nliere  he  took  his  <ltgiec  of  ,M.  A.  1583. 
The  wit  and  humor  which  he  possesseil  in 
great  plenty,  were  unrortnnali;ly  prostituted 
to  encourap^e  the  cuise  of  vice  and  ohscetiity, 
:tnd  he  showed  hiniselt  a  most  nbaiidoiie«i 
libertine  in  W>eory  and  practice.  He  is  said 
to  be  the  lirst  English  poet  who  "wrote  for 
bread,  and  happy  had  it  been  if  virtue  had 
been  the  idol  of  his  muse.  Jt  is  said  that  he 
iV  It  remorse  with  jienilry  and  disease,  as 
Cibber  has  preserved  one  of  his  letters  to 
his  much  injui'ed  wife.  He  died  according 
to  Wood  15li'2,  of  a  surfeit,  after  eating  too 
many  jiiekled  herrings,  and  swallowing  too 
Biuch  Rhenish  wine.  His  pieces  which  are 
numerous,  are  now  little  known. 

Green,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  at 
or  near  Hull  in  Yorkshire,  1706.  He  was  of 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards usher  of  Lichfield  school,  and  then 
chaplain  to  the  duke  of  Somerset,  who  be- 
came his  friend  and  active  patron,  and  gave 
him  the  rectory  of  Borough  Green  near 
Newmarket.  In  1748  he  was  made  regius 
professor  of  divinity,  in  1750  master  of 
Corpus  Christ],  Cambridge,  and  in  1756,  he 
became  dean  of  Lincoln,  and  vice  chancellor 
of  the  university.  On  tlic  translation  of  Dr. 
Thomas  to  Salisbury,  he  was  raised  to  the 
see  of  Lincoln,  and  in  1764,  he  resigned  the 
headship  of  his  college.  In  1771  his  income 
■was  irtcreased  by  the  addition  of  the  residen- 
tiaryship  of  St.  Paul's.  It  is  remarkable 
that  on  the  debate  concerning  the  dissenters 
in  1772,  he  favored  the  bill  for  their  relief, 
and  was  the  only  bishop  who  voted  with  that 
side  of  the  house.  He  died  suddenly  at 
Bath,  25th  April  1779.  He  wrote  the 
**  Academic,  or  a  Disputation  on  the  State 
of  the  University  of  Cambridge,"  and  some 
sermons. 

Gr  E  E  N,  Edward  Burnaby,  author  of  some 
poetical  works,  was  educated  at  Benet  col- 
lege, Cambridge.  He  translated  Anacreon, 
Apollonius  llhodius,  and  some  parts  of  Pin- 
dar, and  paraphrased  Persia^.  He  died 
1788. 

Green,  Matthew,  an  English  poet.  His 
parents  were  dissenters,  but  he  afterwards 
abandoned  their  tenets  for  the  church  of 
England.  He  held  an  office  at  the  custom 
house,  where  he  attended  to  his  duty  with 
diligence  and  ability.  His  best  poem  is  the 
*'  Spleen,"  containing  wit,  elegance,  and 
originality.  He  was  a  very  amiable  man, 
and  died  at  the  age  of  41,  1737.  His  works 
have  been  elegantly  edited  by  Dr.  Aikin. 

Greene,  Dr.  Maurice,  a  musician,  son 
of  a  London  clergyman.  He  was  organist, 
before  the  age  of  20,  to  St.  Dunstan  in  the 
West,  and  afterwards  in  the  year  1718,  to 
^t.  Paul's,  and  in  1727,  to  the  royal  chapel, 
in  1730,  he  took  his  doctor's  degree  atCujn- 
hridge,  and  was  also  appointed  professor  of 
music  to  the  university.  He  projected  the 
plan  of  reforming  our  church  music,  which 
had  been  corvupted  by  mutilated  copies,  and 
ihe  inatteulion  of  tianscribcc*'?  »pd  (h';  dc- 


iign,  "jfopped  by  his  ill  health,  wis  hMppriy 
conipluled  l>v  his  friend  Dr.  Boyce.  lie  died 
1st.  Sep.  1755.  His  pertornjanccs  are  men- 
tioned by  air  John  llawkin.s. 

Gheenhii.l,  John,  :in  English  paintrr, 
bort\  at  .Sali.sbury.  He  studied  uii<fi-r  sir  f'e- 
ter  I^ely,  who  was  so  jealous  of  his  po wrrs 
that  he  never  would  use  his  pemil  licfore 
him,  till  he  in;nl\ertiiiily  betrayed  himself 
by  taking  a  likemss  f)l  his  wile.  His  licen- 
tious and  imprudent  mode  of  life,  it  is  said, 
hastenud  his  end.  A  poilrail  of  bishop  ^^a^d, 
by  him,  is  preserveil  in  Salisbury  town  hiJI. 
He  died  IDth  May,  1676. 

Greenville,  sir  Richard,  grandfathor 
to  the  well  known  sir  Bcvil  GreenviUe,  was 
son  of  sir  Ro^jer,  and  was  born  in  Cornwsdl 
1540.  He  served  in  the  imperial  army 
against  the  Turks,  and  was  knighted  1571. 
He  was,  in  1585,  sent  on  an  expedition  to 
America,  and  in  1591,  he  was  commissioned 
to  intercept  a  rich  Spanish  fleet,  in  conjunc- 
tion Avith  lord  Howard.  He  willi  only  a  few- 
ships  attacked  the  enemy's  squadron  of  52 
sail,  on  the  American  coast;  but  when  about 
to  sink  his  own  ship  he  was  carried  on  board 
the  Spanish  fleet,  and  died  three  days  after 
of  the  wounds  which  he  had  receivect 

Greenville,  sir  Bevil,  grandson  of  sir 
Richard,  was  born  at  Stow,  in  Cornwall,  and 
educated  at  Exeter  college,  under  Dr.  Pri- 
deaux.  During  the  civil  wars  he  behaved 
with  singidar  courage,  and  after  defending 
the  rights  of  his  sovereign,  in  various  en- 
counters, he  at  last  fell  at  the  liottle  of  Lans- 
downe,  near  Bath,  5tii  July,  1§43,  aged  47, 

Gregory,  St.  surnamed  the  Great,  was 
descended  from  an  illustrious  Roman  family. 
He  was  made  prefect  at  Rome  573,  by  Justin 
the  younger,  but  he  soon  after  quitted  all 
secular  employments  to  retire  to  a  monas- 
tery. He  was  sent,  by  Pelagius,  to  Constan- 
tinople as  nuncio,  and  on  the  death  of  that 
f pontiff,  he  was  elected  in  his  room  590.  He 
abored  earnestly  in  his  new  dignity  to  heal 
ditferences,  and  to  make  proselytes ;  and  in 
Sardinia,  and  alsoin  England,  by  the  preach- 
ing of  Augustine,  the  moiik,  the  blessings  of 
the  gospel  were  rapidly  spread.  This  mild 
and  benevolent  pontiff  died  12th  March,  604, 
aged  60. 

Gregory  II.  a  native  of  Rome,  elected 
pope  afier  Constantine,  715.  He  was  an  en- 
lightened and  virtuous  pontiflf,  and  died  12th 
Feb.  731. 

Gregory  HI.  a  native  of  Syria,  who  suc- 
ceeded the  preceding,  731.  He  excommu- 
nicated the  Icnnoelastes,  and  solicited  the  as- 
sistance of  Charles  Martel,  against  the  Lom- 
bards, w  ho  ravagetl  Italy,  by  means  of  a  pom- 
pous embassy  which  is  regarded  by  some 
authors  as  the  origin  of  the  apostolic  nuncios 
in  France.  He  was  a  chjiiitable  but  magni- 
ficent pontift',  and  the  first  w  ho  added  tem- 
]»oral  consequence  and  imposing  splendor  to 
the  ecdesiaslical  power  of  the  hoi}-  see.  He 
died  28th  Nov.  741. 

Gregory  IV.  a  native  of  Rome,  elected 
pope  82*7,  or  828.  He  rebuilt  Ostia,  and  vi- 
sited Frajjce,  to  reconcile  Uie  jarring  jn-t.er- 


GR 


GK 


csts  of  the  rojal  fiitnily,  but  rciurned  wit'u- 
out  accomplishing  his  designs,  and  died  at 
Heme,  iSth  Jan.  844. 

Gregory  V.  Brunon,  a  German,  elected 
pope  after  John  XVI.  996.  lie  was  opposed 
by  Crescentius,  the  consul  of  Rome,  who 
raised  to  the  holy  seat  the  anti-pope,  John 
XVIT.  but  the  usurper  was  expelled  by  the 
influence  of  the  emperor  Otho,  who  was  the 
I'elation  of  Gregory,  and  excommunicated  in 
the  council  of  Favia.  He  died  18th  Feb.  999, 
aged  27. 

Gregory  VI.  John  Gratian,  a  Roman, 
elected  pope  1044,  after  Benedict  IX.  He 
labored  zealously  to  restore  the  revenues  of 
the  church  to  their  former  florishing  situa- 
tion, antl  punished  peculators  and  plunvler- 
ers,  but  his  anathemas  offended  those  who 
reaped  advantage  from  the  public  calamities, 
and  a  formidable  party  was  raised  against 
1dm.  Gregory  defeated  them,  and  rendered 
travelling  easy  and  safe,  but  the  sevei'ity  of 
his  measui-es  displeased  again  the  Romans, 
who  preferred  public  robbery  to  private  in- 
dusti-y,  and  Gregory,  m  disgust,  abdicated 
thetiara,  in  the  council  of  Sutri,  nearRome,^ 
104C,  and  was  succeeded  by  Clement  II 

Gregory  VII.  Hildebrand,  son  of  a  car- 
penter of  Soauo,  in  Tuscany.  He  entered 
among  the  monks  of  Cluni,  and  obtained 
preferment  at  Rome,  an<l  in  1073  was  elected 
successor  to  Alexander  II.  In  his  new  dig- 
nity, the  pope  soon  assumed  extraox'dinary 
powers,  and  claiming  snpeHoi-ity,  not  only 
in  all  spiritual  but  temporal  afTairs,  he  re- 
garded the  sovereigns  of  Europe  as  vassals 
whom  he  could  depose  and  appoint  at  his 
pleasure.  His  presumption  soon  embroiled 
liim  with  his  ancient  friend  Henry  IV.  em- 
peror of  Germany,  Avho  had  the  weakness 
to  submit  to  his  power  by  the  most  mortify- 
ing penance.  A  reconciliation  Avas  followed 
by  fresh  disputes,  and  at  last  Henry  elected 
another  pontift',  in  opposition  to  Gregory, 
while  the  oftended  Italian  prevailed  upon 
the  German  princes  to  apx>oint  another  em- 
peror. At  last  Gregory,  tired  with  the  dis- 
sensions, which  his  inordinate  ambition  had 
i-aised  around  him,  and  disgusted  with  the 
niurmui's  of  the  Romans,  retired  to  Salerno, 
•where  he  died  'i4th  May,  1085. 

Gregory  VIII.  Albert  de  Mora,  of  Be* 
nevento,  succeeded  Urban  III.  as  pope  1187, 
and  died  two  months  aftei*,  17th  Dec.  ex- 
horting the  Christian  priuces  to  undertake  a 
crusade  against  the  infidels.  The  anti-pope 
Bourdin  assumed  also  the  name  of  Gregory 
VIII. 

Gregory  IX.  Ugolin,  of  the  family  of 
the  counts  of  Segni,  and  nephe^r  to  Innocent 
HI.  was  elected  pope  1227.  He  excited  the 
Christian  princes  to  undertake  a  crusade, 
and  Frederic,  emperor  of  Germany,  though 
twice  excommunicated  for  his  disputes  with 
the  see  of  Rome,  joined  the  expedition.  He 
died  12th  Aug.  1241. 

Gregory  X,  Theobald,  of  the  noble  fa- 
mily of  the  Vi&conti,  at  Placentia,  was  elect- 
ed pope  1271,  while  he  was  in  the  Holy- 
land,  with  Edward  king  of  England.  He  sum- 


vijoned  a  general  council  at  Lyons,  and  la- 
bored earnestly  to  heal  all  schisms  in  religion, 
and  to  reconcile  tlie  Eastern  and  Western 
churches.  He  died  lOth  Jan.  1276,  at  A- 
rezzo. 

Gregory  XI.  Peter  Roger,  nephew  to 
Clement  VI.  and  son  of  the  count  of  Beau- 
fort, of  Limousin,  -was  elected  pope  1370. 
He  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  concord  and 
reconciliation  among  the  Christian  princes, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  benevolence, 
his  charity,  and  his  liberal  patronage  of  let- 
ters. He  quitted  Avignon,  where  the  popes 
had  fixed  their  residence  for  several  years, 
and  transferred  the  see  to  Rome,  where  he 
died  28th  March,  1378,  aged  47. 

Gregory  XII.  Angelo  Corario,  a  native 
of  Venice,  made  a  cardinal  by  Innocent  VIL 
and  elected  pope  1406,  during  the  schism  ia 
tlie  West.  He  was  opposed  by  Benedict 
XIII.  the  other  pope,  and  at  last  a  general 
council,  held  at  Fisa,  deposed  both  the  com- 
petitors, and  elected  Alexander  V.  in  theis-- 
room.  Gregory  who  wished  to  oppose  the 
proceeding  of  the  council,  at  last  iied  before 
the  storm  to  Gaeta  and  Rimini,  and  sent  hi.s 
abdication  to  the  council  of  Constance.  lie 
died  at  Recanati,  13th  October,  1417,  aged 
92. 

Gregory  XIII.  Hugh  Buoneompagno,  a 
Rolognese,  elected  pope  after  Fius  V.  1572. 
He  was  an  able  civiUan,  and  warmly  opposed 
the  prntestants.  He  embellished  Rome  with 
churches,  palaces,  and  porticoes,  and  chiefly 
immortalized  himself  by  the  reformation  of 
the  calendar,  and  the  adoption  of  the  style 
which  bears  his  name.  He  was  assisted  in 
this  honorable  and  necessary  alteration  by  the 
labors  of  Lilio,  an  able  astronomer  of  Rome, 
hut  though  the  plan  was  acknowledged  uni- 
versally useful,  it  was  pertinaciously  rejected 
by  the  protestant  princes  of  Europe.  Gre- 
gory also  published  the  Decretals  of  Gratian, 
which  were  enriched  with  valuable  learned 
notes.     He  died  10th  April,  1585,  aged  83. 

Gregory  XIV.  Nicolas  Sfondrate,  son 
of  a  senator  of  Mdan,  was  elected  pope  after 
Urban  VII.  1590.  He  declared  himself,  at 
the  suggestion  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  against 
Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  levied  an  army  to 
enforce  his  threats,  but  his  troops  were  de- 
feated, and  his  military  plans  disconcerted. 
He  died  of  the  stone,  15th  Oct.  1591,  aged 
57. 

Gregory  XV.  Alexander  Ludovisio,  of 
an  ancient  family  of  Bologna,  was  archbishop 
of  his  native  town,  and  made  a  cardinal  by 
Paul  V.  He  was  elected  pope  1621,  and 
died  8th  July,  1623,  aged  69.  He  erected 
the  see  of  Paris  into  an  archbishopric,  and 
assisted  the  empei'or  and  tlic  king  of  Poland 
in  their  wars.  He  wrote  Epistola  ad  Regent 
Persarum  Schah  Abbas,  cum  Notis  Hegal- 
soni,  8vo. — Decisions  de  la  Rote. 

Gregory,  James,  a  Scotch  mathemati- 
cian, born  and  educated  at  Aberdeen.  His 
strong  genius  began  early  to  display  itself", 
and  in  1663  at  the  age  of  24  he  invented  the 
reflecting  telescope,  which  still  bears  his 
name,  but  which  the  inexperience  of  the 


CiU 


GR 


London  artiuts  could  not  tlicn  construct  ac- 
coi'diiig  to  his  approbHtinn.  lie  al'tcrwards 
went  to  Italy,  wliicli  at  that  tine  was  consi- 
dered as  the  cradle  ol"  luatlieinatical  kuow- 
'  iedge,  and  applied  the  powers  of  his  mind 
^vit^l  sucli  success  that  he  discover*  <I  a  ik-w 
analytical  niethod  ol"  suiiiining  up  an  iiitinitc 
converging  series,  to  calculate  with  exactncKs 
the  area  ot"  the  hyperhola,  and  of  the  circle. 
On  his  returq  to  London  in  I(j(i9  he  was  cho- 
sen a  meml)er  of  the  Royal  society,  and  soon 
niter  engaged  in  an  unfortunate  conti-oversy 
Avilh  Iluvgcns  al)out  ihe  <jaa(lra(ure  of  the 
circle,  in  which  his  arguments  were  false. 
Ills  rcptitation  as  a  niatlieinalician,  and  as 
the  inventor  of  the  relli-cting  telescope,  and 
of  the  burning  concave  mirror,  was  now  so 
veil  established,  that  the  royal  academy  at 
l*aris  proposed  iiini  to  the  French  king  as 
tleserving  an  honorable  pension  from  him,  a 
step  which  was  not,  however,  adopted.  In 
lG7'i  he  had  a  di'^pute,  hutiii  aniicablo  terms 
■with  sir  Isaac  Newton  after  his  wonderful 
discoveries  on  the  nature  of  ligiit,  about  the 
various  utility  of  his  dioptric  telescope  against 
that  of  the  ciitoptric  instrument  of  his  anta- 
gonist. This  able  philosopher,  vhose  genius 
daily  contributed  to  the  improvement  of  ma- 
thematical science,  was  uuliappily  attacked 
hy  a  fever  which  proved  fatal  Dec.  1675,  in 
his  36th  year.  A  short  history  of  his  ma- 
thematical discoveries  was  compiled  and 
published  by  his  friend  Mr.  Collins,  with  his 
letters  to  him  in  the  "(Jommercium  Episto- 
licum."  His  works  are  Optica  Promota  stu 
Abdila  Radiorum  Reflexorum  &  Kefracto- 
rum  Mysteria,  &c.  1063,  translated  by  Ur 
Desaguiliers  into  English — Vera  Circuli  ^ 
Hyperboloe  Quadratura,  &c.  besides  some 
papers  in  the  philosophical  transactions. 

Gregory,  David,  nephew  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  at  Aberdeen  24th  June,  1661. 
He  there  received  the  elements  of  his  edu- 
cation, and  then  went  to  Edinburgli,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  The  fame  of 
his  uncle  and  the  perusal  of  liis  papers  ex- 
cited his  attention  in  mathematical  pursuits, 
and  at  the  age  of  23  he  was  deemed  capable  to 
fill  the  mathematical  chair  of  Edinburgh.  He 
published,  in  1684,  an  ingenious  treatise  called 
*'  Exercitatio  Geomctrica  de  Dimensione  I'i- 
gurarum,"  4to.  and  soon  after,  on  the  appear- 
ance of  Newton's  Princi[)ia,  he  applied  him- 
self to  study  the  great  truths  of  that  immortal 
philosopher,  and  was  the  first  to  introduce 
them  into  the  university  schools.  In  1691  lie 
came  to  London  with  the  intention  of  solicit- 
ing th(!  Savilian  professorship  of  astronomy 
at  Oxford,  upon  Dr.  Bernard's  resign.ttion, 
and  by  the  friendship  of  sir  Isaac  Newton, 
and  of  Flamsteed,  he  succeeded,  after  being 
admitted  at  Baliol  college,  and  incorporated 
]M.  A.  and  created  M.  D.  He  now  devoted 
himself  to  his  laborious  studies,  and  display- 
ed great  powers  in  the  elements  of  optics 
nnd  physical  and  geometrical  astronomy, 
improving  the  discoveries  of  others  by  new 
and  elegant  demonstrations.  He  proposed 
to  publish  the  works  of  all  the  ancient  ma- 
thematician?', and  in  the  prosecution  of  this 


plan  ju'oduced  an  edition  of  Endid  in  C4rciA: 
and    Latin,    and    prepared    viitli    liis   friend 
Hailey,    an  I'dilion  of  ibe  Conies  «)t  Apol|(j- 
nius.     His  lab(jra  however  were  itoppetl  Ijy 
deatli.     lie   <licd    ut  his  villa   near  iVlaiden- 
head,   Ifith  Oct.   1710,  and  a  ha:tihonie  mo- 
nument was  erected   to  his  inuinoyy,  in  St. 
Mary's,  Oxford,  by  his  widow.     His  eldest 
son  David,    was  eclucai(Ml    at  Christ  church, 
and  successively  became  regius  [uofessor  of 
modern  history,  canon  auti  dean  of  his  col- 
legi;.     Many  of  his  j»apers  were  inserted   in 
tlie  I'iiilosf^phical  'I'rans.ictioni,  and  the  \n- 
rious  things  which    he    wrote,   and  the    im- 
provement which  he  made  in  geometry  and- 
philosophy  are  fully  mentioned  in   the   liio- 
graphia  Rritannica.     His  brollier  James  was 
for  33  years  mathematiial  professor  at  Ediii- 
bui-gli,  where  he  was  succeeded  by  Maclau- 
rin. — Another    brother,    Charles,    was    3iJ 
years   mathematical    prolessfir   at    St.    An- 
di'ew's,  where  he  was  succeeded  by  his  soi^ 
David,  author  of  a  System  of  Arithmetic 
aiul  Algebra  in  Latin. 

Gregory,  John,  an  Vjnglish  divine,  born 
at  Agmondesham,  Bucke,  1 0th  November 
1607.  Hi.s  abilities  displayed  themselves  so 
early  that  as  his  parents  were  poor,  though 
well  respected,  his  opulent  neigiibors  united 
to  give  liini  a  liberal  education  by  common 
subscription.  With  this  benevolent  intention, 
he  M  as  sent  with  sir  William  Drake  to  Christ 
church,  Oxiord,  as  servitor,  under  the  tuition 
of  Alorie}^,  afterwai'ds  bishop  of  V.'inchester. 
Young  Gregory  rose  in  the  esteem  of  his 
fellow  studeiit:s,  he  took  his  degree  of  .M.A. 
1631,  and  was  made  by  dean  Duppa,  chap- 
lain of  the  cathedral.  When  Duppa  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Chichester,  and  af- 
terwards to  Salisbury,  he  accompanied  him 
as  his  domestic  chaplain,  and  obtained  from 
him  a  stall  in  the  church  of  Sarum.  The 
violence  cif  the  times,  however,  did  not  long 
permit  liim  to  enjoy  his  ecclesiastical  honors, 
he  was  ejected  by  the  parliament,  and,  in  his 
distress  he  Avent  to  reside  in  tiic  house  of  one 
Sutton,  vvhokept  an  ale-house  at  Kiddington 
green,  near  Oxford,  to  whose  son  he  had 
been  tutor,  w  here  he  dieil  of  the  gout  in  liis 
stomach,  3Iarch  13th,  1G46.  liis  remains 
were  buried  in  Oxford  catliedrai.  His  woi'ks 
were  Notes  and  Observations  on  some  Pas- 
sages of  Scripture, — an  edition  of  Ridley's 
View  of  the  Civil  and  Ecclesiasticrd  Law, — 
'*  (ircgorii  Posthuma,"  ^c. 

Gregory,  Edmund,  author  of  the  "His- 
torical Anatomy  of  Chriitian  Melancholy," 
— of  *'  a  Meditation  on  Job,"  Svo.  was  of 
Trinity  college,  Oxford,  and  died  1650. 

Gregory,  Dr.  John,  a  physician  of  re- 
spectability, born  at  Abenleen.  He  studied 
at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden,  and  became  |>ro- 
fessor  of  philosophy  and  medicine  at  Aber- 
deen. He  wrote  several  valuable  medical 
tracts,  but  he  is  chiefly  known  for  his  "  Com- 
parative View  of  the  Stale  of  Man,  ami 
other  Animals," — a  ratlier's  Legacy  to  hk 
Daughter,  and  other  morrd  pieces.  He  set 
tied  in  London  in  17.11,  but  removed  to  Edin- 
burgh as  profcgsor  cf  physic,  in  iTi'.ti.  aui* 


GR 


GR 


difij  tliere  1773,  aged  49.    His  works  liave 
been  collected  into  4  vols.  8vo. 

Gregory,  Peter,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
author  of  some  learned  but  injudicious  works. 
Me  died  1527. 

Gregorius,  GeorgiusFlorentiits,  or  Gre- 
gory of  Tours,  a  learned  bishop  of  Tours,  in 
the  6th  century-  He  was  an  abie  writer,  as 
his  Histoiy  of  France,  Lives  of  the  Saints, 
and  other  works  fully  prove,  though  Gib- 
bon censures  his  style  as  devoid  of  elegance 
and  simplicity.     He  died  about  595. 

Grenada,  Lewis  de,  a  Dominican,  born 
at  Grenada.  Devoted  to  the  duties  and  aus- 
terities of  a  monastic  life,  he  had  the  firm- 
ness to  refuse  the  bishopric  of  Braganza,  and 
died  1588,  aged  S4.  He  Avrote  several  works 
which  evince  his  labors,  his  piety,  and  his 
benevolence. 

Grena.v,  Benignus,  a  Latin  pact,  profes- 
sor of  rhetoric  at  Harcourt.  He  was  born 
at  Noyers,  and  died  at  Paris  1723,  aged  42. 
He  was  the  friend  and  the  poetical  rival  of 
professor  Coffin.  His  verses  contain  great 
elegance,  with  many  noble  and  delicate  sen- 
tiracTits. 

Grence,  a  French  painter  of  gitat 
merit.  His  pieces  are  much  admired,  pspe- 
cially  the  sacrifice  of  Jeptha,  Diana  and  En- 
djmion,  Susannah,  he. 

GRENV1LI..E,  George,  a  celebrated  states- 
man, known  in  pai-liameutary  histoiy  for  his 
two  bills  for  the  more  i-egular  payment  of 
the  navy,  passed  in  1757,  and  for  the  trial  of 
contested  elections,  passed  in  1770.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  eloquence  in  the  senate, 
and  possessed  that  extensive  and  enlightened 
knowledge  which  fitted  him  for  the  highest 
offices  of  the  state.  He  was  in  1751,  made 
treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  became  first  lord  of 
the  treasury  in  1763,  but  resigned  two  years 
after  to  lord  Rockingham.  He  died  13th 
Kovember,  1770,  a^d  58.  By  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  sir  William  Wyndham,  he  had 
four  sons  and  five  daughters,  and  of  these, 
the  present  marquis  of  Buckinghana,  who 
inherited  the  family  estates  in  Buckingham- 
shire ;  lord  Grenville,.  and  Mr.  Thomas 
Grenville,  have  raised  themselves  high  in 
the  public  estimation  for  their  services  to 
their  country,  in  the  important  offices  which 
they  have  filled  with  so  mudi  ability,  firm- 
ness, and  wisdom. 

Gresham,  sir  Thomas,  descended  from 
an  ancient  family  in  Norfolk,  was  born  in 
London  1519,  and  was  bound  apprentice  to 
a  mercer.  That  his  mind  might,  however, 
be  somewhat  more  cultivated,  he  became  a 
member  of  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  where 
his  proficiency  was  such  that  he  was  called 
by  Caius  the  founder,  **  Doctissimus  Mer- 
cator."  He  was  admitted  into  the  mercers' 
company  in  1543,  and  about  that  time  mar- 
ried, and  in  1551,  he  went  to  Antwerp  to 
settle  as  agent  to  king  Edward,  for  taking  up 
money  from  the  Flemish  merchants.  In 
this  office  he  displayed  great  dexterity  and 
wisdom,  and  made  the  balance  of  trade  pre- 
ponderate much  in  favor  of  England.  On 
Mary's  accession  he  was  removed  from  his 


ofiice,  IB  consequence  of  which  he  present- 
ed a  petition  to  the  queen,  and  represented 
in  modest  terms  the  many  services  which  he 
had  rendered  to  her  brother  Edward,  and 
to  the  kingdom,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
was  restored  to  favor,  and  continued  in  the 
same  employment  under  Elizabeth.  lu 
1559,  he  was  knighted  by  the  queen,  and  in 
the  midst  of  his  great  reputation,  and  com- 
mercial prosperity,  he  built  himself  a  man- 
sion-house on  the  west  side  of  Bishopsgate- 
street,  but  his  hopes  Avere  ruined,  and  his 
happiness  embittered  by  the  death  of  his 
only  son,  a  youth  of  16,  in  1564.  Full  of 
liberality,  sir  Thomas  wished  that  the  mer- 
chants of  London  might  meet  in  a  more 
convenient  place  than  the  open  air  in  Lom- 
bard-street, and  therefore,  agreeable  to  his 
suggestions,  the  city  of  London,  bought  for 
more  than  3532t.  about  80  houses,  which 
were  pulled  down,  and  on  the  site  of  them 
was  begun,  7th  June  1566,  the  erection  of  a 
noble  building.  It  was  fully  completed  in 
1569,  at  sir  Thomas's  expense,  after  the 
model  of  the  exchange  at  Antwerp,  and  Jan. 
2yth,  1570,  EUzabeth,  attended  by  her  no- 
bility, visited  it,  and  by  the  voice  of  a  herald, 
caused  it  to  be  proclaimed  "the  Royal  Ex- 
change." Sir  Thomas  afterwards  built  the 
mansion-house  at  Osterly  park,  for  his  resi- 
dence,  and  he  determined  to  appropriate 
his  house  in  Bishopsgate-street  to  literary 
purposes,  though  earnestly  solicited  to  apply 
his  liberality  to  the  foundation  of  a  college  at 
Oxford,  or  more  particularly  at  Cambridge, 
where  he  had  received  some  part  of  his  edu- 
cation. In  1575  he  therefore  founded  Gi-e- 
sham  college,  leaving  the  half  of  his  proper- 
ty in  the  Royal  exchange  to  the  corporation 
of  London,  and  the  other  to  the  mercers' 
compan)',  for  the  endowment  of  seven  lec- 
tures in  divinity,  law,  physic,  astronomy, 
rhetoric,  geometry,  and  music,  at  50/.  each, 
with  his  house  where  the  lectures  were  to 
be  delivered.  Besides  these  munificent  do- 
nations, he  was  a  very  liberal  benefactor  to 
various  charities  and  institutions,  and,  in 
every  respect  shewed  that  riches  in  his  hand 
could  best  be  employed  in  acts  of  benevo- 
lence and  humanity.  This  truly  illustrious 
character  did  not  long  enjoy  the  satisfaction 
of  conscious  and  dignified  virtue ;  he  fell 
down  senseless  on  his  return  from  the  ex- 
change to  his  house,  Bishopsgate-street,  and 
expired  soon  after,  21st  November,  1579. 
He  was  buried  with  great  pomp  in  his  parish 
church  of  St.  Helen's.  His  corpse  was  at- 
tended by  100  poor  men  and  as  many  wo- 
men, clothed  in  black,  and  the  expenses  of 
the  funeral,  in  those  cheap  days,  amounted 
to  no  less  than  800/.  His  lady  survived  hini 
some  years,  she  died  23d  November  1596, 
and  was  buried  in  the  same  vault  with  him. 
The  character  of  this  generous  and  public 
spirited  man  has  been  drawn  accurately  by- 
Mr.  Ward,  who  observes  that,  to  the  know- 
ledge of  ancient  and  modern  languages,  and 
an  eagerness  to  patronise  litei'ature  and 
learned  men,  he  united  a  very  comprehen- 
sive knowledge  of  comraeitial  affairs,  foreigp 


GR 


GR 


ind  domestic.  He  therclurc  deservedly  ac- 
quired an  immense  tbrtunej  wliicli  rendered 
liini  not  oidy  tlu"  Inijlicst  con»iu<uiev  in  liit- 
kin<:;(loni,  with  llie  aitiu'llation  of  the  Royal 
mercliant,  but  the  most  capable  and  the  most 
-willing  to  eniitloy  his  opulence  in  such  acts 
as  di^uily  huniait  natui'e. 

Gresse  r,  John  liaptist  Lewis,  a  cele- 
brated French  poet,  known  chieily  ior  his 
elegant,  lively,  and  interesting  poem  called 
Vert-vert.  His  tF.uvres  Diverses  were  pub- 
lished 1748,  l'2mo.  He  was  director  of  the 
i'rcnch  academy,  and  obtained  the  orckr  of 
!St.  Michael,  and  letters  of  nobility.  He  died 
.nt  his  native  town,  Amiens,  I6th  June  1777, 
yged  08.  His  comedy  of  the  Mechant  was 
a  very  popular  play. 

GuE  rsER,  .lames,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
at  Marcdorf  15G1.  He  was  twenty-four 
years  professor  of  moraliJy  and  school  di- 
vinity at  Ingoldstadt,  and  published  a  great 
number  of  books  on  tiieological  subjects, 
and  against  the  protectants.  To  great  learn- 
ing he  united  unusual  modesty.  He  died  at 
Ingoldstadt  163.5.  His  works  were  published  at 
Ratisbon,  in  17  vols,  folio,  by  Niceron,  1739. 

Grevenbroeck,  a  Flcniish  painter  of 
llie  17th  century,  admired  for  bis  sea  pieces, 
and  particularly  for  the  correctness  with 
whicli  he  delineated  the  moat  minute  ob- 
jects. 

Greville,  Fulk,  or  Foulk,  lord  Brooke, 
■was  born  1554,  at  Beaucbamp  court,  War- 
■vvickshire,  tlie  seat  of  his  father  sir  Fulk 
Greville.  He  was  educated,  as  is  supposed 
at  Shrewsbury  school  and  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  entered  at  Ox- 
ford.  After  travelling  abroad,  he  was  intro- 
-duced  to  the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
■where  he  became  a  great  favorite,  and 
where  he  obtained  an  annual  income  of 
^bove  2000/.  as  clerk  of  the  signet  to  tJie 
council  of  Wales.  I'hough  prevented  by 
the  commands  of  the  queen  from  indulging 
his  attachment  to  military  affairs,  he  dis- 
tinguished himself,  with  his  aftectionate 
friend  sir  Philip  Sydney,  in  the  tilts  and 
tournaments  whicli  engaged  the  public  at- 
tention on  the  expected  marriage  of  EUza- 
beth  to  the  duke  of  Anjou.  In  1597  he  was 
knighted,  and  continued  to  represent  his 
tiounty  in  parliament  till  the  end  of  the 
queen's  reign.  Though  under  James  he 
obtained  the  gmnt  of  Warw  ick  castle,  on  the 
reparation  of  which  he  spent  20,000/.  yet  he 
found  Cecil  jealous  of  his  power,  and  tliere- 
fore  retired  to  privacy,  and  to  studious  pur- 
jsuits.  He  wished  to  engage  in  the  history  of 
his  country  from  the  union  of  the  two  roses 
in  Henry  VH.  but  Cecil  the  secretary  re- 
fused him  the  peinisal  of  those  papei's  which 
might  have  thrown  a  great  light  on  the  an- 
nals of  that  interesting  period.  After  Cecil's 
death  he  became,  in  1615,  a  favorite  at 
court,  and  was  made  under-treasurer  and 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  in  1620  he 
was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  tlie  peerage.  He 
continued  in  the  favor  of  Charles  I.  and  in 
the  beginning  of  his  reign  founded  a  history 
lecture  in  tlie  university  of  Cambridge,  with 


an  annual  salary  of  100/.  The  6iuceediii|f 
history  of  his  life  is  most  melancholy  ;  Ralpli 
Hey  wood,  one  of  his  domestics,  coiisidciint; 
his  sci-viich  to<»  long  unn.-warded,  iipbraide«l 
him  in  his  i-hand)er  with  unusual  Ireedom, 
and  upon  fihiling  his  applicatioji  disregarded, 
slal)l)c'd  him  mortally  in  the  back  with  a. 
knife  or  sword,  and  then  retiring  to  an  ad- 
joining chamber,  destroyed  himself  with  the 
same  weapon.  This  bloody  catastrophe 
happened  at  I'rook-house,  Holborn,  3<Jth 
l^eplrml>cr,  ICrZH.  The  dead  l>ody  was  con- 
veyed to  Warwick,  and  buried  in  St.  .Mai7's 
church  there.  Lord  Brooke  deserves  to  be 
recorded  not  merely  as  a  courtier,  but  as  the 
friund  and  patron  of  learned  men,  and  among 
his  respectable  associates  may  be  numbered 
besides  Sidney,  Spenser,  Shakspeare,  Ben 
Jonson,  Lgcrton,  Overal,  Camden,  Speed, 
Davenant,  inc.  As  he  was  never  married, 
his  estates  descended  to  liis  relation  Robert 
Greville. 

Gre  VI N,  James,  a  French  poet  and  phy- 
sician, born  at  Clermont  1538.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  Margaret  of  France,  duchess 
of  Savoy,  and  died  at  Turin,  3th  Nov.  1573. 
He  wrote  three  plays  ;  and  had  he  not  died 
thus  prematurely,  he  would  have  been  dis- 
tingui.shed  still  more  by  hie  genius  as  a  poet, 
and  by  extensive  practice  as  a  physician. 
His  poems,  &c.  were  printed  at  Paris  1561, 
in  Svo.  As  he  was  a  strong  Calvinist,  he 
joined  Roche  Chandicu  and  Christian  to 
write  the  well  known  poem  "  the  Temple," 
against  Ronsard,  w  ho  in  his  "  Miseries  of 
the  Time,"  had  abused  the  protestants. 

Gre VI us,  or  Gr^evius,  John  George,  a 
learned  Latin  critic,  born  at  Naumbourg  in 
Saxony,  29th  Jan.  1632.  He  finished  his 
studies  at  Leipsic,  but  though  intended  for 
the  law  by  his  father,  he  paid  much  atten- 
tion to  classical  literature,  and  by  the  friend- 
ship and  assistance  of  J.  F.  Gronovius  at  De- 
venter,  and  of  I).  Heinsius,  at  Leyden,  he 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  universal  learning, 
which  soon  after  so  eminently  distinguished 
him.  By  the  persuasion  of  D.  Blondel,  at 
Amsterdam,  he  quitted  the  tenets  of  Luth&r 
for  tliose  of  Calvin.  His  reputation  was  so 
well  established  that  his  assistance  as  pubhc 
professor  was  solicited  by  the  elector  of 
Brandenburg,  but  he  finally  settled  at  De- 
venter,  where  he  succeeded  bis  friend  Gro- 
novius. After  adorning,  by  l)is  eloquence 
and  the  great  powers  of  his  mind,  successive- 
ly, the  chairs  of  eloquence,  politics,  and  his- 
tory ;  and  after  being  honored  w  ith  the  par- 
ticular attentions  of  the  states  of  Utrecht, 
who  as  well  as  many  students  from  Germany 
and  England,  paid  homage  to  his  superior 
abilities  ;  this  excellent  scholar  was  suddenly 
carried  oIF  by  an  apoplexy,  11th  Jan.  1703, 
aged  71.  By  his  wife,  whom  he  wiarried 
1656,  he  had  IS  children,  but  only  four  daugh- 
ters survived  him.  As  an  editor  and  anno- 
tator,  Grajvius  has  acquired  great  celebrity. 
Hesiod,  Suetonius,  Cicero,  Florus,  Catullus, 
Tibullus,  Propertius,  Csesar,  Luci.an,  &c. 
M'cre  edited  by  him,  besides  Callimachus, 
which  his  son,  who  died  in  his  23d  year,  ha4 


GR 

r.cuily  completed.  His  chief  work  is  his 
'■'  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Romanarum," 
13  vols.  fol.  to  which  he  added  Thesaurus 
Antiq.  et  Histor.  Italiaj,  printed  after  his 
death,  3  vols.  fol.  The  best  part  of  his  let- 
ters to  the  learned  men  of  the  age  were 
preserved  in  Di*.  Mead's  collection. 

Greuxe,  a  very  eminent  French  painter. 
His  Pere  de  Faraille  giving  his  daughter  to 
an  honest  peasant,  to  whom  she  was  betroth, 
ed,  his  Filial  Piety,  and  his  young  Woman 
deploring  the  loss  of  her  canary-bird  are 
very  fine  performances. 

Grew,  Obadiah,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Atherston,  Warwickshire,  1607.  He  en- 
tered at  Baliol  college,  and  after  taking  his 
degrees  in  arts,  he  entered  into  orders  at  the 
age  of  5i8,  and  favoring  the  views  of  parlia- 
ment, settled  at  Coventry  as  minister  of  St. 
Michael's  there.  Active  and  exemplary  in 
his  conduct,  he  was  an  indefatigable  parish 
priest,  and  as  he  sided  with  the  presbyteri- 
ans  against  the  hierarchy,  so  he  opposed 
them  in  their  views  of  cutting  ofi'the  king  ; 
and  even  drew^  a  promise  from  Cromwell,  as 
he  passed  through  CovwiUy,  in  1647,  that 
no  violence  should  be  oftered  to  his  royal 
master.  In  1651,  he  took  both  his  degrees 
in  divinity,  but  at  the  restoration  he  refused 
to  conform,  for  which  he  was  ejected  from 
Iiis  palish.  He  died  '22d  Oct.  1698.  He 
published  Meditations  on  the  Parable  of  the 
i*rodigal  Son,  and  other  tlieological  tracts. 

Grew,  Nehemiah,  son  of  the  preceding, 
■w-as  eminent  as  a  writer  and  a  physician. 
He  was  educated  abroad,  and  was  admitted 
into  the  college  of  physicians  1680.  His 
|j;reat  merits  and  extensive  practice,  in  Lon- 
don, recommended  him  to  the  Royal  society, 
of  which  he  became  fellow  ;  and  in  1677, 
secretary.  Besides  the  publication  of  the 
philosophical  transactions  in  which  he  was 
engaged,  he  sent  to  press  the  Anatomy  of 
Plants,  fol. — Comparative  Anatomy  of  the 
Stomach,  &c.  fol. — Catalogue  of  the  Rarities 
of  the  Royal  society — Cosmologia  Sacra,  &e. 
He  died  suddenly.  Lady -day  1711,  in  Lou- 
don. 

Grey,  lady  Jane,  celebrated  for  her  vir- 
tues and  her  misfortunes,  was  daughter  of 
Henry  Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset,  by  Frances 
Brandon,  daughter  of  Mary,  dowager  of 
France,  and  sister  to  Henry  VHI.  She  w  as 
liorn  in  1537,  at  Bradgate-hall,  Leicester- 
shire, and  from  her  very  infancy  shewed 
great  quickness  and  comprehension  of  mind. 
Under  Hai-ding  and  Aylmer,  her  father's 
chaplains,  she  improved  herself  in  the  vari- 
ous branches  of  learning  ;  and  became  such 
a  proficient  in  languages,  that  she  spoke  and 
Avrote,  with  astonishing  facility,  the  French, 
Italian,  Latin,  and  it  is  said  the  Greek  ;  and 
"was  also  well  skilled  in  Hebrew,  Arabic,  and 
Chaldee.  To  these  high  acquirements  in 
literature,  were  united  great  beauty,  the 
mildest  manners,  and  the  most  captivating 
virtues  of  humility,  benevolence,  and  modes- 
ty. Regardless  of  the  pleasures  and  frivo- 
lous occupations  of  the  great,  she  sought  for 
gratification  in  reading  and  in  meditation. 


GR 

and  she  observed  to  her  tutor  Ascham,  v/h» 
found  her    reading  Plato  while  the  rest  of 
the  family  were  hunting  in   the   park,  that 
the  sport  which  they  were  enjoying,  was  but 
a  shadow   compared  to  the  pleasure  which 
she  received  from  the  sublime  author.     The 
alliances  of  her  family,  hoAvever,  and  theii* 
ambition,  were  too  powerful  to  ouft'er  her  to 
live   in  her  beloved    seclusion.     No  sooner 
was  the  declining  health  of  the  sixth  Edward 
perceived  by  his  courtiers,    than   Dudley, 
duke   of  Northumberland,  prevailed  upon 
the   unsuspecting    monarch,    to    settle   the 
crown  on  his  relation,  lady  Jane,  whose  at- 
tachment to  the  principles  of  the  reforma- 
tion was  indubitable  ;  and  to    pass   over  his 
sisters  Mary  and  Elizabeth.     When  this  was 
effected,  the  artful  favorite  n^arried  his  son 
Guildford  Dudley  to  the  future  queen,   and 
thus  paved  the  way  to  the  elevation  of   his 
own  family  to  the  throne.     But  while  others 
rejoiced  in  these  plans  of  approaching  great- 
ness, Jane  alone   seemed  unconcerned,  and 
when,  at  last,  on  Edward's   death,  she  was 
hailed   as  queen  by  her  ambitious  father-in- 
law,  Northumberland,  she  refused  the  prof- 
fered dignity,  till  the  authority  of  her  father 
the  duke  of  Suffolk,  and  the  enti^eaties  of  a 
husband  whom  she  tenderly  loved,  prevailed 
upon  her  I'cluctantly  to  consent.     She  wa's 
as  usual,  conveyed  to  the  tower,  preparatory 
to  her  coronation,  and  she   was  proclaimed 
queen  in  the  city,  and  honored  w  ith  all  the 
marks  of  royalty.     This  sunshine  of   pros- 
perity, was,  however,   but  transitory  ;   her 
rival  Mary  proved  more  powerful,  and  the 
kingdom  seemed  to  espouse  her  cauae  with 
such  loyalty,  that  Northumberland  and  Suf- 
folk yielded  to  the   popular  voice,  and  lady 
Jane  after  being  treated  as  queen  for  a  few- 
days,  descended  again,  and  with  exultation, 
to   privacy.     But   misfortunes  accompanied 
her  fall.     She  saw  her  father-in-law  and  his 
family,  her  own  father  and  his  numerous  ad- 
herents brought  to  the   Tower,  and  at  last 
expire  under  the  hand  of  the  executioner, 
and  she  herself  together  with  her  husband 
were  to  complete  the  bloody  tragedy.     She 
and  lord  Guilford  and  Cranmer  were   car- 
red  to   Guildhall  from  the   Tower  and  at- 
tainted of  high  treason,  and  condemned,  but 
it  is  imagined  that  had  not  Wyatt's  rebellion 
at  that  time  alarmed  the  suspicions  of  the 
bigoted    Mary,    the    innocent    Jane    might 
have  been  pardoned.    Three  months  after 
her  condemnation   she  was  ordered  to  pre- 
pare for  death,  and  as  her  husband  was  dis- 
suaded from  increasing  their  mutual  bitter- 
ness by   taking   leave    of   each  other,   she 
gave  him  her  last  Airowell  through  the  Avin- 
dow  as  he  passed  to  the  place  of  execution, 
and   soon  after  she  saw  his  headless  body 
wrapped  in  a  linen  cloth  borne  to  the  chapel. 
From  the  horrid  sight  she   was   soon  sum- 
moned herself  to  the  scaffold,  where  she 
suffered  with  the  most  christian  resignation, 
exclaiming  with  fervency,  **  Lord,  into  thy 
hands  I  commend  my  spirit."    This  bloody 
catastrophe  took  place  1  'ith  Feb.  1554.  Jane 
carried  with  her  to  the  grare,  the  regrets 


GR 


(iU 


and  the  xiflcctions  of  flm  proCeslnnts,  Rti-.l 
Alary  in  sIiciMiiij;'  llic  liiofitj  of  tliost-  who 
were  so  ueaily  i  ehtteil  lo  her,  sfciuc(!  to 
proclniin  Uiat  she  Ht-lle  rcgai-dcd  tlio  sacri- 
ficing of  tlie  livi's  of  her  siiltjccts  lo  lu'r  own 
higotcd  principU'S. 

(iuiiv.  Dr.  Zac.liary,  an  Eii_e;lisli  at-liolar, 
desccndcil  from  a  Vork-diirc;  fa?.iil\.  He 
was  of  Jesns  coilepc,  Canihriilj^e,  and  aftur- 
wards  r<:riiovcd  Lo'l'rinity  ha'l, where  he  look 
the  degree  of  LL.l).  He  was  rector  of 
lIoughton-Con(|Mcsl,  Redfordsiiire,  and  viiar 
of  St.  Clihs'  and  Si.  Peter's  in  Camhridj^e, 
and  (Ued  25lh  Nov.  l7Gi),  ac^ed  79.  He  was 
riuthor  of  near  SO  pubiications,  tlie  hest 
known  of  which  is  his  ediliou  of  Hudiltras, 
V  ilh  curious  and  interesting  notes,  2  vols, 
xvhicli  has  been  censured  anil  ridicidcd  hy 
AVarburton.and  H.  I'iehling,  but  ahly  defend- 
ed by  Warton  on  Shakspearc,  He  al.so  an- 
swered Neale's  History  of  ihe  Puritans,  i 
vols.  8vo.  Dr.  Grey  was  twice  married  and 
left  two  daughters. 

Grey,  Ur.  Kichard,  an  EngU.'^h  divine, 
horn  16'J3.  He  was  of  Lincoln  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  ohtained  the  livings  of  Kilncote, 
Leicestershire,  and  afterwards  Hinton  in 
^Torthamptonshire,  and  a  prebend  in  St. 
Paul's.  He  was  made  D.D.  1731,  by  the 
univei-sity  for  his  "  System  of  English  Ec- 
clesiastical Law."  He  published  besides  in 
1736  an  anonymous  pamphlet  called  "  the 
Misez'able  and  Distracted  State  of  Religion 
in  Engh'nd,  upon  the  Downfall  of  the  Church 
Established,"  Svo. — and  also  «  a  New  Meth- 
od of  Learning  Hebrew  without  Points," — 
Liber  Jobi. — the  Last  "Words  of  David — 
some  sermons,  &c.  He  lett  some  daughters, 
and  died  28th  Feb.  1771,  aged  78. 

G  RIB  ALDUS,  Matthew,  a  learned  civil- 
ian of  Padua,  who  left  Italy  to  embrace  tlie 
protestant  faith,  and  became  professor  of 
civil  law  at  Tubingen.  He  followed  the  er- 
rors of  the  anti-trinitarians,  for  which  he 
■was  obliged  to  fly  from  Tubingen,  and  he 
was  at  last  seized  at  Bern,  where  the  plague 
carried  him  off  in  Sep.  15fi4,  and  thus  pre- 
vented the  ignominious  death  which  his  per- 
.secutors  would  have  inflicted  upon  him.  He 
wrote  some  valuable  books  on  civil  law,  the 
best  known  of  which  is  his"Commenlai"ii  in 
Legem  de  Kerem  Mi.xtura,  et  de  Jure 
Fisci." 

Gribxer,  Michael  Henry,  professor  of 
the  law  at  V/ittemberg,  died  1734.  Ha 
wrote  several  works  in  Latin  on  jurispru- 
dence, &c.  and  his  abilities  are  mentioned 
with  respect  by  Saxius  in  his  OnomasticOn. 

Griekson,  Constantia,  a  woman  of  great 
respectability  as  a  scholar  in  (ireek  and 
Roman  literature.  She  was  horn  in  Kilken- 
ny, Ireland,  of  poor  and  illiterate  parents, 
but  she  proved  her  title  to  celebrity  by  her 
edition  of  Tacitus,  dedicated  lo  lord  Car- 
teret, and  by  that  of  Terence,  inscribed  to 
his  son,  and  also  by  her  poems,  and  a  Greek 
epigram  of  great  meiit.  In  acki.owlcdg- 
ment  of  her  literary  abilities,  lord  Carteret 
inserted  her  name  in  the  patent  whicli  grant- 
ed the  office  of  king's  printer  to  her  husband 
for  life.     She  died  ia  1733,   p^cd   only  27. 


She  received,  as  slie  iidormrd  .Mr;^.  Pilkitig- 
(on,  some  instruclioM  fiom  the  clergyman  oi 
her  parisli,  but  for  tbe  best  part  of  her 
learning,  she  was  intlebted  lo  l»er  own  in- 
<lusti'y.  'I'o  her  leurning  and  pbilosoidiical 
knowledge,  she  united  great  modesty,  geiiu- 
ine  piety,  and  every  femah;  virtue. 

(JuiFFEr,  Hirnry,  a  Jesuit  of  Moulins, 
who  died  at  lirnsscis  1775,  aged  77.  H<i 
published  Daniel's  History  of  France,  in 
which  he  continued  the  reign  of  Lewis  XHI. 
7  vols.  'ilo.  besides  sermons,  and  a  popular 
work  called  "  Deliccs  des  Pavs  f!as,"  5  vols. 
l2mo. 

CiniFriEP,  Jolm,  ao  eminent  painter, 
called  old  G)'iftier,  and  abroad  the  gcnllemah 
of  Utrecht.  He  was  born  at  Amsterdam;, 
and  died  in  London  1718,  aged  CO.  His  views 
on  the  Thames  vvei'c  much  admired,  as  also 
liis  etched  prints  of  birds,  beasts,  JScc.  from 
the  designs  of  F.  liarlow.  His  son  Robert, 
called  the  young  (uiiiier,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land, and  was  living  in  1713.  He  was  au 
excellent  landscape  painter. 

Griffin,  the  last  prince  of  Wales  before 
its  total  subjugation  by  tbe  English,  was  in- 
humanly put  to  death  in  London  by  his  con- 
queror. 

Griffith,  Michael,  a  native  of  London, 
who  studied  at  Seville  and  in  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, and  became  a  Jesuit,  and  was  sent  as 
missionary  of  his  ordei*  to  England.  He  died 
at  St.  Omer's  16.^2,  aged  65.  He  wrote  An- 
nales  Eclesise  Britannicic,  4  vols.  fol. — Bri- 
tannia Illustrata,  4to. 

GRiFFirns,  Ralph,  a  native  of  Shrop- 
shire, known  in  the  republic  of  letters  as  tlio 
first  editor  and  proprietor  of  ihe  Monthly 
lleview  a  periodical  work,  begun,  in  1749, 
and  by  his  assiduity  and  the  co-operation  of 
men  of  talents  and  information  raised  to 
great  celebrity.  This  useful  work  was  sa 
ably  and  so  successfully  conducted,  that  it 
procured  him  a  comfortable  independence, 
on  which  he  retired  to  his  residence  at  Turu- 
harii  Green,  some  years  before  Ids  death. 
He  was  honored  for  his  services  to  literature 
with  the  degree  of  L.L.D.  from  one  of  the 
American  universities,  and  he  died  1803, 
aged  83. 

Grigxan, Frances  Margaret  dcSevignc, 
countess  of,  daughter  of  the  celebrated  mad- 
ame  de  Sevigne,  was  born  in  lfi4fi.  She 
married  in  1069,  count  Grignan,  an  officer  of 
higli  rank  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  Her 
residence  in  Provence  with  her  husliand, 
and  at  a  distance  from  her  motlier,  was  the 
cause  of  the  writing  of  those  excellent  let- 
ters,  which  passed  between  the  mother  and 
daughter.  She  had  two  daughtei*s  and  one 
son.  She  died  1705,  one  year  after  the  death 
of  her  son,  and  her  husband  survived  her 
till  1714,  aged  85. 

Grigxox,  Jaques,  a  French  engraver  at 
the  end  of  the  17lh  centur}-.  Hisbest  works 
arehis  i)ortraits.  He  engraved  some  piece."? 
from  Chauveau's  designs  for  "  les  Tableau.x; 
de  la  Penitence." 

Gri.m.m.bi,   Jolm    Francis    a    painter, 
born  at  Bologna   lOOG.    He  studie.'J  under 


GR 


GR 


Tiis  relations  the  Caraccis,  ar.d  was  honoraUy 
employed  by  Innocent  X.  in  adorning  the 
Vaticarj,  and  the  other  edifices  of  liome. 
He  also  was  engaged  by  Mazarin  at  Paris 
Jor  three  years  in  embellishing  his  palace 
and  the  Louvre,  but  the  troubles  of  the  times, 
and  the  m  arrath  with  which  he  espoused  the 
cause  of  his  patron,  obliged  him  to  fly  to  the 
Jesuits  for  protection.  On  his  return  to 
ilome  he  gained  the  patronage  of  Iniwcent's 
two  successor,  Alexander  A'^ll.  and  Clement 
IX.  and  devoted  the  labors  of  his  pencil  in 
their  service.  He  was  also  skilled  in  archi- 
tecture, and  42  of  his  engravings  in  aqua  for- 
tis,  are  mentioned  with  great  commenda- 
tion. In  him  the  celebrity  of  the  painter 
>vas  united  Avith  great  benevolence  and  the 
most  chai-itable  disposition.  He  died  of  a 
dropsy  at  liftme  1660,  leaving  a  considerable 
fortune  among  his  si.\  children,  the  youngest 
<5f  whom,  Alexander,  distinguished  himself  as 
a  painter. 

Grimani,  Uomenico,  son  of  the  doge  of 
"Venice,  was  born  there  1460.  He  was  a 
learned  man  and  the  correspondent  of  Eras- 
mus, and  translated  some  of  Chyrsostom's 
homilies  into  Latin.  He  was  made  a  cardi- 
nal and  died  1523. 

Grimani,  Hubert,  an  excellent  portrait 
painter  of  Delft,  who  died  1629,  aged  30. 

Grimarest,  Leonard,  a  Fxench  writer 
•who  died  1720.  He  wrote  the  Life  of 
Charles  XH.  and  that  of  Moliere,  severely 
censured  by  Voltaire. 

Grimaud,  N.  de,  professor  of  medicine 
at  Montpellier,  is  author  of  a  treatise  on 
Fevera — Memoirs  on  Nutrition,  &c.  He 
died  1791. 

Grimmer,  James,  a  much  admired  land- 
scape painter  of  Antwerp,  who  died  1546, 
aged  30. 

Grim  DUX,  a  French  painter,  who  affect- 
ed to  make  no  distinction  between  night  and 
day.  His  portraits  are  highly  valued  as  ca- 
binet pieces.     He  died  1740. 

Grimston,  sir  Harbottle,  a  learned  law- 
yer, master  of  the  rolls  to  Charles  I.  He 
died  1GS3,  aged  9'J. 

Grind AL,  Edmund,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  1519  at  Halsinghara  in 
Cumberland.  He  entered  at  Magdalen  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  then  z-emoved  to 
Christ's,  and  afterwards  to  Pembroke  hail, 
when  he  became  fellow  1538,  and  M.  A. 
1541.  He  Avas  afterwards  chosen  lady  Mar- 
garet's public  preaclier,  and  distinguished 
himself  so  much  that  Ridley  bishop  of  Lon- 
don made  him  his  chaplain  1550.  The  next 
year  he  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king, 
and  in  1553  he  obtained  a  stall  at  Westmin- 
ster and  was  marked  as  one  of  those  who 
■where  to  enjoy  in  two  portions  the  rich  bish- 
opric of  Durham,  but  the  succession  of  Mary 
clouded  all  his  prospects.  He  fled  to  Stras- 
hurg,  and  there  remained  till  the  death  of 
the  queen,  when  his  services  were  employed 
in  drawing  up  the  new  liturgy  and  in  oppos- 
ing in  a  public  dispute  with  seven  Qther  pro- 
testants  the  popish  prelates.  In  1559  he 
was  made  maste*  of  Pembroke  hall,  in  the 


room  of  Young,  who  refused  the  oaths  trf 
supremac}-^,  and  the  same  year  he  was  nomi- 
nated to  succeed  after  Bonner's  deposition  as- 
bishop  of  London.  In  1564  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.D.  and  in  1570  he  w  as  translated  to 
York,  and  succeeded  Parker  five  years  after 
in  the  see  of  Canterbury.  His  elevation  was 
of  short  duration.  Elizabelh  saw  with  dis- 
pleasure that  the  frequent  meetings  of  the 
clergy  for  purposes  of  mutual  improvement, 
and  for  the  better  understanding  of  the  scrip- 
ture, wei'e  often  converted  into  faction  in- 
stead of  chi'istian  edification,  and  she  there- 
fore directed  Grindal  to  exercise  his  author- 
ity to  abolish  these  prophesyings,  as  they 
were  called.  The  primate  who  acknowledged 
that  the  interference  of  the  laity  in  these 
public  meetings  was  often  subversive  of  good 
order  and  decorum,  yet  saw  consequences  in 
the  friendly  meeting  of  the  clergy  so  favora- 
ble to  the  cause  of  religion  that  he  ventured 
to  dispute  with  tlie  queen  about  the  proprie- 
ty of  her  measures.  Elizabeth  was  peremp- 
tory, her  commands  were  issued  to  the 
bishops  to  silence  all  prophesyings  and  exer- 
cises, all  preachers  not  lawfully  called  ;  and 
Grindal,  after  being  allowed  a  decent  time  to 
consider  of  his  conduct,  was,  by  order  of  the 
Star-chamber,  confined  to  his  house,  and 
his  see  sequestered  from  him.  Though  ia 
some  degree  afterwards  restored  to  his  me- 
tropolitan power,  yet  he  chose  ito  resign 
his  see,  and  to  receive  a  pension  from  the 
queen.  With  this  he  retired  to  Croydon,  but 
died  two  months  after,  6th  July,  1583,  and 
was  interred  in  Croydon  church.  This  learn- 
ed prelate,  whose  firmness  was  doubted 
whilst  he  held  the  see  of  London,  and  seem- 
ed to  waver  in  his  treatment  of  the  papists, 
wrote  little.  The  patrons  of  his  early  life, 
Avere  besides  Ridley,  secretary  Cecil  and 
archbishop  Parker.  He  was  engaged  in 
drawing  up  the  statutes  for  the  government 
of  Christ-church,  Oxford,  and  by  his  human- 
ity he  provided  a  new  settlement  at  Embden 
for  the  British  merchants  of  Antwerp,  whom. 
Spanish  tyranny  oppressed  and  insulted. 

Gringonneur,  Jacquemin,  a  Parisian 
painter  in  the  l4th  century,  said  to  have  in- 
vented playing  cards  about  1392,  to  amuse 
the  melancholy  hours  of  Charles  VT.  king 
of  France,  Some,  however,  imagine  that 
cards  were  in  fashion  long  before  the  de«- 
rangement  of  the  sixth  Charles. 

Gringore,  Peter,  herald  at  arms  to  the 
duke  of  Lorraine,  died  1 544.    His  "  Morali- 
ties"  in  verse,  though  not  very  interesting, 
are  curious,  to  mark  the  progress  of  theatric 
cal  improvement. 

Grisaunt,  William,  an  English  physi- 
cian, astronomer  and  mathematician,  who 
studied  at  Mcrton  college,  Oxford,  ami  to 
avoid  the  suspicion  of  magic  which  in  those 
barbarous  ages  attended  the  possession  of 
learning,  fled  over  to  France.  He  settled  at 
Montpellier  and  afterwards  at  Marseilles, 
where  he  acquired  eminence  and  fame  by  an 
inquisitive  exammation  of  the  diseases  and 
constitution  :of  his  patients.  His  son  rose  to 
the  pontificate  under  the  name  of  Urban  V 


GR 


GR 


Ilis  works  arc  rncntioncd  in  Aikin's  Ring. 
-Memoirs.  The  tinieofhisilealli  is  unknown, 
tliougli  lie  vas  an  old  man  in  1350. 

liitiVE,  JoJm  do  la,  a  Frt-nch  gcopfrajjlK  r 
born  at  Sedan.  He  died  1757,  aj;ed  (iH. 
His  *'  Topoj^rapliy  of  Pari.s"  is  exlnincly 
accurate,  and  lii.s  plans  of  \'ersaille8,  Mai-lv, 
&c.  are  luucii  adinii'ed.  He  wrote  also  a 
JManual  of  Spherical  Trigonometry,  and 
other  works. 

<jROCYN,  William,  a  learned  F-nRlishman, 
l)orn  at  Hi'ir.iol  I'l  i.*,  and  eduealed  at  AVin- 
chester  school,  and  New  college,  0.\f(jrd. 
In  liZy  he  obtained  from  liis  college  the  rec- 
tory of  N'ewton  l.ongville,  Bucks,  and  after- 
"wards  in  conscqnencc  of  holding  in  the 
ablest  manner  a  disputation  before  llichani 
1!I.  when  he  visited  Oxford,  lie  was  m;ide 
prebendary  of  Lincoln.  He  ti-avellcd  to 
Italy,  and  improved  himself  in  the  Greek, 
then  little  understood,  under  Demetrius 
Chalcondylas,  and  Politian,  and  at  his 
return  1491,  settled  at  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  became  pulilic  professor  of 
liis  favorite  language.  He  was  the  corres- 
pondent and  friend  of  P^rrasmus.  When 
that  illustrious  scholar  visited  Oxford,  Gro- 
cyn  received  him  with  affection,  and  intro- 
duced him  to  Warham  the  primate,  and 
other  great  and  learned  men.  In  1490,  Gro- 
cj'n  exchanged  his  living  for  the  mastership 
of  All-hallows  college,  Maidstone,  K^nt, 
"where  he  died  1522,  of  a  stroke  of  the  palsy, 
■which  the  year  before  had  greatly  impaired 
liis  faculties.  He  had  little  respect  for  Plato, 
I)ut  paid  great  homage  to  the  philosophy  of 
Aristotle,  whose  works,  he  undertook  witli 
Latimer,  Linacre,  and  More,  to  translate,  but 
<Iid  not  pursue.  He  left  part  of  his  i)ropcr- 
ty  to  Linacre  his  executor,  and  to  Thomas 
Lilly  the  grammarian,  who  was  his  godson. 
A  Latin  epistle  from  him  to  Aldtis  Manutius, 
is  preserved  in  Linacre's  translation  of  Pro- 
clus  de  Sphiera.  Though  Erasmus  says 
this  is  all  he  wrote,  yet  some  other  writings 
of  his  are  mentioned  by  Bale  and  Leland. 

GROcnowsKi,a  Pole,  who,  after  serving 
in  the  Prussian  armies,  took  up  arms  in  de- 
fence of  his  country  against  the  Russians.  He 
was  with  Kosciuszko,  at  the  battle  of  Sye- 
zekociny,  6th  June,  1791,  and  was  mortally 
Mounded  by  a  canon  ball. 

Groditius, Stanislaus,  ajesuit  of  Poland, 
autlior  ol"  eight  volumes  of  Latin  sermons, 
and  other  polemical  writings.  He  died  at 
Cracow,  1G13. 

Gronovius,  John  Frederic,  a  respecta- 
ble civilian,  critic,  and  historian,  born  at 
Hamburgh,  1613.  After  making  great  pro- 
gress in  literature  at  home,  he  travelled 
through  Germany,  Italy,  and  France,  further 
to  increase  the  resources  of  his  mind,  and 
on  his  return  througli  Hcventer,  he  was 
stopped  and  honorably  appointed  professor  of 
polite  learning.  In  1058  he  removed  to  Ley- 
den  as  successor  in  the  professorial  chw", 
to  Dan.  Heinsius,  and  there  he  died'greatly 
regretted,  1072.  He  married  at  Deventer, 
and  had  two  sons  both  eminent  in  literature. 
He  published  a  dissertation  ou  Sl-alius'  Sylva 

VOL.  I.  79 


— a  treatise  on  the  Sesterce — a  work  of 
Ecclesiastical  Wiiters,  besides  \alu:il)|(:  edi- 
tions of  Plautus,  Seneca,  Sallust,  Livy, 
(^idnlilian,  Pliny,  &c. 

(.Ko  NOV  1  us,  James,  son  of  the  prcf-ed- 
ing,  was  born  at  J)evenler,  20th  Oct.  164.';, 
and  educated  uniler  his  father  at  Ley«len. 
In  1 670,  Im-  viiiltd  EiiglamI,  and  not  only 
examined  the  valu.ible  libraries  of  the  uni- 
vei-.suies,  bti»  he  gained  the  friendship  f)f  the 
learnc«l,  of  J'ocock,  Peai.son,  arid  .M.  (Jasau- 
bon,and  alter  his  return  to  Leydcii,  lie  ex- 
tended his  travels  lo  France,  where  he  was 
introOuc«d  to  Chaplain,  d'He.rbclot,  Theve- 
not,  and  other  .-jcboliirs.  Though  his  father's 
death  discoricertcd  his  plans,  he  proceeded 
to  Italy,  where  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
in  respect  to  his  merits,  granted  him  a  pen- 
sion, and  a  professf»r's  chair,  at  Pisa,  where 
he  had  for  his  colleague  Henry  Norris,  after- 
wards a  cardinal.  After  some  time  he  left 
Tuscany,  and  returning  by  the  way  of  Ve- 
nice and  Pa<lua,  he  came  to  Leyden,  where, 
in  1079,  a  professorship  awaited  him.  in 
this  peaceful  retreat,  endeared  to  him  by 
the  residence  of  his  father,  and  the  partiali- 
ties of  youthful  life,  he  determined  to  pass 
the  remainder  of  his  days,  and  therefore  re- 
jected the  honorable  offers  of  a  chair  at  Pa<. 
dua,  and  also  at  Keil,  in  Holstein,  under  the 
duke  of  SIcswick.  In  the  midst  of  his  lit- 
erary occupations  the  death  of  his  favorite 
daughter  rent  Iiis  bosom  v  ith  afflicilon,  so 
that  in  the  fullness  of  his  grief,  he  fell  sick, 
and  five  weeks  after  followed  her  to  the 
grave,  21st  Oct.  1716.  He  left  two  sons,  the 
eldest  a  physician  and  the  youngest  Abra- 
ham, history  professor  at  Utiecht.  Grono- 
vius was  inferior  to  his  father  in  modesty  and 
moderation,  though  superior  in  learning; 
but  his  virulence  against  his  literary  antago- 
nists was  such,  that  he  m  as  called  a  second 
Scioppins.  Besides  editions  of  Macrobius, 
Polybius,  &c.  he  published  that  valuable 
book,  *'  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Gr^ca- 
rum"  13  vols.  fnl. 

Gropper,  John,  an  able  polemic  of 
Westphalia,  wlio  refused  a  cardinal's  hat. 
He  died  at  llome  1559.  He  liad  a  great  ab- 
horeuce  of  women.  He  wrote  a  valuable 
work  "  Erchiridion  Christianie  iieligionis.'* 

Gros,  Peter,  an  able  sculptor,  boin  at 
Paris.  He  embellished  the  capital  of  France 
with  many  fine  specimens  of  his  art,  and 
died  at  Itome  1710,  aged  44. 

Gros,  Nicholas,  a  theologian  of  Jtheiras, 
whose  opposition  to  the  bull  uni^enitus,  ob- 
liged him  to  fiy  from  France.  He  was  for 
some  time  in  England,  and  wrote  several 
things  on  temporary  subjects.  He  was  the- 
ological professor  at  Amersfort,  and  in  his 
writings  ably  supported  the  jansenists in  Hol- 
land.    Iledied  1751,  aged  70. 

Grose,  Francis,  an  English  antiquary, 
and  able  writer.  He  illustrated  "  the  An- 
tiquity of  England  and  ^^'ales"  in  4  vols. 
4to.  "  and  of  Scotland,"  in  two.  His  de- 
sign, with  respect  to  Ireland,  was  checked 
by  death,  whi<di  carried  him  off  in  Dublin,  ia 
1791,   aged   52     He  published  besides    *'a 


GR 


GR 


great 
Dr. 


Classical  Dictionary  of  the  Vulgar  Tongue,'' 
—Military  Antiquities,  &c. — a  treatise  on 
Ancient  Armour,  &c.  His  talents  were 
much  admired  as  a  draughtsman,  and  he  was 
equally  respectable  as  a  pleasing  and  agree- 
able companion  in  private  Ufe. 

Grosley,  Peter  John,  member  of  the 
academy  of  belles  lettres,  and  of  Inscriptious, 
Was  born  at  Troyes,  and  died  there  1785, 
aged  67.  He  wrote  "  Recherches  pour 
I'flistoire  du  Droit  Francois" — the  Lives  of 
the  two  Pithou's,  &c.  besides  large  contribu- 
tions to  the  Encyclopedia,  and  the  Diction- 
naire  Historiqnc. 

Grosseteste,  Robert,  .in  English  pre- 
late, born  about  1175,  at  Stradbrook,  Suffolk. 
Tliough  obsourely  born,  he  received  a  de- 
cent education,  most  ably  assisted  by  inde- 
fatigable application,  at  Oxford  and  Paris, 
where  he  becamq  a  respectable  proficient  in 
Greek  hterature,  Uttle  regarded  at  that  time. 
On  returning  from  Pai-is,  he  read  lectures  ou 
philosophy  and  divinity  at  Oxford,  and  from 
the  celebrity  which  he  acquired  was  made 
archdeacon  of  Chester,  afterwards  of  AVilts, 
.i.nd  in  l'2ij4-5,  elected  bishop  of  Lincoln. 
He  died  at  Buckden,  1253,  highly  respected 
for  learning,  integrity,  and  piety,  even  in 
the  opinion  of  Matthew  Paris,  who  often 
speaks  of  him  with  marked  indifference. 
He  wrote  commentaries  on  Aristotle,  and 
other  voluminous  works,  mentioned  in  Tan- 
nei"'s  Bibiiotlieque.  He  possessed 
learning,  a  clear  and  vigorous  intellect. 
Pegge  has  written  his  life. 

Grosteste,  Claude,  a  French  refugee, 
who  came  to  London,  after  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Naiites.  He  was  minister  of 
the  Savoy,  and  wrote  several  sermons,  and 
a  treatise  pn  the  Inspiration  of  the  Sacred 
Books,  displaying  learning,  benevolence,  and 
humihty.     He  died  1713,  aged  '28. 

Grosvenor,  Benjamin,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, made  minister  of  a  dissenting  congre- 
gation, in  Ci'osby-square,  1704,  and  in  1716 
removed  to  Salters'  hall  meeting-house.  Be- 
sides essay  on  Health,  and  the  Mourner,  often 
edited,  and  universally  approved,  he  wrote 
several  sermons,  and  died  1758,  aged  83. 

Grotius.  or  Groot,  Hugo,  a  celebra- 
ted writer,  son  of  John  de  Groot,  a  respec- 
table burgo-master  of  Delft.  He  was  born 
at  Delft,  10th  April  15S0,  and  from  his  ear- 
liest years  displayed  strong  powers  of  mind, 
great  genius,  sound  judgment,  and  a  most 
retentive  memory.  He  studied  at  tiie  Hague, 
and  afterwards  removed  to.Leyden  under 
the  care  of  Francis  Junius,  and  here  Joseph 
Scaliger  saw  and  admired  his  promising  abi- 
lities, and  alfectionately  interested  himself  in 
his  improvement.  In  1598  he  accompanied 
count  Justin  of  Nassau,  and  the  grand  pen- 
iicner  Barnevelt,  in  their  embassy  to  France, 
and  he  was  received  with  every  mark  of 
kindness  by  the  court,  and  presented  by 
Heory  IV.  with  his  picture  and  a  gold  chain. 
The  university  of  Paris  also  {jaid  its  respects 
to  this  learned  youth,  and  granted  him  a 
doctor  of  law's  degree  before  his  return 
to  JJoil^d.    DcTotiog  himself  to  the  law, 


he  pleaded  his  first  cause  at  Delft,  kmi 
though  scarce  seventeen  he  commanded  the 
general  applause  by  his  eloquence  and  exten- 
sive information.  But  polite  literature  also 
engaged  much  of  his  attention,  and  in  1599 
he  published  an  edition  of  Martianus  Capel- 
la,  dedicated  to  the  celebrated  de  Thou,  and 
translated  into  Latin,  Stevin's  treatise  for 
the  instruction  of  pilots  in  finding  a  ship's 
place  at  sea.  In  1600  he  published  his 
Plijenomena  of  Aratus,  and  acquired  su<ik 
celebrJt}  as  a  poet  that  his  Prosopopoeia  was 
translated  into  French  by  du  Vaer,  Rapin, 
Pasquier,  and  Malherbe,  and  into  Greek  by 
Casaubon.  He  also  wrote  ti'agedies,  and  his 
Adamus  Exui,  his  Christus  Patiens,  and  his 
Joseph  were  received  with  great  applause, 
lu  1603,  he  was  appointed  historiographer 
to  the  states  of  Holland,  who  thus  selected 
him  as  the  ablest  historian  worthy  to  trans- 
mit to  posterity  the  heroic  deeds  of  their 
countrymen,  and  their  emancipation  froni 
Spanish  slavery.  He  was  next  appointed  ad- 
vocate general  for  the  fisc  of  Holland  and 
Zealand,  with  an  increased  salary,  and  he 
ably  defended  in  1609,  in  his  "  Mare  Libe- 
rum"  the  freedom  of  the  ocean,  and  the 
right  of  the  Dutch  to  trade  to  the  east, 
though  the  work  was  severely  and  acutely 
censured  by  Selden.  His  treatise  de  Anti- 
quitate  Reipublicse  Batavse,  to  assert  the 
ancient  independence  of  his  country  from 
the  Roman  yoke,  and  the  modern  usurpa- 
tions of  Spain  appeared  in  1610,  and  was 
rewarded  with  the  unanimous  thanks  of  the. 
states.  In  1613,  he  was  honorably  elected 
pensionary  of  Rotterdam,  and  obtained  a 
seat  in  the  assembly  of  the  states  of  Holland, 
and  afterwards  of  the  states  general,  and 
soon  after  his  abilities  were  employed  in  set- 
tling the  disputes  between  the  English  and 
the  Dutch,  on  the  subject  of  the  fi«hcry  in 
the  Northern  seas.  In  the  religious  diifer- 
ences  which  now  began  to  agitate  Holland, 
Grotius  who  had  hitlierto  marcheel  unoppos- 
ed in  the  road  of  honor  and  glory,  took  ^ 
share,  and,  in  embracing  the  tenets  of  Armini- 
us,  he  declared  himself  a  zealous  advocate 
for  tolei'ation.  His  conduct,  and  that  of 
those  with  whom  he  acted,  proved  offensive 
to  prince  Maurice,  and  the  conference,  be- 
gun for  reconciUation,  soon  ended  in  mis- 
trust and  warfare.  At  the  national  synod  of. 
Dort,  15th  November,  1618,  the  five  articles 
of  the  Arminians  were  condonned,  their 
ministers  were  banished,  and  their  three 
able  defenders,  Barnevelt,  Grotius,  and  Hoo- 
garbetz,  were  tried,  and  the  first  was  execu- 
ted, and  the  others  doomed  to  perpetual  im- 
prisormient.  In  his  prison  of  Louvestein, 
Grotius  found  consolation  in  literary  occupa- 
tions, and  though  his  confinement  was  rigo- 
rous, he  derived  evei-y  comfort  from  the 
attentions  of  his  wife,  who  after  some  diffi- 
culty was  permitted  to  visit  him.  The  fond 
care  of  this  worthy  Avoman  at  last  procured 
his  deliverance,  after  a  captivity  of  nearly 
two  years,  and  on  pretence  of  removing 
books  which  she  declared  pi'oved  injurioas 
to  her  husba{^d's  health,  she-  whs  pei'raitttjJ 


GR 


GR 


to  send  away  a  small  chest  of  ili-awers  oPthc 
length  of  tliree  feet  and  a  half,  in  wliicli  he 
was  confined.  Thus  carried  hy  two  scdditis 
iVoni  the  fortress  ol"  LouvrsUin,  the  chest 
wa3  removed  to  (Jorcum  on  horsehack,  and 
at  the  h«uise  of  a  fiien«l  the  ilhisti-ious  pris- 
oner was  set  at  llliert)-,  and  iinniciliately 
escaped  dis_u;uiscd  in  the  dress  of  a  mason 
with  a  rule  and  a  tr»)wel,  to  Valvic  in  Hra- 
bant,  and  then  to  Antwerp.  From  Ant- 
werp he  wrote  to  the  states  general,  excul- 
pating himself,  and  asserting  that  his  con- 
duct was  giiideil  by  the  purest  love  for  his 
country,  and  the  sincerest  regard  for  the  in- 
terests of  tlie  states,  and  he  afterwards  went 
to  Piiris,  where  he  received  a  pension  fi'om 
the  French  court.  His  apology  a])peared  in 
1C2'2,  but  it  was  received  with  such  indigna- 
tion by  the  slates  general,  that  all  persons 
were  forbidden  to  read  it  on  pain  of  death, 
and  a  decree  was  issued  to  seize  the  ofl'end- 
ing  author  wherever  he  couUl  be  found.  In 
l<o^23  he  retired  from  the  tumults  of  Paris  to 
the  seat  of  one  of  his  frie»ils  near  Boulogne, 
and  there  began  his  great  work  on  the  Rights 
of  Peace  and  War.  The  death  of  Maurice 
in  Holland  made  no  change  in  the  politics  of 
the  Dutch,  and  the  next  stadlhohier,  Frede- 
ric Henry,  professed  the  same  enmity  against 
the  exiled  sufferer,  but,  at  last,  through  the 
solicitations  of  his  friends,  and  the  earnest 
applications  of  his  wife,  the  confiscation  was 
removed  from  his  property,  and  in  October 
1631,  he  ventured  to  revisit  Holland.  Though 
honorably  received  at  IJotterdam,  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  at  Delft,  he  found  still  the 
spirit  of  rancour  in  tl»e  magistrates,  and 
when  threatened  again  with  persecution,  he 
determined  to  remove  from  an  ungrateful 
country  on  which  his  services  and  his  wri- 
tings have  conferred  immortal  fame.  In 
INfarch  1632,  he  retired  to  Hamburgh,  nnd 
there  was  flattered  with  the  most  pressing 
and  liberal  irtritations  from  Spain,  Portugal, 
Denmark,  Holstein,  and  other  princes,  but 
lie  preferred  the  friendship  of  Oxenstiern, 
and  a  residence  in  Sweden,  to  all  other 
situations.  By  the  kindness  of  his  new  pa- 
tron, and  the  celebrity  of  his  0%^^!  meritori- 
ous Avorks,  he  was  at  last  declared  counsellor 
to  the  queen  of  Sweden,  and  appointed  her 
ambassador  to  France,  and  for  eight  years, 
till  1644,  he  supported  the  character  of  his 
station,  and  the  interests  of  his  new  adopted 
country,  with  firmness  and  with  dignity. 
When,  at  his  own  solicitation,  he  retireil 
from  the  French  embassy,  he  removed 
through  Holland  to  Sweden,  ami  was  honor- 
ably received  by  queen  Christina  ;  but  seeing 
the  cabals  of  his  enemies,  who,  without  me- 
rit, were  jealous  of  his  fame  and  consequence, 
he  sighed  again  for  retirement,  and  request- 
ed permission  to  go  to  Lubec.  On  the  12th  of 
August  1645,  he  embarked,  but  the  vessel 
was  driven  by  a  dreadful  storoi  on  the  coast 
of  Pomcrania,  and  Grotiu?,  intent  to  reach 
Lubec,  arrived  at  Rostock,  after  a  tedious 
journey  of  sixty  miles,  exposed  to  the  rain 
and  to  the  inclemency  of  the  air.  The  diffi- 
culties of  his  journey  were  increased  by  the 


attacks  of  a  fever,  and  the  illustrious  stran- 
ger, whom  the  ingratitude  of  his  country- 
men had  banished  from  his  home,  and  the 
envy  of  courtiers  had  tlriven  fi'om  his  long 
wished  for  asylum,  sinking  under  fatigue  and 
disease,  expired  at  midnight,  2Sth  August, 
1615.  His  remains  were  cr»tivi'yrd  to  Delft, 
and  deposited  in  the  grave  of  Ik4s  family, 
where  ibis  modest  epitaph  written  by  liim- 
self  marks  the  spot  : 

(Jrothis  hie  Hugo  est,  Batavum  captivun 
ft  exiil, 
Lcrrutiis  reg)ii,  Snceia  7nn:;}ia,  tui. 
Besides  his  valuable  treatise  on  the  Christian 
religion,  which  is  known  to  every  student  of 
Christianity,  and  his  treatise  tic  .lure  Belli  & 
l*aci.s,  and  the  other  pieces  already  mer>- 
tioned,  he  published,  among  other  -Horks, 
Via  ad  Pacem  I'Lcclesiasticam, — Anlhologia, 
— HistoriaCiothorum, — Commentary  on  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments, — Dissertatio  Hia- 
toric.  de  Dogmat.  Ritib.  ^c. — I'^cclesice,  hic. 
— de  Originc  (jentium  American. — Notc^ 
on  Tacitus,  Lucian,  &tc. — Epistles,  &cc.  His 
wife,  Mary  Reigesberg,  whom  he  marrie»I 
1608,  survived  him.--  She  was  a  woman  of  a 
most  respectable  family  in  Zealand,  and  ii> 
her  character  most  amiabje,  benevolent,  and 
exemplary.  The  religious  opinions  of  Gro- 
tius  were  very  favorable  to  the  cliurch  of 
England,  and  it  is  no  despiofible  testimony 
to  the  purity  and  authenticity  of  the  doc- 
trines of  our  national  establishment,  that  its 
tenets  and  discipline  were  commeiidcd  and 
applauded  by  a  man  whose  judgment  was  so 
discriminating,  and  whose  opinion  is  so  res- 
pectable and  so  satisfactory,  especially  on 
the  subject  of  religion,  to  which  he  devoted 
for  a  long  time  all  the  powers  of  a  strong, 
vigorous,  and  unjirejudiced  mind.  Tv.o  of 
the  sons  of  this  illustrious  character,  Corne- 
lius and  Diederic,  embraced  the  military 
profession,  and  another,  Peter,  became  emi- 
nent in  the  law,  and  as  a  philologist,  and  was 
known  as  a  pensionary  of  Amsterdam.  He 
died  1678. 

Grottus,  William,  brother  of  Hugo,  was 
boi'n  at  Delft,  and  distinguished  liimself  as  a 
lawyer.  He  wrote  Encliiridrion  do  Princi- 
piis  Juris  Nature, — &c  Vitae  Juris  consulto- 
rum  in  Pandectis  Nomin.  &fc.  and  died  1G62. 

Grove,  Henry,  a  learned  teaciier  among 
the  presbyterians,  born  at  Taunton,  Somer- 
sctsliire,  4lh  January  1083.  He  was  de- 
scended from  very  respectable  families  in 
Devonshire  and  Wiltshire,  by  his  lather  and 
mother,  and  therefore  his  education  was  pal^ 
ticularly  attended  to.  After  being  under  the 
care  of  Mr.  Warren,  who  kejit  an  academy 
at  Taunton,  he  went  to  London,  and  Jitiidied 
under  his  relation,  Mr.  Rowe,  and  by  his 
learning  and  abilities,  recommended  himself 
to  the  notice  of  some  respectable  divines, 
among  whom  was  Dr.  Watts.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-tM'O  he  began  to  be  a  preacher, 
and  soon  after  married  ;  and  undertook  witji 
Mr.  James,  the  care  of  'J'auuton  academy, 
in  the  room  of  his  friend  Warren,  where  he 
continued  very  successfully  employed  for  IS 
ytars.     During  tbi;.t  «ime  Le  ei;gaged  in  the 


GR 


GR 


Iheologloal  dispQtes  -which  agitated  the  dis- 
senters and  tlie  cKrg)-,  ami  he  published  his 
**  Essay  on  the  Terms  of  Christian  Com- 
munion," and  other  thmg^.  In  1736  he  lost 
his  wife,  and  the  following  year  he  f  II  a  vic- 
tim to  a  violent  fever,  which  carried  liini  ofi' 
aTih  Feb.  1730-7.  An  inscription  was  pla- 
ced over  his  grave  by  Dr.  AA'ard  of  Gresham 
college.  He  wrote  Miscellanies  in  prose  and 
\crse,  besides  a  Discourse  on  Saving  Faith, 
—an  Essay  on  the  Soul's  Immortality — and 
the  numbers  588,  601,  026,  035,  in  the  Spec- 
tator. His  posthumous  works  appeared  in 
1740,  4  vols.  Svo. 

Grove,  Joseph,  an  Englishman,  -who 
-wrote  the  life  of  cardinal  Wolsey.  He  died 
1764. 

Gruchius,  Nicolas,  of  a  noble  family  in 
Rouen,  -was  the  first  who  explained  Aris- 
totle in  Greek.  He  translated  Castanedo's 
history  of  the  Indies,  and  wrote  a  treatise  de 
Coraitiis  llomanorum,  besides  tracts  against 
Sigonius,  and  other  works.  He  died  1572, 
at  liochelle. 

Grudius,  Nicolas  Everard,  treasurer  of 
Brabant,  v/rote  sacred  and  profane  poetry 
in  Latin,  and  died  1571. 

Grue,  Thomas,  a  Frenchman  at  tlie  end 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  who  translated 
several  English  works  into  French,  and 
among  them,  Ross's  history  of  all  lleligions, 
and  Rogers'  Gate  opened  to  the  Knowledge 
of  Paganism. 

Gruet,  N.  a  young  poet  of  very  promis- 
ing abilities,  who  was  unfortunately  killed  by 
the  discharge  of  a  fowling-piece,  on  which 
he  was  resting  liis  head,  and  of  which  the 
trigger  was  pulled  by  the  motion  of  his  dog. 
His  farewell  of  Hector  and  Andromache, 
nnd  his  Annibal  to  the  Carthaginian  senate, 
are  poetical  pieces  of  great  merit.  He  died 
1778,  aged  25. 

Gruget,  Claude,  a  Parisian  of  the  lOth 
century,  who  translated  Spanish  and  Itahan 
-works  into  French,  and  among  them  tlie 
queen  of  Navarre's  Heptameroii. 

Gruner,  John  Frederic,  an  able  theolo- 
gian and  scholai',  boi'n  at  Cobourg.  He 
v.'i'ote  an  introduction  to  Roman  x\ntiquities, 
— Miscellanea  Sacra, — Critical  Remarks  on 
the  Classics,  besides  editions  of  Cselius  Se- 
dulius,  Eutropius,  Patercidus,  and  other 
valuable  works.     He  died  1778,  aged  55. 

Gruterus,  Janus,  an  eminent  philolo- 
gei',  born  3d  December  15G0,  at  Antw.  rp. 
JHis  father  was  burgomaster  there,  and  he 
■was  obliged  to  fly  in  consequence  of  signing 
that  petition  to  the  duchess  of  Parma,  which 
gave  rise  to  the  word  Guex.  He  came  to 
Norwich  with  his  wife,  who  was  an  Englishwo- 
man, and  with  his  infant  son.  Under  the  eye 
of  his  mother,  who  was  an  excellent  scholar, 
and  could  read  Galen  in  the  original,  young 
Gruter  made  a  rapid  progress,  and  at  the 
proper  age  he  was  sent  to  Cambridge.  On 
the  return  of  his  parents  to  the  continent  he 
followed  them  and  completed  his  education 
at  Leyden,  where  he  took  a  doctor's  degree 
in  civil  law.  During  the  political  agitation 
of  Flanders,  he  travelled  into  foreign  coun- 


tries, and  -was  some  lime  professor  of  histoiT 
at  Wittemberg,  but  refused  to  continue 
there,  as  a  confession  of  faith,  contrary  to 
his  sentiments,  was  tendered  to  him.  He 
was  afterwards  offered  a  professor's  chair  at 
Padua,  but  he  prefeired  tlic  invitation  which 
he  had  received  to  settle  at  Heidelberg.  In 
this  situation  he  published  his  large  collec- 
tion of  inscriptions,  dedicated  to  the  em- 
peror Rodolphus  II.  who  in  approbation  of 
his  merit  granted  him  the  license  of  pub- 
lishing his  own  works  and  those  of  others, 
and  intended  him  the  honors  of  nobility,  the 
completing  of  wiiich  his  death  prevented. 
On  the  taking  of  Heidelberg  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  lose  his  valuable  librai'y  which 
had  cost  him  liJOO  golden  crowns,  and  all 
applications  for  its  I'ecovery  Avere  fruitless. 
He  afterwards  had  honorable  invitations  to 
settle  in  Denmark,  and  in  the  university  of 
Franeker,  but  he  rejected  them,  »nd  at  last 
fixed  his  residence  at  a  country  house  near 
Heidelberg,  from  whence  going  to  visit  his 
son-in-law  he  was  10th  September  1527, 
suddenly  taken  ill,  and  expired  ten  days  af- 
ter. He  was  buried  in  St.  Peter's  church, 
Heidelberg.  He  was  an  able  critic,  a  man 
of  extensive  erudition,  and  a  very  volumi- 
nous and  respectable  writer. 

Gruterus,  Peter,  a  practitioner  of  pln*- 
sic  in  Flanders,  Mho  published  in  17U9  at 
Leyden  *'  a  Century  of  Latin  Letters,"  with 
obsolete  phrases,  and  a  "  New  Century," 
also  in  1629  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  died 
1634. 

Gryllus,  son  of  Xenophon,  slew  Epa- 
minondas,  and  fell  himself  at  the  celebrated 
battle  of  Mantinea,  B.  C  363. 

GRYNiEus,  Simon,  a  learned  German,  son 
of  a  peasant  of  Swabia,  born  at  Veringen,  in 
the  county  of  Hohenzollern,  1493.  He  stu- 
died with  great  assiduity,  and  became  Greek 
professor  at  Vienna,  but  his  attachment  to 
the  protestants  exposed  him  to  many  dan- 
gers and  frequent  persecution.  He  was  im- 
prisoned by  the  monks  at  Baden,  and  after 
his  liberation  had  a  conference  v  ith  Luther 
and  Melancthon  at  Wittemberg.  He  was 
afterwai'ds  for  six  years  Greek  professor  at 
Heidelberg,  from  whence  he  went  to  Basil, 
and,  in  1531,  visited  England  with  strong  re- 
commendations from  Erasmus  to  sir  Tho- 
mas More,  Montjoy  and  others.  In  1534  he 
was  employed  in  reforming  the  churoli  and 
school  of  Tubingen,  and  two  years  after  re- 
turned to  Basil,  and  in  1540  assisted  at  the 
conferences  of  Worms.  He  died  of  the 
plague  the  next  year  at  Basil.  He  Avas  an 
excellent  scholar,  Avhose  great  erudition  is 
usefully  displayed  in  his  editions  of  the  Al- 
magest of  Plotemy,  of  Euclid,  Plato,  Pro- 
clus,  &c. 

Gu  ynjEus,  John  James,  a  native  of  Berne, 
of  the  family  of  the  preceding.  He  Avas  min- 
ister and  divinity  professor  at  Basil,  and  died 
there  1617,  aged  77.  He  was  blind  for  the 
last  five  years  of  his  life.  He  Avrote  notes  on 
several  of  the  fathers,  besides  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal history,  &c. 

Gryn.«;iis,  Thomas,  nephew  of  the  pr^- 


GU 


CiU 


•:c(ling,  was  born  at  Syringcn  in  Swahia,  and 
oducatetl  under  the  tare  <jf  liis  uncle.  He 
■vvas  Latin  and  (ireck  prolcbsor  at  HeriK'  and 
Jiasil,  and  v.i.s  liiglil}  rcsiicctcd  as  a  scliolar 
Mud  a  man.  lie  k-il  tbur  suns,  all  cniinenl  in 
literature. 

GRVPiiiARUEn,  Joiui,  professor  of  his- 
tory aud  [)oetry  at  Jena,  was  author  of  some 
work;;,  tind  die<l  101'2. 

CJitvi'Hius,  Sebastian,  a  celebrated  prin- 
ter at  Lyons,  born  at  Keiitldingen  in  Swa- 
bia  14U3.  He  was  c(iually  known  as  a  scIki- 
lar,  and  Conrad  (iesner,  in  testimony  oi  bis 
merit,  dedicated  one  of  Ids  books  to  him, 
:ind  Julius  Sci.lii^er  also  spoke  icspcctfuily  ol 
his  abilities.  The  booksprinled  Ijv  <iryphu»s 
are  nmcli  admired,  especially  his  Hebrew, 
(ireek,  and  Latin  editions,  and  parliculaily 
his  "  Latin  liitjje,"  in  2  vols.  fol.  in  the  lars^- 
ost  types,  then  seen,  15.50.  He  died  IjjO, 
and  left  his  trade  and  reputation  to  his  son 
and  able  successor  Anthony  (ir^phiiis. 

GuYPHius,  Andrew,  the  Ooineille  of 
Germatiy,  was  born  at  Glogaw  iGlG.  He 
is  highly  extolled  by  the  Germans  as  a  tragic 
writer,  and  he  also  published  in  a  line  vein 
of  satire  and  irony,  a  critique  on  tire  ancient 
comedies  of  the  Greeks.     He  died  1G04. 

Gryphius,  Christian,  son  of  Andx*ew, 
■was  professor  of  eloquence  at  Breslaw,  and 
principal  librarian  of  the  college  of  Magda- 
len. He  was  a  man  of  extensive  erudition, 
and  was  the  author  of  German  poems — a 
treatise  on  the  German  language — of  a  dis- 
sertation ou  the  historical  writers  oi"  tlie  17th 
century,  &c.     He  died  1706,  aged  57. 

GuA  DE  ]Malve8,  John  Paul  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  born  in  Languedoc.  He 
first  conceived  the  idea  of  au  encyclopedia, 
which  was  so  successfully  executed  by  d' Alem- 
bert,  Diderot,  and  others.  He  wrote  Usage 
de  I'Analyse  de  Descartes,  bcc.  and  died  at 
Paris  1786,  aged  74. 

GuADAGNOLO,  Philip,  a  learned  orienta- 
list, born  at  JSIagliano,  He  chiefly  devoted 
liimself  to  the  study  of  Greek,  Hebrew, 
Chaldean,  Syriac,  Persian,  and  particularly 
Arabic,  which  he  taught  many  years  in  the 
Sapienza  college  at  Home.  He  was  so  well 
versed  in  Arabic,  that  he  spoke  an  oration  in 
that  language  before  queen  Christina  at  Rome 
1656.  He  also  at  the  request  of  pope  Urban 
VHL  undertook  in  1G22,  and  linished  after 
27  years'  labor,  a  translation  of  the  Bible  in- 
to Arabic  for  the  use  of  the  Eastern  ciiurch- 
es,  pul)lished  at  Uomc  1671,  3  vols.  fol.  He 
wrote  besides  an  Apology  for  the  ('bristian 
Religion  in  Latin  l6ol,  and  in  Arabic  16.37, 
against  a  Mahometan,  and  witli  such  eliect 
that  his  antagonist  embraced  Christianity — 
"a  Methodical  Arabic  Grammar"--an  Arabic 
Dictionary,  not  completed,  the  manuscript 
of  which  is  preserved  in  the  convent  of  San 
Lorenzo  in  Lucina.  This  accomplished  scho- 
lar died  1656,  aged  CO. 

GuAGUiN,  Alexander,  an  author,  who 
was  born  at  Verona  1538,  and  died  at  Cra- 
cow, aged  76.  He  wrote  some  valuable  topo- 
graphical works,  especially  "  Sarmatiaj  Eu- 
j-opeK  Descriptio,  Spires,"  1581 — et  Uerum 
Palonicarum  Scriptores,  3  Tols.  8vo, 


Gu.'XLBERT,  St.  John,  a  lloicnLmc  wiio 
founih-d  a  monastery  at  Vallombrosa  among 
the  Apennines,  wlure  he  died  1073  The 
si»ot  ib  immortalized  by  the  pen  of  MiUon  in 
his  ParaJlise  Lost. 

(it  ALDUS,  Prioratus,  or  Galea^zo,  an 
Italian  historian,  born  at  Virenza,  wliere  be 
die<l  lt)7il.  He  was  historiographer  to  the 
emperor,  and  wrote  the  History  ol  Fei'di- 
nand  H.  and  111.  and  also  of  Leopold,  3  vols, 
folio — the  Troubles  of  Prance  from  16-iS  to 
1654. 

G  u  A  I.  T  n  R  u  s,;Rodolphus,  author  of  Com- 
mentarlc.  on  l!ie  liiljle,  and  of  a  translation  of 
Julius  Pollux,  was  born  at  Zurich  1520,  and 
died  15S6. 

GuARiN,  Peter,  a  Benedictine  of  liou- 
en,  who  died  at  Paris  IT'JO,  aged  51.  He  was 
an  excellent  Hebrew  schoLsir,  and  published 
a  Hebrew  (irammar,  2  vols.  4to.  and  also  R 
Hebrew  Lexicon 

Guar  IN  I,  an  ert)inent  scholar,  of  a  noble 
Veronese  family,  uho  went  to  Ojnstantino- 
l)le  to  learn  Greek,  and  was  the  first  who 
taught  it  in  Italy.  He  was  professor  of  learn- 
ed languages  at  Ferraja,  and  translated  some 
of  the  ancient  authoi's,  especially  Straboand. 
Plutarcli's  Lives,  and  died  l-iGD,  at  Ferrara. 
His  son  Haptisla  was  professor  at  F'errara, 
and  translated  into  Italian  some  of  Plautus's 
comedies,  and  wrote  besides  some  poems 
and   other  works,  kc. 

GuARiNi,  John  Baptist,  a  famous  Italian 
poet,  great-grandson  of  the  precc"ding,  born 
at  Ferrara  1537.  He  wak  educated  at  Pisa 
and  Padua,  and  afterwards  introduced  to  tlie 
court  of  Alphonso  H.  His  abilities  were 
employed  in  frequent  embassies  to  V^cnice 
and  to  Turin,  where  his  *'  Pastor  Fido,*' 
was  first  exhibited  to  the  applauses  of  an  ad- 
miring populace,  at  the  nuptials  of  the  duke 
of  Savoy  with  the  sister  of  Philip  HL  of 
Spain.  In  1571  he  went  as  ambassador  to 
Ivome,  and  four  years  after  negotiated  in  Po- 
land, to  obtain  for  his  master  the  crown, 
which  Honry  of  Valois  had  resigned.  Dis- 
gust, with  the  intrigues  and  ingratitude  of  the 
court,  drove  him,  in  158^2,  into  retirement; 
but  he  was  prevailed  upon  again  to  become 
secretary  of  state,  and  ambassador,  and  again 
he  abandoned,  with  dissatisfaction,  the  ofiices 
of  elevated  life  for  jirivacy.  As  t!ie  duke  of 
Ferrara  had  favored  his  son  in  a  law-suit 
against  him,  lie  offered  his  services  to  tl«e 
duke  of  Savoy  ;  but  the  loss  of  his  wife,  in 
15S9,  produced  a  revolution  in  his  senti- 
nicnls,  and  for  a  while  determined  him  to 
become  an  ecclesiastic.  After,  however,  be- 
ing in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Mantua,  he 
Mas  reconciled  to  Alphonso  of  Ferrara;  but 
fresh  quarrels  aro-ic,  and  Guarini  quilted 
his  country  for  the  protection  of  the  grand 
duke  of  Tuscany.  He  died  at  Venice,  Oc- 
tober IGl'J,  aged  70,  after  exhibiting  the 
peevishness  and  dissatisfaction  of  an  ambi- 
tious, but  inconsistent,  character.  He  was 
member  of  several  learned  societies;  but  so 
regardless  of  the  poetical  fame  which  his 
Pastor  Fido  had  acquired,  tb.at  lie  consider- 
ed it  below  the  rink  of  a  gentleman  to  be  a 


GU 


GV 


pwct.    He  wi-oic  several  tl!ing3  besides,  men- 
tioned by  Niceron. 

GuARi^s^i,  Guarino,  a  wcH  known  archi- 
tect, born  at  Modena.  He  died  1683,  aged 
59.  He  embellished  Turin,  and  other  cities 
of  Italy,  and  even  Paris,  with  palaces ;  but 
though  admired,  his  buildings  are  irreguJar. 

GuASCo,  Octavian,  a  native  of  'I'urin, 
who  died  at  Verona  17S3.  He  a>,  as  member 
of  the  French  academies,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  v.  ritings,  especially  "  a  treatise 
on  Asylums," — on  tlie  Statues  ol"  the  An- 
cients, kc. 

GuA7,2,i,  Stephen,  an  Italian,  secretary 
to  the  duchess  of  Mentz,  and  author  of  some 
poems,  dialogues,  &c.  much  esteemed.  He 
died  at  Paviaj  ISGa. 

GUA2.2.I,  Mark,  a  native  of  Padua,  emi- 
nent in  arms  and  in  literature.  He  wrote  an 
History  of  Charles  YIH. — an  History  of  his 
own  Time,  and  other  things,  much  admired. 
He  died  1558. 

GuAY  Trouin,  Rene  du,  a  famous  ad- 
Kiii'al.     Vid.Uv'GvAY. 

GuDius,  Marquard,  an  able  critie  of  Hol- 
stein,  educated  at  Rensburg  and  Jena.  He 
early  displayed  a  strong  inclination  for  lite- 
rature, and  was  recommended  by  Gronovi- 
us  to  D.  Heinsius,  as  a  person  of  great  and 
promising  talents ;  but  his  parents  were  anx- 
ious to  advance  him  at  court,  and,  therefore, 
earnestly  desired  to  see  him  lay  aside  all  stu- 
dious pursuits.  By  the  interest,  however,  of 
liJs  friends  Grt3vius  and  Gronovius,  he  ob- 
tained the  ofiice  of  tutor  to  a  young  man  of 
iamily  and  fortune,  named  Samuel  Schas, 
and  with  him  he  began  to  travel,  in  1659,  in- 
to France.  His  abilities,  and  the  recommen- 
dation of  liis  friends  in  Holland  introduced 
him  to  the  learned  of  Paris  and  of  Toulouse, 
and  after  visiting  the  libraries  and  most  cu- 
rious collections  of  f^ranc<i  aTid  Italy,  the 
tator  and  the  pupil  returned,  in  1664,  to 
Germany.  lie  was  afterwards  in  England, 
and  ill  the  company  and  friendship  of  his 
pupil,  who  possessed  great  erudition,  and 
employed  much  of  his  great  property  in  the 
eoliection  of  rare  and  valuable  manuscripts, 
he  spent  tlie  v/hole  of  his  time,  and  declined 
accepting  a  professorship  which  was  ofiered 
him  at  the  Hague.  So  great  and  sincere  was 
the  friendship  betAvecn  Gudius  and  Schas, 
that  the  pupil  left  his  property  to  his  pre- 
ceptor in  1675  ;  but  such  was  the  ungrateful 
conduct  of  Gudius,  that  on  the  acquisition  of 
his  riches  he  forgot  and  disregarded  the 
friends  in  Holland,  to  whose  interference  he 
owed  his  elevation  and  his  opulence.  He 
•v^as  afterwards  counsellor  to  the  duke  of 
Holstein,  and  to  the  king  of  Denmaik,  and 
died  immaturely,  as  Burman  observes,  in 
1689.  Though  very  learned,  he  never  pub- 
lished any  thing  of  great  importance  ;  the 
notes  and  MSS.  however,  •which  he  commu- 
nicated to  his  friends  were  valuable,  and  his 
assistance  and  abilities  have  been  honorably 
recorded  by  Grtevius,  Burman,  and  otliers. 

Gudius,  (iottlob  Frederic,  a  Lutheran 
minister,  author  of  some  valuable  works, 
especially  on  the  DifncuUy  of  leai-ning  He- 


brew— ^Remarks  on  the  Enipei'or  Julian*— a 
Life  of  Hoffman. 

GuEDRiER  DE  St.Aubin,  Henry  Mi- 
chael, a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  born  at 
Gournai-en-bray,  near  Rouen.  He  died  ab- 
bot of  St.  Vulmer  monastery,  in  Bayonne, 
1742,  aged  47.  He  distinguished  himself  as 
a  casuit,  and  wrote  the  Sacred  History  of 
the  two  Covenants,  7  vols.  12mo.  Sec. 

GuERARD,  Robert,  a  Benedieline  monk, 
born  at  Rouen,  where  he  died  1715,  age<l  74. 
He  wrote  an  Abridgment  of  the  Bible  in 
questions  and  answers,  2  vols.  l'2mo.  and  as- 
sisted Delfau  in  tlie  editing  of  St.  Austin's 
work,  and  was  sent  to  exile,  when  his  asso- 
ciate was  disgraced  for  his  book  called  I'Abbe 
Commendataire. 

GuERCHEviLT.E,  Antoinette  de  Pons, 
marchioness  of,  a  French  lady,  remarkable 
for  her  dignified  answer  to  Henry  IV.  who 
meditated  an  attack  on  her  virtue.  If,  said 
slie,  I  am  not  noble  enough  to  be  your  wife, 
I  am  too  noble  to  be  your  mistress.  When 
married  to  Mary  de  Medicis,  he  made  her 
lady  of  honor  to  hh  queen,  saying,  Since 
you  are  a  lady  of  honor,  be  one  to  ray 
wife. 

GuERCHi,  Claude  Lewis  de  Regnier, 
count  de,  a  French  general,  who  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  wars  of  Italy  and  Flanders^ 
and  afterwards  came  to  England,  as  ambas- 
sador from  his  court.     He  died  1768. 

GuERCiNo,  Francisco  Barbieri  da  Cento, 
so  called  from  a  cast  in  one  of  his  eyes,  was  a 
painter  of  eminence,  born  near  Bologna^ 
1590.  He  began  to  practise  his  profession  at 
the  early  age  of  eight,  and  by  attending  the 
lessons  of  Michael  Angelo,  and  the  Carac- 
cis,  he  acquired  gi-eat  reputation  for  cor- 
rectness, invention,  and  a  becoming  boldness 
in  his  figures.  For  two  years  he  practised  at 
Rome,  by  the  desire  of  Gregory  XV.  but  af- 
terwards the  liberal  offers  of  the  kings  of 
England  and  France  could  not  draw  him 
away  from  his  favorite  retreat  at  Bologna. 
Christina  queen  of  Sv/eden,  paid  her  res- 
pects to  him,  and  shook  him  by  tke  hand, 
by  that  hand,  said  he,  which  had  painted  106 
altar  pieces,  144  pictures  for  people  of  dis~ 
tinction,  and  besides  composed  10  books  of 
designs.  He  died  1666,  a  bachelor,  leading 
much  of  Ids  property  to  build  chapels,  and 
for  other  charitable  purposes.  His  private 
character  for  piety  and  morality,  was  as  em- 
inent as  his  abilities  as  a  painter. 

GuERET,  Gabriel,  eminent  as  an  advocate 
at  the  bar,  and  as  an  author,  was  born  at  Pa- 
ris 1641,  and  died  there  1688.  He  wrote 
*'  Parnassus  reformed" — the  War  of  Au- 
thors, and  other  facetious  and  satirical 
works. 

GuERicK,  Otho,  a  German  philosopher, 
and  physician,  celebrated  as  the  inventor  of 
the  Air-pump,  and  of  the  W^eather  glass. 
He  was  counsellor  to  the  elector  of  Braden- 
bui-gh,  burgo  -master  of  Magdeburg,  and 
author  of  some  treatises  on  experimental 
philosophy.  He  Avas  tAvice  married,  and  by 
his  first  wife  had  Otho,  who  was  counsellor 
to  the  king  of  Prussia,  aad  a  man  of  Jearn- 


Gir 


GU 


ing.      Tiis   able  mnn  ilicd   at  Ilaiuljur^ii, 
16S6,  flgcti  84. 

(iuERiN,  Francis,  profosior  of  the  cdI- 
Icge  of  Deauvais,  li-ansl:ilcii  'i'ucilus  ami  Li- 
vy  into  Frciicli.  His  Livy  was  estfcmcJ, 
jiriutcd  at  Rarltou's  press,  10  vols.  12iiio. 

Gl'EUIMERe,  Frniicis  liobichon,  aullioi- 
of  "rEcole  tie  Cavalcnc,"  and  "  Klemeiisdc 
Cavakrie,"  was  equerry  to  the  Frendi  king, 
•Mu\  died  17J1. 

Guerre,  Martin,  a  Frenchman,  uhose 
history  excited  r.onie  interest  in  liis  country. 
After  living  about  lOyears  with  Bei'lrande  <le 
Itols,  his  wife,  he  went  from  her  and  engaged 
jU  the  Spanish  service.  Eight  years  after 
one  of  his  friends,  Arnaud  du  Thil,  present- 
ed himself  to  the  deserted  Bertrande,  and 
by  imposing  on  her  credulity,  was  received 
by  her  as  her  husband.  'I'he  impostor  was 
suspected  by  the  uncle  of  Guerre,  but  du 
Thd,  though  prosecuted,  and  condemned  to 
be  hanged,  assei'ted  his  innocence,  and  de- 
daring  himself  the  real  Martin,  appealed  to 
the  parliament  of  Toulouse.  Tlie  cause 
seemed  intricate,  but  before  the  decisive  sen- 
tence was  pronounced,  Martin  returned,  and 
the  impostor  was  for  his  treacherous  and  im- 
moral conduct,  lianged  and  burned,  1650. 

GuESCLiN,  Bertranu  du,  a  celebrated  war- 
rior, constable  of  France,  he  was  a  native  of 
Britany,  but  his  education  had  been  so  ne- 
glected, that  he  could  neither  read  nor  Avrite, 
and  in  his  person  he  was  as  mean,  as  his  mhul 
was  noble.  He  was  principally  distinguished 
iu  his  wars  against  the  English.  His  life 
has  been  ^^rittcn  by  several  of  his  country- 
Tncu.  He  died  in  the  midst  of  his  triumphs, 
before  Chateau  Neuf  de  Rendon,  1380,  aged 
69. 

GuETTARD,  .lohn  Stephen,  a  French 
physician  and  botanistj  whose  extreme  ap- 
plication in  literary  pursuits,  brought  on  a 
premature  death  1780.  He  wrote  Observa- 
tions on  Plants,  2  vols.  12mo.  and  Memoirs 
of  different  parts  of  the  Sciences  and  Arts, 
3  vols  4to. 

Guevara,  Antony  do,  a  Spanish  Avriter, 
born  in  the  province  of  Alaba.  He  was 
brought  up  at  court,  and  became  known  as  a 
preacher,  and  historiographer  to  Charles  V. 
He  was  made  bisliop  of  (luadix  in  Granada, 
and  of  Mandoncdo  in  Galicia,  and  died  1544. 
The  beet  known  of  his  works  is  "J)ial  of 
Princes,  or,  the  life  of  M.  A.  Antonius," 
Avhich  has  been  translated  into  all  the  langua- 
ges of  Europe.  He  is  deservedly  censured 
as  an  Idstorian,  not  oidy  for  the  ill  taste,  but 
tlie  improbabilities,  and  distorted  accounts, 
which  he  introtluces  as  historical  facts,  more 
becoming  the  meretriciousness  of  romance 
than  sober  truth.  He  wrote  besides  Golden 
Epistles,  &c.  His  nephew,  Anthony,  was 
also  an  ecclesiastic,  and  author  of  Commen- 
taries on  the  Scriptures. 

Guevara,  Lewis  Velez  de,  a  Spanish 
comic  poet,  admired  in  the  court  of  Philip 
IV.  for  ins  pleasantries.  His  humorous  piece 
"  el  Diabolo  Cojuelo"  is  the  foundation  of 
le  Sage's  Diable  Boitcaux.  He  was  a  native 
«if  Icija,  in  Andalusia,  ami  di'-d  1016. 


Cl'eulette,  Thomas  Simon,  a  Ftench 
advocate,  author  of  some  novels  and  come- 
dies, was  born  at  I'aris,  and  died  170G,  aged 
H3.  His  workb  display  genius,  elegance,  uud 
I  Hse.  iictiidcH  *'  the  Sultans  of  Guzcrat,  hccw 
he  wrote  Italian  piecrs,  ^c. 

G  ug:.i  EL.Mi  M,  Uttuiinic,  n  matlicmati- 
ciau,  born  at  Bologna.  He  was  of  the  acade- 
my of  I'aiis,  and  was  patronised  by  Lewis 
XIV.  Of  lii'j  vnluablc  works  which  be  wrote 
the  treatise  on  the  Nature  of  Itivers  is  Uie 
most  esteemed.  His  works  are  printed  at 
(iencva,  il  vols.  4to.  171'J.  He  died  1710, 
aged  55. 

GuinER  i',  author  of  GestaDei  perFran- 
cos,  or  an  History  of  the  Jirst  Crusade,  <licd 
abbot  of  llogent-sous-Couci,  ll'J4,  aged  71. 

(iuiBEur,  .?ames  Anthony  Hippolite,  a 
nati\e  of  Montauban  who  early  served  ia 
the  German  wars,  and  became  a  colonel  ia 
Corsica.  He  puUislied  in  1770,  Essai  ge- 
neral du  Tacti(jue,  and  afterwards  quitted 
the  military  profession  to  devote  himself  to 
dramatic  writings.  He  became  member  of 
the  French  academy,  in  the  room  of  Thomas, 
and  died  1790,  aged  4^.  Besides  tragedies, 
he  wrote  also  the  eulogy  of  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia— of  Catinat,  and  of  I'Hopital. 

GuicciARDiNi,  Francisco,  a  celebrated 
historian,  born  at  Florence,  14S2,  of  a  noble 
family.  After  receiving  a  most  liberal  edii- 
cation,  he  practised  the  law,  and  held  some 
ofriccs  of  dignity  and  imporlancc,  ahd 
then  devoted  himself  to  the  public  altairs  ol" 
Ids  native  city.  From  Florence,  he  went  to 
Rome,  and  was  highly  honored  by  Leo  X. 
and  i:is  two  successor.s,  who  employed  hiia. 
in  a  high,  civil,  o.nd  military  capacity,  and 
trusted  much  to  his  integrity  and  talents.  He 
died  universally  respected  15^0.  His  history 
of  Ital}-,  in  Italian,  4  vols.  4to.  is  a  peribrm- 
ance  about  which  his  countrymen  deservedly 
pride  themselves. 

GuicciARDixi,  Lewis,  nephew  of  the 
historian,  was  himself  a  writer  of  great  fideli- 
ty. He  w  as  born  at  i^'lorence,  and  died  at  An- 
twerp, 15S9,  aged  66.  Of  his  valuable  works 
the  most  esteemed  is  his  description  of  the 
Fays  Bas,  in  Italian,  translated  into  French 
by  Belleforet. 

Gui CHARD,  Claude  de,  liistoriographer 
to  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  w  as  author  of  a  curi- 
ous work  called  '*  the  Fujierals  of  the  An- 
cients" in  4to.     He  died  1607. 

GuicHERON,  Samuel,  a  French  advocate 
of  Bourge,  in  Bressc,  known  as  an  historian. 
Among  other  things  his  "  Genealogical  His- 
tory of  the  House  of  Savoy,"  is  much  admi- 
red by  Bayle  and  others.  He  died  1064, 
aged  57. 

GuiDi,  Alexander,  an  Italian  poet,  bora, 
at  Pavia  in  IMilan,  1650.  He  was  patr^iniscd 
by  the  duke  of  Parma,  and  afterw  ards  under 
the  protection  of  Christma  of  Sweden,  who 
resided  at  Rome,  he  not  only  became  ac 
r|uainted  with  the  literary  cliaracters  of  that 
city,  but  read  to  great  advanL'ige  the  works 
of  his  favorite  roasters,  Dante,  Petrarch,  anci 
Chiabrara.  After  thus  enjoying  tlic  friend- 
ship of  tlic  learncttj  aud  the  good  opinion  of 


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GU 


llie  popes,  of  Eugene  of  Savoy,  an*l  others, 
}»e  was  seized  wllh  an  apoplexy  which  proved 
faUil  at  Fiescati,  in  June,  1712.  His  body 
\vas  carried  back  to  Rome,  and  buried  in  the 
churcli  of  St.  Onuphrius,  near  that  of  Tasso. 
His  works  \\hich  consistof  pastorals,  operas, 
am!  other  poems  written  in  an  easy,  agree- 
able, but  correct  style,  wei-e  published  at  Ve- 
rona 172G,  12rno.  with  an  account  of  his  life. 
Though  re»i)ectable  as  a  poet,  he  was  in  his 
pei-soii  very  tleformcd,  his  head  was  disagree- 
ably large,  and  he  was  blind  of  one  eye. 

GuiDO,  Ueni,  a  celebrated  Italian  painter, 
torn  at  Bologna  1575.  His  father  who  was 
a  musician  designed  him  for  his  profession, 
■but  nature  had  given  him  a  strong  genius  for 
paintino:,  aj\d  by  improving  himself  under  the 
direction  of  Dennis  Calvert,  a  Flemish  pain- 
ter, and  afterwards  of  the  Caraccis,  he  ac- 
quired such  excellence  "as  rendered  him  su- 
perior to  t!ie  artists  of  his  age.  His  merits 
happily  were  not  buried  in  oblivion,  lie  was 
honored  with  the  notice  and  esteem  of  pope 
.Paul  V.  oT  the  cardinals  and  princes  of  Italy, 
of  Lewis  XIII.  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  and 
of  Udislaus  kingof  Sweden  and  Poland.  He 
lived  in  great  splendor  at  Bologna,  and  after- 
ivards  at  Rome,  but  a  most  invincible  attach- 
ment to  gaming  ruined  his  fortune  and  ren- 
dered him  indigent  and  discontented.  From 
the  most  elevated  aftiuence  he  sunk  to  \x)ver- 
ty,  and  the  reflection  of  his  deplorable  and 
rumed  situation  had  such  an  eft'ect  upon  him 
that  it  brought  on  a  distemper  of  which  he 
died  164'2.  In  his  youth  his  features  were 
so  pleasing  that  his  master  Ludovico  Carac- 
ci  painted  his  angels  from  him.  In  every 
part  of  his  character  Guido  was  respectable, 
gaming  was  his  only  vic«.  His  pictures  are 
much  valued,  and  they  adorn  the  collections 
of  the  great.  His  best  piece  is  what  he 
painted  with  Domenicheno  in  the  church  of 
St.  Gregory.  Some  of  his  designs  were 
etched  by  himself. 

•  Guido,  Cagnacei,  an  historical  painter  of 
Bologna,  disciple  to  Keni  Guido.  He  pos- 
sesserl  great  merit.     He  died  1680. 

GutDOTTi,  Paul,  a  painter,  engraver, 
and  architect,  of  Lucca.  He  had  also  some 
knowledge  of  anatomy,  and  pretended  he 
could  fly  with  wings.  In  the  attempt  he  fell 
and  broke  his  limbs.     He  died  1629,  agetl  CO. 

GuiGNARD,  .lohn,  a  Jesuit  born  at  Char- 
tres,  and  professor  of  divinity  at  Clermont 
college.  He  was  executed  at  Paris  7th  Jan. 
1595,  for  high  treason.  During  the  afl'air  of 
John  Chastel,  which  so  nearly  concerned  the 
life  of  Henry  TV.  sonie  papers  were  seized 
at  Clermont,  in  the  hand-^V^iting  of  Guig- 
nard  and  as  in  these  he  raaijitained  that  the 
murder  of  Henry  III.  and  of  Henry  IV.  was 
lawful,  and  refused  to  retract  his  assertions, 
he  was  put  to  death. 

GciGNES,  Joseph  de,  a  native  of  Pon- 
toise,  who  studied -tlrc  oriental  languages  un- 
der Stephen  Fourmont,  and  became  inter- 
preter to  the  French  king,  1741,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  belles  lettres  academy  1753.  The 
I'evolution  though  it  huwied  him  not  to  the 
guillotine;  yet  proved  the  source  of  his  ifl's- 


ery  an«I  reduced  him  to  poverty.  Ue  died 
at  Paris  1800,  aged  79.  He  was  w'ell  acquaint- 
ed with  the  Chinese  characters,  and  for  35 
years  was  the  principal  conductor  of  the  Jour- 
nal des  Savans.  He  Avrote  General  History 
of  the  Huns,  Turks,  Moguls,  and  Tartars,  5 
vols.  4to. -the  Life  of  Fourmont-the  Military 
Art  of  the  Chinese — Memoir  to  prove  the 
Chinese  an  Egj-ptian  Colony — Essay  on  the 
Oriental  and  Greek  Topography — Principled 
of  Typographical  Composition — Memoirs  in 
the  Academy  of  Inscriptions,  &c. 

Guild,  Wdliam,  D.  D.  a  Scotch  divine 
born  near  Dundee,  an»l  educated  at  the  Ma- 
risohal  college,  Aberdeen,  where  he  was 
successfully  professor  of  philosophj',  divinity, 
and  church  histoxy.  Though  lie  opposed  the 
covenant  in  1638,  he  afterwards  complied, 
and  at  the  restoration  went  as  one  of  the 
commissioners  to  Breda  to  congratulate 
Charles  II.  He  wrote  in  1657  an  answer  to 
a  Roman  catholic  book  on  Innovations,  and 
died  1662,  much  esteemed,  aged  60. 

GuiLLAiN,  Simon,  a  sculptor,  rector  or 
the  painting  and  sculpture  academy  at  Paris. 
He  died  1658,  aged  T7. 

GuiLi.AXDius,  Melchior,  an  eminent 
physician  and  botanist  of  Koningsberg  in 
Prussia.  He  was  taken  by  the  Algerines 
when  going  on  botanical  pursuits  to  Africa. 
His  commentary  on  the  Papyrus  is  full  of 
erudition.  He  wrote  several  works,  and  di- 
ed at  Padua  1589,  where  he  was  botanical 
professor. 

GuiLLELMA,  a  woman  of  Bohemia,  who 
in  the  13th  century,  founded  in  Italy  a  sect 
which  united  enthusiasm  with  lewdness.  Af- 
ter being  respected  during  life  as  a  saint,  she 
Avas,  when  dead,  dug  up  from  her  graAC  and 
burnt  with  ignominy.  ' 

G  u  I L  L  E  M  E  A  u,  James,  a  French  surgeon, 
author  of  some  valuable  books  on  his  pro- 
fession.    He  died  at  Paris  1612. 

GuiLi.ET  DE  St.  George,  George, 
first  historiogi-apher  to  the  academy  of 
painting  and  sculpture  in  Paris,  was  boi'n  at 
Tliiers  in  Auvergne,  and  died  at  Paris  1705, 
aged  80.  He  wrote  among  other  things,  the 
iiistory  of  Mahomet  II. — Ancient  and  Mo- 
dern Sparta — Ancient  and  Modern  Athens, 
kc. 

GuiLLiAUD,  Claude,  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  was  author  of  Commentaries  on  the 
Gospels  ofSt.  Matthew,  and  St.  John,  and  of 
Collationes  in  oranes  S.  Pauli  Epistoias,  &c. ' 

GuiLLiM,  John,  author  of  the  celebrated 
vork  "  display  of  Heraldry''  in  folio,  was 
born  in  Herefordshire  1565,  and  educated  at 
Brazen-nose  college,  O.xfonl.  He  was  of  the 
society  of  the  college  of  arms,  and  in  1G17, 
was  made  rouge-croix  ])ursuivant  of  arms. 
He  died  1621.  The  sixth  edition  of  his  val- 
uable work  appeared  1724,  with  many  edi- 
tions. Some  have  attributed  the  work  to 
Dr.  Barkham. 

Gu  ILL  or  IN",  a  physician,  horn  at  Saintes, 
29th  March  1738.  He  studied  at  Paris,  and 
at  the  revolution  he  was  sent  as  a  deputy  to 
the  national  assembly  from  Paris.  In  ma- 
king a  report  on  the  penal  code,  he  rccom- 


GU 


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mended  an  instrument  of  death  which  might 
be  more  expeditious,  and  create  to  the  unhap- 
py suflTererslcss  l):iiu  than  t-ilhcithf  haltfi-  or 
the  wheel,  and  this  new  ii)a<-liinei«oralally  usctl 
duiing  the  civil  dissensions  ollhestate,liasini- 
mortalizfd  flu-  name  of  its  author.  'I'houi;h  it 
is  reported  that  he  ptriilud  undtr  his  guillo- 
tine, it  is  however  certain  that  he  died  a  na- 
tural death,  and  it  is  said  of  f^iicf  f«»r  tlu-  in- 
famous abuse  (»f  what  he  iuu'nded  for  the 
more  humane  punishment  of  the  guilty. 

CiriscAKi),  Robert,  a  famr)us  Norman 
knight,  sou  of  Tancretl  llauteville,  of  Cou- 
tances,  assisted  in  the  conquest  of  Naples 
and  Sicily,  from  the  Saracens.  He  obtained 
tHie  dukedom  of  Apulia  and  Calabria,  and 
toDk  prisoner  pope  (iregr)ry  VII.  who  died 
a  rapti\e  under  liis  care.  His  daughter  mar- 
ried (Jonstantine,  son  of  the  emperor  Mi- 
chael Ducas,  for  which  elevation  he  is  cen- 
sured by  the  invidious  Anna  Comena.  He 
died  1US5,  in  the  island  of  Corfu. 

CiuiscARD,  Charles,  a  Prussian  olficer  of 
distinction,  author  of  "  Military  Memoirs 
of  the  Greeks  and  liomans"  a  valuable  w  ork. 
He  wrote  besides  Memoircs  Criti(jues  &c 
Historitiues  sur  Plusieur  Points  d'Antiquites 
Militaires,  4  vols.  8vo.  &cc.  As  a  soldier,  he 
served  with  reputation  under  the  Dutch,  and 
under  Fre<lcric  H.  of  Prussia,  who  called 
himQuintusIcilius,  and  gave  himai'egimcnt. 
He  died  1775,  aged  33. 

Guise,  Claude <le  Lorraine,  duke  of,  fifth 
son  of  duke  Rene  11.  of  Lorraine,  settled  in 
France  and  became  the  founder  of  the  fam- 
ily of  Guise  there.  At  the  battle  of  Marig- 
iian  he  displaye«l  such  valor,  that  he  receiv- 
ed more  than  '20  wounds.  He  married  An- 
toinette de  Bourbon  of  the  blood  royal,  in 
1513 f  and  died  1550. 

Guise,  Francis,  duke  of,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  man  of  great  talents,  and  ex- 
tensive influence  in  France.  In  him  began 
the  factions  of  Conde  and  Guise.  He  Avas  at 
the  head  of  the  Catholic  party,  and  was  a 
most  furious  bigot.  He  died  by  a  pistol  shot 
from  the  h^^id  of  Poltrot  de  Mere,  a  protes- 
tant  gentleman,  1563,  aged  44. 

Guise,  Henry,  duke  of,  eldest  son  of 
Francis,  was  born  in  1550.  Brave  and  gal- 
lant as  a  soldier,  lie  was  turbulent,  imperi- 
ous, factious,  and  violent  as  a  subject,  and  at 
the  head  of  that  party  which  were  called  the 
league,  and  formed  by  the  intrigues  of  his 
brother  the  cardinal,  under  pretence  of  sup- 
porting the  catholic  religion  and  the  state,  he 
long  overawed  the  king,  Henry  III.  and  pre- 
•vented  his  appearance  at  Paris.  After  mas- 
sacring the  Huguenots,  and  fdlingthe  streets 
of  Paris  with  blood,  on  the  famous  day  called 
the  day  of  Barricades,  (iuise  consi«\ered  his 
success  secure,  but  Henry  escaped  his  guards 
and  fled  to  Blois  where  he  called  an  assembly 
of  the  states.  Guise  ajjpearcd  there,  but  a 
forced  reconciliation  with  the  king  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  assassination  of  tlic  dema- 
gogue's, 23d  Dec.  15 88,  and  on  the  morrow 
the  cardinal  shared  the  fate  of  his  brother- 

Guise,  Charles,  duke  of,  eldest  son  of 
Henry,  was  arrested  on  his  father's  murder 


YOT,.  !>. 


80 


and  confined  in  the  castle  of  Tours,  from 
which  he  escaped  159'2.  His  partisans  re- 
ceived him  with  o|icii  arms,  jjut  In-  :ifler- 
w  ards  had  the  good  sense  to  be  reconciled  to 
the  king,  and  might  have  lived  in  security, 
had  not  Uic.belieu's  jealousy  of  him  driven 
Inm  from  the  kingitoni.  He  fled  to  Italy, 
and  died  at  Cima  lo40,  aged  Oy. 

(iuisE,  Lewis  de  Lorraine,  cardinal  of, 
son  of  Henry,  was  illustrious  as  well  in  arms 
as  in  the  arts  of  peace.  He  was  with  Lewis 
Xllf.in  Poitou,  where  he  greatly  signalized 
iiimself     lie  died  at  Saintes  1C21. 

Guise  Henry  ofLoiraine,duke  of, grand- 
son of  Henry,  was  remarkable  for  liis  in- 
trigues wilh  the  duke  of  Bouillon,  and  the 
court  of  Soissons,  whicii  obliged  him  to  fly 
from  Fi'ancc!  to  Rome.  Ihiring  his  exile, 
the  revolt  of  the  Ne:ii)oIitans  from  the  Span- 
ish power-.  Called  him  into  the  field,  but 
while  flusiied  with  victory  lie  rcgardtd  the 
crown  of  Naplcsaireacly  within  his  reach,  he. 
was  taken  prisoner  at  Abruzzo  and  carried 
to  Spain.  After  four  years'  imprisonment 
he  was  liberated.  He  died  IGG4,  aged  50, 
author  of  Memoirs  ofjiis  Neapolitan  Enter- 
prise, which  appeared  in  one  vol.  ito.  after 
his  death. 

Guise,  William,  an  English  divine,  boru 
at  Ablond's  court,  near  Gloucester  IG53. 
He  entered  at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  and  he  applied 
himself  with  indefatigable  zeal  to  the  .study 
of  oriental  literature,  and  published  a  trans- 
lation with  a  valuable  commentary  of  "Mis- 
nte  Pars  Ordinis  Primi  Zeraim  I'ituh  Sep- 
tem."  His  learning  was  highly  esteemed 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  died  of  the 
small-pox  1G38,  and  was  buried  at  St.  Mi- 
chael's Oxford,  where  lie  had  long  resided, 
and  where  his  wife  erected  a  monument  to 
his  memory.  His  son  was  general  Guise  of 
military  memory. 

GuiTTON,  d'Arezzo,  an  early  Italian 
poet,  some  of  whofee  productions  are  to  be 
found  in  the  Florence  collection  of  ancient 
Italian  poets  1527,  in  8vo.  He  florishcd  in 
the  middle  of  the  13th  century. 

GuiTTON,  John,  a  native  of  Rochelle, 
mayor  of  the  town  when  it  was  besieged  by 
Richelieu.  He  always  liad  a  dagger  on  the 
table,  to  stab  the  first  man  who  talked  of 
surrendering,  and  when  told  chat  many  per- 
ished by  famine,  he  said,  it  matters  little  if 
one  only  is  lejii^to  shut  the  gates. 

GuLDENSTAEDT,  Jolin  Antoiiv,  a  fa- 
mous traveller,  born  at  Riga.  He  visited 
during  an  absence  of  three  years,  Astracan, 
Caucasus,  (ieorgia,  Tartary,  and  the  neigh- 
boring ])laces,  with  tJic  e\esof  a  politician 
and  pliilosopher.  His  jierformances  are  enu- 
merated by  Coxe.  He  was  honorably  in- 
vited to  Petersburg,  where  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  languages,  and  where  he  died  of  a 
fever,  1781. 

GuNDLiXG,  Nicolas  .lemme,  a  native  of 
Nuremberg,  professor  of  eloquence,  civil 
Jaw,  and  plxilosophy  at  Halle,  on  which  sub- 
jects he  wrote  some  valuable  works.  His 
repntatipn  for  sagacity  nud  kiiot\ledge  wa« 


GU 


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slich  that  he  wae  often  consulted  at  Berlin 
b>-  the  court.  His  "  Course  of  Philosophy," 
"  of  Literary  History,"  and  liis  History  of 
moral  Philosophy,  are  much  esteemed.  He 
dred  rector  of  Halle  1729. 

GuNN'ERUS,  John  Ernest,  a  native  of 
Christiana,  made  hishop  of  Drontheini  1758. 
He  dietl  at  Chz'istiansund  1773,  aged  55. 
He  was  well  skilled  in  botany,  and  published 
Flora  Norwegite,  &c.  He  founded,  for  the 
encouragement  of  Natural  history,  the  royal 
^Norwegian  society  at  Drontheira.  Linnseus, 
in  compliment  to  his  mei-it,  gave  the  name 
of  Gunnera  to  a  plant. 

Gunning,  Peter,  an  EngUsh  prelate, 
born  at  Hoo  in  Kent,  1613,  ami  educated  at 
Canterbury  school,  and  Clare  hall,  Cam- 
bridge. He  became  fellow  and  tutor  of  his 
college,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a 
preacher,  but  he  exposed  himself  to  the  per- 
secution of  the  parliament,  on  account  of  his 
zeal  for  the  king's  service  ;  and  when  eject- 
ed, he  returned  to  Oxford.  Here  he  was 
made  chaplain  of  New  college,  and  after- 
"wards  became  tvUor  to  lord  Hatton,  and  sir 
Francis  Corapton,  and  chaplain  to  sir  Uob- 
crt  Shirley,  at  whose  deatli  he  obtained  the 
chapel  of  Exeter-house,  Strand.  At  the 
restoration,  his  services  and  sufferings  were 
rewarded  ;  he  was  created  D.  D.  by  the 
king's  mandate,  and  then  advanced  to  a  pre- 
bend of  Canterbtir}',  and  successively  to  the 
headships  of  Corpus  Christi  and  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
mittee for  the  review  of  the  liturgy,  and  he 
liad  a  conference  with  the  dissenters  at  the 
Savoy,  in  1661.  In  1669,  he  was  made  bish- 
of  Chicliester,  and  in  1674,  he  was  translated 
to  Ely,  where  he  died,  6th  July  1684,  a  bach- 
elor. He  was  buried  in  his  cathedral.  Opin- 
ions have  varied  with  respect  to  his  charac- 
ter, but  it  must  be  confessed,  that,  though 
some  question,  whether  his  head  was  as  good 
as  his  heart,  he  was  distinguished  by  erudi- 
tion, piety,  and  exemplary  manners.  His 
charities  to  public  use  Avere  great  and  nu- 
merous. 

GuNTEu,  Etlmund,  a  mathematician,  of 
Welch  extraction,  born  at  Guntcr's  town, 
Brecknockshire,  1581.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster,  under  Busby,  and  entered  at 
Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degrees,  and  was  ordained.  His  genius  led 
him  to  mathematical  pursuits,  and  by  the 
new  projection  of  a  sector,  he  acquired  ce- 
lebrity, and  was  in  1619,  honorably  appoint- 
ed jtstronomy  professor  at  Gresham  college 
1619.  In  this  appointment  he  directed  all  the 
powers  of  his  mind  in  the  improvement  of 
science.  He  invented  a  portable  quadrant, 
observed  a  new  variation  in  the  magnetic 
needle,  and  contrived  that  valuable  rule  of 
proportion,  the  line  of  numbers,  called  from 
liim,  Gunttir's  scale.  His  merits  gained  him 
not  only  the  friendship  of  the  learned,  of 
Oughtred,  Henry  Briggs,  and  o-thers,  but 
the  patronage  of  the  earl  of  Bridgewater, 
and  the  notice  of  his  sovereign  Charles  I. 
This  excellent  philosopher  was  carried  off 
ill  the  prime  of  life  lOtli  Pec.  1GJ26.    He  was 


buried  in  St.  Peter's  the  poor,  Broad-streetj 
where  no  monument  records  the  name  of  a 
mathematician,  whose  services  to  science 
and  to  mankind  are  so  great.  The  fifth  edi- 
tion of  his  works  Avas  published  by  Leybourn, 
1674,  in  4to. 

GuNTHER,  a  German  poet  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  18th  century,  whose  superior 
genius  proved  his  destruction.  As  he  wa# 
going  to  be  presented  to  Augustus  II.  king 
of  Poland,  a  rival  poet  mixed  some  poisonous 
drugs  in  his  drink,  in  consequence  of  which 
the  unhappy  man,  as  he  was  addressing  the 
monarch  fell  down,  and  he  expired  soon  af- 
ter, in  his  28th  year.  He  wi'ote  some  ele- 
gant poetry,  an  Ode  on  Eugene's  victory 
over  the  Turks,  &c. 

GuRTLER,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Basil,  wh«> 
died    1707,    aged   53.     He  wrote   a  Greek, 

German,   and   French    Lexicon Historia 

Templariorum — Origines  Mundi  Institutio- 
nes  Theologicse. 

GusMAN,  Lewis,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  author 
of  the  history  of  his  fraternity  in  the  Indies, 
and  the  success  of  their  missions  in  Japan, 
14  books.  He  died  at  Madrid  1605,  provin- 
cial of  Seville  and  Toledo. 

GussANviLL AN,  Peter,  anativeof  Char- 
tres.  He  edited  the  works  of  Gregory  the 
Great,  the  best,  before  the  Benedictine  edi- 
tion. 

GusTAVus,  king  of  Sweden,  was  son  of 
Eric,  duke  of  Gripsholm,   is  known  by  the 
name  of  Gustavus  Vasa.    He  was  born  l49Qt 
After  the  reduction  of  Sveden  by  Christiati 
II.  king  ef  Denmark,   Gustavus  was  kept  a 
prisoner  in  the   capital  of  the   conqueror  ; 
but  after  many  years  of  captivity,  he  escaped, 
and  appeared  among  the  Dalecarlians,  whom 
he  engaged  to  I'evolt.    A  great  boldness   of 
character,  and  an  ardent  love  of  military  glo- 
ry,  together    with   capacious  resources   of 
mind,  had   calculated  him  for   a  leader  iR 
times  of  danger  and  difficulty.     The  conduct 
of  the  Danes,  who  had  murdered  his  father 
and  other  Swedish   nobles,  roused  him   to 
revenge.    He   re-took  Upsal ;  and  though 
occasionally  defeated,  he  acquired  fresh  vigor 
from  disasters  ;  and  animated  to  desperation 
by  the  cruelties  of  Christian,  who  put  his 
mother  and  his  sister  to  death,  by  shocking 
tortures,  he  over-i'an  Gothland,  and  besieg- 
ed Stockholm.    The  states  of  the  kingdom, 
were  convened,  and  Gustavus  was   offered 
that  kingdom,  which  his  valor  liad  recover- 
ed, and  by  his  influence  the  crown  was  de- 
clared hereditary  in   his  male  issue.    Inva- 
sion from  abroad  ceased,  by  t}\e  expulsion  of 
the  Danisli   monarch  from  the  throne,  and 
the   succession  of  Frederick,  duke  of  Hol- 
stein,  and  Gustavus,  secure  in  the  love  of  his 
subjects,  cultivated  all  the  arts  of  peace  and 
commerce,  and  made  the   Lutheran  tenets 
the  established  religion  of  his  country.    This 
great    and   heroic  monarch,  died  at  Stock- 
holm  1560,   in  his  70th  year,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Eric. 

GvsTAvus,  Adolphus,  deservedly  sur-' 
named  the  Great,  was  born  at  Stockholm 
1594.    In  1611  he  ascended  the  throae  of 


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Sweden)  and  though  stj  yoiing  he  evinced 
the  sagacity  of  ri  gn-at  rharaefiU"  in  (h<- 
choice  of  able  ministers.  He  was  fond  of 
jiiilitary  glory,  and  soon  accjuired  renown  in 
his  battles  against  the  Uanes,  .Miiscovit«'s, 
and  Poles.  13y  his  heroic  valor  and  jii«li» 
tjioiis  conduct,  he  made  an  honoraljli-  peace 
•>vith  the  two  first,  and  oblij^t-d  the  last  to 
evacuate  Livonia,  an«l  then  forming  an  alli- 
*ince  with  the  ])rotcstants  of  <Jc'rniany,  he 
over-ran  in  two  yoais  and  a  half  all  tiic  coun- 
tries between  the  Vistula,  the  Rhine,  and 
the  Danube.  The  iniperial  gcnei-al  Tilly 
■was  twice  <lefeated,  and  the  p)ridc  of  Austria 
was  humbled,  hut  the  battle  in  the  plains  of 
IjUtzen  proved  fatal  to  the  life  of  the  brave 
monarch,  1G3'2.  He  fell  it  is  said  by  the 
ti'eacherous  intrigues  of  Richelieu,  or  by  the 
iian<l  of  Lauemburgh,  one  of  his  generals 
ivho  had  been  dishonorably  bribe«l  by  the 
emperor  Ferdinand  to  take  away  his  life. 
This  warlike  monarch  possessed  those  vir- 
tues whicli  in  a  reign  of  peace  inigbt  have 
equally  distiiignished  him.  He  patronised 
literature,  he  enriched  tlie  university  of 
ITpsal  by  his  munificent  donatiojis,  he  found- 
ed the  royal  academy  of  Abo,  and  the  uni- 
vei'sity  of  Dorp,  in  Livonia.  Before  his  time 
the  Swedes  were  indifi'crent  soldiers,  but 
such  was  the  enthusiasni  which  he  inspired 
among  his  sulycets,  that  ho  had  always  an 
army  of  80,000  men  well  disciplined.  He 
has  been  with  some  justice  compared  to  the 
great  Scipio,  and  the  parallel  in  some  par- 
ticulars is  striking.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  only  child  the  celebrated  Christina,  who 
succeeded,  though  only  five  years  old. 

GusTAvus  HI.  king  of  Sweden,  son  ol 
Frederic  Adolphus,  by  Louisa  Ulrica,  the 
sister  of  Frederic  II.  king  of  Prussia,  was 
l)Oi"n  24th  January  1746,  and  succeeded  to 
his  father  1771.  Disgusted  with  the  influ- 
eiiee  of  Russia  at  Stockholm,  and  Avith  the 
usurpation  of  his  senators  who  wished  to 
abridge  his  liberty,  and  not  only  to  appoint 
him  a  confessor,  but  to  settle  even  how 
much  wine  he  might  be  permitted  to  have 
on  his  table  ;  he  secretly  formed  the  plan  of 
a  revolution,  whicli  was  effected  without 
hlood-slied  in  1772.  The  senate  surrounded 
by  the  guards  surrendered  its  authority,  and 
the  friends  of  Gustavus  were  afterwards 
distinguished  by  wearing  a  white  handker- 
chief on  the  left  arm,  which  was  the  signal 
of  mutual  attachment  during  the  revolution. 
The  wisest  regulations  followed  this  change 
of  government,  a  new  translation  of  the 
bible  was  made,  torture  wa.s  abolished,  eom- 
iuerce,the  arts  and  the  sciences  were  liberally 
encouraged,  agriculture  and  industry  patron- 
ised, and  the  laws  Avere  administered  with 
greater  dispatch  and  more  impartiality.  To 
put  an  end  to  the  disputes  Mhich  prevailed 
■with  Russia,  he  in  1777  paid  a  visit  to  Cathe- 
rine at  Petersburg,  and  was  received  with 
magnificer.t  hospitality,  and  in  1783  he  spent 
ten  months  in  traveliing  over  Italy  and 
France,  not  only  to  improve  his  health,  but 
to  observe  the  manners,  the  political  regula- 
trons,  aijd  the  ijidustrio'is  exertious  of  foreign 


countries.  The  pcaoe  with  Russia  w.is  dig- 
luibcd  in  1788,  by  the  emissaries  of  Calhe- 
i-ine,  who  wished  to  excite  disturbantes  in 
Finland,  and  Gustavus  declared  war,  ami 
e(|nip|K.'d  a  formid.able  fleet  at  Carlscrona. 
Though  he  had  to  conlen<l  with  Denmark 
and  liussia,  he,  enroui-aged  by  assurances  of 
support  iV'im  Turkey  and  I'liishia,  boldly 
attacke«l  J-'iedericksban,  where  he  destroyed 
several  vc-s.icls,  but  he  uas  rejiul vd  in  hi.s 
attempt  against  Revel,  and  oMigcil  lo  re- 
treat. The  attempt  on  AVyburg  was  equally 
unsuccessful,  but  a  splendetl  victory  was  olv 
tained  Jidy  9th  1790,  by  the  monarch  over 
the  Ru.s.sian  fleet,  who  took  and  deslroycxi 
foity-five  ships,  and  peace  soon  after  was  r<*- 
stored  between  the  two  countries.  The 
abilities  which  Gustavus  had  displayed  made 
him  amlutious  oi'  acqiiiring  greater  glory  iu 
war,  and  therefore  on  the  breaking  out  of 
the  French  revolution  he  zealo^isly  engaged 
in  the  coalition  which  Spain  formed  with  the 
Northern  powers  for  the  invasion  of  France. 
But  during  the  preparations  for  this  di.stant 
war,  the  life  of  the  monarch  was  cruelly 
sacrificefl  by  the  hand  of  an  assassin.  The 
Swedish  nobles,  dissati.sfied  with  the  events 
of  the  revolution  of  1772,  and  with  the 
changes  which  had  beeji  introduced  into  the 
government  at  the  diet  of  (iefle  in  1792, 
ccjiispired  against  his  life,  and  three  of  thenv 
drew  lots  who  should  give  the  fatal  blow. 
Ankarstroom,  a  disbaniled  ofticer  who  had 
received  favws  from  the  monarcji  was  the 
assassin,  and  during  a  mask  ball  in  which  the 
unfortunate  king  had  been  warned  of  h'm 
danger,  the  fatal  blow  was  given  by  the  dis- 
charge of  a  pistol.  This  was  in  the  nig^t  of 
the  15th  April,  1792,  and  the  king  languish- 
ed till  the  29th  of  the  same  month,  and  ex- 
pired in  great  agonj-,  maintaining  to  tl»e  last 
the  firmness  and  serenity  ol'a  heroic  mind. 
He  took  an  affectionate  farewell  of  his  sou 
and  of  his  friends,  and  a])poiuted  his  brother 
the  duke  of  Sudermania  the  regent  of  the 
minority.  Gustavus  passessed  an  enlighten- 
ed mind,  and  as  his  education  had  been  un- 
der the  care  of  count  Tessin,  he  imbibed  a 
strong  partiality  for  literature  and  for  noble 
achievements.  He  wrote  some  dramatic  pie- 
ces, academical  discourses,  and  an  eulogy  on 
Torstenson,  which  Avas  seci'Ctly  conveyed  to 
the  academy  of  Stockliolm,  and  obtained  the 
prize. 

GuTHiERES,  James,  a  French  advocate, 
known  as  an  able  antiquarian  and  correct 
writer.     He  died  1038. 

GuTHKiE,  William,  -was  born  at  Brcich- 
en,  Angushire,  1701,  and  educated  at  Kiiig's 
college,  Aberdeen.  A  love  afl'air  drove  him 
to  London,  where  he  wrote  for  the  booksel- 
lers, and  ditd  17fit).  He  was  a  justice  of 
Middlesex,  but  did  not  act.  His  works  were. 
History  of  England,  three  vols,  folio, — ji 
Geographical  Grammar,  in  8vo.  and  4to. 
He  lent  his  name  to  *'  History  of  Scotland,'* 
10  vols. — to  "  Universal  History,"  12  vols.— 
and  a  "  Peci'age,"  4to. 

GuTTEMBERG,  Joho,  a  German,  born 
at  Mentz  1408,  of  a  noble  Cimih".    He  (Hs- 


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putes  with  Faust,  'SchoefFer,  and  othei»s,  the 
honor  of  inventing  printing.  Boyer  says, 
Laurentius  of  Haerlem  is  the  real  inventor, 
and  that  his  types  vere  stolen  hy  a  brother 
of  Ciutteraberg.  Guttemherg,  however, 
claims  the  merit  of  regularly  printing  a 
book,  and  of  inventing  cut  metal  types,  with 
w  hich  the  earliect  editions  of  the  bible  were 
printed.     He  died  at  Mentz,  1468. 

Guy,  Thomas,  son  of  a  lighterman  and 
coal  dealer  of  the  same  name,  in  Horsleiy- 
down,  Southwark,  Avas  apprenticed  in  1660 
to  a  bookseller,  and  began  trade  with  about 
200/.  stock,  in  the  house  which  forms  the 
angle  between  Cornhill  and  Lombard-street. 
He   engaged   with   others  in   a   scheme    to 
print  bibles  in  Holland  to  import  into  Eng- 
land ;  but  when  that  was  prohibited,  he  con- 
tracted with  the  university  of  Oxford   for 
tlieir  privilege,   and  by   this  lucrative   con- 
nexion, he  began  to  amass  a  large  fortune. 
His  property,  however.,  Avas  immensely  in- 
creased by  purchasing  seamen's  tickets  and 
south-sea  stock  in  the  year  1720.     It  M'as  his 
intention  to  marry  his  maid-servant,  and  to 
adorn  the  avenues  of  his  house,  on  this  occa- 
sion,  he   had  the  pavement  before  his  door 
Maended.  A  broken  piece  was  observed  in  his 
absence  by  the  maid-servant,  and  she  desired 
the  workmen  to  repair  it,  and  when  they 
said   they   were  not  to  go  so  far,  she,  pre- 
suming on  the  partiality  of  the  old  man,  re- 
quired them  to  mend  it,  and  to  tell  her  mas- 
tei*  not  to  be  angry,  as  she  had  directed  it. 
The   pavement  was  mended^  but  Guy  was 
offended  at  the  presumption  of  his  intended 
bride,   he  determined  never  to  marry  her, 
hut  to  apply  his  riche's  to  charitable  purpo- 
ses.    After  being  a  great  benefactor  to  St. 
Thomas'  hospital,  he  at  tiie  age  of  seventy- 
six  formed  the  noble  design  of  erecting  that 
stately  pile  which  bears  the  name  of  Guy's 
hospital.      The   erection    cost  him   18,793/. 
and  219,499/.  Aiere  left  by  him  for  its  endow- 
ment, and  he  had  the  satisfaction  to  see  the 
building  roofed  in  before  his  death,    which 
liappened  17th  December  1724,  in  his  81st 
)"ear.      He   also  founded   an   alms-house   at 
Tamworth,  which  he  represented  in  parlia- 
ment, and  Avhich  was   his  mother's   native 
place,   and   he    also    gave   400/.  a    year   to 
Christ's   hospital,    and   kit    80,000/.    to   his 
relations.      This   most   extraordinary,    and 
very  benevolent  man,  who  left  more  to  cha- 
ritable uses  than  any  private  man  on  record, 
was  in   his  habits  very   parsimonious.      He 
dinetl  on  his  shop  counter  with  an  old  news- 
paper for  his  table  cloth,  without  dainties, 
and  his  dress  and  appearance  were  so  mean 
that  in  some  instances  the   alms  of  the  hu- 
nnane  were  pressed  upon  him  as  upon  an  in- 
digent and  half  starved  beggar. 

Guy,  a  monk  of  Arezzo,  known  as  a 
musician,  and  as  the  first  Avho  produced  a 
delightful  harmony  from  several  different 
voices  singing  together.  He  also  invented 
the  six  syllables  of  the  gamut,  ut,  re,  mi,  fa, 
sol,  la.  His  inventions  were  received  with 
applause  by  thft  world.  He  lived  about  the 
year  1026. 


Guyard,  de  Berville,  a  French  author 
of  some  merit.  He  was  born  at  Bans  1697, 
and  after  suffering,  like  Otway  and  Chatter- 
ton,  all  the  evils  of  pinching  poverty  and  ac- 
cumulated distress,  he  died  in  the  prison  of 
Bicetere  at  the  age  of  73.  He  wrote  the 
lives  of  Bertrand,  of  d.u  Guesclm,  of  the 
chevalier  Bayard,  &c. 

Guyard,  Anthony,  a  benedictine  monk, 
author  of  Political  Observations  on  the  Ad- 
ministration of  Benefices,  &c.  He  died  at 
Dijon  1770. 

GuYET,  Francis,  an  eminent  critic,  born 
at  Angers  1575.     He  lost  his  parents  in  his 
infancy,  but,  though  his  property  Avas  squan- 
dered by  the  negligence  of  his  guardian,  he 
dcAoted  himself  assidiouslj'  to  letters,  and 
Avent  to  Paris,  Avhere  he  had  the  happiness 
to  be  introduced  to  the  society  of  the  two  du 
Puys,  Thuanus,  and  other  learned  men.    In 
1608  he  visited  Rome,  and  acquired  a  per- 
fect knowledge    of   Italian.     After  his   re- 
turn through  Germany  to  Paris,  he  became 
tutor  in  the  house  of  the  duke  d'Epernon  to 
th£  abbot  de  Granselve,  afterwards  cardinal 
tie  la  Valette.     In  this  office   he  conducted 
himself  Avith  such  judgment  and  prudence, 
that  he  gained  the  confidence  of  his  patrons, 
and  might  haAe  risen   to   eminence   in  the 
church,   had  he   not  preferred   the  retire- 
ment of  Burgundy  college,  to  the  splendor 
of  a  palace.     He  employed  himself  here  in 
a  Avork  to  prove  that  the  Latin  is  deriAcd 
from  the  Greek,  and  that  all  the  primitive 
words  of  the   Greek  are  but  of  one  syllable. 
Though  learned,  he  published  nothing,  but 
his  criticisms  afterAvards  appeared  very  val-- 
uable  in  the  hands  of  his  friends,  especially 
those  on  Hesiod,  published  by  Grteviiis,  and 
those  on  Terence  by  Bocclerus.    As  a  critic, 
however,  he   Avas  scA'ere,  and   he   scrupled 
not  to  erase  many  verses  in  Virgil,   and  to 
reject  the  first  ode  in  Horace,  and  the  se- 
cret history  of  Procopius.     Thus  respected 
for  his  erudition,  and  for  the  virtues  of  pri- 
vate  life,  this  good  man   died  of  a  catarrh 
after  three  days'  illness,  in  the  arms  of  his 
friends,  J.  du  Puy,  and  Menage,  12th  April, 
1655,  aged  80.     His  life,  in  Latin,  Avas  pub- 
lished by  Portner. 

GuYON,  Johanna  Mary  Bouviers  de  la 
Mothe,  a  French  lady  of  a  noble  family, 
born  at  Montargis,  1648,  famous  for  her 
writings.  She  Avished  to  take  the  veil,  but 
her  friends  made  her  marry,  and  she  be- 
came, at  the  age  of  twenty-eight,  a  AvidoAV. 
Abandoning  the  care  of  her  family,  she  de- 
voted herself  to  the  mysteries  of  quietism, 
which  Michael  de  Molinos,  a  Spanish  Jesuit 
at  Home,  had  imposed  upon  the  credulity 
of  the  Avorld.  Wavering  in  her  opinions, 
and  inconstant  in  her  temper,  she,  howevci', 
endured  persecution  for  her  tenets,  and 
when  she,  declaimed  herself  the  pregnant 
Avoman  mentioned  in  the  apocalypse,  and 
threatened  the  peace  of  the  kingdom  by 
the  number  of  her  followers,  she  was  im- 
prisoned in  the  bastille  by  order  of  the 
king.  Fenelon  undertook  her  defence,  but 
his  enemy  Bossuet  hjid  the  art  to  procure 


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ihe  condemnation  of  iiis  works  on  the  sub- 
ject. Her  verses,  after  hej*  dealli,  wliich  liap- 
peiicd  at  IJIois  1717,  weic  (iiililishcil  in  five 
volnmcs,  and  also  son»e  <tf  lier  M}  blical 
lleveries. 

GuYON,  Claude,  a  Freiic]»  liistorian,  born 
at  Franche  Conjte.  Ifi-  «lied  at  Paris, 
1771.  Besides  his  *'  Ecclesiastical  History," 
a  very  valuable  book,  be  wrote  *'  History 
of  (be  Indies, — of  the  Amazons, — and  a 
continuation  of  F.cliard's  iioinan  History. 

CiuYS,  I'eter  Aus^iistine,  a  native  of  i\far- 
seilles,  eminent  as  a  merchant,  and  as  a  man 
of  letters.  He  travelled  over  various  parts 
of  the  east,  uith  the  e}  e  of  a  philosopher 
and  an  anti(|uarian,  atid  published  the  result 
of  his  researches,  in  M-hich  he  compared  the 
different  characters  of  the  ancient  and  of  the 
iiiodern  iidiabilants  of  those  classical  coun- 
tries. He  died  at  Zante  in  the  Ionian  sea, 
in  1799,  aged  79.  His  works  are  Essay  on 
the  Anti(|uities  uf  Marseilles,  Svo. — Voyage 
Literaire  de  la  Grece,  four  vols.  Svo.  1783, 
— a  Voyage  in  Italy  and  in  the  North,  Svo.  kc. 

GuYSE,  John,  a  native  of  Hereford,  who 
^ecame  a  dissenting  minister  there,  and  in 
17'27  removed  to  New  Broad-street  inde- 
pendent congregation,  London.  He  was 
made  1)  D.  by  the  university  of  Aberdeen 
1732,  and  though  blind  for  some  years  he- 
lore  his  death,  he  nevertheless  continued  his 
pastoral  functions.  He  died  1761,  aged  81. 
He  wrote  a  paraphrase  of  the  New-Testa- 
ment, three  vols.  4to. — the  Standard  Use  of 
Scripture  in  the  Purposes  of  Divine  Revela- 
tion, Svo. — Jesus  Christ  (iod-Man,  8cc.  in 
several  sermonsi, — the  Holy  Spirit  in  ser- 
mons,— Youth's  xMoiutor  in  l;cn  sermons  to 
young  persons,  12mo. 


GwYNV,  Ele.inor,  better  known  f^  the 
name  of  Nell,  was  famous  in  the  history  of 
coiu-lez.ins,  as  she  rose,  fivjiu  im  orang<.'  girl 
of  the  meanest  descri|»ti(jn  in  the  play-house, 
to  be  the  mistress  of  Charles  H.  in  the  first 
carcei"  of  lile  she  gained  her  bread  by  sill^;- 
ing  from  tavern  U)  tavern  for  the  amuse- 
ment of  the  guests,  and  gradually  advance*! 
to  the  rank  of  a  jiopuiar  actress,  :»t  the 
theatre  royal.  She  is  represented  as  hand- 
some, but  low  of  stature.  She  was  mistress 
successively  to  Hai't,  Lacy,  and  Buckhurst, 
before  she  \vas  admitted  to  tlie  arms  of  the 
licentious  Charles.  It  is  said  that  in  her 
elevation  she  showeil  her  gratitude  to  Dry- 
den,  who  had  patronised  her  poverty,  and 
she  was,  unlike  the  other  concubines,  faith- 
ful to  her  royal  lover.  From  her  arc  sprung 
the  dukes  of  St.  Alban's.     She  died  1087. 

GwY'NNE,  Matthew,  an  English  physician, 
born  in  London,  of  an  ancient  Welch  family. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  where  in  1593, 
he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  He  went  ia 
1595,  as  physician  to  sir  Henry  Unton, 
queen  Elizabeth's  ambassador  to  France. 
He  obtained  great  rj^putation  by  his  prac»- 
tice,  as  a\  ell  as  by  his  writings,  which  modera 
discoveries  have  rendered  now  of  little  value. 
He  died  after  1639,  though  what  year  is  un- 
certain. 

G  Y L I  p  p  u s,  a  Lacedfcmonian  general,  sent 
to  assist  Syracuse  against  the  Athenians,  B. 
C.  4l4.  He  was  banished  for  embezzling  the 
booty  Avhich  he  had  obtained. 

GyzEX,  Pfiter,  a  landscape  painter,  dis^. 
ciple  to  John  Breughel,  born  at  Antwerp, 
about  1630.  His  views  on  the  Rhine  ai'e 
mucli  admired. 


END  OP  THE  FIRST  VOLUME 


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